bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
amino acid	499
infected cells	408
respiratory syndrome	371
infectious bronchitis	370
porcine epidemic	334
epidemic diarrhea	314
bronchitis virus	308
diarrhea virus	277
influenza virus	268
per cent	265
cell culture	247
viral rna	235
hepatitis virus	232
arch virol	218
mouse hepatitis	217
doc id	216
virol doi	216
cord uid	216
virus infection	212
porcine reproductive	203
phylogenetic analysis	201
amino acids	198
transmissible gastroenteritis	188
feline infectious	185
infectious peritonitis	184
respiratory tract	177
present study	175
syndrome virus	170
nucleotide sequence	170
structural proteins	170
disease virus	168
described previously	163
monoclonal antibodies	163
acute respiratory	161
virus replication	158
vero cells	153
sequence analysis	144
cell line	144
closely related	140
gastroenteritis virus	139
avian infectious	133
clinical signs	131
virus particles	130
bovine coronavirus	130
cell cultures	126
influenza viruses	126
performed using	124
antibody titers	123
electron microscopy	122
pcr products	122
united states	121
antiviral activity	119
middle east	119
respiratory viruses	119
rna viruses	113
pcr assay	112
chain reaction	112
ibv strains	111
cell lines	110
acid sequence	109
polymerase chain	108
spike protein	107
ibv isolates	107
tissue culture	107
previously described	107
virus strain	101
sequence identity	100
reverse transcription	100
nucleotide sequences	99
pdcov oh	97
cell fusion	96
acid sequences	95
room temperature	95
fecal samples	94
immune response	93
time rt	93
three times	93
virus type	92
viral replication	92
neutralizing antibodies	92
serum samples	91
field isolates	91
severe acute	90
infectious virus	90
peritonitis virus	89
syndrome coronavirus	89
viral infection	88
per ml	87
mouth disease	87
herpes simplex	87
fever virus	86
prrsv infection	86
phylogenetic tree	85
viral antigen	84
genome sequence	84
nucleocapsid protein	84
vaccine strain	84
complete genome	83
virus strains	82
simplex virus	80
bf sha	80
nucleic acid	80
canine parvovirus	79
bovine serum	79
like particles	79
movement proteins	79
binding domain	79
epithelial cells	78
human metapneumovirus	78
stranded rna	78
cells infected	77
cell surface	76
time pcr	75
cleavage site	75
positive samples	74
neutralizing antibody	74
coding region	74
immune responses	73
monoclonal antibody	73
virus entry	73
previous studies	72
molecular characterization	72
genetic diversity	72
mosaic virus	71
agarose gel	71
gel electrophoresis	71
viral infections	70
type i	70
infected cell	70
alveolar macrophages	69
genomic rna	69
western blot	68
protein synthesis	68
cytopathic effect	68
highly conserved	68
korean ibv	68
south korea	68
hemorrhagic fever	67
open reading	67
canine coronavirus	67
rna binding	66
porcine deltacoronavirus	66
total rna	65
sequence similarity	65
vesicular stomatitis	65
reverse transcriptase	65
host cell	65
spleen cells	65
viral dna	64
infected mice	63
stomatitis virus	63
mg ml	63
viral proteins	63
st cells	63
respiratory disease	62
murine coronavirus	62
buffered saline	61
strand rna	61
eya virus	61
calf diarrhea	60
east respiratory	60
rna polymerase	60
human coronavirus	60
avian influenza	59
viral protein	59
small intestine	59
phylogenetic trees	59
supplementary material	58
gene expression	58
mm tris	58
vaccine strains	57
virus isolation	57
cell monolayers	57
pedv infection	57
respiratory syncytial	56
molecular weight	56
viral particles	56
clinical samples	56
molecular epidemiology	56
negative control	56
mouse igg	56
plaque assay	56
bursal disease	55
well plates	55
orf gene	54
enteric coronavirus	54
interferon induction	54
porcine parvovirus	54
movement protein	54
syncytial virus	53
virus isolates	53
parainfluenza virus	53
host cells	53
infectious bursal	53
structural protein	53
gene sequences	53
recombination events	53
important role	53
reference strains	52
results showed	52
capsid protein	52
binding activity	52
genbank accession	51
equine arteritis	51
specific igg	51
calf serum	51
tcov isolates	51
antiviral effect	51
virus titers	51
antigenic relationship	50
fusion activity	50
cell lysates	50
fipv infection	50
viral genome	50
tract infections	50
mouse brain	50
virus rna	50
dub activity	49
genbank database	49
peripheral blood	49
infected pigs	48
newcastle disease	48
arteritis virus	48
type ii	48
upper respiratory	48
spike glycoprotein	48
goat anti	48
rna virus	48
human adenovirus	47
experimental infection	47
washed three	47
virus infections	47
ctf virus	47
essential medium	47
accession numbers	47
prrsv replication	46
lg ml	46
results suggest	46
pedv strains	46
clinical disease	46
rna synthesis	46
significantly higher	46
rna genome	46
genome sequences	46
two viruses	46
protein gene	46
fip cats	46
ck ch	45
viruses isolated	45
field strains	45
family coronaviridae	45
mrna expression	45
lamp assay	45
nucleic acids	45
purified using	44
treated cells	44
mice infected	44
feline coronavirus	43
antibody responses	43
analyzed using	43
acute gastroenteritis	43
hong kong	43
fetal bovine	43
rna recombination	43
adenovirus type	43
plasma membrane	43
sequence alignment	42
positive cells	42
sequence data	42
applied biosystems	42
chicken erythrocytes	42
infant mice	42
respiratory coronavirus	42
fusion protein	42
pandemic influenza	41
virus isolated	41
pcr assays	41
target cells	41
statistically significant	41
coronavirus infection	41
minute virus	41
vp gene	41
lower respiratory	41
congo hemorrhagic	41
mouse spleen	41
dependent rna	40
membrane fusion	40
nasal swabs	40
protein genes	40
determined using	40
pedv field	40
suckling mouse	40
blot analysis	40
purified virus	40
accession number	40
culture fluid	40
washed twice	40
previous study	40
respiratory virus	40
culture medium	39
swab samples	39
endoplasmic reticulum	39
reading frame	39
suckling mice	39
samples collected	39
vp protein	39
glycosylation sites	39
results indicate	38
medium containing	38
two different	38
virus attachment	38
significant difference	38
gnotobiotic pigs	38
fluorescent antibody	38
dna vaccine	38
expression levels	38
antigenically related	38
may also	38
sequence alignments	38
syncytium formation	38
experimentally infected	37
protein expression	37
feline coronaviruses	37
like agent	37
dengue virus	37
positive control	37
chimeric vlps	36
molecular evolutionary	36
polyacrylamide gel	36
genome organization	36
multiplex pcr	36
previously reported	36
differentially expressed	36
indirect immunofluorescence	36
nitric oxide	36
receptor binding	36
technical assistance	36
innate immune	36
days post	36
interferon production	36
reading frames	35
pfu ml	35
kindly provided	35
determine whether	35
kidney cells	35
rna extraction	35
neonatal calf	35
inoculated pigs	35
cultured cells	35
rna degradation	35
viral antigens	35
complete nucleotide	35
molecular biology	35
fetal calf	35
coronavirus spike	35
time points	35
culture supernatant	35
dna polymerase	35
porcine respiratory	34
highly pathogenic	34
proteolytic cleavage	34
current study	34
control group	34
economic losses	34
bhk cells	34
immunodeficiency virus	34
viral entry	34
virus titer	34
inhibitory effect	34
dna synthesis	33
dbt cells	33
immunosorbent assay	33
causative agent	33
also observed	33
thank dr	33
trypsin treatment	33
adult cattle	33
virus neutralization	33
electron microscope	33
porcine circovirus	33
akt pathway	33
igg antibody	33
pcr amplification	33
lymph nodes	33
fecal specimens	33
marc cells	33
respiratory distress	33
bcv strains	33
pcr using	32
neutralizing epitopes	32
frhk cells	32
deduced amino	32
reported previously	32
linked immunosorbent	32
rotavirus infection	32
pedv strain	32
asthma exacerbations	32
emc virus	32
tcid ml	32
rna replication	32
coat protein	32
coronavirus ibv	32
western blotting	32
surface projections	32
electron microscopic	31
hypervariable region	31
progeny virus	31
cellular cholesterol	31
analysis showed	31
pedv isolates	31
clinical symptoms	31
antibody response	31
like virus	31
igg antibodies	31
one day	31
data suggest	31
virus genome	31
multiple sequence	31
dendritic cells	31
novel coronavirus	31
respiratory infections	31
gn pigs	31
viral envelope	31
sialic acid	31
cellular receptor	31
watery diarrhea	30
rabbit anti	30
acid residues	30
authors declare	30
terminal region	30
online version	30
virus production	30
acid changes	30
sense rna	30
international committee	30
two isolates	30
minimum essential	30
culture supernatants	30
dependent manner	30
contains supplementary	30
sendai virus	30
strains isolated	30
high levels	30
analysis based	30
pcr product	30
also detected	30
bovine torovirus	30
joining method	30
authorized users	30
avian coronavirus	29
gg ml	29
age groups	29
porcine nidovirus	29
serum albumin	29
virus suspension	29
public health	29
pcr method	29
three different	29
pedv vaccine	29
genetics analysis	29
respiratory infection	29
length genome	29
culture plates	29
evolutionary genetics	29
measles virus	29
semliki forest	28
extraction kit	28
equal volume	28
capsid proteins	28
mm edta	28
expressed genes	28
neutralizing activity	28
large number	28
mhv strains	28
electronic supplementary	28
lactate dehydrogenase	28
also showed	28
infectious diseases	28
results indicated	28
molecular cloning	28
ammonium chloride	28
fusion proteins	28
gene sequence	28
two groups	28
kda protein	28
taken together	28
clinical specimens	28
also found	28
neonatal piglets	28
pk cells	28
rna probes	28
human cytomegalovirus	28
american type	27
canine distemper	27
survival factors	27
fipv strain	27
hepatitis delta	27
human immunodeficiency	27
mononuclear cells	27
membrane protein	27
tissue tropism	27
secondary structure	27
gibco brl	27
assisted rt	27
first detected	27
major structural	27
dna replication	27
molecular weights	27
simultaneous detection	27
mouse erythrocytes	27
serial dilutions	27
i na	27
tract infection	27
intestinal contents	26
stop codon	26
serum antibody	26
culture fluids	26
sequence homology	26
neutralization test	26
pbs containing	26
high mortality	26
intestinal epithelial	26
i fragment	26
binding protein	26
coding regions	26
glycoprotein gene	26
serum dilution	26
antigenic sites	26
specific antibodies	26
feline macrophages	26
central china	26
type culture	26
bat ace	26
final concentration	26
protein sequences	26
bone marrow	26
mouse brains	26
spf cats	26
elevating virus	26
persistent infection	26
severe diarrhea	26
gene encoding	26
virus shedding	26
hmg box	26
described elsewhere	25
virus neutralizing	25
like protease	25
nested pcr	25
lbc cells	25
viral glycoproteins	25
culture collection	25
lymph node	25
calculated using	25
i i	25
rectal swabs	25
protein binding	25
recent studies	25
genetic groups	25
similar results	25
belgorod dom	25
cell membrane	25
infected vero	25
tested positive	25
distilled water	25
mers cov	25
post infection	25
virus glycoprotein	25
recent years	25
family reoviridae	25
rat coronavirus	25
inoculated onto	25
pedv belgorod	25
horseradish peroxidase	25
acid identity	25
secondary antibody	25
salivary gland	25
simple method	25
recombinant plasmids	25
days later	25
porcine alveolar	25
immunofluorescence assay	25
situ hybridization	25
life cycle	25
crfk cells	25
cells treated	25
canine rotavirus	25
hours post	24
replication cycle	24
escherichia coli	24
core protein	24
enteric viruses	24
viral shedding	24
mouse anti	24
well tissue	24
rhino entero	24
untranslated region	24
rv protease	24
lysis buffer	24
novel ibvs	24
point mutations	24
passive immunity	24
genetic characterization	24
encephalomyelitis virus	24
knu cells	24
indirect fluorescent	24
natural host	24
genomic sequences	24
tree based	24
pleural effusion	24
ibv strain	24
swine industry	24
length polymorphism	24
blood samples	24
tobacco mosaic	24
data indicate	24
respiratory illness	24
serially diluted	24
antigenic relationships	24
body weight	24
forest virus	24
enveloped viruses	24
epidemic diarrhoea	24
cell differentiation	24
diarrhea coronavirus	24
quantitative real	24
rubella virus	24
north america	23
piglets born	23
cleavage recognition	23
iranian provinces	23
specific primers	23
relationships among	23
chinese ibv	23
study showed	23
negative controls	23
dependent enhancement	23
mhv infection	23
previous reports	23
plant virus	23
time reverse	23
analysis using	23
sodium dodecyl	23
results obtained	23
statistical analysis	23
bat covs	23
much higher	23
north american	23
vero cell	23
feline enteric	23
signaling pathway	23
post inoculation	23
iga antibodies	23
winter dysentery	23
genomic sequence	23
breda virus	23
nt sequence	23
different strains	23
sindbis virus	23
adult patients	23
highly contagious	23
stranded dna	23
schizophrenia patients	23
detected using	23
sample buffer	23
three independent	23
human influenza	23
old spf	23
hyperimmune serum	23
using trizol	23
recombinant plasmid	23
like viruses	23
sequence comparison	23
canine coronaviruses	23
mouse adenovirus	23
ethical approval	23
fragment length	23
two distinct	23
assay panel	22
korean pedv	22
delta virus	22
three viruses	22
extracted using	22
even though	22
parvovirus type	22
biological properties	22
protein kinase	22
immune system	22
different time	22
restriction enzyme	22
berne virus	22
pcr kit	22
apn cells	22
hev igg	22
polykaryon formation	22
sars coronavirus	22
reaction mixtures	22
live vaccine	22
murine norovirus	22
pdcov strains	22
distemper virus	22
severe disease	22
infected piglets	22
like particle	22
pseudorabies virus	22
recombinant virus	22
ebola virus	22
encephalomyocarditis virus	22
colorado tick	22
adenovirus infection	22
antibody titer	22
negatively stained	22
plasmid dna	22
korean field	22
murine hepatitis	22
vereflu tm	22
ascorbic acid	22
final extension	22
binding proteins	22
thermo fisher	22
conjugated anti	22
three major	22
tick fever	22
rapid detection	22
serial passages	22
saudi arabia	22
baff mrna	22
envelope protein	22
barr virus	22
first report	21
restriction fragment	21
antibody levels	21
dna vaccines	21
mottle virus	21
protease trans	21
young children	21
free medium	21
fecal shedding	21
recombinant strains	21
infected animals	21
phosphate buffered	21
results show	21
recombination regions	21
mock infected	21
bkov egy	21
aa substitutions	21
genetic analysis	21
virus date	21
maintenance medium	21
plant viruses	21
mvc strains	21
examined using	21
two weeks	21
virus infectivity	21
chicken eggs	21
rflp analysis	21
isothermal amplification	21
nested rt	21
nasopharyngeal swab	21
viral diarrhea	21
mm nacl	21
hypervariable regions	21
iu ml	21
fold dilutions	21
homologous virus	21
binding sites	21
sialodacryoadenitis virus	21
coronavirus infections	21
chinese strains	21
plaque reduction	21
dna sequence	21
previous report	21
protein sequence	21
uninfected cells	21
nude mice	20
bovine enteric	20
proteolytic processing	20
basic amino	20
nervous system	20
blood cells	20
respiratory pathogens	20
binding reactions	20
cells grown	20
type virus	20
mg kg	20
microtiter plates	20
cdna synthesis	20
first reported	20
protein species	20
hydrophobic regions	20
ethidium bromide	20
rabies virus	20
protein may	20
fisher scientific	20
prcv strains	20
amplified using	20
lelystad virus	20
virus binding	20
buffer containing	20
polymerase gene	20
coronavirus strain	20
plaque formation	20
bovine rotavirus	20
fipv type	20
state university	20
persistently infected	20
turkey coronavirus	20
better understanding	20
tissue homogenates	20
randomly selected	20
inhibitory effects	20
like domain	20
primer pairs	20
nosocomial outbreaks	20
antiviral effects	20
monkey kidney	20
orf genes	20
consensus sequence	20
viral titers	20
virus detection	20
effusion disease	20
ep group	20
human respiratory	20
differentiation survival	20
analysis revealed	20
well plate	20
hexon gene	20
peplomer protein	20
different species	19
mediated isothermal	19
acid substitutions	19
guangdong province	19
arg dq	19
restriction enzymes	19
mhv rna	19
coronavirus strains	19
viral genomic	19
polyacrylamide gels	19
early stage	19
constructed using	19
fecal sample	19
gastroenteritis coronavirus	19
mcmv infection	19
red blood	19
binding site	19
lymphocyte proliferation	19
viral infectivity	19
trizol reagent	19
continuous cell	19
tm assay	19
virus stocks	19
virus movement	19
start codon	19
swine fetuses	19
conjugated goat	19
two pedv	19
severe clinical	19
per cell	19
viral pathogens	19
mdck cells	19
conserved regions	19
recognition site	19
culture adapted	19
growth medium	19
virus antigen	19
spike gene	19
coronavirus infectious	19
enteric disease	19
bronchitis viruses	19
antigenic variation	19
using mega	19
plasma cells	19
suckling piglets	19
feline alveolar	19
porcine transmissible	19
nitrocellulose membranes	19
antiviral drugs	19
agarose gels	19
naturally occurring	19
sjl mice	19
structural polypeptides	19
severe respiratory	19
human adenoviruses	19
viral nucleic	19
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis	18
induce interferon	18
hyperimmune sera	18
kindly supplied	18
superoxide radicals	18
wasting syndrome	18
clinical manifestations	18
dna viruses	18
new england	18
detection limit	18
virus adsorption	18
cells may	18
three groups	18
lithium chloride	18
group i	18
nde i	18
disease control	18
significantly increased	18
mm sodium	18
sg mrna	18
also present	18
new coronavirus	18
transmembrane segments	18
ha titers	18
high degree	18
samples tested	18
neutrophil survival	18
widely used	18
clone infected	18
cell types	18
several studies	18
signaling pathways	18
attenuated strains	18
cell proliferation	18
na gp	18
newborn piglets	18
amplified products	18
protease activity	18
integral membrane	18
molecular detection	18
cov infection	18
different viruses	18
influenza vaccine	18
also tested	18
balb mice	18
crystal structure	18
gene dna	18
rectal swab	18
vaccinia virus	18
antibody titres	18
family picornaviridae	18
sentinel pigs	18
expression level	18
fluorescein isothiocyanate	18
lopinavir ritonavir	18
nonstructural proteins	18
host range	18
diarrhea viruses	18
interstitial pneumonia	18
significantly lower	18
visualized using	18
csf mrna	18
monocytes macrophages	18
domestic ducks	18
rna probe	18
dq ck	18
complete orf	18
attenuated vaccine	17
viral titer	17
mortality rates	17
animal experiments	17
clinical features	17
tube assay	17
conducted using	17
animal species	17
kun rna	17
baby rabbits	17
endothelial cells	17
day pi	17
murine coronaviruses	17
minimal essential	17
envelope glycoproteins	17
modified live	17
serum igg	17
one hour	17
viral polypeptides	17
measured using	17
first time	17
polyclonal antibodies	17
blood mononuclear	17
national institute	17
naturally infected	17
log ge	17
deletion mutants	17
hela cells	17
high prevalence	17
highest dilution	17
primers used	17
acid mutations	17
following infection	17
ml streptomycin	17
antigen positive	17
bovine viral	17
least one	17
seasonal influenza	17
human coronaviruses	17
encoded protein	17
detection rate	17
crystal violet	17
generated using	17
reverse transcribed	17
diarrhoea virus	17
recombination among	17
nidovirus infection	17
specific pathogen	17
day post	17
junin virus	17
two major	17
pcr system	17
extracellular virus	17
lymphoid cells	17
allantoic fluid	17
virus types	17
virus stock	17
low ph	17
severe pneumonia	17
i site	17
among different	17
membrane glycoprotein	17
cell lysate	17
authors thank	17
viruses belonging	17
cell survival	17
i interferon	17
vaccine development	17
alpha beta	17
central nervous	17
single stranded	17
cell entry	17
significant differences	17
member viruses	17
envelope glycoprotein	17
infectious serum	16
federal republic	16
infected cultures	16
clinical characteristics	16
fold higher	16
protein vp	16
transcription polymerase	16
foster city	16
dodecyl sulfate	16
mammalian cells	16
cytopathic effects	16
infected macrophages	16
temperature sensitive	16
cell epitopes	16
human bocavirus	16
cold pbs	16
cdna probes	16
chemical co	16
nr mutants	16
specific binding	16
multiplex rt	16
dna virus	16
phylogenetic relationships	16
wild birds	16
mpcr method	16
neutralization tests	16
different types	16
infectious agents	16
respiratory viral	16
conformational changes	16
sequencing kit	16
table shows	16
years old	16
leukemia virus	16
ml penicillin	16
like receptor	16
new genus	16
santa cruz	16
ns protein	16
animal health	16
mm nac	16
genotype iii	16
encephalitis virus	16
glial cells	16
spf chickens	16
porcine nidoviruses	16
type infection	16
tat tac	16
highest serum	16
significant economic	16
positive rate	16
ha titer	16
guinea pig	16
virus glycoproteins	16
flow cytometry	16
deltacoronavirus strain	16
adult cows	16
linked glycosylation	16
recombination within	16
villous atrophy	16
infectious dose	16
specific primer	16
independent fusion	16
genetic variant	16
sequence variation	16
specific antibody	16
cellular rna	16
human participants	16
genetic relationship	16
strain fr	16
remains unclear	16
matrix protein	16
poultry industry	16
tract disease	16
purification kit	16
veterinary medicine	16
binding assay	16
biological activities	16
order nidovirales	16
graphpad prism	16
salivary glands	16
likelihood method	16
tissue samples	16
clinical diagnosis	16
comparative analysis	16
independent experiments	16
three isolates	16
kidney cell	16
producing cells	16
virus infected	16
large amounts	16
mm mgcl	16
serial passage	16
mice inoculated	16
reference sequences	16
fruit bats	16
virus spike	16
orf abc	16
subgenomic mrnas	16
using primers	16
critical role	16
life technologies	16
reproductive failure	16
assay using	16
fecv strain	16
different regions	16
infant mouse	16
th passage	15
genetic variants	15
rrna degradation	15
complete sequence	15
virus titres	15
permissive cells	15
nondenaturing gel	15
canine adenovirus	15
ifn gamma	15
antibodies directed	15
kd protein	15
virulent pedv	15
day old	15
hours pi	15
broadly reactive	15
amino terminus	15
unpublished results	15
relatively low	15
enveloped virus	15
kakegawa strain	15
reaction conditions	15
fresh medium	15
virus evolution	15
necrosis factor	15
inclusion bodies	15
primary immunization	15
two strains	15
negative sense	15
pcr primers	15
specific nucleotide	15
growth kinetics	15
primer pair	15
standard deviation	15
enteric coronaviruses	15
faecal samples	15
fluorescence microscope	15
related viruses	15
approximately kb	15
medium supplemented	15
recombination event	15
affinity chromatography	15
inactivated virus	15
modified bucyrus	15
immunocompromised patients	15
virus taxonomy	15
ibv serotypes	15
european bat	15
may play	15
hospitalized children	15
sequences available	15
limiting dilution	15
tgev strains	15
located within	15
one group	15
highly virulent	15
hcv rna	15
complete genomic	15
igg titers	15
first isolated	15
recent study	15
informed consent	15
antigenic variants	15
sv cells	15
spleen cell	15
plaque purified	15
dna sequencing	15
type isolates	15
southern china	15
vp vp	15
diarrheal viruses	15
thermo scientific	15
antigenic determinants	15
genome sequencing	15
phylogenetic analyses	15
ha activity	15
without affinity	15
evaluated using	15
distress syndrome	15
specific rna	15
membrane proteins	15
viruses associated	15
cell extracts	15
week old	15
pigs inoculated	15
tge virus	15
exogenous cholesterol	15
cell death	15
partial rdrp	15
small intestinal	15
conserved region	15
least two	15
vn antibody	15
infection rate	15
virus yields	15
antiviral response	15
sequence similarities	15
extracted rna	15
also used	15
virus isolate	15
also demonstrated	15
conserved among	15
findings indicate	15
nucleotide identity	15
mouse monoclonal	15
bootstrap replicates	15
sequenced using	15
bat cov	15
sasa quelpaertensis	15
pdcov rna	15
cells via	15
cell receptor	15
associated virus	15
using monoclonal	14
virus culture	14
performed according	14
cycle sequencing	14
genotype vii	14
specific monoclonal	14
viral glycoprotein	14
samples using	14
human parainfluenza	14
expression cassette	14
positive sense	14
sequences obtained	14
virus yield	14
completely inhibited	14
first passage	14
reaction mixture	14
new porcine	14
pcv antibodies	14
statistical significance	14
blood monocytes	14
primer sets	14
hepcv antibodies	14
stockholm agent	14
virus release	14
ibv infection	14
multisystemic wasting	14
strand cdna	14
terminal domain	14
natural infection	14
gel shift	14
protein complex	14
surface glycoprotein	14
prototype strain	14
virus dna	14
risk factors	14
another study	14
recently reported	14
porcine aminopeptidase	14
hemagglutination inhibition	14
log tcid	14
ssrna probes	14
cell movement	14
mebus strain	14
cp strains	14
common cold	14
terminal amino	14
sequence determination	14
ha protein	14
ppv replication	14
virus vaccine	14
significantly reduced	14
approximately nm	14
live virus	14
time point	14
bootstrap values	14
positive controls	14
coronavirus mhv	14
point mutation	14
disease viruses	14
also known	14
spot virus	14
prcv tgev	14
per well	14
using polymerase	14
excellent technical	14
nasopharyngeal aspirates	14
ion channel	14
virus species	14
virulent tgev	14
tgev infection	14
respiratory diseases	14
may occur	14
pathogen free	14
feline kidney	14
terminal end	14
week intervals	14
drug repositioning	14
new species	14
terminal half	14
creative commons	14
molecular dynamics	14
new variants	14
years ago	14
febrile respiratory	14
like bat	14
major antigenic	14
rna extracted	14
coronavirus oc	14
forming units	14
rna isolation	14
dmem containing	14
coronavirus isolates	14
mean monthly	14
potassium cyanide	14
viral load	14
five times	14
aa sequence	14
inoculated orally	14
least three	14
virulent strain	14
stalk domain	14
penton base	14
strain isolated	14
cellular receptors	14
molecular basis	14
cp mice	14
neutralizing epitope	14
virus titre	14
containing per	14
nonstructural protein	14
virus serotypes	14
competitive binding	14
many viruses	14
borne viruses	14
nonfatal cases	14
thin sections	14
sequences showed	14
virus nucleocapsid	14
rna shedding	14
ci mmol	14
internal control	14
laboratory mice	14
future studies	14
cytoplasmic vacuoles	14
ethics committee	14
vp sequences	14
infected rabbits	14
method described	13
peritoneal macrophages	13
ph ire	13
days pi	13
human sars	13
ck cells	13
lipid rafts	13
cholesterol depletion	13
mesenteric lymph	13
clinical trials	13
corona virus	13
designed based	13
coronavirus hku	13
reticulocyte lysate	13
mortality rate	13
coronavirus group	13
secondary cases	13
control piglets	13
infectious doses	13
united kingdom	13
cell viability	13
human rhinovirus	13
genome characterization	13
distantly related	13
runde virus	13
rabies viruses	13
reverse genetics	13
embryonic kidney	13
fold increase	13
control animals	13
healthy controls	13
simian virus	13
estimating fifty	13
ng ml	13
pork industry	13
may indicate	13
considered statistically	13
competition assay	13
wide range	13
strains used	13
studies showed	13
chicken embryos	13
pcr reaction	13
wide variety	13
full length	13
pathological changes	13
transmembrane domain	13
oligo ibv	13
enter cells	13
stock virus	13
mice immunized	13
gross lesions	13
sensitive mutants	13
mixed infection	13
software version	13
cleavage sites	13
cell debris	13
bat coronaviruses	13
prrsv strain	13
unique amino	13
conventional rt	13
ibv plp	13
infection induces	13
granulomatous lesions	13
reverse primer	13
taxonomic proposals	13
coronavirus associated	13
control cells	13
copies ml	13
humoral immune	13
predicted amino	13
detection signals	13
ade activity	13
human sapovirus	13
infected monocytes	13
ibv field	13
entry process	13
orf protein	13
high titers	13
stained cells	13
canine parainfluenza	13
xo activity	13
pregnant sows	13
infection resulted	13
virus vaccines	13
lamina propria	13
ttt ttt	13
antiviral drug	13
nucleotide change	13
seven days	13
circular dna	13
virus capsid	13
results demonstrate	13
mm hepes	13
large numbers	13
parvovirus infection	13
rna polymerases	13
protein complexes	13
mini kit	13
infected mouse	13
sequence identities	13
slippery sequence	13
hare coltivirus	13
four structural	13
chronic hepatitis	13
two separate	13
surface expression	13
natural killer	13
embryonated chicken	13
california hare	13
proteins encoded	13
investigated whether	13
may affect	13
ig cells	13
cdna clones	13
class i	13
destroying enzyme	13
rna genomes	13
national center	13
animals performed	13
bat species	13
iga antibody	13
ch ldl	13
viral agents	13
light microscopy	13
neutralization epitopes	13
surface glycoproteins	13
live attenuated	13
classical strains	13
human rotavirus	13
old pigs	13
bovine coronaviruses	13
cervical lymph	13
stool samples	13
cell wall	13
control mice	13
permissive temperatures	13
detection method	13
acetic acid	12
forward primer	12
animal models	12
cell type	12
software package	12
virus receptor	12
lacrimal glands	12
may result	12
human ace	12
jhm strain	12
mutant viruses	12
syncytia formation	12
virus inoculation	12
prrsv isolates	12
atpase activity	12
virus genomes	12
higher titers	12
also performed	12
pedv subtypes	12
sapovirus genotypes	12
aichi virus	12
mem containing	12
genome replication	12
pma treatment	12
ge healthcare	12
gp protein	12
virus internalization	12
gut contents	12
putative recombination	12
puerto rico	12
binding properties	12
virus molecular	12
cells using	12
tumor necrosis	12
viral strains	12
lead citrate	12
mediated immunity	12
also reported	12
human sapoviruses	12
step rt	12
mrna transcription	12
infected tissue	12
antiviral agents	12
monitored daily	12
acute enteritis	12
circulation rate	12
korean strains	12
like strain	12
negative staining	12
swab specimens	12
agricultural university	12
df cells	12
feline calicivirus	12
novel strain	12
infection kinetics	12
feline aminopeptidase	12
viral diseases	12
times higher	12
end probe	12
swine testicle	12
antiviral state	12
protective immunity	12
virus propagation	12
aligned using	12
virus subtypes	12
also revealed	12
antigenic differences	12
related bat	12
hadv infection	12
containing fetal	12
four proteins	12
first detection	12
protein assay	12
cells ml	12
catalytic activity	12
age group	12
economic impact	12
bronchitis coronavirus	12
new variant	12
previously shown	12
one week	12
specific mabs	12
high level	12
specimens collected	12
dna extraction	12
systematic review	12
putative movement	12
deletion mutant	12
cellular membrane	12
functional domains	12
commercially available	12
newly emerged	12
round pcr	12
abi prism	12
avian coronaviruses	12
tested using	12
hev infection	12
nucleotide differences	12
tcid per	12
western immunoblotting	12
neutralizing monoclonal	12
ssrna probe	12
quelpaertensis nakai	12
strain cv	12
pcr purification	12
pediatric patients	12
cpn mice	12
control groups	12
haemorrhagic fever	12
epizootic diarrhea	12
tg ml	12
transfected cells	12
cells showed	12
polyethylene glycol	12
sucrose gradient	12
significant increase	12
jhm virus	12
genomic characterization	12
loop structure	12
primary structure	12
genus alphacoronavirus	12
natural recombination	12
tgev strain	12
neutralization assay	12
pedv isolate	12
transport medium	12
cell populations	12
expression system	12
commonly used	12
influenza vaccines	12
genes showed	12
antigenic cross	12
sample collection	12
ma cells	12
first week	12
downregulated genes	12
four major	12
acid level	12
conserved sequence	12
red foxes	12
pam cells	12
viral genomes	12
experimental studies	12
histologic lesions	12
mixed infections	12
different serotypes	12
passage level	12
conserved motif	12
hepcv isolates	12
antibody production	12
antigen expression	12
membrane association	12
one case	12
interferon response	12
infected st	12
live pedv	12
infected cp	12
cell lysis	12
bp fragment	12
treponema pallidum	12
well microtiter	12
canine herpesvirus	12
density gradient	12
sigma chemical	12
codon usage	12
immune serum	12
viral attachment	12
may reflect	12
intensive care	12
virus using	12
control measures	12
binding motif	12
field strain	12
type species	12
genetic recombination	12
using anti	12
results presented	12
interspecies transmission	12
previously published	11
two chinese	11
green monkey	11
ph levels	11
cruz biotechnology	11
growth curves	11
immune sera	11
different times	11
plant pathogens	11
orally inoculated	11
heparan sulfate	11
ark dpi	11
bat lyssavirus	11
detection kit	11
nested set	11
weaned pigs	11
less sensitive	11
specific probes	11
cell pellet	11
virus variants	11
new insights	11
common viruses	11
cell clones	11
newly discovered	11
im group	11
human igg	11
swe viruses	11
rabbits inoculated	11
rpmi medium	11
contrast microscopy	11
attenuated vaccines	11
genetic variation	11
observed among	11
genetic heterogeneity	11
mrna levels	11
different cell	11
protease domain	11
subfamily paramyxovirinae	11
licl treatment	11
results demonstrated	11
virus names	11
fecal viral	11
terminal side	11
utr probes	11
gnotobiotic calves	11
rcv growth	11
cfc cells	11
four groups	11
monthly temperature	11
encoded proteins	11
cdna clone	11
fifty percent	11
adenovirus serotype	11
transmission electron	11
protein structure	11
pcr results	11
six different	11
wild type	11
genetically diverse	11
double stranded	11
passage levels	11
investigate whether	11
cell membranes	11
hmg domain	11
rabbit igg	11
swine infertility	11
conjugated proteins	11
specific activity	11
variant strains	11
real time	11
virus samples	11
tissue sections	11
class ii	11
microsomal membranes	11
defective interfering	11
intranasal inoculation	11
human rhinoviruses	11
nasal washes	11
heat shock	11
swab fluids	11
athymic mice	11
acute measles	11
survival time	11
bovine enterovirus	11
genus coltivirus	11
ldl i	11
studies using	11
field isolate	11
animal viruses	11
strain jhm	11
supernatant fluids	11
conformational change	11
freshly isolated	11
potential antiviral	11
virus nonstructural	11
domestic cats	11
time course	11
viral capsid	11
recombinant porcine	11
virus identification	11
successfully isolated	11
regression analysis	11
different genotypes	11
containing mm	11
close relationship	11
binding integrins	11
gene analysis	11
inducing neutralizing	11
laboratory manual	11
glial cultures	11
west nile	11
culture infectious	11
rna species	11
may serve	11
fipv strains	11
recombination detection	11
detection rates	11
viral hepatitis	11
luminex xtag	11
experimental conditions	11
mcmv antigen	11
pcr reactions	11
strains may	11
gastrointestinal tract	11
year old	11
infected patients	11
egg yolk	11
direct sequencing	11
study period	11
cells following	11
nondenaturing page	11
virus concentration	11
cek cells	11
viral structural	11
mainland china	11
viral polymerase	11
relatively high	11
using graphpad	11
per reaction	11
genetic characteristics	11
swine influenza	11
two additional	11
ffu ml	11
envelope proteins	11
several different	11
infected rats	11
immunized sows	11
sucrose gradients	11
first described	11
cellular proteins	11
converting enzyme	11
two independent	11
rabbit serum	11
study also	11
detection methods	11
binding ability	11
nov gii	11
well known	11
viral enteritis	11
using specific	11
various viruses	11
common differentially	11
breeding colony	11
nitrocellulose sheets	11
normal mice	11
expected size	11
sera collected	11
early stages	11
ribosomal rna	11
old embryonated	11
mild mottle	11
consensus sequences	11
rflp patterns	11
without trypsin	11
simian hemorrhagic	11
quantified using	11
european isolates	11
coronavirus disease	11
lyssavirus type	11
hemagglutinating activity	11
pig sera	11
different groups	11
nile virus	11
relatively small	11
virus growth	11
specific pcr	11
virus grown	11
sucrose density	11
lamp method	11
inoculated pig	11
penaeus monodon	11
pcr detection	11
published sequences	11
pedv reference	11
sore throat	11
worth noting	11
nj culture	11
viral rnas	11
virus associated	11
host immune	11
causative agents	11
clinical protection	11
sqe treatment	11
virus protein	11
ha gene	11
noncoding region	11
epithelial cell	11
influenza pandemic	11
rna segment	11
cov rna	11
phase contrast	11
fecal virus	11
murine cytomegalovirus	11
amplified dna	11
research council	11
see table	11
rde activity	11
binding element	11
units ml	11
leader sequence	11
nucleotide sequencing	10
bluetongue virus	10
virus may	10
day prior	10
ha antigens	10
cell tropism	10
leucine zipper	10
diarrheic calves	10
subsequent passages	10
pregnant gilts	10
monocyte macrophage	10
free water	10
way antigenic	10
primer sequences	10
children less	10
lamp assays	10
strain florio	10
broiler farms	10
analysis indicated	10
gel extraction	10
healthy cats	10
hi titers	10
virus containing	10
initial denaturation	10
standard deviations	10
days old	10
plaque size	10
supernatant fluid	10
sporadic cases	10
control pigs	10
reduction neutralization	10
villous epithelial	10
intestinal epithelium	10
korean sublineage	10
low titers	10
nasal shedding	10
expression plasmid	10
protein bands	10
purified vp	10
dependent replication	10
type strain	10
copy number	10
old piglets	10
pathogenic prrsv	10
thermal cycler	10
antibody detection	10
among children	10
brcv strains	10
allantoic fluids	10
reducing conditions	10
virus structural	10
hybrid peptides	10
membrane cholesterol	10
evolutionary distances	10
carbonate buffer	10
culture passage	10
slab gels	10
mumps virus	10
buffered formalin	10
positive strand	10
antigenic relatedness	10
human health	10
various times	10
unique among	10
ark ibv	10
murine noroviruses	10
acute lower	10
showed similar	10
terminator cycle	10
comparative studies	10
cell monolayer	10
dairy cattle	10
different bat	10
piglet serum	10
canine infectious	10
gav orf	10
hepcv genome	10
immune complexes	10
washed times	10
rdrp gene	10
feline panleukopenia	10
genome segments	10
vaccine virus	10
aa sequences	10
pigs infected	10
fatal disease	10
animal care	10
high sensitivity	10
vaccine candidate	10
spectrum antiviral	10
broiler chickens	10
virulent strains	10
method using	10
detection limits	10
apparent molecular	10
molecular evolution	10
feline cells	10
pig farms	10
acid binding	10
hsp family	10
coronavirus isolated	10
epidemiological studies	10
cytomegalovirus infection	10
euthymic mice	10
cell cycle	10
polymorphism analysis	10
sample size	10
porcine coronaviruses	10
may represent	10
different clinical	10
partial characterization	10
like proteinase	10
mtt assay	10
annealing temperature	10
high titer	10
two cases	10
isolates formed	10
showed clinical	10
rna template	10
herpesvirus type	10
reverse primers	10
porcine viperin	10
membrane vesicles	10
coding sequence	10
specific iga	10
cycling conditions	10
total volume	10
fixed cells	10
asthma copd	10
proteins may	10
first round	10
epigallocatechin gallate	10
cov genome	10
infantile gastroenteritis	10
twofold dilutions	10
species level	10
three regions	10
virus titration	10
may cause	10
well culture	10
sequence comparisons	10
binding region	10
weeks post	10
virus penetration	10
shift assays	10
obtained using	10
experimentally inoculated	10
also shown	10
ray film	10
viruses detected	10
aborted fetuses	10
tcids ml	10
incubation period	10
enteropathogenic coronavirus	10
coronavirus avian	10
inhibits prrsv	10
oxide synthase	10
fiber gene	10
wasting disease	10
circovirus type	10
like illness	10
taq dna	10
antigenic properties	10
solution containing	10
specific neutralizing	10
many countries	10
weaning multisystemic	10
serum neutralization	10
novel human	10
genetic relatedness	10
cell ratios	10
antiviral activities	10
coxsackie virus	10
coronavirus mouse	10
tag tat	10
typical clinical	10
reference strain	10
newly identified	10
nt deletion	10
co incubator	10
whole genome	10
positive results	10
prepared using	10
pdcov strain	10
nasal swab	10
th ts	10
cellular immune	10
bam hi	10
previous findings	10
laboratory rats	10
mediated cell	10
restriction sites	10
nucleotide changes	10
two novel	10
human transmission	10
three structural	10
tissue homogenate	10
inhibitory activity	10
error bars	10
massachusetts serotype	10
acid change	10
defense mechanisms	10
protective immune	10
rodent coronaviruses	10
gene products	10
binding domains	10
south china	10
two types	10
results suggested	10
infectious disease	10
england biolabs	10
alt activity	10
equal volumes	10
experimental reproduction	10
sequences revealed	10
nasopharyngeal swabs	10
strain oh	10
mcmv infected	10
old mice	10
equine viral	10
primer set	10
cells well	10
ns gene	10
medical research	10
mouse cell	10
genetic evolution	10
subgenomic rna	10
viral culture	10
viral arteritis	10
serially passaged	10
control pig	10
day intervals	10
purified virions	10
experimental inoculation	10
tubular structures	10
specific igm	10
unpublished data	10
partial sequences	10
cytokine production	10
acid extraction	10
protein expressed	10
glutathione sepharose	10
ibdv vp	10
using real	10
industry worldwide	10
grand island	10
adenovirus hexons	10
type strains	10
glass slides	10
bound ssrna	10
free piglets	10
rnp complex	10
late stage	10
vaccines based	10
might also	10
higher levels	10
infect humans	10
mucosal scrapings	10
chronic infection	10
new strain	10
new york	10
cd bcv	10
genes encoding	10
field virus	10
pigs showed	10
sepharose beads	10
second group	10
i virus	10
effective vaccines	10
lesser panda	10
gene source	10
icr mice	10
plaque morphology	10
infected monolayers	10
genetically distinct	10
fold differences	10
low levels	10
aa level	9
macrophage lineage	9
overlay medium	9
bp long	9
sodium monensin	9
parent virus	9
aa residues	9
antibody positive	9
associated herpesvirus	9
unclassified mabs	9
conditions used	9
genus deltacoronavirus	9
ii fipv	9
cells expressing	9
original pdcov	9
virus assembly	9
genetic variability	9
vlp vaccine	9
skim milk	9
immune electron	9
terminal sequences	9
took place	9
measles isolates	9
clinical syndromes	9
new strains	9
mers outbreaks	9
viruses may	9
positive patients	9
world health	9
cloning kit	9
genetic relationships	9
major role	9
among patients	9
cell responses	9
hexon genes	9
interferon gamma	9
first study	9
serological relationship	9
dnase i	9
enteric tropism	9
substitutions per	9
isolates showed	9
adenovirus infections	9
types i	9
ml trypsin	9
kg body	9
may contribute	9
alkaline phosphatase	9
highly hydrophobic	9
outer layer	9
vp region	9
spike proteins	9
infected cats	9
innate immunity	9
eukaryotic expression	9
pulmonary disease	9
normal mouse	9
rabbit antiserum	9
known coronaviruses	9
acute febrile	9
also obtained	9
intracellular virus	9
functional receptor	9
population density	9
conjugated secondary	9
panleukopenia virus	9
embryonated eggs	9
atcc vr	9
kind gift	9
turkey poults	9
infection studies	9
inoculated i	9
nucleotide level	9
dbi isolate	9
experiments using	9
epidemic abortion	9
saharan africa	9
strain beaudette	9
macrophages infected	9
avc ire	9
causes severe	9
tannic acid	9
blot hybridization	9
porcine kobuvirus	9
days prior	9
putative cap	9
culture media	9
signal peptide	9
susceptible cell	9
nucleocapsid proteins	9
phosphate dehydrogenase	9
rabbit sera	9
akt signaling	9
female balb	9
transcriptase pcr	9
identified within	9
enterococcus faecium	9
pathogenic avian	9
chicken embryo	9
haemagglutination inhibition	9
human herpesvirus	9
brome mosaic	9
routine pcr	9
adult mice	9
ge ml	9
old female	9
recombinant pedv	9
natural populations	9
rna sequences	9
viruses using	9
qiaquick pcr	9
conserved motifs	9
neutralizing mabs	9
associated proteins	9
protective effect	9
pulmonary lesions	9
cells transfected	9
hepatitis viruses	9
coated vesicles	9
monolayer cultures	9
animal disease	9
hsp bind	9
viral surface	9
genome size	9
vivo studies	9
probably due	9
virus groups	9
family bunyaviridae	9
cbv infection	9
challenge virus	9
bronchoalveolar lavage	9
porcine rotavirus	9
conformationally dependent	9
virus nucleoprotein	9
orf encodes	9
glycoprotein cleavage	9
thank drs	9
parainfluenza viruses	9
standard curve	9
one another	9
bootstrap support	9
multiplex real	9
respiratory symptoms	9
high frequency	9
nariva virus	9
dnastar inc	9
different levels	9
bovine astrovirus	9
virus envelope	9
influenza season	9
south america	9
small number	9
rna transcription	9
throat swab	9
hi tests	9
copd patients	9
rna helicase	9
three strains	9
fowl adenovirus	9
expression vector	9
electron density	9
per dilution	9
blind passages	9
gamma interferon	9
ts ratios	9
swine herds	9
canine viral	9
produce ifn	9
strains shared	9
newly synthesized	9
may lead	9
classical ibvs	9
od value	9
small intestines	9
first identified	9
live vaccines	9
neuraminidase inhibitors	9
mutational analysis	9
bca protein	9
also examined	9
important roles	9
metapneumovirus infection	9
secondary structures	9
oral administration	9
particles containing	9
bovine embryonic	9
hav rna	9
cholesterol content	9
comparative sequence	9
breeding farms	9
fecal suspension	9
chronic obstructive	9
analysis suggested	9
cd strain	9
applicable international	9
protein band	9
confirmed cases	9
grant number	9
modified eagle	9
percent endpoints	9
pfu per	9
based assay	9
one sample	9
tyrosine phosphorylation	9
gene showed	9
control rats	9
economically important	9
different concentrations	9
prrsv activity	9
hemagglutinin esterase	9
porcine sp	9
rhinovirus serotypes	9
respiratory pathogen	9
low level	9
amplified product	9
three outbreaks	9
well documented	9
recombination analysis	9
specific mab	9
northern blot	9
degenerate primers	9
percent fbs	9
evolutionary relationships	9
humidified co	9
mediated enhancement	9
cross reaction	9
health organization	9
blast analysis	9
rabbit antisera	9
fatal cases	9
ccv type	9
mega software	9
kresse isolate	9
antibody technique	9
bucyrus strain	9
central region	9
new method	9
cent sucrose	9
swab sample	9
virus porcine	9
containing fbs	9
cv vaccine	9
large rna	9
virus specific	9
potential glycosylation	9
family members	9
tcids per	9
possible role	9
median age	9
equine rhinovirus	9
murine leukemia	9
fecv infection	9
hubei province	9
trees based	9
infected frhk	9
original virus	9
analysis version	9
master mix	9
mature virions	9
viral sequences	9
mem supplemented	9
restriction site	9
survival rate	9
pediatric pneumonia	9
igg mabs	9
african green	9
epitope region	9
pcv infection	9
cdna using	9
surfactant protein	9
fluorescence intensity	9
etiological agent	9
eyach virus	9
infection control	9
virus dilution	9
done using	9
attenuated strain	9
killer cells	9
final volume	9
nairobi sheep	9
cfu ml	9
pregnant women	9
weight loss	9
virus family	9
mammalian species	9
side chain	9
prcv isolates	9
asian countries	9
produced using	9
using two	9
following i	9
degradation products	9
transferred onto	9
pepper mild	9
study provides	9
intestinal mucosa	9
antigenic groups	9
data presented	9
major cause	9
hc ph	9
rna samples	9
avirulent derivate	9
permissive temperature	9
single amino	9
developed diarrhea	9
weeks later	9
particle associated	9
various concentrations	9
intestinal tract	9
lymphoid tissues	9
growth factor	9
nuclear localization	9
rna copy	9
structural genes	9
human enterovirus	9
natural compounds	9