bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
respiratory syndrome	8665
middle east	6710
east respiratory	6182
syndrome coronavirus	5843
acute respiratory	3296
severe acute	2653
saudi arabia	2465
cov infection	2433
novel coronavirus	1896
coronavirus infection	1176
dromedary camels	1167
respiratory tract	1139
spike protein	1110
human coronavirus	978
public health	914
immune response	767
south korea	725
coronavirus disease	720
mers coronavirus	675
sars coronavirus	638
infectious diseases	627
immune responses	619
viral rna	594
neutralizing antibodies	575
clinical trials	555
virus infection	545
world health	533
infection control	531
doc id	515
cord uid	515
health care	511
health organization	506
influenza virus	505
respiratory distress	505
risk factors	499
binding domain	497
infected patients	495
confirmed cases	480
type i	473
host cell	471
human transmission	470
viral replication	456
lower respiratory	442
animal models	437
human coronaviruses	435
distress syndrome	435
mers outbreak	434
innate immune	427
coronavirus infections	425
epithelial cells	408
respiratory disease	406
ebola virus	403
incubation period	395
dipeptidyl peptidase	392
cov infections	386
healthcare workers	384
systematic review	383
viral load	380
cov spike	377
mouse model	374
upper respiratory	373
critically ill	367
united states	365
pl pro	364
pregnant women	362
fatality rate	361
infectious disease	360
clinical characteristics	357
mers patients	355
amino acid	350
coronavirus spike	349
like protease	344
converting enzyme	344
receptor binding	343
viral infections	342
convalescent plasma	340
clinical features	340
rhesus macaques	339
arabian peninsula	335
severe respiratory	332
hong kong	331
novel human	330
cl pro	327
antiviral activity	324
ill patients	322
viral infection	322
cov outbreak	314
intensive care	313
host cells	312
cell entry	307
cov cases	302
spike glycoprotein	299
lopinavir ritonavir	296
cell lines	294
neutralizing antibody	292
clinical trial	290
serum samples	288
immune system	285
viral entry	282
respiratory failure	279
respiratory illness	279
infected cells	273
disease control	273
severe covid	271
virus replication	268
monoclonal antibodies	266
mortality rate	262
severe disease	260
cell responses	259
rna viruses	259
case fatality	258
cov cl	254
patients infected	254
mechanical ventilation	253
confirmed mers	251
respiratory viruses	250
respiratory infections	246
respiratory symptoms	245
close contact	242
mers cases	242
control measures	241
monoclonal antibody	240
structural proteins	240
disease severity	238
animal model	235
cov rbd	234
cell culture	233
cov pl	233
respiratory syncytial	231
closely related	230
new coronavirus	229
cytokine storm	227
hospitalized patients	227
syncytial virus	221
rna polymerase	218
care workers	217
emerging infectious	216
avian influenza	215
infectious virus	212
cov replication	210
previously described	208
symptom onset	208
membrane fusion	207
antibody responses	207
viral shedding	206
coronavirus hku	206
coronavirus replication	204
lung injury	203
previous studies	201
human infection	200
functional receptor	200
highly pathogenic	200
chain reaction	200
transgenic mice	198
polymerase chain	198
cov patients	198
vaccinia virus	197
may also	196
influenza viruses	195
nk cells	193
amino acids	192
dromedary camel	189
tg mice	187
dendritic cells	185
descriptive study	184
hospital outbreak	183
infection prevention	183
vero cells	183
sars patients	183
viral loads	182
human cases	182
human respiratory	182
cov rna	181
care unit	180
inflammatory cytokines	179
vaccine development	178
virus entry	177
gene expression	174
target cells	173
united arab	171
clinical signs	170
bat coronavirus	169
arab emirates	169
recent study	168
severe pneumonia	168
antiviral drugs	167
i interferon	166
human monoclonal	166
statistically significant	165
arabia middle	165
specific antibodies	164
nucleic acid	164
host immune	164
coronavirus pneumonia	163
tract infections	162
cov transmission	162
ace receptor	162
cohort study	162
mg kg	160
cell line	160
present study	158
cov strains	158
mers cov	158
sars outbreak	157
mg ml	157
vaccine candidates	157
spectrum antiviral	157
cleavage sites	156
hepatitis virus	156
performed using	155
reverse transcription	155
emerging human	154
clinical course	154
nucleocapsid protein	153
associated coronavirus	153
crystal structure	152
cov infected	152
protease inhibitors	150
important role	150
virus disease	148
secondary cases	148
accessory proteins	147
weight loss	147
time reverse	147
bat coronaviruses	145
mouse models	145
nosocomial transmission	145
inhibitory activity	145
renal failure	144
index case	144
corona virus	144
coronavirus associated	143
global health	143
spike proteins	143
within days	140
protease inhibitor	140
human mers	139
dependent rna	139
direct contact	138
open reading	138
family cluster	138
therapeutic options	138
immune cells	137
another study	137
controlled trial	136
clinical symptoms	136
viral genome	136
antibody response	136
significantly higher	136
common cold	135
social media	135
hand hygiene	134
cov antibodies	134
infectious bronchitis	133
cases reported	133
stranded rna	133
respiratory infection	132
zika virus	132
innate immunity	132
cov plpro	132
cov clpro	131
phylogenetic analysis	130
human dpp	130
genome sequence	128
cell surface	128
cell fusion	128
antibody titers	128
index patient	127
healthcare facilities	126
tract infection	126
vaccine candidate	126
room temperature	125
human ace	125
bat origin	125
clinical manifestations	125
large number	123
nk cell	123
phase i	123
authors declare	122
high mortality	122
lung tissue	122
cellular immune	122
mouse hepatitis	122
tested positive	121
west nile	121
type ii	120
health literacy	120
acute lung	120
serine protease	120
common marmoset	119
person transmission	119
coronavirus outbreak	119
antiviral drug	119
data collection	119
severe cases	118
transmission dynamics	118
control group	118
risk perception	118
high levels	118
tissue culture	117
emergency room	117
case definition	116
first case	116
antiviral response	115
increased risk	115
observational study	115
viral proteins	114
emerging coronaviruses	114
nipah virus	113
contact tracing	113
high risk	113
human population	113
infl uenza	112
hajj pilgrims	112
common marmosets	112
close contacts	112
one study	112
cleavage site	112
infected mice	111
reported cases	111
time rt	111
based vaccine	111
care facilities	111
inflammatory response	111
healthcare settings	111
described previously	110
porcine epidemic	110
clinical studies	110
protective equipment	109
coronavirus oc	109
coronavirus receptor	109
modified vaccinia	109
animal species	109
human airway	109
dccov uae	108
virus infections	108
mice infected	108
household contacts	108
disease outbreak	108
protective immunity	107
bronchitis virus	107
rbd vaccine	106
coronavirus middle	106
respiratory coronavirus	106
serological study	106
human betacoronavirus	106
sore throat	106
clinical outcomes	106
organ failure	105
retrospective cohort	105
disaster response	105
also known	105
case report	105
proinflammatory cytokines	105
coronavirus mers	104
lung pathology	104
infected individuals	104
several studies	103
human covs	103
personal protective	103
two cases	103
sialic acid	102
nasal swabs	102
immunodeficiency virus	102
study showed	102
human infections	102
genomic characterization	101
cells expressing	101
antiviral agents	101
cov nsp	101
results showed	101
rna synthesis	100
human cells	100
family members	100
hemorrhagic fever	100
epidemic diarrhea	100
randomized controlled	100
coronavirus nl	100
therapeutic efficacy	100
cell membrane	99
sample size	99
bat sars	99
cause severe	99
camel milk	98
mycophenolic acid	98
complete genome	98
drug discovery	98
peripheral blood	98
intermediate host	98
coronavirus papain	97
adverse events	97
randomized clinical	97
mortality rates	97
side effects	97
clinical presentation	96
respiratory diseases	96
natural killer	96
potential therapeutic	96
suspected cases	96
bat species	96
vertical transmission	96
cell cultures	96
live attenuated	95
two different	95
chadox mers	95
sequence identity	95
retrospective study	95
bovine coronavirus	95
airway epithelial	94
negative control	94
murine coronavirus	94
mers coronaviruses	94
medical center	94
imported case	94
including sars	93
adaptive immune	93
rna virus	93
dengue virus	93
middle eastern	93
infected camels	93
gastrointestinal symptoms	93
related coronavirus	93
neutralizing monoclonal	92
neutralizing activity	92
healthcare worker	92
endothelial cells	92
united kingdom	92
even though	91
host range	91
viral diseases	91
ncov infection	90
also found	90
biosafety level	90
previous study	90
health authorities	90
binding affinity	90
reading frame	90
disease progression	90
infect dis	89
rna genome	89
dna vaccine	89
broad spectrum	89
human immunodeficiency	89
terminal domain	89
envelope protein	88
cov vaccine	88
risk factor	88
virus ankara	88
diabetes mellitus	88
i ifn	88
like particles	88
study group	88
clinical disease	87
respiratory virus	87
bat cov	87
virus transmission	87
rhesus macaque	87
pathogenic coronaviruses	86
general population	86
emerging viruses	86
coronavirus vaccine	86
reproduction number	86
total number	86
serum antibodies	85
cov virus	85
chest ct	85
therapeutic agents	85
nonhuman primates	85
transcription polymerase	85
host response	85
case series	85
spike gene	85
viral respiratory	85
diarrhea virus	85
main protease	85
suspected mers	85
laboratory testing	85
one health	84
transmissible gastroenteritis	84
early stage	84
confirmed case	84
supplementary table	84
intermediate hosts	84
interferon beta	84
icu admission	84
infected pneumonia	83
also observed	83
cell receptor	83
angiotensin converting	83
pandemic influenza	83
clinical management	83
infected animals	83
fusion protein	83
electron microscopy	83
genetic diversity	83
previously reported	82
active site	82
days post	82
treatment options	82
antiviral therapy	82
protective efficacy	82
also reported	82
wide range	82
multiple organ	82
endoplasmic reticulum	82
bronchoalveolar lavage	82
positive selection	82
control study	82
binding site	81
drug repurposing	81
cells infected	81
recent studies	81
time pcr	80
life cycle	80
viral clearance	80
inflammatory responses	80
alveolar damage	80
well plates	80
class i	80
infect humans	80
early stages	80
respiratory droplets	80
reverse genetics	80
experimentally infected	80
data suggest	80
like coronavirus	80
nervous system	79
respiratory specimens	79
nonhuman primate	79
septic shock	79
acquired pneumonia	79
human cov	79
nile virus	79
viral titers	79
first reported	79
outbreak investigation	79
structural basis	79
expression levels	79
results suggest	79
severe mers	78
newly discovered	78
human neutralizing	78
phase ii	78
zoonotic transmission	78
viral pneumonia	78
viral particles	78
risk assessment	78
emergency department	78
genome sequences	78
genome sequencing	77
media use	77
among healthcare	77
illness onset	77
cov entry	77
respiratory samples	77
horseshoe bats	77
cov pseudovirus	77
two groups	77
cov case	77
adjuvanted rbd	76
also showed	76
cov genome	76
fever virus	76
least one	76
adverse effects	76
severe illness	76
sars epidemic	76
significant difference	76
mers infection	75
health emergency	75
subunit vaccines	75
respiratory viral	75
news items	75
mers case	75
fruit bats	75
lung disease	75
higher risk	75
high prevalence	75
among patients	74
nonstructural proteins	74
macaque model	74
mental health	74
hydrogen bond	74
cell response	74
available data	74
human disease	74
epithelial cell	74
improves outcome	74
respiratory pathogens	74
day post	74
based vaccines	73
factors influencing	73
receptor ace	73
medical staff	73
cov pathogenesis	73
live virus	73
vaccine design	73
cellular receptor	73
infection among	73
huh cells	73
better understand	73
case reports	73
phylogenetic tree	73
patients admitted	73
study middle	73
determine whether	73
sars cases	73
clinical data	72
bronchial epithelial	72
approved drugs	72
supplementary material	72
factors associated	72
recombinant mva	72
fatal cases	71
pneumonia outbreak	71
signaling pathways	71
vitro studies	71
tertiary care	71
competing interests	71
genetic recombination	70
human primates	70
dis doi	70
interstitial pneumonia	70
cov challenge	70
laboratory confirmation	70
first time	70
creative commons	70
mers outbreaks	70
genomic rna	70
human receptor	70
comparative serological	69
high viral	69
orf ab	69
pp ab	69
cell epitopes	69
discovered coronavirus	69
highly conserved	69
species transmission	69
preventive measures	69
plasma therapy	69
virus shedding	69
laboratory findings	69
subunit vaccine	69
study design	69
humoral immune	69
innate antiviral	69
key role	68
protein gene	68
membrane oxygenation	68
logistic regression	68
coronavirus transmission	68
body weight	68
significant differences	68
supportive care	68
host innate	68
cysteine protease	68
cov isolates	68
experimental infection	68
critical care	67
inhibit sars	67
dry cough	67
cov outbreaks	67
results indicate	67
combination therapy	67
study reported	67
like receptor	67
antiviral effects	67
primate model	67
acid residues	67
tcid ml	67
airborne transmission	67
linked immunosorbent	67
medical conditions	67
primary human	67
cell types	67
statistical significance	66
new virus	66
recombinant mers	66
pcr assays	66
specific igg	66
nucleic acids	66
antiviral treatment	66
pandemic potential	66
human dipeptidyl	66
human metapneumovirus	66
extracorporeal membrane	66
southern china	66
human lung	66
natural reservoir	66
influenza infection	65
like proteases	65
immunosorbent assay	65
disease outbreaks	65
macro domain	65
plasma membrane	65
inhibit mers	65
human health	65
taken together	65
neutralization assay	65
animal health	65
reverse transcriptase	64
viral spike	64
sequence alignment	64
coronavirus sars	64
diffuse alveolar	64
like virus	64
coronavirus entry	64
protein expression	64
central nervous	64
preventive behaviors	64
future studies	64
receptor recognition	64
eastern respiratory	64
healthcare personnel	64
enveloped viruses	64
viral pathogens	64
data analysis	64
comparative analysis	64
time points	63
human cell	63
national health	63
one patient	63
saudi ministry	63
better understanding	63
institutional review	63
cov receptor	63
virus vaccine	63
years old	63
virus type	63
bovine serum	63
mers patient	63
lymph nodes	63
human igg	63
virus titers	63
single dose	63
interferon alfa	63
median age	63
reading frames	63
signaling pathway	63
coronavirus neutralising	63
membrane vesicles	63
ge healthcare	63
flow cytometry	63
care settings	62
animal reservoir	62
bat covs	62
host receptor	62
neutralising serum	62
review board	62
recently emerged	62
causative agent	62
neutralising antibodies	62
interim guidance	62
western blot	62
wild animals	62
may contribute	62
emerging viral	62
rift valley	62
fatality rates	61
mean age	61
social distancing	61
evoked ca	61
mild symptoms	61
guinea pigs	61
significantly lower	61
lethal disease	61
dependent manner	61
older age	61
coronavirus emc	61
positive results	61
protease tmprss	61
coronavirus nsp	61
findings suggest	60
studies showed	60
ca release	60
relatively low	60
coronavirus nucleocapsid	60
potent neutralization	60
tested negative	60
potent inhibitor	60
new human	60
cov neutralizing	60
necrosis factor	60
confidence interval	60
traditional chinese	60
dpp receptor	60
syndrome outbreak	60
may provide	60
mm tris	59
positive control	59
inhibitory effect	59
related viruses	59
rights reserved	59
currently available	59
transgenic mouse	59
national institute	59
infected patient	59
new york	59
similar results	59
cytopathic effect	59
valley fever	59
basic reproduction	59
cov epidemic	59
camel mers	59
igg antibodies	59
receptor dpp	59
phase iii	59
emerging novel	58
korean outbreak	58
infectious peritonitis	58
urgent need	58
live mers	58
west africa	58
confirmed covid	58
south korean	58
molecular basis	58
host factors	58
protein kinase	58
sars infection	58
hospital transmission	58
tract samples	58
coronavirus study	58
case patients	58
urgently needed	58
goat anti	58
candidate vaccine	58
specific cd	58
feline infectious	58
rhesus monkeys	58
coronavirus rna	58
ifn production	58
chinese horseshoe	58
single patient	58
swab samples	58
hubei province	58
cov vaccines	57
antiviral activities	57
prospective study	57
heptad repeat	57
pseudotyped mers	57
cov strain	57
nosocomial outbreaks	57
virus particles	57
therapeutic strategies	57
cov antibody	57
fusion peptide	57
coronavirus species	57
mm nacl	57
patient care	57
human middle	57
may occur	57
emc strain	57
pathogenic human	57
analyzed using	57
expression vector	57
hendra virus	57
like viruses	57
like coronaviruses	56
ace expression	56
travel history	56
mv vac	56
abu dhabi	56
care hospital	56
treat covid	56
outbreak associated	56
avian coronaviruses	56
copyright holder	56
serially diluted	56
nonstructural protein	56
parainfluenza virus	56
cell death	56
samples collected	56
day mortality	56
medical records	56
conformational changes	56
severe middle	55
see note	55
saudi arabian	55
hospital outbreaks	55
enzymatic activity	55
cov emc	55
zoonotic coronaviruses	55
asymptomatic cases	55
adaptive evolution	55
healthcare setting	55
sporadic cases	55
associated outbreak	55
host species	55
virus origins	55
human sars	55
like receptors	55
rbv rifn	55
spreading events	55
potential risk	55
diagnostic tests	55
pathogenic coronavirus	55
lessons learned	55
cd dpp	55
sense rna	55
side chain	55
negative pressure	55
receptor cd	54
mild respiratory	54
first identified	54
seasonal influenza	54
fecal samples	54
cov among	54
secondary structure	54
sars cov	54
nasopharyngeal swab	54
acute renal	54
control practices	54
novel virus	54
bl mice	54
angiotensin ii	54
target cell	54
ncov sars	54
significantly reduced	54
effective vaccine	54
human milk	54
current knowledge	54
study also	54
ic values	54
inhibitors targeting	53
patients may	53
north america	53
high level	53
oral transmission	53
probable bat	53
cov causes	53
gastroenteritis virus	53
palm civets	53
cardiovascular disease	53
betacoronavirus lineage	53
granted medrxiv	53
blood samples	53
severely ill	53
health commission	53
alveolar macrophages	53
fatal case	53
life technologies	53
organ cultures	53
author funder	53
chinese medicine	53
thermo fisher	53
coronavirus using	53
may play	52
tumor necrosis	52
viral pathogenesis	52
recombination events	52
family coronaviridae	52
publicly available	52
nlrp inflammasome	52
clinical aspects	52
domain complexed	52
statistical analysis	52
genomic characterisation	52
disease prevention	52
specific antibody	52
disease caused	52
copies ml	52
fi gure	52
fruit bat	52
survival rates	52
infections among	52
guangdong province	52
study clinical	51
two patients	51
transmission potential	51
small molecule	51
alveolar epithelial	51
gene source	51
fusion proteins	51
camels middle	51
global public	51
rheumatoid arthritis	51
virus challenge	51
like symptoms	51
disease course	51
three times	51
pcr testing	51
patients received	51
transmembrane serine	51
small animal	51
whole genome	51
neutralization test	51
hand washing	51
viral antigen	51
african green	51
molecular docking	51
cynomolgus macaques	51
reported mers	51
commonly used	51
secondary infection	50
fusion inhibitor	50
throat swabs	50
survival rate	50
patients showed	50
strand rna	50
critical role	50
coronavirus genome	50
viral transmission	50
lethal pneumonia	50
studies using	50
also detected	50
mers transmission	50
odds ratio	50
effectively inhibit	50
marburg virus	50
current study	50
proteolytic processing	50
studies reported	50
antiviral effect	50
statistical analyses	50
plaque assay	50
clinical findings	50
interspecies transmission	50
antiviral compounds	50
blood pressure	50
human cd	50
acid sequence	50
infectious cdna	50
case study	50
current status	50
pcr assay	50
remains unclear	50
twice daily	50
zoonotic diseases	50
study found	50
national institutes	50
computed tomography	50
ii pneumocytes	50
pediatric patients	50
dub activity	49
drug administration	49
common symptoms	49
based assays	49
turnover intention	49
natural reservoirs	49
asymptomatic infection	49
analysis showed	49
candidate vaccines	49
lung lesions	49
clinically proven	49
international committee	49
receptor usage	49
viral fusion	49
inhibits mers	49
icu patients	49
reservoir host	49
fetal bovine	49
interferon response	49
sars virus	49
health concern	49
multiple sequence	49
antibody titer	49
coronavirus antibodies	49
drug targets	49
virological analysis	49
human populations	49
relative humidity	49
will help	49
stem cells	49
mammalian cells	49
including deaths	49
low levels	49
cellular immunity	49
first imported	49
killer cells	48
geographic distribution	48
epidemiological data	48
human macrophages	48
lung tissues	48
imported cases	48
early phase	48
available online	48
data mining	48
kidney disease	48
data gaps	48
infected rhesus	48
vitro antiviral	48
escherichia coli	48
species barrier	48
sequence analysis	48
literature review	48
immune evasion	48
viral envelope	48
global pandemic	48
mice treated	48
coronavirus vaccines	48
control groups	48
korea middle	48
per well	48
current situation	48
small number	48
calculated using	48
previous reports	48
including mers	48
knowledge transfer	48
interferon therapy	48
corticosteroid treatment	48
kidney cells	48
spike receptor	48
chikungunya virus	47
coronavirus envelope	47
risk communication	47
potential role	47
virus genome	47
regression analysis	47
indirect contact	47
wild type	47
novel middle	47
generating procedures	47
proteolytic cleavage	47
ex vivo	47
cytokine release	47
mycophenolate mofetil	47
vitro activity	47
pulmonary disease	47
molecular mechanisms	47
high case	47
structural studies	47
observational studies	47
patients treated	47
virus spread	47
structural protein	47
influenza vaccine	47
vaccine platform	47
emerging pathogens	47
buffered saline	47
nasal swab	47
may lead	47
different types	47
camel contact	47
corticosteroid therapy	47
causes lethal	47
global spread	47
hydrogen bonds	47
illness caused	47
epidemiological characteristics	47
dpp expression	47
primary cases	47
plaque reduction	47
investigation team	47
affected countries	46
two mers	46
measured using	46
chloroquine phosphate	46
fisher scientific	46
infected person	46
luciferase activity	46
transcription factor	46
coronavirus isolated	46
korea centers	46
neu ac	46
relatively high	46
specific antiviral	46
broad range	46
epidemiological investigation	46
comparative study	46
predictive factors	46
may cause	46
may result	46
fully human	46
murine hepatitis	46
emerging respiratory	46
least two	46
small molecules	46
secondary infections	46
arabia mers	46
cell lysates	46
jamaican fruit	46
coronavirus causes	46
cov antigen	46
binding domains	46
first cases	46
cdna clone	46
old man	46
zoonotic origin	46
feline coronavirus	46
accessory protein	46
among different	46
tract specimens	46
tissue tropism	46
cov research	46
syrian hamsters	45
clinical presentations	45
virus strain	45
dna vaccines	45
healthcare providers	45
pipistrellus bat	45
elevated levels	45
entry receptor	45
abattoir workers	45
interferon production	45
among humans	45
host proteases	45
acute kidney	45
reactive protein	45
first isolated	45
em structure	45
recognition receptors	45
dpp binding	45
syndrome middle	45
see table	45
ec values	45
coronavirus fusion	45
membrane protein	45
clinical practice	45
cov sequences	45
causing severe	45
disease transmission	45
recombinant protein	45
protective effect	45
days prior	45
high fatality	45
abdominal pain	45
times higher	45
viral infectivity	45
body temperature	45
postexposure efficacy	45
novel coronaviruses	44
genome analysis	44
recent years	44
virus strains	44
entry depends	44
viral proteases	44
study conducted	44
symptomatic patients	44
organ damage	44
replication cycle	44
igg antibody	44
nsp nsp	44
neutralization assays	44
infection may	44
significantly associated	44
assessed using	44
like sars	44
mortality risk	44
first mers	44
based study	44
mediated cell	44
viral vectors	44
recovered patients	44
animal studies	44
reduced viral	44
novel viruses	44
renal disease	44
coronavirus outbreaks	44
peer review	44
neutralizing mabs	44
viral disease	44
specific human	44
causes severe	44
crispr cas	44
pathological changes	43
fold higher	43
environmental factors	43
widely used	43
emerging coronavirus	43
clinical improvement	43
higher levels	43
rapid generation	43
nucleotide identity	43
superspreading events	43
ion channel	43
syndrome virus	43
vaccine efficacy	43
first step	43
higher mortality	43
general public	43
genbank accession	43
dependent enhancement	43
heart disease	43
mucosal immunity	43
graphpad prism	43
adult patients	43
virus isolation	43
clinical description	43
replacement therapy	43
recent advances	43
high affinity	43
proven protease	43
reservoir hosts	43
fold increase	42
lung lobes	42
per day	42
rbd protein	42
i ifns	42
positive samples	42
past years	42
emerging infection	42
much higher	42
immunized mice	42
sea urchin	42
transmembrane domain	42
will also	42
two studies	42
contact investigation	42
clinical study	42
molecular weight	42
potential treatment	42
real time	42
camel coronavirus	42
emerging infections	42
crucial role	42
test results	42
novel cov	42
controlled trials	42
transmission within	42
study protocol	42
infected people	42
proprotein convertases	42
domestic animals	42
post infection	42
cytokines chemokines	42
emergency use	42
neutralizing epitopes	41
tissue damage	41
newly identified	41
viral antigens	41
two weeks	41
potent inhibitors	41
two viruses	41
i response	41
mers pseudovirions	41
acute phase	41
new cases	41
cysteine proteases	41
effective treatment	41
expressing mers	41
healthcare system	41
viral diagnosis	41
cell membranes	41
human beings	41
medical care	41
mice immunized	41
zoonotic potential	41
outbreak news	41
symptomatic cases	41
limited number	41
made available	41
viral titer	41
oxygen saturation	41
age groups	41
treatment strategies	41
mononuclear cells	41
several countries	41
reproductive number	41
molecule inhibitors	41
new insights	41
tract disease	41
might also	41
multiorgan failure	41
included studies	41
recombinant virus	41
using different	41
encephalitis virus	41
emerged novel	41
environmental conditions	41
safety profile	41
coronavirus nonstructural	41
kidney injury	41
attack rate	41
atypical pneumonia	41
rapid response	41
median time	41
cells via	41
stem cell	40
mass gatherings	40
full genome	40
transmission among	40
cytokine production	40
protein structure	40
animal reservoirs	40
first confirmed	40
highest number	40
serine proteases	40
analysis using	40
host interactions	40
potent neutralizing	40
highly potent	40
hiv infection	40
therapeutic option	40
coronavirus neutralizing	40
analysis based	40
per year	40
inflammatory cells	40
renal replacement	40
nucleotide sequence	40
among hcws	40
ng ml	40
severe influenza	40
acute pneumonia	40
vivo studies	40
chloroquine effectively	40
cov may	40
nasopharyngeal swabs	40
drug development	40
retrospective analysis	40
disease response	40
pregnant woman	40
recovery delay	40
cov viral	40
cov spread	40
recent insights	40
therapeutic remdesivir	40
asymptomatic infections	39
coronavirus among	39
cov nucleocapsid	39
fusion inhibitors	39
young children	39
clinical research	39
way anova	39
measles virus	39
seafood market	39
nasal discharge	39
whole blood	39
camel herd	39
rna replication	39
crystal structures	39
combination lopinavir	39
virus neutralisation	39
batcov hku	39
high morbidity	39
influenza pandemic	39
face masks	39
environmental contamination	39
information regarding	39
dmv formation	39
passive immunotherapy	39
virus load	39
fc protein	39
transient lower	39
binding protein	39
molecular evolution	39
severe lung	39
clinical use	39
angiotensin system	39
hajj pilgrimage	39
expressing cells	39
herpes simplex	39
immunocompromised patients	39
endocytic pathway	39
genus betacoronavirus	39
serologic assays	39
intravenous immunoglobulin	39
unclear whether	39
staphylococcus aureus	39
fatal disease	39
novel sars	39
drug design	39
less likely	39
aged years	39
protein induces	39
high fever	39
serological assays	39
pseudovirus translocation	39
interferon alpha	39
lactate dehydrogenase	38
viruses including	38
binding motif	38
rapid detection	38
transcription pcr	38
infected dromedary	38
significantly increased	38
cytopathic effects	38
clinical outcome	38
accession number	38
i clinical	38
virus excretion	38
emerging pathogen	38
significant increase	38
pattern recognition	38
recombinant proteins	38
animal care	38
international concern	38
center experience	38
early detection	38
bat cells	38
novel therapeutic	38
miracle trial	38
data indicate	38
fusion core	38
control animals	38
chest pain	38
newly emerging	38
naturally occurring	38
transcription factors	38
infections caused	38
commercially available	38
neutralizing immunogenicity	38
therapeutic potential	38
antibody titres	38
cellular receptors	38
type iii	38
disease pathogenesis	38
syncytia formation	38
serum sample	38
ifn response	38
dialysis patients	38
therapeutic targets	38
two decades	38
mers virus	38
coronavirus diseases	38
effective antiviral	38
health officials	38
pegylated interferon	38
rational design	38
vesicular stomatitis	38
cov genomes	37
cause mild	37
news consumption	37
humanized mouse	37
early diagnosis	37
also used	37
novel betacoronavirus	37
gastrointestinal tract	37
associated pneumonia	37
antiviral agent	37
cell tropism	37
cov proteins	37
sample collection	37
nucleocapsid proteins	37
viral spread	37
determined using	37
interferon antagonists	37
highly immunogenic	37
results show	37
clinical progression	37
stomatitis virus	37
human rhinovirus	37
median incubation	37
ic value	37
may help	37
plasmacytoid dendritic	37
last years	37
noninvasive ventilation	37
natural infection	37
three groups	37
oral route	37
ace receptors	37
compassionate use	37
ribavirin improves	37
predict pdf	37
viral vector	37
underlying medical	37
highly effective	37
hr domain	37
growth factor	37
coronaviridae family	37
phylogenetic analyses	37
serological evidence	37
slaughterhouse workers	37
coronavirus pathogenesis	37
traditional media	37
viral attachment	37
cov activity	37
cd cd	37
serial interval	37
mice showed	37
syndrome corona	37
zoonotic disease	37
care units	37
also demonstrated	37
respiratory system	37
ct findings	37
zoonotic viruses	37
sectional study	37
major outbreak	36
cell viability	36
close relative	36
laboratory animals	36
negative controls	36
human bocavirus	36
transmission routes	36
dnsp mutant	36
korean society	36
control strategies	36
prefusion conformation	36
lung cells	36
mildly symptomatic	36
antibody levels	36
literature update	36
cov macro	36
isothermal amplification	36
maximum likelihood	36
respiratory secretions	36
virus isolated	36
naturally infected	36
health response	36
healthcare professionals	36
significantly different	36
index cases	36
different species	36
antiviral responses	36
spectrum antivirals	36
cl protease	36
replication complex	36
human bronchial	36
mva mers	36
attack rates	36
tissue samples	36
therapeutic interventions	36
early transmission	36
binding sites	36
oxygen therapy	36
cell activation	36
infectious dose	36
lysis buffer	36
infected cases	36
lung inflammation	36
randomised controlled	36
hospital admission	36
chronic hepatitis	36
potential target	36
patients presenting	36
monkeypox virus	36
vaccinated animals	36
canonical cleavage	36
heparan sulfate	36
gene sequences	36
lung damage	36
enhanced disease	36
three camel	36
informed consent	36
human antibodies	36
human angiotensin	36
four genera	36
using real	36
small sample	36
seven days	36
culture medium	36
serologic testing	36
like cov	36
umbilical cord	36
pcr results	36
kindly provided	36
swab specimens	35
rectal swabs	35
confi rmed	35
high degree	35
pneumonia associated	35
optimal control	35
healthy adults	35
blood donors	35
time point	35
mainland china	35
neurological manifestations	35
vector vaccine	35
inflammatory cytokine	35
three different	35
women infected	35
equine encephalitis	35
virus clearance	35
like covs	35
animal covs	35
systematic reviews	35
include fever	35
dromedary mers	35
clinical development	35
cellular entry	35
natural products	35
chinese center	35
preliminary report	35
much lower	35
vaccine induces	35
order nidovirales	35
many cases	35
many studies	35
simplex virus	35
clinical specimens	35
confirmed patients	35
important roles	35
terminal region	35
molecular epidemiology	35
negative results	35
per mouse	35
clinical isolates	35
case definitions	35
prediction model	35
blood cell	35
transmission events	35
asymptomatic patients	35
chronic kidney	35
cells using	35
cov hku	35
third week	35
virus may	35
infectious mers	35
pathological findings	35
neuraminidase inhibitors	35
medical countermeasures	35
molecular biology	35
laboratory diagnosis	35
pulmonary edema	35
hdpp mice	35
inhibit viral	35
st century	35
probable sars	35
diff erent	35
vaccine platforms	35
genome replication	35
transfected cells	34
use authorization	34
specific neutralizing	34
log tcid	34
close proximity	34
angiotensinconverting enzyme	34
yellow fever	34
major role	34
genetic characterization	34
genomic study	34
cases among	34
familial cluster	34
drug combinations	34
open access	34
exceptionally potent	34
organ dysfunction	34
pathogenic avian	34
years later	34
natural host	34
recombinant receptor	34
related bat	34
pandemic risk	34
mice expressing	34
first two	34
emerg infect	34
mers vaccines	34
viral protein	34
different mers	34
polyclonal antibodies	34
influenza vaccination	34
detection limit	34
inflammatory cell	34
mild disease	34
community acquired	34
antibodies targeting	34
four patients	34
cultured cells	34
glass opacities	34
killer cell	34
blood products	34
aged mice	34
treatment group	34
international health	34
fatal outcome	34
polyclonal antibody	34
cov papain	34
release syndrome	34
causes transient	34
university hospital	34
cov testing	34
transmembrane protease	34
syndrome cov	34
mesenchymal stem	34
avian iavs	34
potential conflicts	34
different countries	34
genome structure	34
coronavirus indicating	33
standard deviation	33
cov patient	33
epidemic potential	33
camels mers	33
risk perceptions	33
immune cell	33
inactivated virus	33
less severe	33
small intestine	33
stool samples	33
remdesivir treatment	33
comparative therapeutic	33
white blood	33
class ii	33
age group	33
genomic sequence	33
viral challenge	33
pseudoparticle virus	33
assays reveal	33
among dromedary	33
medical institutions	33
time course	33
airborne precautions	33
cytokine chemokine	33
china clinical	33
related coronaviruses	33
rabies virus	33
two independent	33
reduces virus	33
livestock species	33
tissue distribution	33
patients hospitalized	33
medical research	33
tohuman transmission	33
current covid	33
induced dimerization	33
chronic diseases	33
psychological impact	33
dendritic cell	33
coronaviruses sars	33
health security	33
high rate	33
viral polymerase	33
viral particle	33
patients without	33
respiratory tracts	33
may explain	33
clinical samples	33
lavage fluid	33
studies suggest	33
adapted mers	33
underlying diseases	33
medical city	33
conjugated anti	33
developing countries	33
reported hand	33
sputum samples	33
possible cause	33
reduced mers	33
virus hemagglutinin	32
domestic livestock	32
among pilgrims	32
animal hosts	32
different cell	32
newly emerged	32
novel corona	32
severe infection	32
commons attribution	32
day postinfection	32
civet cats	32
future outbreaks	32
protease activity	32
new zealand	32
adaptive immunity	32
immunofluorescence assay	32
different animal	32
emergency committee	32
mild upper	32
control guidelines	32
well established	32
humoral immunity	32
guinea pig	32
beta coronavirus	32
high proportion	32
cell cycle	32
social support	32
inactivated vaccine	32
health threat	32
first report	32
protective immune	32
syndrome coronaviruses	32
mers vaccine	32
molecular dynamics	32
two distinct	32
secondary antibody	32
korean mers	32
copies per	32
transmission risk	32
international license	32
lethal mers	32
emerging diseases	32
coronavirus infectious	32
lower levels	32
treated animals	32
neutralisation assays	32
entry inhibitors	32
local health	32
infectious agents	32
body fluids	32
underlying conditions	32
sequence homology	32
throat swab	32
virus rna	32
analysis revealed	32
also shown	32
nucleoside analog	32
care providers	32
flow rate	32
clinical efficacy	32
avian infectious	32
like disease	32
healthcare facility	32
antiviral gs	32
drug resistance	32
zoonotic infections	32
cov using	32
become infected	32
pilot study	31
large numbers	31
five patients	31
study mers	31
invasive mechanical	31
acid sequences	31
serological tests	31
using microneutralisation	31
cov exposure	31
considered statistically	31
hyperimmune plasma	31
host proteins	31
new drug	31
mrna expression	31
pathogenic viruses	31
descriptive genomic	31
rabbit anti	31
mucosal immune	31
sialic acids	31
ii clinical	31
essential role	31
protein interactions	31
virus detection	31
hospital staff	31
mild cases	31
virus outbreak	31
human isolates	31
infection clinical	31
may require	31
mouse anti	31
ace protein	31
healthy individuals	31
european bats	31
signal peptide	31
pneumonia development	31
viruses related	31
sequence similarity	31
int csr	31
study using	31
old male	31
fluorescence intensity	31
reduction neutralization	31
positive cases	31
three patients	31
animal market	31
patients receiving	31
investigation middle	31
virus neutralization	31
hdpp transgenic	31
mhc class	31
clinical benefit	31
associated outbreaks	31
interferon antagonist	31
host responses	31
international spread	31
infection middle	31
incubation periods	31
mutant mers	31
scientific community	31
lung epithelial	31
additional file	31
operating room	31
plasma treatment	31
clinical manifestation	31
major livestock	30
promising results	30
disseminated intravascular	30
cell type	30
likely due	30
obtained using	30
camel sera	30
crisis management	30
acid substitutions	30
epidemiological assessment	30
total rna	30
independent experiments	30
palm civet	30
patient exposure	30
nsp protein	30
aerosol transmission	30
comprehensive review	30
genetic analysis	30
ultrastructural findings	30
day survival	30
gold standard	30
severe clinical	30
years ago	30
per group	30
wild animal	30
although mers	30
significant reduction	30
will need	30
treatment effects	30
risk group	30
community transmission	30
ncov spike	30
results indicated	30
international severe	30
final concentration	30
cov emerged	30
expressing human	30
active surveillance	30
ct imaging	30
natural history	30
vital role	30
previously published	30
samsung medical	30
bat cell	30
vaccine based	30
family contacts	30
cell rna	30
related deaths	30
higher affinity	30
mediated entry	30
huanan seafood	30
korea outbreak	30
data regarding	30
study aimed	30
surface glycoprotein	30
ebola outbreak	30
days later	30
mers crisis	30
lethal infection	30
nosocomial outbreak	30
inactivated mers	30
catalytic activity	30
glucocorticoid therapy	30
transmission characteristics	30
substrate specificity	30
ncov outbreak	30
korean government	30
climate change	30
antiviral remdesivir	30
indicating person	30
research center	30
many countries	30
epidemiological studies	30
pcr tests	30
cell infiltration	30
throughput screening	30
transmission rate	30
per site	30
transmission route	30
potent antiviral	30
clinical laboratories	30
canary islands	30
using two	30
first week	30
strongly inhibited	30
south africa	30
insectivorous bats	30
financial support	30
south china	30
cov orf	30
endemic areas	29
current outbreak	29
epi isl	29
average number	29
poor prognosis	29
detected using	29
airway epithelium	29
isolation room	29
wuhan city	29
therapeutic strategy	29
fully understood	29
study population	29
symptoms including	29
enhanced ppe	29
severe symptoms	29
potently inhibits	29
viral genomes	29
long time	29
induced acute	29
infection caused	29
spike glycoproteins	29
viral nucleic	29
betacoronavirus emc	29
influenza vaccines	29
potential source	29
cell proteases	29
commons license	29
outbreak occurred	29
genomic sequences	29
using graphpad	29
neutralization tests	29
serum levels	29
ct scans	29
fusion inhibitory	29
syndrome clinical	29
natural hosts	29
rapid spread	29
fi rst	29
eastern mediterranean	29
peptidase iv	29
human influenza	29
mouse dpp	29
control mice	29
neutralization activity	29
host tropism	29
lethal challenge	29
nucleoside analogues	29
study demonstrated	29
version posted	29
siq model	29
ill covid	29
heart failure	29
therapeutic intervention	29
mers pseudovirus	29
potential targets	29
molecular mechanism	29
urine samples	29
cov plp	29
kidney failure	29
phase clinical	29
obstructive pulmonary	29
current pandemic	29
recent report	29
passive transfer	29
african countries	29
hct intersection	29
health systems	29
clinical testing	29
bone marrow	29
host susceptibility	29
risk groups	29
cause disease	29
infected cell	29
diagnostic test	29
single inoculum	29
disease associated	29
coronavirus seroprevalence	29
supervisor support	29
protein data	29
take place	29
endemic human	29
coronavirus family	29
asymptomatic mers	29
cov positive	29
antibiotic resistance	29
intestinal tract	29
stimulated gene	29
affected areas	29
convalescent sera	29
regulatory factor	29
recent outbreak	29
aspartate aminotransferase	29
animal welfare	29
first days	28
deficient mice	28
ifn signaling	28
inoculated dromedary	28
air travel	28
novel mammalian	28
erasmus medical	28
therapeutic development	28
emerging virus	28
mice transgenic	28
outbreak study	28
interhuman transmissibility	28
job stress	28
nuclear import	28
remains unknown	28
traumatic stress	28
primary middle	28
zippered er	28
data set	28
identifi ed	28
human emergence	28
affected region	28
several factors	28
medical students	28
hospital stay	28
antibody tests	28
health regulations	28
treating covid	28
adults hospitalized	28
treatment outcomes	28
compound library	28
intravascular coagulation	28
previously identified	28
wide variety	28
corticosteroid use	28
animal coronaviruses	28
tracheal aspirates	28
nucleoside analogue	28
limited data	28
disaster management	28
cycle threshold	28
broadly neutralizing	28
diagnostic methods	28
murine model	28
error bars	28
animal host	28
health interventions	28
genetic material	28
human primate	28
eff ects	28
health crisis	28
infecting humans	28
com scientificdata	28
cause respiratory	28
regression model	28
sequence divergence	28
including fever	28
infection rate	28
patient rooms	28
ifn induction	28
mediated activation	28
electron density	28
iu ml	28
human clinical	28
autoimmune diseases	28
nuclear factor	28
reported case	28
zoonotic pathogens	28
old tg	28
cov fusion	28
european centre	28
therapeutic drugs	28
cov investigation	28
cell receptors	28
one case	28
coronavirus open	28
patients developed	28
respiratory epithelial	28
vaccine reduces	28
pulmonary pathology	28
new world	28
data bank	28
diagnostic testing	28
first detected	28
immunological responses	28
preclinical studies	28
ongoing clinical	28
chronic obstructive	28
lethal respiratory	28
transcriptase polymerase	28
membrane formation	27
health workers	27
elderly patients	27
recombinant adenovirus	27
infected humans	27
antiviral treatments	27
treated group	27
hajj season	27
pregnant patients	27
highly sensitive	27
host gene	27
continuous variables	27
cov mouse	27
length infectious	27
cov uses	27
novel humanized	27
categorical variables	27
may increase	27
epidemiological outbreak	27
genes encoding	27
laboratory confirmed	27
raw camel	27
coronavirus strains	27
th percentile	27
hyaline membrane	27
protein receptor	27
antiviral innate	27
lesser extent	27
cases occurred	27
following infection	27
blood mononuclear	27
first line	27
well plate	27
samples obtained	27
local government	27
structural analysis	27
th responses	27
causing sars	27
bibliometric analysis	27
wet markets	27
ec value	27
triple combination	27
bacterial infections	27
surface expression	27
older adults	27
van doremalen	27
cov shedding	27
three days	27
hospitalized children	27
included patients	27
nhp models	27
treated patients	27
educational programs	27
scientific research	27
underlying comorbidities	27
bl loop	27
critical illness	27
attenuated vaccines	27
infection consortium	27
like illness	27
previous sars	27
infection model	27
transmission occurred	27
nosocomial infections	27
high expression	27
infected individual	27
inflammatory monocyte	27
per ml	27
pneumonia patients	27
readily available	27
i interferons	27
inhibitory effects	27
mers epidemic	27
days postinfection	27
several limitations	27
previous work	27
coronavirus detection	27
findings indicate	27
culture supernatants	27
emergency response	27
three viruses	27
high sensitivity	27
urchin egg	27
final manuscript	27
study period	27
large outbreak	27
detect mers	27
studies will	27
novel bat	27
cases per	27
data collected	27
sequence data	27
receptor blockers	27
treatment option	27
evidence suggests	27
outer membrane	27
based assay	27
stimulated genes	27
pcr method	27
disease enhancement	27
signal transduction	27
still unknown	27
health concept	27
will require	27
pilgrims returning	27
blot analysis	27
using mers	26
immune activation	26
first human	26
equine coronavirus	26
drug treatment	26
short time	26
unlike sars	26
potential vaccine	26
glass opacity	26
outbreak following	26
different environmental	26
attenuated vaccine	26
among hajj	26
differential expression	26
vaccines based	26
conducted using	26
macrophage responses	26
mediated endocytosis	26
two days	26
cord blood	26
high rates	26
ace inhibitors	26
gel electrophoresis	26
infected persons	26
plate reader	26
health system	26
short period	26
mm hepes	26
applied biosystems	26
pro enzymes	26
lassa fever	26
published studies	26
community outbreak	26
proteolytic activation	26
camelus dromedarius	26
coronavirus human	26
gold nanoparticles	26
higher viral	26
situation report	26
two human	26
although many	26
antiviral properties	26
genus deltacoronavirus	26
reported among	26
study revealed	26
first patient	26
information sharing	26
recombinant viruses	26
serological testing	26
hcov infections	26
van der	26
pseudovirus infection	26
respiratory epithelium	26
camel herds	26
eff ective	26
pcr test	26
liver enzymes	26
serial dilutions	26
renal impairment	26
specific treatment	26
also called	26
viral etiology	26
respiratory illnesses	26
possible role	26
human primary	26
total cases	26
high concentrations	26
chest radiography	26
virus glycoprotein	26
based drug	26
will provide	26
previous coronavirus	26
th response	26
controlled clinical	26
among children	26
positive correlation	26
mers infections	26
often used	26
recombinant human	26
coding sequence	26
retrospective studies	26
case studies	26
species severe	26
large outbreaks	26
presenting cells	26
another zoonotic	26
zoonotic origins	26
infection models	26
transmission via	26
induced lung	26
epidemiological findings	26
induces severe	26
one group	26
significant role	26
recombinant modified	26
primary mers	26
ii transmembrane	26
reverse genetic	26
camostat mesylate	26
human mab	26
coronavirus strain	26
membrane structures	26
overall mortality	26
like bat	26
adenosine deaminase	26
increased mortality	26
alanine aminotransferase	26
therapeutic treatment	26
clinically approved	26
binding interface	26
also important	26
develop severe	26
coronavirus genomes	26
health measures	26
patients died	26
previous outbreaks	26
swine acute	26
cov rrt	26
receptor dipeptidyl	26
korea mers	25
inflammatory bowel	25
showed similar	25
first described	25
faecal samples	25
clinical treatment	25
protein binds	25
elisa kit	25
online version	25
medrxiv preprint	25
animal markets	25
therapeutic target	25
molecular patterns	25
suspected patients	25
respiratory coronaviruses	25
hospital patients	25
virtual screening	25
four human	25
among sars	25
potential mers	25
acid detection	25
studies conducted	25
known human	25
expression plasmids	25
pore channel	25
phase trial	25
develop vaccines	25
porcine respiratory	25
demographic characteristics	25
human pathogens	25
prostate cancer	25
ml penicillin	25
studies also	25
coronavirus main	25
lymph node	25
glycan probe	25
betacoronavirus causing	25
specifically targeting	25
kinase inhibitors	25
may affect	25
cell signaling	25
higher concentrations	25
vero cell	25
blood vessels	25
million people	25
liver injury	25
cardiac injury	25
effective therapeutic	25
secondary transmission	25
respiratory pathogen	25