trigram

This is a table of type trigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

trigram	frequency
as well as	233
of the host	229
the evolution of	209
the number of	190
the presence of	157
of the virus	156
the role of	150
one of the	131
the development of	126
the emergence of	123
the case of	117
in the host	104
the use of	103
a number of	99
in the case	99
it has been	94
of the human	90
the study of	87
such as the	86
of infectious diseases	85
west nile virus	84
the spread of	83
in addition to	81
the importance of	80
in order to	80
the host cell	80
due to the	79
emerging infectious diseases	79
influenza a viruses	78
a variety of	77
p p accommodation	76
as a result	75
the ability to	74
host defence peptides	72
the effect of	71
the host population	71
a result of	71
influenza a virus	70
based on the	70
of the viral	70
the absence of	69
understanding of the	68
to be a	67
the transmission of	67
our understanding of	64
can be used	64
there is a	63
and evolution of	62
be used to	62
to the host	62
some of the	62
the effects of	61
likely to be	61
in terms of	60
severe acute respiratory	60
that can be	59
hepatitis c virus	59
acute respiratory syndrome	59
involved in the	59
the risk of	58
part of the	58
herpes simplex virus	58
the dynamics of	57
been shown to	56
in response to	56
the production of	56
of influenza a	55
the probability of	55
the ability of	55
on the other	55
in the absence	54
evolution of the	54
the host and	54
members of the	53
the impact of	53
of the disease	53
of a host	53
type i interferon	52
are likely to	52
to be the	52
role in the	52
of the most	52
there is no	51
the ecology of	51
of the pathogen	50
the host immune	50
within the host	50
the fact that	50
the origin of	49
appears to be	49
is associated with	49
with respect to	49
the relationship between	49
it is not	48
a new host	48
the identification of	47
the expression of	47
the level of	47
of the infection	47
the other hand	46
in the human	46
analysis of the	46
the rate of	45
the context of	45
in some cases	44
the distribution of	44
of infl uenza	44
of the pandemic	44
of a virus	44
appear to be	44
have been identified	43
the virus to	43
human immunodeficiency virus	43
large number of	43
on the host	43
the concept of	43
the immune system	43
in the context	43
of ebola virus	42
associated with the	42
has also been	42
the course of	42
in which the	42
the basis of	41
with the host	41
the human genome	41
a range of	41
a role in	40
is likely to	40
an increase in	40
tissue and organ	40
wide range of	40
found in the	40
found to be	39
the potential for	39
of a new	39
the surface of	39
have also been	39
the nature of	39
avian influenza viruses	38
the introduction of	38
and organ tropisms	38
of the viruses	38
in the s	38
the immune response	38
the frequency of	38
it is also	38
the most common	38
has been shown	37
the united states	37
of a pathogen	37
of the parasite	37
in the environment	37
more likely to	37
many of the	37
well as the	37
host immune response	37
of host shifts	37
of their hosts	37
a wide range	37
and the evolution	37
of these viruses	37
life cycle of	37
are toward the	36
from the host	36
evolution of virulence	36
of the genus	36
organ tropisms are	36
that have been	36
depending on the	36
transmission of the	36
the life cycle	36
and the host	36
in wild birds	36
an example of	36
can also be	36
respiratory syndrome coronavirus	35
virus and host	35
in this review	35
is required for	35
the treatment of	35
the result of	35
the potential to	35
the majority of	35
the new host	35
has not been	34
of virulence evolution	34
the likelihood of	34
the process of	34
this type of	34
thought to be	34
the outcome of	34
the prevalence of	34
tropisms are toward	34
of infectious disease	34
associated with a	34
by the host	34
of avian influenza	34
components of the	33
be able to	33
virus in the	33
related to the	33
of the family	33
into the host	33
contribute to the	33
responsible for the	33
some of these	33
have been found	33
the generation of	33
considered to be	33
it is possible	33
in the presence	33
shown to be	33
on the basis	33
the discovery of	32
of host defence	32
a novel host	32
that the virus	32
in this case	32
segmented filamentous bacteria	32
in a population	32
in relation to	32
in the united	32
the virus and	32
seems to be	32
may be a	32
new host species	32
on the surface	32
most of the	32
because of the	32
a combination of	32
in contrast to	32
ability to infect	31
of the same	31
may not be	31
an important role	31
according to the	31
of host species	31
are known to	31
of viruses and	31
can result in	31
as a consequence	31
avian influenza virus	31
been demonstrated to	30
the pathogenesis of	30
the control of	30
belonging to the	30
infectious diseases in	30
immunity to the	30
williams and bunkley	30
important role in	30
infl uenza virus	30
evolutionary history of	30
the lack of	30
in the field	30
of a novel	30
the diversity of	30
the host body	30
in a host	29
the amount of	29
the cell surface	29
due to a	29
of the immune	29
it may be	29
in the evolution	29
be involved in	29
a large number	29
innate immune response	29
is thought to	29
study of the	29
changes in the	29
play a role	28
to understand the	28
it is important	28
the extent of	28
to determine the	28
need to be	28
host range and	28
in humans and	28
structure of the	28
of virus evolution	28
the most important	28
of hosts and	28
at the host	28
such as those	27
the host response	27
nature of the	27
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	27
preferential host switching	27
been identified in	27
innate and adaptive	27
genes involved in	27
emergence of new	27
and their hosts	27
the virulence of	27
is the most	27
be associated with	27
length of the	27
that may be	27
an infectious agent	27
genetic diversity of	27
infl uenza pandemic	27
component of the	27
were found to	27
is important to	26
caused by the	26
in the transmission	26
virus infection in	26
in patients with	26
host range of	26
been found in	26
the galapagos islands	26
for the virus	26
with their hosts	26
number of viruses	26
that do not	26
cause disease in	26
insights into the	26
has been demonstrated	26
are associated with	26
all of the	26
are involved in	26
friend and franson	26
the viral genome	26
present in the	26
was found to	26
the novel host	26
williams and williams	25
have not been	25
can lead to	25
are the most	25
the site of	25
in cell culture	25
in the early	25
case of the	25
the range of	25
been used to	25
of the cell	25
hepatitis b virus	25
a susceptible host	25
it is clear	25
in the viral	25
viruses and their	25
a function of	25
the host is	25
a source of	25
is expected to	25
the innate immune	25
genetic diversity and	25
it can be	25
h n influenza	25
have shown that	25
the infl uenza	25
at the same	25
the length of	25
evasion of host	25
characteristics of the	25
member of the	25
the genome of	25
the structure of	24
the application of	24
the same time	24
and can be	24
of the two	24
been associated with	24
and it is	24
the type i	24
is difficult to	24
for the study	24
in the wild	24
referred to as	24
the host species	24
has been observed	24
of rna viruses	24
viruses in the	24
spanish infl uenza	24
pathogenic avian influenza	24
ebola virus disease	24
are expected to	24
of positive selection	24
appear to have	24
may also be	24
role of the	24
in north america	23
which can be	23
to provide a	23
determined by the	23
was used to	23
knowledge of the	23
is based on	23
the virus is	23
the influence of	23
this is the	23
addition to the	23
may be the	23
a reduction in	23
in the population	23
because of their	23
host and pathogen	23
to the virus	23
expression of the	23
at the individual	23
are able to	23
in the study	23
infl uenza a	23
of infection and	23
the consequences of	23
characterization of the	23
result of the	23
has been reported	23
to a new	23
these viruses are	23
the invasion threshold	23
in human populations	23
was shown to	22
and characterization of	22
is involved in	22
the existence of	22
the host genome	22
disease in humans	22
the respiratory tract	22
the human virome	22
viruses of humans	22
seem to be	22
led to the	22
a lack of	22
presence of a	22
of the major	22
many of these	22
in a given	22
are thought to	22
and in the	22
in recent years	22
surface of the	22
the virus was	22
of an infectious	22
in the literature	22
is possible that	22
each of the	22
one or more	22
it is likely	22
the individual host	22
in this context	22
that there is	22
host population level	22
is determined by	22
also known as	22
that it is	22
of west nile	22
in disease ecology	22
of infectious agents	21
been isolated from	21
a consequence of	21
that of the	21
the field of	21
dependent on the	21
host and the	21
high levels of	21
due to their	21
and there is	21
of the population	21
depend on the	21
only a few	21
that are not	21
the same host	21
the dilution effect	21
origin of the	21
this may be	21
viruses have been	21
studies have shown	21
of which are	21
presence of the	21
to identify the	21
is an important	21
a set of	21
infectious diseases of	21
has been proposed	21
major histocompatibility complex	21
refers to the	21
the genomes of	21
have been shown	21
identified in the	20
nature with respect	20
morbidity and mortality	20
development of a	20
primary tissue and	20
central nervous system	20
influenza viruses in	20
individual host level	20
with regard to	20
a series of	20
to infect a	20
of influenza virus	20
familial nature with	20
is clear that	20
a change in	20
in many cases	20
as in the	20
a role for	20
immune response to	20
aspects of the	20
is that the	20
of h n	20
williams unpublished data	20
and the emergence	20
the origin and	20
it should be	20
smith et al	20
as a model	20
the loss of	20
the abundance of	20
of herpes simplex	20
it is a	20
parasites and pathogens	20
spatial and temporal	20
which is the	20
in the future	20
in this study	20
they can be	20
adaptive immune response	20
members affecting humans	20
to members affecting	20
more than one	20
respect to members	20
and may be	20
function of the	20
the involvement of	20
the potential of	20
their ability to	20
a single host	20
infection in the	20
the proportion of	20
to have been	20
of hepatitis c	20
have been reported	20
at least in	20
it is the	20
development of the	19
of genetic diversity	19
to be more	19
the biology of	19
history of the	19
of the sars	19
serve as a	19
of the spanish	19
the establishment of	19
sin nombre virus	19
the function of	19
may lead to	19
the form of	19
lead to the	19
exposed to the	19
depends on the	19
extent to which	19
the spanish infl	19
h n virus	19
there are several	19
prevention and control	19
similar to the	19
be due to	19
the appearance of	19
to study the	19
ibd and rea	19
highly pathogenic avian	19
in the virus	19
suggests that the	19
of human disease	19
host and parasite	19
the virus in	19
to be an	19
of mycobacterium tuberculosis	19
viruses such as	19
is one of	19
be applied to	19
to the development	19
the evolutionary history	19
the duration of	19
in emerging infectious	19
there has been	19
the extent to	19
suggest that the	19
are required for	19
needs to be	19
tend to be	19
the interaction of	19
the host range	19
the early s	19
may be more	19
of viruses in	19
in the emergence	19
to explain the	19
this suggests that	18
the cause of	18
the plasma membrane	18
anderson and may	18
has been suggested	18
the occurrence of	18
identified as a	18
in the new	18
of a disease	18
levin et al	18
human and animal	18
of type i	18
the age of	18
disease in the	18
there is also	18
mouse hepatitis virus	18
disease ecology theory	18
effects on the	18
to interact with	18
act as a	18
which has been	18
a recent study	18
this is a	18
is a major	18
increase in the	18
within a host	18
is the number	18
secondary tissue and	18
different types of	18
are responsible for	18
play an important	18
the host phylogeny	18
of host defenses	18
in the past	18
the adaptive immune	18
the design of	18
to cause disease	18
a host population	18
it is difficult	18
been identified as	18
emergence of a	18
activity of the	18
in the gut	18
has been found	18
have been used	18
of the innate	18
basis of the	18
may result in	18
be used as	18
cells of the	18
internal organ systems	18
susceptibility to infection	18
effects of the	18
for the treatment	18
for the host	18
is likely that	18
that has been	18
supported by the	17
a host shift	17
in the form	17
positively selected sites	17
thought to have	17
of their host	17
in combination with	17
proteins in the	17
in which a	17
disease in a	17
in the development	17
a major role	17
is known about	17
recent studies have	17
in case of	17
a host and	17
be explained by	17
in a new	17
of preferential host	17
a subset of	17
used in the	17
known as the	17
of these peptides	17
a case study	17
rift valley fever	17
the success of	17
been found to	17
in the same	17
and the virus	17
novel host species	17
the analysis of	17
has led to	17
by the virus	17
the possibility of	17
a member of	17
viruses that are	17
they do not	17
origin and evolution	17
inflammatory bowel disease	17
of emerging infectious	17
for the development	17
daszak et al	17
species that are	17
between humans and	17
viral life cycle	17
of the world	17
of severe acute	17
use of the	17
cell surface receptors	17
is necessary to	17
it does not	17
characterization of a	17
transmission of infectious	17
relationship between the	17
dynamics of the	17
are found in	17
of viral infection	17
variation in the	17
number of species	17
the impacts of	16
on the evolution	16
the virus can	16
the regulation of	16
single amino acid	16
contrast to the	16
size of the	16
infection of the	16
the need to	16
point of view	16
and adaptive immunity	16
to have a	16
virus environmental survival	16
as a function	16
in the treatment	16
an infectious disease	16
at the level	16
large dna viruses	16
guichard et al	16
we focus on	16
result in a	16
of emerging viruses	16
of innate immunity	16
but it is	16
in vitro and	16
of parasites and	16
of a single	16
to better understand	16
period of time	16
the results of	16
observed in the	16
in the laboratory	16
of host and	16
of a viral	16
of the vaccine	16
risk of host	16
viral replication and	16
to bind to	16
of the model	16
the severity of	16
the complexity of	16
been observed in	16
adaptive immunity to	16
it would be	16
the evolution and	16
will depend on	16
to be associated	16
potential host species	16
between host and	16
space and time	16
the human population	16
of pathogens and	16
the host to	16
data on the	16
the mechanisms of	16
the capacity to	16
focus on the	16
the central nervous	16
there are no	16
immunodeficiency virus type	16
that there are	16
to control the	16
in the gills	16
end of the	16
of gene expression	16
and has been	16
probability of a	16
proven to be	16
consistent with the	16
evidence suggests that	16
immune defenses by	16
total number of	16
short linear motifs	16
were found in	16
to a host	16
with the same	16
results in a	16
innate immune system	16
leading to the	16
receptor for the	16
have been demonstrated	16
is the case	16
host immune defenses	16
their life cycle	16
of viral infections	16
example of a	16
they are not	16
as part of	16
serves as a	16
more susceptible to	16
implications for the	16
parasite species richness	16
the formation of	16
life cycle stages	16
the future of	16
is responsible for	16
region of the	16
by the presence	15
comparative analysis of	15
the contribution of	15
adaptive immune responses	15
the interaction between	15
ebola virus infection	15
effects of host	15
has been the	15
of microbial pathogenesis	15
transmission of a	15
avian leukosis virus	15
in the galapagos	15
the human host	15
have been developed	15
in the last	15
the growth of	15
is not the	15
the viral life	15
the induction of	15
there have been	15
wide variety of	15
infection course productive	15
a period of	15
has the potential	15
is more likely	15
infection in a	15
evolution of viruses	15
of the system	15
the value of	15
the body of	15
interactions between the	15
the host in	15
their life cycles	15
species of the	15
frequency of host	15
spread of the	15
the acquisition of	15
host gene expression	15
of viruses that	15
the type of	15
the addition of	15
global trends in	15
there are many	15
level of virulence	15
is necessary for	15
the authors declare	15
the infection period	15
trends in emerging	15
schnupf et al	15
is not a	15
of humans and	15
explained by the	15
interaction with the	15
should not be	15
of host cells	15
to the vaccine	15
broad range of	15
insight into the	15
the incidence of	15
in landscape genetics	15
required for the	15
from one host	15
in mammalian cells	15
is due to	15
of the genome	15
the red queen	15
the pathogen to	15
to a single	15
the activation of	15
yang et al	15
response to the	15
be found in	15
a virus is	15
number of host	15
of the total	15
resulted in the	15
isolated from a	15
which have been	15
host immune system	15
vesicular stomatitis virus	15
the probability that	15
the need for	15
during the course	15
adlard and lester	15
of infection in	15
of virulence in	15
we found that	15
compared to the	15
a large proportion	15
one of these	15
emerging infectious disease	15
an rna virus	15
emergence of infectious	15
a total of	15
recent advances in	15
impacts of the	15
tree of life	15
major role in	15
the time of	14
outside the host	14
as a source	14
acts as a	14
in the americas	14
the external environment	14
their hosts and	14
better understanding of	14
virus is a	14
adaptive immune system	14
infectious bronchitis virus	14
virulence of the	14
we do not	14
course of the	14
the end of	14
sequence of the	14
virus and the	14
the exception of	14
all of which	14
the fi rst	14
contributed to the	14
virus in a	14
for a given	14
of disease in	14
between viruses and	14
in some instances	14
a host that	14
in other words	14
the receptor for	14
new insights into	14
high level of	14
the history of	14
in mice and	14
is known to	14
in the number	14
the availability of	14
avian influenza a	14
is caused by	14
of reproductive isolation	14
viral diarrhea virus	14
been reported to	14
and emergence of	14
proportion of the	14
and that the	14
of host switching	14
large proportion of	14
host response to	14
properties of the	14
role played by	14
an overview of	14
of the new	14
and do not	14
the death of	14
hosts and parasites	14
of virus host	14
number of new	14
ecology and evolution	14
is also a	14
of disease emergence	14
both host and	14
of patients with	14
the possibility that	14
result in the	14
in the western	14
genera affecting humans	14
the species barrier	14
replication at the	14
mouth disease virus	14
the viruses of	14
infection of a	14
in rna viruses	14
the activity of	14
cleaveland et al	14
more or less	14
the intestinal tract	14
a bridge host	14
with the exception	14
is defined as	14
attached to the	14
have the potential	14
that they are	14
a wide variety	14
the vast majority	14
the understanding of	14
influenza virus infection	14
limited to humans	14
is able to	14
viruses and the	14
identification of a	14
due to its	14
the face of	14
species richness and	14
the herpes simplex	14
the idea that	14
in west africa	14
life cycles of	14
the roles of	14
bovine viral diarrhea	14
the host proteins	14
an outbreak of	14
of a successful	14
in the archipelago	14
of lyme disease	14
there are two	14
is essential for	14
a viruses in	14
has been identified	14
mode of transmission	14
of both the	14
in the first	14
are used to	14
have been described	14
of dengue virus	14
vast majority of	14
the total number	14
simian immunodeficiency virus	14
included in the	14
as receptors for	14
new species of	14
the size of	14
much of the	14
interactions with the	14
phylogenetic risk of	13
the most recent	13
viruses can be	13
half of the	13
on the cell	13
for a review	13
the same species	13
composition of the	13
mycobacterium tuberculosis infection	13
the case for	13
in commercial poultry	13
be the most	13
epithelial cells and	13
of viral proteins	13
the origins of	13
host and viral	13
p accommodation platforms	13
in more detail	13
in line with	13
bacterial and viral	13
host population size	13
a measure of	13
those of the	13
in the initial	13
is the first	13
to note that	13
example of the	13
infections caused by	13
on p p	13
millions of years	13
h and h	13
host or vector	13
used as a	13
in most cases	13
a successful host	13
be divided into	13
the same virus	13
are difficult to	13
portion of the	13
as a whole	13
to identify host	13
both the host	13
be an important	13
for the pathogen	13
likely to have	13
viral replication at	13
structure of a	13
ecology of infectious	13
for the first	13
as a proxy	13
appears to have	13
viral and bacterial	13
a new species	13
lead to a	13
adaptation to a	13
this is not	13
a virus that	13
a crucial role	13
can be transmitted	13
life cycle is	13
at sites of	13
and control of	13
have been associated	13
transmission in the	13
of the potential	13
endogenous viral elements	13
new resistance mechanisms	13
between the two	13
demonstrated that the	13
of human pathogens	13
are more likely	13
between the virus	13
to determine whether	13
as the number	13
health and disease	13
population biology of	13
virus and its	13
the maintenance of	13
cycle of the	13
vaccine and revertant	13
as reservoirs of	13
to the new	13
causative agent of	13
the power of	13
host body environment	13
parasites in the	13
canine distemper virus	13
the state of	13
similar to that	13
of the species	13
infected with the	13
each of these	13
ability of the	13
it is an	13
that the host	13
small number of	13
of myxoma virus	13
for which the	13
in the late	13
in natural populations	13
in the blood	13
infl uenza viruses	13
the elucidation of	13
into host cells	13
the opportunity for	13
little is known	13
factors that are	13
of the avian	13
the virus has	13
the p p	13
in viral load	13
some of which	13
the link between	13
the human gut	13
the h n	13
of a given	13
and distribution of	13
mutations in the	13
naturally limited to	13
used to identify	13
maintenance and target	13
it will be	13
entry into the	13
to contribute to	13
diseases of humans	13
closely related to	13
that does not	13
evolution in a	13
in the face	13
for detection of	13
at least one	13
risk of infection	13
to play a	13
of landscape genetics	13
this has been	13
the twentieth century	13
in drosophila melanogaster	13
virulence evolution in	13
molecular basis of	13
in the tropics	13
a virus in	13
of disease ecology	13
host immune responses	13
for human health	13
most of these	13
diversity of the	13
shown in figure	13
even in the	13
are among the	13
large numbers of	13
argued that the	13
not yet been	13
is that it	13
is used to	13
of the rna	13
of this approach	13
focused on the	12
the viruses that	12
coral reef fishes	12
of a few	12
what is the	12
infl uenza pandemics	12
of parasites in	12
on the transmission	12
expected to increase	12
the genetic diversity	12
by direct contact	12
in the intestinal	12
to the next	12
a better understanding	12
dna viruses of	12
followed by a	12
environmental survival rate	12
showed that the	12
direct contact with	12
of the three	12
duffy et al	12
type i ifn	12
impact on the	12
cd t cells	12
middle east respiratory	12
host species that	12
to be involved	12
be related to	12
is considered to	12
host species and	12
it possible to	12
distribution of the	12
the causative agent	12
host defenses avoids	12
among the most	12
evolution of a	12
borne zoonotic dis	12
and or the	12
the source of	12
be considered as	12
spread of a	12
course of infection	12
genetic diversity in	12
rather than the	12
the epidemiology of	12
of the infected	12
important to note	12
the s and	12
a group of	12
it appears that	12
in the maintenance	12
a host species	12
example of this	12
is mediated by	12
and west nile	12
east respiratory syndrome	12
be present in	12
of the infl	12
a h n	12
molecular characterization of	12
to the galapagos	12
genetic variation in	12
not appear to	12
of the evolution	12
eukaryotic dna viruses	12
and spread of	12
provided by the	12
demonstrated to induce	12
of parasite species	12
invasion threshold model	12
innate immune responses	12
host mrna degradation	12
description of the	12
host species is	12
to increase the	12
and have been	12
identification of the	12
as they are	12
have recently been	12
caused by a	12
of secondary infections	12
be used for	12
occur in the	12
newcastle disease virus	12
studies on the	12
a review of	12
level of immunity	12
genome of the	12
by natural selection	12
examination of the	12
stages of the	12
that they have	12
life cycles are	12
the intermediate host	12
and consequences of	12
n influenza a	12
are resistant to	12
evolution of life	12
fi tness of	12
survival of the	12
the host cells	12
a host jump	12
defenses avoids host	12
should be considered	12
i interferon induction	12
periods of time	12
viruses that have	12
species have been	12
infectious bursal disease	12
in the body	12
evolution and the	12
been proposed to	12
virus isolated from	12
case study of	12
viruses belonging to	12
located in the	12
the composition of	12
advantage of the	12
as described above	12
be difficult to	12
to elucidate the	12
result of a	12
the bridge host	12
virus has been	12
pathogen interactions in	12
and transmission of	12
farmaki and kaniadakis	12
there are also	12
and ecology of	12
the capacity of	12
of host innate	12
as the most	12
is the only	12
to new hosts	12
of a specific	12
the utility of	12
phylogenetic analysis of	12
in the spread	12
because there is	12
resulting in the	12
known to be	12
changes in virulence	12
of this virus	12
two of the	12
a proxy for	12
coulson et al	12
to the antigen	12
in this section	12
of the virulence	12
a broad range	12
could be used	12
which is a	12
the detection of	12
the density of	12
known to infect	12
with the virus	12
in this paper	12
martin et al	12
identification of novel	12
pathogen community similarity	12
cells in the	12
mechanisms by which	12
protein interaction networks	12
derived from the	12
evolution can be	12
terms of the	12
extent of virus	12
along with the	12
infectious diseases are	12
of susceptible hosts	12
results from the	12
there are a	11
epithelia and internal	11
to that of	11
may serve as	11
of segmented filamentous	11
do not have	11
two species of	11
as a receptor	11
be possible to	11
defence peptides are	11
the combination of	11
to the target	11
is also an	11
in a mouse	11
are based on	11
seem to have	11
the replication of	11
for each virus	11
van riper et	11
immune responses in	11
crucial role in	11
of disease transmission	11
as a potential	11
of their life	11
of innate immune	11
in this manner	11
of the infectious	11
domestic and wild	11
been proposed that	11
there is an	11
of a large	11
forms of ec	11
indicates that the	11
number of secondary	11
contact with the	11
dynamics of host	11
prevalence of infection	11
host in the	11
found that the	11
is supported by	11
is consistent with	11
can be considered	11
isolation and characterization	11
the new world	11
viruses of the	11
expression of a	11
hosts and vectors	11
direct and indirect	11
interacts with the	11
polymerase chain reaction	11
importance of the	11
in the immune	11
an infected host	11
viruses tend to	11
to the study	11
tobacco mosaic virus	11
and public health	11
of infection of	11
viral infection in	11
of some of	11
changes in host	11
virulence and transmissibility	11
virion host shutoff	11
early stages of	11
a pair of	11
activation of the	11
so that the	11
infect a novel	11
a public health	11
of all the	11
suggested that the	11
the maintenance and	11
a potential host	11
the virus families	11
a mouse model	11
in this chapter	11
well as in	11
and the other	11
if it is	11
of the influenza	11
current and potential	11
on the one	11
be the result	11
of host range	11
riper et al	11
and are not	11
to assess the	11
changes in temperature	11
resistance to infection	11
several studies have	11
in disease transmission	11
of the intestinal	11
p accommodation sector	11
in contact with	11
there are some	11
of an epidemic	11
of transmission between	11
different host species	11
disease emergence and	11
infection with the	11
around the world	11
the first time	11
diseases caused by	11
the rest of	11
the galapagos archipelago	11
evolutionary dynamics of	11
not limited to	11
yet to be	11
social network analysis	11
in the cytoplasm	11
effect of the	11
be expected to	11
have been studied	11
are required to	11
of infected individuals	11
to host cells	11
of highly pathogenic	11
the transmission function	11
the late s	11
evidence that the	11
may act as	11
at least two	11
the disease is	11
li et al	11
with a high	11
none of the	11
participate in the	11
factors in the	11
will be discussed	11
differences in the	11
a single amino	11
two or more	11
the pathogenicity of	11
webber et al	11
an intermediate host	11
prakash et al	11
bataille et al	11
a and b	11
have been proposed	11
less likely to	11
the viruses belonging	11
the tree of	11
for the viral	11
to the human	11
the host or	11
replication of the	11
to the evolution	11
avoids host immune	11
important for the	11
a population of	11
of the s	11
a new virus	11
of canine parvovirus	11
and changes in	11
of at least	11
is required to	11
human infectious diseases	11
that could be	11
in this area	11
of the manuscript	11
of the global	11
of the adaptive	11
plowright et al	11
life cycles and	11
uenza a viruses	11
treating the host	11
of disease resistance	11
the target host	11
we have seen	11
species richness in	11
of these interactions	11
to limit the	11
salmonella enterica serovar	11
other types of	11
because they are	11
the original host	11
immune system is	11
is provided by	11
factors such as	11
williams et al	11
isolation of a	11
to identify and	11
ecological and evolutionary	11
the degree of	11
damage to the	11
occurred in the	11
such as that	11
they are also	11
species in the	11
change in the	11
although there is	11
pathogen species richness	11
can act as	11
hosts in the	11
the mechanism of	11
as shown in	11
in the genome	11
rna and dna	11
was supported by	11
and adaptive immune	11
to account for	11
is related to	11
in their hosts	11
evidence for the	11
and does not	11
there is evidence	11
cellular receptor for	11
information on the	11
but not in	11
strains of the	11
the binding of	11
to describe the	11
in which they	11
have been observed	11
successful host switch	11
genes that are	11
chase and erlandsen	11
infection and disease	11
of its host	11
can be seen	11
of host proteins	11
demonstrated to be	11
are caused by	11
expected to be	11
in the life	11
is possible to	11
of the main	11
the onset of	11
emergence and spread	11
of infection or	11
in the process	11
in space and	11
intestinal epithelial cells	11
which may be	11
the infectious agent	11
infectious disease ecology	11
larval parasitic copepods	10
different species of	10
and in vivo	10
there may be	10
as long as	10
influenza virus in	10
as a possible	10
of host specificity	10
released from the	10
in an outer	10
of these diseases	10
a form of	10
by the fact	10
for treatment of	10
may be involved	10
belong to the	10
of changes in	10
occur in a	10
the one hand	10
as is the	10
infectious diseases and	10
has been associated	10
the basis for	10
host innate immune	10
its life cycle	10
suggesting that the	10
and in some	10
complexity of the	10
viruses have evolved	10
of toxoplasma gondii	10
were able to	10
can be explained	10
the observation that	10
able to replicate	10
to be identified	10
species such as	10
of an rna	10
of new resistance	10
the gap between	10
is given by	10
duration of infection	10
a model for	10
the scope of	10
may have been	10
was identified as	10
if they are	10
and the pathogen	10
emerging and reemerging	10
for infectious disease	10
supplementary table s	10
spread in the	10
in south america	10
dependent rna polymerase	10
encoded by the	10
feline infectious peritonitis	10
will not be	10
from wild primates	10
host proteins in	10
of adaptive immunity	10
is found in	10
to identify a	10
of newcastle disease	10
on the novel	10
assessment of the	10
transmission of pathogens	10
was associated with	10
within and between	10
the expansion of	10
there was no	10
effect on the	10
an essential role	10
in a variety	10
of the above	10
particularly in the	10
one or two	10
the increase in	10
screen and identify	10
of closely related	10
altizer et al	10
of host damage	10
between infected and	10
in the northern	10
the first two	10
been reported in	10
of host density	10
evolution in the	10
not associated with	10
are needed to	10
to an infectious	10
been suggested to	10
to explore the	10
a loss of	10
we suggest that	10
a framework for	10
has been a	10
that the parasite	10
on their host	10
in such a	10
parts of the	10
morales et al	10
in innate immunity	10
to a susceptible	10
well as their	10
heat shock protein	10
to the emergence	10
the ebola virus	10
is not an	10
and establishment of	10
is needed to	10
although it is	10
for ebola virus	10
molecular determinants of	10
the revertant is	10
of the parasitic	10
the most susceptible	10
the mode of	10
they have no	10
of the virome	10
were shown to	10
linked to the	10
population dynamics of	10
no competing interests	10
and diversity of	10
to the same	10
life cycle and	10
death of the	10
to an increase	10
host innate immunity	10
to occur in	10
of different species	10
may be due	10
can be found	10
is capable of	10
the variation in	10
infection severity level	10
for the most	10
cell surface receptor	10
of the receptor	10
these peptides are	10
the definition of	10
the same or	10
gulf of mexico	10
to human health	10
of sin nombre	10
involvement of the	10
as noted above	10
jones et al	10
million years ago	10
the gills of	10
of pathogen species	10
of an infection	10
for at least	10
host and virus	10
up in an	10
also been demonstrated	10
both of these	10
note that the	10
the basic reproductive	10
can be divided	10
haydon et al	10
of virulence factors	10
range of the	10
of the revertant	10
african swine fever	10
and target hosts	10
levels of virulence	10
the ecology and	10
invasion of the	10
c virus infection	10
compared with the	10
of the transgene	10
experimental infection of	10
for the generation	10
of zoonotic viruses	10
the narrow host	10
viruses with a	10
multiple host species	10
in a particular	10
range of host	10
or in the	10
genetic structure of	10
diseases such as	10
survival in the	10
is similar to	10
a small number	10
the survival of	10
and the risk	10
have not yet	10
the sars coronavirus	10
in that it	10
not the only	10
of the reservoir	10
pathogenicity and virulence	10
the purpose of	10
the target population	10
evolution of host	10
the maintenance function	10
as compared to	10
adapted to the	10
public health and	10
species belonging to	10
immune responses to	10
immune response and	10
burden of disease	10
virus evolution and	10
in human cells	10
and replicate in	10
during the early	10
an attempt to	10
of pseudomonas aeruginosa	10
animals and plants	10
is that of	10
these viruses have	10
a pathogen to	10
to infectious diseases	10
on the nature	10
model for the	10
to infection by	10
viruses in wild	10
threats to biodiversity	10
variation in host	10
the hypothesis that	10
evidence indicates that	10
has recently been	10
have been made	10
that are required	10
to screen and	10
of target microorganisms	10
a reservoir host	10
the virus genome	10
detected in the	10
aspect of the	10
human influenza a	10
to replicate in	10
is not well	10
and infectious diseases	10
was carried out	10
of a parasite	10
the influenza virus	10
and human health	10
in our study	10
diseases in humans	10
of new infections	10
of t cells	10
clear that the	9
be responsible for	9
and emerging and	9
used as the	9
the cost of	9
interfere with the	9
of infected cells	9
proteins such as	9
of viral evolution	9
to be effective	9
and genetic diversity	9
species pathogen transmission	9
hosts and pathogens	9
viruses may be	9
viruses transmitted by	9
to a novel	9
often associated with	9
in this work	9
melanogaster as a	9
it seems that	9
can be tested	9
affecting humans seem	9
the significance of	9
to the site	9
review of the	9
the behaviour of	9
higher levels of	9
number of hosts	9
host reservoir species	9
replicate in the	9
been shown that	9
virus replication and	9
are the only	9
on human health	9
major impact on	9
by the authors	9
zhang et al	9
are believed to	9
transmission between hosts	9
to examine the	9
direct contact between	9
are subject to	9
to be important	9
of sars coronavirus	9
of the number	9
the magnitude of	9
a host to	9
of bats and	9
type iii secretion	9
able to infect	9
been linked to	9
allow us to	9
genetic analysis of	9
the virus from	9
of the parasites	9
primates to humans	9
amino acid substitution	9
isolated from the	9
a virus from	9
binds to the	9
risk factors for	9
humans seem naturally	9
of viral pathogens	9
it could be	9
a list of	9
the most likely	9
assumed to be	9
associated with an	9
immune system to	9
is critical to	9
position of the	9
that leads to	9
horizontal gene transfer	9
version of the	9
a part of	9
the life cycles	9
the stability of	9
the pathogen in	9
the release of	9
h n avian	9
protein interaction network	9
suggested to be	9
seem naturally limited	9
to a particular	9
with their host	9
and the ability	9
a receptor for	9
have evolved to	9
and virulence of	9
so as to	9
molecular evolution of	9
the near future	9
of immunity to	9
of the type	9
rna polymerase ii	9
human and avian	9
for a long	9
host as a	9
diseases of wildlife	9
influenza a h	9
we describe the	9
a decrease in	9
of emerging pathogens	9
in conjunction with	9
the management of	9
used for the	9
to predict the	9
out of the	9
of pathogen transmission	9
the change in	9
necessary for the	9
the molecular level	9
host is not	9
world health organization	9
and cause disease	9
spread of an	9
by mycobacterium tuberculosis	9
the parasite population	9
species and their	9
has been used	9
in bats and	9
in both the	9
of exposure to	9
lower respiratory tract	9
on the ecology	9
of the other	9
in susceptibility to	9
form of the	9
of natural selection	9
have been suggested	9
emerging and re	9
they have been	9
the perspective of	9
the vaccine virus	9
evolution of reproductive	9
low levels of	9
interact with the	9
reactive oxygen species	9
virulence and transmission	9
and so on	9
the human and	9
provencher et al	9
global spread of	9
host specificity of	9
signal peptide peptidase	9
viruses appear to	9
and in vitro	9
the th century	9
have been linked	9
although this is	9
of host immune	9
the major histocompatibility	9
regions of the	9
and the presence	9
that it can	9
we have also	9
transmission to humans	9
immunodefi ciency virus	9
have a major	9
adaptation of the	9
associated with disease	9
of host mrna	9
from that of	9
it is believed	9
species affecting humans	9
response in the	9
the shape of	9
for the evolution	9
and disease emergence	9
sequences in the	9
be important for	9
range and emerging	9
the evolutionary dynamics	9
web of science	9
and their interactions	9
studies in the	9
our ability to	9
the large number	9
basic reproductive number	9
the host environment	9
hemorrhagic fever viruses	9
function as receptors	9
virus organ system	9
could lead to	9
of viral replication	9
and the development	9
may have a	9
only a single	9
is important for	9
been detected in	9
which suggests that	9
for viral replication	9
evolution of human	9
to the ability	9
have been the	9
of the life	9
that result in	9
wider range of	9
domain of the	9
is known as	9
starting point for	9
interactions in the	9
from host to	9
infectious diseases the	9
at the molecular	9
part of their	9
host factors that	9
also been used	9
authors declare no	9
davies and pedersen	9
to replicate and	9
to estimate the	9
been suggested that	9
all of these	9
the molecular basis	9
blood group antigen	9
d and d	9
ramos et al	9
the persistence of	9
been implicated in	9
as the main	9
by a single	9
of viruses to	9
impact of these	9
have been isolated	9
in the respiratory	9
be transmitted to	9
been demonstrated in	9
to analyze the	9
four virus infiltration	9
the most commonly	9
its role in	9
diversity on disease	9
is a cellular	9
a comparison of	9
between virulence and	9
a component of	9
incorporated into the	9
a multiplicity of	9
bats and rodents	9
high rates of	9
host genetic diversity	9
the action of	9
measure of the	9
the evasion of	9
the animal rule	9
interactions in drosophila	9
embryonic stem cells	9
transmission of viruses	9
outcome of the	9
in wild primates	9
for human disease	9
defined as the	9
to transmit the	9
revealed that the	9
and avian influenza	9
in this field	9
substitution in the	9
of interactions between	9
average number of	9
scott et al	9
function in the	9
it is unlikely	9
of this type	9
of an emerging	9
to infect humans	9
the most famous	9
of the body	9
to act as	9
to create a	9
chronic wasting disease	9
to have originated	9
in the world	9
of a particular	9
the human immunodeficiency	9
on their hosts	9
mouse model of	9
be used in	9
and the potential	9
the construction of	9
essential for the	9
the most significant	9
to understanding the	9
of the twentieth	9
can then be	9
of the highly	9
rna viruses and	9
virus from the	9
our knowledge of	9
the reservoir of	9
as the receptor	9
one host to	9
the functions of	9
to evaluate the	9
charleston and robertson	9
leads to a	9
the effectiveness of	9
of the respiratory	9
table s online	9
the viral envelope	9
the bacterial surface	9
to adapt to	9
of fi tness	9
ecology of the	9
are essential for	9
mechanism by which	9
phylogenetic distance between	9
the first step	9
prokaryotic and eukaryotic	9
factors that affect	9
have resulted in	9
to changes in	9
they may be	9
are capable of	9
models of preferential	9
will be able	9
between the host	9
of parasite virulence	9
of the shrimp	9
natural history of	9
of infected hosts	9
which the virus	9
led to a	9
intrinsic fitness effects	9
of dna viruses	9
the upper respiratory	9
in infectious disease	9
the synthesis of	9
and domestic animals	9
antimicrobial activity of	9
the recipient host	9
of viral pathogenesis	9
can be described	9
equine encephalitis virus	9
the movement of	9
is also possible	9
than that of	9
the infection and	9
in south africa	9
of hosts in	9
increasing number of	9
have focused on	9
it is worth	9
any of the	9
host can be	9
in evolutionary biology	9
stages in the	9
in the caribbean	9
colonization of the	8
host in a	8
vector species richness	8
we note that	8
be necessary to	8
the choice of	8
gavora et al	8
of the genetic	8
the factors that	8
coronavirus nsp protein	8
are an important	8
transmission may be	8
in spite of	8
from each other	8
in the model	8
as to whether	8
may be used	8
respect to the	8
on a host	8
species transmission events	8
escherichia coli o	8
microbe disease network	8
closely related species	8
of the th	8
sczesnak et al	8
host proteins are	8
when the virus	8
taxonomy of viruses	8
is a key	8
use of a	8
infectious bronchitis particles	8
results suggest that	8
state of the	8
by infecting immune	8
in drosophila perspective	8
transmission to a	8
pulmonary syndrome in	8
to persist in	8
no evidence for	8
the problem of	8
pathogen in a	8
limited number of	8
to do so	8
these are the	8
used to study	8
that led to	8
relevant to the	8
disease caused by	8
diversity and evolution	8
have demonstrated that	8
to the presence	8
all members of	8
of a highly	8
is not known	8
by mtb to	8
diseases that are	8
may also occur	8
different stages of	8
comes from the	8
abundance of the	8
the determinants of	8
viruses are not	8
may contribute to	8
but did not	8
the emergence and	8
to reduce the	8
infecting immune cells	8
extent of the	8
its ability to	8
lead to an	8
capacity of a	8
that many of	8
transmitted to humans	8
a cellular receptor	8
the infected host	8
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causton et al	8
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host and a	8
with host proteins	8
in a single	8
associated with severe	8
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proportion of host	8
in the production	8
dietrich et al	8
are present in	8
marine anchor worms	8
viral gene expression	8
virus and human	8
to the number	8
have a higher	8
of zika virus	8
exposure to an	8
virulence evolution is	8
shown that the	8
loss of genetic	8
vitro and in	8
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from a single	8
in mycobacterium tuberculosis	8
of millions of	8
with the human	8
to obtain a	8
eastern equine encephalitis	8
importance of these	8
is not yet	8
for use in	8
and emerging infectious	8
response to infection	8
to maintain the	8
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the average number	8
mhc class i	8
immune response is	8
the host as	8
the same as	8
abundant in the	8
the integration of	8
toward the brain	8
spread of infectious	8
the influenza a	8
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in an attempt	8
in the usa	8
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of such a	8
the interplay between	8
proteomic analysis of	8
a conceptual framework	8
and abundance of	8
the benefit of	8
are much more	8
positive selection in	8
that these viruses	8
may play a	8
of recombination in	8
the ancestor of	8
in these cells	8
control of the	8
an in vitro	8
of north american	8
genetics of the	8
the development and	8
at a rate	8
which results in	8
to the extent	8
the recent emergence	8
spread of disease	8
and infectious disease	8
national institute of	8
at the cellular	8
of nipah virus	8
of climate change	8
but is not	8
reservoir hosts of	8
in all cases	8
should be noted	8
one host species	8
off the host	8
to humans and	8
to the spread	8
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niyonsaba et al	8
the parasite to	8
may represent a	8
to their hosts	8
of poxviruses in	8
close contact with	8
highly pathogenic h	8
in host populations	8
respiratory distress syndrome	8
functions of the	8
the pathogen and	8
exemplified by the	8
viruses and bacteria	8
fecally contaminated water	8
the epidemiology and	8
cell infection cycle	8
in this way	8
of th cells	8
during the s	8
humans and domestic	8
continue to be	8
at the virus	8
and analysis of	8
and contribute to	8
properties of these	8
little or no	8
interaction of the	8
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interaction at the	8
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innate immunity by	8
stability of the	8
based on their	8
and disease ecology	8
the first to	8
its impact on	8
for host defence	8
johnson et al	8
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recombinant vector vaccines	8
as discussed above	8
to infection and	8
the gastrointestinal tract	8
to infect the	8
with each other	8
details of the	8
age of the	8
role in host	8
to infectious disease	8
swine fever virus	8
few studies have	8
high rate of	8
to the pathogen	8
and internal organs	8
change and the	8
are targeted by	8
range of hosts	8
where the virus	8
interact with host	8
viruses are the	8
compared to other	8
climate change and	8
recent emergence of	8
the virus life	8
species has been	8
in association with	8
the disease in	8
can contribute to	8
account for the	8
genes required for	8
host interactions and	8
although there are	8
complex interactions between	8
lenski and may	8
the issue of	8
the relationships between	8
proteins have been	8
relative to the	8
n d s	8
give rise to	8
the part of	8
the role played	8
japanese encephalitis virus	8
of genetic variation	8
strategies for the	8
the types of	8
it is still	8
of a population	8
b is the	8
routes of transmission	8
of endogenous viral	8
to obtain the	8
the in vivo	8
a life cycle	8
in wild populations	8
the behavior of	8
associated with high	8
in the fi	8
the phylogenetic risk	8
directly to the	8
luis et al	8
on the origin	8
cause of the	8
a plethora of	8
host and vector	8
a mixture of	8
of the gene	8
rna viruses of	8
variation in social	8
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resistant to the	8
ericsson et al	8
adaptation to the	8
the advantage of	8
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by the human	8
illustrated by the	8
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the maintenance host	8
the highly conserved	8
the interactions between	8
there are multiple	8
could serve as	8
to overcome the	8
some aspects of	8
antia et al	8
formation of the	8
effects on host	8
of genetic information	8
of the current	8
to the viral	8
in this article	8
to model the	8
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protein in the	8
to investigate the	8
it difficult to	8
of the emergence	8
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replication in the	8
and the role	8
the list of	8
the goal of	8
virus life cycle	8
control and prevention	8
establishment of a	8
the innate and	8
the fate of	8
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pathogenic h n	8
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introduction of a	8
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