trigram

This is a table of type trigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

trigram	frequency
respiratory syndrome coronavirus	506
severe acute respiratory	429
of the sars	420
acute respiratory syndrome	417
the s protein	380
of the s	306
middle east respiratory	303
east respiratory syndrome	299
of the rbd	277
the spike protein	271
as well as	270
the s subunit	215
structure of the	215
of the spike	210
receptor binding domain	210
the presence of	179
the author funder	174
is the author	174
the copyright holder	169
to display the	168
the binding of	167
license to display	164
a license to	164
preprint in perpetuity	164
granted medrxiv a	164
display the preprint	164
has granted medrxiv	164
the preprint in	164
medrxiv a license	164
who has granted	164
this version posted	161
the rbd of	161
holder for this	161
copyright holder for	161
for this preprint	160
based on the	156
at room temperature	151
preprint this version	150
in the rbd	150
this preprint this	150
the receptor binding	149
in this study	147
protein of sars	146
to the rbd	143
of severe acute	135
in the s	132
coronavirus spike protein	128
the development of	125
available under a	122
it is made	122
made available under	121
is made available	121
binding to the	117
cov and sars	116
s and s	116
a is the	113
due to the	112
in complex with	112
license it is	111
was used to	111
under a is	111
the host cell	111
international license it	111
the ace receptor	109
compared to the	108
binding domain of	107
shown in figure	107
the spike glycoprotein	105
crystal structure of	104
spike protein of	101
as shown in	100
of the virus	99
rbd of sars	99
s protein of	97
binding of the	95
on the rbd	94
for h at	94
to the sars	94
of the viral	93
of neutralizing antibodies	89
one of the	89
domain of the	88
human monoclonal antibody	88
in order to	88
by peer review	87
not certified by	87
the rbd and	87
was not certified	87
certified by peer	87
of sars coronavirus	86
cov spike protein	85
em structure of	85
structural basis for	85
all rights reserved	84
the rbd domain	82
the absence of	82
the sars coronavirus	81
the number of	81
analysis of the	81
to the ace	81
which was not	81
a novel coronavirus	79
a total of	78
bind to the	77
with the rbd	77
in the presence	76
the surface of	76
of novel coronavirus	75
was added to	75
of the receptor	75
the crystal structure	75
the s domain	75
are shown in	74
to determine the	74
cov s protein	73
neutralization of sars	73
added to the	72
found to be	72
consistent with the	71
the use of	71
in patients with	71
in addition to	71
bound to the	71
of middle east	71
the interaction between	71
showed that the	70
neutralizing antibodies against	70
adjuvanted rbd vaccine	69
the ability of	69
to the s	69
was used for	69
tf tf tf	69
of s protein	68
the novel coronavirus	68
of the ace	67
structure of sars	67
in the prefusion	67
rbd of the	67
the majority of	66
human monoclonal antibodies	66
residues in the	66
that of the	66
the structure of	65
of convalescent plasma	65
was used as	64
antibodies against sars	64
for the sars	64
to that of	63
responses to sars	63
the cells were	63
we found that	63
on the surface	63
the viral spike	62
was performed using	62
the s trimer	62
rbd and the	61
the interaction of	61
the prefusion conformation	61
each of the	61
the human ace	60
according to the	60
s protein and	60
antigenicity of the	60
the binding affinity	60
in the sars	60
the severe acute	60
rbd in the	60
to evaluate the	59
was carried out	59
s protein is	59
angiotensin converting enzyme	59
used as a	58
on the other	58
shown in fig	58
as previously described	58
functional receptor for	58
most of the	58
structural and functional	57
and incubated for	57
this article is	57
for binding to	56
structures of the	56
into host cells	56
novel coronavirus from	56
of a novel	56
in the case	56
the other hand	55
patients with covid	55
in the absence	55
the d g	55
region of the	54
the case of	54
been shown to	54
to the human	54
amino acid residues	54
the plates were	54
potent neutralizing antibodies	53
were added to	53
of the mers	53
spike in the	53
receptor for the	53
a functional receptor	53
with the ace	53
the treatment of	52
j o u	52
and the s	52
o u r	52
u r n	52
r n a	52
a l p	52
o o f	52
vero e cells	52
r o o	52
p r e	52
syndrome coronavirus spike	52
is responsible for	52
l p r	52
p r o	52
n a l	52
domain complexed with	52
coronavirus spike proteins	52
the detection of	52
spike protein and	51
and antigenicity of	51
s subunit of	51
to human ace	51
response to sars	51
were incubated with	50
it has been	50
ncov spike in	50
of the protein	50
than that of	50
a new coronavirus	50
host cell receptor	50
and the rbd	49
binding to ace	49
the production of	49
interaction between the	49
potent neutralization of	49
thermo fisher scientific	49
antibody responses to	49
associated with the	48
d g mutation	48
the recognition of	48
characterization of the	48
for min at	48
the effect of	48
spike protein is	48
is a functional	48
were found to	47
basis for the	47
were carried out	47
human igg fc	47
interaction with the	47
as compared to	47
for the s	47
the expression of	47
in the spike	47
sars coronavirus spike	47
associated with a	46
is protected by	46
entry into host	46
article is protected	46
receptor recognition by	46
on the s	46
with human ace	46
part of the	46
and incubated at	46
was found to	46
were used to	46
on ace and	46
binding domain complexed	46
rbd and s	46
ace and tmprss	46
is shown in	46
protected by copyright	46
hek t cells	46
was determined by	45
of the human	45
for the rbd	45
is blocked by	45
entry depends on	45
for the treatment	45
protein data bank	45
to assess the	45
room temperature for	45
binds to the	45
t cells were	44
walls et al	44
viral spike protein	44
version posted august	44
neutralizing antibodies and	44
the rbd in	44
the role of	44
has been shown	44
by a clinically	44
entry into the	43
blocked by a	43
and tmprss and	43
that of sars	43
li et al	43
tmprss and is	43
depends on ace	43
and is blocked	43
a clinically proven	43
binding to rbd	43
balb c mice	43
clinically proven protease	43
of human ace	43
cell entry depends	42
for the recognition	42
used for the	42
changes in the	42
the wild type	42
as described previously	42
proven protease inhibitor	42
coronavirus spike glycoprotein	42
into the host	42
similar to the	42
the authors declare	42
influenza a virus	42
the binding interface	42
in the receptor	41
against the sars	41
in terms of	41
revealed that the	41
binding affinity of	41
of coronavirus spike	41
surface of the	41
to bind to	41
the context of	41
the s and	41
with the s	41
with the sars	41
a human monoclonal	41
the ace binding	40
wrapp et al	40
complex with the	40
convalescent plasma therapy	40
of spike protein	40
suggest that the	40
h n pdm	40
the middle east	40
data not shown	40
v h ab	40
of the novel	39
with a new	39
involved in the	39
derived from the	39
cov and mers	39
with an ic	39
the amino acid	39
that the rbd	39
sb and sb	39
in a single	39
neutralizing monoclonal antibodies	39
the s s	39
domain of sars	39
the importance of	39
results showed that	39
no reuse allowed	38
allowed without permission	38
onset of symptoms	38
in the context	38
and characterization of	38
compared with the	38
length human ace	38
structural basis of	38
viral entry into	38
and the ace	38
n q n	38
the impact of	38
neutralizing antibodies in	38
incubated for h	38
observed in the	38
plates were washed	38
obtained from the	38
reuse allowed without	38
as a potential	38
well as the	38
the addition of	37
spike glycoprotein of	37
of the binding	37
the emergence of	37
the n k	37
protein of the	37
at the interface	37
in the same	37
we observed that	37
rbd and ace	37
cov spike glycoprotein	37
were performed using	37
with the receptor	37
in figure a	37
receptor binding domains	37
as described above	37
spike protein in	37
with severe acute	36
the formation of	36
of the n	36
human neutralizing antibodies	36
in unexposed subjects	36
mice immunized with	36
q n q	36
to the receptor	36
to the host	36
patients with severe	36
present in the	36
for receptor binding	36
responsible for the	36
world health organization	36
version posted july	36
and evolution of	36
s proteins of	36
neutralizing antibody titers	36
carried out using	35
to interact with	35
domain bound to	35
a and b	35
binding site of	35
by flow cytometry	35
three times with	35
between the two	35
with that of	35
were performed in	35
to investigate the	35
for the development	35
coronavirus associated with	35
memory b cells	34
probable bat origin	34
between the rbd	34
hr and hr	34
molecular dynamics simulations	34
binding domain bound	34
the cell surface	34
that the s	34
of the immune	34
the rbd is	34
to be a	34
patients infected with	34
of v h	34
due to its	34
rbd domain of	34
and s subunits	34
conformation of the	34
binding of rbd	34
is consistent with	34
results indicate that	34
syndrome coronavirus infection	34
role in the	34
of the complex	34
b and c	34
after symptom onset	34
of the antibody	34
identification of a	34
rbd binding to	33
in saudi arabia	33
the s glycoprotein	33
of coronavirus disease	33
included in the	33
at the s	33
in this work	33
to understand the	33
the s region	33
of the three	33
the united states	33
within the s	33
regions of the	33
recognition of sars	33
its interaction with	33
epitopes on the	32
of probable bat	32
is the most	32
cov rbd and	32
amino acid sequence	32
the active site	32
between the s	32
pneumonia outbreak associated	32
s subunit and	32
new coronavirus of	32
against the s	32
coronavirus of probable	32
coronavirus s protein	32
interactions with the	32
a pneumonia outbreak	32
neutralizing antibody response	32
against the rbd	32
outbreak associated with	32
immune response to	31
surface plasmon resonance	31
plates were incubated	31
the rbds of	31
and the alum	31
insights into the	31
were incubated for	31
the protein data	31
the v h	31
with the host	31
a number of	31
were used for	31
em structures of	31
a combination of	31
were able to	31
we did not	31
s protein in	31
prophylactic and therapeutic	31
h at room	31
high levels of	31
caused by the	31
the fact that	31
mutations in the	31
by a human	31
found that the	31
be used as	31
the s ligand	31
the immune response	30
ic values of	30
interactions between the	30
interact with the	30
stability of the	30
for at least	30
domain of mers	30
resulted in a	30
crystal structures of	30
the efficacy of	30
results suggest that	30
to block the	30
cells were then	30
cells were incubated	30
antibody responses in	30
binding of sars	30
indicate that the	30
length s protein	30
be due to	30
in the interaction	30
was supported by	30
igm and igg	30
structural analysis of	30
the effects of	30
residues at the	30
spike glycoprotein rbd	29
were used as	29
mutations on the	29
and functional characterization	29
with a c	29
on the sars	29
defined as the	29
of the covid	29
novel coronavirus in	29
in figure b	29
the entry of	29
for hour at	29
epitope on the	29
the s rbd	29
neutralizing antibody responses	29
the lack of	29
the end of	29
were obtained from	29
authors declare no	29
protein is a	29
with or without	29
were analyzed by	29
the supernatant was	29
likely to be	28
in agreement with	28
was measured by	28
of the most	28
structure of a	28
human ace receptor	28
there is no	28
a single inoculum	28
can be used	28
the binding between	28
with pneumonia in	28
a target for	28
the university of	28
used in the	28
effect of the	28
interacting with the	28
in the binding	28
the ability to	28
binding free energy	28
the rbd protein	28
have shown that	28
of spike glycoprotein	28
suggests that the	28
protein in the	28
the immunogenicity of	28
was incubated with	28
at the same	28
inhibition of sars	28
such as the	28
has not been	28
serial dilutions of	28
be used to	27
expression of the	27
the virus to	27
a concentration of	27
cloned into the	27
antibodies against the	27
a highly conserved	27
the interaction with	27
understanding of the	27
were incubated at	27
is associated with	27
receptor for sars	27
added to each	27
the rbd was	27
between rbd and	27
to each well	27
detection of sars	27
and supplementary fig	27
structures of mers	27
the immune system	27
version posted october	27
of neutralizing antibody	27
of rbd to	27
to the spike	27
washed three times	27
in accordance with	27
neutralizing activity of	27
for the prevention	26
to be the	26
igg against the	26
which can be	26
s protein to	26
fusion of the	26
there was no	26
for the detection	26
is essential for	26
acute respiratory distress	26
the concentration of	26
at a concentration	26
have been reported	26
igg and iga	26
binding domains of	26
specificity of the	26
binding affinity to	26
rbd ace complex	26
in the up	26
need to be	26
response to the	26
receptor binding and	26
antibody response to	26
proteins of sars	26
suggesting that the	26
single amino acid	26
with high affinity	26
s protein rbd	26
by human monoclonal	26
the evolution of	26
show that the	26
epitope in the	26
is mediated by	26
respiratory syncytial virus	26
that bind to	26
the s proteins	26
interaction of the	26
cells in the	26
figure s a	26
the fusion peptide	25
in the sera	25
of amino acid	25
of the two	25
of antibodies in	25
an important role	25
serve as a	25
studies of sars	25
in convalescent subjects	25
some of the	25
for viral entry	25
ace binding site	25
in the human	25
entry by using	25
target for vaccine	25
spike glycoprotein and	25
activation of the	25
in combination with	25
porcine epidemic diarrhea	25
of the fusion	25
cell receptor ace	25
enzyme is a	25
and in the	25
the viral s	25
the design of	25
because of the	25
large number of	25
rbd in complex	25
cells were washed	25
of the hcov	25
contribute to the	25
in response to	25
supported by the	25
in the viral	25
in vitro and	25
entry of sars	25
of a human	25
the possibility of	25
increase in the	25
this study was	25
immune response in	25
multiple sequence alignment	25
converting enzyme is	25
the rbd to	25
to the viral	25
assay to detect	25
sites on the	25
there is a	25
basis of sars	25
size exclusion chromatography	25
the level of	24
incubated for min	24
and functional basis	24
s and rbd	24
of the assay	24
important role in	24
and development of	24
in the protein	24
with ic values	24
using human ace	24
wang et al	24
the present study	24
antibodies elicited by	24
activity against sars	24
their ability to	24
viral infection and	24
host cell membrane	24
of patients infected	24
located in the	24
van der waals	24
limit of detection	24
in which the	24
analysis based on	24
are presented as	24
development of a	24
with the human	24
ace isoforms in	24
functional basis of	24
in line with	24
supplementary table s	24
related to the	24
reactive to the	24
the contribution of	24
immune responses to	24
mediated by the	24
by using human	24
indicating that the	24
rbd of mers	24
under positive selection	24
affinity of the	24
novel human coronavirus	24
with the same	24
a wide range	24
mbcs reactive to	24
of the d	24
to its receptor	24
for vaccine development	24
characterization of a	24
samples were collected	24
protein and the	23
with the highest	23
in our study	23
the hr domain	23
neutralizing activity against	23
is a major	23
were infected with	23
with a high	23
the negative control	23
the affinity of	23
epitopes in the	23
at least two	23
in the current	23
and stored at	23
was obtained from	23
ic value of	23
the up conformation	23
furin cleavage site	23
an ic of	23
glycoprotein of sars	23
seroconversion in humans	23
the identification of	23
followed by the	23
end of the	23
amino acid substitutions	23
residues on the	23
and human ace	23
as a control	23
single domain antibodies	23
protection against sars	23
relative to the	23
rbd i c	23
clinical features of	23
viral entry and	23
of receptor recognition	23
novel coronavirus disease	23
found in the	23
the human receptor	23
which is a	23
t cells in	23
none of the	23
of the antibodies	23
respiratory distress syndrome	23
coronavirus from wuhan	23
ace and the	23
the combination of	23
humoral immune response	23
clinical characteristics of	23
conflict of interest	23
the interactions between	23
linked immunosorbent assay	23
short ace isoforms	23
humoral and cellular	23
that the binding	23
recognition by the	22
due to a	22
of the severe	22
nm and nm	22
of the host	22
was performed in	22
a serological assay	22
at least one	22
an ic value	22
of the interaction	22
cov spike glycoproteins	22
was set to	22
lan et al	22
b and b	22
sequence of the	22
and receptor binding	22
specificity and sensitivity	22
wide range of	22
was applied to	22
of the rbds	22
analysis was performed	22
structural studies of	22
determined by the	22
expressed and purified	22
incubated at room	22
as measured by	22
and incubated with	22
are shown as	22
protein and its	22
pseudovirus neutralization assay	22
in figure c	22
a function of	22
to the virus	22
in the future	22
in supplementary material	22
not bind to	22
by the novel	22
development of vaccines	22
in rhesus macaques	22
antibodies targeting the	22
with ml of	22
song et al	22
the human population	22
infection with sars	22
spike protein with	22
to inhibit the	21
the mechanism of	21
epidemic diarrhea virus	21
the performance of	21
was expressed in	21
work was supported	21
similar to those	21
cell entry and	21
and treatment of	21
reveal the dynamic	21
sites in the	21
fetal bovine serum	21
using the same	21
we show that	21
on the binding	21
cov infection and	21
recognition of the	21
with the spike	21
the plate was	21
cryptic epitope in	21
the potential of	21
the most potent	21
targeting the rbd	21
as a function	21
rational design of	21
closely related to	21
the onset of	21
these data suggest	21
a panel of	21
as part of	21
in separate sites	21
residues of the	21
there was a	21
sars coronavirus s	21
complexed with receptor	21
shows that the	21
to the same	21
similar to that	21
was defined as	21
the results of	21
between the sars	21
antibodies to the	21
in the structure	21
is composed of	21
min at room	21
to the cell	21
in the rbm	21
in contrast to	21
presence of the	21
to this end	21
used in this	21
conformational dynamics of	21
memory b cell	21
zhang et al	21
observed that the	21
human ace structure	21
by using the	21
treatment of covid	21
s in supplementary	21
the rbd ace	21
basis of receptor	21
highly potent neutralizing	21
of human coronavirus	21
was detected by	21
the antibody response	21
at the c	21
for each of	21
of ace and	21
recognition by sars	21
we determined the	20
the virus and	20
away from the	20
was added and	20
these results suggest	20
in the respiratory	20
majority of the	20
data suggest that	20
and a c	20
context of the	20
conserved cryptic epitope	20
shown in the	20
serum samples were	20
the basis of	20
the rbd region	20
is involved in	20
domains of sars	20
these results indicate	20
prevention and treatment	20
was performed by	20
by the s	20
that the sars	20
a negative control	20
ntd and rbd	20
sera were collected	20
a cohort of	20
ace in the	20
of patients with	20
residues involved in	20
high titers of	20
the dynamic receptor	20
expression of ace	20
isolation of a	20
demonstrated that the	20
highly conserved cryptic	20
evolution of coronavirus	20
corresponding to the	20
combinatorial adjuvant system	20
spike glycoproteins reveal	20
vitro and in	20
the respiratory tract	20
is thought to	20
dynamic receptor binding	20
and n proteins	20
as described in	20
an analysis based	20
glycoproteins reveal the	20
analyses were performed	20
the coronavirus spike	20
coronavirus from a	20
a recent study	20
receptor binding motif	20
for the binding	20
with mab h	20
receptor binding site	20
figure s in	20
the interface of	20
were coated with	20
used as the	20
this work was	20
calculated using the	20
igg and igm	20
the viral entry	20
within the rbd	20
a library of	20
against middle east	20
extended data fig	20
of the papn	20
final concentration of	20
igm and iga	20
em structure determination	20
with novel coronavirus	20
results in a	20
to those of	20
this indicates that	20
days after symptom	20
a receptor for	20
resulting in a	20
we observed a	20
to the n	19
indicates that the	19
for the presence	19
s or rbd	19
have been identified	19
binding affinity for	19
sensitivity and specificity	19
the neutralizing antibody	19
with the binding	19
mice that received	19
role of the	19
with respect to	19
properties of the	19
its spike protein	19
and found that	19
on the basis	19
a series of	19
and s protein	19
listed in table	19
that it is	19
isolated from a	19
is one of	19
and that the	19
approved by the	19
vaccine and therapeutic	19
the n protein	19
did not show	19
type i ifn	19
virus in the	19
of ace genes	19
the stability of	19
times with pbs	19
conformational changes in	19
hydrogen bond with	19
infected with sars	19
of the four	19
were washed with	19
yuan et al	19
a range of	19
critically ill patients	19
spike and rbd	19
viral and host	19
accordance with the	19
are in the	19
the sera of	19
by addition of	19
to measure the	19
the structures of	19
figure s b	19
as a result	19
declare no competing	19
emergence of sars	19
based on decade	19
ability of the	19
of h n	19
immunogenicity of the	19
after onset of	19
d g a	19
activity of the	19
long structural studies	19
the tgev rbd	19
block the interaction	19
was observed in	19
yan et al	19
and figure s	19
he et al	19
the world health	19
due to their	19
cell entry of	19
the crystal structures	19
features of patients	19
fragment of the	19
this suggests that	19
could be used	19
from patients with	19
located at the	19
spike protein by	19
protein is the	19
and n a	19
the specificity of	19
complex with ace	19
a large number	19
molecular basis of	18
sensitivity of the	18
impact on the	18
differences in the	18
was calculated using	18
was performed to	18
the mixture was	18
absorbance at nm	18
cov infection in	18
is the first	18
a final concentration	18
coronavirus fusion inhibitor	18
was able to	18
target of neutralizing	18
serum samples from	18
were washed three	18
the host cells	18
entry into cells	18
figure b and	18
the binding site	18
we analyzed the	18
experiments were performed	18
was performed with	18
the novel human	18
creative commons license	18
case of the	18
of human neutralizing	18
by the sars	18
any of the	18
the current study	18
all of the	18
was analyzed by	18
in mammalian cells	18
cells were infected	18
s protein that	18
subunit of the	18
with serially diluted	18
rbd a c	18
n k mutation	18
by the addition	18
may be a	18
in table s	18
infected with novel	18
at the n	18
transmission of sars	18
n and n	18
origin of sars	18
present on the	18
coronavirus spike receptor	18
in the ace	18
in the first	18
immune responses in	18
can also be	18
the severity of	18
in the development	18
spike glycoprotein in	18
protein as a	18
viral load in	18
rbd to the	18
portion of the	18
the free energy	18
the light chain	18
for development of	18
protein binding to	18
the levels of	18
levels of igg	18
the generation of	18
a mouse model	18
induced by the	18
domains of the	18
the reaction was	18
cells were transfected	18
respiratory disease in	18
for severe acute	18
a variety of	18
agreement with the	18
the viral and	18
was measured using	18
has been reported	18
cleavage of the	18
interface of the	18
did not affect	18
fusion and entry	18
than the rbd	18
shown in table	18
spike protein to	18
consists of a	18
function of the	18
when compared to	18
of this study	18
h n influenza	18
the range of	18
based on a	18
the conformation of	18
of ace in	18
the induction of	18
and in vivo	18
induce neutralizing antibodies	18
evolution of the	18
the frequency of	18
the heavy chain	18
materials and methods	18
the hace receptor	18
of at least	18
igg mbcs reactive	18
on the spike	18
that have been	17
health care workers	17
using graphpad prism	17
and s subunit	17
the protein was	17
structures of a	17
those of the	17
on the receptor	17
a man with	17
cells were seeded	17
available from the	17
interaction with ace	17
s protein trimer	17
the relationship between	17
buried surface area	17
extracted from the	17
it is possible	17
to study the	17
the need for	17
plates were coated	17
information is available	17
as a negative	17
lower respiratory tract	17
addition to the	17
hydrogen bonds with	17
site of the	17
of mab h	17
no competing interests	17
were then washed	17
followed by a	17
rbd with ace	17
neutralizing monoclonal antibody	17
as a target	17
man with pneumonia	17
protective immune responses	17
for detection of	17
the inhibition of	17
washed with pbs	17
disease in china	17
were defined as	17
the viral membrane	17
and identification of	17
sequences of the	17
between hace and	17
dynamics of the	17
in the united	17
against sars coronavirus	17
cd t cells	17
were diluted to	17
antibodies to sars	17
of the disease	17
human neutralizing antibody	17
the fusion core	17
site of sars	17
and specificity of	17
binding to its	17
have been shown	17
belongs to the	17
days after onset	17
in a small	17
amino acids in	17
attributed to the	17
of the cov	17
and the receptor	17
after the first	17
implication for developing	17
to generate the	17
were determined by	17
in the lungs	17
sites under positive	17
and iga antibodies	17
interaction with mab	17
in the crystal	17
were collected at	17
a small animal	17
virus binding to	17
human respiratory disease	17
monoclonal antibodies targeting	17
of rbd protein	17
the rbd were	17
of human igg	17
human immunodeficiency virus	17
compared to sars	17
vaccine against sars	17
a neutralizing antibody	17
to improve the	17
for min and	17
of vaccines and	17
monoclonal antibodies against	17
syndrome coronavirus in	17
the quality of	17
to ace and	17
performed as described	17
the neutralization of	17
virus entry into	17
there is an	17
small animal model	17
has also been	17
the course of	17
were observed in	17
mechanisms of sars	17
for cell entry	17
and of the	17
infection of human	17
from the rbd	17
and the sars	17
implications for virus	16
s protein with	16
elicited by sars	16
are critical for	16
state of the	16
s protein binds	16
specific antibodies in	16
authors declare that	16
in our analysis	16
detected in the	16
is based on	16
the ntd and	16
for the spike	16
serological assay to	16
in binding to	16
type and mutant	16
antibody binding to	16
heavy and light	16
version posted june	16
formed by the	16
state for receptor	16
the viral envelope	16
to detect sars	16
g for min	16
were cultured in	16
mechanism of action	16
this study are	16
the prevalence of	16
the sd domain	16
model of the	16
rbd vaccine in	16
of the full	16
binding domain in	16
is known to	16
deep mutational scanning	16
in the lung	16
md simulations were	16
a class i	16
disease in a	16
in the study	16
the host receptor	16
and purified by	16
in a humidified	16
therapy for covid	16
antibody against mers	16
from a man	16
viral s protein	16
we performed a	16
associated with severe	16
identified as the	16
terminal domain of	16
rationally designed prefusion	16
by a sars	16
cell lysates were	16
implications for the	16
of the tgev	16
the trimer cavity	16
was used in	16
in animal models	16
note that the	16
for the production	16
amino acid fragment	16
contacts with the	16
immunogenicity and structures	16
designed prefusion mers	16
of the same	16
site in the	16
sars and mers	16
by the viral	16
p and s	16
functional characterization of	16
with convalescent plasma	16
and structures of	16
is important to	16
a rationally designed	16
it is likely	16
a coronavirus spike	16
the loss of	16
the dynamics of	16
close to the	16
correlated with the	16
in the closed	16
and s p	16
affinity to the	16
coronavirus in wuhan	16
of the neutralizing	16
described in the	16
associated with human	16
is required for	16
human coronavirus nl	16
neutralizing antibodies elicited	16
its ability to	16
of a coronavirus	16
conformational state for	16
to induce neutralizing	16
the rbd binding	16
was measured at	16
the same time	16
for minutes at	16
block the binding	16
at the rbd	16
and can be	16
of a rationally	16
were collected from	16
b cell responses	16
to test the	16
is a class	16
levels of anti	16
and host cell	16
immunized with rbd	16
pneumonia in saudi	16
from the ace	16
is in the	16
absence of the	16
domain and the	16
of amino acids	16
that the n	15
and the human	15
conjugated goat anti	15
potent binding of	15
were selected for	15
neutralizing human monoclonal	15
of a sars	15
cellular immune responses	15
available in the	15
while the s	15
at the binding	15
side of the	15
we evaluated the	15
binding of novel	15
reserved this article	15
to the binding	15
which is the	15
shown that the	15
major livestock species	15
its receptor ace	15
data indicate that	15
the selection of	15
free energies of	15
the ratio of	15
the human igg	15
weeks after the	15
a role in	15
protein by a	15
significant increase in	15
higher binding affinity	15
on the host	15
the sample was	15
in the down	15
around the world	15
study of the	15
patients with pneumonia	15
were detected in	15
is an important	15
and the other	15
the viral rna	15
added and incubated	15
of antibodies against	15
to explore the	15
as a template	15
convalescent plasma for	15
human coronavirus spike	15
the discovery of	15
interfere with the	15
soluble human ace	15
novel coronavirus spike	15
novel coronavirus associated	15
did not bind	15
the time of	15
figure a and	15
the potential for	15
incubated with the	15
can bind to	15
the potential to	15
or absence of	15
the two proteins	15
bind to rbd	15
based design of	15
the asymmetric unit	15
is likely to	15
the rest of	15
we compared the	15
carried out in	15
to neutralize sars	15
the binding to	15
rights reserved this	15
the prevention of	15
antibody responses against	15
binding of ace	15
in spike protein	15
followed by addition	15
deposited in the	15
is critical for	15
the standard biopanning	15
were transfected with	15
protein to the	15
expression and purification	15
between ace and	15
of the interface	15
culture supernatant was	15
s domain of	15
which has been	15
s rbd protein	15
were obtained by	15
expressed on the	15
the spike proteins	15
region in the	15
class i virus	15
are known to	15
the samples were	15
host immune responses	15
with human respiratory	15
to define the	15
shown to be	15
protein binds to	15
and immunogenicity of	15
antibody titers and	15
zhou et al	15
fc fusion protein	15
receptor recognition and	15
statistical significance was	15
outer membrane vesicles	15
in t cells	15
the intact ace	15
no conflict of	15
the site of	15
method was used	15
performed using the	15
titers in the	15
i virus fusion	15
of type i	15
spread of sars	15
prerequisite conformational state	15
dependent rna polymerase	15
to host cells	15
complex with its	15
cd and cd	15
the neutralizing activity	15
of pathogenic coronaviruses	15
spike glycoprotein reveal	15
and entry into	15
we used the	15
human coronavirus mers	15
glycoprotein reveal a	15
specific for the	15
are listed in	15
cov spike antigen	15
the binding free	15
dipeptidyl peptidase is	15
subunit vaccine design	15
in graphpad prism	15
is likely that	15
mutation in the	15
electron microscopy structures	15
the virus in	15
microscopy structures of	15
inhibitor of sars	15
were transferred to	15
a subset of	15
is expected to	15
a prerequisite conformational	15
the emerging human	15
the isolated rbd	15
each well and	15
in the nasal	15
for vaccine and	15
a mixture of	15
of a potent	15
for the emerging	15
the sensor response	15
emerging human coronavirus	15
then incubated with	15
the proportion of	15
the amount of	15
antibodies in the	15
the presence or	15
a major target	15
higher than the	15
on the viral	15
are needed to	15
differences between the	15
basis for potent	15
days after the	15
chen et al	15
as determined by	15
peptidase is a	15
based on our	15
data show that	15
mice from mers	15
new coronavirus associated	15
study showed that	15
important for the	15
with human receptor	15
immune responses against	14
compared to that	14
alum in a	14
adsorbed to alum	14
temperature for h	14
ns md simulation	14
and sensitivity of	14
located on the	14
the rbd surface	14
the control group	14
data collection and	14
virus fusion protein	14
block the rbd	14
interacts with the	14
the size of	14
functional assessment of	14
of mutations in	14
to calculate the	14
to better understand	14
vaccines and therapeutics	14
homology modelling of	14
s of sars	14
type i interferon	14
origin and evolution	14
glycoprotein in complex	14
free energy of	14
in supplementary table	14
it was found	14
there are no	14
infection in humans	14
transferred to a	14
to a final	14
from the protein	14
key residues in	14
more than one	14
we find that	14
the rbd with	14
the side chain	14
innate immune response	14
in hek t	14
exposed to sars	14
k d of	14
that in the	14
targeting the receptor	14
high binding affinity	14
and epidemiology of	14
protein is an	14
the possibility that	14
binding of mers	14
were analyzed using	14
the md simulations	14
the solubility of	14
passive transfer of	14
in the range	14
for vaccine design	14
identified in the	14
the administration of	14
results demonstrate that	14
binding and neutralization	14
are consistent with	14
and h n	14
web server for	14
ray crystal structure	14
evolution of pathogenic	14
inhibitors of sars	14
in the second	14
to analyze the	14
the beginning of	14
the cellular receptor	14
humoral immune responses	14
we have also	14
a density of	14
at the end	14
concentration of nm	14
ill patients with	14
as a sars	14
the cell culture	14
cells were fixed	14
electrochemical detection of	14
rbd protein as	14
rbd or s	14
the observation that	14
human receptor dpp	14
figure s c	14
and hr domains	14
at nm was	14
culture supernatants were	14
indicated that the	14
we showed that	14
the other two	14
low levels of	14
the combinatorial adjuvant	14
of the new	14
cov s glycoprotein	14
we investigated the	14
to determine if	14
of the md	14
in the present	14
cov susceptibility in	14
viruses such as	14
supernatant was collected	14
caused by a	14
referred to as	14
terminus of the	14
we demonstrate that	14
and therapeutic development	14
the origin of	14
and disease severity	14
were expressed in	14
were associated with	14
followed by incubation	14
the magnitude of	14
for the first	14
the host immune	14
residues from the	14
s and the	14
to neutralize the	14
c for h	14
and neutralizing antibodies	14
negative bfe changes	14
development of an	14
the rbd a	14
form of the	14
a glycan probe	14
then added to	14
of the prefusion	14
we have previously	14
presented as mean	14
the creative commons	14
binding between the	14
by size exclusion	14
of the best	14
d g s	14
to cell surface	14
and postexposure efficacy	14
that the d	14
specific human monoclonal	14
and ey a	14
in the virus	14
is important for	14
as in the	14
for the most	14
of viral load	14
of influenza a	14
of the coronavirus	14
presence or absence	14
s protein has	14
measured at nm	14
from the s	14
and western blot	14
spike proteins of	14
by the rbd	14
model of mers	14
plasma therapy in	14
proteins of the	14
was mixed with	14
reactivity with sars	14
amino acid pairs	14
tgev and prcv	14
the limit of	14
we also observed	14
protective immunity in	14
subunit of sars	14
were generated using	14
to obtain the	14
reveal a prerequisite	14
and its receptor	14
in convalescent individuals	14
were treated with	14
domain of human	14
a plasmid encoding	14
the virus is	13
a key role	13
neutralizing antibodies block	13
known to be	13
could be a	13
of upward rbd	13
was obtained by	13
are highly conserved	13
it is important	13
the sensitivity of	13
the antigenicity of	13
to develop a	13
it would be	13
binds to a	13
elisa plates were	13
of the nbs	13
of the study	13
glycosylation sites in	13
system for macromolecular	13
related to sars	13
rbds of sars	13
in each group	13
in a dose	13
the interface between	13
page and western	13
into target cells	13
an important target	13
specific antibody responses	13
together with the	13
spike rbd and	13
of the purified	13
igg and igg	13
inhibition of the	13
antibodies in sars	13
the viral rbd	13
and cellular immunity	13
long ace isoforms	13
and subjected to	13
acid substitutions in	13
sequence alignment of	13
in the past	13
antibody response in	13
top of the	13
are available from	13
shang et al	13
of igg against	13
of antibodies to	13
of antibody responses	13
b cells in	13
between the viral	13
been reported to	13
pair of human	13
rest of the	13
c and d	13
the receptor ace	13
spike protein are	13
s protein efficiently	13
compete with ace	13
there were no	13
bound to ace	13
s s cleavage	13
a noncompeting pair	13
a viral attachment	13
that could be	13
studies have shown	13
virus entry and	13
was shown to	13
limited number of	13
subunit and the	13
spike proteins and	13
antibodies in mice	13
a potent neutralizing	13
the most important	13
it can be	13
cov s trimer	13
the general population	13
used to determine	13
spike receptor binding	13
that target the	13
insight into the	13
s p and	13
of potent sars	13
of binding to	13
results show that	13
hot spot region	13
and cells were	13
higher than that	13
for the interaction	13
well and incubated	13
human coronavirus e	13
thought to be	13
version posted may	13
fusion core complex	13
cho cell line	13
receptor and viral	13
strong neutralizing antibody	13
assay was performed	13
the trimeric spike	13
of binding between	13
has been identified	13
mouse model of	13
for the viral	13
version posted september	13
cells were grown	13
polymerase chain reaction	13
as a receptor	13
of monoclonal antibodies	13
a significant increase	13
are involved in	13
epitopes within the	13
the distance between	13
likely due to	13
gc b cells	13
s protein binding	13
model of sars	13
a salt bridge	13
to determine whether	13
ace binding to	13
structure and function	13
the influence of	13
reported that the	13
cellular immune response	13
fusion inhibitor targeting	13
the fusion of	13
out of the	13
from the corresponding	13
at least of	13
isolation of potent	13
the rbd from	13
more than million	13
were serially diluted	13
analysis showed that	13
of specific antibodies	13
noncompeting pair of	13
essential for the	13
the most effective	13
structure of mers	13
loaded onto a	13
by the spike	13
that may be	13
would like to	13
affinity for the	13
to s protein	13
with the virus	13
of the recombinant	13
sera from sars	13
protein of severe	13
the s ectodomain	13
lower than that	13
temperature for min	13
binding affinity and	13
the binding pocket	13
similar results were	13
were measured by	13
in vero e	13
of escape mutants	13
genomic characterization of	13
on the protein	13
broadly neutralizing antibodies	13
yang et al	13
of protein structures	13
the reference ssaa	13
kindly provided by	13
were subjected to	13
fold increase in	13
was calculated as	13
the kinetics of	13
this study were	13
we used a	13
but did not	13
a proportion of	13
in clinical trials	13
the next day	13
rbd and anti	13
to rbd and	13
features of the	13
one or two	13
structural insights into	13
serially diluted mouse	13
antibody blocking sars	13
use of convalescent	13
in the supernatant	13
the amino acids	13
for potent neutralization	13
of the simulation	13
appears to be	13
of these residues	13
for all the	13
prefusion conformation structure	13
was purchased from	13
the human angiotensin	13
the causative agent	13
the degree of	13
the rbd are	13
responses in covid	13
that interact with	13
can be a	13
creative commons attribution	13
neutralizing antibodies from	13
in dromedary camels	13
and analysis of	13
and amino acid	13
of rbd of	13
been shown that	13
protein structures and	13
studies have demonstrated	13
fact that the	13
of ace to	13
isolation and characterization	13
vaccine in separate	13
the binding kinetics	13
have demonstrated that	13
wu et al	13
compared to other	13
of each of	13
of porcine epidemic	13
in a mouse	13
spike protein receptor	13
in human ace	13
of the epitope	13
critical amino acids	13
viral replication and	13
in figure s	13
can serve as	13
virus and the	13
and cloned into	13
b cells were	13
the risk of	13
is caused by	13
ec value of	13
transgenic mice from	13
alone or with	13
were analyzed for	13
s trimer in	13
has been observed	13
the infection of	13
monoclonal antibody blocking	13
as negative controls	13
reactive igg mbcs	13
spike protein induces	13
pneumonia in china	13
and for the	13
antibodies block covid	13
of these mabs	13
were identified as	13
korber et al	13
was coated on	13
rbd to ace	13
genome sequence of	13
are responsible for	13
ace is a	13
binding of s	13
protein with the	13
were grown in	13
parts of the	12
formation of a	12
of igg ab	12
for virus origins	12
has been used	12
vesicular stomatitis virus	12
from the spike	12
neutralization of mers	12
binding site on	12
th and th	12
reacted with the	12
residue in the	12
inactivated h n	12
tested positive for	12
female balb c	12
coronavirus from patients	12
were performed as	12
postexposure efficacy of	12
antibody combination against	12
of sars and	12
bound to sars	12
were collected on	12
in the convalescent	12
difference between the	12
wild type rbd	12
a descriptive study	12
du et al	12
were significantly higher	12
the data are	12
used as an	12
might be a	12
for subunit vaccine	12
rbd vaccine were	12
molecular dynamics simulation	12
ig and igm	12
infection by sars	12
neutralization activity against	12
rbd with high	12
cell culture supernatant	12
these short ace	12
viral fusion and	12
hace and rbd	12
used to treat	12
antibodies and protection	12
with acute respiratory	12
substitutions in the	12
it is a	12
which could be	12
vaccines and antibody	12
could be due	12
monoclonal antibody against	12
with the viral	12
of the predicted	12
were immunized with	12
ace and rbd	12
adaptation to human	12
not present in	12
nm was measured	12
did not detect	12
cell sequencing of	12
with more than	12
that of igg	12
zhao et al	12
cells were cultured	12
the spike gene	12
complexed with human	12
was collected and	12
s subunit is	12
trimeric spike protein	12
susceptible to sars	12
was also observed	12
to the original	12
of cell entry	12
we report the	12
fused to the	12
cov neutralizing antibodies	12
particle mesh ewald	12
of phage display	12
the af mab	12
carried out with	12
s ace blocking	12
human dipeptidyl peptidase	12
complexed with its	12
the presence and	12
of the patients	12
the target protein	12
human receptor ace	12
of mers coronavirus	12
data were analyzed	12
i d g	12
and spike protein	12
as a positive	12
identified as a	12
rbd at the	12
we developed a	12
acts as a	12
the rbd that	12
time step of	12
with neutralizing antibody	12
and the n	12
analysis of a	12
and receptor usage	12
t cell responses	12
k d value	12
to note that	12
and the cells	12
ace receptor binding	12
rrar d g	12
a systematic review	12
study are available	12
expression levels of	12
is possible that	12
models of the	12
of all the	12
and t cell	12
figure c and	12
sequencing of convalescent	12
are likely to	12
as the receptor	12
higher levels of	12
in the middle	12
a hydrogen bond	12
viral subunit vaccines	12
and blocked with	12
be the most	12
it is not	12
immune responses and	12
was transferred to	12
rbd protein was	12
for both the	12
also known as	12
the culture medium	12
conformational change of	12
and used to	12
version of the	12
involved in binding	12
for sars coronavirus	12
after the onset	12
purified proteins were	12
these results demonstrate	12
in the olfactory	12
was found that	12
studies on the	12
site on the	12
protection from disease	12
of s and	12
the influenza virus	12
of sb and	12
the distribution of	12
development of rbd	12
it should be	12
into the cell	12
the infectivity of	12
antibodies against mers	12
pallesen et al	12
with rbd rasp	12
data are presented	12
structures and complexes	12
rapid development of	12
ace binding interface	12
at o c	12
with middle east	12
therapeutics and vaccines	12
rapid detection of	12
of ace protein	12
mice were immunized	12
assessment of cell	12
the papn ectodomain	12
s trimer with	12
of pseudotyped mers	12
its host cell	12
active site of	12
analyses of the	12
virus infection in	12
entry and receptor	12
monoclonal antibody combination	12
exposed to the	12
to the protein	12
of the residues	12
analyzed by sds	12
combination against sars	12
in hong kong	12
by centrifugation at	12
viral determinants of	12
g and g	12
meulen et al	12
protein efficiently binds	12
a consequence of	12
reactivity to the	12
protein and ace	12
the spike trimer	12
the most common	12
g a s	12
acid fragment of	12
rbd is a	12
with disease severity	12
as a viral	12
an increase in	12
entry of the	12
changes in sars	12
of the six	12
electron microscopy structure	12
neutralizing antibodies to	12
the percentage of	12
of more than	12
of rbd and	12
ter meulen et	12
a single amino	12
for the covid	12
in human cells	12
key role in	12
in the ln	12
in mm tris	12
washed times with	12
in receptor binding	12
were stained with	12
in at least	12
energies of binding	12
were generated by	12
an effective vaccine	12
neutralizing antibodies that	12
target for the	12
the furin cleavage	12
were washed and	12
after cp transfusion	12
conformational changes of	12
antibody production to	12
virus origins and	12
case fatality rate	12
to the wells	12
dependent enhancement of	12
to examine the	12
binding to sars	12
of vero e	12
convergent antibody responses	12
and antibody therapies	12
from disease in	12
by neutralizing antibodies	12
the effectiveness of	12
in south korea	12
spike protein for	12
the spread of	12
was associated with	12
specific target of	12
be able to	12
and protection from	12
to have a	12
causative agent of	12
s protein or	12
ground prefusion state	12
were derived from	12
of s trimer	12
r a substitution	12
modelling of protein	12
the feasibility of	12
neutralization potency index	12
and viral determinants	12
of both the	12
tip p water	12
may be used	12
rbd protein of	12
is supported by	12
to the plate	12
in the early	12
well as a	12
of the wild	12
of two subunits	12
showed that sars	12
domain in the	12
the activation of	12
case of sars	12
expi f cells	12
human monoclonal sars	12
for membrane fusion	12
with the hace	12
contribution to the	12
human angiotensin converting	12
origins and receptor	12
with the results	12
the viral infection	12
highly specific target	12
is able to	12
and table s	12
receptor usage for	12
the prevention and	12
the sera from	12
epidemiology of novel	12
along with the	12
gsas d g	12
were identified in	12
of angiotensin converting	12
a critical role	11
characterisation and epidemiology	11
n influenza virus	11
as a source	11
viral spike glycoprotein	11
neutralization of betacoronaviruses	11
a sars coronavirus	11
nta affinity chromatography	11
neutralizing activity and	11
of the vaccine	11
inhibitor and vaccine	11
b cell response	11
have previously shown	11
interaction with sars	11
for the virus	11
antibodies that block	11
microscopy structure of	11
a global pandemic	11
values of the	11
coronavirus attachment to	11
its receptor cd	11
we aimed to	11
it is also	11
neutralizing epitopes in	11
predicted to be	11
the average of	11
were blocked with	11
of the sprotein	11
cov and the	11
and cellular immune	11
the new coronavirus	11
for rapid detection	11
other lineage b	11
severe acute lung	11
were extracted from	11
showed a significant	11
rbd and its	11
rbd bound to	11
of betacoronaviruses by	11
cells transfected with	11
performed with the	11
is similar to	11
could not be	11
responses to the	11
research and analysis	11
of its spike	11
difference in the	11
in cell culture	11
against viral infection	11
on ice for	11
of the top	11
to confirm the	11
from sino biological	11
for hours at	11
convalescent plasma in	11
the virus has	11
a significant role	11
been identified as	11
containing a c	11
in the dark	11
cleavage site in	11
in the open	11
to detect the	11
plates and incubated	11
is located in	11
monoclonal antibodies that	11
were identified by	11
specific neutralizing antibodies	11
be explained by	11
had the highest	11
in hek cells	11
t cells and	11
vaccines and therapeutic	11
outside of the	11
monoclonal antibodies block	11
heavy chain and	11
focused on the	11
this is the	11
the cell membrane	11
serum levels of	11
each of these	11
the tightly closed	11
susceptibility to sars	11
cells were identified	11
between s and	11
viral attachment inhibitor	11
of s subunit	11
for middle east	11
detection of antibodies	11
decrease in the	11
for use in	11
is required to	11
compared to a	11
more likely to	11
the k d	11
responsible for receptor	11
to compare the	11
rbd and hdpp	11
and the binding	11
the spike and	11
in the host	11
relationship between the	11
and coverage of	11
immunized with the	11
a pair of	11
neutralizing immunogenicity of	11
the human coronavirus	11
simulations were carried	11
summarized in table	11
the lungs of	11
steepest descent algorithm	11
of the first	11
with pbs containing	11
are associated with	11
contact with the	11
for their ability	11
be associated with	11
genomic characterisation and	11
spike protein that	11
were performed at	11
target of antibodies	11
of the clinical	11
a comprehensive python	11
the wells were	11
of sera from	11
were collected in	11
that do not	11
to compete with	11
used to calculate	11
of critically ill	11
spike protein were	11
binding interface of	11
positive for sars	11
were found in	11
role in virus	11
have been developed	11
and light chains	11
membrane fusion and	11
of protective immunity	11
elicited by the	11
based system for	11
to construct the	11
of the amino	11
spike protein contains	11
the recombinant sars	11
was determined using	11
rbd protein in	11
cell responses to	11
suggesting that these	11
was evaluated by	11
syndrome coronavirus receptor	11
is an immunodominant	11
is a potent	11
has the potential	11
in liquid nitrogen	11
the fraction of	11
protein in complex	11
basis of binding	11
s subunits of	11
to treat covid	11
is also a	11
hour at room	11
antibody titers were	11
efficacy of a	11
tools for molecular	11
immunodominant and highly	11
disease severity and	11
coverage of escape	11
cells were lysed	11
exploratory research and	11
four structural proteins	11
a human neutralizing	11
c and c	11
critical for the	11
as a reference	11
the sequences of	11
between novel human	11
directly from the	11
for the neutralization	11
was assessed by	11
similar to sars	11
entry into target	11
protein has been	11
purified by ni	11
of these two	11
s cleavage site	11
macromolecular structure solution	11
in this review	11
architecture of the	11
of the hr	11
rbd binding and	11