bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
genome sequence	348
rna viruses	244
human genome	232
complete genome	161
genome size	132
genome sequences	129
sequence accession	129
genome sequencing	126
viral genome	113
rna virus	105
viral genomes	103
whole genome	99
amino acid	88
rna recombination	86
mutation rates	82
rna polymerase	80
mutation rate	80
gene expression	77
influenza virus	76
infectious disease	74
genetic diversity	73
virus genomes	72
closely related	64
infectious diseases	63
viral rna	61
sequence data	61
yersinia pestis	58
rna synthesis	57
acute respiratory	56
genome replication	56
coronavirus hku	54
draft genome	54
virus genome	53
reading frames	53
respiratory syndrome	52
public health	52
nucleic acid	50
doc id	49
pallidum subsp	49
cord uid	49
nucleotide sequence	49
comparative genomics	49
genome project	48
dna viruses	48
immune response	47
genetic variation	47
escherichia coli	47
poliovirus rna	47
dna sequences	47
open reading	46
protein coding	46
single nucleotide	45
dependent rna	45
viral proteins	44
genome editing	44
dna sequencing	42
treponema pallidum	42
genetic information	42
gene therapy	42
natural products	42
phylogenetic analysis	41
genome annotation	41
high mutation	39
strand rna	39
rna editing	39
dna sequence	38
genome assembly	38
reference genome	38
additional file	38
stem cells	37
reverse transcriptase	36
rna genomes	36
stranded dna	35
sequence analysis	35
immunodeficiency virus	35
viral replication	35
severe acute	35
disease virus	35
amino acids	34
replication fidelity	34
coding region	34
adenovirus type	33
generation sequencing	33
genome analysis	33
virus type	33
mitochondrial genome	32
host cell	32
gene transfer	32
viral sequences	32
may also	32
sequence alignment	31
coding genes	31
respiratory disease	31
large number	31
genomic data	31
mutation frequency	30
genome patents	30
host genome	30
rna genome	30
virus replication	29
mouth disease	29
reading frame	29
structural proteins	29
sequencing data	28
cd pr	28
human immunodeficiency	28
th century	28
template switching	28
united states	28
coding regions	27
inserted sequences	27
oligonucleotide arrays	27
infl uenza	27
human adenovirus	27
important role	26
defective interfering	26
mitochondrial genomes	26
capsid proteins	26
data set	26
supplementary file	26
bacterial genomes	26
host species	26
viral pathogens	25
recombination events	25
mycobacterium tuberculosis	25
data sets	25
virus evolution	25
crop improvement	25
spectral density	25
host range	24
crispr cas	24
error rate	24
nucleotide sequences	24
bacterial genome	24
fatty acid	24
rna replication	24
drug resistance	24
cell culture	24
comparative analysis	24
acid sequences	24
genomic dna	24
virus particles	23
relative abundance	23
sequencing technologies	23
ancient pathogen	23
mosaic virus	23
genome sizes	23
lethal mutagenesis	23
scientific community	23
genome type	23
immune system	23
staphylococcus aureus	22
rna molecules	22
plasmodium falciparum	22
point mutations	22
genetic recombination	22
stranded rna	22
homologous recombination	22
synonymous mutations	22
classifi cation	22
widely used	22
molecular evolution	22
molecular biology	22
foreign gene	22
throughput sequencing	22
gene finding	21
base pairs	21
evolutionary history	21
genome tiling	21
infected cells	21
west nile	21
highly conserved	21
maximum likelihood	21
quantitative trait	21
hepatitis virus	21
consensus sequence	21
syndrome coronavirus	21
cystic fibrosis	21
pathogenicity islands	21
accession jx	21
secondary structure	21
genetic material	21
hz shx	20
nile virus	20
human health	20
host cells	20
reference strain	20
sequencing projects	20
accession cp	20
human pathogens	20
least one	20
reverse transcription	20
coding sequences	20
common ancestor	20
deleterious mutations	20
ancient dna	20
nucleic acids	20
measles virus	20
reference sequence	20
years ago	20
functional elements	20
expression levels	20
clinical microbiology	20
causative agent	19
comparative genomic	19
genetic variability	19
outer membrane	19
tiling arrays	19
completely sequenced	19
spike protein	19
inserted sequence	19
molecular epidemiology	19
viral genes	19
molecular mechanisms	18
vesicular stomatitis	18
text text	18
positive selection	18
genome organization	18
will also	18
virus infection	18
gene prediction	18
complete genomes	18
core genome	18
black death	18
genome length	18
emerging infectious	18
trans splicing	18
genome evolution	18
entry site	18
pan subsp	18
avian influenza	18
virus particle	17
human dna	17
sequence repeats	17
two different	17
phylogenetic tree	17
genome types	17
sequence information	17
frequency domain	17
dna polymerase	17
national center	17
human host	17
viral diversity	17
coding sequence	17
naturally occurring	17
southern china	17
trait loci	17
molecular basis	17
viral population	17
disease research	17
human disease	17
agronomic traits	17
stomatitis virus	17
copying fidelity	17
viral rnas	17
type species	17
gene families	17
virus population	17
codon usage	17
bacterial species	17
simple sequence	17
gene sequences	16
annotation pipeline	16
salmonella enterica	16
per nucleotide	16
leukemia virus	16
ribosomal entry	16
immune responses	16
viral dna	16
single gene	16
accession jq	16
entire genome	16
dna replication	16
clinical trials	16
genomic sequence	16
nucleotide polymorphisms	16
sars coronavirus	16
high throughput	16
gene products	16
gene insertions	16
nuclear transfer	16
per genome	16
microbial genome	16
genome patenting	16
bioinformatics tools	16
related species	16
infection cycle	16
proteolytic processing	15
arabidopsis thaliana	15
mutant spectrum	15
functional genomics	15
viral infection	15
human population	15
accession number	15
viral sequence	15
also known	15
model organisms	15
wide range	15
foxtail millet	15
wide association	15
density oligonucleotide	15
dna synthesis	15
viruses may	15
sequencing reads	15
insert stability	15
cellular receptor	15
human coronavirus	15
genome segment	15
human microbiome	15
substitutions per	15
pathogen genomes	15
genome projects	15
internal ribosomal	15
gene clusters	15
association mapping	15
sequence similarity	15
give rise	15
takes place	15
infectious agents	15
nonreplicative recombination	15
bronze age	15
fidelity mutants	14
sequence space	14
will allow	14
expressed genes	14
even though	14
vaccine candidates	14
genomic regions	14
foreign genes	14
candidate genes	14
complete nucleotide	14
diarrhea virus	14
genome duplication	14
genomic sequences	14
plant viruses	14
porcine deltacoronavirus	14
protein synthesis	14
error catastrophe	14
genomic selection	14
acid sequence	14
diversity within	14
microbial genomes	14
genome assemblies	14
sequences within	14
listeria monocytogenes	14
nonstructural proteins	14
related viruses	14
oligonucleotide array	14
web server	14
ires elements	14
secondary structures	14
segment reassortment	14
phylogenetic trees	14
genomic rna	14
novel coronavirus	14
eukaryotic genomes	14
population genetic	14
cell lines	14
association studies	13
ssdna viruses	13
binding protein	13
genetic elements	13
hong kong	13
query sequence	13
publicly available	13
sequenced genomes	13
rna polymerases	13
influenza viruses	13
acid substitutions	13
protein content	13
genomic diversity	13
complete virions	13
poliovirus genome	13
high frequency	13
vaccine development	13
intergenic regions	13
long time	13
malaria parasite	13
crossover sites	13
physical genome	13
virus rna	13
capsid protein	13
novo assembly	13
nuclear genomes	13
virus strain	13
large population	13
pallidum strains	13
human herpesvirus	13
different strains	13
transcriptome map	13
bacillus anthracis	13
untranslated region	13
multiple sequence	13
small rnas	13
genetically modified	13
human ascaris	13
genome structure	13
cleavage sites	13
live attenuated	13
genetic engineering	13
interfering particles	13
polymerase fidelity	13
phylogenetic analyses	13
first time	13
rna molecule	13
virus species	13
dna genomes	13
biotechnology information	13
genome data	13
defective genomes	13
ascaris suum	13
will provide	13
synthetic biology	13
genomic analysis	13
viral metagenomics	13
anopheles gambiae	13
sanger sequencing	12
speed breeding	12
lateral gene	12
enterica serovar	12
genome duplications	12
penton base	12
first step	12
copy number	12
see also	12
different species	12
ascaris spp	12
qtl mapping	12
genome segments	12
cell types	12
high levels	12
rna sequences	12
primary structure	12
nonreplicative rna	12
dsdna viruses	12
rna fragments	12
acid residues	12
relative density	12
human populations	12
proteins involved	12
protein domains	12
molecular markers	12
venereal syphilis	12
mitochondrial dna	12
protein sequences	12
nasopharyngeal samples	12
protein expression	12
viral protein	12
large dna	12
two major	12
wide variety	12
rna interference	12
fecal samples	12
per base	12
systems biology	12
cov genomes	12
microbial species	12
ebola virus	12
dna polymerases	12
gene family	12
scale sequencing	12
disease resistance	12
microbial genomics	12
orf ab	12
viral fitness	12
virulence factors	12
classifi ed	12
clinical samples	12
many genes	12
population structure	11
sequencing project	11
plant virus	11
pathogen interactions	11
invertebrate vectors	11
nascent strand	11
error rates	11
transcription factors	11
vaccinia virus	11
structural genomics	11
human body	11
pathogen dna	11
nucleotide substitutions	11
natural product	11
two genes	11
respiratory syncytial	11
sequence typing	11
vast majority	11
biological entities	11
antigenic determinants	11
pathogen genome	11
viral species	11
antigenic sites	11
structural protein	11
many viruses	11
streptococcus agalactiae	11
porcine reproductive	11
another example	11
virus family	11
described earlier	11
genome wide	11
cleavage site	11
single base	11
protein families	11
human enterovirus	11
ascaris lumbricoides	11
new era	11
uenza virus	11
search tool	11
core genes	11
viral infections	11
clinical isolates	11
type iii	11
herpes simplex	11
immunodefi ciency	11
virus polymerase	11
coding rnas	11
viral polymerase	11
population genetics	11
among different	11
antimicrobial resistance	11
drug targets	11
ribosomal slippage	11
reverse genetics	11
protein sequence	11
oryza sativa	11
rna proofreading	11
genomic region	11
genetic basis	11
vice versa	11
subsp pertenue	11
mutator phenotype	11
saccharomyces cerevisiae	11
horizontal gene	11
yet another	11
genome research	11
host genes	11
lateral transfer	11
bioinformatics resource	11
local alignment	11
complete mitochondrial	11
sequence diversity	11
relationships among	11
poliovirus polyprotein	11
neutralization antigenic	11
human viruses	11
different viruses	11
dna fragments	11
viral particles	11
gene regulation	11
nucleotide substitution	10
well known	10
high rate	10
fas ii	10
comparative analyses	10
endogenous retroviruses	10
giant viruses	10
hitting set	10
shotgun sequencing	10
distantly related	10
strains isolated	10
human influenza	10
plant rna	10
highly similar	10
fatty acids	10
biomedical research	10
genomic stability	10
hela cells	10
two species	10
genetic analysis	10
may cause	10
cell type	10
next generation	10
life cycle	10
analysis reveals	10
group ii	10
syncytial virus	10
type poliovirus	10
population size	10
active site	10
sequences using	10
viral populations	10
one hand	10
whole genomes	10
new genome	10
genetic heterogeneity	10
gc content	10
overlapping reading	10
viral mutation	10
respiratory tract	10
host interactions	10
sequencing technology	10
molecular evidence	10
sequence analyses	10
like viruses	10
sequence variation	10
large genomes	10
genetic variations	10
emcv ires	10
rna strand	10
repetitive sequences	10
stress tolerance	10
repeat sequences	10
library preparation	10
protein interactions	10
exon mutator	10
murine leukemia	10
conserved sequences	10
lateral transfers	10
complementary dna	10
junk dna	10
may affect	10
tissue tropism	10
human immunodefi	10
hidden markov	10
gene function	10
evolutionary relationships	10
data generated	10
germ cells	10
parainfluenza virus	10
massively parallel	10
disease outbreaks	10
genome rna	10
craig venter	10
different types	10
recent years	10
near future	10
reference genomes	10
hot spots	10
genome database	10
principal component	10
rna sequence	10
data collection	10
nonstructural protein	10
research institute	10
nucleotide polymorphism	10
genetically engineered	10
simplex virus	10
drug discovery	10
proteins encoded	10
respiratory infections	10
products discovery	10
novel viruses	10
genes present	10
mutational analysis	10
cell line	10
rna structures	9
genome segmentation	9
animal viruses	9
antibiotic resistance	9
dna microarray	9
genes encoding	9
global distribution	9
acid synthesis	9
better understand	9
first two	9
hadv pathogens	9
genetic variants	9
circular dna	9
dpav genome	9
will discuss	9
selection pressure	9
modern day	9
negative selection	9
syndrome virus	9
protective immune	9
multilocus sequence	9
recombination rate	9
human respiratory	9
alignment search	9
linkage analysis	9
minimum hitting	9
population sizes	9
genomes using	9
two strains	9
evolutionary analysis	9
sample metadata	9
powerful tool	9
low frequency	9
two proteins	9
expression vectors	9
recombination event	9
disease informatics	9
binding sites	9
genes responsible	9
sequenced genome	9
wild type	9
mouse hepatitis	9
basic local	9
sequence conservation	9
noncoding sequences	9
window length	9
china complete	9
human adenoviruses	9
bovine viral	9
proviral dna	9
genes related	9
mosquito vector	9
drought tolerance	9
small genome	9
uenza viruses	9
viral gene	9
sense ssrna	9
high fidelity	9
dna microarrays	9
known viruses	9
using genome	9
genome will	9
picornavirus proteins	9
unpublished results	9
eukaryotic viruses	9
known viral	9
point mutation	9
genes involved	9
hepatitis delta	9
sabin strains	9
determine whether	9
repeat unit	9
genome consists	9
noncoding region	9
influenza genome	9
nonhomologous recombination	9
plague pandemic	9
correlation function	9
fi rst	9
type virus	9
pseudomonas aeruginosa	9
rea patterns	9
base pair	9
large numbers	9
uncorrelated background	9
primers lpw	9
sequence alignments	9
polymerase error	9
neisseria meningitidis	9
model organism	9
stem cell	9
group i	9
also found	9
cause disease	9
will enable	9
sequence comparison	9
cov genome	9
reverse transcriptases	9
important roles	9
expression vector	9
different mechanisms	9
di particles	9
synonymous substitutions	9
like virus	9
also possible	9
regulatory elements	9
sindbis virus	9
protein level	9
messenger rna	9
sample preparation	9
streptococcus pneumoniae	9
viral diarrhea	8
different genome	8
hexon genes	8
identified novel	8
conserved regions	8
biological function	8
sequence reads	8
nascent rna	8
available data	8
prediction programs	8
brome mosaic	8
national human	8
target cell	8
poliovirus ires	8
public domain	8
grain protein	8
bacterial pan	8
subsp pallidum	8
caenorhabditis elegans	8
ii system	8
human parainfluenza	8
rice genome	8
picornavirus genome	8
viral communities	8
conserved noncoding	8
ncbi genbank	8
delta virus	8
kb sliding	8
two main	8
will probably	8
data analysis	8
sequencing centers	8
transposable elements	8
progeny virus	8
strand synthesis	8
two sequences	8
evolutionary dynamics	8
iii secretion	8
sequence stability	8
replication machinery	8
dna chips	8
hidden states	8
new opportunities	8
sliding windows	8
antigenic variation	8
cellular dna	8
newly synthesized	8
new viral	8
original variables	8
prior knowledge	8
insect viruses	8
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis	8
key role	8
comparative sequence	8
recombinant proteins	8
secondary metabolites	8
computational analysis	8
two distinct	8
mutations may	8
spinal cord	8
virus mutation	8
lpw lpw	8
protein vpg	8
animal virus	8
mass spectrometry	8
bronchitis virus	8
encephalomyelitis virus	8
genomes containing	8
worms collected	8
genome mining	8
virus diversity	8
gene duplication	8
dna strands	8
eukaryote genomes	8
haemophilus influenzae	8
sequence length	8
type genome	8
viral vector	8
performed using	8
virus populations	8
bovine respiratory	8
new host	8
porcine circovirus	8
new environment	8
chromosomal dna	8
genetic modification	8
sequence homology	8
genetic robustness	8
rice grain	8
equine rhinovirus	8
infectious cycle	8
molecular cloning	8
unique sequence	8
north america	8
hemorrhagic fever	8
microbial sequencing	8
round primers	8
encephalitis virus	8
east respiratory	8
decision support	8
genomic science	8
specific genes	8
among virus	8
polymerase chain	8
first round	8
dna molecules	8
expressed regions	8
research groups	8
operon structures	8
viral discovery	8
based methods	8
authors declare	8
environmental conditions	8
viral families	8
gene order	8
analysis using	8
vaccine strain	8
may lead	8
species transmission	8
homologous genes	8
infectious bronchitis	8
important factor	8
genbank submission	8
rna secondary	8
also provides	8
research community	8
virus families	8
new data	8
bacterial pathogens	8
noncoding regions	8
murine hepatitis	8
genbank accession	8
small number	8
middle east	8
rapidly lost	8
homologous rna	8
cultured cells	8
human parvovirus	8
international committee	8
subcellular localization	8
three major	8
highly contagious	8
fold increase	8
vibrio cholerae	8
sense rna	8
gel electrophoresis	8
genetic studies	8
big data	8
parental genomes	8
molecular dating	8
complete viral	8
many cases	8
one species	8
host organism	8
better understanding	8
evolutionary process	8
several studies	8
exposed antigens	8
large scale	8
molecular level	8
play important	8
ciency virus	8
alv genome	8
different levels	8
jx usa	8
closest relatives	7
national institutes	7
host genomes	7
similar genome	7
genome engineering	7
junk dnas	7
multicellular organisms	7
dsrna viruses	7
virus variant	7
three serotypes	7
without prior	7
viral nucleic	7
protein gene	7
markov models	7
recent study	7
genetic analyses	7
sequencing costs	7
quality control	7
recombination frequencies	7
limited number	7
genome model	7
early stages	7
will help	7
endemic syphilis	7
plant species	7
genome using	7
biosynthetic gene	7
dna repair	7
selective breeding	7
poliovirus type	7
associated herpesvirus	7
host population	7
linked protein	7
genomic sequencing	7
stationary state	7
new genes	7
host interaction	7
coronavirus genome	7
leader sequence	7
protein structure	7
recombinant viruses	7
pelosinus fermentans	7
constructed using	7
dmid genomes	7
expression data	7
gene duplications	7
start codons	7
high accuracy	7
deletion mutants	7
nonhomologous rna	7
may contain	7
genetic traits	7
vaccine strains	7
living organism	7
based drug	7
two decades	7
virion proteins	7
natural history	7
high resolution	7
pathogenic bacteria	7
pathogen discovery	7
unique features	7
microbiome project	7
important human	7
viral diseases	7
genome level	7
currently available	7
mutant viruses	7
high level	7
data integration	7
virus types	7
mutational robustness	7
nervous system	7
regulatory regions	7
newly identified	7
host mirnas	7
mycobacterium massiliense	7
often used	7
structural annotation	7
panarray algorithm	7
rapid evolution	7
multiple times	7
total number	7
sequence identity	7
prokaryotic genomes	7
recurrent mutations	7
epidemiological studies	7
viral genomic	7
dna elimination	7
regulatory sequences	7
ssrs relative	7
selective pressures	7
prone replication	7
gene silencing	7
competing interests	7
temporal signal	7
histone modifications	7
disease diagnosis	7
new drugs	7
genomic islands	7
functional annotation	7
probe targets	7
virus biology	7
type i	7
highly variable	7
mammalian cells	7
cell tropism	7
applied biosystems	7
nt long	7
encephalomyocarditis virus	7
ssrs content	7
viral family	7
texttext text	7
data sharing	7
based approaches	7
must also	7
high genetic	7
mycoplasma genitalium	7
genome dna	7
stop codons	7
vaccine design	7
one probe	7
negative strand	7
human genes	7
intellectual property	7
usa proc	7
microarray data	7
related virus	7
text texttext	7
mapping population	7
rna genes	7
genome identification	7
ascaris genome	7
one genome	7
viral metagenomes	7
growth properties	7
antiviral drugs	7
genomic era	7
immune evasion	7
new technologies	7
will lead	7
commonly used	7
population dynamics	7
neutralizing antibodies	7
vector biology	7
random sequencing	7
phylogenetic placement	7
low rate	7
advantageous mutations	7
cellular life	7
global health	7
north american	7
exonuclease activity	7
sequencing consortium	7
tobacco mosaic	7
several genes	7
see chap	7
circulating strains	7
year old	7
per day	7
coding potential	7
gene sequence	7
conserved domains	7
genome browser	7
genome plasticity	7
common cold	7
serovar typhi	7
climate change	7
drosophila melanogaster	7
polymerase ii	7
deep sequencing	7
acid substitution	7
free system	7
avian infectious	7
attenuated virus	7
genomic features	7
multiple genome	7
genomic resources	7
freely available	7
dengue virus	7
much smaller	7
per year	7
neutral mutations	7
coverage depth	7
world health	7
genetic stability	7
pestis genomes	7
fourier spectral	7
capsid precursor	7
two groups	7
cellular factors	7
enveloping curve	7
three genes	7
expression profiles	7
ribosomal protein	7
viral rdrp	7
candidate gene	7
nsp exon	7
hidden state	7
ht sequencing	7
molecular breeding	7
transgenic animal	7
ribosome entry	7
two genera	7
innate immunity	7
genome structures	7
virus taxonomy	7
relatively small	7
genome comparisons	7
among viruses	7
provides insights	7
human gene	7
genomes sequenced	7
broad institute	7
exon activity	7
recombinant dna	7
public databases	7
uncultivated viruses	7
internal ribosome	7
reference sequences	7
segmented genomes	7
given rise	7
probe length	7
least two	7
wide analysis	7
endoparasitic wasps	7
gov dmid	7
stochastic fluctuations	7
much larger	7
clinically relevant	7
strain dg	7
somni genome	7
genome stability	7
diversity across	7
somatic cell	7
drug development	7
com proj	7
respiratory samples	7
data will	7
phylogenetic relationships	7
innate immune	7
computational gene	7
trna genes	7
plague foci	6
genbank database	6
sonfela circovirus	6
reference database	6
passive lateral	6
zoster virus	6
may provide	6
inserted gene	6
pallidum subspecies	6
binding domain	6
genomic loci	6
early studies	6
reads per	6
crop species	6
experimental evolution	6
genes may	6
well understood	6
associated coronavirus	6
current study	6
accession jn	6
avian coronavirus	6
small insertions	6
gene editing	6
array design	6
current genome	6
authors thank	6
bubonic plague	6
cis elements	6
considered agents	6
parainfl uenza	6
resource centers	6
host dna	6
biological systems	6
ascovirus origin	6
evolutionary origins	6
disease genomics	6
epidemic diarrhea	6
drug design	6
membrane protein	6
nucleotide positions	6
prokaryotic genome	6
infectious virus	6
new viruses	6
length genome	6
etiological agent	6
cellular proteins	6
gene transfers	6
structural relationships	6
ssrs abundance	6
cell surface	6
ssr markers	6
rnadependent rna	6
knowledge base	6
cooperative interactions	6
resource center	6
mathematical model	6
also contains	6
recombinant virus	6
infected host	6
fasta file	6
random drift	6
highly repetitive	6
analysis tools	6
new genomic	6
central nervous	6
wgs data	6
monoclonal antibody	6
different viral	6
mutations per	6
coding gene	6
oligonucleotide probes	6
short sequences	6
genome patent	6
quasispecies diversity	6
dating analysis	6
natural host	6
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genome program	6
poliovirus vaccine	6
novel expressed	6
two genomes	6
animal mitochondrial	6
replication strategies	6
well suited	6
two nasopharyngeal	6
relatively large	6
genetic changes	6
genomic segments	6
homozygous snps	6
fitness cost	6
century ce	6
endemic regions	6
barr virus	6
selective advantage	6
tract infections	6
based genome	6
two parental	6
canine distemper	6
see methods	6
present study	6
natural selection	6
complex genomes	6
virus proteins	6
genome comparison	6
genetic factors	6
different regions	6
durum wheat	6
human diseases	6
viral evolution	6
pathogenicity island	6
ribosomal rna	6
ssrs length	6
vertebrate genomes	6
association study	6
coronavirus genomes	6
computational analyses	6
repeated sequences	6
insertions will	6
membrane proteins	6
viruses also	6
merkel cell	6
recombination rates	6
year plan	6
replicative ability	6
san diego	6
metagenomic analysis	6
bulk metagenomes	6
malaria genome	6
national institute	6
repetitive dna	6
increased fidelity	6
experimental data	6
south america	6
substitution rate	6
animal models	6
virus genetic	6
human rhinovirus	6
pathogen screening	6
genetic organization	6
picornavirus genomes	6
niaid category	6
picornavirus infections	6
machine learning	6
individual genes	6
previously unknown	6
alu elements	6
expressed sequence	6
relational database	6
switch recombination	6
automated annotation	6
resequencing arrays	6
hku strains	6
coronavirus rna	6
federal agencies	6
default parameters	6
germline cells	6
various types	6
many different	6
acid biosynthesis	6
genetic structure	6
molecular marker	6
enzymatic activities	6
ichnovirus genomes	6
integration sites	6
another template	6
porcine epidemic	6
polioviral rna	6
human metapneumovirus	6
progeny genomes	6
may allow	6
tandem repeats	6
quantitative traits	6
transmission events	6
error threshold	6
population diversity	6
ancient human	6
animal genomes	6
new insights	6
viral disease	6
microbial pan	6
analyzed viruses	6
viable genomes	6
vesicle vaccine	6
scale sequence	6
gua hc	6
genetics analysis	6
streptococcus mutans	6
throughput genotyping	6
surface proteins	6
poliovirus replication	6
disease caused	6
genetic code	6
mutation frequencies	6
genome array	6
organisms including	6
relatively recent	6
genetic data	6
genomic fragments	6
shed light	6
proofreading mechanisms	6
assisted breeding	6
cell epitopes	6
species may	6
complete dataset	6
wide data	6
growth rate	6
mammalian viruses	6
chain reaction	6
correct reference	6
probe reuse	6
trait discovery	6
viral origin	6
spontaneous mutation	6
one gene	6
identify novel	6
trypanosoma brucei	6
three different	6
rna segments	6
many species	6
pathogenic properties	6
complementary strand	6
homoplasic sites	6
usa ak	6
variant sites	6
venter institute	6
horizontal transfer	6
pathogenic potential	6
developing new	6
guangdong province	6
large genome	6
malaria control	6
computational methods	6
ascovirus genomes	6
tiling array	6
transcription factor	6
seq based	6
cell factories	6
gastrointestinal tract	6
hybridization signal	6
disease progression	6
influenza sequence	6
protein structures	6
yeast genome	6
ancient microbial	6
fusion protein	6
strain diversity	6
mrna editing	6
computational biology	6
read sequencing	6
may result	6
domestic cats	6
short time	6
new world	6
within species	6
sequences inserted	6
inserted genes	6
nuclear genome	6
virus variants	6
silico rea	6
novel genes	6
will focus	6
pseudotuberculosis strain	6
foreign dna	6
different geographical	6
initial sequencing	6
term evolution	6
global burden	6
biological information	6
draft sequence	6
small genomes	6
minimum number	6
snp genotyping	6
rna structure	6
significantly higher	6
nucleotide incorporation	6
help us	6
dna genome	6
small rna	6
cluster coxsackieviruses	6
mapped onto	6
pairwise alignment	6
setaria italica	6
regions within	6
pathogenic phenotype	6
somni strain	6
population expansion	6
viruses whose	6
roslin institute	6
pilot project	6
omics alv	6
physical model	6
sequencing methods	6
studies using	6
single reference	6
replicative module	6
highly sensitive	6
genome amplification	6
genome science	6
lower respiratory	6
online version	6
genetic drift	6
artemisinin resistance	6
primary sequence	6
primordial germ	6
emerging diseases	6
raw sequencing	6
embryonic stem	6
novel human	6
using high	6
expression level	6
extended table	6
oligonucleotide microarrays	6
single amino	6
new virus	6
power law	6
viral mrna	6
time series	6
evolutionary genomics	6
molecular clock	6
two segments	6
pcr products	6
references therein	6
germline genome	6
viral polymerases	6
virion rna	6
parasite plasmodium	6
studies suggest	6
critical role	5
invertebrate vector	5
nearly identical	5
type hadv	5
polymerase slippage	5
genetic polymorphisms	5
evolutionary genetics	5
genetic selection	5
chapter discusses	5
partial genome	5
sequence context	5
novel sequence	5
template switch	5
poliovirus serotypes	5
replication complex	5
dicistronic virus	5
animal species	5
density arrays	5
gene region	5
genomic information	5
massiliense strain	5
biological functions	5
completed genome	5
rna replicases	5
analysis showed	5
genome characterization	5
jx tw	5
predicted using	5
raw sequence	5
one example	5
abiotic stress	5
high quality	5
three poliovirus	5
analyzed virus	5
five years	5
new population	5
basic research	5
genetic marker	5
breast cancer	5
plaque passage	5
shared ancestry	5
alternative splicing	5
conserved non	5
future research	5
protein family	5
structural analysis	5
virus vaccines	5
selective pressure	5
ascaris genomes	5
fold higher	5
fitness decrease	5
subgenomic dnas	5
complex traits	5
related strains	5
gene product	5
gene content	5
pathogenic isolates	5
gene cluster	5
genome may	5
almost every	5
sequencing library	5
viruses might	5
distemper virus	5
current status	5
di rnas	5
noncoding sequence	5
highly fragmented	5
conserved within	5
ssrs occurrence	5
nipah virus	5
genetic content	5
command line	5
alignment tool	5
transmission chains	5
rna transcription	5
candida species	5
srna sequences	5
genetic bottleneck	5
larger genome	5
human serum	5
computer science	5
capsular polysaccharides	5
flea vector	5
junk rnas	5
shannon entropy	5
genomes contain	5
subgenomic mrnas	5
african bovine	5
higher mortality	5
hiv aids	5
using rna	5
nucleotide database	5
evidence suggests	5
tissue culture	5
automated sequencing	5
genomes within	5
molecular evolutionary	5
viruses belonging	5
broad range	5
genomic research	5
menb vaccine	5
one template	5
molecular characterization	5
human remains	5
value paradox	5
genomic studies	5
clinical disease	5
four genera	5
metabolic pathways	5
virus genotypes	5
paralytic poliomyelitis	5
putative surface	5
wide identity	5
fever virus	5
plant breeding	5
viral insertions	5
also provide	5
functionally relevant	5
acid synthase	5
read length	5
genomes genome	5
human chromosome	5
viruses use	5
emerging pathogens	5
marker genes	5
particular strain	5
pigs lacking	5
sabin type	5
rubella virus	5
covalently linked	5
raw data	5
cell receptor	5
microsatellite markers	5
zinc finger	5
viral proliferation	5
nucleotide level	5
bioinformatics analysis	5
limited genetic	5
pestis strains	5
dna regions	5
viral subtypes	5
human genetic	5
oligonucleotide probe	5
blast search	5
sequence fragments	5
see text	5
will determine	5
resistance genes	5
strain identification	5
nobel prizes	5
human gut	5
two types	5
short read	5
hox genes	5
error prone	5
replicative machinery	5
become available	5
cell cultures	5
genomic markers	5
ichnovirus genome	5
correct nucleotide	5
tbl asn	5
rna ligases	5
chagas disease	5
host immune	5
different genotypes	5
plaque isolates	5
genome identity	5
determined using	5
dna strand	5
will tend	5
sample processing	5
enabled us	5
genetic relationships	5
single molecule	5
clinical outcomes	5
sra dataset	5
promising target	5
cellular environment	5
transmission cycle	5
viruses infecting	5
second round	5
bioinformatics approach	5
sequence variants	5
target genes	5
antigenic drift	5
mutational load	5
virus sequence	5
multiple strains	5
serial passages	5
genomic rearrangements	5
matrix protein	5
genomic sciences	5
clock model	5
data using	5
different ways	5
average genome	5
may differ	5
cov replication	5
genomic variation	5
pulmonary fibrosis	5
resistant mutants	5
dark matter	5
genome fragments	5
well established	5
much higher	5
experimental conditions	5
dna virus	5
ancient specimens	5
likelihood tree	5
coding dna	5
elucidating genetic	5
large amounts	5
fitness landscape	5
domestic cat	5
genetic complex	5
extremely high	5
biochemical studies	5
genomes project	5
real time	5
genetic maps	5
patent applications	5
human transmission	5
southwestern china	5
vary inversely	5
adaptive value	5
sequencing efforts	5
genomic context	5
genome sciences	5
mammalian species	5
sequences available	5
triticum aestivum	5
foreign orf	5
genome diversity	5
one another	5
tandem repeat	5
highly effective	5
well adapted	5
genome variation	5
second template	5
will become	5
viral integration	5
related traits	5
mutations involved	5
human hosts	5
environmental factors	5
disease control	5
genome editors	5
template copying	5
malaria mosquito	5
identified using	5
murine encephalomyelitis	5
genome structural	5
steps involved	5
functional genomic	5
years later	5
genetic disease	5
highly plastic	5
fever syndromes	5
hendra virus	5
developing countries	5
repeat classes	5
conserved genes	5
bovine adenovirus	5
coding rna	5
regulatory networks	5
recombination within	5
viruses must	5
tw tw	5
corrector activities	5
etiologic agent	5
gene coding	5
rabies virus	5
one strain	5
see table	5
molecular methods	5
common human	5
heart disease	5
endogenous viral	5
dna patents	5
major challenge	5
bacterial pathogen	5
made possible	5
receptor specificity	5
mosquito anopheles	5
computational tools	5
cdna clones	5
moorei entomopoxvirus	5
may occur	5
neutral network	5
fitness values	5
early evolution	5
computational prediction	5
microbial data	5
linkage disequilibrium	5
high probability	5
lorentzian function	5
gut microbiome	5
nucleotide resolution	5
larger genomes	5
attenuated vaccines	5
men endez	5
per gene	5
global population	5
long stretches	5
based approach	5
recombination analysis	5
primer design	5
susceptible host	5
mycobacterium leprae	5
sexual reproduction	5
fruit fly	5
mortality rates	5
recent work	5
health organization	5
species human	5
rna viral	5
research council	5
based gene	5
distance matrix	5
secretion system	5
swine fever	5
virus discovery	5
anopheline mosquitoes	5
protein database	5
coronavirus nonstructural	5
rna strands	5
cell nucleus	5
genetic map	5
results showed	5
identifying potential	5
protein genes	5
finding algorithms	5
neurological disease	5
small fraction	5
mutation may	5
probe set	5
sequence databases	5
simian virus	5
short sequence	5
genomes may	5
will depend	5
attenuation phenotype	5
mainland china	5
bacteriophage phi	5
single probe	5
evolutionary relatedness	5
genetic resistance	5
web site	5
natural conditions	5
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maturation cleavage	5
spike glycoprotein	5
origin influenza	5
regulatory functions	5
experimental approaches	5
rna sequencing	5
enterococcus faecalis	5
poliovirus defective	5
million years	5
family members	5
fiber gene	5
block storage	5
cloverleaf cdpr	5
life forms	5
evolutionary events	5
generation time	5
genetic determinants	5
sequencing machine	5
genomic approaches	5
pathogen database	5
incorrect nucleotide	5
numerous studies	5
improve human	5
engineered virus	5
bacterial fatty	5
genetic diseases	5
dna extraction	5
replication complexes	5
interaction networks	5
programmed dna	5
es cells	5
bacterial gene	5
markov model	5
edited pigs	5
genetic improvement	5
poliovirus receptor	5
like supergroup	5
suum reference	5
developmental stages	5
vaccine candidate	5
amsacta moorei	5
eukaryotic gene	5
genetic change	5
high similarity	5
ii intron	5
viral quasispecies	5
recent advances	5
cleavage products	5
recombination might	5
sendai virus	5
early stage	5
gene encoding	5
large amount	5
transcriptome analysis	5
population passages	5
encoding genes	5
strand template	5
genomic analyses	5
different rna	5
gene discovery	5
nm diameter	5
fungal genome	5
laboratory conditions	5
interfering rnas	5
crystal structure	5
novel protein	5
fidelity mutant	5
three years	5
human pathogen	5
microorganisms considered	5
civ orf	5
severe symptoms	5
virulence genes	5
host factors	5
host defence	5
different groups	5
study describes	5
persistent infection	5
biological research	5
gene organization	5
now available	5
analytical tools	5
microbial diagnostics	5
new tools	5
virus capsid	5
information provided	5
founder genomes	5
associated circoviruses	5
nucleotide identity	5
authors read	5
variable regions	5
functional characterization	5
segmented genome	5
new drug	5
bacterium isolated	5
human infections	5
improvement programmes	5
special case	5
dna rna	5
illumina reads	5
also identified	5
differentially expressed	5
work queue	5
fitness loss	5
genetic loci	5
gene number	5
causative agents	5
multiple alignment	5
heterozygous snps	5
virus rdrp	5
many animal	5
stress resistance	5
expression profiling	5
cancer research	5
genomic material	5
visual inspection	5
human malaria	5
specific mutation	5
salmonella typhimurium	5
biology network	5
microbial evolution	5
cellular enzymes	5
constant rate	5
phylogenetic inference	5
genome contains	5
poliovirus recombinants	5
bovine rotaviruses	5
gave rise	5
human genomes	5
acid composition	5
intergenic region	5
modencode project	5
edited animals	5
single virus	5
kda protein	5
picornavirus rna	5
human cell	5
gene identification	5
also suggested	5
land plants	5
pathogen identification	5
cytoplasmic membrane	5
wellcome trust	5
genome shotgun	5
best match	5
chemical synthesis	5
technological advances	5
annotation transfer	5
worm specimens	5
rdrp gene	5
different modes	5
adaptive immune	5
individual viral	5
polymorphic sites	5
receptor binding	5
dna arrays	5
illumina sequencing	5
influenza pandemic	5
viral annotation	5
multiple viral	5
high density	5
virus serotype	5
epitope prediction	5
based transcriptome	5
demographic conditions	5
start codon	5
coronavirus associated	5
using either	5
conserved sequence	5
one viral	4
prediction methods	4
doublestranded rna	4
environmental changes	4
structural similarities	4
particular disease	4
type ii	4
virus resource	4
pandemic virus	4
based snp	4
replicative capacity	4
transmission dynamics	4
disease symptoms	4
nucleotide alignment	4
mutant spectra	4
human immune	4
francis collins	4
novel proteins	4
genome date	4
final manuscript	4
might therefore	4
heritage foundation	4
malaria parasites	4
recurrent infections	4
made available	4
molecular genetics	4
still unknown	4
viral sirna	4
recurrent selection	4
identifying genetic	4
nodamura virus	4
cause several	4
hemorrhagic conjunctivitis	4
tobacco etch	4
vaccines consisting	4
dispensable genome	4
bone marrow	4
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leukosis virus	4
clinical sample	4
residual coverage	4
one location	4
klebsiella pneumoniae	4
chn gz	4
proteolytic cleavage	4
data repositories	4
editing reagents	4
disease transmission	4
genome institute	4
successfully expressed	4
variants may	4
serological characterization	4
maximum parsimony	4
inbred lines	4
available genome	4
breeding cycle	4
intertypic poliovirus	4
ph gradient	4
based detection	4
individual nucleotide	4
complete human	4
nonhuman primates	4
species whose	4
develop new	4
disease syndromes	4
also include	4
syphilis spirochete	4
previously reported	4
global perspective	4
segmented rna	4
bootstrap value	4
provide insights	4
low levels	4
dna content	4
biotic stress	4
rapidly growing	4
ab initio	4
ancient genome	4
three groups	4
also revealed	4
lethal mutations	4
virus will	4
particular genome	4
human infection	4
like genes	4
viruses exist	4
different host	4
purifying selection	4
one health	4
becoming increasingly	4
recent common	4
adenosine deaminase	4
replication cycle	4
dimensional structures	4
nonsynonymous mutations	4
data obtained	4
incoming nucleotide	4
production traits	4
signifi cant	4
respiratory pathogen	4
arabidopsis genome	4
target genome	4
targeted enrichment	4
new family	4
electron microscopic	4
genetically stable	4
simple sequences	4
burkholderia cenocepacia	4
data types	4
icosahedral capsids	4
genome composition	4
results indicated	4
will often	4
gene loss	4
range correlations	4
hku may	4
pcr using	4
population level	4
replication machineries	4
rapid identification	4
international human	4
general features	4
biological properties	4
metadata file	4
plasmid prsb	4
etch virus	4
fetal fibroblasts	4
sequence evolution	4
incomplete nascent	4
multiple copies	4
microarray based	4
identified srnas	4
bat coronaviruses	4
capillary electrophoresis	4
wt virus	4
also responsible	4
genes shared	4
error correction	4
proteins vp	4
gene insertion	4
blast results	4
rcs vapid	4
lazy evaluation	4
template rna	4
dna barcoding	4
shigella flexneri	4
eastern europe	4
academic research	4
statistically significant	4
defi ne	4
spanish influenza	4
tools available	4
several variants	4
vaccine vectors	4
hexanucleotide ssrs	4
start sites	4
technological improvements	4
last two	4
rrna gene	4
one million	4
transmissible gastroenteritis	4
human cells	4
mutans gs	4
assisted backcrossing	4
rich repeat	4
often difficult	4
genetic complementation	4
differential gene	4
noncoding rnas	4
approaches based	4
terminal half	4
canine circovirus	4
fastq format	4
evolutionary consequences	4
new species	4
high proportion	4
best hit	4
genomes mscs	4
giving rise	4
luciferase gene	4
cold spring	4
viruses recombination	4
exogenous fatty	4
genomics analysis	4
dynamic nature	4
putative rna	4
fusion proteins	4
new ways	4
small non	4
another study	4
wasp genomes	4
congeneric species	4
scale genotyping	4
cd gene	4
genome browsers	4
three single	4
cell entry	4
overlapping probes	4
long way	4
nt database	4
microbial pathogen	4
average length	4
bacterial dna	4
coronavirus transcription	4
pr cleavage	4
mutant virus	4
lineage iii	4
may reflect	4
will require	4
clinical decision	4
haplotype network	4
generic tools	4
color hues	4
domestic pig	4
human herpesviruses	4
uncharacterized strains	4
sequence capture	4
quality traits	4
typical example	4
largest scaffolds	4
virus survival	4
plant genomes	4
biological material	4
previous study	4
acting elements	4
provide evidence	4
selective disadvantage	4
epitope database	4
repair activity	4
convergent evolution	4
distinct species	4
relatively little	4
prediction software	4
van voorhis	4
oil content	4
national academy	4
progeny viruses	4
endonuclease analysis	4
diversity determines	4
viruses evolve	4
mutator viruses	4
microbial strain	4
strains cq	4
proviral genome	4
diversity analysis	4
economically important	4
parallel sequencing	4
human endogenous	4
abundance among	4
may represent	4
human micrornas	4
genome analyses	4
correlation coefficient	4
chemical properties	4
genomes revealed	4
virulence gene	4
rna silencing	4
internal initiation	4
dicistronic poliovirus	4
including mouse	4
close proximity	4
repeat sequence	4
circular genome	4
population growth	4
data management	4
gene ontology	4
scale analysis	4
sequence heterogeneity	4
unique sequences	4
chemical mutagenesis	4
major clades	4
sequences may	4
related organisms	4
draft genomes	4
ascaris worm	4
relaxed clock	4
complete genomic	4
selection might	4
host pairs	4
predicted genes	4
taxonomic label	4
scat samples	4
tandemly repeated	4
electron microscopy	4
average number	4
insert size	4
double helix	4
insights gained	4
distributed throughout	4
growth conditions	4
rapidly evolving	4
virus dna	4
proteins produced	4
two rna	4
will serve	4
antigenic shift	4
ababaian serratus	4
foreign sequences	4
genomes often	4
basal lineage	4
influenza reveals	4
genomics data	4
dna technology	4
projects may	4
virus may	4
ancient pathogens	4
experimental observations	4
replication rate	4
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis	4
noncoding dna	4
great potential	4
first successful	4
field gel	4
equine encephalitis	4
viral dynamics	4
microsatellite instability	4
poliovirus protein	4
transcriptional activity	4
swine influenza	4
kb group	4
viral mirna	4
disease syndrome	4
biol doi	4
gov genbank	4
joined together	4
protein function	4
replication competent	4
random integration	4
genome alignments	4
genomics approaches	4
highly productive	4
enteric infections	4
many gene	4
seasonal influenza	4
large fraction	4
agrobacterium tumefaciens	4
strain collections	4
pathogenic features	4
biological agent	4
francisella tularensis	4
long ssrs	4
different bacterial	4
genome initiative	4
relatively short	4
cells derived	4
analysis revealed	4
different research	4
reverse vaccinology	4
microarray technologies	4
one mutation	4
replication events	4
motor neurons	4
phylo genetic	4
defense mechanism	4
determines pathogenesis	4
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	4
direct molecular	4
nucleotide change	4
transition probabilities	4
genomes become	4
multiple pathogenic	4
hela cell	4
parental viruses	4
approximately million	4
genetic distance	4
genetic bottlenecks	4
anterior horn	4
single stranded	4
acute hemorrhagic	4
rrna genes	4
publicly accessible	4
may contribute	4
viruses replicate	4
mammalian genomes	4
recombinant forms	4
sequence tags	4
regulatory sequence	4
pathogenic treponemes	4
ancient remains	4
four nucleotides	4
mumps virus	4
ongoing genome	4
bat species	4
artificial chromosomes	4
coding capacity	4
cancer cells	4
sequencing errors	4
recombination frequency	4
cell rnas	4
high performance	4
small sample	4
genomes assembled	4
epigenomic information	4
read archive	4
whose genomes	4
among others	4
large phylogenies	4
high recombination	4
becomes clear	4
new gene	4
cell factory	4
stable transformation	4
property rights	4
selective fabf	4
stop codon	4
polynucleotide chain	4
less likely	4
epithelial cells	4
higher resolution	4
hadv types	4
set problem	4
identify genes	4
copy choice	4
array technology	4
repeat units	4
new hosts	4
current state	4
nested pcr	4
siphophage mp	4
mutation types	4
eukaryotic genome	4
ribosomal proteins	4
several passages	4
latent infection	4
influenzae rd	4
novel circoviruses	4
protein complexes	4
based dna	4
promoter regions	4
dpav orf	4
envelope studded	4
short reads	4
previously described	4
enzymatic activity	4
two adjacent	4
variation among	4
variola virus	4
species including	4
amr genes	4
desirable traits	4
array platform	4
health approach	4
two novel	4
fisheries management	4
study provides	4
genes associated	4
accessory proteins	4
donor cells	4
experimental studies	4
higher levels	4
projects will	4
microarray hybridization	4
drug target	4
effective vaccines	4
global eradication	4
joint genome	4
nsp exoribonuclease	4
studies showed	4
subfamily paramyxovirinae	4
small interfering	4
organ systems	4
new sequencing	4
evolutionary studies	4
synonymous codons	4
antiviral host	4
ncbi taxonomy	4
cov contigs	4
microscope slide	4
high confidence	4
new types	4
microbial world	4
viral system	4
made use	4
metagenomic data	4
data derived	4
vertebrate hosts	4
similar methods	4
genome encodes	4
cytosine residues	4
high morbidity	4
fitness value	4
within viral	4
menb strains	4
like elements	4
antimicrobial agent	4
human chromosomes	4
previous studies	4
genome organizations	4
aedes aegypti	4