bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
spike protein	1023
respiratory syndrome	716
binding domain	596
syndrome coronavirus	508
neutralizing antibodies	503
receptor binding	470
acute respiratory	463
severe acute	440
human ace	407
spike glycoprotein	379
amino acid	313
middle east	311
east respiratory	305
cov rbd	297
novel coronavirus	282
coronavirus spike	259
sars coronavirus	250
converting enzyme	248
neutralizing antibody	243
cov spike	229
monoclonal antibodies	225
binding affinity	215
ace receptor	203
host cell	198
monoclonal antibody	183
author funder	174
antibody responses	173
immune responses	172
convalescent plasma	171
human monoclonal	170
copyright holder	169
amino acids	169
viral entry	169
immune response	168
cov infection	165
crystal structure	165
granted medrxiv	164
rbd protein	162
binding site	162
version posted	161
cell entry	160
ace binding	155
room temperature	152
spike proteins	149
host cells	138
doc id	137
cord uid	137
human coronavirus	132
coronavirus disease	132
kcal mol	131
membrane fusion	128
international license	128
made available	127
human igg	125
structural basis	125
antibody response	123
rbd binding	123
rbd domain	122
em structure	117
performed using	113
antibody titers	112
neutralizing activity	110
rbd vaccine	108
peer review	104
rbd ace	101
molecular dynamics	101
receptor recognition	100
viral infection	100
wild type	100
receptor ace	99
fc ab	98
cell surface	98
potent neutralizing	97
specific antibodies	92
high affinity	92
vaccine development	90
highly conserved	90
cell receptor	90
binding interface	89
fusion protein	88
medrxiv preprint	88
neutralization assay	87
spike receptor	86
hydrogen bonds	86
previously described	85
virus infection	84
electron microscopy	84
rights reserved	84
cleavage site	82
thermo fisher	82
mg ml	81
ace interaction	78
influenza virus	78
viral spike	77
adjuvanted rbd	76
free energy	76
md simulations	76
serum samples	75
conformational changes	75
tf tf	72
negative control	72
pdb id	71
human cells	70
virus entry	70
flow cytometry	70
serially diluted	70
vaccine design	69
rbd proteins	69
convalescent subjects	69
cell lines	68
ge healthcare	68
specific igg	68
terminal domain	68
cell culture	67
prefusion conformation	67
human neutralizing	67
new coronavirus	67
functional receptor	66
ace complex	65
binding domains	65
coronavirus infection	65
active site	64
md simulation	64
days post	64
symptom onset	63
mm nacl	63
supplementary table	63
subunit vaccine	62
neutralization activity	62
binding sites	61
well plates	61
human receptor	61
glycosylation sites	60
phage display	60
viral rna	60
igg fc	60
specific antibody	60
recombinant protein	60
angiotensin converting	59
type i	59
disease severity	59
antibody production	59
ace orthologs	58
potent neutralization	58
protease inhibitor	58
heavy chain	58
neutralizing epitopes	57
protective immunity	57
spike rbd	57
immune system	57
cells expressing	57
animal models	57
three times	56
ncov spike	56
cell membrane	56
goat anti	56
structural analysis	56
rbd igg	56
surface area	56
crystal structures	56
neutralizing monoclonal	56
severe covid	55
class i	55
acid residues	55
dipeptidyl peptidase	55
hot spot	54
ic values	54
protein rbd	53
viral replication	53
recombinant rbd	53
antibodies targeting	53
cell line	52
cell fusion	52
protein interactions	52
domain complexed	52
unexposed subjects	52
neutralizing mabs	52
transgenic mice	51
fisher scientific	51
per well	51
respiratory tract	51
antibody titer	51
saudi arabia	50
taken together	50
hydrogen bond	50
domain antibodies	50
structural proteins	50
sequence identity	50
igg mbcs	50
igg antibodies	49
neutralize sars	49
signal peptide	49
clinical trials	49
described previously	49
binding motif	49
public health	48
innate immune	48
ace isoforms	48
vaccine candidate	48
sequence alignment	48
neutralization potency	48
data bank	48
target cells	48
igg titers	48
fc fusion	47
structure determination	46
graphpad prism	46
mm tris	46
authors declare	46
protein data	46
force field	46
antibody binding	45
virus neutralization	45
protein binding	45
viral fusion	45
ace genes	45
subunit vaccines	45
entry depends	45
plasma therapy	44
molecular weight	44
antibody levels	44
based vaccines	44
hydrophobic interactions	44
ace protein	44
posted august	44
cov susceptibility	44
exclusion chromatography	43
clinically proven	43
proven protease	43
coronavirus receptor	43
structural studies	43
viral load	43
fc protein	43
fusion peptide	43
domain iv	43
results showed	43
ace interface	43
animal species	42
igg levels	42
biorxiv doi	42
rbd complex	42
closely related	42
expression vector	42
animal model	42
previous studies	42
highly potent	41
ebola virus	41
binding free	41
bfe changes	41
associated coronavirus	41
length human	41
ace expression	41
mers coronavirus	41
human coronaviruses	41
domestic animals	41
bat origin	41
em structures	40
human angiotensin	40
side chain	40
ace structure	40
mouse model	40
furin cleavage	40
heparan sulfate	39
positive selection	39
hace receptor	39
rbd antibody	39
viral infections	39
rbd residues	39
cell responses	39
epithelial cells	39
mouse igg	39
calculated using	39
supplementary material	39
ng ml	39
serial dilutions	38
without permission	38
igg ab	38
escape mutants	38
water molecules	38
results suggest	38
secondary antibody	38
reuse allowed	38
host receptor	38
mice immunized	38
single domain	38
allowed without	38
bat coronavirus	38
creative commons	37
molecular docking	37
humoral immune	37
host immune	37
ace receptors	37
infectious diseases	37
world health	37
expression system	37
results indicate	37
convalescent individuals	37
fusion proteins	36
pneumonia outbreak	36
spike ectodomain	36
light chain	36
two different	36
human antibody	36
neutralizing immunogenicity	36
hydrogen bonding	36
high levels	36
binding affinities	36
conformational dynamics	36
significantly higher	36
cov infections	36
protein structure	36
may also	36
live virus	36
binding assay	36
health organization	36
pseudovirus neutralization	36
pseudotyped mers	36
posted july	36
domain bound	36
like particles	36
coronavirus associated	35
infected cells	35
binding region	35
vero cells	35
also observed	35
rbd structure	35
viral attachment	35
patients infected	35
acid sequence	35
united states	35
small molecules	35
higher affinity	35
novel human	35
specific vhh	35
trimeric spike	35
recombinant sars	35
hr domain	35
soluble ace	34
dynamics simulations	34
rbd region	34
previously reported	34
probable bat	34
heptad repeat	34
well plate	34
statistical significance	34
important role	34
cov strains	34
sino biological	33
plasmid encoding	33
pseudotyped virus	33
western blot	33
sensor response	33
control group	33
sequence similarity	33
civet ace	33
cellular receptor	33
immunized mice	33
fold higher	33
cp transfusion	32
also found	32
salt bridge	32
rna viruses	32
one rbd	32
mg kg	32
outbreak associated	32
data collection	32
culture medium	32
polyclonal antibody	32
using human	32
rat ace	32
dependent enhancement	32
respiratory disease	32
dromedary camels	31
human cell	31
plasmon resonance	31
zebrafish larvae	31
surface plasmon	31
live sars	31
secondary structure	31
infected individuals	31
negative controls	31
electrostatic interactions	31
extended data	31
drug discovery	31
clinical characteristics	31
expression levels	31
binding energy	31
viral membrane	30
conjugated anti	30
vaccine candidates	30
critical residues	30
interacting residues	30
viral proteins	30
functional characterization	30
inflammatory cytokines	30
serum igg	30
broadly neutralizing	30
infected patients	30
viral antigens	30
glycosylation site	30
protein complexes	29
side chains	29
protein interaction	29
single inoculum	29
molecular basis	29
target protein	29
glycoprotein rbd	29
neutralization assays	29
respiratory distress	29
ace cells	29
sialic acid	29
protein expression	29
spike glycoproteins	29
bovine serum	29
clinical features	29
short ace	29
coronavirus fusion	29
linked immunosorbent	29
mbcs reactive	28
humoral immunity	28
cells using	28
van der	28
cellular immune	28
severe disease	28
ic value	28
tgev rbd	28
size exclusion	28
specific iga	28
cell lysates	28
porcine epidemic	28
prefusion state	28
neutralization titers	28
data suggest	28
recombinant proteins	28
igg antibody	28
cytopathic effect	28
multiple sequence	28
serological assay	28
free energies	27
affinity chromatography	27
reactive igg	27
ucsf chimera	27
global health	27
protein receptor	27
neutralizing human	27
respiratory syncytial	27
washed three	27
purified proteins	27
analyzed using	27
mouse sera	27
human antibodies	27
conformational change	27
neutralizing activities	27
binding pocket	27
posted october	27
measured using	26
natural infection	26
related coronavirus	26
antiviral activity	26
buffered saline	26
fusion inhibitor	26
web server	26
small molecule	26
serological tests	26
igg response	26
protective efficacy	26
fatality rate	26
viral infectivity	26
healthy donors	26
antibody library	26
surface expression	26
cov receptor	26
protein folding	26
higher binding	26
syncytial virus	26
single amino	26
ace residues	26
cov challenge	26
deep mutational	26
large number	26
nucleocapsid protein	26
specific human	26
ncov rbd	26
domain ii	25
mammalian cells	25
ill patients	25
present study	25
protease cleavage	25
competing interests	25
protein sequence	25
highly specific	25
positive control	25
closed state	25
glycan probe	25
also showed	25
inhibitory activity	25
error bars	25
statistically significant	25
infectious virus	25
rbd antibodies	25
epidemic diarrhea	25
respiratory coronavirus	25
open state	25
human dpp	25
salt bridges	25
sars cov	25
human respiratory	25
antibodies block	25
human population	25
purified using	25
immune evasion	24
receptorbinding domain	24
conformational states	24
rational design	24
pseudotyped viruses	24
key residues	24
analysis based	24
convalescent sera	24
dependent manner	24
detected using	24
entry receptor	24
therapeutic antibodies	24
emc strain	24
global pandemic	24
recent studies	24
adjuvant system	24
dissociation constant	24
immunosorbent assay	24
adaptive immune	24
epitope mapping	24
coronavirus sars	24
virus particles	24
haddock score	24
protein contains	24
rbd domains	24
standard deviation	24
virus binding	24
pathogenic coronaviruses	24
antibodies elicited	24
receptor dpp	24
final concentration	24
rbd antigen	24
der waals	24
targeting sars	24
clinical trial	24
wide range	24
rhesus macaques	24
acid substitutions	24
recombinant mers	24
total ig	24
functional basis	24
distress syndrome	24
protein trimer	23
positively charged	23
exceptionally potent	23
mm hepes	23
linked glycans	23
binding surface	23
stranded rna	23
hace complex	23
western blotting	23
ace blocking	23
least two	23
cov neutralizing	23
iga antibodies	23
phylogenetic analysis	23
plasma transfusion	23
accession number	23
based vaccine	23
receptor interactions	23
binding residues	23
viral envelope	23
drug development	23
rbd rasp	23
hek cells	23
spike trimer	23
pseudovirus infection	23
separate sites	23
inhibit sars	23
related coronaviruses	23
fusion state	23
rbd i	23
ace gene	23
uncaria tomentosa	23
buried surface	23
highly pathogenic	23
recombinant receptor	23
least one	23
prevent sars	23
two distinct	23
docking studies	23
loaded onto	23
binding kinetics	23
live mers	23
cov antibody	23
critically ill	23
hospitalized patients	23
full length	23
coronavirus entry	23
recent study	23
complex structure	23
different epitopes	23
culture supernatant	23
transfected cells	22
significantly reduced	22
per mouse	22
current study	22
assay using	22
receptor usage	22
virtual screening	22
cov entry	22
ace variants	22
neg species	22
cell epitopes	22
rna virus	22
elisa plates	22
cd cd	22
antibody therapies	22
transiently transfected	22
coronavirus infections	22
complete genome	22
supporting information	22
cryptic epitope	22
ns protein	22
similar results	22
asymmetric unit	22
cp therapy	22
mm imidazole	22
hot spots	22
diarrhea virus	22
viral rbd	22
trimer cavity	22
generated using	22
high titers	22
protein induces	22
confirmed cases	22
molecular graphics	22
human sars	22
fc domain	22
antibody neutralization	21
plate reader	21
tissue culture	21
lung tissue	21
neutralization test	21
combinatorial adjuvant	21
virus fusion	21
cov pseudovirus	21
fetal bovine	21
high specificity	21
viral protein	21
peptide inhibitors	21
fusion core	21
new york	21
serine protease	21
health care	21
protein binds	21
genome sequence	21
human serum	21
purified rbd	21
intact ace	21
potent sars	21
protein concentration	21
prefusion spike	21
antigenic sites	21
conformational state	21
diagnostic accuracy	21
passive transfer	21
culture supernatants	21
angiotensinconverting enzyme	21
induce neutralizing	21
igg production	21
plasma membrane	21
viral surface	21
homology modelling	21
mouse ace	21
membrane protein	21
igm antibodies	21
rna polymerase	21
serological assays	21
previous reports	21
protein structures	21
results demonstrate	20
ligand binding	20
synthetic nanobodies	20
rbd interaction	20
outer membrane	20
significant increase	20
cell membranes	20
glycoproteins reveal	20
spike antigen	20
independent experiments	20
human fc	20
luciferase activity	20
three rbds	20
molecular replacement	20
significantly lower	20
pdb code	20
reactive mbcs	20
protein production	20
dynamic receptor	20
statistical analysis	20
diffraction data	20
conserved cryptic	20
within days	20
cell attachment	20
determined using	20
vaccinia virus	20
human mabs	20
virus challenge	20
residues involved	20
molar ratio	20
recombinant ace	20
pbs containing	20
bd biosciences	20
fc tag	20
cellular immunity	20
human transmission	20
immune cells	20
domain antibody	20
plasma donors	20
may provide	20
low levels	20
avian influenza	20
emerging human	19
protein efficiently	19
significant difference	19
competitive biopanning	19
data indicate	19
binding activity	19
small animal	19
dpp binding	19
fusion inhibition	19
nucleic acid	19
potent cross	19
based design	19
see methods	19
high binding	19
long structural	19
mouse serum	19
optical density	19
elisa assay	19
way anova	19
lower respiratory	19
blocking sars	19
biotinylated rbd	19
type rbd	19
cells ml	19
protein complex	19
therapeutic agents	19
ns md	19
elisa assays	19
fold increase	19
major target	19
tg mice	19
acid fragment	19
palm civets	19
two proteins	19
patient samples	19
papn ectodomain	19
gel filtration	19
escherichia coli	19
i ifn	19
exposed subjects	19
protective immune	19
confirmed covid	19
data analysis	19
light chains	19
isolated rbd	19
south korea	18
viral particles	18
hr domains	18
smd simulations	18
therapeutic development	18
expression plasmid	18
rbd core	18
lung injury	18
mammalian cell	18
stably transfected	18
envelope protein	18
potent binding	18
human mab	18
purifying selection	18
previously shown	18
corona virus	18
sars patients	18
care workers	18
statistical analyses	18
like coronavirus	18
docking results	18
binding energies	18
two independent	18
epitopes within	18
host range	18
immune enhancement	18
incubated overnight	18
sd domain	18
like protease	18
linked glycosylation	18
body weight	18
currently available	18
cho cell	18
time rt	18
major livestock	18
rbd complexes	18
blood type	18
energy landscape	18
glycan shield	18
plaque assay	18
reduced binding	18
therapeutic potential	18
cov virus	18
receptor interaction	18
serum albumin	18
ace antibody	18
binding model	18
biolayer interferometry	18
fusion inhibitors	18
viral genome	18
lymph nodes	18
specific neutralizing	18
one hour	18
commons license	18
using graphpad	17
bei resources	17
significantly different	17
viral loads	17
mass spectrometry	17
interaction interface	17
entry inhibitors	17
membrane vesicles	17
rbd mutants	17
two subunits	17
fully human	17
transcription factors	17
vaccine antigen	17
genome sequences	17
determine whether	17
random coils	17
bat sars	17
coronavirus nl	17
rbd surface	17
deep mutagenesis	17
total igg	17
transmissible gastroenteritis	17
coronavirus mers	17
cov vaccine	17
structure analysis	17
protein ectodomain	17
binding mode	17
inflammatory responses	17
chain variable	17
cell immunity	17
human immunodeficiency	17
binding epitope	17
escape mutations	17
variable domain	17
igg responses	17
plaque reduction	17
san diego	17
standard biopanning	17
mutational scanning	17
weight loss	17
effective vaccine	17
rationally designed	17
closed conformation	17
infection rate	17
immunodeficiency virus	17
host cellular	17
serum sample	17
mortality rate	17
specific igm	17
drug repurposing	17
relatively low	17
bound ace	17
rbd using	17
bind sars	17
bat coronaviruses	17
antibody detection	17
affinity maturation	17
life cycle	17
systematic review	17
binding assays	17
structural insights	17
recombinant human	17
enveloped viruses	17
ng well	17
tightly closed	17
post infection	17
binding loops	16
antibody titres	16
significant differences	16
among different	16
recovered patients	16
rbd fusion	16
peripheral blood	16
virus replication	16
coronavirus spikes	16
based assays	16
target proteins	16
severe cases	16
posted june	16
rbd bound	16
hcl ph	16
protein concentrations	16
critical role	16
rbd alone	16
strong neutralizing	16
designed prefusion	16
upward rbd	16
highly similar	16
emergency use	16
rna binding	16
proteolytic cleavage	16
convalescent patients	16
expressing human	16
coronavirus vaccine	16
pathogenic coronavirus	16
nta resin	16
main protease	16
study showed	16
binding efficiency	16
cell receptors	16
tbs ph	16
dpp receptor	16
disulfide bonds	16
protein variants	16
prefusion mers	16
rbd epitopes	16
three rbd	16
potential therapeutic	16
soluble human	16
antibody concentration	16
different concentrations	16
clinical outcomes	16
lg ml	16
i interferon	16
complex formation	16
ray crystal	16
also used	16
sars vaccines	16
reduction neutralization	16
detect sars	16
host ace	16
dependent rna	16
various concentrations	16
viral antigen	16
negative bfe	16
endoplasmic reticulum	16
cells via	16
viral clearance	16
day post	16
serum antibody	16
biosafety level	16
receptor angiotensin	16
different viral	16
analysis showed	16
serum dilution	16
horseradish peroxidase	16
life technologies	16
binding epitopes	16
antibody libraries	16
protein docking	16
diluted mouse	15
hospitalized covid	15
gel electrophoresis	15
spike gene	15
several studies	15
high performance	15
proximal promoter	15
apoplastic fluid	15
blocking antibodies	15
cov ratg	15
open conformation	15
results show	15
conserved among	15
terminal human	15
washed times	15
neutralization titer	15
engineered decoy	15
adult zebrafish	15
acute lung	15
glycoprotein reveal	15
key target	15
glycoprotein receptor	15
length sars	15
molecular dynamic	15
patient sera	15
antiviral drug	15
infectious disease	15
data show	15
urgently needed	15
pg mm	15
dna vaccine	15
first step	15
acid pairs	15
plasma samples	15
functional assessment	15
blocking buffer	15
ec value	15
mesh ewald	15
conjugated goat	15
cytoplasmic tail	15
specific binding	15
host proteases	15
critical amino	15
time points	15
conformation structure	15
living cells	15
also demonstrated	15
charged residues	15
fractions containing	15
hong kong	15
time step	15
rbd immunized	15
polyclonal antibodies	15
direct binding	15
findings suggest	15
livestock species	15
see table	15
i virus	15
end point	15
autodock vina	15
source data	15
highly immunogenic	15
length spike	15
cell response	15
scoring function	15
microscopy structures	15
cell types	15
tested positive	15
virus spike	15
therapeutic efficacy	15
including sars	15
serological testing	15
much lower	15
interface residues	15
immobilized ace	15
based assay	15
antiviral therapeutics	15
ace molecules	15
viral neutralization	15
fr nps	15
next day	15
fusion spike	15
terminal region	15
reactive antibodies	15
risk factors	15
prerequisite conformational	15
hr region	15
informed consent	14
neutralizes sars	14
lysis buffer	14
rabbit anti	14
potency index	14
long ace	14
protease tmprss	14
antibody cocktail	14
mediates viral	14
dengue virus	14
results obtained	14
homology modeling	14
sequence analysis	14
viral subunit	14
antibody blocking	14
ace molecule	14
two mutations	14
dependent cellular	14
fusion conformation	14
selective pressure	14
simulation time	14
potent human	14
estrogen molecules	14
viral determinants	14
molecular modeling	14
potential drug	14
another study	14
inhibitor targeting	14
respiratory infections	14
neutralizing nanobodies	14
thermo scientific	14
intensive care	14
first reported	14
general population	14
isre stat	14
large scale	14
homology model	14
cov antibodies	14
coronavirus hku	14
cell viability	14
electrochemical anodization	14
insect cells	14
interaction energy	14
direct elisa	14
negatively charged	14
better understand	14
coronavirus vaccines	14
pcr positive	14
binding specificity	14
inhibitors targeting	14
innate immunity	14
top lead	14
reporter gene	14
sera collected	14
af mab	14
vesicular stomatitis	14
macromolecular structure	14
em data	14
limited number	14
reactive mbc	14
postexposure efficacy	14
chain antibodies	14
medium containing	14
susceptible species	14
nisin variants	14
effective vaccines	14
free rbd	14
cohort study	14
visualized using	14
two weeks	14
antibody concentrations	14
electrochemical detection	14
cells well	14
specific monoclonal	14
huh cells	14
spike pseudotyped	14
higher levels	14
sa protein	14
nta affinity	14
positive clones	14
using elisa	14
treat covid	14
steepest descent	14
small size	14
disulfide bond	14
dg bind	14
human sera	14
neutralization activities	14
decoy receptors	14
humoral response	14
intermediate hosts	14
viral receptor	14
alexa fluor	14
affinity binding	14
high sequence	14
supplementary information	14
common cold	14
rbd mabs	14
hace binding	14
genomic characterization	14
inactivated sars	14
emerging viruses	13
hdpp receptor	13
plasma recipients	13
close proximity	13
binding strength	13
posted may	13
data set	13
antibodies directed	13
cells per	13
core complex	13
medical center	13
mammalian expression	13
type sars	13
naturally occurring	13
cell sorting	13
dynamics simulation	13
promoter regions	13
block covid	13
virus type	13
derived peptides	13
case fatality	13
kindly provided	13
trimeric sars	13
authentic sars	13
cr fab	13
particle mesh	13
chain reaction	13
therapeutic strategies	13
lymph node	13
mediated neutralization	13
spike antibody	13
serum levels	13
like cleavage	13
neutralized sars	13
antiviral agents	13
mediated immunity	13
reverse transcription	13
also known	13
reverse genetics	13
signal peptides	13
newly identified	13
right panel	13
polymerase chain	13
coding sequence	13
malayan pangolins	13
likely due	13
expressing cells	13
widely used	13
molecular simulations	13
directed mutagenesis	13
spot region	13
even though	13
positive results	13
commons attribution	13
protein expressed	13
million confirmed	13
pangolin coronavirus	13
bind ace	13
potential therapy	13
extracellular domain	13
sequence homology	13
posted september	13
two separate	13
fda approved	13
mouse anti	13
three days	13
antiviral drugs	13
target cell	13
significant role	13
related viruses	13
hydrogen atoms	13
efficiently binds	13
igg igg	13
pseudovirus entry	13
yeast surface	13
viral vector	13
expressed recombinant	13
serial dilution	13
ab levels	13
transition state	13
hbs buffer	13
expi cells	13
structural protein	13
epitope containing	13
veroe cells	13
rapid development	13
rbd mutations	13
cell memory	13
genbank accession	13
reference strain	13
cov binding	13
binding antibodies	13
conformational transition	13
ace proteins	13
wash buffer	13
biopanning strategy	13
ligand interactions	13
cp treatment	13
plasmids encoding	13
cov vaccines	13
interfacial contacts	13
type ii	13
important target	13
bind simultaneously	13
signal sequence	13
control groups	13
interaction energies	13
three weeks	13
strong binding	13
cell sequencing	13
using different	13
key role	13
mean square	13
immune sera	13
using sars	13
reference ssaa	13
receptor cd	13
uncaric acid	13
large conformational	13
increases infectivity	13
antibody tests	13
cov rbds	13
lung tissues	13
causative agent	13
cho cells	13
analysis revealed	13
rbd variants	13
neutralizing titers	13
noncompeting pair	13
analysis using	13
transient expression	13
coronavirus isolates	13
cov neutralization	13
aligned using	13
standard deviations	13
relatively high	13
dark blue	13
pcr test	13
mice received	13
rbd may	13
chromatography using	12
rbm region	12
luciferase reporter	12
virus control	12
different animal	12
slightly higher	12
specific target	12
comparative elisa	12
broad range	12
conformational epitopes	12
mucosal immunity	12
three independent	12
class ii	12
influenza hemagglutinin	12
microscopy structure	12
molecular mechanisms	12
postfusion state	12
purified protein	12
receptor association	12
pixel size	12
median age	12
ground prefusion	12
drug targets	12
soluble expression	12
influenza viruses	12
rbd sera	12
gene expression	12
fold dilutions	12
iga levels	12
species transmission	12
rbd binds	12
cr epitope	12
adcho cells	12
entry assay	12
hydrophobic pocket	12
zinc ion	12
two groups	12
human primates	12
vaccine efficacy	12
ace bound	12
molecular orbital	12
highly effective	12
structural characterization	12
inhibition assay	12
throughput screening	12
virus origins	12
surface protein	12
adapted sars	12
ad hdpp	12
neutralizing mab	12
virus disease	12
control mice	12
crystal violet	12
competitive binding	12
liquid nitrogen	12
sera samples	12
induces protective	12
fresh medium	12
conjugated secondary	12
surface receptor	12
display antibody	12
convergent antibody	12
based subunit	12
rbd vaccines	12
rapid detection	12
root mean	12
recombinant spike	12
virus titers	12
sars virus	12
block interaction	12
results also	12
assays using	12
female balb	12
preliminary report	12
humanized mice	12
binding inhibition	12
convalescent sars	12
ab binding	12
targeting antibodies	12
strong correlation	12
protein sequences	12
host membranes	12
elisa plate	12
angiotensin system	12
antiviral peptides	12
point titers	12
potential inhibitor	12
variable domains	12
four structural	12
conformational masking	12
crucial role	12
based system	12
newly emerged	12
olfactory organ	12
ssaa ligand	12
fold serial	12
based peptide	12
elicit neutralizing	12
pedv strains	12
fc region	12
descriptive study	12
open access	12
antibody fragments	12
human proteins	12
well elisa	12
potential vaccine	12
solution containing	12
contact residues	12
magnetic beads	12
prcv rbd	12
human dipeptidyl	12
incipient wetting	12
electron microscope	12
structural similarity	12
molecule inhibitors	12
two viruses	12
high concentration	12
mediated cell	12
drug target	12
decoy receptor	12
od value	12
monoclonal sars	12
neutralising antibody	12
two major	12
showed high	12
sialic acids	12
specific humoral	12
like coronaviruses	12
ig variants	12
intermediate host	12
unexposed individuals	12
predicted model	12
last ns	12
bind rbd	12
antibody combination	12
commercially available	12
animals including	12
transmembrane domain	12
may help	12
block sars	12
standard curve	12
results provide	12
stomatitis virus	12
coronavirus structural	12
site asn	12
ter meulen	12
also performed	11
quantified using	11
mice serum	11
high degree	11
pandemic influenza	11
migratory monocytes	11
essential role	11
three distinct	11
npt ensemble	11
specific mabs	11
neutralising activity	11
disease onset	11
virus hemagglutinin	11
bacterial expression	11
within rbd	11
continuous variables	11
peptide rbd	11
antigenic epitopes	11
inhibits mers	11
disease pathogenesis	11
cleavage sites	11
lower affinity	11
maxisorp plates	11
blocking receptor	11
health emergency	11
data table	11
comparative protein	11
correlation analysis	11
model surfaces	11
contains multiple	11
sex hormones	11
visualization system	11
shell domain	11
infection generates	11
left panel	11
levels wane	11
structure solution	11
conditioned medium	11
biological sex	11
bound rbd	11
virus strains	11
response time	11
throughput single	11
virus evolution	11
result showed	11
recently described	11
coronavirus attachment	11
functional analysis	11
rbd specific	11
chain rbd	11
ct value	11
posted april	11
coronavirus pneumonia	11
synergistic effect	11
energy calculations	11
mouse hepatitis	11
comprehensive python	11
neutralisation activity	11
syrian hamsters	11
viral titer	11
attachment inhibitor	11
vaccine platform	11
using protein	11
helix bundle	11
viral shedding	11
sars vaccine	11
dilution series	11
rrbd protein	11
rbd antigens	11
slightly lower	11
studies revealed	11
hrp conjugated	11
vaccinated mice	11
catalytic site	11
genomic characterisation	11
sars pseudovirus	11
domain i	11
containing rbd	11
containing mm	11
fold dilution	11
rbd interface	11
aspartic acid	11
catalytic activity	11
bound state	11
contacting residues	11
lethal mers	11
binding protein	11
nd immunization	11
epitope binning	11
nucleic acids	11
type receptor	11
cov uses	11
current pandemic	11
antibodies using	11
structural features	11
enzyme receptor	11
different spike	11
glycoprotein trimer	11
rbd binders	11
much less	11
exploratory research	11
antibodies binding	11
samples collected	11
glycan probes	11
effectively inhibit	11
molecular biology	11
mm edta	11
acid residue	11
receptor protein	11
binding modes	11
human tissues	11
biological replicates	11
significantly decreased	11
ff sb	11
recently reported	11
angiotensin i	11
health concern	11
cells transfected	11
antibody recognition	11
collected days	11
endothelial cells	11
coronavirus adaptation	11
following sars	11
virus ns	11
urgent need	11
cd cells	11
amicon ultra	11
protects human	11
peptidase domain	11
nm nm	11
protein may	11
inhibitory concentration	11
descent algorithm	11
gastroenteritis virus	11
nasal swabs	11
also detected	11
inflammatory mediators	11
coronavirus ratg	11
approved drugs	11
assay results	11
hepatitis virus	11
first time	11
electron density	11
rbd showed	11
molecular simulation	11
observations suggest	11
antibodies specific	11
like sars	11
distinct epitopes	11
drug resistance	11
protein genes	11
candidate vaccine	11
envelope glycoprotein	11
dual route	11
homotrimeric spike	11
ab bound	11
infectious bronchitis	11
upper respiratory	11
igg binding	11
norovirus shell	11
igg concentrations	11
trachea tissue	11
inflammatory response	11
study also	11
influenza vaccine	11
hours post	11
dependent neutralizing	11
energy minimization	11
sigma aldrich	11
hace protein	11
antibody escape	10
treating covid	10
significant correlation	10
virus clearance	10
cell population	10
dynamic simulations	10
hcov oc	10
developing sars	10
protein bound	10
highly stable	10
ace structural	10
sequence variation	10
potential target	10
also called	10
well maxisorp	10
full spike	10
dendritic cells	10
antibody assays	10
ec values	10
using anti	10
mild disease	10
overall neutralizing	10
mdck cells	10
range electrostatic	10
induce specific	10
human cd	10
ace inhibitor	10
constructed using	10
affinity antibodies	10
specific ctfh	10
cellular entry	10
ethics committee	10
mutant rbd	10
effective antiviral	10
least days	10
ramachandran plot	10
graphics system	10
three different	10
previously identified	10
fragment molecular	10
chain contacts	10
neutralizing response	10
changes induced	10
antiviral innate	10
human heavy	10
ti sheet	10
building tools	10
human polyclonal	10
mild covid	10
md snapshots	10
surface papn	10
blood donation	10
based drug	10
multiple comparisons	10
fully glycosylated	10
production process	10
antibodies bound	10
conserved receptor	10
electrostatic potential	10
coronavirus hcov	10
natural variants	10
coated overnight	10
extended loops	10
also tested	10
image processing	10
genome sequencing	10
multimeric rbd	10
entry mechanisms	10
sequence data	10
expression plasmids	10
herpes simplex	10
free medium	10
buffer containing	10
coronavirus isolated	10
sensor surface	10
palm civet	10
docking scores	10
drug design	10
normal mode	10
tertiary structure	10
allowed us	10
low level	10
will need	10
supplemental table	10
protein using	10
antigen binding	10
mutation rates	10
fluorescence intensity	10
antigenic structure	10
loop region	10
recently emerged	10
activated cell	10
pathogenic human	10
double mutations	10
rapid generation	10
determining regions	10
tris ph	10
molecular mechanism	10
rbd mf	10
density map	10
antibody cr	10
reciprocal ic	10
binding competition	10
fusion structure	10
data sets	10
novel therapeutic	10
immunogenetic diversity	10
syrian hamster	10
virus neutralizing	10
weeks post	10
specific nbs	10
small number	10
also show	10
block receptor	10
time pcr	10
aromatic residues	10
porcine respiratory	10
antibody protects	10
double mutants	10
hydrophobic residues	10
without antibody	10
negative selection	10
showed similar	10
organ failure	10
equal volume	10
reactive neutralization	10
immune escape	10
induce highly	10
vaccine formulation	10
plasma treatment	10
protein containing	10
heptad repeats	10
fc mf	10
angiotensin ii	10
clinical symptoms	10
protein also	10
soluble ectodomain	10
mhc class	10
cell expression	10
density maps	10
quality control	10
infect humans	10
might also	10
conventional antibodies	10
antibody fragment	10
light scattering	10
concentration range	10
severe respiratory	10
block ace	10
saliva samples	10
acid changes	10
closed structure	10
good agreement	10
human airway	10
healthcare workers	10
new sars	10
em analysis	10
four different	10
rbd sequences	10
antibody targets	10
flow rate	10
cell adhesion	10
domain camelid	10
pos species	10
expression vectors	10
binding ability	10
receptor expression	10
high potency	10
two rbds	10
ifn response	10
contacting network	10
plasmid dna	10
using two	10
media containing	10
nod signaling	10
southern china	10
vertebrate species	10
causes severe	10
rp patients	10
therapeutic targets	10
coronavirus oc	10
sprotein rbd	10
probably due	10
also suggest	10
pcov gx	10
phylogenetic tree	10
polyclonal sera	10
surface display	10
obtained using	10
convalescent phase	10
immunodominant non	10
subunit contains	10
mbc formation	10
tissues using	10
iga abs	10
evolutionary dynamics	10
investigate whether	10
five times	10
engineered human	10
part number	10
novel sars	10
species severe	10
sequence encoding	10
induces strong	10
initial model	10
blood donors	10
data points	10
different time	10
igg isotype	10
cov ntd	10
mice immunised	10
soluble aggregates	10
functionalized tio	10
data processing	10
virus vaccine	10
type sace	10
coronavirus isolate	10
significantly increased	10
clinical course	10
acid substitution	10
viral diseases	10
first round	10
fmo results	10
major antigenic	10
inactivated vaccine	10
original author	10
wild animals	10
entry efficiency	10
i viral	10
controlled trial	10
studies showed	10
rbd within	10
layer interferometry	10
higher anti	10
two functional	10
rbd residue	10
time point	10
papn rbd	10
monomeric rbd	10
affinity towards	10
epi isl	10
reducing conditions	10
mutant hdpp	9
single dose	9
terminal helix	9
grade soluble	9
bridge interaction	9
neutralization antibodies	9
mimicry elucidates	9
phase i	9
mutational scan	9
missing residues	9
initial docking	9
human anti	9
high capacity	9
simultaneous binding	9
quantitative real	9
analysis suggests	9
specific residues	9
receptor complex	9
unexpected receptor	9
preprint server	9
virus infectivity	9
much higher	9
catalytic domain	9
embryonic kidney	9
synergistic effects	9
alanine scanning	9
golden syrian	9
human primate	9
elucidates activation	9
nonhospitalized cases	9
mechanical ventilation	9
targeting rbd	9
gene encoding	9
cells treated	9
rbm residues	9
competition assay	9
one day	9
two complexes	9
mutant proteins	9
disease progression	9
pymol molecular	9
kapton tape	9
analysis demonstrated	9
side effects	9
th day	9
neutralization mechanism	9
primary target	9
derived peptide	9
antigen production	9
rbd amino	9
high resolution	9
sb bound	9
multiple epitopes	9
humanized neutralizing	9
antigenic determinants	9
highest dilution	9
peptide library	9
emerging coronaviruses	9
protein gene	9
mab binding	9
proximal promoters	9
chemokine receptor	9
rna genome	9
mice expressing	9
evaluated using	9
higher sensor	9
close contact	9
showed higher	9
control wells	9
molecular mechanics	9
low frequencies	9
inhibiting sars	9
blot analysis	9
binding activities	9
induced antibodies	9
functional mimicry	9
findings indicate	9
form hydrogen	9
hubei province	9
real time	9
convalescent serum	9
mediate membrane	9
tnt synthesized	9
neutralising antibodies	9
thrombotic thrombocytopenic	9
structural modeling	9
thermofisher scientific	9
horseshoe bat	9
structural definition	9
recovered covid	9
rbd tip	9
cellular elisa	9
tracking changes	9
emerging microbes	9
rigid body	9
multiple comparison	9
cs cs	9
may result	9
remains unclear	9
mabs targeting	9
expressing sars	9
days following	9
homology models	9
rbd receptor	9
dynamic light	9
spike fusion	9
therapeutic options	9
nanobodies bind	9
filtration chromatography	9
observational cohort	9
cell pools	9
receptor functional	9
cell infection	9
using one	9
ace reveals	9
acid change	9
neutralizing capacity	9
lower levels	9
protein conformation	9
chain interactions	9
antibody therapeutics	9
lung cells	9
dmem supplemented	9
based discovery	9
emerging coronavirus	9
target antigen	9
receptor structural	9
mrna vaccine	9
previous study	9
may serve	9
five patients	9
selection variant	9
ml rbd	9
low ph	9
np assembly	9
nucleotide sequence	9
rbd structures	9
human transgenic	9
see materials	9
three washes	9
neutralized mers	9
maximum likelihood	9
interaction surface	9
lung viral	9
quantitative analysis	9
thrombocytopenic purpura	9
two regions	9
surface spike	9
superdex column	9
genomic sequences	9
human immune	9
human embryonic	9
cultured cells	9
inactivated virus	9
respiratory illness	9
mediating viral	9
neutralization escape	9
sensor sensitivity	9
active sites	9
search models	9
cell tropism	9
plasma cells	9
response current	9
considered significant	9
microscopy data	9
nan doi	9
simplex virus	9
point titer	9
expression level	9
host interaction	9
interface area	9
fc control	9
early stage	9
antibody targeting	9
incubation times	9
unique mutations	9
stably expressing	9
overlapping epitopes	9
ongoing pandemic	9
porcine cov	9
infectious dose	9
cell suspension	9
recent reports	9
better binding	9
rbd conformation	9
four distinct	9
wetting method	9
residues within	9
binds angiotensin	9
host species	9
cov replication	9
asian strains	9
binds ace	9
main hot	9
nl respiratory	9
coronavirus replication	9
generation sequencing	9
nonlinear regression	9
whose alteration	9
cell proteases	9
cellular membranes	9
purified sybodies	9
online version	9
studied using	9
positive bfe	9
significant reduction	9
human body	9
potently inhibits	9
structure refinement	9
galectin fold	9
positively correlated	9
proteins using	9
circulating sars	9
rapidly spread	9
common marmoset	9
based neutralization	9
potent inhibitors	9
light blue	9
display library	9
enzyme active	9
potential covid	9
igg format	9
transfected hek	9
two residues	9
lentiviral particles	9
data demonstrate	9
multiple targets	9
virus envelope	9
mammalian species	9
antibody repertoire	9
infect cells	9
fc fragment	9
assessed using	9
higher igg	9
sulfate proteoglycans	9
fc proteins	9
antibody complexes	9
structural biology	9
cellular cytotoxicity	9
creoptix ag	9
national institutes	9
steered molecular	9
per ml	9
cell subsets	9
rbd ls	9
transmission electron	9
cellular membrane	9
assay buffer	9
soluble decoy	9
camelid antibodies	9
asymptomatic individuals	9
ectodomain trimer	9
yeast display	9
computational design	9
np nb	9
cytokine storm	9
next step	9
applied biosystems	9
inhibit viral	9
emerging infectious	9
ace cryo	9
mm sodium	9
murine antisera	9
reactive protein	9
confirmed sars	9
rbd regions	9
open source	9
experimental validation	9
spike igg	9
terminal residues	9
visual molecular	9
protein purification	9
coronavirus middle	9
induced high	9
closed form	9
favorable interactions	9
robust antibody	9
spearman correlation	9
virus infections	9
virus attachment	9
also bound	9
nunc maxisorp	9
tumor growth	9
single particle	9
experimental data	9
fusion partner	9
neutralisation assay	9
structural comparison	9
bias voltage	9
pichia pastoris	9
vaccination regimes	9
severely ill	9
nanomolar affinity	9
desolvation energy	9
sequence identities	9
two days	9
therapeutic interventions	9
rate constant	9
ug ml	9
monomeric form	9
phage elisa	9
nasal washes	9
replication cycle	9
th response	9
ace competition	9
computational studies	9
also confirmed	9
collectrin domain	9
immune cross	9
blood mononuclear	9
syndrome coronaviruses	9
plasma donation	9
antibodies showed	9
lead contact	9
complex structures	9
glycosylation mutants	9
protective antibodies	9
page gel	9
synthetic nanobody	9
trimerization motif	9
cytokine production	9
potently neutralizing	9
protein residues	9
best models	9
trimeric rbd	9
immunofluorescence assay	9
healthy blood	9
fold decrease	9
studies using	9
early stages	9
immunization groups	9
core structure	9
recombinant soluble	9
atypical pneumonia	9
std nmr	9
acquired thrombotic	9
host membrane	9
elution buffer	9
neutralizing immune	9
also significantly	9
seasonal influenza	9
using clinical	9
transmembrane protease	9
blocks receptor	9
two domains	8
highest binding	8
mice treated	8
sample collection	8
structural data	8
culture collection	8
recovered patient	8
per group	8
receptor engagement	8
column volumes	8
standard error	8
binding properties	8
effective strategy	8
test results	8
competitive elisa	8
rbd site	8
rmsd values	8
vaccine strategies	8
show high	8
fused sdabs	8
hamster model	8
aa variation	8
control proteins	8
molecular evolution	8
prediction matrix	8
individual antibodies	8
viral transmission	8
tyrosine kinase	8
third party	8
patients showed	8
infection assay	8
variable regions	8
postfusion conformation	8
party material	8
antibody avidity	8
gravity flow	8
total number	8
total volume	8
potent inhibitory	8
credit line	8
two patients	8
linked glycan	8
ace inhibitors	8
may contribute	8
mediated membrane	8
potential conflict	8
patients define	8
fab complex	8
detailed protocol	8
may play	8
type culture	8
single clones	8
polyclonal neutralizing	8
first case	8
competing financial	8
viral rbds	8
give appropriate	8
neutralizing abs	8
combat covid	8
unmodified rbd	8
predicted sites	8
hydrophilic residues	8
designing sars	8
genus betacoronavirus	8
permitted use	8
microbes infections	8
draining ln	8
viral spread	8
immune serum	8
luciferase assay	8
like viruses	8
neutralizing epitope	8
truncated version	8
conjugated ag	8
specifically targeting	8
rbd construct	8
ray structure	8
downward rbd	8
signaling pathway	8
fc antibody	8
mononuclear cells	8
sybody libraries	8
distinct conformational	8
ace complexes	8
coronavirus structure	8
appropriate credit	8
inflammatory cytokine	8
animal ace	8
neutralization determinant	8
three libraries	8
hp column	8
potential drugs	8
molar excess	8
indicated otherwise	8
survival rate	8
american type	8
human lung	8
residues whose	8
similar binding	8
hydrophobic interaction	8
broad neutralization	8
cov strain	8
human interaction	8
data collected	8
buffer ph	8
new england	8
core region	8
intended use	8
cattle goat	8
previous sars	8
cell populations	8
highly sensitive	8
synchrotron radiation	8
proximal origin	8
particle cryo	8
fc binding	8
orbital method	8
rbd position	8
two consecutive	8
md trajectories	8
post transfection	8
binding data	8
serum iga	8
circuit board	8
pseudotyped lentivirus	8
unsupervised cryo	8
mutational escape	8
synthetic library	8
studies show	8
analysis software	8
fold reduction	8
complex stability	8
also shown	8
site residues	8
monomer form	8
receptor structure	8
mucosal immune	8
specific total	8
coronavirus strains	8
better understanding	8
disease caused	8
stimulated gene	8
copy numbers	8
commonly used	8
negative charge	8
goat igg	8
studies suggest	8
covid patients	8
inhibits sars	8
protease inhibitors	8
main chain	8
cov susceptible	8
acid sequences	8
bonding interactions	8
dna sequences	8
roc curves	8
surface glycoprotein	8
coronavirus envelope	8
greatly reduced	8
apn ectodomain	8
fold lower	8
express ace	8
rbd containing	8
hydroxyl group	8
well defined	8
vivo half	8
lc ms	8
oropharyngeal saliva	8
guinea pig	8
atomic level	8
multiple organ	8
commun doi	8
expressed sars	8
using rbd	8
possibly due	8
iga titers	8
protein showed	8
reservoir solution	8
crystallographic software	8
clinical improvement	8
written informed	8
computational modeling	8
severe infection	8
mouse fc	8
temporal profiles	8
cov infected	8
antibody therapy	8
different species	8
one amino	8
model building	8
transgenic mouse	8
first identified	8
immunodominant sites	8
block viral	8
florian krammer	8
protease domain	8
modified vaccinia	8
steric clashes	8
spike antigens	8
surrogate virus	8
crude extracts	8
mutation rate	8
entry via	8
international concern	8
viral pathogenesis	8
dependent binding	8
different mechanisms	8
cavity formed	8
antibodies isolated	8
mediated blockage	8
virus lethality	8
high concentrations	8
negative subjects	8
small proportion	8
natural products	8
cr binding	8
mutant rbds	8
permission directly	8
protein variant	8
pbs buffer	8
genomic rna	8
hace interaction	8
week intervals	8
rate constants	8
reporting summary	8
potent germline	8
immunized groups	8
chinese hamster	8
block binding	8
surface receptors	8
rapid spread	8
spike variants	8
control cohort	8
evolutionary rate	8
rbd igm	8
relatively small	8
symptomatic patients	8
salt concentration	8
culture infectious	8
efficient sars	8
past years	8
human host	8
antigenic site	8
sequence conservation	8
health sciences	8
open reading	8
potent pan	8
circulating igg	8
diagnostic tests	8
direct contact	8
therapeutic intervention	8
ternary complex	8
induce high	8
visit http	8
small scale	8
emerged novel	8
spike subunit	8
binding interactions	8
phaser crystallographic	8
genebank id	8
elisa binding	8
lung diseases	8
rbd classes	8
transcription factor	8
rapid unsupervised	8
highly variable	8
neutralization epitope	8
pei max	8
protein prevents	8
dissociation phase	8
time scales	8
terminal end	8
towards sars	8
i fusion	8
dna vaccines	8
intranasal delivery	8
nb i	8
cov recombinant	8
receptor hace	8
negative nii	8
polyacrylamide gel	8
southern biotech	8
developed using	8
od values	8
pbsa calculations	8
ab responses	8
expression medium	8
immunological assessment	8
two sybodies	8
prevent infection	8
betweenness centrality	8
uniform refinement	8
high throughput	8
incubation period	8
severe symptoms	8
epitopes recognized	8
conserved epitope	8
antibody sequences	8
vaccines based	8
asymptomatic sars	8
using molecular	8
bronchitis virus	8
novel angiotensin	8
mediated entry	8
healthy donor	8
nasopharyngeal swab	8
sequence alignments	8
lines indicate	8