bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
rna viruses	648
viral rna	612
viral infection	611
influenza virus	603
viral replication	561
viral load	501
viral infections	495
virus infection	493
immune response	446
host cell	406
infected cells	405
viral proteins	389
respiratory tract	338
virus replication	338
gene expression	334
acute respiratory	323
viral genome	320
herpes simplex	309
rna virus	287
simplex virus	281
virus type	265
immune responses	259
viral particles	258
immunodeficiency virus	247
respiratory viruses	238
epithelial cells	237
respiratory syndrome	237
type i	234
nucleic acid	234
immune system	232
human immunodeficiency	230
innate immune	228
rna polymerase	221
severe acute	201
host cells	200
viral genomes	196
viral protein	195
cell culture	191
amino acid	185
plasma membrane	176
respiratory syncytial	168
protein synthesis	167
viral dna	165
vaccinia virus	164
syncytial virus	160
antiviral activity	159
dna viruses	159
stranded rna	154
rna interference	152
cell surface	151
host factors	151
life cycle	146
doc id	145
cord uid	145
viral gene	143
translation initiation	140
infectious diseases	138
vesicular stomatitis	137
capsid protein	136
stomatitis virus	133
may also	131
silver nanoparticles	125
enveloped viruses	125
disease virus	124
dengue virus	123
binding protein	121
bovine viral	121
viral entry	120
respiratory infections	118
syndrome coronavirus	118
genomic rna	116
host immune	116
virus infections	116
mouth disease	115
class i	114
influenza viruses	114
viral loads	113
reverse transcription	113
nucleic acids	111
rna replication	111
defective interfering	110
virus particles	110
rna recombination	108
cell lines	108
viral diseases	106
protein kinase	105
time pcr	105
united states	104
chain reaction	104
viral pathogens	104
common cold	103
reverse transcriptase	103
respiratory viral	103
dependent rna	102
lower respiratory	102
polymerase chain	101
upper respiratory	99
viral diarrhea	99
human rhinovirus	98
antiviral therapy	98
respiratory virus	98
ebola virus	97
mammalian cells	96
fever virus	96
diarrhea virus	96
rna synthesis	95
antiviral agents	94
public health	94
west nile	93
structural proteins	93
clinical trials	93
target cells	92
antiviral drugs	92
strand rna	91
viral pneumonia	91
drug delivery	90
acquired pneumonia	90
i interferon	89
infl uenza	89
neutralizing antibodies	89
membrane fusion	87
cell death	87
cell spread	87
barr virus	86
symptom onset	86
viral respiratory	85
nile virus	84
viral mrnas	84
endoplasmic reticulum	83
viral pathogenesis	83
drug resistance	83
rna genome	82
hiv infection	81
innate immunity	81
cell cycle	80
many viruses	78
cellular mrnas	78
viral shedding	77
host proteins	77
viral mrna	77
infected cell	76
measles virus	76
large number	76
viral nucleic	76
important role	75
coronavirus disease	73
infected patients	73
viral life	73
genome replication	71
viral sequences	71
novel coronavirus	71
amino acids	71
viruses may	70
sindbis virus	70
virus entry	70
infected mice	70
animal viruses	70
cellular proteins	70
nervous system	69
viral species	69
intensive care	69
mutant spectrum	69
extracellular vesicles	69
respiratory disease	69
viral disease	68
dendritic cells	68
iav infection	67
mosaic virus	67
respiratory infection	67
cell membrane	66
tract infections	66
mhc class	66
adaptive immune	66
binding proteins	65
infectious virus	65
viral genomic	65
viral envelope	65
cells infected	65
human cytomegalovirus	64
binding site	63
risk factors	63
monoclonal antibodies	63
replication cycle	63
recent studies	62
influenza infection	62
rna binding	62
rna pol	62
swine fever	62
capsid proteins	62
viral genes	61
streptococcus pneumoniae	61
viral metagenomics	61
high viral	61
interfering particles	60
cell line	60
heart failure	59
central nervous	59
viral rnas	59
latent infection	59
virus rna	59
sendai virus	58
endomyocardial biopsy	58
host range	58
wild type	58
respiratory illness	57
mutant spectra	57
electron microscopy	57
initiation factor	57
nucleotide sequence	57
ribosome entry	57
viral quasispecies	57
hela cells	57
nuclear export	57
cell cultures	57
internal ribosome	57
protease inhibitors	57
sars coronavirus	56
zika virus	56
rhinovirus infection	56
genetic material	56
side effects	56
middle east	55
immune evasion	55
human metapneumovirus	55
viral inactivation	55
viral detection	55
cell types	55
viral population	55
cell transmission	55
persistent infection	54
asthma exacerbations	54
copies ml	54
host protein	54
dna polymerase	54
world health	54
generation sequencing	54
entry site	54
even though	54
mutation rate	54
avian influenza	54
east respiratory	54
sense rna	53
recent study	53
high levels	53
pm dm	53
interaction sites	53
health organization	52
molecular mechanisms	52
molecular biology	52
viral particle	52
virus genome	52
viral antigens	52
cellular rna	51
land use	51
mouse model	51
stranded dna	51
different viruses	51
chronic hepatitis	50
interfering rna	50
water samples	50
tract infection	49
i ifn	49
interfering rnas	49
infectious disease	49
animal models	49
host rna	49
wide range	49
tissue culture	49
viral translation	49
encephalitis virus	48
small interfering	48
sialic acid	48
growth factor	48
matrix protein	48
human coronavirus	48
previous studies	48
respiratory specimens	48
genome sequences	48
open reading	48
dilated cardiomyopathy	47
gene therapy	47
structural protein	47
young children	47
dna replication	47
mrna translation	47
acute viral	47
target cell	47
novel viruses	47
receptor binding	47
antiviral response	46
host interactions	46
viral glycoproteins	46
bacterial pathogens	46
disease progression	46
transplant recipients	46
ns protein	46
viral populations	46
monoclonal antibody	46
hospitalized patients	46
influenza vaccine	45
binding sites	45
gene products	45
enteric viruses	45
interaction site	45
rna genomes	45
another study	45
care unit	45
mechanical ventilation	45
cellular immune	44
clinical trial	44
pandemic influenza	44
rabies virus	44
rna silencing	44
cell entry	44
viral titer	44
virus genomes	44
rna sequencing	44
immunocompromised patients	44
left ventricular	44
mice infected	44
leukemia virus	44
antibody response	44
cohort study	44
virus discovery	44
human bocavirus	43
infectious agents	43
cell responses	43
inflammatory cytokines	43
immune cells	43
viral fitness	43
type ii	43
encephalomyocarditis virus	43
also known	43
otitis media	43
frog virus	43
human papillomavirus	43
yellow fever	43
least one	43
severe disease	42
may occur	42
viral vectors	42
crystal structure	42
different viral	42
several studies	42
ribosomal protein	42
viral diversity	42
hospital mortality	42
parainfluenza virus	42
cellular protein	42
closely related	42
high mutation	42
specific ctl	42
bacterial infections	42
caprylic acid	42
viral capsid	41
antiviral immunity	41
envelope proteins	41
viral polymerase	41
plasmid dna	41
viral tubes	41
live attenuated	41
hcv infection	41
host defense	41
deep sequencing	40
viral infectivity	40
rna viral	40
virus strains	40
author funder	40
human cells	40
initiation factors	40
heart disease	40
membrane protein	40
granted medrxiv	40
virus particle	40
cultured cells	40
recent years	40
reading frame	40
metal nanoparticles	40
highly conserved	40
related viruses	39
specific viral	39
gene transfer	39
performed using	39
viral meningitis	39
nucleocapsid protein	39
envelope protein	39
spectrum antiviral	39
several viruses	39
security proteins	39
viral safety	39
polymerase ii	39
secondary bacterial	39
host translation	39
bacterial infection	39
human host	38
quantitative real	38
clinical outcomes	38
mutation rates	38
clinical characteristics	38
dna synthesis	38
fi rst	38
virus assembly	38
untranslated region	38
like receptors	38
pathogenic viruses	38
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	38
lethal mutagenesis	38
viral clearance	38
cell response	37
like receptor	37
spike protein	37
small molecule	37
different types	37
peer review	37
nonstructural protein	37
necrosis factor	37
genome sequence	37
sequence analysis	37
cellular processes	37
previously described	37
reverse genetics	37
antiretroviral therapy	36
protease inhibitor	36
patients infected	36
protein interactions	36
human viruses	36
viral etiology	36
bone marrow	36
fusion protein	36
new viral	36
gene product	36
nuclear pore	36
virus vaccine	36
rna sequences	36
health care	36
two different	36
signaling pathways	36
rna molecules	36
envelope glycoprotein	36
viral myocarditis	36
situ hybridization	36
cell myocarditis	36
like particles	35
escape mutants	35
neutralizing antibody	35
widely used	35
viral spread	35
reading frames	35
low viral	35
severe cap	35
virus evolution	35
viral agents	35
antiviral drug	35
total rna	35
giant cell	35
cl pro	35
binding domain	35
virus production	35
gold nanoparticles	35
vaccine development	35
inflammatory response	35
antiviral effect	35
also found	35
metagenomic analysis	35
one study	35
genetic diversity	34
may lead	34
virus strain	34
host species	34
direct rna	34
disease severity	34
vero cells	34
antigen presentation	34
secondary structure	34
host shutoff	34
cellular dna	34
plasma products	34
cellular membranes	34
mrna degradation	34
hong kong	34
ubiquitin ligase	34
early stage	34
among patients	34
virus ns	34
virus detection	34
bacterial pneumonia	34
quasispecies dynamics	34
epithelial cell	33
type virus	33
dependent manner	33
prolonged viral	33
seasonal influenza	33
cell fusion	33
memory cells	33
hepatitis virus	33
heparan sulfate	33
data suggest	33
infection cycle	33
sequence data	33
systematic review	33
two groups	33
hcv replication	33
viral yield	33
cellular factors	33
takes place	33
cellular mrna	33
viral strains	33
viral communities	33
like protease	33
caspase cleavage	33
higher viral	32
cytopathic effect	32
days post	32
multiplex pcr	32
respiratory distress	32
cell receptor	32
golgi complex	32
post infection	32
plant viruses	32
choriomeningitis virus	32
fatal cases	32
clinical use	32
forest virus	32
determine whether	32
antibody responses	32
virus transmission	32
african swine	32
rhinovirus infections	32
uninfected cells	31
transcription factor	31
cellular rbps	31
transcription factors	31
staphylococcus aureus	31
tobacco mosaic	31
host mrna	31
hbv infection	31
clinical features	31
dna virus	31
population size	31
whole blood	31
semliki forest	31
pure viral	31
low ph	31
viral receptors	31
brain barrier	31
antiviral immune	31
sarcoma virus	31
adhesion molecule	31
antiviral therapies	31
emerging viral	31
hepatocellular carcinoma	31
mass spectrometry	31
acute infection	31
pcr assay	31
new antiviral	31
bacterial co	31
diabetes mellitus	31
coding region	31
nuclear import	31
viral sequence	31
clinical symptoms	31
hcv rna	31
bacterial tracheitis	30
virus isolation	30
viral culture	30
may result	30
dependent translation	30
increased risk	30
total number	30
genetic information	30
infected individuals	30
clinical outcome	30
cell proliferation	30
chikungunya virus	30
clinical samples	30
interferon induction	30
rights reserved	30
sequence space	30
acute myocarditis	30
acid substitutions	30
viral evolution	30
interferon response	30
tumor necrosis	30
signaling pathway	30
throughput sequencing	30
certain viruses	30
site mutants	30
virus spread	30
phase i	30
proteins involved	30
cell receptors	30
complete genome	30
associated herpesvirus	30
rnai screen	29
key role	29
authors declare	29
viral attachment	29
relative abundance	29
antibody titers	29
virus population	29
human rhinoviruses	29
viral sepsis	29
adult patients	29
resistance mutations	29
autoimmune diseases	29
reuse allowed	29
th ctl	29
natural killer	29
translation machinery	29
viral persistence	29
structural basis	29
years old	29
efficient viral	29
pcr assays	29
fusion peptide	29
asthma exacerbation	29
without permission	29
antiviral signaling	29
viral mirnas	29
peripheral blood	29
among children	29
allowed without	29
highly pathogenic	29
viral receptor	29
genomic rnas	29
viruses including	29
inhibit viral	29
chronic viral	29
asthmatic children	29
polysome association	29
antiviral defense	29
molecular weight	29
disease control	29
controlled trial	29
viral community	28
influenza vaccines	28
human respiratory	28
viral diarrhoea	28
classical swine	28
cell membranes	28
studies using	28
commercially available	28
interferon production	28
viral tests	28
ribosomal subunit	28
major histocompatibility	28
human influenza	28
cap structure	28
may contribute	28
respiratory samples	28
see chapter	28
nonenveloped viruses	28
proteasomal degradation	28
gene silencing	28
severe pneumonia	28
host factor	28
envelope glycoproteins	28
common cause	28
zoster virus	28
human plasma	28
conformational changes	28
economic impact	28
eukaryotic cells	28
sequencing technologies	28
phylogenetic analysis	28
viruses use	28
proteolytic cleavage	28
respiratory failure	28
surface proteins	28
sars viral	28
pulmonary disease	28
several viral	28
viral growth	28
virus capsid	28
antiviral effects	28
human pathogens	28
take place	28
viral co	28
replication complex	28
fusion proteins	28
endothelial cells	28
cell type	28
murine leukemia	28
new viruses	27
infected host	27
vigen pipeline	27
cancer patients	27
activated protein	27
virus may	27
clinical presentation	27
core protein	27
defective viral	27
viral components	27
international committee	27
restriction factors	27
viral surface	27
log copies	27
eif gi	27
viral transcripts	27
membrane proteins	27
viral evasion	27
viral antigen	27
molecular basis	27
respiratory symptoms	27
will also	27
bioaerosol sampler	27
ctl response	27
hrv infection	27
norwalk virus	27
rna polymerases	27
persistently infected	27
eukaryotic initiation	27
prospective study	27
virus receptor	26
terminal domain	26
rna structures	26
mrna cap	26
herpes virus	26
infect humans	26
viruses encode	26
respiratory pathogens	26
specific antibodies	26
virus disease	26
viral dynamics	26
mutant virus	26
stem cells	26
replicative fitness	26
rubella virus	26
clinical course	26
may cause	26
antiviral state	26
based purification	26
virus concentration	26
growth rate	26
antiviral agent	26
cervical cancer	26
cellular functions	26
early viral	26
transgenic mice	26
critical role	26
commonly used	26
library preparation	26
copyright holder	26
host response	26
viral reduction	26
enveloped virus	26
hemorrhagic fever	25
viral genetic	25
following infection	25
human disease	25
resistance mechanisms	25
resistant mutants	25
syndrome virus	25
novel antiviral	25
new york	25
cytomegalovirus infection	25
broad spectrum	25
airway epithelial	25
better understanding	25
microbial communities	25
cellular immunity	25
conformational change	25
plaque assay	25
cellular receptors	25
regulate viral	25
viral titers	25
reduced viral	25
lung injury	25
another example	25
host rbps	25
cleavage site	25
early stages	25
cellular receptor	25
sequencing data	25
much less	25
proinflammatory cytokines	25
adverse effects	25
essential role	25
air pollution	25
japanese encephalitis	25
animal virus	25
simian virus	25
active site	25
antigenic variants	25
emerging viruses	25
ctl responses	25
ribosomal proteins	25
vsv infection	25
dendritic cell	25
pcr amplification	25
viral membrane	25
hcv ires	25
specific antibody	25
chronic disease	25
defi ned	24
cellular genes	24
accessory proteins	24
severe respiratory	24
hiv replication	24
room temperature	24
naturally occurring	24
class ii	24
first time	24
virus glycoprotein	24
inducible gtpases	24
rous sarcoma	24
different mechanisms	24
virus metagenomics	24
critically ill	24
treated patients	24
convalescent plasma	24
human health	24
identifi ed	24
viral budding	24
pore complex	24
also reported	24
distress syndrome	24
cytokine production	24
causative agent	24
viral mirna	24
host cellular	24
rna helicase	24
recent advances	24
individual viral	24
remains unclear	24
one patient	24
statistically significant	24
acid sequences	24
well known	24
may help	24
eukaryotic translation	24
clinical practice	24
many viral	24
replicative homeostasis	23
protein expression	23
i ifns	23
viral variants	23
mediated endocytosis	23
error catastrophe	23
emerging infectious	23
disease resistance	23
ifn production	23
short hairpin	23
immune signaling	23
small rnas	23
lymph nodes	23
infection control	23
vast majority	23
like viruses	23
may act	23
following viral	23
neuraminidase inhibitors	23
chronic obstructive	23
coronavirus infection	23
protein levels	23
known viruses	23
antiviral strategies	23
viruses like	23
protein interaction	23
protein complexes	23
protein vp	23
type iii	23
tissue tropism	23
viral structural	23
patients without	23
wide variety	23
entry inhibitors	23
antiviral innate	23
asthma patients	23
viral targets	23
viral mutants	23
genomic dna	23
heat shock	23
mouse hepatitis	23
regulatory factor	23
virion assembly	23
clinical studies	23
ribosome biogenesis	23
gene delivery	23
associated protein	22
beta interferon	22
lipid metabolism	22
full length	22
nonstructural proteins	22
cd cd	22
fatty acid	22
progeny virus	22
genomic sequences	22
previously reported	22
infection period	22
consensus sequence	22
cell contact	22
may represent	22
subcellular localization	22
encoded micrornas	22
picornavirus infections	22
parainfl uenza	22
pattern recognition	22
viral transcription	22
less likely	22
equine encephalitis	22
several different	22
one virus	22
viral fusion	22
influenza hemagglutinin	22
obstructive pulmonary	22
mixed viral	22
alveolar macrophages	22
infectious particles	22
natural history	22
virus life	22
plaque velocity	22
recently reported	22
signal transduction	22
synthetic sirna	22
clinical data	22
fold increase	22
pore size	22
post symptom	22
inhibiting viral	22
viral diagnosis	22
encode proteins	22
virus removal	22
results suggest	22
acute phase	22
induced disease	22
inhibitory effect	22
ifn induction	22
pol fidelity	22
liver cancer	22
protective immunity	22
protein sequences	22
see table	22
viral assembly	22
virus variants	22
virus dna	22
infected animals	22
tumor cells	22
surface receptors	22
respiratory illnesses	21
converting enzyme	21
bronchial epithelial	21
time points	21
innate antiviral	21
standard deviation	21
genetic engineering	21
clinical specimens	21
ifn response	21
gastrointestinal tract	21
acute otitis	21
mrna decay	21
nitric oxide	21
medrxiv preprint	21
potential role	21
virion rna	21
lipid bilayer	21
rna decay	21
endosomal membrane	21
newly synthesized	21
oxidative stress	21
density lipoprotein	21
rna transcripts	21
disease outbreaks	21
cellular machinery	21
animal species	21
clinical disease	21
significantly higher	21
histocompatibility complex	21
gut microbiome	21
viral identification	21
serum antibody	21
positive strand	21
effector cells	21
quality control	21
respiratory diseases	21
direct cell	21
increased susceptibility	21
associated virus	21
initial viral	21
productive infection	21
small molecules	21
affect viral	21
two major	21
subgenomic rna	21
version posted	21
acute asthma	21
host innate	21
severe covid	21
ribosomal entry	21
per year	21
viral families	21
cardiac involvement	21
protein inhibits	21
copy number	21
current knowledge	21
small number	21
myocardial infarction	21
viral metagenomic	21
high frequency	21
neuraminidase inhibitor	20
iav replication	20
persistent infections	20
latently infected	20
golgi stacks	20
viruses also	20
stem cell	20
induced apoptosis	20
among others	20
antiviral properties	20
avian leukosis	20
lymph node	20
severe cases	20
new virus	20
extensively studied	20
cov infection	20
vitro transcription	20
golgi membranes	20
i molecules	20
new host	20
also observed	20
molecular methods	20
viral signal	20
alpha beta	20
clinical manifestations	20
rna modifications	20
cd cells	20
replication machinery	20
quantitative pcr	20
developing countries	20
ribosomal frameshifting	20
cellular pathways	20
large amounts	20
filter media	20
infections may	20
cell interactions	20
web server	20
high level	20
antiviral treatment	20
reference genome	20
inhibitory activity	20
viral pathogen	20
immune recognition	20
million people	20
plasma fractionation	20
lipid droplets	20
factors involved	20
next generation	20
gene regulation	20
whole genome	20
specific cellular	20
replication organelles	20
different stages	20
point mutations	20
short linear	20
copies per	20
membrane structures	20
also used	20
north america	20
dna vaccine	20
vitro studies	20
publicly available	20
rna fragments	20
large dna	20
diagnostic tests	20
emergency department	20
diarrhoea virus	20
viral immune	20
studies suggest	20
internal ribosomal	20
viral host	20
hospital admission	20
various viral	20
crucial role	20
specific th	20
genome sequencing	20
viral ars	20
solid organ	20
genomic material	19
particle size	19
species transmission	19
novel rna	19
bronchoalveolar lavage	19
approved drugs	19
family members	19
host mrnas	19
virus induced	19
feline calicivirus	19
two main	19
age group	19
cells expressing	19
murine model	19
recent report	19
bacterial ars	19
structural units	19
nasal aspirates	19
major role	19
causative agents	19
tract samples	19
targeting viral	19
ill patients	19
short interfering	19
significant differences	19
mononuclear cells	19
protective effect	19
antibody production	19
high sensitivity	19
titer growth	19
host antiviral	19
therapeutic potential	19
cellular rnas	19
hiv aids	19
rna stability	19
sirnas targeting	19
viral transmission	19
normal mice	19
therapeutic agents	19
may provide	19
skeletal muscle	19
infection may	19
one hand	19
thymidine kinase	19
human enterovirus	19
study showed	19
hrv types	19
single amino	19
antiviral compounds	19
iav infections	19
nsp protein	19
translational control	19
kinase activity	19
viral replicase	19
molecular techniques	19
rna template	19
gel electrophoresis	19
healthy adults	19
culture medium	19
cerebrospinal fluid	19
serum samples	19
single nucleotide	19
hek cells	19
humoral immune	19
pediatric patients	19
molecular epidemiology	19
encephalomyelitis virus	19
intracellular parasites	19
complex formation	19
blood cells	19
venezuelan equine	19
sudden death	19
binding activity	19
helicase activity	19
virus inactivation	19
spleen cells	19
sequencing reads	19
also called	18
viral croup	18
ventricular dysfunction	18
proteins may	18
cell protein	18
based assays	18
first step	18
intercellular adhesion	18
healthy individuals	18
clinical applications	18
virus protein	18
virus defective	18
many rna	18
specific antiviral	18
variant viral	18
papilloma virus	18
mutation frequency	18
common viral	18
interferon regulatory	18
cytopathic effects	18
linear motifs	18
age groups	18
cell function	18
proteins required	18
microbial community	18
cytokine storm	18
obligate intracellular	18
viral proteases	18
new insights	18
persistent viral	18
human papilloma	18
one example	18
highly active	18
vrnp complex	18
incubation period	18
acid sequence	18
canine distemper	18
molecular characterization	18
hospitalized children	18
assembly sites	18
purification method	18
positively charged	18
coronavirus replication	18
myocardial involvement	18
cells may	18
nk cells	18
including viral	18
late endosomes	18
acquired immunodeficiency	18
ifn expression	18
proviral dna	18
lipoprotein receptor	18
secondary structures	18
fitness cost	18
delivery systems	18
canine parvovirus	18
virus vaccines	18
messenger rna	18
known viral	18
qtc prolongation	18
antisense rna	18
significant difference	18
major cause	18
relatively low	18
viral isolates	18
novel viral	18
expression levels	18
antiviral responses	18
viral cell	18
evidence suggests	18
immunosuppressive therapy	18
cellular uptake	18
organ transplant	18
virus taxonomy	18
selective translation	18
see also	18
present study	18
high degree	18
cell lysis	18
data collection	18
per cell	18
untranslated regions	18
might also	18
endocytic pathway	17
vacv replication	17
heparan sulphate	17
virus cell	17
linked immunosorbent	17
statistical analysis	17
drug discovery	17
lytic replication	17
infection induces	17
heat treatment	17
specific cd	17
poorly understood	17
immediate early	17
results indicate	17
plant virus	17
sample preparation	17
target viral	17
antiviral efficacy	17
primary infection	17
cellular gene	17
viral ires	17
human lung	17
protein translation	17
bacterial colonization	17
animal model	17
human coronaviruses	17
cell tropism	17
adenovirus type	17
high affinity	17
pseudorabies virus	17
control measures	17
mediated immunity	17
antiviral resistance	17
population dynamics	17
borna disease	17
start codon	17
mutant viruses	17
human infection	17
mg ml	17
low levels	17
kidney cells	17
poliovirus infection	17
virus specific	17
may affect	17
main protease	17
small animal	17
virus nucleoprotein	17
findings suggest	17
human population	17
taken together	17
muscle cells	17
ssrna viruses	17
genome segments	17
recent work	17
virus release	17
presenting cells	17
also shown	17
neuronal cells	17
type infection	17
nucleotide sequences	17
cell biology	17
virus will	17
golgi apparatus	17
also occur	17
polymerase activity	17
dna damage	17
cellular membrane	17
children years	17
currently used	17
informed consent	17
baseline viral	17
hollow fiber	17
logistic regression	17
genome size	17
data set	17
low density	17
mammal species	17
brome mosaic	17
viral hfs	17
host gene	17
potential therapeutic	17
nuclear factor	17
helper virus	17
antigenic diversity	17
ctl activity	17
least two	17
selective pressure	17
virus infected	17
limited number	17
immune escape	17
rapid diagnosis	17
viral enzymes	17
nucleoside analogs	17
pk pd	17
infectious virions	17
also important	17
domestic animals	17
vp vp	16
highly divergent	16
viral copies	16
also identified	16
resistant mutant	16
ventricular arrhythmias	16
study group	16
positive samples	16
human viral	16
neonatal intensive	16
rna degradation	16
sequence alignment	16
swab samples	16
primary cells	16
rift valley	16
many studies	16
recently identified	16
dependent protein	16
exchange chromatography	16
incoming viral	16
cell epitopes	16
time point	16
patients hospitalized	16
many different	16
posterior oropharyngeal	16
ires activity	16
ribonucleic acid	16
virus attachment	16
virus polymerase	16
coat protein	16
hiv rna	16
mek erk	16
translational modification	16
antiviral action	16
chronic hcv	16
proteasome system	16
study also	16
new resistance	16
immune cell	16
differentially expressed	16
molecular mechanism	16
last years	16
synthetic peptides	16
data sets	16
tight junctions	16
viral metagenomes	16
viral discovery	16
viral strategies	16
membrane dynamics	16
molecular detection	16
coding sequences	16
several factors	16
model viruses	16
immunodeficiency syndrome	16
cycle viral	16
cellular environment	16
encoded mirnas	16
viral kinetics	16
vascular endothelial	16
enteroviral infections	16
valley fever	16
dsrna viruses	16
virus species	16
human igg	16
high throughput	16
per sample	16
liver disease	16
binding affinity	16
future studies	16
secretory pathway	16
bvdv isolates	16
respiratory secretions	16
experimental evidence	16
type glycoprotein	16
enhance viral	16
different strains	16
ctl memory	16
will likely	16
nuclear membrane	16
highly sensitive	16
nk cell	16
immunosorbent assay	16
rna structure	16
determined using	16
restriction factor	16
lines represent	16
defense mechanism	16
experimental studies	16
recombination events	16
dna genome	16
coding sequence	16
novel virus	16
rnase iii	16
acid residues	16
parental virus	16
broad range	16
last decade	16
significantly different	16
doublestranded rna	16
samples using	16
free virus	16
block viral	16
lung epithelial	16
infectious bronchitis	16
genetic variability	16
nuclear entry	16
hospital stay	16
defense mechanisms	16
antiviral inhibitors	16
cellular enzymes	16
nuclear localization	16
replication complexes	16
epigenetic repression	16
several mechanisms	16
multiple viruses	16
gold standard	16
recombinant viruses	16
cancer cells	16
infection results	16
diagnostic testing	16
cells via	16
different cell	16
stool samples	16
diatom colony	16
late viral	16
also play	16
children aged	16
healthy children	16
genes involved	16
human rna	16
infl ammatory	16
cell recognition	16
surface expression	16
significantly reduced	15
virus types	15
antibody levels	15
escrt machinery	15
across different	15
disease prevention	15
patients admitted	15
retrospective cohort	15
population level	15
poliovirus rna	15
fatty acids	15
recipient cells	15
genetic variation	15
cell contacts	15
membranotropic peptides	15
large numbers	15
molecule inhibitors	15
lymphocytic myocarditis	15
days later	15
electron microscopic	15
mortality rate	15
hrv infections	15
results showed	15
high risk	15
mechanisms may	15
proteolytic processing	15
human adenovirus	15
experimental rhinovirus	15
confer resistance	15
disease caused	15
cellular components	15
clinical signs	15
rna interactions	15
inflammatory responses	15
rna species	15
cause disease	15
host dna	15
may play	15
genome annotation	15
various viruses	15
like protein	15
viral levels	15
disease pathogenesis	15
will provide	15
many years	15
human airway	15
multiple viral	15
haemophilus influenzae	15
virus isolates	15
diagnostic laboratory	15
polymerase fidelity	15
equine infectious	15
fusion inhibitors	15
human parainfluenza	15
viruses within	15
throat swabs	15
biological relevance	15
lytic infection	15
cell activation	15
potential antiviral	15
negatively charged	15
caspase activation	15
proven myocarditis	15
virus interactions	15
factors associated	15
mathematical models	15
well established	15
increased viral	15
mirna expression	15
induced asthma	15
memory genomes	15
viral gastroenteritis	15
dna vaccines	15
dsdna viruses	15
host defences	15
specific immune	15
reverse transcribed	15
protease activity	15
influenza pandemic	15
flow cytometry	15
virion host	15
viral glycoprotein	15
ex vivo	15
sequence identity	15
mortality rates	15
virus identification	15
genes encoding	15
virus propagation	15
polymerase complex	15
nasopharyngeal swab	15
early steps	15
particular virus	15
viruses replicate	15
sequence reads	15
systemic lupus	15
human diseases	15
drug development	15
two proteins	15
human genome	15
tyrosine kinase	15
long time	15
tissue damage	15
newly discovered	15
load monitoring	15
early gene	15
viral filtration	15
enterovirus infection	15
immune systems	15
therapeutic targets	15
peak viral	15
sewage samples	15
regenerated cellulose	15
lupus erythematosus	15
central role	15
leukosis virus	15
competing interests	15
replication sites	14
infection human	14
interferon system	14
novel human	14
preschool children	14
dependent mechanism	14
mammalian cell	14
rsv infection	14
resistant viruses	14
influenza season	14
viral production	14
regulatory proteins	14
associated reads	14
disease emergence	14
protein interacts	14
observational study	14
different families	14
highly specific	14
negative regulator	14
genetic recombination	14
recognition receptors	14
adaptive immunity	14
new therapeutic	14
integrase inhibitors	14
surface glycoproteins	14
mrna species	14
data indicate	14
efficient replication	14
parainfluenza viruses	14
study using	14
associated coronavirus	14
killer cells	14
bacterial coinfection	14
virus families	14
much higher	14
particle assembly	14
study demonstrated	14
live virus	14
negative control	14
protein sequence	14
replicase complex	14
spiked swabs	14
community acquired	14
associated rna	14
viral transport	14
cell populations	14
past years	14
rna editing	14
multiple studies	14
leader sequence	14
oxygen species	14
also provide	14
antiviral strategy	14
well characterized	14
infecting time	14
serine protease	14
veterinary medicine	14
may serve	14
small rna	14
laboratory diagnosis	14
studies showed	14
gag protein	14
still unknown	14
infectious agent	14
entry inhibitor	14
genetic barrier	14
biopsy specimens	14
viral agent	14
lyme disease	14
signifi cantly	14
per ml	14
progeny virions	14
like virus	14
nasopharyngeal aspirate	14
mammalian virus	14
sample size	14
virological synapse	14
specific virus	14
patients may	14
mammalian viruses	14
oropharyngeal saliva	14
virus matrix	14
data analysis	14
enzyme activity	14
toxic effects	14
odds ratio	14
virus growth	14
saliva samples	14
viruses contain	14
fullerene derivatives	14
promote viral	14
pkr activation	14
sequence homology	14
recombinant virus	14
biological barriers	14
cleavage sites	14
lung tissue	14
viral target	14
national center	14
polymerase inhibitors	14
total cytoplasmic	14
transport medium	14
hiv protease	14
tumor viruses	14
cell growth	14
well defined	14
escherichia coli	14
will allow	14
associated pneumonia	14
also demonstrated	14
significantly increased	14
surface area	14
virus budding	14
surface antigen	14
therapeutic approaches	14
independent mechanism	14
active myocarditis	14
thermo fisher	14
host immunity	14
covalently linked	14
capsid shell	14
frequently used	14
within days	14
drug design	14
virus infectivity	14
virus must	14
inhibitory effects	14
adaptor protein	14
cycle arrest	14
deletion mutants	14
lymphoid cells	14
highly efficient	14
associated molecular	14
rnadependent rna	14
replication cycles	14
clinical relevance	14
may involve	14
disease process	14
defective genomes	14
leading cause	14
viral activity	14
previous study	14
endothelial cell	14
mixed infections	14
attenuated influenza	14
tested positive	14
novel host	14
infect dis	14
without viral	14
significantly lower	14
become infected	14
bronchitis virus	14
cystic fibrosis	14
randomized controlled	14
newcastle disease	14
ub ligases	14
communityacquired pneumonia	14
including hiv	14
stimulated genes	14
early diagnosis	14
membrane vesicles	14
antiretroviral drugs	14
yield assays	14
vaccine candidates	14
weight loss	14
lassa virus	14
independent manner	14
fitness values	14
mumps virus	14
global health	14
virus diversity	14
transformed cells	14
expression level	14
ct values	14
rheumatoid arthritis	14
randomized clinical	14
protein function	14
enzymatic activity	14
time polymerase	14
viral illness	14
silver ions	13
nasal epithelial	13
expression profiles	13
blood mononuclear	13
culture systems	13
latent infections	13
kawasaki disease	13
traditional epidemiological	13
different host	13
rapid spread	13
major capsid	13
virus survival	13
replication fidelity	13
acid amplification	13
inhibit hiv	13
promising results	13
different ways	13
adenovirus infection	13
enclosed within	13
plasmacytoid dendritic	13
hbv replication	13
lung inflammation	13
severe community	13
molecular mimicry	13
pl pro	13
subgenomic rnas	13
macromolecular synthesis	13
virus pathogenesis	13
viruses using	13
antigenic sites	13
etiological agent	13
virus quasispecies	13
surface waters	13
antiviral protein	13
quasispecies memory	13
hiv viral	13
companion animals	13
specific binding	13
virus induces	13
infectious anemia	13
recombinant vaccinia	13
protein kinases	13
therapeutic approach	13
rbd igm	13
organ failure	13
transfected cells	13
per cent	13
social media	13
raf mek	13
magnetic resonance	13
found within	13
fi brosis	13
single virus	13
intravenous immunoglobulin	13
viral capsids	13
induces apoptosis	13
polarized epithelial	13
terminal sequences	13
requiring hospitalization	13
asthma symptoms	13
antibiotic therapy	13
dna encoding	13
additional file	13
surface protein	13
combination therapy	13
risk factor	13
throat swab	13
vaccine virus	13
previously shown	13
cells using	13
mediated translation	13
herpes viruses	13
type viruses	13
hrv type	13
nuclear transport	13
biological functions	13
cell factors	13
viral propagation	13
high concentrations	13
molecular cloning	13
may allow	13
infectious viral	13
binding domains	13
virus mrna	13
containing protein	13
gene transcription	13
many cellular	13
intrinsically disordered	13
intracellular trafficking	13
study reported	13
molecular testing	13
tumor suppressor	13
mrna stability	13
nasopharyngeal swabs	13
fusion peptides	13
viral genotypes	13
single viral	13
sars virus	13
kinase pkr	13
disease onset	13
viral virulence	13
cell adhesion	13
complementary rna	13
rapid viral	13
coxsackie virus	13
initiation codon	13
virus proteins	13
influenza viral	13
several types	13
detect viral	13
another mechanism	13
particles per	13
categorical variables	13
past decade	13
shock protein	13
three main	13
acute lung	13
side chains	13
cdna clones	13
immune complex	13
early studies	13
host genome	13
cdna clone	13
viruses must	13
infl ammation	13
zoonotic viruses	13
clinical significance	13
ribosomal rna	13
confidence interval	13
virus transcription	13
inclusion bodies	13
conserved regions	13
length viral	13
iii ifns	13
validation studies	13
cell population	13
mechanisms involved	13
potential use	13
emerging virus	13
targeted delivery	13
virological synapses	13
severe influenza	13
stress granule	13
inhibits viral	13
mrna levels	13
heart muscle	13
phylogenetic tree	13
mediated antiviral	13
standard virus	13
within hours	13
high proportion	13
entry sites	13
free viral	13
molecular patterns	13
golgi network	13
virus hemagglutinin	13
day post	13
coronavirus nsp	13
viral protease	13
newly infected	13
specific cell	13
cystic fi	13
reactive oxygen	13
chest pain	13
pcr primers	13
reduce viral	13
become available	13
giant cells	13
using viral	13
multivesicular bodies	13
picornavirus infection	13
another virus	13
multiple copies	13
diagnostic tools	13
protein binds	13
nasopharyngeal samples	13
naked dna	13
exact test	13
surveillance system	13
transforming growth	13
method using	13
transgenic plants	13
genetically engineered	13
comparative analysis	13
uenza viruses	13
high fitness	13
occurs via	13
merkel cell	13
homologous recombination	13
complement fixation	13
two types	13
bioinformatics tools	13
ctl epitopes	13
blood samples	13
two decades	12
kinetics parameters	12
based motility	12
refseq records	12
different species	12
fully understood	12
virus host	12
primary human	12
mediated immune	12
ligase complex	12
must also	12
cervical carcinoma	12
immunocompetent adults	12
immune complexes	12
human cell	12
endotracheal intubation	12
transmission dynamics	12
myocarditis associated	12
emerging diseases	12
viral progeny	12
log ml	12
active antiretroviral	12
murine myocarditis	12
case report	12
also present	12
rational design	12
host translational	12
emerging zoonotic	12
protein products	12
two weeks	12
coagulation factors	12
fractionation process	12
point mutation	12
real time	12
cytokine responses	12
virus neuraminidase	12
vaccine design	12
common colds	12
therapeutic options	12
antiviral mechanism	12
initiate translation	12
human body	12
population density	12
red blood	12
aug codon	12
knockout mice	12
cell monolayers	12
surface functionalization	12
nude mice	12
low level	12
coronavirus spike	12
successfully used	12
metagenomic sequencing	12
myocardial damage	12
encoded proteins	12
viral family	12
virus populations	12
often used	12
peptides derived	12
receptor signaling	12
mutations per	12
nuclear envelope	12
decay machinery	12
cell survival	12
clinical application	12
viral cap	12
error threshold	12
ion channel	12
nasopharyngeal aspirates	12
well documented	12
culture cells	12
attachment receptor	12
retrospective study	12
drinking water	12
two distinct	12
rnai screens	12
jc virus	12
well understood	12
like illness	12
experimental infection	12
lesser extent	12
human pathogen	12
posted april	12
new class	12
rna sequence	12
average cellularity	12
target proteins	12
therapeutic intervention	12
will result	12
novel mechanism	12
control group	12
detection methods	12
calculated using	12
virus recovery	12
dna sequences	12
infection due	12
translation elongation	12
facilitate viral	12
murine norovirus	12
biotechnology information	12
three different	12
bunyamwera virus	12
survival rate	12
antiviral activities	12
influenza vaccination	12
proteins vp	12
chronic inflammation	12
pneumoniae infection	12
virus mutant	12
rna pseudoknot	12
resistant influenza	12
polyacrylamide gel	12
acid synthesis	12
rna secondary	12
deficient mice	12
lipid raft	12
pk model	12
allowed us	12
porcine reproductive	12
delivery system	12
distemper virus	12
cell junctions	12
myocyte necrosis	12
drug targets	12
encoded microrna	12
including influenza	12
diagnostic laboratories	12
hypersensitivity myocarditis	12
pcr tests	12
veterinary diagnostic	12
human papillomaviruses	12
ns helicase	12
recent progress	12
given time	12
bovine serum	12
applied biosystems	12
better understand	12
highly structured	12
higher level	12
viral reproduction	12
symptom score	12
vaccine candidate	12
ctl clones	12
prevent viral	12
sequence information	12
type bvdv	12
will focus	12
cell infection	12
high titers	12
rnai machinery	12
idiopathic dilated	12
studies reported	12
virus fitness	12
acidic ph	12
metagenomic approach	12
lung cancer	12
specific igm	12
translation factors	12
saudi arabia	12
mhc molecules	12
viral swarm	12
population structure	12
protein induces	12
significantly associated	12
older age	12
also able	12
virus nonstructural	12
among rna	12
tracheal infections	12
fetal infection	12
two strains	12
hand washing	12
recombinant viral	12
measured using	12
liver cells	12
protein complex	12
apoptotic cell	12
confi rmed	12
viral testing	12
target sequence	12
proteomic analysis	12
viral factors	12
immune function	12
virus molecular	12
bona fide	12
protein response	12
using real	12
immune mechanisms	12
host population	12
infections caused	12
many cases	12
nuclear bodies	12
viruses associated	12
throughput screening	12
respiratory protective	12
viruses detected	12
lipid envelope	12
th century	12
three times	12
enterovirus replication	12
reovirus type	12
cell leukemia	12
efficient translation	12
i interferons	12
based methods	12
virus replicates	12
viral hepatitis	12
diagnostic methods	12
study period	12
virally encoded	12
first line	12
study conducted	12
encoded mirna	12
results show	12
uenza virus	12
lentiviral vector	12
initiate infection	12
significant reduction	12
newly identified	12
mill homogenization	12
human populations	12
major group	12
viral decline	12
viral polymerases	12
igg levels	12
cd ro	12
multivariate analysis	12
several limitations	12
transmembrane proteins	12
leader protein	12
direct interaction	12
coronavirus infections	12
two patients	12
pathogen detection	12
cell surfaces	12
biological replicates	12
described previously	12
cells resulting	12
two viral	12
currently available	12
congestive heart	12
least three	12
unfolded protein	12
terminal region	12
specific viruses	12
effi cacy	12
vitro assembly	12
aasld idsa	12
may require	12
cause severe	12
virus core	12
lymphotropic virus	12
receptor protein	12
long term	12
protein binding	12
methods used	12
error rate	12
diagnostic virology	12
sirna targeting	12
mdck cells	12
molecular diagnosis	12
programmed cell	12
western blot	12
grouper iridovirus	12
cd expression	12
coronary artery	12
also induce	11
cardiovascular disease	11
severe iav	11
based antiviral	11
assay using	11
genome segment	11
naked viruses	11
resistant virus	11
nontreated patients	11
developed countries	11
signifi cant	11
drug repurposing	11
untreated patients	11
viruses enter	11
received oseltamivir	11
reads mapping	11
commonly found	11
conjugating enzyme	11
infectious viruses	11
cellular metabolism	11
protective role	11
plasma protein	11
adults hospitalized	11
also showed	11
previous reports	11
subsequent infection	11
one viral	11
antigenic peptides	11
pneumonia requiring	11
reactive protein	11
inducible gene	11
recent evidence	11
remains unknown	11
positive results	11
statistical significance	11
certain viral	11
receptor molecules	11
secondary concentration	11
successful infection	11
based detection	11
blocking viral	11
particular interest	11
protein involved	11
cell cytosol	11
per genome	11
working group	11
silencing effect	11
authors suggested	11
human endogenous	11
san diego	11
virus inhibition	11
transmissible gastroenteritis	11
vaccination programs	11
disulfide bonds	11
salivary glands	11
predicted proteins	11
childhood asthma	11
bovine respiratory	11
may include	11
cell division	11
virus extinction	11
evolutionarily conserved	11
atypical pneumonia	11
patients presenting	11
potent anti	11
respiratory pathogen	11
qpcr rt	11
viral systems	11
analysis showed	11
wastewater treatment	11
singapore grouper	11
also detected	11
related protein	11
time reverse	11
neighboring cells	11
transplant patients	11
functional analysis	11
common respiratory	11
either directly	11
vaccine efficacy	11
cell carcinoma	11
vascular permeability	11
virus detected	11
potential anti	11
factor eif	11
right ventricular	11
serum albumin	11
electron microscope	11
high prevalence	11
dis doi	11
late genes	11
laboratory testing	11
young adults	11
hepatitis delta	11
lung disease	11
nonhuman primates	11
virus binds	11
drug therapy	11
virus challenge	11
cell memory	11
np swabs	11
viruses identified	11
particularly important	11
rbd igg	11
oral administration	11
later stages	11
host targets	11
seq data	11
rna shedding	11
hbv dna	11
dna sensor	11
lower viral	11
i restricted	11
hairpin rna	11
severe viral	11
well plates	11
complex structure	11
higher concentrations	11
chronic infections	11
virus enters	11
induced tumors	11
multiple mechanisms	11
viral interactions	11
mucosal disease	11
high abundance	11
resistant strains	11
simian immunodeficiency	11
highly virulent	11
viral cdna	11
hcv ns	11
table i	11
human pathogenic	11
hairpin rnas	11
antisense oligonucleotides	11
another group	11
lower limit	11
may vary	11
limit viral	11
role played	11
reference sequence	11
respiratory epithelium	11
antigenic variation	11
cdna synthesis	11
single stranded	11
giant viruses	11
inhibits hiv	11
equine plasma	11
bluetongue virus	11
culture system	11
rhinovirus type	11
modified live	11
nasal secretions	11
sequencing technology	11
virus research	11
see text	11
respiratory system	11
reference sequences	11
small size	11
site mutant	11
rna background	11
time quantitative	11
enter cells	11
viral factories	11
human norovirus	11
control viral	11
large scale	11
mice immunized	11
diagnostic assays	11
specific host	11
eif gii	11
wt strain	11
continuous variables	11
iii ifn	11
interfering virus	11
attachment receptors	11
plasma proteins	11
negative staining	11
wide spectrum	11
rna molecule	11
host genomes	11
conjugation system	11
coated silver	11
innate lymphoid	11
viral resistance	11
infection dynamics	11
animal health	11
chicken eggs	11
bacterial sepsis	11
enhances viral	11
analysis using	11
cell transplant	11
inhibit replication	11
antibodies directed	11
unclear whether	11
host anti	11
systemic infection	11
differential expression	11
factor receptor	11
cell monolayer	11
therapeutic strategies	11
driven translation	11
also cause	11
membrane flux	11
take advantage	11
current status	11
rapid identification	11
viruses viral	11
significant morbidity	11
first described	11
rna segments	11
eukaryotic viruses	11
target sites	11
will continue	11
sense strand	11
cell lysates	11
purified viral	11
negatively regulates	11
vaccine strains	11
higher levels	11
tract disease	11
future research	11
neurotropic viruses	11
replication rate	11
health risks	11
synthetic biology	11
unknown etiology	11
cysteine residues	11
south america	11
mirnas may	11
severe symptoms	11
long terminal	11
rhinovirus colds	11
inhibitors targeting	11
viral inhibition	11
numerous viruses	11
much lower	11
nm ss	11
patients receiving	11
cellular entry	11
york city	11
human herpesvirus	11
atpase activity	11
severe clinical	11
sore throat	11
plaque assays	11
rough endoplasmic	11
increased polysome	11
stimulated gene	11
proteolytic enzymes	11
general population	11
i clinical	11
likely due	11
protein called	11
producing cells	11
evade host	11
mg day	11
mediated gene	11
therapeutic use	11
multiple host	11
natural viral	11
several proteins	11
cellular transcription	11
immune surveillance	11
complete viral	11
hiv type	11
genome amplification	11
template switching	11
light chain	11
epithelial barrier	11
exact mechanism	11
ribosome profiling	11
also serve	11
may prove	11
antigen detection	11
associated proteins	11
virus envelope	11
analyzed using	11