bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
influenza virus	559
influenza viruses	454
pandemic influenza	324
respiratory viruses	270
respiratory tract	255
seasonal influenza	246
public health	211
acute respiratory	210
avian influenza	209
hong kong	178
respiratory syncytial	150
influenza vaccine	150
respiratory infections	146
influenza pandemic	138
syncytial virus	137
rrt pcr	136
virus infection	125
lower respiratory	120
influenza vaccination	114
influenza infection	111
swine influenza	99
respiratory virus	92
respiratory syndrome	91
highly pathogenic	86
gene rrt	84
respiratory illness	83
influenza surveillance	81
human influenza	80
tract infections	79
reproduction number	79
health care	78
united states	76
years old	74
risk factors	74
amino acid	73
immune response	72
viral infections	72
respiratory infection	72
world health	71
hospitalized children	71
severe acute	70
human bocavirus	70
mdck cells	67
health organization	66
young children	66
respir viruses	65
cell culture	64
influenza vaccines	63
infected cells	62
viral respiratory	62
medical masks	61
like illness	61
pcr assay	60
human metapneumovirus	59
influenza season	59
viruses doi	59
respiratory pathogens	59
virus infections	58
doc id	57
virus replication	57
cord uid	57
pathogenic avian	56
viral load	55
acquired pneumonia	55
time pcr	54
age groups	52
infectious diseases	52
respiratory viral	52
hrv ent	51
viruses isolated	51
global influenza	50
vaccine virus	49
hpai viruses	48
tract infection	48
middle east	47
surveillance system	47
previously described	47
logistic regression	46
significantly higher	46
viral shedding	46
chain reaction	46
respiratory symptoms	45
surveillance data	45
ae log	44
upper respiratory	44
vaccination coverage	44
vaccine strain	44
real time	44
disease control	44
healthcare workers	43
ae days	43
virus isolation	43
disease severity	43
polymerase chain	43
pandemic virus	43
virus selection	42
immune responses	42
epithelial cells	42
first wave	42
intensive care	42
among children	42
east respiratory	41
human respiratory	41
antibody response	41
human rhinovirus	41
viral infection	41
children aged	41
confirmed cases	40
recovery delay	40
southern hemisphere	40
age group	40
time rt	40
reverse transcription	40
respiratory disease	40
may also	39
north american	39
clinical specimens	38
systematic review	38
severe disease	38
median age	37
new zealand	37
vaccine viruses	36
ci ae	36
gene segments	36
virus isolates	36
clinical characteristics	36
clinical samples	35
pcr assays	35
samples collected	35
viral rna	35
weight loss	35
study period	34
time series	34
viral particles	34
infection control	33
parainfluenza virus	33
applied biosystems	33
ha gene	33
factors associated	33
present study	33
parainfluenza viruses	33
pandemic preparedness	33
fast set	33
secondary cases	32
phylogenetic analysis	32
ae versus	32
common respiratory	32
hospitalized patients	32
syndrome coronavirus	32
statistically significant	32
nasal swabs	32
care workers	31
pandemic vaccine	31
severe respiratory	31
positive samples	31
least one	31
novel influenza	31
symptom onset	31
performed using	30
hand hygiene	30
antiviral drugs	30
respiratory samples	30
chicken eggs	30
southern china	30
pandemic potential	30
acute lower	30
antibody titers	30
north america	29
antiviral treatment	29
versus ae	29
national institute	29
multiplex pcr	29
origin influenza	29
significant difference	28
disease burden	28
serial interval	28
epidemic curve	28
influenza seasons	28
influenza transmission	28
antibody responses	28
household transmission	28
asthmatic patients	27
sore throat	27
vaccine effectiveness	27
reverse genetics	27
early detection	27
body weight	27
aged years	27
adjuvanted vaccine	27
previous studies	27
live attenuated	27
ae lg	27
serum samples	27
pdm virus	27
bioaerosol sampler	27
school closure	26
cell cultures	26
antigenic drift	26
antigenic cartography	26
general practice	26
care unit	26
viral pathogens	26
influenza epidemic	26
case definition	26
time reverse	26
human coronavirus	25
virus strains	25
virus transmission	25
influenza strains	25
turning point	25
embryonated chicken	25
vaccine production	25
flu rsv	25
throat swabs	25
nasopharyngeal swab	25
cleavage site	25
significant differences	25
sample size	25
virus titers	24
cell lines	24
higher risk	24
mdck pf	24
general population	24
virus ns	24
ent infections	23
detection rate	23
clinical data	23
circulating viruses	23
viral replication	23
influenza epidemics	23
internal genes	23
cell index	23
ae ae	23
influenza programme	23
respiratory failure	23
na genes	23
viruses detected	23
study design	23
nucleic acid	22
viruses circulating	22
cystic fibrosis	22
informed consent	22
passive immunotherapy	22
nasal washes	22
clinical signs	22
viral loads	22
cytopathic effect	22
ct values	21
bacterial infection	21
viral etiology	21
syndromic surveillance	21
ae ml	21
important role	21
emergency department	21
statistical analysis	21
illness onset	21
inactivated influenza	21
respiratory distress	21
respirator use	21
sputum samples	21
surveillance systems	21
cell death	21
high yield	21
vp vp	21
mdck cell	21
infectious disease	21
primary care	21
virus detection	21
human macrophages	21
hbov infection	20
isolation rate	20
reverse transcriptase	20
human seasonal	20
laboratory testing	20
log tcid	20
nasopharyngeal swabs	20
within days	20
resistant viruses	20
secondary bacterial	20
social distancing	20
significantly lower	20
transmission dynamics	20
different viruses	20
incubation period	20
urinary antigen	20
like swine	20
pathogen patients	20
set infa	20
cohort study	20
selection process	20
streptococcus pneumoniae	20
medical mask	20
confirmed influenza	20
vaccine candidates	20
dual pathogens	20
children hospitalized	20
control group	19
ic values	19
closely related	19
na gene	19
icu admission	19
tested positive	19
chicken embryos	19
significantly different	19
among hospitalized	19
total number	19
standard deviation	19
within hours	19
distress syndrome	19
pandemic strain	19
neuraminidase inhibitors	19
pdm viruses	19
patients admitted	19
growth rate	19
bacterial infections	19
virus infected	19
hpai virus	19
oseltamivir resistance	19
reproductive number	19
human transmission	19
significantly associated	19
blood samples	19
pandemic wave	19
infection rate	19
ili cases	19
sari cases	19
human parainfluenza	18
severe cases	18
like viruses	18
sentinel ducks	18
influenza pandemics	18
general practitioners	18
direct contact	18
resistant virus	18
index case	18
wild birds	18
slightly lower	18
case data	18
swab specimens	18
migratory ducks	18
regression analysis	18
care facilities	18
circulating influenza	18
sample collection	18
school students	18
air pollution	18
control measures	18
new influenza	18
neuraminidase inhibitor	18
severe bronchiolitis	18
two groups	18
ex vivo	18
vaccination status	18
day post	18
results suggest	18
genetic characteristics	18
severe influenza	18
mexico city	18
tm assay	18
attenuated influenza	18
classical swine	18
fluor tm	18
candidate vaccine	18
confirmed case	18
transcription polymerase	18
infection rates	18
developing countries	18
mean gt	18
pf cells	18
ffp respirators	17
respiratory specimens	17
ae ng	17
clinical trials	17
mean si	17
laiv candidates	17
na mutation	17
antiviral drug	17
respiratory protection	17
days post	17
confidence interval	17
clinical practice	17
clinical disease	17
national influenza	17
virus detected	17
clinical symptoms	17
infections among	17
clinical features	17
influenza infections	17
swine origin	17
higher rates	17
inclusion criteria	17
animal influenza	17
sequence data	17
high risk	17
influenza outbreaks	17
antigen test	17
sequence analysis	17
patients infected	17
attack rate	17
recent years	17
innate immune	17
viral culture	17
ae lm	16
canine kidney	16
ethics committee	16
human cases	16
monocyte cultures	16
infected pigs	16
positive patients	16
rna extraction	16
bronchoalveolar lavage	16
sentinel surveillance	16
pb gene	16
novel coronavirus	16
influenza vii	16
infected mice	16
vaccine development	16
imported cases	16
protective equipment	16
puerto rico	16
domestic poultry	16
ns protein	16
specific igy	16
allantoic fluid	16
antigenic changes	16
acid changes	16
nucleotide sequences	16
novel swine	16
viral co	16
human infection	16
ha cleavage	16
frequently detected	16
household contacts	16
per year	16
organ culture	16
aerosol transmission	16
reactive antibody	16
noninvasive ventilation	16
rsv infection	16
united kingdom	16
richards model	16
european countries	16
antigenic characterization	16
saudi arabia	16
peripheral blood	15
early influenza	15
new york	15
primary health	15
geometric mean	15
pathogens detected	15
alveolar epithelial	15
rrt pcrs	15
lao pdr	15
drug resistance	15
previously reported	15
face masks	15
virus circulation	15
phylogenetic analyses	15
virus type	15
rt rt	15
vaccination rates	15
risk factor	15
northern hemisphere	15
patients presenting	15
reproduction numbers	15
hemagglutination inhibition	15
great britain	15
swine flu	15
respiratory illnesses	15
lung tissue	15
national health	15
viral etiologies	15
pandemic strains	15
inactivated vaccine	15
well plates	15
receptor binding	15
darby canine	15
described previously	15
hospitalization data	15
resplex ii	15
determine whether	15
pandemic flu	15
small number	15
molecular assays	15
human rhinoviruses	15
odds ratios	15
based surveillance	15
low pathogenic	15
sandwich elisa	15
hours post	15
statistical significance	15
second vaccination	15
gene sequences	15
nasal swab	15
pandemic viruses	15
ns gene	14
observational studies	14
available data	14
infected patients	14
among patients	14
human lung	14
rapid antigen	14
antigenic sites	14
adult patients	14
blackwell publishing	14
strain selection	14
healthcare settings	14
data analysis	14
respiratory pathogen	14
wild ducks	14
vaccine strains	14
recent studies	14
experimentally infected	14
vaccine composition	14
publishing ltd	14
confirmed ph	14
viral coinfection	14
previous reports	14
one patient	14
virus vaccine	14
supporting information	14
prospective study	14
viruses may	14
diagnostic sensitivity	14
tracheal explants	14
gene segment	14
antiviral resistance	14
vaccination rate	14
xtd tm	14
bacterial pneumonia	14
poultry markets	14
mask group	14
lung injury	14
adenovirus type	14
immune system	14
genetic reassortment	14
table shows	14
pandemic planning	14
community cohort	14
bacterial pathogens	14
mask use	14
migratory birds	14
regression model	14
amino acids	14
health research	14
even though	14
current study	14
preventive measures	13
laboratory confirmed	13
side effects	13
south africa	13
infectious agents	13
clinical information	13
data collection	13
term care	13
fatal cases	13
viral titers	13
acid substitutions	13
many countries	13
severe illness	13
medical care	13
rgy sub	13
clinical trial	13
treated mice	13
infectious virus	13
critically ill	13
molecular techniques	13
symptomatic cases	13
wide range	13
reassortant viruses	13
european sivs	13
immunized mice	13
please cite	13
endothelial cells	13
one virus	13
pandemic scenario	13
plaque assay	13
wild type	13
gene expression	13
associated hospitalizations	13
weekly ph	13
detection limit	13
confidence intervals	13
turning points	13
sensing receptors	13
classical reassortment	13
full genome	13
initial rrt	13
tissue culture	13
protective immunity	13
average number	13
first time	13
infectious dose	13
mortality rate	13
viral mono	13
ae years	13
laboratory diagnoses	13
rhinovirus infection	13
monoclonal antibodies	13
household incidence	13
room temperature	13
personal protective	13
previously published	12
influenza neuraminidase	12
invasive mv	12
human coronaviruses	12
infection cases	12
vaccine manufacturers	12
single infection	12
latent period	12
time points	12
swine viruses	12
written informed	12
pcr diagnosis	12
hospital admission	12
clinical severity	12
one dose	12
first pandemic	12
specimens collected	12
neutralizing antibodies	12
iav infection	12
throat swab	12
prior protection	12
control chart	12
underlying conditions	12
multiple viral	12
relative humidity	12
results show	12
case fatality	12
retrospective study	12
victoria lineage	12
much higher	12
wt virus	12
rgvac ins	12
version ae	12
human population	12
acute lung	12
viral agents	12
study population	12
clinical outcomes	12
neuraminidase assay	12
older adults	12
nasopharyngeal aspirates	12
multiplex rt	12
ad hoc	12
different countries	12
innate sensing	12
health authorities	12
two assays	12
syncytial viruses	12
ill patients	12
diagnostic tests	12
exponential growth	12
mechanical ventilation	12
virus evolution	12
virus subtypes	12
generation time	12
vaccine groups	12
chart method	12
may lead	12
antigenic variants	12
mycoplasma pneumoniae	12
positive rate	12
domestic ducks	12
triple reassortant	12
binding specificity	12
hospital admissions	12
also observed	12
randomized trial	12
erk activation	12
virus strain	12
commonly detected	12
primary human	12
older age	12
entry screening	12
serial intervals	12
hi antibody	12
cytokine chemokine	12
virus gene	12
healthy controls	12
results showed	12
associated influenza	11
red blood	11
second dose	11
transmission model	11
study also	11
two pathogens	11
common viruses	11
different subtypes	11
ah pdm	11
limited number	11
mice infected	11
immunotherapy program	11
winter season	11
chronic illness	11
severe infections	11
hi titres	11
sunshine duration	11
respiratory mucosa	11
vietnamese children	11
disease surveillance	11
placebo group	11
signaling pathways	11
epidemic curves	11
leading cause	11
serial dilutions	11
host immune	11
will help	11
infected human	11
study showed	11
selective cox	11
recent study	11
cell line	11
hpiv type	11
phylogenetic trees	11
ii cells	11
cellular immune	11
new virus	11
like illnesses	11
poyang lake	11
early warning	11
fit testing	11
coronavirus nl	11
decision making	11
patients hospitalized	11
virus lineages	11
may provide	11
mini kit	11
maximum likelihood	11
tested using	11
information regarding	11
two doses	11
genetic changes	11
influenza antigenic	11
analysis showed	11
genome sequences	11
tract samples	11
first imported	11
infection among	11
natural history	11
generated using	11
ambulance dispatch	11
school aged	11
significant increases	11
research agenda	11
coverage rates	11
prevent influenza	11
asymptomatic carriers	11
single viral	11
significantly reduced	11
first vaccination	11
east asia	11
inhibition assay	11
migratory waterfowl	11
mortality rates	11
findings suggest	11
fatality rate	11
receptor specificity	11
symptomatic transmission	11
currently circulating	11
epidemiological information	11
bronchiolitis severity	11
multiple infections	11
oseltamivir carboxylate	11
missing data	11
rgvac sub	11
old embryonated	11
inflammatory response	11
ili data	11
viruses using	11
one study	11
antiviral agents	11
lung tissues	11
basic reproduction	11
large number	11
increased severity	11
lung disease	11
school children	11
human airway	11
better understanding	11
specimen collection	11
bird markets	11
hai antibody	11
genetic characterization	11
virus titer	11
also found	11
mouse model	10
th century	10
reverse primer	10
live poultry	10
studies conducted	10
data collected	10
viruses belonging	10
viral na	10
sectional study	10
pathogen pairs	10
see table	10
among health	10
working group	10
culture medium	10
wave richards	10
plaque assays	10
coxiella burnetii	10
different age	10
inflammatory cytokines	10
statistically different	10
haemophilus influenzae	10
will continue	10
mask wearing	10
random effect	10
case definitions	10
viral antigen	10
key points	10
host response	10
haemagglutination inhibition	10
guinea pigs	10
nasal discharge	10
high sensitivity	10
children admitted	10
software version	10
response rate	10
young adults	10
viral pneumonia	10
aged children	10
randomly selected	10
nasal wash	10
vaccine candidate	10
resistant influenza	10
time interval	10
positive cases	10
less sensitive	10
influenza cases	10
ari onset	10
na activity	10
strains isolated	10
first years	10
total rna	10
also showed	10
conducted using	10
pandemic alert	10
nuclear translocation	10
pigs infected	10
russian federation	10
increased risk	10
antigenic site	10
also tested	10
least two	10
bacterial mono	10
statistical analyses	10
inactivated vaccines	10
donor percentage	10
virus epidemics	10
diagnostic agreement	10
taken together	10
cell proliferation	10
health workers	10
human adenovirus	10
viral strains	10
transmission rate	10
mitigation measures	10
pcr positive	10
infected children	10
severe pneumonia	10
cm protein	10
information may	10
medical records	10
mean proportion	10
research institute	10
better understand	10
specific siga	10
virus yield	10
critical care	10
duck populations	10
local case	10
exact test	10
minor poultry	10
risk assessment	10
molecular epidemiology	10
specific cd	10
risk groups	10
embryonated eggs	10
lpai viruses	10
airway epithelium	10
type i	10
virus shedding	10
day pi	10
time period	10
risk procedures	10
asian countries	10
post infection	10
subtype influenza	10
cov infection	10
sari case	10
aquatic birds	10
drinking water	10
mus tlr	10
blood cultures	10
moving average	10
oseltamivir treatment	10
pseudomonas aeruginosa	10
early phase	10
ns genes	10
copy number	10
basic amino	10
tract disease	10
well plate	10
type virus	10
european union	10
multivariable analysis	10
prior immunity	10
mrna splicing	10
intranasal administration	10
three viruses	10
contact ferrets	10
vaccination campaign	10
mass vaccination	9
attack rates	9
patients aged	9
first case	9
vaccine administration	9
epidemiological data	9
samples tested	9
control strategies	9
influenza control	9
human serum	9
research topics	9
pcr products	9
body temperature	9
one hundred	9
virus interactions	9
year old	9
potential role	9
randomized clinical	9
clinical diagnosis	9
detected viruses	9
clinical manifestations	9
slightly higher	9
new pandemic	9
influenza outbreak	9
hai antibodies	9
times higher	9
cluster randomized	9
genome sequencing	9
rsv infections	9
rt pcr	9
younger age	9
ae mg	9
observed among	9
na inhibitor	9
common cold	9
pcr rt	9
mean proportions	9
laboratory data	9
original clinical	9
health surveillance	9
specific mrna	9
antiviral efficacy	9
matrix gene	9
like receptor	9
controlled trial	9
early findings	9
several studies	9
seasonal strains	9
assay using	9
log eid	9
hpiv types	9
antiviral coating	9
health service	9
dual infections	9
institutional review	9
surgical mask	9
basic reproductive	9
review board	9
additional supporting	9
absorbance values	9
antigen tests	9
blood cells	9
compared using	9
information criterion	9
asthma exacerbations	9
clinical isolates	9
clinical course	9
face mask	9
risk communication	9
influenza viral	9
air conditioning	9
stool samples	9
type ii	9
multiple sequence	9
using real	9
influenza rapid	9
absolute humidity	9
multiple pathogens	9
tissue specimens	9
live bird	9
randomised controlled	9
virus vaccines	9
pcr testing	9
aged less	9
chemokine profiles	9
seasonal patterns	9
first local	9
chlamydophila psittaci	9
calculated using	9
demographic data	9
priority public	9
health topics	9
data obtained	9
close contacts	9
severe lower	9
na inhibitors	9
na subtypes	9
global pandemic	9
sporadic cases	9
model predictions	9
novel virus	9
pathogenic influenza	9
febrile respiratory	9
treatment coverage	9
general hospital	9
regional laboratories	9
odds ratio	9
pcr system	9
suspected cases	9
pex treatment	9
picu group	9
pdm pandemic	9
detect influenza	9
specific primers	9
south wales	9
competing interests	9
binding site	9
among influenza	9
community acquired	9
viral pathogen	9
cytokine profiles	9
antibiotic treatment	9
subjects vaccinated	9
avian flu	9
also investigated	9
annual influenza	9
high level	9
glycosylation sites	9
control arm	9
influenza activity	9
nucleic acids	9
monoclonal antibody	9
probe set	9
communicable diseases	9
pandemic period	9
multivariate logistic	9
neuraminidase inhibition	9
clinical significance	9
medical research	9
descriptive statistics	9
antiviral therapy	9
three times	9
time polymerase	9
sialic acid	9
insulated isothermal	9
ari group	9
three waves	9
asymptomatic infections	9
many studies	9
virus production	9
three groups	9
ferrets infected	9
flu infections	9
cov patients	9
ambulance dispatches	9
atypical bacterial	9
pandemic response	9
time cell	9
care staff	9
step rt	9
new south	9
aerosolized viral	9
lg ha	9
simulation model	9
southeast asia	9
influenza detection	9
widely used	9
chlamydophila pneumoniae	9
avian viruses	9
another study	9
virus ha	9
specific antibodies	9
temporal model	9
blood cell	8
randomized controlled	8
diagnostic testing	8
hi titers	8
will provide	8
six internal	8
binding preference	8
archived tissue	8
comparative epidemiology	8
pharmaceutical substances	8
different influenza	8
clinical respiratory	8
runny nose	8
reduced susceptibility	8
bocavirus infection	8
suspect cases	8
ph ae	8
case number	8
less likely	8
blood culture	8
post hoc	8
influenza illness	8
ha titres	8
coverage rate	8
hand washing	8
surface glycoproteins	8
virus isolated	8
laboratory isolates	8
target cells	8
infected individuals	8
mask arm	8
will also	8
authors declare	8
partial protection	8
pathogen detected	8
infectious period	8
five markets	8
sequence alignment	8
onset date	8
threat posed	8
one respiratory	8
clinical study	8
mean ic	8
duck species	8
virus titration	8
community transmission	8
old female	8
asymptomatic children	8
one time	8
average viral	8
new rat	8
elderly population	8
hospitalized infants	8
transmission events	8
derived reassortants	8
cell surface	8
reassortant virus	8
onset dates	8
hospitalization duration	8
nucleotide sequence	8
research council	8
nasal congestion	8
parameter estimates	8
serum hai	8
first cases	8
genetic diversity	8
adverse effects	8
get vaccinated	8
poultry species	8
influenza antigen	8
small proportion	8
ct value	8
significant association	8
air interface	8
camel contact	8
including influenza	8
global burden	8
underlying immunosuppressive	8
normalized absorbance	8
percent agreement	8
remains unclear	8
hygiene measures	8
commonly used	8
estimated reproduction	8
disease symptoms	8
circulating strains	8
viral detection	8
antiviral activity	8
health protection	8
assay kit	8
age distribution	8
considered significant	8
using spss	8
vaccine coverage	8
low reactors	8
experimental studies	8
bead clearance	8
viruses including	8
viral mrna	8
elderly people	8
value ae	8
emerging influenza	8
influenza disease	8
human infections	8
respiratory secretions	8
controlled trials	8
naturally acquired	8
coronavirus infection	8
preventing influenza	8
like virus	8
single infections	8
influenza type	8
potential confounders	8
antibody titres	8
human pandemic	8
ha sequences	8
antiviral intervention	8
new protocol	8
virus challenge	8
fold lower	8
hhs regions	8
death data	8
virus hemagglutinin	8
cytoplasmic tail	8
accession numbers	8
like lineage	8
study subjects	8
influenza among	8
scientific evidence	8
mucosal immunity	8
two viruses	8
second wave	8
na mutations	8
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hubei province	8
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eurasian avian	8
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pdm influenza	8
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ic kit	7
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i i	7
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erk pathway	6
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multiple respiratory	5
took place	5
cytokine responses	5
legal guardians	5
cluster secondary	5
respiratory outbreaks	5
protection hypothesis	5
categorical variables	5
neurosurgical inpatient	5
developed severe	5
data interpretation	5
south korea	5
nhs organisations	5
pulmonary function	5
illness among	5
reproduction ratio	5
patient visits	5
viruses published	5
higher ha	5
vaccine doses	5
sequence alignments	5
wild waterfowl	5
major risk	5
immunoglobulin mucin	5
whereas others	5
children hospitalised	5
laboratory animals	5
financial support	5
confirmed mers	5
central region	5
trial found	5
standardized questionnaire	5
pandemic laiv	5
na subtype	5
blood mononuclear	5
highest urgency	5
bayesian information	5
particularly important	5
epidemic peak	5
cusum method	5
immunization programs	5
among seasonal	5
growth kinetics	5
red cross	5
care units	5
infections occurred	5
writing group	5
collected data	5
nai distribution	5
one child	5
yamagata lineage	5
tested arm	5
genbank accession	5
metabolic conditions	5
fecal swabs	5
nine hospitals	5
daily basis	5
also detected	5
several respiratory	5
viral panel	5
extracted using	5
zealand data	5
hospital workers	5
research roadmap	5