quadgram

This is a table of type quadgram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

quadgram	frequency
in the case of	95
as a result of	63
severe acute respiratory syndrome	59
in the absence of	53
on the other hand	46
in the context of	42
can be used to	40
tissue and organ tropisms	38
as well as the	37
a wide range of	36
and organ tropisms are	36
and the evolution of	35
organ tropisms are toward	34
tropisms are toward the	34
on the basis of	33
in the presence of	32
one of the most	30
the host immune response	30
a large number of	29
on the surface of	29
in the united states	29
our understanding of the	28
in the evolution of	27
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus	27
the evolution of virulence	27
an important role in	26
of host defence peptides	26
play a role in	25
has been shown to	25
it is important to	24
in addition to the	23
of influenza a viruses	23
are likely to be	23
it is possible that	22
the emergence of new	22
the length of the	22
the presence of a	22
at the host population	22
the case of the	22
the ability to infect	22
the host population level	22
for the study of	21
of influenza a virus	21
of west nile virus	21
the life cycle of	21
is likely to be	21
at the same time	21
the individual host level	20
nature with respect to	20
to members affecting humans	20
been shown to be	20
in the host cell	20
it is clear that	20
familial nature with respect	20
with respect to members	20
and the emergence of	20
length of the infection	20
have been shown to	20
a result of the	20
respect to members affecting	20
at the individual host	20
primary tissue and organ	20
the spanish infl uenza	19
the surface of the	19
the type i interferon	19
the extent to which	19
in emerging infectious diseases	19
of the human virome	19
the presence of the	18
is the number of	18
highly pathogenic avian influenza	18
it is likely that	18
play an important role	18
the transmission of the	18
secondary tissue and organ	18
is one of the	18
for the treatment of	17
the nature of the	17
the role of the	17
of preferential host switching	17
of herpes simplex virus	17
to the development of	17
evasion of host defenses	17
in the form of	17
of severe acute respiratory	17
in the emergence of	17
it is difficult to	17
for the development of	17
of hepatitis c virus	17
at the level of	16
of the viral genome	16
in the transmission of	16
have been identified in	16
a member of the	16
to a new host	16
in the human genome	16
on the evolution of	16
risk of host shifts	16
origin and evolution of	16
in the early s	16
in the treatment of	16
as a function of	16
the evolutionary history of	16
to be associated with	16
the central nervous system	16
human immunodeficiency virus type	16
a major role in	15
during the course of	15
of the human genome	15
of the most important	15
emergence of infectious diseases	15
of the infection period	15
in contrast to the	15
of the virus to	15
the viral life cycle	15
in the development of	15
of avian influenza viruses	15
by the presence of	15
trends in emerging infectious	15
the evolution of the	15
global trends in emerging	15
in the number of	14
the origin of the	14
with the exception of	14
replication at the individual	14
of the host response	14
of emerging infectious diseases	14
studies have shown that	14
the probability of a	14
of the host and	14
the host and the	14
has the potential to	14
a large proportion of	14
the total number of	14
a wide variety of	14
of infl uenza a	14
the study of the	14
the vast majority of	14
bovine viral diarrhea virus	14
have been found in	13
the emergence of infectious	13
and evolution of the	13
a role in the	13
of the host cell	13
viral replication at the	13
a new host species	13
the p p accommodation	13
the innate immune response	13
the host range of	13
p p accommodation platforms	13
are more likely to	13
in the face of	13
the infl uenza virus	13
of infectious diseases in	12
in the field of	12
influenza a viruses in	12
the ability of the	12
a better understanding of	12
of the innate immune	12
was found to be	12
as a proxy for	12
between the virus and	12
the extent of virus	12
host defenses avoids host	12
type i interferon induction	12
of host defenses avoids	12
the host immune system	12
have been demonstrated to	12
of the immune response	12
of the infl uenza	12
have the potential to	12
in the spread of	12
avian influenza viruses in	12
host immune defenses by	12
of the host immune	12
h n influenza a	12
the invasion threshold model	12
virus environmental survival rate	12
in the host population	12
naturally limited to humans	12
a broad range of	12
little is known about	12
middle east respiratory syndrome	12
the course of the	12
have been used to	12
it has been proposed	12
of the spanish infl	12
be the result of	11
p p accommodation sector	11
frequency of host shifts	11
the viruses belonging to	11
the basis of the	11
is determined by the	11
the size of the	11
the herpes simplex virus	11
be involved in the	11
some of the most	11
into the host genome	11
of a successful host	11
defenses avoids host immune	11
host defence peptides are	11
it is possible to	11
for the first time	11
immunity to the antigen	11
of an infectious agent	11
as the number of	11
avoids host immune defenses	11
the host response to	11
have been associated with	11
the causative agent of	11
probability of a successful	11
van riper et al	11
immunity to the vaccine	11
innate and adaptive immunity	11
a crucial role in	11
damage to the host	11
adaptive immunity to the	11
cause disease in humans	11
has been demonstrated to	11
isolation and characterization of	11
phylogenetic risk of host	11
of the evolution of	11
members of the genus	11
infl uenza a viruses	11
the development of the	11
as well as in	11
of the immune system	11
a successful host switch	11
innate and adaptive immune	11
the adaptive immune response	11
to the evolution of	11
is associated with a	10
the new host species	10
to be involved in	10
it has been suggested	10
on the cell surface	10
one of the major	10
large proportion of the	10
in space and time	10
of segmented filamentous bacteria	10
a case study of	10
is thought to be	10
of the virus in	10
on the one hand	10
in the new host	10
a single amino acid	10
the genome of the	10
appears to be a	10
viruses and their hosts	10
been demonstrated to induce	10
of hosts and parasites	10
on the nature of	10
on the novel host	10
number of secondary infections	10
spanish infl uenza pandemic	10
can be divided into	10
in a variety of	10
it has been shown	10
important to note that	10
and the risk of	10
is considered to be	10
has been proposed that	10
are involved in the	10
evolution of virulence in	10
in terms of the	10
infect a novel host	10
the result of a	10
to the emergence of	10
in the study of	10
by the fact that	10
to screen and identify	10
is thought to have	10
as well as their	10
the tree of life	10
as a consequence of	10
one of the main	10
has been associated with	10
been demonstrated to be	10
to the study of	10
may be due to	10
have been found to	10
of an infectious disease	10
to be the most	10
will be able to	9
in the human population	9
infectious diseases of wildlife	9
the number of species	9
models of preferential host	9
host range and emerging	9
as the receptor for	9
influenza a h n	9
an increase in the	9
supplementary table s online	9
and the presence of	9
new insights into the	9
can be explained by	9
the evolution of reproductive	9
of new resistance mechanisms	9
a small number of	9
the genetic diversity of	9
hepatitis c virus infection	9
the development of a	9
viruses belonging to the	9
affecting humans seem naturally	9
can be used as	9
it has been observed	9
extent of virus host	9
as part of the	9
as a source of	9
of the viruses belonging	9
of a host shift	9
of sin nombre virus	9
evolution of reproductive isolation	9
and the development of	9
humans seem naturally limited	9
range and emerging and	9
of parasites and pathogens	9
to an infectious agent	9
transmission of infectious diseases	9
were found to be	9
of the virus and	9
on p p accommodation	9
pathogen interactions in drosophila	9
the importance of the	9
a novel host species	9
life cycle of the	9
the large number of	9
the structure of the	9
the involvement of the	9
have not yet been	9
emerging infectious diseases of	9
species of the genus	9
the virus and host	9
and west nile virus	9
in a new host	9
both the host and	9
seem naturally limited to	9
the number of new	9
in a mouse model	9
is more likely to	9
the evolution of life	9
the number of viruses	9
of the twentieth century	9
to infect a novel	9
disease in a population	9
the life cycles of	9
impacts of the pandemic	9
can be found in	8
emerging and reemerging pathogens	8
has been suggested that	8
play a crucial role	8
of host innate immunity	8
the authors declare no	8
more likely to be	8
has been isolated from	8
from the perspective of	8
the early stages of	8
the average number of	8
it is believed that	8
immunodefi ciency virus type	8
may be involved in	8
for the evolution of	8
the role played by	8
in the galapagos islands	8
east respiratory syndrome coronavirus	8
interactions in drosophila perspective	8
found to be associated	8
in p p accommodation	8
to the new host	8
drosophila melanogaster as a	8
parasite species richness in	8
are toward the brain	8
african swine fever virus	8
highly pathogenic h n	8
for the generation of	8
as a model for	8
the use of the	8
in vitro and in	8
the part of the	8
on the ecology of	8
the innate immune system	8
of both host and	8
the host body environment	8
avian influenza a viruses	8
from a variety of	8
of an rna virus	8
species affecting humans seem	8
of some of these	8
d n d s	8
of this type of	8
to the number of	8
a limited number of	8
the dynamics of host	8
function as receptors for	8
in the viral life	8
is responsible for the	8
have been identified as	8
is important to note	8
the origin and evolution	8
one host to another	8
human immunodefi ciency virus	8
from one host to	8
are among the most	8
the ecology of infectious	8
and genetic diversity of	8
it is also possible	8
for the virus to	8
in the genome of	8
this suggests that the	8
over the course of	8
epithelia and internal organs	8
has been identified as	8
has been shown that	8
the evasion of host	8
the level of immunity	8
at the molecular level	8
to the spread of	8
of viruses and their	8
infectious diseases of humans	8
a major impact on	8
are known to be	8
the molecular basis of	8
to a susceptible host	8
is due to the	8
has been proposed to	8
is known about the	8
pathogenic avian influenza viruses	8
in an attempt to	8
melanogaster as a model	8
and the ability to	8
the frequency of host	8
and emerging and reemerging	8
by infecting immune cells	8
up in an outer	8
and the pathogenesis of	8
a number of viruses	8
a component of the	8
ecology of infectious diseases	8
with respect to the	8
of the host population	8
that they have no	7
the red queen hypothesis	7
to the ability of	7
at the site of	7
that there is a	7
the virus environmental survival	7
is involved in the	7
a variety of mechanisms	7
has been observed that	7
a potential host species	7
the human genome is	7
the most susceptible species	7
the human immunodeficiency virus	7
is the result of	7
evolution and emergence of	7
has proven to be	7
of a new virus	7
was shown to be	7
h n avian influenza	7
defenses by infecting immune	7
between virus and host	7
the virus and the	7
the number of secondary	7
for the use of	7
surface of the host	7
disease in humans and	7
host innate immunity by	7
in the respiratory tract	7
the host cell and	7
the presence of these	7
is the most common	7
evasion of host innate	7
in the near future	7
the score for the	7
to a reduction in	7
type i interferon response	7
to an increase in	7
four virus infiltration score	7
the rest of the	7
immune defenses by infecting	7
the composition of the	7
the online version of	7
type i interferon system	7
the innate and adaptive	7
from wild primates to	7
all members of the	7
authors declare that they	7
in the intestinal tract	7
increase in the number	7
it was shown that	7
the upper respiratory tract	7
to the galapagos islands	7
of the host to	7
the spatial and temporal	7
of type i interferon	7
the proportion of host	7
have been linked to	7
have been reported to	7
of a number of	7
and the number of	7
exposure to an infectious	7
the absence of a	7
direct contact via host	7
for the emergence of	7
emerging infectious diseases in	7
of the adaptive immune	7
the recent emergence of	7
ecology of influenza a	7
virus isolated from a	7
it should be noted	7
into the evasion of	7
the number of host	7
for west nile virus	7
have been isolated from	7
west nile virus in	7
host range of the	7
is not the only	7
the relationship between the	7
makes it possible to	7
of positive selection in	7
for the most part	7
transmission and the emergence	7
of the variation in	7
an increasing number of	7
during the process of	7
h n influenza virus	7
are considered to be	7
lined up in an	7
to the presence of	7
human influenza a viruses	7
in the genomes of	7
has been observed in	7
with an emphasis on	7
p p accommodation hosts	7
seems to be a	7
to the extent that	7
by the use of	7
the origin of species	7
there is no evidence	7
a function of the	7
of the same species	7
a new species of	7
to biodiversity and human	7
virus organ system tropism	7
the s and s	7
the site of infection	7
on the transmission of	7
there is a growing	7
has also been demonstrated	7
be explained by the	7
can be described as	7
is based on the	7
in line with the	7
it is not clear	7
complete its life cycle	7
in the production of	7
has also been reported	7
there is also a	7
of human immunodeficiency virus	7
the authors declare that	7
global burden of disease	7
transmission of the viruses	7
number of new infections	7
has been reported in	7
the future of the	7
the infection severity level	7
also been used to	7
the relative importance of	7
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in	7
for a number of	7
innate immunity by mycobacterium	7
maintenance and target hosts	7
the effects of the	7
is the case for	7
a high level of	7
of the disease in	7
strains of the same	7
to the site of	7
the evolution of host	7
to be a major	7
members of the family	7
the emergence of a	7
the transmission of infectious	7
biodiversity and human health	7
threats to biodiversity and	7
as well as for	7
pathogenic avian influenza virus	7
it is unlikely that	7
to a single host	7
of the concept of	7
the spread of a	7
within the new host	7
virus host tropism and	7
been identified in the	7
of the host proteins	7
in the life cycle	7
an essential role in	7
in the late s	7
of type i ifns	7
a h n virus	7
insights into the evasion	7
acute respiratory distress syndrome	7
of ebola virus disease	7
the end of the	7
the evolutionary dynamics of	7
to the vaccine antigen	7
that host defence peptides	7
wild primates to humans	7
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium	7
as is the case	7
of both the host	7
coevolution of hosts and	7
evolution and ecology of	7
for the purposes of	7
have also been used	6
the ability of a	6
as well as to	6
the infl uenza pandemic	6
it is estimated that	6
based on epithelial modes	6
online version of this	6
cell surface receptor for	6
n influenza a viruses	6
between current and potential	6
is worth noting that	6
of p p accommodation	6
of tobacco mosaic virus	6
infectious diseases in humans	6
the extent of the	6
the distribution of the	6
the host population size	6
ability of the host	6
of major human infectious	6
the appearance of a	6
an overview of the	6
across a range of	6
is not surprising that	6
the phylogenetic risk of	6
have been detected in	6
the age of the	6
scores allocated to the	6
major human infectious diseases	6
that are required for	6
a wider range of	6
would be expected to	6
in a wide range	6
as a biological control	6
the complexity of the	6
could be used to	6
of hosts and vectors	6
in the regulation of	6
dynamics of host switching	6
for the production of	6
the relative frequency of	6
following a host jump	6
ruminant and equine viruses	6
the probability that the	6
the immunomodulatory properties of	6
amino acid substitutions in	6
and there is no	6
characteristics of the host	6
the rate at which	6
increase the risk of	6
is a member of	6
transmission of infectious agents	6
of the host species	6
entry into the host	6
in relation to the	6
the spread of infectious	6
in the light of	6
of ecosystems on disease	6
on the presence of	6
on the role of	6
the evolution of parasite	6
williams and williams c	6
the immune system is	6
into the host cell	6
origins of major human	6
due to climate change	6
host immune response to	6
improve our understanding of	6
at a rate of	6
the fact that the	6
authors declare no competing	6
in the course of	6
was identified as a	6
no conflict of interest	6
of host immune responses	6
the understanding of the	6
cells in response to	6
the abundance of the	6
declare that they have	6
in the design of	6
as in the case	6
it is worth noting	6
and in some cases	6
the pathogen in the	6
single amino acid substitution	6
humans and their domestic	6
at the cellular level	6
of the pandemic on	6
the virus and its	6
of a pathogen in	6
of disease on ecosystems	6
the immune system to	6
is required for the	6
to be an important	6
species richness and composition	6
be used to identify	6
as the result of	6
in the pathogenesis of	6
virus families may be	6
amino acid substitution in	6
of the virus from	6
the death of the	6
a small set of	6
to the host cell	6
our current understanding of	6
a mouse model of	6
a reduction in the	6
the impact of these	6
a host and a	6
and of disease on	6
host defence peptides in	6
an important component of	6
the effect of the	6
new host species is	6
of the number of	6
and adaptive immune responses	6
in terms of their	6
a major cause of	6
over the past years	6
are expected to be	6
and the length of	6
both host and pathogen	6
been identified as a	6
have a major impact	6
can be applied to	6
the position of the	6
emerging infectious diseases are	6
an example of this	6
comparative analysis of the	6
may or may not	6
will be discussed in	6
be found in the	6
long periods of time	6
in the s and	6
the transmission of these	6
hendra and nipah viruses	6
to the novel host	6
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic	6
a single host species	6
density of susceptible hosts	6
the adaptive immune system	6
host interaction at the	6
that the presence of	6
the spread of disease	6
as well as other	6
the virus in the	6
maintenance and target populations	6
it was demonstrated that	6
viruses have evolved to	6
be one of the	6
considered to be the	6
effects of ecosystems on	6
journal of immunology research	6
ecosystems on disease and	6
contact between humans and	6
bacterial and viral pathogens	6
the mode of transmission	6
the activation of the	6
can be difficult to	6
spread of the virus	6
between virulence and transmissibility	6
in host switch probability	6
vitro and in vivo	6
tomato yellow leaf curl	6
it is reasonable to	6
to be present in	6
e narrow and e	6
the lower respiratory tract	6
virus and the host	6
appears to be the	6
evolutionary history of the	6
on the part of	6
at different spatial scales	6
the identification of the	6
it is interesting to	6
involvement of the epithelia	6
and the role of	6
of avian influenza virus	6
the risk of transmission	6
the prevalence of infection	6
loss of genetic diversity	6
bridging the gap between	6
of parasite species richness	6
to account for the	6
theoretical models of preferential	6
the major histocompatibility complex	6
in the establishment of	6
of new epidemic diseases	6
disease and of disease	6
one of the best	6
sin nombre virus in	6
be used as a	6
the design of new	6
that the number of	6
work was supported by	6
are thought to be	6
been observed in the	6
of climate change on	6
version of this article	6
on lyme disease risk	6
is defined as the	6
the human immune system	6
disease emergence and spread	6
come in contact with	6
it is not surprising	6
has been found in	6
and its impact on	6
plays an important role	6
to the putative virus	6
or a combination of	6
old spf embryonated chicken	6
has been found to	6
the use of a	6
factors that are required	6
of the infection and	6
the importance of these	6
a variety of ways	6
this work was supported	6
the global burden of	6
with regard to the	6
evidence of positive selection	6
emergence of new epidemic	6
crossed the species barrier	6
the risk of emergence	6
is related to the	6
on disease and of	6
of the emergence of	6
death of the host	6
acid substitution in the	6
considered to be a	6
as a receptor for	6
and characterization of a	6
are likely to have	6
rift valley fever virus	6
to cause disease in	6
in the probability of	6
from host to host	6
important role in the	6
williams and williams a	6
host reservoirs and vectors	6
it has been demonstrated	6
is a cellular receptor	6
and potential host species	6
treatment of ebola virus	6
in the epidemiology of	6
in health and disease	6
human and animal health	6
of endogenous viral elements	6
for the majority of	6
also been demonstrated to	6
duration of the infection	6
bats as reservoirs of	6
allergy and infectious diseases	6
the stability of the	5
closely related to the	5
the transmission of a	5
and its role in	5
recent studies have shown	5
in the distribution of	5
the loss of species	5
for the role of	5
as well as those	5
the presence or absence	5
declare no competing interests	5
to the pathogenesis of	5
in the immune response	5
global mammal parasite database	5
the degree to which	5
there appear to be	5
of the vaccine virus	5
line of slope s	5
it was found that	5
responsible for the narrow	5
to treat the host	5
evolution of parasite virulence	5
the basic reproduction number	5
better understanding of the	5
the evolution and emergence	5
at sites of infection	5
causes and consequences of	5
allow the virus to	5
of the potential for	5
it has been found	5
to the dynamics of	5
able to replicate in	5
of h n avian	5
for host defence peptides	5
in some of the	5
the development of novel	5
interactions with the host	5
the cause of the	5
as reservoirs of zoonotic	5
used to study the	5
for the narrow host	5
influenza a virus infection	5
of a host to	5
the host innate immune	5
in the generation of	5
humans and domestic animals	5
host defence peptides might	5
in the identification of	5
even in the absence	5
that of their hosts	5
a and stt b	5
for the design of	5
the introduction of a	5
to a range of	5
evolution of the virus	5
intrinsically disordered protein regions	5
for each of the	5
thought to be the	5
been found to be	5
the rank order of	5
between the number of	5
of pathogens and their	5
of a novel coronavirus	5
during the early stages	5
of the pathogen in	5
to identify host factors	5
viruses tend to be	5
with the host immune	5
the expression of certain	5
could serve as a	5
is provided by the	5
is arguably the most	5
a functional receptor for	5
during the breeding season	5
of virulence evolution is	5
disease control and prevention	5
a wide spectrum of	5
change in viral load	5
in the granules of	5
for a long time	5
of highly pathogenic avian	5
have the capacity to	5
species richness in primates	5
a starting point for	5
lost the ability to	5
the number of pathogen	5
host defence peptides may	5
to better understand the	5
in a subset of	5
a greater diversity of	5
evolution of pathogen virulence	5
and cause disease in	5
is referred to as	5
environmental change and the	5
the granules of neutrophils	5
h n infl uenza	5
of allergy and infectious	5
viruses that have crossed	5
community composition on lyme	5
host gene expression by	5
of illnesses induced in	5
factors for human disease	5
types of illnesses induced	5
we focus on the	5
nile virus in the	5
well as in the	5
that it may be	5
factors in the emergence	5
the role of host	5
host proteins in the	5
of a new host	5
in the maintenance of	5
of mouse hepatitis virus	5
in which the pathogen	5
to continue hosting on	5
of infl uenza viruses	5
of a large number	5
between host and parasite	5
has led to the	5
a vital role in	5
function of the host	5
these results suggest that	5
between the host and	5
species such as the	5
in the st century	5
on the final host	5
low pathogenic avian influenza	5
spread of an infectious	5
design of new resistance	5
from one host species	5
in the western hemisphere	5
and adaptive immunity to	5
of genes involved in	5
are toward the immune	5
toward the brain and	5
risk factors for human	5
emergence of new diseases	5
to the next host	5
is also important to	5
and virus environmental survival	5
there is evidence of	5
a high diversity of	5
and the ecology of	5
the course of infection	5
and the availability of	5
of the family retroviridae	5
illnesses induced in humans	5
as a model organism	5
advantage of the revertant	5
species diversity on disease	5
stt a and stt	5
see supplementary table s	5
that are expected to	5
and evolutionary history of	5
can be used in	5
that are targeted by	5
the potential for host	5
the majority of the	5
of disease ecology theory	5
is dependent upon the	5
there are a variety	5
the presence of other	5
a negative regulator of	5
the virulence of the	5
may be related to	5
hosts as well as	5
current and potential host	5
toward the immune cells	5
evolution within the host	5
are part of the	5
immunomodulatory properties of these	5
of immunity to the	5
a coulson et al	5
for sindbis virus in	5
for their ability to	5
the risk of infection	5
to be responsible for	5
of poxviruses in bats	5
and the origin of	5
national institute of allergy	5
institute of allergy and	5
model for the study	5
positively selected sites are	5
of a novel host	5
does not appear to	5
the immune status of	5
protein of influenza a	5
they have no competing	5
can also be used	5
in the words of	5
that are associated with	5
host defence peptides have	5
it is unclear whether	5
between infected and susceptible	5
to a decrease in	5
some of which are	5
between transmission and virulence	5
herpes simplex virus type	5
to be able to	5
the antimicrobial activity of	5
whether host defence peptides	5
in the understanding of	5
of newcastle disease virus	5
were found in the	5
virus to bind to	5
with the host cell	5
plays a role in	5
there has been a	5
a key role in	5
for p p accommodation	5
to a lack of	5
are found in the	5
that can be used	5
the immune system of	5
a multiplicity of hosts	5
a cellular receptor for	5
in their ability to	5
are a variety of	5
the evolution of hiv	5
committee on taxonomy of	5
to the identification of	5
there are at least	5
that led to the	5
the development of new	5
in the southwestern united	5
involved in the transmission	5
of the respiratory tract	5
the novel host p	5
virus transmission and the	5
is a function of	5
in vivo and in	5
for the presence of	5
and its implications for	5
of influenza virus infection	5
with increasing phylogenetic distance	5
interactions between viruses and	5
of the influenza virus	5
advance our understanding of	5
of their life cycles	5
for human disease emergence	5
presence or absence of	5
international committee on taxonomy	5
it is necessary to	5
diseases of humans and	5
alone or in combination	5
the capacity of a	5
have no competing interests	5
receptor for sindbis virus	5
the natural history of	5
for the identification of	5
the viral genome and	5
of emerging and re	5
parasites and disease vectors	5
is associated with the	5
can be used for	5
should be noted that	5
hepatitis c virus rna	5
in the human gut	5
large dna viruses of	5
the influenza a virus	5
pathogenesis of viral infections	5
of the presence of	5
the spread of an	5
ability to infect a	5
the frequency of the	5
the virus has been	5
the rate of spread	5
is interesting to note	5
of infectious diseases the	5
thought to have originated	5
species in genera and	5
current and potential hosts	5
of h n influenza	5
it is also important	5
virus families studied here	5
composition on lyme disease	5
infectious bursal disease virus	5
play a major role	5
progress has been made	5
number of pathogen species	5
microbial threats to health	5
reservoirs of zoonotic viruses	5
to fully understand the	5
is a measure of	5
of the fl u	5
production of type i	5
the international committee on	5
of th cells in	5
shed light on the	5
in time and space	5
it is known that	5
diseases in their hosts	5
host proteins targeted by	5
on the bacterial surface	5
our understanding of viral	5
the field of virology	5
a pathogen in a	5
the national science foundation	5
the infection and shedding	5
infl uenza pandemic of	5
the severe acute respiratory	5
of these peptides are	5
are associated with the	5
the evolution of viruses	5
played a role in	5
of the type i	5
the use of viral	5
as reservoirs of ebola	5
prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses	5
host range and the	5
in a host population	5
influenza a virus from	5
cross the species barrier	5
the basic reproductive number	5
not cause disease in	5
of the dilution effect	5
the role of a	5
the complex interactions between	5
diversity and evolution of	5
the course of an	5
sars coronavirus nsp protein	5
plays an essential role	5
it has been reported	5
may also contribute to	5
able to transmit the	5
the primary tissue and	5
of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	5
the respiratory tract and	5
type i interferon receptor	5
of innate and adaptive	5
is a consequence of	5
disease as a result	5
virus and host trees	5
the virus life cycle	5
to take advantage of	5
elements in animal genomes	5
proportion of the population	5
evolution of canine parvovirus	5
infl uenza a virus	5
in order to prevent	5
org journal rstb phil	5
and ecology of influenza	5
of the viruses that	5
can be seen in	5
between viruses and their	5
the national institute of	5
that could be targeted	5
respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp	5
of ebola virus infection	5
and their domestic mammals	5
is the role of	5
a greater number of	5
of the human host	5
been proposed to explain	5
the evolution of a	5
on the host phylogeny	5
with the number of	5
at the transcriptional level	5
our understanding of virus	5
similar to that of	5
on taxonomy of viruses	5
the global mammal parasite	5
in part due to	5
biodiversity and mitochondrial function	5
the mechanism by which	5
and the host population	5
in the fi eld	5
and the potential for	5
for the discovery of	5
for the length of	5
the fi tness of	5
viruses in wild birds	5
effects of host defence	5
the geographical distribution of	5
the full range of	5
words of a participant	5
may be necessary to	5
it has been estimated	5
an example of the	5
dna viruses of prokaryotes	5
viruses in the evolution	5
fruit bats as reservoirs	5
the virion host shutoff	5
can be transmitted to	5
cell surface receptors for	5
of infection or disease	5
trends in parasitology july	5
is necessary for the	5
on the dynamics of	5
influenza a virus in	5
of transmission between hosts	5
number of host species	5
and there is a	5
entry into host cells	5
of the life cycle	5
of disease in a	5
and the effect of	5
ecology of infectious disease	5
of the viral evasion	5
of their hosts and	5
the development of host	5
are expected to increase	5
rna and dna viruses	5
to a combination of	5
have been suggested to	5
the probability of infection	5
the diversity of the	5
a new genus of	5
from an evolutionary perspective	5
is expected to increase	5
in the immune system	5
a positive relationship between	5
in our understanding of	5
the quality of the	5
by the host immune	5
through the use of	5
under the influence of	5
a wide array of	5
of infectious agents in	5
the basis of a	5
be due to the	5
for the benefit of	5
on a novel host	5
spf embryonated chicken eggs	5
of evolution in the	5
to play a role	5
has been implicated in	5
infection of a novel	5
the southwestern united states	5
spanish infl uenza virus	5
in the replication cycle	5
epidemiology and evolution of	5
segmented filamentous bacteria in	5
result of the pandemic	5
on the origin of	5
in the ecology of	5
the amount of damage	5
of the viral life	5
the shape of the	5
the words of a	5
infectious diseases in wildlife	5
of these viruses to	5
as shown in fig	5
via fecally contaminated water	5
reservoirs of ebola virus	5
the same or similar	5
of humans and their	5
to have originated in	5
in one of the	5
under the animal rule	5
to be infected with	5
are targeted by all	4
directly involved in the	4
is a major cause	4
the plasma membrane of	4
analysis by maximum likelihood	4
population biology of multihost	4
have been observed in	4
virulence evolution in a	4
that have crossed the	4
an example of a	4
on the gills of	4
with the red queen	4
on the level of	4
through the control of	4
it seems likely that	4
aspects of host competence	4
a tale of two	4
contact rates among individuals	4
species belonging to charadriiformes	4
influenza a viruses of	4
genes that are required	4
the least susceptible less	4
caused by microorganisms that	4
role in the evolution	4
there is evidence that	4
the utility of the	4
in mycobacterium tuberculosis infection	4
validation for parameter selection	4
are natural reservoirs of	4
the zoonotic potential of	4
of the same virus	4
on treating the host	4
the creative commons attribution	4
maps and institutional affiliations	4
the body of the	4
a l p r	4
the first time to	4
seems to be an	4
is mitigated by the	4
endogenous viral elements in	4
in the th century	4
is not entirely clear	4
transmitted by direct contact	4
transmission of the pathogen	4
understand the dynamics of	4
styles of scientifi c	4
the emergence of an	4
by the number of	4
and analysis of the	4
involving internal organ systems	4
of a virus is	4
the probability that a	4
i e w s	4
may be used to	4
proteomic analysis of purified	4
the host is not	4
the influence of the	4
biology of these viruses	4
this is the case	4
host species and the	4
the pathogen to the	4
bats in the context	4
of human immunodefi ciency	4
a diverse array of	4
a high number of	4
infected and uninfected hosts	4
salmonella enterica serovar typhi	4
in the majority of	4
be interpreted as the	4
first appear in a	4
with chronic hepatitis c	4
as a negative regulator	4
cell dynamics are strictly	4
biology of multihost pathogens	4
for influenza virus replication	4
on the age of	4
published maps and institutional	4
purified ibv particles were	4
of the sars coronavirus	4
in the northeastern united	4
viral metacommunities associated with	4
host tropism and the	4
white spot syndrome virus	4
diversity on disease risk	4
binding domain of the	4
r n a l	4
role of autophagy in	4
associated with an increase	4
genetic diversity and disease	4
n a l p	4
by influenza a virus	4
in the gulf of	4
and contribute to the	4
in conjunction with the	4
the emergence of nipah	4
influence of the host	4
of the host community	4
in figure s a	4
have crossed the species	4
the energy flow which	4
type iii secretion system	4
despite the fact that	4
assembly to ensure virus	4
used to screen and	4
has been demonstrated that	4
in a sw rotor	4
on or in a	4
the onset of the	4
the role of sfb	4
for the sake of	4
with the emergence of	4
be a source of	4
is known as the	4
host innate immune system	4
acid substitutions in the	4
may be slow to	4
evidence suggests that the	4
the infections caused by	4
is caused by the	4
part of the present	4
but has not been	4
natural or alternate hosts	4
variation in social behavior	4
may serve as a	4
a consequence of the	4
is highly dependent on	4
of the viruses in	4
or in a host	4
this type of transmission	4
in the fossil record	4
was used as the	4
an important factor in	4
the absence of an	4
is a functional receptor	4
viruses appear to be	4
the nature of virulence	4
the site of replication	4
of hosts and pathogens	4
is no evidence of	4
the behaviour of the	4
it is expected that	4
host body environment and	4
due to human activities	4
evolution of species jumps	4
of ecological and molecular	4
of the disease and	4
as well as of	4
inhibition of other flows	4
the virus genome type	4
the changes induced in	4
and the frequency of	4
pathogens as well as	4
as a tool to	4
host reservoir species and	4
involved in the maintenance	4
virus is able to	4
genetic analysis of the	4
does not seem to	4
between infected and uninfected	4
flows relevant for the	4
of millions of years	4
with the development of	4
improving our understanding of	4
system tropisms of the	4
in domestic and wild	4
which comprehensive tailored therapeutic	4
cause of death in	4
life cycle occurs in	4
the west nile virus	4
on a global scale	4
is found to be	4
due to lack of	4
cassava mosaic disease in	4
the chain of infection	4
in inflammatory bowel disease	4
in north america and	4
that a number of	4
host response to infection	4
large number of viruses	4
the democratic republic of	4
the host or the	4
which fuels virion assembly	4
virulence of the spanish	4
isolated from a variety	4
claims in published maps	4
is clear that the	4
with severe acute respiratory	4
competent for the pathogen	4
in a way that	4
springer nature remains neutral	4
persist and replicate in	4
a measure of parasite	4
due to a lack	4
with the target host	4
the host or vector	4
population biology of infectious	4
the role of carbohydrates	4
of pathogenicity and virulence	4
a source of infection	4
virus and host phylogenetic	4
at the cell surface	4
course of the infection	4
immune defenses by resistance	4
of the viral envelope	4
member of the family	4
n influenza a virus	4
the evolution of pathogen	4
change and the emergence	4
revertant in the inoculum	4
identify compounds that inhibit	4
the density of susceptible	4
evolution of viruses and	4
are more susceptible to	4
influenza virus infection in	4
tailored therapeutic strategies are	4
not need to be	4
to the structure of	4
in this area of	4
of the highly pathogenic	4
relevant for the system	4
our knowledge of the	4
host shifts from wild	4
the infection period scores	4
is possible that a	4
it has been argued	4
viruses of humans and	4
inside the host body	4
the point at which	4
of a viral infection	4
by the death of	4
the distal urogenital tract	4
that many of these	4
will be affected by	4
of bovine viral diarrhea	4
required for phagocytosis of	4
to limit the virus	4
to jump host species	4
in vitro culture systems	4
viral and host proteins	4
dynamics are strictly connected	4
infection or disease in	4
the contemporary inhibition of	4
that are caused by	4
is also possible that	4
at any given time	4
in many parts of	4
would need to be	4
and can lead to	4
of genetic diversity in	4
virus and host cell	4
the host gene expression	4
of the family picornaviridae	4
a model organism for	4
an increase in virulence	4
the case of vector	4
is the causative agent	4
have emerged in humans	4
reasonable to assume that	4
the case of myxv	4
tropism or host range	4
the frequency with which	4
comprehensive tailored therapeutic strategies	4
used to estimate the	4
host and the pathogen	4
interact with the host	4
is followed by the	4
as a case study	4
virion in the environment	4
very little is known	4
single amino acid substitutions	4
the h n virus	4
increase the number of	4
in a number of	4
to the target population	4
the dilution effect has	4
members of the human	4
associated with a new	4
of a new genus	4
example of this type	4
by the contemporary inhibition	4
studying the changes induced	4
have been proposed to	4
time to simulate the	4
pathogens and their hosts	4
ecology and evolution of	4
mutations responsible for the	4
and their genetically modified	4
one of the few	4
r o o f	4
may play a role	4
is possible that the	4
in the death of	4
in new york city	4
the invasion threshold perspective	4
the three experimental temperatures	4
associated with hantavirus pulmonary	4
and the spread of	4
centers for disease control	4
seabirds belonging to the	4
some juvenile fish isopods	4
information may be found	4
for the transmission of	4
a virus in a	4
and were able to	4
a loss of genetic	4
outside the host body	4
a better integration of	4
the receptor for the	4
and evolution of viruses	4
of a host species	4
reactive arthritis and undifferentiated	4
higher than that of	4
a special case of	4
with a large proportion	4
with an increase in	4
biology of infl uenza	4
which in turn are	4
in which a virus	4
neutral with regard to	4
that have been used	4
from cell to cell	4
on the use of	4
the ruminant and equine	4
of the present host	4
and the four virus	4
been used to screen	4
the virus organ system	4
united states and canada	4
be divided into two	4
may be exposed to	4
the importance of quasispecies	4
the elucidation of the	4
to be restricted to	4
of a virus in	4
of microbial virulence factors	4
is the transmission rate	4
to the host species	4
the biology of infl	4
in this review we	4
strategy to limit the	4
it was proposed that	4
first time to simulate	4
between flies and mammals	4
one or a few	4
has been reported to	4
of viruses that have	4
salmonella and assortative bacteria	4
the maintenance and transmission	4
of human population growth	4
orthohantaviruses and their hosts	4
refers to the number	4
the discovery of new	4
nature remains neutral with	4
the ecology and evolutionary	4
affordable strategy to limit	4
of these peptides in	4
range and the risk	4
at the expense of	4
has not yet been	4
on the impact of	4
infectivity in aedes aegypti	4
the importance of understanding	4
like virus in chinese	4
by the end of	4
refers to the ability	4
and eukaryotic dna viruses	4
of the creative commons	4
appear in a city	4
have focused on the	4
the development of high	4
on the relationship between	4
that is associated with	4
mosaic disease in uganda	4
an important source of	4
evolutionary history of an	4
in chinese horseshoe bats	4
attention is given to	4
cause diseases in their	4
could be applied to	4
at the beginning of	4
a result of deliberate	4
damage as a function	4
may be an important	4
adaptation to a single	4
level of immunity to	4
considered to involve epithelia	4
the arms race scenario	4
as exemplified by the	4
the host ubiquitin system	4
is the probability that	4
prevention and control of	4
it has not been	4
the process of manufacture	4
life cycle can be	4
reproduction in any medium	4
in the expression of	4
is that it can	4
are caused by microorganisms	4
as well as a	4
the expression of the	4
parts of the world	4
of virus evolution and	4
seems to be the	4
of host shifts from	4
the epidemiology and evolution	4
the number of hosts	4
role of carbohydrates in	4
at the bronx zoo	4
and the dynamics of	4
food and drug administration	4
of the disease is	4
the virus to bind	4
for a pathogen to	4
analysis of the human	4
the rate of virus	4
are known to infect	4
to involve epithelia and	4
continue hosting on p	4
of an emergent disease	4
where r is the	4
future of the sector	4
to understand the dynamics	4
the impact of the	4
has been made in	4
interaction at the cellular	4
the history of the	4
mechanisms by which mtb	4
of infl uenza pandemics	4
the risk of human	4
this is the first	4
to the expansion of	4
more than one host	4
adapted to the new	4
most recent common ancestor	4
fluid of patients with	4
in the ability of	4
of viruses in the	4
xx xx xx xx	4
the eukaryotic linear motif	4
regulation and stability of	4
of a virus from	4
vivo and in vitro	4
has been used to	4
hepatitis c virus replication	4
host shifts to humans	4
the process by which	4
were able to identify	4
decay in host switch	4
that are required to	4
in a range of	4
risk of exposure to	4
in the transmission function	4
the processes by which	4
the potential to cause	4
is an example of	4
studies have demonstrated that	4
in the discovery of	4
defenses by resistance to	4
in this article are	4
the disease in the	4
the observed number of	4
used here for the	4
in specific cell types	4
of rift valley fever	4
the northeastern united states	4
in the northern gulf	4
by a variety of	4
in the viral genome	4
with regard to jurisdictional	4
origin and virulence of	4
to contribute to the	4
of different types of	4
is similar to the	4
attachment of the virus	4
species transmission is a	4
of viral pathogens in	4
e v i e	4
p r o o	4
treatment of infectious diseases	4
virus and its host	4
spatial and temporal scales	4
nature of the virus	4
from cystic fibrosis patients	4
limit the virus spread	4
to bind to a	4
the risk of disease	4
wild primates and humans	4
is used here for	4
of which have been	4
binding properties of the	4
to dna to retrovirus	4
risk of transmission to	4
although there is a	4
of ibd and rea	4
probability of successful infection	4
eukaryotic linear motif resource	4
of plant and animal	4
in a novel host	4
infectious diseases in the	4
venezuelan equine encephalitis virus	4
the other end of	4
relation to this point	4
are estimated to be	4
repurposing to treat the	4
models of virulence evolution	4
has been estimated that	4
remains neutral with regard	4
of host shifts to	4
on the prevalence of	4
may be the reason	4
bacterial and viral infections	4
the molecular determinants of	4
from a public health	4
and development of a	4
to the fact that	4
j o u r	4
on the transmission ecology	4
virus genome type and	4
by the spread of	4
the likelihood of a	4
the duration of the	4
transfer of contaminated bodily	4
jurisdictional claims in published	4
the study of host	4
are not associated with	4
influenza viruses in wild	4
on a variety of	4
congo hemorrhagic fever virus	4
three studied host phylogenies	4
the spanish fl u	4
this results in a	4
spread in the body	4
infl uenza a and	4
introduction of a new	4
mitigated by the contemporary	4
of humans and zoonotic	4
each of the three	4
host as a function	4
contemporary inhibition of other	4
the treatment of infectious	4
effects of species diversity	4
within the host and	4
type i ifn response	4
the viruses that are	4
a broad host range	4
also be used to	4
least susceptible less so	4
of biodiversity in the	4
the evolution of human	4
in the control of	4
that of the host	4
for at least a	4
and evolution of species	4
control of gene expression	4
species as well as	4
patients with reactive arthritis	4
possible to identify the	4
to transmit the pathogen	4
u r n a	4
the ability to generate	4
the most affordable strategy	4
to the importance of	4
the genealogical relationships between	4
is unlikely to be	4
isolation of a novel	4
in the rate of	4
have been implicated in	4
and the nature of	4
history of an emergent	4
characteristics of hosts and	4
the duration of infection	4
bats are natural reservoirs	4
activity on the part	4
were also detected in	4
this may be a	4
transmission to a new	4
in a given ecosystem	4
activities with viral vectors	4
the importance of virus	4
amount of host damage	4
and host phylogenetic trees	4
the ability of these	4
due to the lack	4
of the role of	4
can act as a	4
in the last years	4
a conceptual framework for	4
the hepatitis b virus	4
the molecular biology of	4
spend their entire life	4
sindbis virus in both	4
the virus from the	4
may be possible to	4
relationships with their hosts	4
virus in chinese horseshoe	4
this can be achieved	4
less likely to be	4
it is thought that	4
of the herpes simplex	4
avian influenza virus in	4
could be involved in	4
and hepatitis c virus	4
at the end of	4
with ebola virus disease	4
of the host environment	4
with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome	4
haemorrhagic fever in zaire	4
belonging to the orders	4
v i e w	4
the change in viral	4
act as a source	4
of pathogen species richness	4
long period of time	4
the emergence of human	4
susceptible to infection and	4
the movement of the	4
are members of the	4
such as ebola virus	4
positively selected sites in	4
and many of the	4
the emergence and transmission	4
it is unknown whether	4
in humans and animals	4
number of host genotypes	4
and emerging infectious diseases	4
spread of infectious diseases	4
between host and pathogen	4
d virus family specific	4
than that of the	4
it seems clear that	4
certain host defence peptides	4
temperature and relative humidity	4
that have emerged in	4
remain associated with the	4
be responsible for the	4
between a host and	4
in the process of	4
of other flows relevant	4
from the new world	4
interactions between the virus	4
as illustrated by the	4
in the gills of	4
likelihood of a host	4
drug repurposing to treat	4
associated with disease in	4
virus spread in the	4
of salmonella enterica serovar	4
of the spike protein	4
species virus transmission and	4
primarily involving internal organ	4
p p accommodation host	4
the mean number of	4
the organ system tropisms	4
are not limited to	4
o u r n	4
are consistent with the	4
the formation of the	4
of a susceptible host	4
the host population is	4
on the amount of	4
their life cycle is	4
have a life cycle	4
induced in the host	4
and reproduction in any	4
coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus	4
not all of the	4
genome is composed of	4
has been argued that	4
changes induced in the	4
is not yet known	4
and the extent to	4
impacts of the covid	4
dilution effect has been	4
can play a role	4
the host phylogeny and	4
of infectious disease in	4
the greater yellowstone ecosystem	4
theory of island biogeography	4
is supported by the	4
have been developed to	4
do not appear to	4
reduce the risk of	4
of two species of	4
is also possible to	4
the potential of a	4
infection and shedding periods	4
was carried out for	4
at least in part	4
of the virus was	4
viral elements in animal	4
the maintenance of the	4
a combination of factors	4
of the biology of	4
identification and characterization of	4
severe cassava mosaic disease	4
virus establishment in the	4
been isolated from a	4
is consistent with the	4
energy flow which fuels	4
here for the first	4
reducing the energy flow	4
been suggested to be	4
in published maps and	4
of zoonotic transmission and	4
ability to cause disease	4
virus in the americas	4
of the human and	4
it has also been	4
a critical role in	4
may be able to	4
pathogens and their interactions	4
virulence factors can be	4
interplay between mtb and	4
phylogenetic analysis by maximum	4
of a host population	4
number of viruses in	4
for disease control and	4
are the result of	4
infect a new host	4
at least part of	4
to be the only	4
of the effects of	4
the secondary tissue and	4
its efficacy is mitigated	4
most affordable strategy to	4
human parainfluenza virus type	4
the introduction of the	4
a diluted sample of	4
result of a host	4
host cell infection cycle	4
it may be possible	4
with some of the	4
are a group of	4
of interest in the	4
virion assembly to ensure	4
republic of the congo	4
the host as a	4
the population dynamics of	4
and that the virus	4
to deal with the	4
by members of the	4
from animals to humans	4
determine whether the virus	4
immunodeficiency virus type infection	4
in virion assembly to	4
anthropogenic environmental change and	4
there is no clear	4
cause persistent infections or	4
replication of the virus	4
to the target host	4
continue to be a	4
this area of research	4
and virulence of the	4
are one of the	4
organ system tropisms of	4
of the infected host	4
what are the relative	4
plays a major role	4
that are considered to	4
rates of evolutionary change	4
and the fact that	4
complex interactions between the	4
a large body of	4
flow which fuels virion	4
the host cell bioenergetics	4
used in the treatment	4
be taken into account	4
moults into an adult	4
between the extent of	4
northern gulf of mexico	4
therapeutic strategies are still	4
insight into the evolution	4
may be present in	4
involve epithelia and internal	4
that may lead to	4
importance of these interactions	4
as one of the	4
major role in the	4
of chronic wasting disease	4
the host to the	4
of a pathogen to	4
reservoir and vector species	4
of host reservoir species	4
has also been observed	4
molecular regulatory machinery of	4
two theoretical models of	4
on the new host	4
virion host shutoff protein	4
transmission of an infectious	4
other end of the	4
the role of seabirds	4
control the spread of	4
the benefit of the	4
the authors show that	4
fuels virion assembly is	4
the exchange of genetic	4
discussed in this review	4
in relation to this	4
properties of these peptides	4
this work focuses on	4
viruses and their genetically	4
in the virulence of	4
but its efficacy is	4
emergence and transmission of	4
dynamics of preferential host	4
for the management of	4
to be one of	4
is used as a	4
the western indian ocean	4
and appear to have	4
in the water column	4
is illustrated by the	4
recent evidence suggests that	4
infections caused by the	4
that there may be	4
with special reference to	4
the function of the	4
to be mediated by	4
the exception of a	4
phylogenies sampled from the	4
of infection in the	4
virus ecological variable scores	4
will depend on the	4
of host defenses uncertain	4
were considered primarily epithelial	4
the four virus ecological	4
type i interferon signaling	4
are determined by the	4
the northern gulf of	4
what have we learned	4
the theory of island	4
each of the viruses	4
concepts in disease ecology	4
rna to dna to	4
be related to the	4
p p accommodation in	4
early stages of infection	4
is the study of	4
l p r e	4
an excellent example of	4
whether a virus will	4
range of host species	4
it can be used	4
lineage duplication and extinction	4
following the introduction of	4
is assumed to be	4
can be considered as	4
population as a whole	4
can provide information on	4
h in a sw	4
to note that the	4
from a number of	4
highlights the importance of	4
also appear to be	4
hosts that do not	4
of the pathogen to	4
host factors required for	4
that are part of	4
infected and susceptible hosts	4
for the origin of	4
of the central nervous	4
as phylogenetic distance increases	4
natural reservoirs of sars	4
for which comprehensive tailored	4
host cell dynamics are	4
democratic republic of the	4
extent to which these	4
of simian immunodeficiency virus	4
hosting on p p	4
in spite of this	4
the organ system involvement	4
be a result of	4
evasion of the host	4
for each virus family	4
a large role in	4
physical activity on the	4
belonging to the genus	4
and it has been	4
the global spread of	4
exposure of the host	4
in response to the	4
epidemic dynamics at the	4
it may be that	4
strategies are still missing	4
van baalen and beekman	4
the impacts of the	4
the effect of increasing	4
replicate in the cytoplasm	4
can lead to a	4
a new life cycle	4
parasite and vector colonization	4
be able to infect	4
be more likely to	4
to jurisdictional claims in	4
biology of infectious diseases	4
of species diversity on	4
of embryonic stem cells	4
as well as with	4
of bluetongue virus in	4
it is not entirely	4
evolutionary dynamics of virulence	4
tourism and hospitality industry	4
due to the technical	4
to interact with host	4
rna viruses and its	4
a major component of	4
both host and parasite	4
of the importance of	4
efficacy is mitigated by	4
r e v i	4
has yet to be	4
modulate the host immune	4
comments on the manuscript	4
transmission is highly dependent	4
as biodiversity is lost	4
serve as receptors for	4
result of deliberate efforts	4
is closely related to	4
and host cell dynamics	4
it is clear from	4
of signal peptide peptidase	4
highly dependent on the	4
by the absence of	4
contact via fecally contaminated	4
closely related primate species	4
from rna to dna	4
adopted by mtb to	4
in patients with chronic	4
thorough understanding of the	4
at least in the	4
the cell surface receptor	4
of reproductive isolation in	4
transmission of a pathogen	4
other flows relevant for	4
very different from that	4
with large numbers of	4
may lead to the	4
four virus ecological variable	4
and the least susceptible	4
the number of days	4
example of a virus	4
of virus and host	4
shifts from wild primates	4
of life on earth	4
the dynamics of the	4
for each demographic group	4
to the lack of	4
lead to the development	4
and the virus genome	4
to be a parasite	4
the role of environmental	4
in a recent study	4
by which the virus	4
regard to jurisdictional claims	4
a thorough understanding of	4
so that it is	4
ensure virus spread in	4
viruses related to the	4
it is impossible to	4
a common strategy for	4
to the effects of	4
because there is no	4
the severity of disease	4
off between virulence and	4
infection course m productive	4
to ensure virus spread	4
of contaminated bodily fluids	4
propose a framework for	4
a a a a	4
major histocompatibility complex class	4
to be the result	4
off the host and	4
those belonging to the	4
were matched to the	4
of the impact of	4
stability in the environment	4
genetic diversity in the	4
eastern equine encephalitis virus	4
harm to the host	4
in humans and horses	4
the direct impact of	4
is made up of	4
of infl uenza in	4
is given by the	4
of the human microbiome	4
may be found in	4
in human immunodeficiency virus	4
for ebola virus infection	4
diseases that are caused	4
all of the above	4
such as in the	4
the spread of parasites	4
of the host in	4
transmission of the virus	4
the beginning of the	4
involving epithelia and internal	4
the spread of the	4
in any of the	4
ecology and evolutionary history	4
the replication of the	4
of influenza a h	4
viruses in figure s	3
is necessary to re	3
the simulated hsd statistics	3
alimentary tract to skin	3
deleterious mutation load in	3
its contribution to viral	3
hepatitis b virus infection	3
with the same virus	3
in this case is	3
in the host attachment	3
from a combination of	3
been proposed to be	3
the virus has a	3
is an open access	3
of autophagy in host	3
the potential use of	3
trichomonads for human health	3
exposed to ambient environments	3
dsdna viruses of prokaryotes	3
the maximum number of	3
of viruses that infect	3
our results show that	3
is exposed to the	3
is the same as	3
not necessarily lead to	3
impact the ability of	3
phylogenetic analysis revealed that	3
the pathogenesis of viral	3
the iucn red list	3
of blood parasites in	3
understanding of virulence evolution	3
of intestinal epithelial cells	3
is well known that	3
set the stage for	3
the purposes of this	3
used to infer the	3
recent emergence of bluetongue	3
the large dna viruses	3
to describe a community	3
by the host phylogeny	3
systematic host network perturbations	3
the use of host	3
play a key role	3
to determine whether a	3
channels between infected and	3
transmitted to the next	3
on the plasma membrane	3
adults do not moult	3
the th and th	3
reveals targets for drug	3
identification of proteins in	3
pathogenic h n avian	3
the majority of human	3
required for viral replication	3
the early stage of	3
families may be neatly	3
a short period of	3
community similarity in wild	3
is a class pathogen	3
all of which are	3
phylogenetic distance between current	3
of the infected cell	3
farm animals and birds	3
the host proteins targeted	3
in intestinal epithelial cells	3
associated with the development	3
both the microorganism and	3
group has that are	3
the african swine fever	3
better understanding of this	3
host tropism and virus	3
the most common form	3
a line of slope	3
emerging bat virus spillover	3
the major causes of	3
plays a crucial role	3
the source of genetic	3
infiltration score applicable to	3
can further delineate the	3
threats to human health	3
a shared genetic basis	3
is the idea that	3
has that are expected	3
be applied to the	3
to the global burden	3
a decrease in the	3
interaction between a host	3
lobsters and spider crabs	3
of a host and	3
has also been used	3
can be linked with	3
proteins in the purified	3
nematode anticoagulant protein c	3
clementsian structure in the	3
from person to person	3
that are difficult to	3
the eleven virus families	3
and host tropism appear	3
used to describe the	3
to exit the platforms	3
allocated to the individual	3
purified infectious bronchitis particles	3
is likely that many	3
the use of different	3
to the application of	3
that it is not	3
modulators perturb the human	3
to be the same	3
on the survival of	3
were considered in conjunction	3
viral interactions with the	3
may be particularly useful	3
in addition to their	3
that future studies attempt	3
conservation and public health	3
review of the literature	3
closely related pathogens in	3
only one of the	3
likelihood of host shifts	3
a systems medicine approach	3
number of species of	3
on growth and survival	3
composition of the host	3
oxidative damage to dna	3
and replicate in the	3
the activity of the	3
of the parasite on	3
of the o blood	3
of pathogen community similarity	3
filamentous bacteria in the	3
the regulation of rna	3
applicable to individual viruses	3
together on this basis	3
several studies have shown	3
human and nonhuman primates	3
been proven to be	3
african cassava mosaic virus	3
a general characteristic of	3
for the introduction of	3
with their hosts over	3
r code is included	3
that does not require	3
their life cycles are	3
the starting point for	3
evolutionary change in viruses	3
between closely related species	3
the transmission ecology collated	3
as demonstrated in mice	3
component of the innate	3
by the expression of	3
lung epithelial cell line	3
the absence of clinical	3
o blood group antigen	3
climatic and environmental patterns	3
positive selection of primate	3
adenovirus and coxsackievirus b	3
for the parasite to	3
that have not been	3
interact with host proteins	3
and the proportion of	3
fill the gap between	3
the synthesis of the	3
epithelia and internal organ	3
between mtb and the	3
research needs community ecology	3
component of the bacterial	3
would be sufficient to	3
by direct contact with	3
and contrasting the outcomes	3
of the pathogens that	3
and human influenza a	3
an impact on the	3
the origin of this	3
nombre virus in deer	3
three domains of life	3
been demonstrated that the	3
origin h n influenza	3
and the regulation of	3
as a first step	3
patterns of host specificity	3
gene expression from host	3
life cycle is the	3