trigram

This is a table of type trigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

trigram	frequency
virsorter node length	256
node length cov	256
cat virsorter node	241
acute respiratory syndrome	232
severe acute respiratory	231
in this study	216
the presence of	211
respiratory syndrome coronavirus	192
as well as	175
of a novel	123
the number of	114
based on the	114
the role of	109
east respiratory syndrome	107
middle east respiratory	106
closely related to	103
due to the	92
one of the	92
a total of	91
found to be	85
according to the	84
of emerging viruses	84
in addition to	82
the evolution of	81
and characterization of	81
a number of	81
emerging infectious diseases	80
coronaviruses in bats	80
reservoir hosts of	79
and bat cov	79
characterization of a	78
bats in the	76
the emergence of	76
of bats in	76
of the bat	75
was used to	75
the absence of	73
in bats from	73
been detected in	71
have been identified	71
as reservoirs of	69
in the same	69
of severe acute	69
genetic diversity of	68
were detected in	67
the risk of	66
related to the	66
a variety of	66
of nipah virus	64
analysis of the	64
of these viruses	63
of bats and	63
virus infection in	62
was detected in	62
have been detected	61
black flying fox	60
it has been	59
of bats to	59
have also been	59
in bats in	58
species of bats	58
big brown bats	58
supplementary table s	57
viruses in bats	57
to determine the	57
perivascular adipose tissue	56
natural reservoirs of	56
important reservoir hosts	56
of the virus	56
in the bat	56
hosts of emerging	55
bats and rodents	54
in bats and	54
bats have been	54
different bat species	53
are known to	52
the detection of	52
detected in the	52
identification of a	52
members of the	52
human sars cov	52
bat species in	51
in order to	51
associated with the	50
the importance of	50
the identification of	50
of ebola virus	50
in humans and	49
to be the	48
the prevalence of	48
been identified in	48
the majority of	48
of hendra virus	47
between bats and	47
the discovery of	47
consistent with the	47
a novel coronavirus	47
of zoonotic viruses	47
drexler et al	46
bats as reservoirs	46
have been reported	46
were collected from	46
the origin of	46
in response to	45
that bats are	45
identified in the	45
is consistent with	45
the ability of	45
differences in the	45
of coronaviruses in	45
brown adipose tissue	44
belonging to the	44
of the sars	43
most of the	43
likely to be	43
dependent rna polymerase	43
viruses in the	43
large number of	43
was found to	43
samples were collected	42
of a bat	42
of marburg virus	42
in fruit bats	42
bat paramyxovirus b	42
the use of	42
the ecology of	42
isolation and characterization	41
egyptian fruit bat	41
egyptian fruit bats	41
bats and their	40
involved in the	40
were identified in	40
from bats to	40
of the bats	40
found in the	39
bats as a	39
in our study	39
in the absence	39
of the same	39
been isolated from	39
zhou et al	39
are natural reservoirs	38
of a new	38
was isolated from	38
phylogenetic analysis of	38
been shown to	37
infection in bats	37
that have been	37
been reported in	37
belong to the	37
in bat populations	37
a large number	37
bats are natural	37
of rabies virus	37
were found to	37
to identify the	37
a natural reservoir	37
in the field	37
detected in bats	37
of the most	37
natural reservoir of	37
influenza a virus	37
to be a	37
like virus in	37
appear to be	36
the authors declare	36
bats of the	36
birds and bats	36
known to be	36
of bat origin	36
to that of	35
structure of the	35
diversity of coronaviruses	35
human parainfluenza virus	35
bat coronavirus hku	35
understanding of the	34
fruit bats in	34
in a bat	34
there is a	34
colored fruit bat	34
this study was	34
bats are the	34
jamaican fruit bats	34
for the presence	34
some of the	34
syndrome coronavirus in	34
were obtained from	34
reservoirs of sars	34
in the united	34
the study of	34
in european bats	34
in insectivorous bats	34
the severe acute	34
of the viruses	33
of the family	33
the development of	33
of bat species	33
influenza a viruses	33
as shown in	33
an important role	33
from the same	33
the lack of	33
is associated with	32
comparative analysis of	32
fruit bats as	32
has also been	32
the effect of	32
more likely to	32
were able to	32
european bat lyssavirus	32
included in the	32
has not been	32
in terms of	32
the expression of	32
contact with bats	32
in bats of	32
the distribution of	32
we found that	31
in pteropid bats	31
with respect to	31
in bat species	31
have been found	31
the virus was	31
isolation of a	31
to the genus	31
of the genus	31
responsible for the	31
important role in	31
of human sars	31
the nature of	31
calisher et al	31
were used to	31
role of bats	31
was performed using	31
nipah virus infection	30
reservoirs of ebola	30
experimental infection of	30
appears to be	30
insights into the	30
obtained from the	30
has been reported	30
is known about	30
amino acid sequences	30
as described previously	30
chinese horseshoe bats	30
a result of	30
the natural reservoir	30
were positive for	30
the united states	30
of the species	30
the egyptian fruit	29
were used for	29
we did not	29
little brown bat	29
species of the	29
risk factors for	29
the present study	29
may not be	29
been found in	29
was found in	29
in saudi arabia	29
role in the	29
of bat coronaviruses	29
detected in a	29
and genetic diversity	29
data not shown	29
date palm sap	29
is the first	29
isolated from a	29
bat coronaviruses in	29
a role in	29
part of the	28
from bats in	28
supplementary figure s	28
present in the	28
in the genus	28
of bats as	28
there was no	28
a range of	28
in accordance with	28
the possibility of	28
the bat paramyxovirus	28
and evolution of	28
by using the	28
wide range of	28
viruses have been	28
little brown bats	28
egyptian rousette bats	28
coronavirus in bats	28
all of the	28
each of the	27
in southern china	27
the context of	27
isolated from the	27
rna was extracted	27
a recent study	27
the genomes of	27
the bat species	27
new world bats	27
virus in the	27
to assess the	27
may be a	27
are associated with	27
of which are	27
were found in	27
of the immune	27
the same species	27
the results of	27
in the context	27
the transmission of	27
of the world	27
the immune response	27
the black flying	27
sequence of the	27
the immune system	26
as a result	26
human and animal	26
was used for	26
a and b	26
species in the	26
the case of	26
in the past	26
was extracted from	26
of bat cov	26
the potential for	26
a wide range	26
of infectious diseases	26
on the other	26
bat species and	26
woo et al	26
the phylogenetic tree	26
an increase in	26
the regulation of	26
to other mammals	26
capable of infecting	26
in other mammals	26
found in bats	26
the great leaf	26
humans and other	26
at room temperature	25
in the s	25
such as the	25
implications for the	25
conflict of interest	25
the top end	25
that of the	25
disease in humans	25
porcine epidemic diarrhea	25
genome sequence of	25
direct contact with	25
genomic characterization of	25
of human infection	25
bats in china	25
in north america	25
been identified as	25
identified in bats	25
nipah virus from	25
in bat cells	25
as previously described	25
the level of	25
of the human	25
have not been	25
the amino acid	25
multiple sequence alignment	25
that bats may	25
evolution of the	25
as reservoirs for	25
well as the	24
shown to be	24
bat cell lines	24
approved by the	24
type i ifn	24
evidence for the	24
compared to the	24
be due to	24
responses of bats	24
revealed that the	24
has been shown	24
a review of	24
the need for	24
in chinese horseshoe	24
all three viruses	24
adipose tissue in	24
and amino acid	24
g p g	24
infections in humans	24
the diversity of	24
with regard to	24
the fact that	24
the sars coronavirus	24
associated with a	24
that uses the	23
region of the	23
there is no	23
close contact with	23
of this virus	23
we were able	23
serological evidence of	23
to investigate the	23
is one of	23
of emerging infectious	23
thought to be	23
ebola and marburg	23
respiratory disease in	23
of the novel	23
virus in bats	23
natural reservoir for	23
number of viruses	23
in bats is	23
is important to	23
other bat species	23
be associated with	23
little is known	23
showed that the	23
hendra and nipah	23
a comparison of	23
the induction of	23
used as a	23
reservoirs for emerging	23
contact with humans	23
p g rva	23
isolated from bats	23
the ace receptor	22
none of the	22
discovery of a	22
white adipose tissue	22
at the time	22
characterization of the	22
predicted to be	22
ability of bats	22
the range of	22
many of the	22
the proportion of	22
uses the ace	22
in recent years	22
metagenomic analysis of	22
that they have	22
better understanding of	22
the ability to	22
human sars and	22
the effects of	22
coronaviruses in the	22
of the viral	22
we used the	22
different species of	22
luis et al	22
been associated with	22
lau et al	22
source of emerging	22
molecular evolutionary genetics	22
a lack of	22
similar to the	22
the ifn response	22
it is possible	22
of bat viruses	22
bats and the	22
signs of disease	22
are likely to	22
bats to humans	22
is possible that	22
no evidence of	22
remains to be	22
diseases in humans	22
addition to the	22
end of the	22
s and s	22
and avian coronaviruses	22
in close proximity	22
play an important	21
was carried out	21
sequences of the	21
virus in chinese	21
no conflict of	21
any of the	21
hsp and hsp	21
as reservoir hosts	21
that there are	21
with that of	21
major mammalian paramyxoviruses	21
in the wild	21
and marburg viruses	21
the possibility that	21
that there is	21
more than one	21
of bats from	21
are capable of	21
are shown in	21
evolutionary genetics analysis	21
detection of a	21
the other hand	21
of the host	21
of middle east	21
australian bat lyssavirus	21
chinese rufous horseshoe	21
chua et al	21
bats are a	21
in the study	21
shown in figure	21
diversity of bat	21
those of the	21
compared to other	21
host major mammalian	21
for min at	21
this is the	21
of the rna	21
protein of sars	21
was observed in	21
of covs in	21
it should be	20
infection of bats	20
depending on the	20
analysis of bat	20
rna was detected	20
origin of sars	20
the order chiroptera	20
for the first	20
the control of	20
are bats special	20
colored fruit bats	20
bat species from	20
prevalence and genetic	20
the australian black	20
reservoirs of zoonotic	20
human and bat	20
there was a	20
nipah virus in	20
the hypothesis that	20
the little brown	20
it is not	20
bats host major	20
bats from china	20
are the only	20
human coronavirus e	20
in contrast to	20
most closely related	20
it is important	20
the activation of	20
similar to that	20
a better understanding	20
pcr products were	20
total number of	20
host and viral	20
the relationship between	20
expression levels of	20
the time of	20
broad range of	20
can be used	20
a bat sars	20
member of the	20
was obtained from	20
coronavirus that uses	20
infectious diseases in	20
the most important	20
which is a	20
and in the	20
rufous horseshoe bat	20
hepatitis b virus	20
this study were	20
an outbreak of	20
to understand the	20
viruses of the	20
considered to be	20
in all three	20
bats may have	20
have been described	20
australian black flying	20
rodents and bats	20
with the exception	20
hendra virus infection	20
care and use	20
like coronavirus that	20
immune responses of	20
authors declare no	20
and rodents as	19
and nipah viruses	19
of the manuscript	19
the fossil record	19
o u r	19
of novel viruses	19
week treatment with	19
with those of	19
for detection of	19
to the same	19
to other species	19
of group coronaviruses	19
fruit bat cells	19
with severe acute	19
r n a	19
amino acid identity	19
due to their	19
of zika virus	19
the potential to	19
in relation to	19
of influenza a	19
the impact of	19
corman et al	19
of this study	19
some bat species	19
reservoir hosts for	19
to determine whether	19
rodents as reservoirs	19
u r n	19
the first time	19
j o u	19
for the origin	19
human and mouse	19
bats may be	19
a new species	19
li et al	19
to those of	19
animals and humans	19
large flying fox	19
for the study	19
of human coronavirus	19
the production of	19
have been shown	19
distantly related to	19
p r e	19
the genetic diversity	19
the ministry of	19
molecular characterization of	19
plowright et al	19
to have a	19
treatment with either	19
n a l	19
bat aav capsid	19
insight into the	19
the genome of	19
of viruses in	19
a l p	19
as the gene	19
the exception of	19
democratic republic of	19
around the world	19
the united kingdom	19
in bat and	19
used for the	19
from pteropid bats	19
for statistical computing	19
in contact with	19
but not in	19
sequence identity with	19
bat lyssavirus type	19
shown in fig	19
a novel bat	18
the middle east	18
changes in the	18
observed in the	18
the existence of	18
in which the	18
our understanding of	18
play a role	18
has been isolated	18
novel mammalian viruses	18
has been detected	18
virus infections in	18
there have been	18
species of bat	18
may have been	18
with either vehicle	18
evolutionary history of	18
l p r	18
of which were	18
of the disease	18
group coronaviruses in	18
have been isolated	18
collected from the	18
coronaviruses as the	18
epidemic diarrhea virus	18
gene source of	18
been described in	18
of european bat	18
vehicle or indirubin	18
type iii ifn	18
de novo assembly	18
o o f	18
bats and birds	18
all of which	18
the innate immune	18
thermo fisher scientific	18
increase in the	18
of the s	18
the university of	18
bats captured in	18
were constructed using	18
bats were captured	18
japanese encephalitis virus	18
been reported to	18
bats and humans	18
a broad range	18
importance of bats	18
the rate of	18
known about the	18
of genetically diverse	18
a consequence of	18
human infection with	18
r o o	18
available in the	18
either vehicle or	18
as a consequence	18
and phylogenetic analysis	18
the gene source	18
were included in	18
big brown bat	18
to evaluate the	18
of the genome	18
are thought to	18
p r o	18
the human population	18
bat species that	18
from egyptian fruit	18
be used to	18
hendra virus from	18
bats and other	18
leroy et al	18
identified in this	17
covs in bats	17
bats of different	17
virus from pteropid	17
has been suggested	17
also known as	17
niv and marv	17
this suggests that	17
viruses from bats	17
in the new	17
diversity of covs	17
which is the	17
jamaican fruit bat	17
from this study	17
evidence for a	17
and stored at	17
were performed in	17
zhang et al	17
in different bat	17
referred to as	17
detection of novel	17
of bat rabies	17
infections in bats	17
comparison of bats	17
viruses related to	17
is closely related	17
to better understand	17
amino acid sequence	17
insectivorous bats in	17
the egyptian rousette	17
to study the	17
the same bat	17
and classification of	17
reservoirs for a	17
to the family	17
was added to	17
of bats with	17
the probability of	17
innate and adaptive	17
north american bat	17
immunity in bats	17
animal care and	17
of the egyptian	17
fruit bat species	17
the new world	17
the complete genome	17
of all three	17
novel coronavirus in	17
the bat transcriptome	17
interpretation of data	17
because of the	17
are found in	17
to the bat	17
genes involved in	17
bat cov are	17
based on a	17
the course of	17
bat coronaviruses and	17
transmission to humans	17
of adipose tissue	17
that the virus	17
of the year	17
bat fecal samples	17
for disease control	17
host range and	17
in the present	17
taxonomy of viruses	17
north american bats	17
viruses belonging to	17
the s gene	17
immune response in	17
in antiviral immunity	17
more closely related	17
of the study	17
the chinese rufous	17
as a reservoir	17
european bat species	17
west nile virus	17
and use committee	17
complete genome sequence	17
and the bat	17
a molecular phylogeny	16
genome sequences of	16
was associated with	16
european bat lyssaviruses	16
responses in bats	16
genes in the	16
regulation of the	16
of the four	16
of the samples	16
been found to	16
of different species	16
is thought to	16
emerging zoonotic viruses	16
was used as	16
identification and characterization	16
majority of the	16
clinical signs of	16
genetically diverse marburg	16
and p mapk	16
in the transmission	16
are susceptible to	16
bats and viruses	16
with more than	16
ge et al	16
identification of the	16
these viruses are	16
cov gc gc	16
two species of	16
bats illuminates biogeography	16
of fruit bats	16
shown in table	16
been linked to	16
found to have	16
and the fossil	16
authors declare that	16
mammalian and avian	16
for nipah virus	16
trees were constructed	16
belongs to the	16
virus from malaysian	16
a and a	16
mhc class i	16
a group of	16
type iii ifns	16
were tested for	16
isolation of genetically	16
to be determined	16
is likely to	16
in other species	16
in the case	16
positive selection in	16
from malaysian island	16
few studies have	16
isolation of hendra	16
bat species are	16
phylogeny for bats	16
susceptible to infection	16
tong et al	16
in the presence	16
sequencing of the	16
length cov gc	16
the rest of	16
mice under hfd	16
reservoir of hendra	16
sequence identity to	16
viruses from egyptian	16
close proximity to	16
sars and bat	16
bats are known	16
have been used	16
declare no conflict	16
are consistent with	16
of perivascular adipose	16
bats from the	16
emergence of sars	16
diverse marburg viruses	16
viruses such as	16
marburg viruses from	16
into the eu	16
the current study	16
as part of	16
population genetic structure	16
in rousettus aegyptiacus	16
biogeography and the	16
in line with	16
the conservation of	16
derived from the	16
were performed using	16
to humans and	16
related viruses in	16
prior to the	16
innate immune response	16
of humans and	16
associated with an	16
molecular phylogeny for	16
associated with bats	16
discovery of novel	16
the orf protein	16
the vast majority	16
of hsp and	16
aav capsid genes	16
in dromedary camels	16
for bats illuminates	16
are needed to	16
was identified in	16
illuminates biogeography and	16
isolation of nipah	16
risk of human	16
transmission of viruses	15
contribute to the	15
several bat species	15
results suggest that	15
to each other	15
led to the	15
effect of pvat	15
the generation of	15
the international committee	15
rousettus aegyptiacus bats	15
both of which	15
the closely related	15
declare that they	15
in viet nam	15
of sars coronavirus	15
international committee on	15
which have been	15
yet to be	15
polymerase chain reaction	15
of bat irf	15
million years ago	15
nucleotide sequences of	15
world health organization	15
was performed in	15
bat and human	15
the most common	15
bats to other	15
virus in a	15
there are no	15
are closely related	15
covs have been	15
in bats may	15
to our knowledge	15
in the top	15
in new world	15
related to sars	15
than that of	15
the s protein	15
evolution of flight	15
natural reservoirs for	15
are involved in	15
the intrinsic disorder	15
it was found	15
diversity of viruses	15
be susceptible to	15
proteins of sars	15
to the sars	15
in close contact	15
old world fruit	15
rabies virus in	15
the end of	15
tested positive for	15
identification of novel	15
these viruses in	15
accordance with the	15
within the same	15
of the protein	15
has been identified	15
rna polymerase gene	15
for the bat	15
identified as the	15
to the eu	15
at least one	15
emergent deadly paramyxovirus	15
the sequences of	15
z at dpi	15
viruses that have	15
world fruit bats	15
malaysian island flying	15
to the human	15
the bat aav	15
infection in the	15
constructed using the	15
the isolation of	15
nsp s from	15
of bat and	15
have demonstrated that	15
like coronaviruses in	15
of the rdrp	15
the old world	15
the source of	15
several studies have	15
the rdrp gene	15
equine encephalitis virus	15
republic of china	15
review of the	15
are able to	15
american bat species	15
of flight and	15
revealed the presence	15
and interpretation of	15
were collected in	15
should be noted	15
and hendra virus	15
of human and	15
from the bat	15
in the black	15
low levels of	15
positive for cov	15
borna disease virus	15
found that the	15
marburg virus infection	15
experimental inoculation of	15
found in a	14
was based on	14
i coronaviruses in	14
information on the	14
h t cells	14
it is also	14
phylogenetic trees were	14
group of mammals	14
cell lines from	14
into the evolution	14
a continuing source	14
and other coronaviruses	14
their ability to	14
and found that	14
fragment of the	14
antiviral immunity in	14
will be required	14
species within the	14
the occurrence of	14
nucleotide sequence identity	14
viruses and the	14
to infect humans	14
and zoonotic viruses	14
and prevalence patterns	14
from patients with	14
they have no	14
novel paramyxoviruses in	14
did not detect	14
demonstrated that the	14
the type i	14
continuing source of	14
nature of the	14
hatten et al	14
relatives of human	14
rest of the	14
bat influenza a	14
to be present	14
and their hosts	14
evidence of a	14
coronavirus associated with	14
that may be	14
natural reservoir host	14
vero e cells	14
both bats and	14
vast majority of	14
with zoonotic potential	14
prevalence patterns of	14
comparison of the	14
the likelihood of	14
are the most	14
not yet been	14
were associated with	14
associated with bat	14
the jamaican fruit	14
regions of the	14
crystal structure of	14
emerging viruses in	14
well as in	14
bat origin of	14
in the last	14
detection and prevalence	14
in bat guano	14
be required to	14
were present in	14
blood samples were	14
the natural reservoirs	14
chu et al	14
studies of the	14
emerg infect dis	14
and orf b	14
in vampire bats	14
four species of	14
data suggest that	14
was extracted using	14
an important source	14
because of their	14
and in vivo	14
supported by the	14
a bat colony	14
the samples were	14
the nucleotide sequences	14
and diversity of	14
zoonotic transmission of	14
leading to the	14
s rrna gene	14
committee on taxonomy	14
on the basis	14
the percentage of	14
are important for	14
performed using the	14
a wide variety	14
were obtained by	14
and complete genome	14
in bats have	14
morbidity and mortality	14
from fruit bats	14
a source of	14
are predicted to	14
c h t	14
from human sars	14
to infection by	14
have shown that	14
and incubated for	14
disease control and	14
of intrinsic disorder	14
acute respiratory disease	14
used in the	14
patterns of group	14
humans and animals	14
of a single	14
on taxonomy of	14
quan et al	14
rabies virus and	14
were approved by	14
he et al	14
and other mammals	14
in human sars	14
to examine the	14
origin of the	14
wide variety of	14
were carried out	14
are responsible for	14
of the two	14
mice fed ncd	14
study was conducted	14
higher levels of	14
the basis of	14
group i coronaviruses	14
the family paramyxoviridae	14
bat species with	14
bats in north	13
for a large	13
and human health	13
the virus to	13
the total number	13
of bat covs	13
were also identified	13
in birds and	13
emerging infections in	13
viral infections in	13
samples from bats	13
iucn red list	13
ncd or hfd	13
bats in europe	13
viruses that are	13
republic of congo	13
viruses in a	13
and human parainfluenza	13
bats has been	13
well as a	13
at the same	13
to be of	13
of positive selection	13
and have been	13
in the americas	13
has been proposed	13
evidence that bats	13
were stored at	13
in bats are	13
in human and	13
was conducted in	13
that indirubin treatment	13
in old world	13
open reading frames	13
between the two	13
sequences in the	13
control and prevention	13
borne zoonotic dis	13
high prevalence of	13
of big brown	13
suggest that the	13
was removed and	13
data collection and	13
to be more	13
of group i	13
and public health	13
provided by bats	13
seem to be	13
bat contact and	13
used in this	13
institutional animal care	13
orf b protein	13
g for min	13
of virus transmission	13
the last years	13
mapped to the	13
recently emergent deadly	13
is responsible for	13
virus antibodies in	13
nosed bat and	13
not detected in	13
also detected in	13
of a large	13
may lead to	13
immune response to	13
been used to	13
virus has been	13
could be a	13
for hendra virus	13
we used a	13
seems to be	13
to human and	13
the form of	13
by morfchibi web	13
the vampire bat	13
is involved in	13
be noted that	13
is an important	13
has been found	13
resulted in a	13
as a continuing	13
and transmission of	13
only a few	13
their zoonotic potential	13
and supplementary table	13
of the major	13
in the future	13
many bat species	13
of viruses from	13
and identification of	13
originated from bats	13
of the orf	13
pathogens such as	13
were isolated from	13
pcr was performed	13
among the most	13
many of which	13
can lead to	13
and approved the	13
of novel bat	13
of north american	13
from bats and	13
these results suggest	13
from other mammals	13
is capable of	13
chen et al	13
appears to have	13
suggests that the	13
of emerging infections	13
in the form	13
the final manuscript	13
a recently emergent	13
factors associated with	13
in china and	13
within the genus	13
with the bat	13
of bat cells	13
high levels of	13
like and other	13
bats from kenya	13
suggested that the	13
zoonotic potential of	13
been implicated in	13
fed ncd or	13
with human sars	13
genes related to	13
potential risk of	13
the same region	13
the significance of	13
ecosystem services provided	13
immune responses in	13
associated with severe	13
a combination of	13
in the human	13
services provided by	13
approved the final	12
the phylogenetic analysis	12
in yunnan province	12
known to cause	12
of more than	12
of death in	12
in the genomes	12
bat populations in	12
to human health	12
species transmission of	12
the loss of	12
from bats of	12
of the ifn	12
in big brown	12
and nipah virus	12
horses and humans	12
viruses and their	12
bats compared to	12
marburg virus in	12
would like to	12
and fruit bats	12
isolated from fruit	12
at the site	12
presence of a	12
the susceptibility of	12
with acute respiratory	12
of emerging zoonotic	12
are among the	12
experimental infections of	12
in emerging infectious	12
light on the	12
emerging and reemerging	12
viral infection in	12
more than of	12
adipose tissue and	12
sympathetic nervous system	12
social network analysis	12
dna was extracted	12
have been linked	12
in the family	12
of the total	12
the only mammals	12
part of a	12
for phylogenetic analysis	12
for cov rna	12
the abundance of	12
to viral infection	12
yang et al	12
feline infectious peritonitis	12
which has been	12
need to be	12
of viruses and	12
close to the	12
in the region	12
used to identify	12
of viruses that	12
stranded rna viruses	12
or hfd after	12
identified as a	12
in a common	12
in rodents and	12
were similar to	12
of novel sars	12
were observed in	12
in this region	12
at least in	12
life history traits	12
number of species	12
compared with the	12
also identified in	12
the degree of	12
south american bats	12
borne virus infections	12
is shown in	12
of viral infection	12
to have been	12
was first isolated	12
bat species were	12
viral diversity in	12
the cause of	12
is needed to	12
domestic animals and	12
the causative agent	12
of irf in	12
did not show	12
may be the	12
some of these	12
in europe and	12
sequences of bat	12
out of the	12
belonged to the	12
high diversity of	12
and there is	12
amplification of emerging	12
of viruses to	12
anthony et al	12
been demonstrated to	12
identified from the	12
the hb capsid	12
the frequency of	12
a history of	12
true vs false	12
of bats are	12
of human coronaviruses	12
it would be	12
as a natural	12
like to thank	12
of the congo	12
multiple bat species	12
the extent of	12
type i interferon	12
be found in	12
halpin et al	12
in peninsular malaysia	12
sequence identity of	12
of viral rna	12
vp and vp	12
located in the	12
centers for disease	12
for emerging viruses	12
are more likely	12
the fruit bat	12
in the immune	12
the emergence and	12
the most recent	12
and sequencing of	12
group c betacoronavirus	12
open reading frame	12
table s and	12
coronaviruses in south	12
analysis and interpretation	12
flight and immunity	12
is present in	12
bats and bat	12
the evolutionary history	12
ucp expression and	12
in the regulation	12
bat viruses and	12
deduced amino acid	12
in the laboratory	12
the zoonotic potential	12
may have a	12
and the evolution	12
support in the	12
and the chinese	12
in the number	12
the same genotype	12
carried out in	12
binding residues in	12
of pvat in	12
insectivorous bat species	12
analysis was performed	12
of public health	12
molecular evolution of	12
parts of the	12
egyptian rousette bat	12
for emerging zoonotic	12
close relative of	12
between bat and	12
have been implicated	12
reservoir host for	12
phylogenetic tree of	12
for human consumption	12
studies have demonstrated	12
result in the	12
african fruit bat	12
are listed in	12
to be susceptible	12
to explore the	12
in the genome	12
of bat sars	12
the pathogenesis of	12
study of the	12
important source of	12
in african straw	12
tang et al	12
infectious bronchitis virus	12
as a potential	12
experiments were performed	12
be present in	12
resulted in the	12
total rna was	12
of all mammalian	12
was performed on	12
of type i	12
of insectivorous bats	12
a novel betacoronavirus	12
of human rabies	12
infect dis doi	12
was supported by	12
the amount of	12
cov rna was	11
mhc class ii	11
bats have a	11
fecal samples were	11
natural history of	11
the e protein	11
bat and the	11
evidence of infection	11
transmissible gastroenteritis virus	11
number of zoonotic	11
are the natural	11
and viral traits	11
z and aj	11
studies of arthropod	11
emerging zoonotic pathogens	11
antiviral immune responses	11
in this species	11
relationships between the	11
molecular characterisation of	11
were determined by	11
in southeast asia	11
by a bat	11
be closely related	11
avian coronaviruses in	11
may result in	11
headed flying foxes	11
replication and shedding	11
bat genomes provides	11
in south korea	11
animal and human	11
and domestic animals	11
of infecting humans	11
an acute respiratory	11
the same study	11
genetic structure of	11
in humans or	11
language and environment	11
zoonotic infectious diseases	11
bats are not	11
the virus is	11
and bat consumption	11
there is evidence	11
detection and characterization	11
serve as a	11
primers were designed	11
in the brain	11
a previous study	11
the second most	11
they do not	11
genomes provides insight	11
the host species	11
were subjected to	11
there is little	11
to bind to	11
this could be	11
may play a	11
characteristics of the	11
of disease in	11
we report the	11
assigned to the	11
was found that	11
species have been	11
of birds and	11
to bats and	11
of the order	11
other coronaviruses in	11
for bats as	11
and it is	11
is essential for	11
encephalitis virus in	11
in their natural	11
and other species	11
coronavirus in bat	11
which may be	11
in association with	11
has been demonstrated	11
c for min	11
expressed in the	11
detection of coronaviruses	11
that it is	11
of bat guano	11
geographical distribution of	11
bat cov hku	11
the new bat	11
biodiversity and mitochondrial	11
these two viruses	11
innate immune system	11
was shown to	11
in combination with	11
species isolated from	11
caused by a	11
are grateful to	11
were used in	11
provides insight into	11
first report of	11
is required to	11
there is an	11
the first report	11
bat cov nsp	11
role of the	11
results of the	11
were collected and	11
we review the	11
republic of the	11
the need to	11
have recently been	11
webber et al	11
in the aftermath	11
in jamaican fruit	11
the pteropid bat	11
transmission from bats	11
a new genus	11
expression in bats	11
occurred in the	11
of fruit bat	11
viruses with zoonotic	11
not appear to	11
also been reported	11
hepatitis c virus	11
the release of	11
of the sequences	11
old world bats	11
reported eating bats	11
in previous studies	11
to contribute to	11
to be highly	11
and environment for	11
dn ds ratio	11
based on these	11
virus from bats	11
virus isolated from	11
better understand the	11
that bats have	11
of three novel	11
supplementary table and	11
cov and mers	11
of bat genomes	11
distribution of the	11
of rna viruses	11
in south africa	11
and mitochondrial function	11
to act as	11
in the vicinity	11
all authors read	11
appeared to be	11
database of bat	11
the past months	11
of human middle	11
we found no	11
in comparison to	11
collected in the	11
time course study	11
may be due	11
infections in chiroptera	11
a and orf	11
diverse group of	11
to be associated	11
the mrna expression	11
sequences were aligned	11
sequence of a	11
functional analysis of	11
a language and	11
browning of swat	11
analysis revealed that	11
viral nucleic acid	11
the implications of	11
the aftermath of	11
were shown to	11
has not yet	11
to coexist with	11
total of samples	11
of zoonotic diseases	11
in the common	11
no competing interests	11
in the middle	11
which is consistent	11
bat and rodent	11
acid sequences of	11
the big brown	11
as described above	11
coronavirus infection in	11
during the last	11
for each of	11
molecular diversity of	11
common ancestor of	11
bats as the	11
gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus	11
constitutive expression of	11
is not a	11
in other bat	11
msa of sars	11
nk cell receptors	11
there may be	11
for virus isolation	11
and molecular characterization	11
orf protein of	11
is known to	11
consistent with a	11
were unable to	11
and has been	11
at the level	11
host species and	11
the republic of	11
of other mammals	11
the numbers of	11
to the presence	11
orf a and	11
the origin and	11
origin of human	11
it is likely	11
human middle east	11
trends in emerging	11
can be found	11
on the island	11
relative of human	11
be explained by	11
identical to the	11
and the emergence	11
of all the	11
to reduce the	11
most recent common	11
in horseshoe bats	11
the large flying	11
bat rva strains	11
difference in the	11
han et al	11
during the period	11
most of these	11
these data suggest	11
interspecies transmission of	11
were collected at	11
dna binding residues	11
in the eu	11
is the most	11
of infection in	11
viruses capable of	11
in some cases	11
of these bat	11
in both the	11
causes of death	11
hek t cells	11
is found to	11
of mice fed	11
species and the	11
zoonotic viruses in	11
in asia and	11
a previously unknown	11
of viral infections	11
and for the	11
of rabies in	11
cytochrome b gene	11
in the current	11
a bat bite	11
adaptive immune response	11
and experimental infection	11
read and approved	11
in west africa	11
increased risk of	11
followed by a	11
global trends in	11
acute diarrhoea syndrome	11
to the laboratory	11
variety of viruses	11
amino acid level	11
these viruses have	11
threat to human	11
and the potential	11
are a major	10
maps and institutional	10
studies of bat	10
of a number	10
emergence of new	10
has led to	10
was performed with	10
there are a	10
of the ecology	10
virus infection of	10
in the hb	10
activity in bat	10
the genus alphacoronavirus	10
detection of group	10
compared with other	10
that can be	10
jones et al	10
is the only	10
in our datasets	10
contributing to the	10
of pvat on	10
to jurisdictional claims	10
in vitro and	10
chakraborty and chakravarty	10
from bat fecal	10
diverse range of	10
close relatives of	10
of the pcr	10
should not be	10
of the type	10
lyssavirus infection in	10
that of other	10
the wuhan sequence	10
the purpose of	10
the subgenus megatrypanum	10
samples collected from	10
from animals in	10
the species of	10
evolutionary relationships between	10
not known to	10
virus was first	10
that did not	10
results in the	10
diversity in bats	10
in pigs in	10
in bats that	10
the yn capsid	10
african bat species	10
the spike protein	10
the formation of	10
along with the	10
reported to be	10
jurisdictional claims in	10
viral replication in	10
in fruit bat	10
we show that	10
environment for statistical	10
samples were then	10
the same virus	10
related to bat	10
be responsible for	10
all other tissues	10
is clear that	10
the biology of	10
characterization of viruses	10
the bat network	10
fischer et al	10
novel viruses in	10
could also be	10
the cells were	10
and future directions	10
seasonal pulses of	10
bats appear to	10
and bats are	10
been described previously	10
the treatment of	10
bat species have	10
it is clear	10
contrast to the	10
of nk cell	10
that has been	10
was confirmed by	10
in more than	10
in the environment	10
the difference in	10
was collected from	10
zoonotic spillover from	10
the bat virome	10
living in close	10
ray crystal structure	10
are presented as	10
bat activity and	10
mutations in the	10
other mammalian species	10
nsp and nsp	10
infection detected in	10
no evidence for	10
confirmed that the	10
the dn ds	10
were involved in	10
predict zoonotic spillover	10
rabies surveillance in	10
of up to	10
provide evidence for	10
have no competing	10
s from sars	10
cell lines were	10
and characterisation of	10
virus was isolated	10
other tissues were	10
listed in table	10
using mist nets	10
a diverse range	10
of the genera	10
published maps and	10
may also be	10
bat in the	10
study showed that	10
indicated that the	10
the phylogeny of	10
of frugivorous bats	10
sars coronavirus from	10
of influenza viruses	10
nature remains neutral	10
protein from sars	10
immune systems of	10
in hong kong	10
bats coincide with	10
the reservoir hosts	10
knowledge and future	10
to emerging infectious	10
of viral sharing	10
sequence analysis of	10
samples were tested	10
from the black	10
sites in the	10
the adaptive immune	10
common african bat	10
of at least	10
in this area	10
bats are also	10
claims in published	10
into the ecology	10
indirect immunofluorescence assay	10
known to have	10
complete genome sequences	10
of emerging bat	10
have been associated	10
vitro and in	10
from a bat	10
has recently been	10
the second largest	10
genetic characterization of	10
of interspecies transmission	10
nucleotide and amino	10
some of which	10
iii ifn receptor	10
coronavirus of bat	10
and ecology of	10
ebola virus disease	10
the cytochrome b	10
of bat immunology	10
conservation of bats	10
rna viruses in	10
the outbreak of	10
plos one doi	10
genetic relatedness of	10
bat cov and	10
as the reservoir	10
virus infection detected	10
many of these	10
of the innate	10
venezuelan equine encephalitis	10
pka and p	10
the department of	10
submitted to the	10
world bat species	10
human sars nsp	10
from naturally infected	10
the availability of	10
in the population	10
in these bats	10
a high prevalence	10
in bat of	10
to nipah virus	10
the orf of	10
were used as	10
roles in the	10
sequencing was performed	10
red list of	10
we do not	10
of the families	10
disease in bats	10
and do not	10
during the past	10
the species barrier	10
range of viruses	10
and severe acute	10
of african straw	10
human cell lines	10
of pteropid bat	10
gene repertoire of	10
have examined the	10
were visualized using	10
a common ancestor	10
should be considered	10
the host range	10
in the phylogenetic	10
coronavirus hku strain	10
large numbers of	10
pteropid bat cell	10
in experimentally infected	10
is difficult to	10
reovirus of bat	10
spillover from mammals	10
analyses were performed	10
traits predict zoonotic	10
reservoirs of emerging	10
studies have examined	10
risk of bat	10
springer nature remains	10
h n influenza	10
a and supplementary	10
transmitted to humans	10
there has been	10
of or genes	10
emerging and re	10
bats in a	10
bat cells and	10
evidence suggests that	10
that the bat	10
a novel paramyxovirus	10
vector borne zoonotic	10
and the presence	10
it can be	10
the most abundant	10
regard to jurisdictional	10
overview of the	10
an insectivorous bat	10
dna and rna	10
novel bat coronaviruses	10
strongly associated with	10
to confirm the	10
bat virus spillover	10
known to infect	10
response to the	10
genes associated with	10
coronaviruses have been	10
in pigs and	10
from each bat	10
order of mammals	10
and resulted in	10
risks associated with	10
of viruses with	10
expression of the	10
could not be	10
coronavirus from a	10
higher than the	10
been suggested that	10
receptors in the	10
positive samples were	10
compared to human	10
bats identification of	10
viral traits predict	10
was performed by	10
to public health	10
obtained in this	10
to determine if	10
as viral reservoirs	10
of wild animals	10
there were no	10
of a variety	10
of powered flight	10
genetic diversity and	10
in liquid nitrogen	10
current knowledge and	10
be used as	10
the iucn red	10
circulating in the	10
detected in this	10
swine acute diarrhoea	10
the database of	10
of this article	10
the elevation of	10
hypothesis for the	10
of other species	10
orf of sars	10
related to those	10
bat lyssavirus in	10
assessment of the	10
in patients with	10
of nsp s	10
share a common	10
neutral with regard	10
extracted from the	10
humans and mice	10
intrinsic disorder in	10
domain of the	10
as described in	10
a new virus	10
in published maps	10
in the world	10
those of other	10
viruses identified in	10
a series of	10
treated mice under	10
a common african	10
be a potential	10
human transmission of	10
the vicinity of	10
the influence of	10
in the orf	10
at the end	10
in this work	10
genetics analysis version	10
according to our	10
contractile effect of	10
for the control	10
in the p	10
the serum of	10
remains neutral with	10
and institutional affiliations	10
as for the	10
of alphacoronavirus and	10
period of time	10
of other bat	10
were determined using	10
of the lyssavirus	10
echolocation in bats	10
in bats has	10
to have the	10
of infected bats	10
roosting in the	10
of bats have	10
studies have been	10
and emergence of	9
vascular smooth muscle	9
great genetic diversity	9
both human and	9
of pteropid bats	9
related to human	9
isolated from bat	9
has shown that	9
causative agent of	9
not associated with	9
provided by the	9
and ebola virus	9
bats can be	9
authors read and	9
like viruses in	9
ion torrent sequencing	9
the maintenance of	9
of the three	9
to the order	9
a reservoir for	9
zoonotic viruses that	9
level of the	9
studies have shown	9
t cell mediated	9
decaro et al	9
version of this	9
it was observed	9
an important reservoir	9
public health and	9
have led to	9
classification of bat	9
study was to	9
of the respondents	9
and the caribbean	9
of infection and	9
as a model	9
other species of	9
extracted using the	9
to account for	9
analysis based on	9
three species of	9
recent studies have	9
evolutionary insights into	9
and north america	9
borne zoonotic viruses	9
of viral metagenomics	9
the dynamics of	9
a high seroprevalence	9
stored at uc	9
novel mammalian and	9
in costa rica	9
tissue distribution of	9
the control group	9
periods of increased	9
many novel viruses	9
bat aav hb	9
size of the	9
of bat populations	9
and a high	9
of brown adipose	9
in the emergence	9
is characterized by	9
dependent on the	9
of the cytochrome	9
virus was detected	9
of niv in	9
with periods of	9
de novo transcriptome	9
in the northern	9
followed by cycles	9
bat influenza virus	9
to a bat	9
coronavirus from animals	9
of these species	9
of exposure to	9
alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus	9
what links bats	9
the study and	9
and other lyssaviruses	9
as natural reservoirs	9
hepatitis g virus	9
be attributed to	9
be able to	9
focused on the	9
response of bats	9
the death of	9
the l gene	9
two of the	9
was predicted to	9
covs detected in	9
new south wales	9
reported in the	9
coronavirus in european	9
risk of infection	9
with a high	9
and bats in	9
the lyssavirus genus	9
diseases in bats	9
susceptibility of bats	9
huang et al	9
of this species	9
reservoir host of	9
and adaptive immune	9
the study was	9
virus and hendra	9
a measure of	9
was detected by	9
a threat to	9
in bat cov	9
the activity of	9
the consumption of	9
s and supplementary	9
the sars outbreak	9
have been demonstrated	9
genomic dna was	9
the genus deltacoronavirus	9
these viruses to	9
i ifn locus	9
in the host	9
rabies in the	9
unknown reovirus of	9
of two novel	9
based on partial	9
disease in pigs	9
the spread of	9
fruit bats from	9
origin is associated	9
at the n	9
presence of the	9
the result of	9
originated in bats	9
alignment of the	9
have the potential	9
case fatality rate	9
with humans and	9
i and ii	9
coronavirus e in	9
the same cave	9
were discovered in	9
of these novel	9
variation in the	9
and mortality in	9
of the n	9
coexist with viruses	9
included in this	9
bat coronaviruses as	9
structure and function	9
ng et al	9
bat consumption behaviors	9
of gammacoronavirus and	9
influenza d virus	9
and nutritional stress	9
of viruses related	9
systems of bats	9
the epidemiology of	9
previously unknown reovirus	9
bat contact experiences	9
of the genes	9
foundation for statistical	9
were identified as	9
with an acute	9
and marburg virus	9
kepler et al	9
mean ppids of	9
in the n	9
this work was	9
that they are	9
possible that the	9
this study and	9
over the past	9
of the subgenus	9
in human cells	9
of the authors	9
of threatened species	9
bats living in	9
and betacoronavirus and	9
within roost type	9
other members of	9
terminal region of	9
pteropus giganteus bats	9
in this review	9
bats to emerging	9
limited number of	9
rna and dna	9
identified in a	9
for min and	9
the proposed genus	9
experimentally inoculated with	9
the roles of	9
the recognition of	9
of potentially zoonotic	9
we also found	9
links bats to	9
studies indicated that	9
virome diversity in	9
virus isolation of	9
diversity of the	9
the potential of	9
aegyptiacus bats coincide	9
viral rna in	9
and causes of	9
dynamics in bats	9
of increased risk	9
source of gammacoronavirus	9
a limited number	9
transmission of sars	9
serologic evidence of	9
european bats and	9
juvenile rousettus aegyptiacus	9
plays an important	9
detection and phylogenetic	9
the sars epidemic	9
due to a	9
in a leaf	9
the circulation of	9
indicated by the	9
pcr assays to	9
ecology of bats	9
a summary of	9
in the database	9
coincide with periods	9
been shown that	9
nipah and hendra	9
in figure a	9
severe emerging infectious	9
of zoonotic infectious	9
from a man	9
avian coronaviruses as	9
the increase in	9
the potential risk	9
together with the	9
there are many	9
bat lyssavirus infection	9
in each group	9
fatal disease in	9
antibodies in bats	9
of viral replication	9
activated protein kinase	9
assays to detect	9
a new member	9
not be the	9
can also be	9
region of cameroon	9
species that are	9
has been described	9
it is difficult	9
conserved region of	9
the genome sequences	9
analysis indicated that	9
is necessary to	9
is important for	9
the virus in	9
of host species	9
astroviruses in insectivorous	9
tumor necrosis factor	9
in the great	9
less than years	9
characterization of nipah	9
circulation in juvenile	9
a man with	9
high seroprevalence of	9
cov ratg and	9
antiviral activity against	9
t cells were	9
austriacus and t	9
this study is	9
we identified a	9
the most likely	9
the function of	9
positive and negative	9
presented as mean	9
and analysis of	9
emergence of zoonotic	9
source of alphacoronavirus	9
for the emergence	9
viruses in humans	9
between bat species	9
for the great	9
emergence of novel	9
for a variety	9
human cases of	9
new member of	9
we suggest that	9
of immune genes	9
japanese b encephalitis	9
interest in bat	9
correlated with the	9
deltacoronavirus supports bat	9
and their potential	9
of a severe	9
disease in horses	9
at swarming sites	9
the indian flying	9
under the following	9
to note that	9
for each gene	9
towner et al	9
emerging infectious disease	9
virus circulation in	9
was determined by	9
betacoronavirus and avian	9
was not detected	9
r foundation for	9
binding to the	9
in the central	9
protein binding regions	9
pathogenic leptospira spp	9
irf in the	9
be involved in	9
known to harbor	9
is likely that	9
the genus rhinolophus	9
a highly diverse	9
indian flying fox	9
supports bat coronaviruses	9
all bats were	9
results showed that	9
experimentally infected with	9
of seven novel	9
to suggest that	9
ecology and evolution	9
bat species can	9
rhinolophus bat coronavirus	9
sampled in the	9
appear to have	9
the democratic republic	9
been recognized as	9
consistent with previous	9
attributed to the	9
the bat ifn	9
as the primary	9
reservoirs of a	9
room temperature for	9
of these bats	9
report of the	9
experimental nipah virus	9
identified in our	9
is not clear	9
infection in humans	9
discovery of seven	9
novel coronavirus from	9
innate immune responses	9
bat origin is	9
viruses to humans	9
was performed to	9
bats are considered	9
the rhinolophoid bats	9
bat species of	9
genus deltacoronavirus supports	9
a survey of	9
seven novel mammalian	9
chemosensory receptor genes	9
range of pathogens	9
suggests that bats	9
cov nsp proteins	9
an attempt to	9
of porcine epidemic	9
of the coronavirus	9
a severe acute	9
only a single	9
the bat and	9
that may have	9
of mers coronavirus	9
related to hepatitis	9
are reservoirs for	9
ecology of coronaviruses	9
in little brown	9
infection with a	9
johnson et al	9
little red flying	9
mammalian viruses in	9
bat activation and	9
all samples were	9
and may be	9
animals in southern	9
list of threatened	9
key role in	9
genbank accession number	9
by the presence	9
in supplementary table	9
coronaviruses and experimental	9
that belong to	9
the online version	9
was closely related	9
and control of	8
due to its	8
were assigned to	8
macrophage marker f	8
bats could be	8
in wild birds	8
the thymus and	8
marburg virus circulation	8
elevation of the	8
for more details	8
nipah virus encephalitis	8
cells in bats	8
number of other	8
that could be	8
factors for human	8
in the community	8
relatives of severe	8
provide insight into	8
this protein is	8
in this setting	8
at dpi had	8
activity of the	8
of all known	8
were also found	8
has implications for	8
an intermediate host	8
was detected from	8
for the detection	8
fecal samples reveals	8
of the paramyxoviridae	8
into two suborders	8
between different bat	8
restricted to the	8
in a new	8
hku strain hku	8
viruses that can	8
and can be	8
of the other	8
disease in a	8
with nsp of	8
c bl mice	8
in the literature	8
nine bat species	8
for this study	8
this has been	8
infection has been	8
predicted to have	8
were aligned using	8
length cov id	8
immortalisation and characterisation	8
were calculated using	8