bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
hepatitis virus	1611
mouse hepatitis	1444
infected cells	667
murine coronavirus	552
rna synthesis	473
viral rna	427
mhv infection	409
infected mice	346
virus infection	345
nervous system	311
central nervous	292
murine hepatitis	269
virus replication	266
amino acid	265
viral replication	257
spinal cord	247
genomic rna	239
type i	237
respiratory syndrome	234
mice infected	233
virus strain	233
rna polymerase	229
mhv strains	227
gene expression	220
spike protein	219
viral infection	211
acute respiratory	211
infectious bronchitis	210
severe acute	210
immune response	208
bronchitis virus	200
rna viruses	191
rna replication	190
nucleocapsid protein	189
strand rna	181
di rna	179
cell fusion	178
dbt cells	174
class i	171
alb ts	170
multiple sclerosis	166
amino acids	161
viral antigen	159
clinical signs	158
previously described	157
human coronavirus	155
cell lines	154
syndrome coronavirus	151
rna recombination	151
virus type	150
laboratory mice	148
structural proteins	148
coronavirus infection	147
feline infectious	147
infectious virus	144
cleavage site	144
immune responses	144
infectious peritonitis	143
monoclonal antibodies	139
transmissible gastroenteritis	139
cell culture	137
coronavirus mouse	131
cell line	129
recombinant viruses	129
host cell	129
leader rna	128
coronavirus spike	126
cord uid	125
viral proteins	125
doc id	125
coronavirus replication	124
demyelinating disease	123
lymph nodes	119
cells infected	118
epithelial cells	118
immunodeficient mice	117
bl mice	117
coronavirus rna	116
persistent infection	116
white matter	116
coronavirus mhv	116
mhv replication	114
may also	114
i ifn	113
open reading	112
wild type	111
described previously	110
monoclonal antibody	110
mouse strains	109
rna virus	109
cell surface	109
mhv rna	109
subgenomic mrnas	108
spike glycoprotein	106
mouse colonies	106
stranded rna	104
golgi complex	103
murine coronaviruses	103
viral hepatitis	102
room temperature	102
endoplasmic reticulum	101
leader sequence	99
defective interfering	98
bovine coronavirus	97
dependent rna	96
infant mice	96
mg ml	95
tissue culture	95
nonstructural protein	95
deficient mice	95
sars coronavirus	94
reading frame	93
sequence analysis	93
immunocompetent mice	92
cov nsp	91
plaque assay	90
plasma membrane	89
vaccinia virus	89
time points	88
kda protein	88
gastroenteritis virus	88
cleavage sites	87
poly i	87
strain jhm	86
positive cells	86
clinical disease	86
sars virus	85
experimental infection	84
coronavirus genome	84
days post	83
persistently infected	83
electron microscopy	83
spike gene	82
important role	82
like proteinase	82
nude mice	82
innate immune	81
induced demyelination	81
mhv spike	81
virus rna	81
rna species	81
cell types	80
rna binding	80
immune system	80
subgenomic mrna	79
replication complex	79
optic nerve	79
adult mice	79
endothelial cells	79
intranasal inoculation	79
jhm strain	78
avian infectious	78
membrane protein	78
cell cultures	78
previous studies	76
terminal domain	76
virus titers	75
viral infections	75
mhv strain	75
viral titers	74
suckling mice	74
di rnas	74
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	73
ts mutants	73
packaging signal	72
sjl mice	72
glial cells	71
respiratory tract	71
mice may	71
infected cell	71
cell monolayers	71
viral envelope	70
wt mice	70
post infection	69
closely related	69
virus evolution	69
virus particles	68
golgi network	68
viral genome	67
jhm infection	67
reverse genetics	66
golgi apparatus	66
highly conserved	65
nonstructural proteins	64
bone marrow	64
mhv receptor	64
scid mice	63
determine whether	63
molecular biology	63
rna transcription	63
binding domain	63
glycoprotein gene	62
structural protein	62
mrna synthesis	62
nsp dc	61
laboratory animal	61
research council	61
may occur	61
interfering rna	61
jhm virus	60
receptor binding	60
data suggest	60
mouse strain	60
mouse brain	60
cell lysates	60
secondary structure	60
i i	59
coronavirus infectious	59
permissive temperature	59
fi tness	59
choriomeningitis virus	59
coronavirus jhm	59
virus genome	59
national research	58
infected animals	58
ribosomal frameshifting	58
molecular weight	58
susceptible mice	58
sensitive mutants	58
dna viruses	58
mm tris	57
mice inoculated	57
proteolytic cleavage	57
mhv genome	57
neurotropic coronavirus	57
following mhv	57
present study	57
three times	57
rl mice	57
mrna transcription	56
replicase gene	56
dendritic cells	56
chain reaction	56
pp ab	56
genome replication	56
peritonitis virus	55
herpes simplex	55
inbred strains	55
polymerase gene	55
time point	55
human coronaviruses	55
carcinoembryonic antigen	55
influenza virus	55
polymerase chain	54
recent studies	54
mononuclear cells	54
targeted rna	54
naturally occurring	54
i expression	54
bovine serum	54
research complications	53
ts icv	53
coding region	53
envelope protein	53
lr cells	52
polymerase activity	52
biological materials	52
acute infection	52
recombinant mhv	51
gel electrophoresis	51
i interferon	51
virus strains	51
hepatitis viruses	51
lactate dehydrogenase	51
life cycle	51
coronavirus nonstructural	51
acid sequence	50
cellular proteins	50
results suggest	50
virus infections	50
protein synthesis	50
axonal loss	50
coronavirus nsp	50
two different	49
rna genome	49
specific cd	49
simplex virus	49
viral antigens	49
gene products	49
like protease	48
primary structure	48
sendai virus	48
proteolytic processing	48
mhc class	48
nucleotide sequence	47
vesicular stomatitis	47
optic neuritis	47
brain stem	47
axonal transport	47
fusion protein	47
natural infection	46
cell responses	46
untranslated region	46
virus assembly	46
two viruses	46
procoagulant activity	45
foxn nu	45
adoptive transfer	45
coronavirus transcription	45
helper virus	45
wt mhv	45
coronavirus defective	45
elevating virus	45
type mhv	45
replicase proteins	45
membrane fusion	45
animal medicine	45
membrane vesicles	45
culture medium	44
mutant viruses	44
crystal structure	44
mhv nsp	44
coronavirus nucleocapsid	44
gastroenteritis coronavirus	44
wild mice	44
coronavirus replicase	44
western blot	44
viral particles	44
spinal cords	43
host range	43
balb mice	43
cell type	43
ps rna	43
gap junction	43
coronavirus infections	43
days postinfection	43
encephalomyelitis virus	43
targeted recombination	42
binding activity	42
stomatitis virus	42
experimentally infected	42
differential diagnosis	42
demyelination induced	42
performed using	42
laboratory mouse	42
nucleic acid	42
avian coronavirus	42
also observed	42
pfu cell	42
binding site	42
viral persistence	42
discontinuous transcription	42
nasal mucosa	41
enterotropic mhv	41
biomedical research	41
chronic infection	41
target cells	41
olfactory bulb	41
animal models	41
neonatal mice	41
results indicate	41
coronavirus gene	41
secretory proteins	41
buffered saline	41
high levels	41
following infection	41
electron microscopic	41
viral protein	41
pca response	41
viral clearance	40
subgenomic rnas	40
acute disease	40
athymic mice	40
mice develop	40
strand rnas	40
protein interactions	40
calf serum	40
total rna	40
fusion activity	40
fgl expression	40
neutralizing antibodies	40
gene encoding	40
viral spread	40
acute phase	40
syncytia formation	40
att cells	40
strand synthesis	39
binding protein	39
antiviral activity	39
even though	39
following intranasal	39
cell clones	39
membrane proteins	39
mm edta	39
different strains	39
group ii	39
unpublished data	39
optic nerves	39
host cells	39
hypervariable region	39
rich motif	39
protein expression	38
fatty acid	38
lethal infection	38
gene polyprotein	38
may develop	38
studies using	38
hr postinfection	38
acid residues	38
natural infections	38
nsp nsp	38
adaptive immune	38
conformational changes	38
also found	38
replication complexes	38
mesenteric lymph	38
high frequency	38
reverse transcriptase	37
mus musculus	37
immunosorbent assay	37
infection may	37
ifn response	37
cells may	37
prkdc scid	37
small intestine	37
intracranial inoculation	37
cell tropism	37
directed mutagenesis	37
cdna clones	37
van der	37
lymph node	37
reading frames	37
cl cells	37
bhk cells	37
dna polymerase	37
nlrp inflammasome	37
bnip gene	36
linked immunosorbent	36
rna genomes	36
high mortality	36
immunodeficiency virus	36
cytokine production	36
sense rna	36
viral rnas	36
conserved among	36
inflammatory cells	36
viral nucleocapsid	36
minute virus	36
embryo transfer	36
recombinant virus	36
spike proteins	36
three different	36
virus binding	35
resistant mice	35
protein binding	35
glial cell	35
well plates	35
lymphoid tissue	35
protein genes	35
sindbis virus	35
acid substitutions	35
cc protein	35
immune cells	35
mouse model	35
hepatitis coronavirus	35
transplanted animals	35
host mrna	35
pl pro	35
envelope proteins	35
specific rna	35
cells expressing	35
major histocompatibility	34
virus titer	34
mhv infections	34
nsp mutant	34
enteric coronavirus	34
dengue virus	34
gastrointestinal tract	34
post inoculation	34
laboratory rodents	34
kindly provided	34
jhm infected	34
ectromelia virus	34
liver injury	34
host defense	34
feline coronavirus	34
rna sequence	34
inflammatory response	34
virus persistence	33
type infection	33
membrane association	33
subgenomic rna	33
mg kg	33
dependent enhancement	33
secretory pathway	33
specific antibody	33
critical role	33
gene product	33
small rnas	33
low levels	33
virion assembly	33
leukemia virus	33
pcr products	33
fulminant hepatitis	33
neutralizing antibody	33
grey matter	33
intracellular rna	33
virus infectivity	33
transmembrane domain	33
plaque formation	32
edim virus	32
see section	32
antiviral effect	32
chronic demyelination	32
old mice	32
virus production	32
coronavirus ibv	32
genetic analysis	32
like particles	32
terminal half	32
cleavage products	32
treated mice	32
cells within	32
histocompatibility complex	32
viral entry	32
dlsse rna	32
active site	32
may contribute	31
conformational change	31
recombinant vaccinia	31
chronic disease	31
uninfected cells	31
nu mice	31
intracerebral inoculation	31
virus may	31
i ifns	31
viral glycoprotein	31
gross lesions	31
susceptible strains	31
protein nsp	31
cleavage signal	31
liver fah	31
linked glycosylation	31
fetal bovine	31
cultured cells	31
das sarma	31
necrosis factor	31
infected mouse	31
respiratory coronavirus	30
mouse liver	30
induced demyelinating	30
sialic acid	30
control mice	30
cell response	30
acute encephalitis	30
virus entry	30
weanling mice	30
polyacrylamide gel	30
upper respiratory	30
salivary glands	30
newly synthesized	30
takes place	30
nucleoside analogues	30
nsp mutants	30
mice following	30
genome rna	29
human immunodeficiency	29
pfu ml	29
rabbit anti	29
natural host	29
medium containing	29
middle east	29
carboxy terminus	29
direct contact	29
tm domain	29
ribosome profiling	29
animal model	29
balb cj	29
meningeal fibroblasts	29
newborn mice	29
axonal damage	29
infected macrophages	29
zinc finger	29
reporter gene	29
mice lacking	29
human respiratory	29
mouse parvovirus	29
coronavirus oc	29
mrna species	29
mrna levels	29
washed three	29
ea fraction	29
mouse cells	29
enveloped viruses	29
intracellular membranes	29
permeabilized cells	28
murine cells	28
total number	28
escherichia coli	28
cervical lymph	28
svev mice	28
mutant virus	28
expression levels	28
nk cells	28
antigenic relationships	28
significant differences	28
ng ml	28
infl uenza	28
plasmid dna	28
may cause	28
strain mhv	28
present within	28
recombination frequency	28
interfering rnas	28
significantly higher	28
point mutations	28
type virus	28
complementation groups	28
transcriptase complex	28
natural killer	28
demyelinating diseases	28
goat anti	28
determined using	28
may provide	28
current study	28
agarose gel	28
may play	28
recombinant mouse	27
murine leukemia	27
nsp protein	27
different cell	27
translation products	27
mm nacl	27
reticulocyte lysate	27
weight loss	27
protein gene	27
statistically significant	27
situ hybridization	27
rna sequences	27
mouse populations	27
east respiratory	27
like receptor	27
significantly different	27
acting elements	27
like proteases	27
pneumonia virus	27
stem cells	27
nested set	26
terminal region	26
cell activation	26
mouse igg	26
infectious cdna	26
fetal calf	26
murine encephalomyelitis	26
virion rna	26
specific interaction	26
autoimmune encephalomyelitis	26
family coronaviridae	26
specific antibodies	26
demyelinating encephalomyelitis	26
infectious diseases	26
mice also	26
experimental autoimmune	26
inbred strain	26
blot analysis	26
pg ml	26
hela cells	26
rna structure	26
acid sequences	26
serological tests	26
athymic nude	26
hej mice	26
viral fh	26
active infection	26
intracellular transport	26
laboratory animals	26
equine arteritis	26
treated cells	26
protein may	26
forming units	26
liver disease	26
may result	26
virus isolation	26
united states	25
national institutes	25
arteritis virus	25
commonly used	25
surface glycoprotein	25
highly susceptible	25
reovirus infection	25
immune complex	25
nitric oxide	25
taken together	25
viral infectivity	25
viral genomic	25
like protein	25
least one	25
cs recombinants	25
antibody response	25
hepatic necrosis	25
virus spread	25
coronavirus mrnas	25
experimental inoculation	25
humoral immune	25
murine norovirus	25
demyelinating strain	25
spleen cells	25
aa substitutions	25
mice showed	25
washed twice	25
differential expression	25
virus infected	25
host factors	25
consensus sequence	25
virology doi	25
pbs containing	25
peripheral blood	25
naturally infected	25
viral mrnas	25
binding sites	25
murine virus	25
similar results	25
genetic background	25
indirect immunofluorescence	25
pcr assays	25
cytopathic effects	25
functional domains	25
rna elements	25
proteins involved	25
rat liver	25
infectious agents	25
porcine respiratory	24
see chapter	24
mouse models	24
ri strains	24
rna pseudoknot	24
mhv di	24
class ii	24
electron microscope	24
least two	24
data indicate	24
peritoneal macrophages	24
fold change	24
system disease	24
mtase activity	24
subgenomic negative	24
flow cytometry	24
complementation group	24
major determinant	24
induced cell	24
coronavirus mrna	24
brain barrier	24
virus inoculation	24
viral replicase	24
recent study	24
exon activity	24
genetic resistance	24
brain cells	24
genetically susceptible	24
novel coronavirus	24
vitro translation	24
two distinct	24
luciferase activity	24
cysteine proteinase	24
much higher	24
porcine transmissible	24
cells using	24
acute hepatitis	24
highly contagious	24
results show	24
technical assistance	24
tumor necrosis	24
mouse serum	24
virus adsorption	24
san diego	24
recombination events	23
knockout mice	23
structural elements	23
envelope glycoprotein	23
luciferase expression	23
major role	23
generated using	23
different mhv	23
reovirus type	23
genome regions	23
results demonstrate	23
large number	23
balb cbyj	23
mouse cell	23
previously reported	23
murine cytomegalovirus	23
coronavirus envelope	23
mediated demyelination	23
nucleic acids	23
integral membrane	23
liver damage	23
inbred mice	23
three viruses	23
acting rna	23
syncytium formation	23
health surveillance	23
induce demyelination	23
deletion mutant	23
tissue tropism	23
complete sequence	23
host evolution	23
protein products	23
young mice	23
viruses may	23
per ml	23
chronic demyelinating	23
polyacrylamide gels	23
contains two	23
independent experiments	23
terminal amino	23
nucleoside analogue	23
viral pathogenesis	23
analysis using	23
relationships among	23
peplomer protein	22
chronic hepatitis	22
canine coronavirus	22
significantly reduced	22
disease virus	22
lewis rats	22
cells transfected	22
intestinal tract	22
viral mrna	22
antigenically related	22
fluorescent protein	22
results obtained	22
also detected	22
meningeal cells	22
protein complex	22
respiratory syncytial	22
essential medium	22
peplomer glycoprotein	22
type ii	22
cov replication	22
time pcr	22
cellular receptor	22
fcwf cells	22
rna levels	22
protein complexes	22
experimental demyelination	22
embryonic stem	22
day post	22
mice treated	22
liver tissue	22
negative strands	22
per se	22
neurotropic mhv	22
vitro transcription	22
encephalitis virus	22
neurological disease	22
sensitive mutant	22
antigen expression	22
results showed	22
coding sequence	21
cell receptor	21
gray matter	21
horseradish peroxidase	21
statistical analysis	21
membrane glycoprotein	21
demyelination produced	21
transgenic mice	21
rna polymerases	21
higher levels	21
low virulence	21
mouse adenovirus	21
largest rna	21
inducing activity	21
group coronaviruses	21
coronavirus strain	21
viral growth	21
infection induces	21
antigen family	21
antiviral effects	21
expression level	21
proteinase activity	21
golgi compartments	21
ruffled fur	21
innate immunity	21
complex formation	21
ts mutant	21
host genotype	21
breeding colony	21
log reduction	21
mouse thymic	21
antibody production	21
nsp proteins	21
coronavirus particles	21
macrophages microglia	21
mhv genomic	21
nucleocapsid gene	21
lymphoid tissues	21
two groups	21
binding proteins	21
target cell	21
like cysteine	21
replication cycle	21
viral fusion	21
may reflect	21
rough endoplasmic	21
applied biosystems	21
exocytic pathway	21
hk protein	21
infected colonies	21
cov infection	21
structural polypeptides	21
site mutations	21
cns disease	21
lcmv infection	21
coronavirus avian	21
dc cells	21
two orfs	21
also shown	21
polymerase polyprotein	21
molecular cloning	20
green fluorescent	20
protein kinase	20
myelin sheath	20
buffer containing	20
apoptotic cells	20
transfected cells	20
genome sequence	20
fibrinogen deposition	20
four proteins	20
membrane topology	20
cell populations	20
transplantable tumours	20
survival rate	20
cj mice	20
red blood	20
pcr product	20
different coronaviruses	20
first detected	20
severe disease	20
virus jhm	20
also known	20
secretory granules	20
different viruses	20
efficient ribosomal	20
helicobacter spp	20
reverse transcription	20
cell membrane	20
temperature sensitive	20
within days	20
type culture	20
experimental allergic	20
host immune	20
data obtained	20
cellular membranes	20
also may	20
chronically infected	20
demyelinating lesions	20
sclerosis patients	20
resident microglia	20
specific binding	20
pol zn	20
culture collection	20
also possible	20
experimental conditions	20
vero cells	20
experimental infections	20
neuronal infection	20
stop codon	20
cns resident	20
cytoplasmic tail	20
organ tropism	20
health care	20
genome organization	20
secondary structures	20
mouse colony	20
persistent infections	20
susceptible cells	20
rna structures	20
chimeric spike	20
body weight	19
syncytial virus	19
protein expressed	19
affected mice	19
leader sequences	19
extensive destruction	19
biochemical characterization	19
viral titer	19
cytopathic effect	19
progeny virions	19
mouse coronavirus	19
infected cultures	19
replicase products	19
molecular mechanisms	19
immune complexes	19
dba mice	19
heterogeneous nuclear	19
rna packaging	19
virus nucleocapsid	19
respiratory viruses	19
causing disseminated	19
cdna synthesis	19
immunocompromised mice	19
mhv virions	19
animal species	19
breeding colonies	19
polyamine depletion	19
acid substitution	19
mhvr cells	19
thymic virus	19
least three	19
protein binds	19
microscopic studies	19
sample buffer	19
transcription factor	19
viral load	19
cd cd	19
line dbt	19
molecular basis	19
respiratory disease	19
older mice	19
amino terminus	19
within nsp	19
rna secondary	19
chemokine receptor	19
studies suggest	19
american type	19
purified virions	19
mrna start	19
order nidovirales	19
induced disease	19
cord white	19
helicobacter hepaticus	19
fisher scientific	19
control group	19
charged residues	19
semliki forest	19
viral structural	19
differentially expressed	19
disulfide bonds	19
model system	19
signaling pathway	19
surface projections	19
days later	19
terminal part	19
infected dbt	19
inclusion bodies	19
previous reports	18
units ml	18
vitro models	18
west nile	18
nasal cavity	18
condensing secretory	18
mycoplasmal infections	18
condensed secretory	18
replication fidelity	18
family members	18
mhv polymerase	18
mhv antigen	18
signal sequence	18
infant mouse	18
cc chemokine	18
serological testing	18
expression system	18
host interactions	18
coronavirus assembly	18
among different	18
infected samples	18
antibody responses	18
membrane structures	18
two strains	18
proteins may	18
deletion mutants	18
neural cell	18
positively charged	18
independent fusion	18
coronavirus strains	18
measles virus	18
passive immunity	18
growth factor	18
previously shown	18
dependent manner	18
hemorrhagic fever	18
distantly related	18
histopathological changes	18
fusion phenotype	18
liver tissues	18
susceptible animals	18
containing mm	18
disseminated encephalomyelitis	18
es cells	18
length infectious	18
coronavirus leader	18
first days	18
virus growth	18
table i	18
see later	18
nude mouse	18
contemporary mouse	18
nsp complex	18
extended host	18
lysis buffer	18
mouse spinal	18
plaque assays	18
viruses containing	18
cdna clone	18
golgi cisternae	18
mrna expression	18
final concentration	18
large rna	18
virus expressing	18
transcription factors	18
lymphoid organs	18
bhk mceacam	18
heparan sulfate	18
i molecules	18
cl cell	18
forest virus	18
cell membranes	18
blood cells	18
may represent	18
coronavirus genomes	17
one day	17
murid herpesvirus	17
may affect	17
allergic encephalomyelitis	17
three strains	17
recognition receptors	17
experimental evidence	17
experimentally induced	17
previously demonstrated	17
infected rl	17
take place	17
following viral	17
protect mice	17
reverse genetic	17
genetically modified	17
molecular weights	17
dna replication	17
disease severity	17
fi delity	17
protease activity	17
rna mutants	17
low prevalence	17
mhv mutants	17
genetics system	17
viral glycoproteins	17
immune dams	17
well understood	17
per cell	17
ccl signaling	17
type mice	17
dna virus	17
fulminant viral	17
primary antibodies	17
mediated immunity	17
analysis revealed	17
significant difference	17
several different	17
following i	17
potential role	17
protective effect	17
early stage	17
mouse embryonic	17
nile virus	17
axonal degeneration	17
cell adhesion	17
three independent	17
mutations within	17
fatal central	17
infectious disease	17
also showed	17
initiation site	17
nuclear ribonucleoprotein	17
incubation period	17
die within	17
secondary antibody	17
chemokine receptors	17
infections may	17
ms patients	17
cytoplasmic rna	17
using recombinant	17
salivary gland	17
rabbit reticulocyte	17
mutational analysis	17
primary meningeal	17
female mice	17
strains tested	17
like structures	17
cell entry	17
genetically engineered	17
terminal sequence	17
genome expression	17
terminal genome	17
insect cells	17
tract disease	17
berne virus	17
environmental conditions	17
heb fej	17
infected glial	17
dbt cell	17
western blotting	17
sentinel mice	17
cysteine residues	17
inbred mouse	17
gene networks	17
life technologies	17
structural basis	17
infection also	17
acute stage	17
neutralizing epitopes	17
envelope glycoproteins	17
magnetic resonance	17
immediately downstream	17
different virus	17
feline enteric	17
transplantable tumors	17
biological properties	17
mouse genome	17
unpublished results	17
rna structural	17
tissue damage	17
acute encephalomyelitis	17
hepatic injury	17
future studies	16
cells via	16
sodium dodecyl	16
cell proliferation	16
also present	16
replicase polyprotein	16
highly neurovirulent	16
presenting cells	16
mhv proteins	16
dc virus	16
several studies	16
virus gene	16
may involve	16
histological lesions	16
induced expression	16
maternal immunity	16
oas rnase	16
rsa infection	16
nk cell	16
transmembrane domains	16
pathogenic murine	16
essential role	16
cell death	16
stranded dna	16
also important	16
sarcoma virus	16
proteinase domain	16
various times	16
adhesion molecule	16
microarray analysis	16
rna recombinant	16
associated coronavirus	16
necrotic foci	16
also used	16
viral receptor	16
adherent cells	16
vertical transmission	16
neurotropic murine	16
nonpermissive temperature	16
like receptors	16
mechanisms underlying	16
ga treatment	16
cell lysis	16
double membrane	16
sequence homology	16
golgi vesicles	16
monocyte procoagulant	16
inhibitory effect	16
free leader	16
cells treated	16
much less	16
ccl mice	16
may lead	16
cns demyelination	16
hunched posture	16
two independent	16
specific infectivity	16
revertant viruses	16
molecular mechanism	16
intermediate compartment	16
cell infiltration	16
male mice	16
minimal essential	16
protein cleavage	16
strain infection	16
serum albumin	16
mice results	16
proteins encoded	16
golgi membranes	16
virus dissemination	16
helical nucleocapsids	16
cellular rna	16
coronavirus replicative	16
vector laboratories	16
neutralization tests	16
brain sections	16
mutant hnrnp	16
replicase protein	16
public health	16
host resistance	16
cellular immunity	16
cient mice	16
murine viruses	16
protein processing	16
cap structure	16
mortality rates	16
containing rna	16
may contain	16
cytomegalovirus infection	16
sequence identity	16
chronic viral	16
induced fh	16
restriction enzyme	16
inflammatory cytokines	16
mm hepes	16
epithelial cell	16
mycoplasma pulmonis	16
viral membrane	16
secondary antibodies	16
murine models	16
close proximity	16
frameshifting mechanism	16
virus budding	16
mammalian cells	16
length distributions	16
serial dilutions	16
data show	16
genome structure	16
two separate	16
cell population	16
inoculated mice	16
significantly increased	16
virus nonstructural	16
two additional	16
time course	15
ig sequences	15
poorly understood	15
infection occurs	15
terminal residues	15
rsmhv egfp	15
inoculated intranasally	15
two subunits	15
age groups	15
autoimmune response	15
houttuynia cordata	15
barrier maintenance	15
effector function	15
enhanced green	15
plaque forming	15
ii coronaviruses	15
ctl clone	15
several strains	15
mhv infected	15
nsp dmid	15
acute mhv	15
fusion conformation	15
nondenaturing gel	15
experimental procedures	15
large numbers	15
rhesus macaques	15
group i	15
caesarean derivation	15
map test	15
neutral red	15
golgi compartment	15
immune status	15
skin lesions	15
infectious clone	15
pneumocystis carinii	15
persistent viral	15
deficient coronaviruses	15
personal communication	15
virus replicase	15
helical nucleocapsid	15
termination codon	15
immunologically mediated	15
jackson laboratory	15
serum antibodies	15
disease susceptibility	15
culture cells	15
quantitative rt	15
evolutionary biology	15
negative strand	15
among mhv	15
results suggested	15
swiss mice	15
viruses formed	15
low level	15
specific igg	15
widely used	15
genes involved	15
antibody complexes	15
coronavirus subgenomic	15
mutant mouse	15
dirty bedding	15
firefly luciferase	15
following intracranial	15
enterotropic strains	15
virulent mhv	15
virion envelope	15
genetic variation	15
sequence comparison	15
ibv spike	15
virus nsp	15
myelin loss	15
rat anti	15
enteric coronaviruses	15
molecular mimicry	15
cell suspensions	15
disease induced	15
organ culture	15
site within	15
cerebrospinal fluid	15
growth kinetics	15
lg ml	15
deficient macrophages	15
findings suggest	15
cellular factors	15
epidemic diarrhea	15
transition mutations	15
mice exhibited	15
allowed us	15
brain homogenates	15
neurological signs	15
cruzi infection	15
gene co	15
biliary glycoprotein	15
north america	15
increased replication	15
oc infection	15
several weeks	15
ethidium bromide	15
cells per	15
using primers	15
infected ccl	15
earlier studies	15
hair coat	15
system demyelination	15
wide variety	15
calculated using	15
chronic central	15
putative polymerase	15
coronavirus family	15
studies showed	15
dodecyl sulfate	15
helicobacter species	15
rsa egfp	15
serum antibody	15
major site	15
diarrhea virus	15
relatively resistant	15
data presented	15
rna molecules	15
genetic control	15
virus shedding	15
intranasal administration	15
infected astrocytes	15
equal volume	15
unpublished observations	15
dmem containing	15
prior studies	15
enveloped rna	15
enzymatic activities	15
virus recovery	15
bacterial infections	15
nucleotide sequences	15
cause severe	15
infected tissues	15
bnip promoter	14
protective immunity	14
new insights	14
systematic assembly	14
disease caused	14
mice mouse	14
restrictive temperature	14
mice experimentally	14
mouse fah	14
several days	14
rna intermediates	14
hydrophobic domain	14
putative rna	14
also thank	14
functional role	14
two large	14
like virus	14
eukaryotic dna	14
later time	14
resistant sjl	14
strand templates	14
increased mortality	14
rna template	14
early secretory	14
clostridium difficile	14
induced fusion	14
liver failure	14
homologous recombination	14
mhv pseudoviruses	14
small plaque	14
efficient replication	14
nhc inhibition	14
intraperitoneal inoculation	14
delayed fusion	14
macrophage activation	14
bnip expression	14
motif i	14
severe combined	14
yet clear	14
immune mediated	14
gamma interferon	14
sequence conservation	14
host gene	14
accessory proteins	14
protein sequence	14
intranuclear inclusions	14
coronavirus associated	14
specific rnas	14
large dna	14
recombinant mbp	14
guinea pigs	14
encoded proteinases	14
mhv may	14
fusion peptide	14
animals treated	14
mock infected	14
maternal antibody	14
infected intranasally	14
mice developed	14
results indicated	14
defective mutants	14
neurologic disease	14
effector functions	14
natural conditions	14
rna may	14
cbyj mice	14
intestinal mucosa	14
microglia macrophages	14
one set	14
sequence motifs	14
related genes	14
relatively low	14
recombination frequencies	14
international committee	14
trypanosoma cruzi	14
trizol reagent	14
embryonated eggs	14
virus specific	14
products spanning	14
fej mice	14
virus envelope	14
comparative analysis	14
mhv clpro	14
induced cns	14
soluble receptor	14
point mutation	14
signal peptide	14
previous study	14
virus mhv	14
mhv model	14
early stages	14
contained within	14
genomic sequence	14
ependymal cells	14
surviving mice	14
shown previously	14
negative control	14
bowel disease	14
sequence similarity	14
inflammatory cell	14
coronavirus group	14
fever virus	14
blood vessels	14
additional file	14
retrograde axonal	14
obtained using	14
nadph oxidase	14
enzootically infected	14
catalytic residues	14
cellular immune	14
accession number	14
standard deviation	14
plaque morphology	14
low dose	14
viral control	14
two sets	14
antigenic sites	14
standard plaque	14
sites within	14
well plate	14
biological activities	14
containing rnas	14
molecular mass	14
th clone	14
virus also	14
proteolytic products	14
per cent	14
cns tissue	14
house mice	14
structure probing	14
recombinants containing	14
approximately kda	14
acute inflammation	14
small number	14
demyelination determinants	14
high titers	14
wasting syndrome	14
antiviral responses	14
intracellular localization	14
also occurs	14
cellular receptors	14
functional analysis	14
acting sequences	14
contact time	14
using monoclonal	14
host species	14
hindlimb paralysis	14
mouse leukemia	14
short orf	14
lethal mutagenesis	14
susceptible balb	14
strand template	14
cell epitope	14
nsp dfl	14
inflammatory demyelination	14
sg mrnas	14
incubated overnight	14
specific intracellular	14
like proteinases	14
virus stocks	14
differences among	14
experiments using	14
human cytomegalovirus	13
pathogenic properties	13
aspartic acid	13
i interferons	13
defective viral	13
single amino	13
vitro transcribed	13
reported previously	13
infection results	13
respiratory epithelial	13
virus persists	13
dna microarray	13
protein also	13
inflammasome activation	13
virus particle	13
two types	13
rna probe	13
jhm genomic	13
octanucleotide sequence	13
virus encephalomyelitis	13
different time	13
programmed death	13
culture supernatant	13
expression vector	13
igg titers	13
data suggested	13
efficient coronavirus	13
frequency rna	13
antiviral drugs	13
interfering particles	13
immunofluorescence staining	13
polytropic mhv	13
mediated immune	13
positive control	13
may serve	13
complement fixation	13
necrotic lesions	13
acid composition	13
cns following	13
data support	13
gene ly	13
gene order	13
strains mhv	13
significantly lower	13
hairpin loops	13
interstitial pneumonia	13
antibody titers	13
treated group	13
progenitor cells	13
host mrnas	13
tissue homogenates	13
pro cleavage	13
mice exposed	13
virus defective	13
primary target	13
inoculated intracranially	13
atpase activity	13
virus mouse	13
quality control	13
virus induced	13
virus takes	13
choroid plexus	13
host proteins	13
plaque reduction	13
bfa treatment	13
hydrophobic domains	13
rotavirus infection	13
various mhv	13
disease progression	13
mdck cells	13
expressed genes	13
inflammatory responses	13
large amounts	13
endou activity	13
one another	13
ldv infection	13
early phase	13
cell function	13
cells incubated	13
lipid bilayer	13
using mhv	13
acid metabolism	13
nsp protease	13
enterotropic mouse	13
amino terminal	13
base pairs	13
mouse genotypes	13
specific monoclonal	13
similar pattern	13
coronavirus membrane	13
infected rag	13
induced liver	13
transcription initiation	13
late time	13
cells following	13
become infected	13
ribosomal pausing	13
rna interactions	13
data demonstrate	13
studies demonstrated	13
neural cells	13
clear whether	13
length negative	13
primed transcription	13
see earlier	13
gene sequence	13
mortality rate	13
lytic infection	13
viral genomes	13
way anova	13
see table	13
recombination within	13
strain dependent	13
induce optic	13
ucuaa repeats	13
mediated clearance	13
may persist	13
shed virus	13
mutational robustness	13
cleavage product	13
blood flow	13
replicase complex	13
end genomic	13
nerve inflammation	13
rna transcripts	13
different types	13
coterminal nested	13
initiation codon	13
acting signals	13
high incidence	13
feline coronaviruses	13
immune cell	13
coronavirus main	13
protein levels	13
lymphoid cells	13
fold increase	13
slippery sequence	13
membrane rearrangements	13
copy number	13
animal care	13
length distribution	13
subgenomic minus	13
genetically resistant	13
goat serum	13
mm sodium	13
structural analysis	13
uninfected mice	13
also demonstrated	13
signature genes	13
fusion sites	13
infected balb	13
mhv antibody	13
primary antibody	13
neurovirulent mhv	13
lamina propria	13
various concentrations	13
viable cells	13
axonal injury	13
replication kinetics	13
fold dilutions	13
along olfactory	13
binding element	13
free mice	13
carrier state	13
liver pathology	13
among mice	13
plasma cells	13
high level	13
like cells	13
recombination sites	13
specific proteins	13
mhv serum	13
vitro studies	13
rnaseq density	13
intracellular membrane	13
antigenic determinants	13
expression networks	13
mice persistently	13
secretory protein	13
synthetic peptides	13
ns proteins	13
athymic foxn	13
coronavirus packaging	13
reduced viral	13
murine cell	13
first time	13
neurological fip	13
fold higher	13
putative functional	13
increased expression	13
gene recombinants	13
causative agent	13
virus isolated	13
genetic diversity	12
oxidative stress	12
detect viral	12
induced neurologic	12
ribosomal frameshift	12
barr virus	12
mhv disease	12
chikungunya virus	12
strongly neurotropic	12
frameshifting signal	12
ascites fluids	12
various time	12
functional characterization	12
wt hnrnp	12
indicated times	12
recombinant ibv	12
cov rna	12
tumor cells	12
riboseq chx	12
antiviral response	12
coronavirus genomic	12
different viral	12
neurotropic viruses	12
trypsin treatment	12
induced fulminant	12
genetic recombination	12
eliminate infection	12
junction communication	12
viral genes	12
study showed	12
foster city	12
coronavirus genes	12
plasmacytoid dendritic	12
coronaviridae family	12
recombination map	12
antigenically distinct	12
system requires	12
associated lymphoid	12
human cells	12
mhv entry	12
cdna probe	12
day pi	12
ribosomal frame	12
kidney cells	12
coronavirus glycoprotein	12
analyzed using	12
virus transcription	12
like mhv	12
several coronaviruses	12
endogenous retroviruses	12
infection resulted	12
main protease	12
porcine epidemic	12
significant role	12
coronavirus protein	12
synthesized viral	12
less susceptible	12
mice per	12
graphpad prism	12
neurological diseases	12
must also	12
pcr using	12
inhibitory effects	12
plaque purification	12
investigate whether	12
within weeks	12
golgi stack	12
including mhv	12
pcr analysis	12
rna containing	12
precipitable material	12
inflammatory bowel	12
functional significance	12
cellular protein	12
st mice	12
membrane binding	12
rna persistence	12
adult immunocompetent	12
detected within	12
infected murine	12
rna reveals	12
control animals	12
genetic factors	12
tlr signaling	12
tlr ligands	12
replication strategy	12
different mechanisms	12
rdrp domain	12
polymerase activities	12
olfactory cortex	12
carrier mice	12
since mhv	12
dependent differences	12
observations suggest	12
neurotropic strains	12
autoimmune disease	12
several months	12
genbank accession	12
ibv genome	12
kind gift	12
killer cells	12
brain tissue	12
plaque purified	12
intravenous inoculation	12
receptor function	12
disease process	12
phosphate buffer	12
analysis showed	12
wt vol	12
also indicate	12
template rna	12
adaptive immunity	12
growth medium	12
protein translated	12
pfu per	12
image analysis	12
telbivudine treatment	12
recombinant mhvs	12
glycosylation sites	12
two major	12
may function	12
virus characterization	12
coronaviruses may	12
low concentrations	12
polyclonal rabbit	12
mm dtt	12
sized rna	12
separate experiments	12
messenger rna	12
standard deviations	12
purified mhv	12
productive infection	12
may explain	12
particle formation	12
complete genome	12
leader rnas	12
uv light	12
macrophage cultures	12
mrna mrna	12
viral spike	12
available data	12
evolutionary relationship	12
change values	12
probably due	12
peplomeric glycoprotein	12
mrna capping	12
mhv pathogenesis	12
also significantly	12
host cellular	12
may differ	12
antibodies specific	12
died within	12
many tissues	12
six subgenomic	12
remyelinated axons	12
breeding populations	12
mouse cytomegalovirus	12
murine rotavirus	12
different mouse	12
statistical significance	12
dmem supplemented	12
fah ab	12
drinking water	12
also occur	12
nidovirus helicases	12
virus receptor	12
host response	12
high dose	12
independent infection	12
containing fetal	12
lethal mhv	12
secondary site	12
zn site	12
serological assays	12
polypyrimidine tract	12
signaling pathways	12
cell clone	12
euthymic mice	12
two murine	12
key role	12
dna sequencing	12
enteric infection	12
described earlier	12
recombinant ifn	12
experimental viral	12
glycoprotein ectodomain	12
microglial cells	12
investigated whether	12
confers susceptibility	12
macrophage infiltration	12
direct viral	12
receptor specificity	12
frequently used	12
dfmo treatment	12
ibv strain	12
acting element	12
also suggest	12
current studies	12
species barrier	12
transformed mouse	12
ts phenotype	12
contaminated biological	12
nidovirus helicase	12
gap junctions	12
replicase polyproteins	12
kg day	12
interferon response	12
lateral columns	12
much lower	12
cells also	12
cells isolated	12
cord grey	11
pr infection	11
organ cultures	11
data also	11
cl pro	11
indicated time	11
beta interferon	11
conjugated goat	11
expression patterns	11
polypeptide encoded	11
primary demyelination	11
increased susceptibility	11
stimulate class	11
proinflammatory cytokines	11
days prior	11
pcr assay	11
individual mice	11
cell species	11
mice deficient	11
coronavirus endou	11
expression profiles	11
liver cells	11
important roles	11
lesions include	11
rna extracted	11
permissive macrophages	11
esterase protein	11
frameshift site	11
heat shock	11
infection compared	11
acid identity	11
sclerosis society	11
continuous cell	11
authors thank	11
fusion proteins	11
pattern recognition	11
rous sarcoma	11
different regions	11
strain mice	11
perinuclear region	11
second open	11
vec cells	11
diagnosis diagnosis	11
mouse antibody	11
retrograde transport	11
specific cytotoxic	11
week old	11
network analysis	11
sequence data	11
pathological changes	11
ibv strains	11
also involved	11
cell periphery	11
art cells	11
replicative enzymes	11
fully susceptible	11
host protein	11
common ancestor	11
protective role	11
cells present	11
signs include	11
infected controls	11
putative proteases	11
epizootic diarrhea	11
long periods	11
liver histology	11
possible role	11
bound mhv	11
culture supernatants	11
aug codon	11
stem cell	11
neuronal cells	11
reads mapping	11
following transplantation	11
observations indicate	11
fresh media	11
disease due	11
terminal signal	11
persistent mhv	11
develop chronic	11
dmv formation	11
mice compared	11
predicted molecular	11
expression changes	11
luciferase reporter	11
protease inhibitors	11
expression may	11
cell lysate	11
coronaviruses isolated	11
fatal diarrhea	11
opportunistic infections	11
based secondary	11
virol doi	11
early times	11
nondenaturing page	11
cc group	11
sigma chemical	11
viral lineages	11
infectious cycle	11
autoproteolytic cleavage	11
examined whether	11
molar excess	11
increased resistance	11
fah sequence	11
conserved domain	11
mammary tumors	11
induced genes	11
nt upstream	11
colonic hyperplasia	11
data shown	11
group iii	11
intestinal epithelial	11
respiratory epithelium	11
receptor expression	11
using trizol	11
chemokine ligand	11
inhibited mhv	11
main proteinase	11
ctl escape	11
enters cells	11
neurotropic strain	11
sev infection	11
well established	11
neural pathways	11
days following	11
recombinant ceacam	11
lines confers	11
mediated protection	11
studies indicate	11
wasting disease	11
antibodies directed	11
column buffer	11
culture fluid	11
another study	11
yet known	11
side chain	11
mhv particles	11
sequence divergence	11
structural features	11
trypan blue	11
genetic marker	11
tlr ligand	11
rich region	11
resistant strains	11
may facilitate	11
reduction factor	11
viral gene	11
small rna	11
late endosomes	11
chronic inflammatory	11
oral route	11
cov replicase	11
persistent mouse	11
substrate specificity	11
recombinant strains	11
hind limb	11
mature virions	11
viral strain	11
kupffer cells	11
viral transcription	11
tumor cell	11
cell interactions	11
proteins nsp	11
viral encephalitis	11
flaccid paralysis	11
major structural	11
mosaic virus	11
western europe	11
least weeks	11
culture dishes	11
possible explanation	11
ciency virus	11
mutation rates	11
adenovirus infection	11
intergenic sequence	11
may include	11
also affect	11
coronavirus isolates	11
using specific	11
primary cultures	11
activity associated	11
results presented	11
clinical symptoms	11
lung epithelial	11
start sites	11
reaction products	11
clara cell	11
apparent molecular	11
golgi region	11
structure prediction	11
reaction mixture	11
high degree	11
cell mediated	11
well conserved	11
associated molecular	11
studies will	11
identified using	11
proteolytic activity	11
cells ml	11
old balb	11
egfp fluorescence	11
temperate phage	11
cholesterol supplementation	11
among coronaviruses	11
jhm polymerase	11
nsp exoribonuclease	11
natural transmission	11
spike genes	11
may participate	11
stimulated genes	11
egfp viruses	11
clone plld	11
arterivirus nsp	11
viral attachment	11
riboseq density	11
conserved across	11
within orf	11
virus fusion	11
transcription complex	11
fold molar	11
shifting signal	11
subcellular localization	11
regulated genes	11
located within	11
experimental studies	11
neutralization test	11
mhv titers	11
single cell	11
new england	11
genome sequences	11
mhv gene	11
coronavirus papain	11
viruses derived	11
cells grown	11
see text	11
target tissues	11
binding assay	11
nucleocapsid proteins	11
host genes	11
evidence suggests	11
pairing interactions	11
replicative organelles	11
dm strain	11
infection causes	11
mouse origin	11
nasal epithelial	11
also revealed	11
encephalomyocarditis virus	11
using anti	11
heptad repeat	11
coronavirus spread	11
fully resistant	11
mouse population	11
ig site	11
quantitative pcr	10
comparative amino	10
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis	10
constitutive exocytic	10
cells showed	10
common leader	10
polyoma virus	10
animal experiments	10
blot competition	10
intestinal epithelium	10
isogenic recombinant	10
host relationships	10
specific mrnas	10
comparative studies	10
corona virus	10
weakly neurotropic	10
infected wt	10
rna complex	10
rna viral	10
rabbit polyclonal	10
ph dependence	10
lipid composition	10
binding properties	10
markedly reduced	10
intact cells	10
oligonucleotide fingerprinting	10
avian coronaviruses	10
chronic stage	10
fc receptor	10
mobility group	10
fgl prothrombinase	10
pvm infection	10
oxide synthase	10
coronavirus contains	10
novel murine	10
antiviral defense	10
nuclear magnetic	10
host responses	10
mediated remyelination	10
group box	10
derived ros	10
ripa buffer	10
von brunn	10
polyprotein processing	10
medium supplemented	10
growth curves	10
inflammatory cytokine	10
environmental factors	10
vast majority	10
system infection	10
virus glycoproteins	10
expressing cells	10
adpr antibody	10
mammalian coronaviruses	10
functional gene	10
expression pattern	10
chimeric mhv	10
metal ions	10
wt littermates	10
mononuclear cell	10
proteinase domains	10
causes severe	10
inflammatory lesions	10
cov infections	10
life strategy	10
donor rna	10
infection model	10
also contain	10
master mix	10
protein folding	10
pathogenic role	10
virus mutants	10
induced hepatitis	10
eav nsp	10
gene knockout	10
disease may	10
coronavirus species	10
glycoprotein responsible	10
chemical co	10
translation initiation	10
conserved rna	10
human enteric	10
budding compartment	10
two papain	10
delayed brain	10
lesser extent	10
brain tumor	10
encoded proteins	10
balb cke	10
high concentrations	10
results demonstrated	10
replication sites	10
nsp antibody	10
different rna	10
also induced	10
binding ability	10
reaction conditions	10
el glycoprotein	10
tris ph	10
early studies	10
equine encephalitis	10
important determinant	10
respiratory infection	10
viral loads	10
better understand	10
macrophage cell	10
wide range	10
light microscopy	10
humoral immunity	10
previously identified	10
significant reduction	10
coronavirus structural	10
complex class	10
reflect differences	10
rnaseq densities	10
virus doses	10
cultures infected	10
peak titers	10
mouse macrophages	10
fh model	10
rhinovirus infection	10
related glycoprotein	10
antiviral host	10
excellent technical	10
two domains	10
brain infection	10
reticulovesicular network	10
protein mutants	10
intraperitoneal injection	10
polyethylene glycol	10
crystal structures	10
tmev infection	10
dbt culture	10
structural genes	10
sequence requirement	10
meningeal cultures	10
nsp idl	10
coronavirus hemagglutinin	10
olfactory nerve	10
genetic basis	10
chemokine expression	10
gene sequences	10
virus produce	10
pseudoknot structure	10
activity may	10
luciferase activities	10
primary olfactory	10
day prior	10
persistent virus	10
ig sequence	10
protein forms	10
base pair	10
virus activity	10
among mouse	10
cov genome	10
poliovirus rna	10
marker genes	10
biological processes	10
recent work	10
cell sections	10
bacterial infection	10
baby hamster	10
epitope spreading	10
might also	10
coronavirus receptor	10
cell effector	10
replicative intermediate	10
viral model	10
virus dose	10
cold pbs	10
secondary lymphoid	10
liver cell	10
hsp family	10
small membrane	10
cytoplasmic lysates	10
optical density	10
serological monitoring	10
murine adenovirus	10
intranasal infection	10
target organs	10
many viruses	10
viral pathogens	10
coronavirus vaccines	10
experimental models	10
foreign gene	10
map testing	10
infection triggers	10
asymptomatic infection	10
two rna	10
might play	10
neutralizing activity	10
following exposure	10
studies suggested	10
immune evasion	10
mixed infection	10
petri dishes	10
highly deg	10
neutralizing monoclonal	10
guanine nucleotide	10
murine model	10
clinically apparent	10
thymus involution	10
purified recombinant	10
recipient mice	10
eagle medium	10
independent assembly	10
inoculated i	10
treated animals	10
mediated enhancement	10
demyelinating plaques	10
bf sha	10
tissue injury	10
experimental model	10
encoding region	10
parental strain	10
molecular interactions	10
chronic liver	10
resistant mouse	10
relatively small	10
glycyrrhetinic acid	10