bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
host species	334
infectious diseases	311
life cycle	241
infl uenza	201
immune response	183
host range	169
infectious disease	162
rna viruses	159
host cell	155
host population	152
influenza virus	141
immune system	131
genetic diversity	130
avian influenza	130
virus infection	130
ebola virus	124
host immune	114
host proteins	112
immune responses	110
new host	108
innate immune	108
public health	107
west nile	101
host cells	100
emerging infectious	99
host defence	98
dna viruses	96
may also	95
species transmission	91
mycobacterium tuberculosis	91
host shifts	91
life cycles	90
gene expression	88
type i	88
viral replication	88
cell surface	88
virus evolution	87
viral infection	86
nile virus	85
virulence factors	83
influenza viruses	81
novel host	81
disease ecology	80
rna virus	80
innate immunity	79
disease emergence	79
amino acid	77
doc id	76
cord uid	76
host evolution	74
virulence evolution	74
defence peptides	72
landscape genetics	72
respiratory syndrome	72
epithelial cells	72
united states	71
acute respiratory	71
herpes simplex	71
fi tness	70
host switching	70
closely related	69
species richness	67
host populations	66
viral infections	65
natural selection	65
viral load	64
viral proteins	64
severe acute	63
pathogen interactions	63
immunodeficiency virus	62
disease transmission	62
positive selection	60
host interactions	60
infectious agents	60
adaptive immune	59
virus replication	59
pathogen transmission	59
simplex virus	58
wild birds	58
respiratory tract	57
human health	56
disease virus	56
adaptive immunity	54
cause disease	54
virus transmission	54
host factors	54
genetic variation	53
lyme disease	52
i interferon	52
host density	52
direct contact	52
virus families	51
cell lines	50
reservoir hosts	50
host specificity	50
affecting humans	50
host body	50
protein interaction	50
human populations	50
emerging viruses	50
evolutionary history	50
human disease	49
highly pathogenic	49
climate change	48
human immunodeficiency	47
infectious agent	47
intermediate host	47
cell culture	46
human genome	46
human host	45
bridge hosts	45
landscape genetic	45
infected cells	44
north america	44
population size	43
large number	43
human population	43
viruses may	43
hemorrhagic fever	42
phylogenetic distance	42
host phylogeny	41
vaccine evolution	41
reservoir host	41
wide range	41
virus host	41
rna polymerase	41
host response	40
escherichia coli	40
new species	40
susceptible host	40
life history	40
reservoir species	39
host immunity	38
population dynamics	38
different species	38
organ tropisms	38
recent studies	38
vaccinia virus	38
infected host	38
animal species	37
protein interactions	37
host switch	37
segmented filamentous	37
virus type	37
dendritic cells	36
cell death	36
viral genome	36
host interaction	36
important role	36
drosophila melanogaster	36
filamentous bacteria	36
nipah virus	35
reactive arthritis	35
bacterial pathogens	35
syndrome coronavirus	35
bridge host	35
human pathogens	35
dengue virus	35
parasite species	35
immune cells	35
antimicrobial activity	34
sars coronavirus	34
viral diseases	34
one host	34
plasma membrane	34
mtb infection	34
disease resistance	34
endogenous retroviruses	34
yellow fever	34
reproductive isolation	33
individual host	33
virus infections	33
phylogenetic analysis	33
selective pressure	33
population density	33
disease dynamics	33
amino acids	33
pathogen species	33
potential host	33
wild primates	33
host protein	32
virus particles	32
even though	32
virus emergence	32
galapagos islands	32
north american	32
susceptible hosts	32
fish gnats	32
viral families	32
emerging pathogens	32
viral pathogens	32
virus disease	31
host shutoff	31
contact rates	31
infected hosts	31
host mrna	31
pseudomonas aeruginosa	31
zika virus	30
environmental factors	30
positively selected	30
pathogenic viruses	30
intermediate hosts	30
bat species	30
uenza virus	30
organ systems	30
will also	29
dilution effect	29
nose syndrome	29
disease risk	29
network analysis	29
vector species	29
immune defenses	29
pathogen spillover	29
resistance mechanisms	29
disease control	29
gene flow	29
virus genome	29
pulmonary syndrome	29
unpublished data	29
host genome	29
infectious bronchitis	29
organ system	29
newcastle disease	29
also known	29
population level	28
drug targets	28
major histocompatibility	28
new world	28
crustacean parasites	28
parasite dynamics	28
fever virus	28
evolutionary biology	28
receptor binding	28
different host	28
target host	28
host damage	28
social behavior	28
virus species	27
stranded rna	27
viral pathogenesis	27
genes involved	27
bacterial infection	27
gene transfer	27
uenza pandemic	27
species may	27
parasite transmission	27
hantavirus pulmonary	27
old world	27
microbial pathogenesis	27
years ago	27
preferential host	27
parasite interactions	27
rabies virus	27
highly conserved	27
host innate	26
high levels	26
domestic animals	26
hong kong	26
genetic material	26
infected individuals	26
invasion threshold	26
inflammatory response	26
mammalian cells	26
new hosts	26
fi rst	26
dna virus	26
genetic structure	26
virulence determinants	26
bird species	26
host shift	26
human cells	26
immune evasion	26
highly virulent	26
toxoplasma gondii	25
case study	25
phylogenetic risk	25
virus family	25
virus may	25
viral genes	25
cell types	25
short term	25
nervous system	25
two species	25
fish lice	25
pathogenic avian	25
human viruses	25
viral sequences	25
natural hosts	25
interaction networks	25
also found	25
parasitic barnacles	25
persistent infections	25
disease spread	25
zoonotic viruses	25
environmental conditions	25
barr virus	25
viral evolution	24
sialic acid	24
recipient host	24
yersinia pestis	24
two different	24
mass spectrometry	24
type fimbriae	24
human protein	24
sindbis virus	24
spanish infl	24
emerging diseases	24
viral gene	24
genetic data	24
recent study	24
host defenses	24
host defense	24
infect humans	24
transmission dynamics	24
cell line	24
biodiversity loss	23
body environment	23
south america	23
mutation rate	23
multiple host	23
high virulence	23
viral disease	23
avian pox	23
molecular evolution	23
host resistance	23
bluetongue virus	23
recent years	23
signaling pathways	23
natural host	23
selective pressures	23
host gene	23
like receptor	22
molecular mimicry	22
encephalitis virus	22
genetic information	22
determine whether	22
trichomonas vaginalis	22
transmission rate	22
internal organs	22
like receptors	22
may provide	22
cleavage site	22
mouse model	22
mosaic virus	22
host genetic	22
human virome	22
single host	22
virus entry	22
sin nombre	22
become infected	22
disease outbreaks	22
surface receptors	22
short linear	22
one species	22
cellular processes	22
bat viruses	22
histocompatibility complex	22
species diversity	22
risk factors	22
mrna degradation	22
host pathways	22
rna interference	22
west africa	22
canine parvovirus	21
future research	21
human transmission	21
selected sites	21
contact via	21
molecular basis	21
salmonella enterica	21
may occur	21
host environment	21
parallel evolution	21
rnai screens	21
viral entry	21
spillover events	21
myxoma virus	21
population structure	21
population genetics	21
metabolic rate	21
blood stages	21
commercial poultry	21
human cytomegalovirus	21
genetic variability	21
systems biology	21
specific pathogens	21
large dna	21
disease vectors	21
tissue tropism	21
human influenza	21
many cases	21
avian leukosis	21
transmission modes	21
maintenance host	21
evolutionary dynamics	21
pathogen dynamics	21
host systems	21
coral reef	20
endogenous viral	20
host susceptibility	20
viral life	20
members affecting	20
alternate hosts	20
williams unpublished	20
host level	20
equine encephalitis	20
stem cells	20
vaccine growth	20
may result	20
burkholderia pseudomallei	20
human proteins	20
blood group	20
helicobacter pylori	20
viral species	20
response framework	20
central africa	20
infection course	20
familial nature	20
new viruses	20
host competence	20
nucleic acid	20
major role	20
natural populations	20
american orthohantaviruses	20
host will	20
viral rna	20
crispr cas	20
central nervous	20
primary tissue	20
host genes	20
antiviral activity	20
monoclonal antibody	20
phylogenetic trees	20
convergent evolution	20
penaeid shrimp	20
binding protein	20
mortality rate	19
population growth	19
well known	19
hepatitis virus	19
may represent	19
parasite population	19
multiple hosts	19
cell receptor	19
evidence suggests	19
microorganism interaction	19
disease management	19
leukemia virus	19
monoclonal antibodies	19
nombre virus	19
may lead	19
class i	19
adaptive evolution	19
reverse genetics	19
new virus	19
conservation biology	19
natural reservoir	19
potential hosts	19
membrane protein	19
drug resistance	19
different types	19
large numbers	19
species barrier	19
pathogen prevalence	19
gut microbiota	19
viral dna	19
new insights	19
linear motifs	19
may help	19
specific host	19
increased virulence	19
red queen	19
transmission events	19
pandemic risk	19
host co	19
much less	19
hiv infection	19
internal organ	19
experimental studies	19
host dna	18
mutation rates	18
blood parasites	18
intestinal tract	18
staphylococcus aureus	18
twentieth century	18
pathogenic bacteria	18
intrinsic fitness	18
many viruses	18
fish isopods	18
low levels	18
first step	18
bacterial infections	18
mouse hepatitis	18
avian cholera	18
viral genomes	18
essential genes	18
causative agent	18
tongue worms	18
case studies	18
recent advances	18
canine distemper	18
bacterial species	18
mathematical models	18
ecology theory	18
secondary tissue	18
new york	18
antimicrobial peptide	18
valley fever	18
wild seabirds	18
drug repurposing	18
th cells	18
external environment	18
host community	18
global health	18
induced disease	18
common ancestor	18
population biology	18
high affinity	18
fruit bats	18
epithelial cell	18
cellular receptor	17
social network	17
virus strains	17
marburg virus	17
pathogen interaction	17
inflammatory bowel	17
measles virus	17
generation sequencing	17
parasites may	17
small molecule	17
wild bird	17
several studies	17
host relationships	17
plasmodium falciparum	17
chikungunya virus	17
definitive host	17
many species	17
single amino	17
spike protein	17
virus interactions	17
parasitic copepods	17
primate species	17
clinical signs	17
avian viruses	17
ns protein	17
endogenous retrovirus	17
protein kinase	17
pattern recognition	17
better understand	17
heparan sulfate	17
viral transmission	17
individual hosts	17
human infectious	17
restriction factors	17
secondary infections	17
see table	17
assortative mating	17
vertebrate hosts	17
fi delity	17
extracellular protein	17
high prevalence	17
successful host	17
another example	17
gene therapy	17
might also	17
viral evasion	17
rift valley	17
viral protein	17
cell tropism	17
viral particles	17
sea lice	17
million years	17
immune function	17
zoonotic pathogens	17
sm cl	17
mouth disease	17
bowel disease	17
human activities	17
parameter values	16
narrow host	16
virus infiltration	16
related viruses	16
rna decay	16
whale lice	16
protein synthesis	16
human beta	16
will likely	16
spillover risk	16
virus spread	16
original host	16
host tropism	16
animal health	16
basic reproductive	16
host anti	16
protein microarrays	16
borne zoonotic	16
emerging infections	16
target microorganisms	16
surface receptor	16
host mortality	16
rnai screen	16
wildlife disease	16
evolutionary ecology	16
emergence events	16
animal models	16
hendra virus	16
mrna decay	16
virus will	16
different viruses	16
comparative analysis	16
identify host	16
wildlife populations	16
cystic fibrosis	16
zoonotic diseases	16
virus life	16
high mortality	16
emerging virus	16
also identified	16
transmission occurs	16
viruses transmitted	16
vaccine virus	16
bronchitis virus	16
will depend	16
leukosis virus	16
clinical trials	16
cell proliferation	16
cycle stages	16
virus populations	16
transmission among	16
genome sequence	16
rna elements	16
new resistance	16
natural history	16
environmental survival	16
total number	16
authors declare	16
virus environmental	16
interaction network	16
th century	16
fitness effects	16
body infiltration	16
antimicrobial peptides	15
course productive	15
virion assembly	15
successful infection	15
population sizes	15
host cytosolic	15
human diseases	15
factors affecting	15
may play	15
dn ds	15
molecular characterization	15
viral diversity	15
drug discovery	15
host rna	15
epidemiological models	15
severe disease	15
pathogen community	15
high throughput	15
molecular biology	15
large proportion	15
data sets	15
viral mrna	15
current knowledge	15
mammalian host	15
viral elements	15
broad range	15
global trends	15
stomatitis virus	15
better understanding	15
may act	15
wide variety	15
emerging disease	15
pandemic influenza	15
biological control	15
enveloped viruses	15
dna replication	15
high level	15
theoretical models	15
tuberculosis infection	15
host infection	15
simian immunodeficiency	15
avian species	15
experimental infections	15
interferon induction	15
diarrhea virus	15
reverse transcriptase	15
genetic analysis	15
cysteine proteases	15
vesicular stomatitis	15
middle east	15
enteric pathogens	15
novel hosts	15
like virus	15
bat populations	15
hosts may	15
infection period	15
population genetic	15
pathogen virulence	15
resource limitation	15
genetically engineered	15
transcription factor	15
genetic engineering	15
will provide	15
molecular genetic	14
biological processes	14
free living	14
migratory birds	14
intracellular pathogens	14
may cause	14
four virus	14
avoids host	14
virus population	14
theoretical concepts	14
competent hosts	14
ecological relationships	14
intervention strategies	14
human gut	14
vertical transmission	14
rodent hosts	14
animal rule	14
structural proteins	14
risk assessment	14
target population	14
vast majority	14
microbial species	14
gut microbiome	14
intracellular survival	14
animal model	14
lassa virus	14
binding domain	14
transmission function	14
brown bats	14
seabird species	14
human evolution	14
sequence data	14
viral diarrhea	14
larval stages	14
zoonotic disease	14
crucial role	14
membrane proteins	14
antigen presentation	14
two main	14
community ecology	14
virus virulence	14
receptor specificity	14
mammalian hosts	14
stranded dna	14
spatial scales	14
disease network	14
signifi cant	14
converting enzyme	14
avian malaria	14
genera affecting	14
south africa	14
reproductive success	14
virus isolated	14
target hosts	14
final host	14
phylogenetic analyses	14
may serve	14
endangered species	14
wild populations	14
microbe interactions	14
secretion system	14
distemper virus	14
related species	14
role played	14
reef fishes	14
accommodation platforms	14
will allow	14
wide rnai	14
combination therapy	14
therapeutic intervention	14
widely used	14
sequence similarity	14
available data	14
signal peptide	14
infection prevalence	14
broad host	14
mammalian species	14
ixodes uriae	14
bovine viral	14
host genomes	14
small number	14
transmission routes	14
salmonella typhimurium	14
host may	13
hippoboscid flies	13
synthetic biology	13
hosts will	13
host targets	13
competing interests	13
life histories	13
zoonotic transmission	13
human infections	13
envelope protein	13
see also	13
gastrointestinal tract	13
disease vector	13
gene products	13
adjacency matrix	13
uenza viruses	13
host cellular	13
contaminated water	13
complex interactions	13
parasite virulence	13
potential role	13
adaptive landscape	13
virus genomic	13
th cell	13
infection may	13
induced host	13
chronic infections	13
neutrophil defensins	13
see chapter	13
molecular characteristics	13
dna polymerase	13
early stages	13
antiviral drugs	13
reproductive number	13
empirical data	13
another host	13
target cells	13
cell entry	13
recombinant vector	13
previously unknown	13
antimicrobial resistance	13
body size	13
replication within	13
arms race	13
interaction data	13
eukaryotic dna	13
community similarity	13
viral lineages	13
creative commons	13
host jumping	13
specific pathogen	13
infection risk	13
high mutation	13
seabird populations	13
certain viruses	13
time period	13
infectious virus	13
urogenital tract	13
nonhuman primates	13
new zealand	13
take place	13
supporting information	13
intestinal epithelial	13
dengue fever	13
accommodation sector	13
virus must	13
growth rate	13
francisella tularensis	13
survival rate	13
naturally limited	13
host responses	13
borne diseases	13
bats may	13
rapid evolution	13
least one	13
herd immunity	13
incubation period	13
surface proteins	13
protein microarray	13
comparative analyses	13
new pathogens	13
host jump	13
juvenile stages	13
dendritic cell	13
qualitative research	13
transmission may	13
infections caused	13
genetic changes	13
host contact	13
human endogenous	13
virulence factor	13
virus particle	13
intestinal epithelium	13
like viruses	13
host jumps	13
bird populations	13
new infections	13
indirect contact	13
corona virus	13
aspergillus fumigatus	12
host diversity	12
host ranges	12
different stages	12
many parasites	12
currently available	12
evolutionary relationships	12
previously described	12
signaling pathway	12
cytosolic surveillance	12
less likely	12
community composition	12
protein complexes	12
genetic studies	12
east respiratory	12
evolutionary theory	12
messenger rna	12
infection severity	12
disease process	12
upper respiratory	12
small intestine	12
i ifn	12
temperate phage	12
host genotypes	12
also show	12
maternity colonies	12
pathogens may	12
genome sequencing	12
newly emerging	12
ecological factors	12
screen identifies	12
model systems	12
long periods	12
directed therapies	12
haemorrhagic fever	12
conceptual framework	12
evolutionary biologists	12
high risk	12
higher virulence	12
plant viruses	12
coxiella burnetii	12
fungal pathogens	12
swine fever	12
body condition	12
zoonotic dis	12
host transmission	12
may become	12
mammalian viruses	12
different strains	12
larval stage	12
global spread	12
uenza pandemics	12
cell receptors	12
close contact	12
among hosts	12
major human	12
parasite risk	12
genome sequences	12
infected cell	12
immune systems	12
recipient hosts	12
virus protein	12
relatively low	12
among individuals	12
pathogen spread	12
therapeutic strategies	12
defenses avoids	12
clementsian structure	12
human pathogen	12
viruses belonging	12
starting point	12
vice versa	12
particular virus	12
sexually transmitted	12
geographic range	12
immunomodulatory properties	12
environmental changes	12
immune status	12
life strategy	12
long time	12
poorly understood	12
experimental infection	12
per se	12
bursal disease	12
enterica serovar	12
tobacco mosaic	12
phylogenetic tree	12
infectious bursal	12
social networks	12
feather mites	12
recent emergence	12
interferon response	12
naturally occurring	12
target populations	12
two host	12
new viral	12
adult females	12
syndrome virus	12
management strategies	12
molecular mechanisms	12
commensal bacteria	12
intracellular offspring	12
mucus layer	12
coronavirus nsp	12
nucleotide sequences	12
first time	12
purifying selection	12
threshold model	12
two decades	12
mtb immunity	12
several viruses	12
japanese encephalitis	12
autoimmune disease	12
predator transfer	12
term renting	12
many host	12
fi nd	12
genetically diverse	12
immune surveillance	12
aedes aegypti	12
provide new	12
respiratory secretions	12
zoonotic potential	12
point mutations	11
body temperature	11
viruses appear	11
haploid cell	11
bacillus anthracis	11
evolutionary genetics	11
candida albicans	11
respiratory distress	11
anchor worms	11
genetically modified	11
disease pathogenesis	11
major impact	11
infectious contacts	11
become established	11
selection pressure	11
new disease	11
sample sizes	11
two new	11
host phylogenies	11
outer membrane	11
endothelial cells	11
community structure	11
viral ecology	11
host switches	11
essential host	11
may increase	11
baculovirus penaei	11
pathogen systems	11
indian ocean	11
respiratory disease	11
viral mutation	11
evolutionary change	11
evolutionary histories	11
selective advantage	11
human neutrophil	11
viral adaptation	11
evolutionary analysis	11
host abundance	11
humans seem	11
associated herpesvirus	11
evidence indicates	11
van riper	11
mhc class	11
drug target	11
studies suggest	11
diseases caused	11
directly transmitted	11
south american	11
electron microscopy	11
may facilitate	11
breeding season	11
larval parasitic	11
virus rna	11
endogenous retroviral	11
every year	11
small mammals	11
small molecules	11
higher levels	11
viral community	11
multiple viruses	11
dependent rna	11
genetic tools	11
body fashion	11
gill stages	11
feature matrix	11
onward transmission	11
range expansion	11
fever viruses	11
viral envelope	11
viruses tend	11
relatively large	11
rodent species	11
immune complex	11
trichomonas gallinae	11
inflammatory cytokines	11
persistently infected	11
primate host	11
maintenance function	11
given host	11
polymerase chain	11
novel human	11
common eiders	11
bacterial proteins	11
aedes taeniorhynchus	11
animal viruses	11
rna degradation	11
virulent strains	11
biothreat pathogens	11
virion host	11
high rates	11
animal hosts	11
human primates	11
reticuloendotheliosis virus	11
particularly important	11
infection dynamics	11
galapagos archipelago	11
transmission within	11
immune complexes	11
systematic review	11
sampling effort	11
experimental evidence	11
chain reaction	11
well studied	11
biomedical research	11
vaccine development	11
spectrum antiviral	11
population centers	11
host death	11
therapeutic targets	11
host system	11
intrinsically disordered	11
campylobacter jejuni	11
animal genomes	11
supplementary table	11
cell differentiation	11
metabolic network	11
high diversity	11
indirect transmission	11
million people	11
ibv particles	11
sequence analysis	11
human interactome	11
whole genome	11
mechanisms underlying	11
within hosts	11
also present	11
sensing pathways	11
living organisms	11
high concentrations	11
least two	11
parasite burden	11
may contribute	11
ubiquitin system	11
fitness advantage	11
developmental stages	11
populations may	11
mhc genes	11
generation times	11
manca juvenile	11
pathogenic microorganisms	11
emerging zoonotic	11
viral genetic	10
clostridium difficile	10
ross river	10
near future	10
much higher	10
wild animals	10
host tissues	10
also possible	10
alimentary tract	10
geographical distribution	10
parasite diversity	10
marine anchor	10
protein sequences	10
borrelia burgdorferi	10
vertebrate host	10
fi eld	10
replication strategy	10
new diseases	10
natural killer	10
cell injury	10
may reduce	10
western africa	10
membrane trafficking	10
often used	10
bat poxviruses	10
murine leukemia	10
virus genomes	10
also appear	10
two distinct	10
vaccine antigen	10
host receptor	10
three different	10
sphaerospora molnari	10
crisis management	10
puerto rico	10
gel electrophoresis	10
widely distributed	10
plant rna	10
dependent transmission	10
successful establishment	10
infected mice	10
dientamoeba fragilis	10
ct min	10
bacterial surface	10
capsid protein	10
egg production	10
real world	10
spatial distribution	10
african swine	10
multihost rna	10
different hosts	10
common carp	10
legionella pneumophila	10
polymerase ii	10
target cell	10
viral receptors	10
table i	10
acid substitution	10
virus receptor	10
ct max	10
species belonging	10
evolutionary relationship	10
may include	10
severity level	10
living organism	10
host phylogenetic	10
may therefore	10
signifi cance	10
defense mechanisms	10
borne viruses	10
feline infectious	10
viral loads	10
human cell	10
bodily fluids	10
human adenovirus	10
replication fidelity	10
pathogen communities	10
negative bacteria	10
associated virus	10
type iii	10
human macrophages	10
epidemic diseases	10
experimentally infected	10
sexual reproduction	10
national institute	10
molecular determinants	10
transferrin receptor	10
bacterial virulence	10
disease progression	10
heat shock	10
infection will	10
two viruses	10
extracellular matrix	10
host reservoir	10
multiple species	10
lassa fever	10
shock protein	10
diversity within	10
via aerosols	10
lung epithelial	10
will help	10
also play	10
viruses infecting	10
litopenaeus vannamei	10
immune recognition	10
disease systems	10
ubiquitin ligase	10
parasite fitness	10
cytokine production	10
lower respiratory	10
fossil record	10
largely unknown	10
susceptible individuals	10
viral vectors	10
ibd co	10
binding properties	10
mast cells	10
exceptional virulence	10
mrna turnover	10
provide information	10
direct transmission	10
mortality rates	10
sigmoidal model	10
dipeptidyl peptidase	10
pseudoalcaligenes era	10
evolutionary trade	10
persistent infection	10
factors influencing	10
model host	10
also may	10
airborne transmission	10
may make	10
essential role	10
pathogen sharing	10
small populations	10
significantly higher	10
host ecology	10
nucleic acids	10
also occur	10
surface molecules	10
years later	10
management outcomes	10
eukaryotic viruses	10
cell membrane	10
virus variants	10
range mutants	10
one hand	10
host factor	10
relationships among	10
switching events	10
vector control	10
microbial virulence	10
sea turtles	10
among species	10
results suggest	10
experimental evolution	10
human infection	10
shrimp aquaculture	10
malaria parasites	10
disease processes	10
signifi cantly	10
functional characteristics	10
antibiotic treatment	10
viral quasispecies	10
low genetic	10
negative effects	10
pea crab	10
body fluids	10
proteomic analysis	10
infection cycle	10
transmission pathways	10
per year	10
host individuals	10
first two	10
species pathogen	10
will continue	10
commonly used	10
virus ecology	10
novel coronavirus	10
molecular techniques	10
regulatory machinery	10
infectious peritonitis	10
random structures	10
big brown	10
induce host	10
end hosts	10
salivary glands	10
binding partners	10
mucosal surfaces	10
persistent viruses	10
phylogenetic relationships	10
demographic groups	10
colony size	10
molecular epidemiology	10
habitat fragmentation	10
allow us	9
infecting immune	9
poxvirus infections	9
rodent populations	9
antiviral therapy	9
atypically pathogenic	9
one virus	9
host social	9
immune receptors	9
avian hosts	9
genes required	9
vector vaccines	9
therapeutic agents	9
potential bridge	9
death rate	9
multiple viral	9
exponential model	9
animal virus	9
mediated immunity	9
cells may	9
peromyscus maniculatus	9
phosphate dehydrogenase	9
clinical samples	9
determining whether	9
ciency virus	9
great apes	9
nph distance	9
mononuclear cells	9
particular host	9
coat protein	9
carbon metabolism	9
parasite genotypes	9
white shrimp	9
many years	9
also shown	9
increasing number	9
million deaths	9
containing proteins	9
various viruses	9
relative humidity	9
different virus	9
information regarding	9
rates among	9
virulence will	9
transmission ecology	9
seem naturally	9
also detected	9
embryonic stem	9
wider range	9
one study	9
nsp protein	9
identified using	9
among different	9
highly expressed	9
virus shedding	9
taken together	9
complex rebrooding	9
fusion dynamics	9
source host	9
fecally contaminated	9
dynamic equilibrium	9
parainfluenza virus	9
various host	9
sialic acids	9
infection rates	9
causing disease	9
see chap	9
symbiotic relationships	9
plant pathogens	9
remains unclear	9
virus persistence	9
several recent	9
host genotype	9
pathogen characteristics	9
lymphoid tissue	9
leukemia viruses	9
phylogenetic studies	9
human hosts	9
protein coding	9
retroviral elements	9
rna replication	9
sense rna	9
genes encoding	9
antisense rna	9
vaccine efficacy	9
binding site	9
mtb interactions	9
clinical disease	9
epidemic risk	9
recent evidence	9
brood pouch	9
sm mp	9
rna genomes	9
hcps cases	9
similar results	9
infected macrophages	9
data analysis	9
cell infection	9
purified ibv	9
demographic group	9
molecular level	9
coding genes	9
syringae pv	9
species affecting	9
virus isolates	9
western europe	9
host molecular	9
natural virus	9
wild rodents	9
binding proteins	9
phylogenetic distances	9
throughput sequencing	9
borne disease	9
also used	9
well documented	9
approach may	9
necrosis factor	9
viral metacommunities	9
animal populations	9
peromyscus leucopus	9
spatial genetic	9
immune defences	9
primate hosts	9
river virus	9
chronic wasting	9
will result	9
competent host	9
relatively little	9
horizontal gene	9
endoplasmic reticulum	9
threatened species	9
hiv aids	9
dependent manner	9
including humans	9
reverse transcription	9
viral population	9
metazoan parasites	9
infiltration score	9
pathogen infection	9
evolutionary potential	9
may reveal	9
mass extinctions	9
often associated	9
dna sequences	9
rainbow trout	9
mycobacterial infection	9
may require	9
tritrichomonas foetus	9
see supplementary	9
complete life	9
virus vaccine	9
right panel	9
viruses also	9
iii secretion	9
rapid viral	9
arthropod vectors	9
extracellular host	9
human ace	9
resistance genes	9
several mechanisms	9
envelope glycoprotein	9
different ways	9
may allow	9
yersinia enterocolitica	9
life strategies	9
definitive hosts	9
several different	9
jelly parasitoids	9
prone replication	9
oxygen species	9
viral persistence	9
poorly competent	9
average number	9
cassava mosaic	9
reactive oxygen	9
host processes	9
health organization	9
analysis reveals	9
parasite systems	9
sox targeting	9
immune defense	9
interspecies transmission	9
ecological niche	9
replicate within	9
drosophila cells	9
total host	9
chicken eggs	9
may reflect	9
narrowed host	9
susceptible species	9
crossspecies transmission	9
virus vaccines	9
world health	9
domestic animal	9
natural reservoirs	9
humans may	9
culex quinquefasciatus	9
leaf curl	9
host distribution	9
biothreat agents	9
recent work	9
wasting disease	9
interferon production	9
examples include	9
contact networks	9
economically important	9
peptide peptidase	9
contact rate	9
definition panel	9
antibody therapy	9
biol doi	9
rna segments	9
seabird ticks	9
predictive framework	9
disease agents	9
immunodefi ciency	9
spatial scale	9
based approach	9
group antigen	9
live attenuated	9
xx xx	9
virus organ	9
high density	9
genetic distance	9
pathogen genetic	8
strong evidence	8
species jumps	8
dsdna viruses	8
seems clear	8
direct life	8
cell response	8
new genetic	8
wound healing	8
hepatocellular carcinoma	8
study demonstrated	8
increased susceptibility	8
per host	8
genomic characterization	8
queen hypothesis	8
infected humans	8
present study	8
nipah viruses	8
farm animals	8
acute infection	8
many studies	8
extracellular proteins	8
monte carlo	8
next generation	8
help explain	8
distress syndrome	8
dna synthesis	8
human herpesvirus	8
seabird colonies	8
evolutionary processes	8
resistance gene	8
shallow nodes	8
allee effect	8
virus strain	8
mediated killing	8
gene ontology	8
genetic conflicts	8
std fimbriae	8
mutations responsible	8
direct evidence	8
early detection	8
genetic drift	8
southeast asia	8
fusion protein	8
respiratory infections	8
must also	8
relatively well	8
social thermoregulation	8
embryonated chicken	8
long evolutionary	8
living species	8
parasite infection	8
cellular immune	8
many hosts	8
high rate	8
binding affinity	8
evasion strategies	8
cymothoid isopod	8
viral pathogen	8
disease ecologists	8
intracellular pathogen	8
virus glycoprotein	8
zoonotic infections	8
cell bioenergetics	8
lower virulence	8
microorganism interactions	8
viral immune	8
copepodid stages	8
persistent viral	8
became infected	8
nk cells	8
type virus	8
latent state	8
group size	8
specific cell	8
diverse host	8
immune modulation	8
given time	8
published studies	8
analysis revealed	8
mammalian genomes	8
class ii	8
immune signaling	8
infections may	8
african wild	8
data collection	8
basic amino	8
microbe disease	8
cathepsin ls	8
fi ttest	8
extinction rates	8
single nucleotide	8
viruses use	8
key role	8
also showed	8
homologous recombination	8
borne transmission	8
virus fitness	8
based methods	8
early stage	8
genetic characterization	8
model organisms	8
via host	8
little evidence	8
viral distribution	8
conservation medicine	8
virus groups	8
san cristobal	8
group selection	8
human cases	8
surface glycoproteins	8
world primates	8
disease outbreak	8
shed light	8
high host	8
bronchitis particles	8
surface protein	8
symbiotic relationship	8
open reading	8
mainland ecuador	8
microbial diversity	8
venezuelan equine	8
critical role	8
motif discovery	8
also associated	8
two major	8
alveolar macrophages	8
transmission event	8
recognition receptors	8
different subtypes	8
recent developments	8
active site	8
defective interfering	8
cell adhesion	8
virus proteins	8
human respiratory	8
natural resistance	8
maintenance hosts	8
climatic conditions	8
phylogenetic signal	8
using host	8
proteins may	8
marine fishes	8
biological diversity	8
epithelial modes	8
sign epistasis	8
sfb genomes	8
antiviral agents	8
human monocytes	8
cryptic isopods	8
host relationship	8
across different	8
relative frequency	8
social organization	8
pathogen emergence	8
target species	8
less competent	8
science foundation	8
limited number	8
among host	8
infect human	8
eukaryotic cells	8
summary statistics	8
yellow leaf	8
variola virus	8
dwarf males	8
wild ducks	8
human cathelicidin	8
family members	8
infecting humans	8
identifi cation	8
family retroviridae	8
ecological adaptation	8
myotis lucifugus	8
supplementary material	8
disease susceptibility	8
influenza pandemic	8
little brown	8
like coronaviruses	8
several host	8
antiviral drug	8
santa cruz	8
rna viral	8
animal host	8
wildlife diseases	8
new life	8
purified virions	8
anthrax toxins	8
novel viruses	8
resistance surfaces	8
viral strains	8
virus genotypes	8
another virus	8
future studies	8
experimental study	8
unclear whether	8
large population	8
human papillomavirus	8
partial immunity	8
basic reproduction	8
distantly related	8
human immunodefi	8
genetic differentiation	8
myeloid cells	8
receptor recognition	8
another species	8
skin lesions	8
host fitness	8
air travel	8
eastern equine	8
global burden	8
landscape features	8
acute infections	8
sequencing technologies	8
less virulent	8
patient cohorts	8
relative importance	8
empirical studies	8
protein regions	8
within species	8
within host	8
drosophila perspective	8
low pathogenic	8
greater number	8
transmission potential	8
highly connected	8
cell membranes	8
endonucleolytic cleavage	8
ace receptor	8
cell activation	8
will become	8
avian diversity	8
well established	8
cross species	8
disease surveillance	8
studies using	8
tissue culture	8
antigenic drift	8
cells expressing	8
potential drug	8
social systems	8
identify compounds	8
genome segments	8
st century	8
host reservoirs	8
high densities	8
host restriction	8
health concern	8
present host	8
digestive tract	8
lymph nodes	8
candidatus arthromitus	8
activated protein	8
infective stage	8
emerging viral	8
parameter selection	8
deer mice	8
sexual selection	8
virulence management	8
poxvirus host	8
selfi sh	8
defi nitions	8
sponge shrimp	8
antibiotic resistance	8
infection rate	8
virus spillover	8
allows us	8
genetic basis	8
genome replication	8
hemorrhagic fevers	8
phage therapy	8
sarcoma virus	8
commonly found	8
give rise	8
many different	8
disease caused	8
efflux pump	8
complete genome	8
reemerging pathogens	8
bat social	8
model organism	8
introduced species	8
andes virus	8
environmental change	8
within populations	8
cellular functions	8
system tropism	7
vaccination strategies	7
chemokine receptor	7
i ifns	7
engineered resistance	7
recent research	7
low virulence	7
human microbiome	7
defi ne	7
virus hemagglutinin	7
sfb colonization	7
landscape epidemiology	7
nitric oxide	7
tasmanian devil	7
big data	7
derived macrophages	7
additional file	7
com scientificreports	7
land use	7
evolutionary time	7
avian retroviruses	7
history strategies	7
rapidly evolving	7
cellular mrna	7
alternative hosts	7
health risk	7
cell screens	7
selective autophagy	7
confidence intervals	7
comparative studies	7
virusinduced disease	7
across species	7
infiltration scores	7
life stage	7
virus gene	7
genome evolution	7
becoming increasingly	7
protein network	7
important factor	7
commensal viruses	7
cell function	7
cgas sting	7
new genus	7
also lead	7
mortality among	7
anchor worm	7
family herpesviridae	7
infectious period	7
infected individual	7
vaccination campaigns	7
susceptible population	7
direct cell	7
animal reservoirs	7
terrestrial mammals	7
highly susceptible	7
host evolutionary	7
posterior probabilities	7
brown chromis	7
performed using	7
viruses must	7
feline calicivirus	7
virus via	7
viral richness	7
interferon receptor	7
mm nacl	7
eppi discovery	7
species infection	7
cytosolic dna	7
horizontal transfer	7
also serve	7
go terms	7
long term	7
domestic birds	7
encephalitis viruses	7
disease viruses	7
aedes albopictus	7
vibrio cholerae	7
novel mechanism	7
host parasite	7
genetically distinct	7
nutritional status	7
continue hosting	7
spatial analysis	7
epidemiological data	7
core cellular	7
novel pathogen	7
graph autoencoder	7
transfer host	7
acquired immunodeficiency	7
virus recombination	7
phylogenomic approach	7
biological conservation	7
least three	7
immune pathways	7
simple rebrooding	7
flying foxes	7
host vector	7
acid changes	7
bacterial pathogen	7
severe infections	7
uninfected hosts	7
direct effects	7
viruses cause	7
coronavirus infection	7
pandemic virus	7
respiratory syncytial	7
ha protein	7
online version	7
immune activation	7
transgenic tobacco	7
fruit bat	7
disease may	7
following exposure	7
mediated resistance	7
interactions among	7
previous studies	7
reduce disease	7
carinii pneumonia	7
protein function	7
parasite genotype	7
putative virus	7
hantavirus infections	7
shifts will	7
previously thought	7
expression analysis	7
four species	7
distributed across	7
maintenance community	7
sm sppl	7
interface mimicry	7
tobacco plants	7
different temperatures	7
newly identified	7
naupliar stages	7
spatial relationships	7
recent progress	7
evolution may	7
proximate host	7
defi ned	7
current understanding	7
body mass	7
host molecules	7
evolutionary process	7
borne pathogens	7
will affect	7
mucosal tissues	7
enteric viruses	7
sea urchins	7
pathogenicity islands	7
new parasite	7
tree topologies	7
another important	7
terrestrial vertebrates	7
environmental persistence	7
also affect	7
droplet nuclei	7
swine influenza	7
remain unknown	7
fitness consequences	7
population densities	7
th responses	7
parasite prevalence	7
national science	7
pathogen surveillance	7
transmitted diseases	7
less severe	7
neutral theory	7
related host	7
factors determining	7
provide evidence	7
great potential	7
viral zoonoses	7
syncytial virus	7
new areas	7
real time	7
direct interaction	7
metacommunity structure	7
human proteome	7
infectious laryngotracheitis	7
antigenic shift	7
productive infection	7
relative expression	7
virus outbreak	7
individual patients	7
geographical area	7
empirical evidence	7
become available	7
serovar typhimurium	7
binding sites	7
rnai screening	7
adaptive response	7
complex life	7
acute disease	7
dna pol	7
resting host	7
species also	7
mouse models	7
diffi cult	7
i suggest	7
rapid spread	7
immunodeficiency viruses	7
wide association	7
cell fusion	7
review see	7
model system	7
hospitality industry	7
past years	7
airway epithelial	7
host movement	7
evidence supporting	7
immunodeficiency syndrome	7
may influence	7
global pandemic	7
blue crab	7
inhibitory receptor	7
virus needs	7
stem cell	7
worldwide distribution	7
directly affect	7
content imaging	7
foamy viruses	7
related virus	7
human immune	7
reproductive rate	7
molecular clock	7
fish host	7
adaptive landscapes	7
host organism	7
large amounts	7
genetic sequence	7
viral spread	7
health implications	7
predict pathogen	7
surveillance pathway	7
peptides might	7
zoonotic viral	7
control strategies	7
bacterial toxins	7
protein composition	7
major cause	7
different spatial	7
increased expression	7
house mice	7
polyacrylamide gel	7
species composition	7
molecular phylogeny	7
one might	7
recently emerged	7
juvenile fish	7
switch probability	7
small genomes	7
protein array	7
plant species	7
evolution within	7
wild dogs	7
increased host	7
viral capsid	7
virus growth	7
class aves	7
group antigens	7
specific virulence	7
pathogen protein	7
short time	7
pathogen evolution	7
may even	7
given pathogen	7
tumor necrosis	7
positive precursor	7
individuals may	7
disease development	7
subsequent infection	7
eptesicus fuscus	7
individual differences	7
evolutionary genomics	7
host preference	7
genes may	7
immune components	7
vaccine strain	7
viral endonucleases	7
optimal virulence	7
relatively small	7
best known	7
new therapeutic	7
domestic mammals	7
transmission involving	7
mass mortality	7
distinct viruses	7
mice lacking	7
mathematical model	7
theoretical work	7
carbohydrate moieties	7
acid residues	7
mammalian virus	7
also help	7
democratic republic	7
naturally infected	7
substitutions per	7
next step	7
targeted gene	7
experimental anti	7
presenting cells	7
adult male	7
genomic data	7
southern africa	7
cellular proteins	7
disease symptoms	7
future directions	7
vaccine design	7
mammalian cell	7
pentatrichomonas hominis	7
family ranking	7
immune mechanisms	7
van baalen	7
host defences	7
gene segments	7
also contribute	7
cell wall	7
livestock viruses	7
immunogenic antigens	7
congo hemorrhagic	7
cell cycle	7
system involvement	7
acid substitutions	7
high replication	7
intact flies	7
microbial threats	7
disease prevention	7
entire life	7
reproduction number	7
male host	7
brown shrimp	7
evolutionary ecologists	7
choriomeningitis virus	7
egyptian fruit	7
emergence potential	7
evolutionary consequences	7
virus addiction	7
inflammatory responses	7
evolutionary perspective	7
interferon system	7
transmembrane domain	7
global distribution	7
biofilm formation	7
antagonistic pleiotropy	7
ecological communities	7
evasion mechanisms	7
protein sequence	7
also provide	7
equine viruses	7
vector viruses	7
mrna translation	7
complex disease	7
inflammatory cytokine	7
recently developed	7
may affect	7
transcriptional profiling	7
necrosis virus	7
host antiviral	7
mechanistic models	7
literature search	7
initial infection	7
antigen levels	7
viral pneumonia	7
mating systems	7
eggs hatch	7
rissa tridactyla	7
one another	7
data available	7
primary host	7
cellular level	7
immune globulin	7
big mass	7
developing countries	7
protozoan parasites	7
surveillance pathways	7
intracellular bacteria	7
rna binding	7
molnari blood	7
autophagy pathway	7
viruses isolated	7
molecular data	7
two hosts	7
selection pressures	7
genetic approaches	7
literature survey	7
footed mouse	7
may well	7
host life	7
special interest	7
family picornaviridae	7
deer mouse	7
mechanisms may	7
metacommunities associated	7
existing drugs	7
specific viral	7
international committee	7
relatively rare	7
one example	7
another mechanism	7
certain host	7
epidemic models	7
molecular patterns	7
world monkeys	7
european rabbits	7
viral interactions	7
tb pathogenesis	7
well understood	7
crystal structure	7
supplementary information	7
linear motif	7
causes disease	7
cov infection	7
ebola outbreak	7
plant virus	7
parasitic infections	7
increased risk	7
accommodation hosts	7
also demonstrated	7
defi nition	7
world orthohantaviruses	7
fibrosis patients	7
protein complex	7
fungal pathogen	7
adult female	7
ng ml	6
authors found	6
bovine tuberculosis	6
new mechanisms	6
species associated	6
novel virus	6
range genes	6
malaria parasite	6
range restriction	6
select agent	6
lung injury	6
infected shrimp	6
transmission via	6
anilocra pomacentri	6
last years	6
mutually exclusive	6
silico analysis	6
increase host	6
three new	6
cell biology	6
commons attribution	6
chronic hepatitis	6
economic losses	6
take advantage	6
peripheral blood	6
epidemiological information	6
observed patterns	6
also cause	6
certain species	6
monkeypox virus	6
genomic rna	6
systematic analysis	6
immune interference	6
species effects	6
gene product	6
highly contagious	6
specific immunity	6
underlying host	6
factors required	6
gene mechanism	6
human coronavirus	6
individual mutations	6
viral antigens	6
host pairs	6
replication cycle	6
much longer	6
mechanisms involved	6
vaccine may	6
mass extinction	6
human monoclonal	6
hard ticks	6
different viral	6
natural settings	6
balancing selection	6
replication proteins	6
antigen expression	6
positive relationship	6
measurement error	6
anilocra chromis	6
personal communication	6
parasitic species	6
fish parasite	6
human skin	6
virulence may	6
human exposure	6
target genes	6
segmented viruses	6
also function	6
tlr pathway	6
host health	6
part due	6
mrna expression	6
global change	6
interactions within	6
last decade	6
among viruses	6
vector transmission	6
parasites will	6
sample size	6
single species	6
closest relatives	6
communicable diseases	6
intracellular replication	6
western hemisphere	6
proteins associated	6
new pathogen	6
hippoboscid fly	6
specific disease	6
environmental variables	6
true parasite	6
simple models	6
viral growth	6
enrichment analysis	6
virulence determinant	6
functional genomics	6
physical contact	6
close proximity	6
host specimens	6
reef fish	6
healthy host	6
targeting element	6
northern europe	6
live viral	6
among wild	6
parasitic isopod	6
natural habitat	6
transmission success	6
moult stages	6
genome size	6
foamy virus	6
pneumocystis pneumonia	6
interacting partners	6
recovery rate	6
control efforts	6
initial conditions	6
surface glycoprotein	6
two models	6
evolutionary epidemiology	6
tick ixodes	6
deep sequencing	6
high viral	6
make use	6
virus ns	6
viruses will	6
horizontal transmission	6
allowed us	6
may explain	6
bat virus	6
viral lineage	6
host tissue	6
bronchoalveolar lavage	6
sendai virus	6
initiation factor	6
transmitted vertically	6
global ecosystem	6
species barriers	6
epidemic dynamics	6
higher diversity	6
tissue damage	6
system may	6
test phage	6
maximum number	6
virus dna	6
uenza strain	6
commercially important	6
thermal tolerance	6
lysis time	6
fitness peak	6
cell recognition	6
geographic areas	6
buffered saline	6
vary widely	6
gel pieces	6
species within	6
host specific	6
also important	6
large scale	6
host type	6
interfering particles	6
metabolic networks	6
hibernating bats	6
true parasites	6
virus group	6
mammal parasite	6
virulence traits	6
study using	6
cell invasion	6
reproductive ratio	6
host group	6
identify genes	6
rgd motif	6
human parainfluenza	6
phylogenetic relatedness	6
humoral immune	6
genetically related	6
adult males	6
scores allocated	6
neutralizing antibodies	6
model selection	6
sickle cell	6
viral sequence	6
biological properties	6
technological advances	6
equine infectious	6
different pathogens	6
entry receptor	6
landscape resistance	6
adenovirus type	6
term evolutionary	6
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	6
environmental determinants	6
rich elements	6
high degree	6
vary across	6
virulent mtb	6
signal peptides	6
tongue worm	6
north atlantic	6
essential protein	6
defence peptide	6
human cd	6
small set	6
significant problems	6
higher temperatures	6
bronchial epithelial	6
new technologies	6
close relationship	6
computational analysis	6
high metabolic	6
channel catfish	6
see sect	6
specific receptors	6
sooty mangabeys	6
parasite survival	6
genetic resistance	6
side effects	6
host inflammatory	6
identified host	6
american white	6
therapeutic target	6
different mechanisms	6