bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
respiratory syndrome	366
influenza virus	318
virus infection	286
acute respiratory	280
amino acid	267
infectious bronchitis	241
time pcr	216
cell lines	205
infected cells	204
syndrome coronavirus	202
bronchitis virus	189
respiratory tract	187
severe acute	186
cell culture	174
additional file	171
viral rna	168
herpes simplex	168
respiratory syncytial	167
dengue virus	164
middle east	163
syncytial virus	161
simplex virus	156
avian influenza	152
respiratory viruses	147
east respiratory	146
influenza viruses	140
virus replication	135
cord uid	133
doc id	133
virus type	130
porcine epidemic	129
pcr assay	128
amino acids	127
present study	126
control group	123
immune response	119
epidemic diarrhea	117
competing interests	114
time rt	114
human coronavirus	113
viral replication	113
chain reaction	113
gene expression	113
nucleic acid	112
epithelial cells	112
phylogenetic analysis	111
polymerase chain	110
reverse transcription	110
western blot	108
authors declare	106
diarrhea virus	104
vero cells	96
type i	91
performed using	91
canine parvovirus	90
described previously	87
immune responses	86
previously described	86
cell surface	85
viral infections	85
human metapneumovirus	83
viral infection	83
serum samples	82
codon usage	81
antiviral activity	81
rna viruses	80
cell line	78
transfected cells	77
viral load	77
disease virus	77
results showed	76
hcv rna	76
final manuscript	76
respiratory infections	74
avian infectious	73
viral particles	72
tract infections	70
negative control	69
authors read	69
human respiratory	69
reference genes	69
room temperature	68
virus entry	68
reverse transcriptase	67
lower respiratory	67
virus particles	66
virus infections	64
pcr products	63
monoclonal antibody	63
viral particle	63
sequence analysis	62
closely related	62
viral proteins	61
immunodeficiency virus	61
open reading	61
spike protein	61
cell cultures	61
structural proteins	60
respiratory disease	60
three times	60
pcr assays	60
orf protein	59
previous studies	59
stool samples	59
rna pol	58
highly conserved	57
infectious diseases	57
fever virus	57
mammalian cells	56
positive samples	56
well plates	56
bovine serum	56
innate immune	56
rna interference	56
united states	56
novel coronavirus	55
public health	55
virus titers	54
transmissible gastroenteritis	54
syndrome virus	54
swine fever	53
nucleocapsid protein	53
respiratory illness	53
bacterial microbiome	53
sequence alignment	53
monoclonal antibodies	53
respiratory virus	52
porcine reproductive	51
post infection	51
class iii	51
goat anti	50
statistically significant	50
vaccinia virus	50
clinical samples	50
hong kong	50
hsv infection	50
fusion protein	50
clinical signs	49
cov infection	49
orf gene	48
nucleic acids	48
kidney cells	47
dna polymerase	47
cells infected	47
leukemia virus	47
molecular epidemiology	46
spike gene	46
dpb dpc	46
neutralizing antibodies	46
encephalitis virus	46
virus isolation	46
african swine	46
rna virus	46
applied biosystems	45
genetic diversity	45
days post	45
cell entry	45
viral dna	45
samples collected	44
er stress	44
human bocavirus	44
virus glycoprotein	44
fecal samples	44
stranded rna	43
ark dpi	43
flow cytometry	43
human immunodeficiency	43
viral genome	43
sars coronavirus	42
rna polymerase	42
borna disease	42
total rna	42
human cytomegalovirus	42
host cell	42
hemorrhagic fever	42
mg ml	42
infectious virus	42
huh cells	42
respiratory infection	42
class ii	41
adenovirus type	41
nk cells	41
ns protein	41
immune system	41
nucleotide sequence	41
plaque assay	41
significantly higher	40
coronavirus infection	40
time points	40
class i	40
complete genome	40
virus strains	40
biomed central	40
next manuscript	40
endoplasmic reticulum	40
protein expression	40
highly pathogenic	39
cell epitopes	39
linked immunosorbent	39
multiple sequence	39
secondary antibody	39
saudi arabia	39
maximum likelihood	39
human coronaviruses	38
combination sirnas	38
supplementary material	38
genome sequence	38
mouse igg	38
vaccine strains	38
mild flu	38
infected mice	38
human adenovirus	38
ibv strains	38
host cells	38
peripheral blood	38
novel human	37
dendritic cells	37
immunosorbent assay	37
iii vfp	37
buffered saline	37
tissue culture	37
newcastle disease	37
dpc ie	37
viral loads	37
molecular characterization	37
glycosylation sites	37
specific primers	37
acid sequences	37
acid extraction	37
animal models	37
dhf cases	37
endothelial cells	36
acid sequence	36
respiratory viral	36
drug resistance	36
feline leukemia	36
mk cells	36
colloidal gold	36
mouse anti	36
important role	36
reading frame	36
cell fusion	36
cotton rats	36
phylogenetic analyses	36
simultaneous detection	36
internal control	36
nested pcr	36
nitric oxide	36
hospitalized children	35
positive control	35
domestic cats	35
standard curve	35
human influenza	35
hpv types	35
current study	35
mini kit	35
host range	35
host factors	35
viral entry	35
synonymous codon	35
nasal swabs	35
nucleotide sequences	34
virus strain	34
blot analysis	34
envelope glycoprotein	34
hcvcc infection	34
rna replication	34
viral fusion	34
reading frames	34
virus culture	34
electron microscopy	34
chicken eggs	34
real time	34
reverse genetics	34
south kivu	34
luciferase activity	34
quantitative real	34
western blotting	33
time reverse	33
genbank accession	33
gastroenteritis virus	33
persistent infection	33
i interferon	33
promoter activity	33
viral envelope	33
fusion proteins	33
positive selection	33
japanese encephalitis	33
parvovirus type	33
envelope protein	33
cd cd	33
west nile	33
coronavirus nl	32
structural protein	32
plasma membrane	32
molecular methods	32
pedv strain	32
phylogenetic tree	32
previously reported	32
receptor binding	32
ibv strain	32
fetal bovine	32
santa cruz	32
vp gene	31
analysis using	31
clinical symptoms	31
nervous system	31
hcv infection	31
lassa virus	31
particle inoculation	31
full length	31
two different	31
immunochromatographic strip	31
membrane protein	31
swine influenza	31
allantoic fluid	30
viral protein	30
viral pathogens	30
necrosis factor	30
bat species	30
tcid ml	30
human papillomavirus	30
membrane fusion	30
expression vector	30
like particles	30
copies ml	30
accession numbers	30
expression levels	30
pcr using	30
developing countries	29
dengue fever	29
viruses isolated	29
economic losses	29
cells expressing	29
vaccine strain	29
world health	29
previous study	29
indirect elisa	29
throat swabs	29
statistical analysis	29
nile virus	29
st cells	29
immune cells	29
blood samples	29
analyzed using	29
phylogenetic trees	29
np swabs	29
cells transfected	29
calf serum	29
pcr product	28
bovine coronavirus	28
virus detection	28
young children	28
agarose gel	28
dependent rna	28
dengue hemorrhagic	28
cell monolayers	28
envelope glycoproteins	28
hbov promoter	28
target cells	28
like illness	28
reporter gene	28
gel electrophoresis	28
tract infection	28
infected cell	27
sialic acid	27
survival rate	27
natural killer	27
conjugated goat	27
also showed	27
quantitative rt	27
different concentrations	27
polyclonal antibody	27
south korea	27
published maps	27
rapid detection	27
jurisdictional claims	27
institutional affiliations	27
nature remains	27
adaptive immune	27
small interfering	27
multiplex real	27
specific sirna	27
remains neutral	27
full advantage	27
springer nature	27
detection rate	27
infected patients	27
take full	27
nh cl	27
cov rna	26
nipah virus	26
disease control	26
control sirna	26
antibody titers	26
ng ml	26
rna copies	26
coding region	26
genomic sequences	26
determine whether	26
cytoplasmic tail	26
clinical characteristics	26
reference gene	26
mrna expression	26
significant differences	26
rna recombination	26
high throughput	26
custom assay	26
like viruses	26
comparative analysis	26
mouth disease	26
viral titers	26
significant difference	26
primary human	26
plc cells	26
genomic rna	26
hcv entry	26
clinical specimens	26
quantitative pcr	26
multiplex pcr	25
viral detection	25
virus transmission	25
reovirus infection	25
specific antibodies	25
sequence identity	25
may also	25
kivu province	25
unfolded protein	25
primer pair	25
health organization	25
felv infection	25
human rhinovirus	25
taken together	25
sirnas targeting	25
step rt	25
mononuclear cells	25
heat treatment	25
using primers	25
freely available	25
molecular evolutionary	25
determined using	24
first time	24
protective immunity	24
tumor necrosis	24
pcr amplification	24
aplastic anemia	24
protein synthesis	24
plasmid dna	24
induced apoptosis	24
time quantitative	24
culture supernatants	24
dengue infection	24
pedv strains	24
cell death	24
igm elisa	24
gene encoding	24
inhibitory effect	24
transcription factors	24
cd cells	24
human airway	24
dev ul	24
luciferase reporter	24
embryonated chicken	24
envelope proteins	24
bone marrow	24
primary infection	24
pa may	24
lr cells	24
staining pattern	24
high level	24
ebola virus	24
large rafts	24
ev infection	24
hepatitis virus	23
prrsv nsp	23
thorough peer	23
gut bacterial	23
analysis revealed	23
mg kg	23
hsv infections	23
cell types	23
rapid diagnosis	23
acid identity	23
viral nucleic	23
igg antibody	23
acute lower	23
standard deviation	23
primer set	23
ftd assay	23
dna viruses	23
cytopathic effect	23
hepatoma cell	23
spike glycoprotein	23
serum albumin	23
online submission	23
nasal swab	23
protein response	23
cell activation	23
convenient online	23
genetic analysis	23
peer review	23
human infection	23
age group	23
central nervous	23
upper respiratory	23
genomic dna	23
clinical features	23
fetal calf	23
molecular biology	23
mdck cells	23
also detected	23
mouse model	23
protein gene	22
pol fidelity	22
detected using	22
positive patients	22
human astroviruses	22
gene sequences	22
immediate publication	22
years old	22
hiv positive	22
google scholar	22
positive cells	22
independent experiments	22
age groups	22
replicative homeostasis	22
conserved among	22
space constraints	22
throat swab	22
dna vaccine	22
gene sequence	22
avian coronavirus	22
dengue viruses	22
day post	22
order nidovirales	22
widely used	22
specific antibody	22
vaccine candidate	22
statistical significance	21
cotton rat	21
airway epithelial	21
water samples	21
interfering rnas	21
virus envelope	21
cell responses	21
asfv strains	21
results suggest	21
ethics committee	21
selection pressure	21
cells using	21
serial dilutions	21
gene region	21
cleavage site	21
cell lysates	21
cell epitope	21
ns gene	21
escherichia coli	21
ge healthcare	21
thermo fisher	21
barr virus	21
sense rna	21
entry inhibitors	21
rna extraction	21
coronavirus spike	21
antibody responses	21
cell viability	21
infectious disease	21
hek cells	21
capsid protein	21
canine distemper	21
strains isolated	21
primers used	21
signaling pathways	21
vesicular stomatitis	21
recent years	21
empty vector	21
virus isolates	21
immunofluorescence assay	21
well plate	20
hmpv infection	20
time polymerase	20
pandemic influenza	20
human adenoviruses	20
significantly lower	20
causative agent	20
antiviral response	20
signaling pathway	20
encephalomyocarditis virus	20
blood mononuclear	20
detection limit	20
stomatitis virus	20
sh gene	20
infectious peritonitis	20
confocal microscopy	20
purified using	20
growth factor	20
informed consent	20
treated cells	20
matrix protein	20
molecular weight	20
consensus sequence	20
using anti	20
embryonated eggs	20
acute diarrhea	20
epithelial cell	20
algerian strains	20
enteritis virus	20
significantly reduced	20
domestic pigs	20
cell count	20
vp protein	20
cell membrane	20
mouse hepatitis	20
polymerase activity	20
feline infectious	20
per well	20
fisher scientific	20
cysteine protease	20
high mortality	20
human parechovirus	20
transmembrane proteins	20
national institute	20
horseradish peroxidase	20
human astrovirus	20
functional receptor	20
surface expression	20
antiviral effect	20
sample size	20
experimental infection	20
total nucleic	20
body weight	20
results indicated	19
bursal disease	19
hela cells	19
truncation mutants	19
influenza vaccines	19
hcmv infection	19
low levels	19
hcv replication	19
mm tris	19
binding sites	19
mev infection	19
authorized users	19
dna vaccines	19
virus titer	19
pcr method	19
analysis showed	19
washed three	19
innate immunity	19
new cpv	19
infectious hcvcc	19
parainfluenza virus	19
bcov rna	19
virus control	19
electronic supplementary	19
different viruses	19
dpb ie	19
capsid proteins	19
proteolytic processing	19
lysis buffer	19
note springer	19
geographic distribution	19
infectious bursal	19
primary antibody	19
genome sequences	19
persistently infected	19
infectious particles	19
variant viral	19
online version	19
respiratory pathogens	19
accession number	19
interfering rna	19
secondary structure	19
will help	19
human disease	19
dromedary camels	19
sequence alignments	19
high levels	19
contains supplementary	19
tissue samples	19
nucleotide identity	19
viral shedding	19
field strains	19
field isolates	19
patchouli alcohol	19
three different	18
distemper virus	18
cytoplasmic domain	18
transcription factor	18
cdv vaccine	18
enveloped viruses	18
free water	18
neutralizing antibody	18
data analysis	18
pedv infection	18
reaction mixture	18
mortality rate	18
life technologies	18
complete genomic	18
host immune	18
mers cases	18
usage bias	18
final concentration	18
type ii	18
influenza vaccine	18
tested positive	18
vacv ihd	18
pcr system	18
virus fusion	18
xmap assay	18
disease severity	18
severe fever	18
nonstructural proteins	18
animal experiments	18
ifitm induced	18
targeted rna	18
family coronaviridae	18
protein level	18
wide range	18
virus rna	18
may play	18
zoonotic viruses	18
life cycle	18
recombinant protein	18
risk factors	18
negative controls	18
phosphate buffered	18
children aged	18
sh protein	18
genetic characterization	18
virus gene	18
intergenic region	18
rabbit anti	18
thrombocytopenia syndrome	18
np protein	18
extracted using	18
molecular evolution	18
evolutionary genetics	18
protein identification	18
blood cells	18
two distinct	18
results obtained	18
cytopathic effects	18
newly discovered	18
pcr reaction	17
genome sequencing	17
interferon gamma	17
alpha beta	17
cultured cells	17
molecular assays	17
respiratory diseases	17
mm nacl	17
clinical diagnosis	17
cell clones	17
vp animal	17
yellow fever	17
protein kinase	17
among different	17
using real	17
genomic sequence	17
reverse primer	17
results demonstrated	17
ifitm specific	17
coronavirus infectious	17
gene products	17
final volume	17
conducted using	17
human cells	17
among children	17
associated coronavirus	17
aplastic anaemia	17
recombinant proteins	17
antiviral therapy	17
large number	17
hsv replication	17
ha protein	17
nucleolar localization	17
kindly provided	17
wild type	17
genetics analysis	17
hendra virus	17
viral diseases	17
biosafety level	17
mediated endocytosis	17
transmembrane domain	17
reference strains	17
crfk cells	17
lung tissues	17
one sample	17
like receptor	17
gastroenteritis coronavirus	17
surface protein	17
fusion domain	17
commonly used	17
yc pedv	17
vero cell	16
transferrin receptor	16
expression system	16
nasopharyngeal aspirates	16
pcr detection	16
virus vaccine	16
dependent manner	16
throat washes	16
several studies	16
viet nam	16
position th	16
different cell	16
least one	16
pcr kit	16
human plasma	16
protein species	16
neuraminidase inhibitors	16
novel virus	16
cdna synthesis	16
flocked swabs	16
lethal challenge	16
nonstructural protein	16
children hospitalized	16
mice immunized	16
host species	16
cell signaling	16
forward primer	16
human hepatoma	16
rhesus monkeys	16
cells showed	16
length genome	16
study showed	16
swab samples	16
chicken embryos	16
data presented	16
molecular mass	16
experimentally infected	16
calculated using	16
relative infection	16
diagnostic methods	16
virus challenge	16
virus production	16
mers coronavirus	16
copy numbers	16
oxide synthase	16
different regions	16
cytomegalovirus infection	16
weeks post	16
cycle sequencing	16
rna mini	16
human macrophages	16
detection system	16
vp vp	16
two viruses	16
log tcid	16
dose group	16
described elsewhere	16
northeastern china	16
domain ii	16
coronavirus infections	16
binding protein	16
respiratory samples	16
rd cells	16
rabbit polyclonal	16
amplified using	16
higher levels	16
also known	16
expression vectors	16
healthy controls	16
binding domain	15
fold change	15
transmembrane protein	15
gene transcription	15
standard deviations	15
coding sequence	15
copy number	15
target cell	15
conserved regions	15
expression plasmids	15
field samples	15
polyclonal antibodies	15
random multiplex	15
duplex real	15
genetic variation	15
multiplex rt	15
iav infected	15
recent studies	15
even though	15
psd spectra	15
small hydrophobic	15
chronic hepatitis	15
pfu ml	15
stranded dna	15
i ifns	15
severe respiratory	15
hours post	15
copies reaction	15
poultry industry	15
alexa fluor	15
fluorescence microscopy	15
fluorescence intensity	15
animal model	15
aedes aegypti	15
north america	15
human parainfluenza	15
sirna group	15
also observed	15
weight loss	15
results indicate	15
ml penicillin	15
rice plants	15
dna sequencing	15
replication cycle	15
stained using	15
total antibody	15
type strain	15
antigenic site	15
coronavirus genome	15
sucrose gradient	15
candidate reference	15
final extension	15
cell tropism	15
domain iii	15
viral genomic	15
sequence data	15
gene therapy	15
positive specimens	15
protein complex	15
winter dysentery	15
viral respiratory	15
recombinant virus	15
ibv spike	15
cause severe	15
transcription polymerase	15
isothermal amplification	15
dengue vaccine	15
reticulum stress	15
severe disease	15
viral copies	15
three groups	15
ifitm expression	15
sybr green	15
four times	15
written informed	15
human immune	15
pr ha	15
human cases	15
house real	15
pcr analysis	15
virus adsorption	15
bp fragment	15
infection index	15
i ifn	15
molecular mechanisms	15
parainfluenza viruses	14
different strains	14
highly contagious	14
different time	14
sigmodon hispidus	14
regulatory factor	14
ml streptomycin	14
positive rate	14
may lead	14
reverse primers	14
known human	14
identified using	14
cov orf	14
uninfected cells	14
reovirus replication	14
novel viruses	14
nucleocapsid gene	14
cycling conditions	14
also used	14
antiviral state	14
arabian peninsula	14
rsv infection	14
respiratory symptoms	14
rnai screen	14
southeast asia	14
cells stably	14
emerging viruses	14
hav genome	14
pg ml	14
ethics approval	14
respiratory distress	14
chop expression	14
lycorine treatment	14
dna virus	14
higher viral	14
case definition	14
vaccine development	14
epidemic diarrhoea	14
median age	14
fecal specimens	14
significantly increased	14
many countries	14
rma assay	14
false positive	14
spiked swabs	14
enteric viruses	14
inhibitory activity	14
neurological symptoms	14
inhibitory effects	14
rna levels	14
dengue cases	14
crf ag	14
extracted rna	14
dna microarray	14
extraction kit	14
vaccinated mice	14
agricultural university	14
turbinate nasal	14
well known	14
common cold	14
antibody response	14
genetically distinct	14
virus particle	14
expressing cells	14
od values	14
genotype ii	14
measles virus	14
murine leukemia	14
high viral	14
residual infectivity	14
phylogenetic relationships	14
abi prism	14
qiaamp viral	14
oral cavity	14
induced ifn	14
broad spectrum	14
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis	14
duck tuva	14
genotype i	14
interferon production	14
orf ab	14
genbank database	14
experimental design	14
culture medium	14
interferon beta	14
type strains	14
considered statistically	14
type virus	14
df cases	14
protein sequences	14
master mix	14
sequence conservation	14
every step	14
lmp promoter	14
conventional pcr	14
multiple reference	14
nl rptec	14
human population	14
molecular markers	14
national institutes	14
sanger sequencing	14
different genotypes	14
six years	14
fold higher	14
red blood	14
tfr mrna	14
survival rates	14
renal epithelial	14
human polyomaviruses	13
different types	13
coronavirus associated	13
solid phase	13
cp transfusion	13
constructed using	13
single amino	13
feline coronavirus	13
diabetes mellitus	13
origin influenza	13
human viruses	13
attenuated vaccine	13
ill patients	13
virus neutralization	13
like virus	13
od nm	13
virus genome	13
protease activity	13
close contact	13
immunocompromised patients	13
side effects	13
carboxyl terminal	13
data showed	13
natural selection	13
positive results	13
sirnas treated	13
stably expressing	13
lysosomotropic agents	13
generation sequencing	13
monkey kidney	13
antibiotic cocktail	13
serially diluted	13
stainless steel	13
lang virions	13
dna vaccination	13
viral disease	13
statistical analyses	13
diarrhoea virus	13
optical density	13
genomic characterization	13
acid substitutions	13
cellular receptors	13
pathogenic avian	13
usage pattern	13
time point	13
blood donors	13
new york	13
research institute	13
wide rnai	13
iav infection	13
hmpv igg	13
healthy children	13
purification kit	13
se protein	13
mlv binding	13
human enterovirus	13
respiratory specimens	13
glycosylation site	13
associated aplastic	13
expression level	13
entry factors	13
negative results	13
immunized mice	13
positively selected	13
qpcr assay	13
negative sera	13
prepared using	13
goose parvovirus	13
acute infection	13
secondary antibodies	13
genome organization	13
encephalomyelitis virus	13
treated group	13
fold increase	13
giant panda	13
heparan sulfate	13
virome composition	13
na protein	13
whole blood	13
transfection reagent	13
previously shown	13
coronavirus hku	13
ifitm proteins	13
expressing pgpu	13
rna genome	13
tested negative	13
considered significant	13
protein genes	13
washed twice	13
human transmission	13
tract disease	13
months old	13
virus assembly	13
six months	13
data suggest	13
maximum parsimony	13
gfp nc	13
study group	13
elisa kit	13
also found	13
hrsv igg	13
pseudorabies virus	13
restriction enzyme	13
inactivated viral	13
pathogenic viruses	13
antiviral activities	12
anal swabs	12
pcr primers	12
two mirnas	12
assay system	12
dna copies	12
healthy volunteers	12
new human	12
wt mice	12
laboratory testing	12
ifitm protein	12
roche diagnostics	12
jev persistent	12
i fragment	12
antiviral drugs	12
complete protection	12
iii viral	12
naturally infected	12
bgl i	12
within days	12
old chickens	12
one step	12
health care	12
data generated	12
immune complexes	12
quantified using	12
apoptotic cells	12
fluorescence microscope	12
hiv infection	12
protein ns	12
infected rice	12
foster city	12
growth kinetics	12
sequenced using	12
systematic review	12
distress syndrome	12
protease inhibitor	12
taq dna	12
medical research	12
infection rate	12
tissue tropism	12
vehicle control	12
coronavirus ibv	12
southern vietnam	12
fusion loops	12
tick fever	12
cruz biotechnology	12
universal primer	12
viral diarrhea	12
sample collection	12
highly divergent	12
inhibit viral	12
disease associated	12
ctl epitope	12
transmembrane domains	12
much higher	12
serum dilution	12
african green	12
blot assay	12
mrna levels	12
four hours	12
important roles	12
ul protein	12
whole genome	12
colorado tick	12
chicken embryo	12
acute gastroenteritis	12
different groups	12
cell receptor	12
gastrointestinal tract	12
cp values	12
lines represent	12
mediated isothermal	12
emerging infectious	12
elution buffer	12
three independent	12
reaction mix	12
study design	12
dengue activity	12
next generation	12
developed using	12
nucleotide substitutions	12
cell growth	12
four different	12
gene silencing	12
resistance mutations	12
copies per	12
intracellular hcv	12
virus receptor	12
using pcr	12
investigate whether	12
cellular immune	12
synthetic peptides	12
among patients	12
severe influenza	12
obtained using	12
renilla luciferase	12
human lung	12
vertical transmission	12
tgev infection	12
sequence diversity	12
hcmv gb	12
coli bl	12
surface proteins	12
transcriptase pcr	12
cell type	12
cells compared	12
protein based	12
rich microdomains	12
cycle threshold	12
aedes albopictus	12
examined using	12
hpv prevalence	12
experimental conditions	12
relative humidity	12
respiratory coronavirus	12
pbs containing	12
interferon response	12
located within	12
viruses including	12
i i	12
major cause	12
antiviral agents	12
efficient replication	12
sore throat	12
virus proteins	12
autophagosomes induced	12
molecular detection	12
viruses detected	12
control cells	12
stool sample	12
etiologic agent	12
protein sequence	12
pregnant women	12
recent study	12
influenza infection	12
cov genome	12
mill homogenization	12
progeny virus	12
point mutations	12
cells treated	12
virus infectivity	12
plaque assays	12
detection rates	12
mouse monoclonal	12
based vaccines	12
clinical manifestations	12
primer pairs	12
graphpad prism	12
cov rt	12
post inoculation	12
south america	12
least two	12
international committee	12
also present	12
nucleotide position	12
prrsv infection	12
marburg virus	11
hiv negative	11
nk cell	11
acid residues	11
fatal cases	11
using either	11
infectious viruses	11
hae cultures	11
furin cleavage	11
european bats	11
second round	11
stem domain	11
cell proliferation	11
sucrose cushion	11
conserved region	11
viral spread	11
acquired infections	11
immune status	11
superscript iii	11
high fidelity	11
macrophage activation	11
immunochromatographic strips	11
interferon alpha	11
viral clearance	11
previously published	11
mouse macrophages	11
relatively high	11
reference sequences	11
san diego	11
fluorescent protein	11
much lower	11
ion channel	11
epidemiological studies	11
human papillomaviruses	11
samples contained	11
cns infection	11
ha gene	11
positive sera	11
using molecular	11
time qpcr	11
two assays	11
performed according	11
severe pneumonia	11
consensus ha	11
osterhaus ad	11
proteomics computational	11
airway epithelium	11
mass spectrometry	11
activation plasmid	11
viral life	11
host innate	11
febrile illness	11
infected animals	11
hpv positive	11
equine encephalitis	11
mice vaccinated	11
modified eagle	11
lymph nodes	11
commercially available	11
broiler chickens	11
bhk cells	11
virus using	11
differential diagnosis	11
may serve	11
conformational changes	11
washed times	11
infectious agents	11
cells co	11
signal peptide	11
binding lectin	11
simple method	11
four days	11
nasal flocked	11
first step	11
aligned using	11
high specificity	11
jev persistently	11
metagenomic analysis	11
ct value	11
dn ds	11
hypervariable region	11
eagle medium	11
transplant recipients	11
recombinant vaccinia	11
healthy adults	11
zoster virus	11
accessory proteins	11
nasopharyngeal aspirate	11
polymerase gene	11
may explain	11
wwihs scores	11
i interferons	11
south china	11
untranslated region	11
pseudotyped virus	11
higher concentrations	11
human polyomavirus	11
cdna clone	11
infectious hadv	11
zn levels	11
pcr reactions	11
sequences using	11
ibv antigens	11
ul gene	11
infection among	11
air samples	11
recombinant ibv	11
rice stripe	11
first days	11
circulating strains	11
polyclonal antisera	11
porous surfaces	11
friendship hospital	11
expression plasmid	11
mediated ifn	11
transcriptase polymerase	11
cmv promoter	11
indirect igg	11
dna sequences	11
viral pneumonia	11
indicated times	11
virus serotype	11
viral etiology	11
confirmed cases	11
hispidus cell	11
specific pathogen	11
mononuclear phagocytes	11
also reported	11
using mega	11
science foundation	11
total volume	11
human herpesvirus	11
sialic acids	11
dna poly	11
clinical presentation	11
positive wwihs	11
antiviral effects	11
observed among	11
hemagglutination inhibition	11
conserved sites	11
healthcare workers	11
dengue type	11
vector control	11
viral infectivity	11
may provide	11
post transfection	11
corresponding author	11
mm mgcl	11
five times	11
beta interferon	11
acid changes	11
blood cell	11
denv replication	11
dengue patients	11
three weeks	11
newly isolated	11
using recombinant	11
nitrocellulose membrane	11
culture system	11
mammalian cell	11
pa treatment	11
samples using	11
fusion activity	11
plasma samples	11
receptor specificity	11
prospective study	11
using confocal	11
two methods	11
viral hepatitis	11
critically ill	11
converting enzyme	11
viral gene	11
treated mice	11
animal welfare	11
seasonal influenza	11
epidemiological surveillance	11
early stage	11
computational analyses	11
age range	10
virus discovery	10
first report	10
gold standard	10
genome equivalents	10
scale bars	10
realtime pcr	10
induced activation	10
proteins encoded	10
low viral	10
linked sialic	10
green monkey	10
virus date	10
acute pharyngitis	10
virus gp	10
commercial kit	10
virus isolate	10
extension step	10
randomly selected	10
acid substitution	10
cell survival	10
sequences obtained	10
reovirus uncoating	10
three washes	10
tgev genome	10
genetic material	10
antibody levels	10
green fluorescent	10
entry process	10
immunodominant region	10
conjugated anti	10
using lipofectamine	10
multiple infections	10
muscle tissues	10
ibv antigen	10
pcr following	10
virus ns	10
gradient centrifugation	10
showed high	10
specific igg	10
antibody detection	10
genotype iii	10
assessed using	10
viral titer	10
sequences available	10
quantitative detection	10
infected vero	10
frugivorous bats	10
study protocol	10
chinese academy	10
study period	10
study demonstrated	10
stock solution	10
naturally occurring	10
final version	10
protease inhibitors	10
human virus	10
newly identified	10
single nucleotide	10
filamentous staining	10
elisa kits	10
coronavirus disease	10
lower limit	10
software version	10
sandwich elisa	10
antimicrobial peptides	10
mv lu	10
subcellular localization	10
first round	10
pseudotyping system	10
feline kidney	10
jilin province	10
detection kit	10
culture supernatant	10
intensive care	10
giant pandas	10
host factor	10
ga strains	10
virus stock	10
genetic variability	10
yeast two	10
small sample	10
human monoclonal	10
oropharyngeal swabs	10
geq ml	10
identified epitope	10
high sensitivity	10
ge copies	10
specific immune	10
ibv genome	10
expression patterns	10
mhv spike	10
method using	10
proviral dna	10
bat coronaviruses	10
multiple organ	10
sirna treated	10
host proteins	10
gadd aa	10
situ hybridization	10
mink enteritis	10
internal genes	10
porcine circovirus	10
emergency department	10
currently available	10
protein expressed	10
methods section	10
reduction assay	10
pathogen free	10
two subunits	10
patients infected	10
parechovirus type	10
frequent detection	10
natural science	10
nl orf	10
test results	10
cells stained	10
successfully amplified	10
otherwise healthy	10
killer cells	10
hexon gene	10
positive children	10
newly emerged	10
detection methods	10
antigen detection	10
infected individuals	10
dhf epidemics	10
cell carcinoma	10
viral aetiology	10
significantly different	10
coronavirus oc	10
luciferase assay	10
avian cells	10
isolated strains	10
viral antigens	10
samples showed	10
consensus sequences	10
day pi	10
technical assistance	10
pvp plasmid	10
transmission electron	10
human primates	10
gut virome	10
untreated control	10
generated using	10
mtt assay	10
serine protease	10
wide variety	10
sequencing kit	10
liver cells	10
denv infection	10
feline immunodeficiency	10
high prevalence	10
thank dr	10
minute virus	10
mbl concentrations	10
substitutions per	10
reported previously	10
map vaccine	10
cov infections	10
animal health	10
dhf dss	10
flaccid paralysis	10
viruses tested	10
first reported	10
viral persistence	10
dnase i	10
ibv mass	10
results demonstrate	10
also performed	10
control groups	10
essential medium	10
serological evidence	10
rtpcr assay	10
new england	10
novel influenza	10
multiplex reverse	10
broad range	10
huh cell	10
low level	10
highly specific	10
cost effective	10
virus titration	10
expression analysis	10
lc puncta	10
usage variation	10
beijing friendship	10
initiation codon	10
likelihood method	10
target sequence	10
ibv ark	10
ctl epitopes	10
human cell	10
fap primers	10
animal care	9
small mammals	9
highly variable	9
prv infection	9
reduced viral	9
singleplex xmap	9
nl amsterdam	9
human monocytes	9
immunized group	9
signaling technology	9
length polymorphism	9
plasmids encoding	9
full genome	9
viral agents	9
short interfering	9
host genetic	9
surveillance system	9
acidic ph	9
disease viruses	9
tested using	9
studies using	9
severe cases	9
polyacrylamide gel	9
human rhinoviruses	9
presenting cells	9
ubq gapdh	9
qualitative pcr	9
viral pathogen	9
rneasy mini	9
virus protein	9
endothelial cell	9
confidence intervals	9
recombinant plasmids	9
journal submit	9
tool helps	9
induce ifn	9
mrna level	9
specific viruses	9
dna extracted	9
antiviral treatment	9
npa specimens	9
using rt	9
submission inquiries	9
lung tissue	9
beckman coulter	9
previous reports	9
using two	9
viruses using	9
sequence similarity	9
co incubator	9
animal studies	9
primer sequences	9
ten buffer	9
inhibitory peptides	9
based indirect	9
first two	9
dendritic cell	9
infected samples	9
target genes	9
spike serum	9
pseudotyped particles	9
filamentous structures	9
hadv type	9
infected hek	9
cells per	9
caat box	9
protective efficacy	9
infectious laryngotracheitis	9
microrna mir	9
apparently healthy	9
particle group	9
also associated	9
coronavirus replication	9
fragment length	9
hadv infections	9
virus glycoproteins	9
virus spike	9
eukaryotic expression	9
transport media	9
findings suggest	9
previously undescribed	9
gut microbiome	9
culture plates	9
reference sequence	9
structural genes	9
forming units	9
antiviral drug	9
epidemic potential	9
oligonucleotide microarray	9
simian virus	9
fusion peptide	9
ne inhibitor	9
higher level	9
provide protection	9
eukaryotic cells	9
cellular proteins	9
old embryonated	9
major histocompatibility	9
crispr activation	9
rrna amplicon	9
influenza pandemic	9
untreated cells	9
conjugated secondary	9
analysis indicated	9
safety assessment	9
human bronchial	9
fruit bat	9
interferon regulatory	9
glycoprotein pseudotyped	9
carrier rna	9
based vaccine	9
using western	9
lymph node	9
antibody sandwich	9
splice site	9
avian leukosis	9
viral cultures	9
vietnamese cpv	9
protein interactions	9
standard curves	9
entry receptor	9
specific monoclonal	9
energy metabolism	9
recombinant nucleocapsid	9
positive feed	9
effective antiviral	9
based real	9
high fever	9
early stages	9
viral antigen	9
rhinovirus species	9
indirect immunofluorescence	9
acute hepatitis	9
shrna expression	9
prototype strain	9
epidemiology studies	9
results suggested	9
transfection efficiency	9
signal intensity	9
limiting dilution	9
commercial elisa	9
intestinal epithelial	9
experimental animal	9
tetravalent dengue	9
epitope defined	9
virus nucleocapsid	9
ethidium bromide	9
herpes virus	9
differences observed	9
mm edta	9
immediate early	9
deep sequencing	9
two strains	9
relevant journal	9
kidney epithelial	9
probes used	9
virus isolated	9
prrsv nsps	9
fluorescently labeled	9
growth medium	9
viral transport	9
normalized signals	9
visualized using	9
play important	9
ct values	9
indirect igm	9
stop codons	9
fold changes	9
incubated overnight	9
highly virulent	9
infected plc	9
evaluated using	9
rhesus monkey	9
supply system	9
different species	9
i vfp	9
virus structural	9
differences among	9
ab test	9
group piglet	9
mutation rate	9
selector tool	9
cov genomes	9
disease pathogenesis	9
rna sequences	9
reactive oxygen	9
antigenic diversity	9
specific cd	9
initiation factor	9
bacterial community	9
sirna targeting	9
haemorrhagic fever	9
positional effects	9
bacterial infections	9
significantly decreased	9
acid differences	9
hadv particles	9
hmpv particles	9
double stranded	9
live attenuated	9
rabies virus	9
single stranded	9
also examined	9
virus identification	9
qpcr analysis	9
ii vfp	9
regulated genes	9
virus group	9
data collection	9
target gene	9
medical sciences	9
humoral immune	9
oligonucleotide primers	9
may increase	9
experimental studies	9
viral mrna	9
may therefore	9
normalized signal	9
host restriction	9
infected macrophages	9
hpv detection	9
twice daily	9
swab specimens	9
step real	9
repeated three	9
virus neuraminidase	9
infectious viral	9
extracellular domain	9
many years	9
inhibition rate	9
using appropriate	9
common respiratory	9
blood transfusion	9
firefly luciferase	9
accept pre	9
approximately kda	9
vlp formation	9
virus persistence	9
strains circulating	9
cov spike	9
cell cycle	9
igg elisa	9
murine coronavirus	9
sirna combinations	9
dengue disease	9
glycosylation mutants	9
mosquito cells	9
acute flaccid	9
significant increase	9
dengue epidemics	9
tract samples	9
molecular testing	9
th day	9
rna transcripts	9
one virus	9
china agricultural	9
following infection	9
proinflammatory cytokines	9
ifitm crispr	9
ecor i	9
hpv infection	9
using virus	9
type infection	9
exhaled breath	9
duck enteritis	9
melting curve	9
genome analysis	9
specific host	9
flow cytometric	9
increased virulence	9
biological characteristics	9
pcr based	9
borne viruses	9
cells incubated	9
np swab	9
serine proteases	9
england biolabs	9
measured using	9
pig industry	9
fruit bats	9
ibv infection	9
two weeks	9
like protease	9
ibv ab	9
veterinary research	9
low ph	9
pediatric patients	8
negative samples	8
gpv dna	8
amplified products	8
highly prevalent	8
dead birds	8
one hour	8
quantitative reverse	8
analytical sensitivity	8
inactivated vacv	8
data suggested	8
likelihood phylogenetic	8
mouse peritoneal	8
use committee	8
like illnesses	8
phosphate buffer	8
vast majority	8
like receptors	8
peritonitis virus	8
normal bhk	8
primary antibodies	8
infectious sars	8
broiler flocks	8
two groups	8
recombinant human	8
genetic lineages	8
host interactions	8
puerto rico	8
smooth muscle	8
transferred onto	8
syncytium formation	8
day old	8
rn protein	8
surviving mice	8
glycoprotein gene	8
prrsv ch	8
array assay	8
may contribute	8
human metapneumoviruses	8
exact test	8
polyclonal antiserum	8
various cell	8
i site	8
rice black	8
immune complex	8
simian immunodeficiency	8
similar results	8
respiratory illnesses	8
ex taq	8
rptec pp	8
dengue haemorrhagic	8
amplification products	8
elisa system	8
hepatocellular carcinoma	8
pdm virus	8
infective dose	8
mouse cells	8
mice infected	8
sirna transfection	8
sucrose interface	8
transmission potential	8
also demonstrated	8
confidence interval	8
infections among	8
killer cell	8
hepg cells	8
several viral	8
significantly inhibited	8
clinical presentations	8
laboratory animal	8
inducible nitric	8
weight gain	8
data sets	8
host tropism	8
protein levels	8
host interaction	8
per gene	8
children years	8
genomic mrnas	8
risk factor	8
serum antibodies	8
dashed line	8
rna extracted	8
inhibition assay	8
enterovirus serotypes	8
actin mrna	8
density lipoprotein	8
control measures	8
using reverse	8
molecular diagnosis	8
microplate reader	8
observed using	8
containing fetal	8
acid amplification	8
adhesion molecule	8
host defence	8
treated groups	8
variation among	8
recombinant expression	8
human host	8
collected samples	8
better understanding	8
inhibit mev	8
two cell	8
epidermal growth	8
neuraminidase inhibitor	8
low density	8
analysis based	8
contact tracing	8
study demonstrates	8
different lineages	8
recognition receptors	8
control virus	8
surface glycoproteins	8
mouse antibody	8
koalas harbouring	8
immune recognition	8
cold pbs	8
positive cases	8
provide evidence	8
transport medium	8
strain isolated	8
avian viral	8
cov replication	8
reagent kit	8
fold dilutions	8
asfv genotype	8
cell monolayer	8
like particle	8
identify host	8
mut mir	8
secondary infection	8
control serum	8
bat virus	8
interference inhibition	8
rna expression	8
compared using	8
tbk ikk	8
cells via	8
porcine hemagglutinating	8
shock syndrome	8
stem cell	8
neutralizing epitopes	8
increased risk	8
viral transmission	8
infectious cdna	8
first identified	8
membrane glycoprotein	8
antibiotic treatment	8
viral glycoprotein	8
many studies	8
samples positive	8
length infectious	8
mediated membrane	8
wwihs score	8
pol processivity	8
high degree	8
proteome analysis	8
scanning electron	8
erk mapk	8
children less	8
hydrophobic protein	8
relatively low	8
mouse sera	8
south korean	8
natural reservoirs	8
rna samples	8
days later	8
targeting dna	8
bigdye terminator	8
pcr buffer	8
laboratory work	8
type dna	8
published article	8
virus molecular	8
bronchitis coronavirus	8
infection control	8
viral inhibition	8
leukosis virus	8
recombinant plasmid	8
one cycle	8
ii viral	8
infection experiments	8
transcription pcr	8
encephalitis viruses	8
dengue shock	8
membrane proteins	8
molecular analysis	8
clart hpv	8
viruses causing	8
asian cpv	8
results show	8
considered positive	8
clinical outcomes	8
incubation period	8
hmpv filaments	8
also included	8
animal species	8
annealing temperature	8
rna quasispecies	8
purified recombinant	8
human gut	8
gold particles	8
southern china	8
showed better	8
natural host	8
another study	8
pcr results	8
dietary zn	8
glycoprotein precursor	8
pierce biotechnology	8
severe neurological	8
luciferase gene	8
distilled water	8
pcr positive	8
secondary bacterial	8
largely unknown	8
ibv beaudette	8
clinical management	8
clinical trials	8
cleavage sites	8
relative expression	8
target mirnas	8
virus attachment	8
two species	8
contained infectious	8
vir virus	8
using clustal	8
novel method	8
npa samples	8
per sample	8
logistic regression	8
remains unknown	8
liquid chromatography	8
zoonotic potential	8
effective vaccines	8
henipavirus envelope	8
comparative sequence	8
streaked dwarf	8
ubc actin	8
point mutation	8
per reaction	8
sri lanka	8
molecular clock	8
using parsimony	8
dnase treatment	8
simplified vidisca	8
quantitative analysis	8
using standard	8
nc mimics	8
log increase	8
critical role	8
acid identities	8
rn test	8
fluorescein isothiocyanate	8
cell receptors	8
promoter region	8
pig farms	8
binding site	8
cell debris	8
bars represent	8
dependent enhancement	8
established fq	8
bootstrap replicates	8
new virus	8
increased expression	8
infection prevention	8
cytokine production	8
epitope se	8
virus propagation	8
wild felids	8
loaded onto	8
immunofluorescence staining	8
medium containing	8
base pairs	8
gene regions	8
suckling piglets	8
reaction buffer	8
viral genes	8
three years	8
spitc derivatization	8
kg day	8
borne encephalitis	8
dmem containing	8
substitution model	8
ribosomal rna	8
future studies	8
hadv detection	8
tumour necrosis	8
stranded positive	8
viral quasispecies	8
dmem medium	8
green fluorescence	8
defence mechanisms	8
protein showed	8
pr virus	8
using trizol	8
first detected	8
hcvpp infection	8
linear regression	8
recombinant hmpv	8
laboratory diagnosis	8
cell apoptosis	8
time consuming	8
mbl gene	8
mutation pressure	8
gp superfamily	8
embryonic death	8
virus recovery	8
harbouring endogenous	8
pcr inhibition	8
viral genomes	8
selective pressure	8
receptor function	8
slightly higher	8
rnai screening	8
normal control	8
deleted virus	8
clinical trial	8
including human	8
virus panel	8
capture elisa	8
data indicate	8
laboratory procedures	8
using rna	8
infected llc	8
serum sample	8
human pathogens	8
transcriptional activity	8
virus positive	8
virus filaments	8
spike proteins	8
fold serial	8
genetic recombination	8
assay using	8
hmpv proteins	8
secondary dhf	8
watery diarrhea	8
source water	8
viral capsid	8
pdm influenza	8
peritoneal macrophages	8
baculovirus gp	8
group showed	8
human infections	8
proteolytic cleavage	8
synthetic peptide	8
embryonic kidney	8
electron microscope	8
hcv envelope	8
fapn expression	8
hydrophobicity scale	8
study indicated	8
sera samples	8
million people	8
confocal microscope	8
virus species	8
ct strain	8
respiratory failure	8
virus serotypes	8
infection human	8
fields virology	7
protein plays	7
taqman probe	7
mean fluorescence	7
virus cell	7
based enzyme	7
using maximum	7
clinical course	7
years ago	7
colony formation	7
fluorescent microscope	7
virus dna	7
cause disease	7
also important	7
cellular receptor	7
democratic republic	7
infected crfk	7
lp cells	7
infected cultures	7
mainland china	7
short hairpin	7
done using	7
viruses present	7
monitored daily	7
quality control	7
virus expressing	7
thermo scientific	7
higher sensitivity	7
sirna expression	7
spent media	7
infect humans	7
viral lysis	7
cell populations	7
urgent need	7
different stages	7
respiratory secretions	7
cerebrospinal fluid	7
avian diseases	7
species tropism	7
two main	7
laboratory personnel	7
potential use	7
previous page	7
probably due	7
cytometric analysis	7
cervical swabs	7
approximately kb	7
enterovirus species	7
virus genotypes	7
study using	7
different mechanisms	7
using specific	7
dpi strain	7
coronaviridae family	7
linked glycosylation	7
without pa	7
central role	7
hcv genotype	7
pcr purification	7
primary dhf	7
virus antigen	7
total viral	7
contributed equally	7
seropositive rates	7
live virus	7
rayon throat	7
based detection	7
spike igg	7
national natural	7
intestinal tract	7
protein induces	7
virus taxonomy	7
resistant influenza	7
poorly understood	7
human embryonic	7
human stool	7
control plasmid	7
accessory protein	7
asf outbreaks	7
chicken flocks	7
flavivirus genus	7
induces apoptosis	7
three days	7
critically revised	7
complementary dna	7
infected tissues	7
vp region	7
phase i	7
i viral	7
various viruses	7
limited number	7
commercial test	7
fat milk	7
infectious clone	7
human herpes	7
specific pcr	7
infect cells	7
ml spiked	7
three new	7
pcr protocol	7
spring source	7
fold diluted	7
convalescent plasma	7
rapid identification	7
basic amino	7
order mononegavirales	7
virus subgroup	7
protection study	7
flow cytometer	7
direct contact	7
genus flavivirus	7
clinical disease	7
species identification	7
natural reservoir	7
tata box	7
may result	7
candidate vaccine	7
pcr inhibitors	7
hospitalized patients	7
hemagglutinin gene	7
earlier studies	7
valley fever	7
epidemiological data	7
human cd	7
viral membrane	7
triplicate samples	7
vivo studies	7
virus characterization	7
rna viral	7
rna transcribed	7
estimating fifty	7
attenuated porcine	7
genomic regions	7
per year	7
virus spread	7
rtpcr detected	7
recombinant viruses	7
distinct mechanisms	7
virus evolution	7
inflammatory responses	7
cell population	7
nuclear factor	7
institutional review	7
overlapping genes	7
rna shedding	7
year old	7
dengue serotype	7
coronary artery	7
also affect	7
genetics system	7
infect dis	7
neonatal herpes	7
taqman real	7
west africa	7
expression profiles	7
igg antibodies	7
infection rates	7
may prove	7
coding sequences	7
null control	7
cotton cloth	7
primer sets	7