bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
antiviral activity	344
respiratory syndrome	308
virus infection	251
influenza virus	248
infected cells	216
pl pro	188
acute respiratory	179
mg kg	179
syndrome coronavirus	169
herpes simplex	158
virus replication	157
severe acute	156
vero cells	155
simplex virus	147
ebola virus	131
type i	131
middle east	129
east respiratory	120
viral replication	118
viral rna	112
respiratory syncytial	110
respiratory tract	106
syncytial virus	103
cell culture	103
inhibitory effect	101
sukumo extract	98
virus type	91
vaccinia virus	88
cov pl	87
kg day	87
cell lines	84
well plates	78
viral infection	77
sialic acid	76
antiviral drugs	76
influenza viruses	75
amino acid	73
spike protein	73
virus entry	72
inhibitory effects	72
antiviral res	72
lung slices	71
cord uid	70
antiviral agents	70
doc id	70
plaque assay	70
res doi	70
antiviral effect	69
gene expression	68
control group	66
virus titers	66
clinical trials	65
viral dna	65
mg ml	64
rna viruses	64
host cell	61
human immunodeficiency	61
cell surface	60
rna polymerase	60
viral infections	60
immunodeficiency virus	58
viral entry	58
described previously	58
spectrum antiviral	57
inhibitory activity	57
infectious bronchitis	56
infected mice	56
cov infection	55
crystal structure	54
transmissible gastroenteritis	53
western blotting	53
morpholino oligomers	53
virus infections	53
cells infected	53
pfu ml	53
present study	51
nucleocapsid protein	51
pedv pl	50
cell line	49
dromedary camels	49
mouse model	49
sars coronavirus	49
life cycle	49
antiviral research	48
post infection	48
rna interference	47
antiviral therapy	47
three times	47
room temperature	47
cell viability	47
immune response	46
gd protein	46
previously described	46
ebn extract	46
immune responses	46
zika virus	45
i fcov	45
bronchitis virus	45
monoclonal antibody	45
dependent manner	45
negative control	45
cell cultures	45
plaque reduction	45
epithelial cells	44
antiviral drug	44
antiviral effects	44
neutralizing antibodies	44
results showed	43
membrane fusion	43
independent experiments	43
sirna swarms	42
nucleotide analogues	42
dengue virus	41
amc dcba	41
innate immune	41
like protease	41
mouse lung	41
significantly reduced	41
results suggest	41
rna synthesis	41
type ii	40
western blot	40
ex vivo	40
time pcr	40
reverse transcriptase	40
tgev infection	40
lung slice	40
rw peptides	40
nucleic acid	40
amino acids	39
infectious diseases	39
lg ml	38
previous studies	38
viral genome	38
host cells	38
days post	38
parainfluenza virus	37
influenza infection	37
bovine serum	37
chronic hepatitis	37
culture medium	37
treated cells	37
respiratory disease	36
rna replication	36
lower respiratory	36
coronavirus infection	36
novel coronavirus	36
hiv infection	36
dependent rna	36
rna virus	36
public health	36
rsv vaccine	36
infectious peritonitis	35
cells treated	35
results indicate	35
feline infectious	35
specific cd	34
viral diseases	34
structural proteins	34
viral load	34
animal models	34
tissue culture	34
virus yield	33
st cells	33
viral titers	33
hela cells	33
day post	33
enveloped viruses	33
performed using	33
barr virus	33
cleavage site	33
binding site	33
hepatitis virus	33
respiratory viruses	33
vaccine candidates	33
live attenuated	33
fetal bovine	32
clinical signs	32
tgev replication	32
per well	32
increasing concentrations	32
active site	32
dna synthesis	32
luciferase activity	31
may also	31
virus titer	31
entry process	31
important role	31
dna polymerase	31
porcine reproductive	31
binding domain	31
virus exposure	31
antiviral activities	31
liposomal peptides	31
slice model	30
medium containing	30
syndrome virus	30
protein levels	30
viral proteins	30
target cells	30
receptor binding	30
stranded rna	30
dna viruses	30
dub activity	30
reduction assay	30
myricetin may	30
gastroenteritis virus	29
vitro antiviral	29
saudi arabia	29
cell responses	29
monoclonal antibodies	29
fusion protein	29
mice infected	29
cell monolayers	29
viral membrane	29
human coronavirus	29
viral envelope	29
rsv disease	29
highly pathogenic	29
nucleoside analogues	28
highly conserved	28
viral protein	28
ec values	28
antiviral compounds	28
nucleic acids	28
mdck cells	28
protein kinase	28
small molecule	28
immune system	28
respiratory infections	28
cytopathic effect	28
avian influenza	27
binding affinity	27
weight loss	27
rsv infection	27
previously reported	27
final concentration	27
three independent	27
culture supernatants	27
prrsv rna	27
cell entry	27
ic values	27
infectious virus	26
da expected	26
inflammatory response	26
taken together	26
cov rbd	26
mtt assay	26
neutralizing antibody	26
expression levels	26
well tolerated	26
uninfected cells	26
marburg virus	26
cov spike	26
mrna expression	25
upper respiratory	25
viral particles	25
genomic rna	25
hbv dna	25
syncytium formation	25
porcine epidemic	25
dna replication	25
vacv growth	25
time points	25
expressing plasmid	25
sore throat	25
virus challenge	25
plaque formation	25
cellular proteins	25
cholesterol depletion	25
mouth disease	25
reverse genetics	24
neutralizing activity	24
virus activity	24
tract infections	24
binding sites	24
cell membrane	24
total rna	24
cells per	24
disease virus	24
infected patients	24
diarrhea virus	24
i ifn	24
african horse	24
horse sickness	24
data suggest	24
i interferon	24
ctl epitopes	24
potential antiviral	24
phase ii	24
different concentrations	24
various concentrations	23
hcv replication	23
virus glycoprotein	23
hiv activity	23
acid residues	23
serially diluted	23
blot analysis	23
coronavirus spike	23
determined using	23
signaling pathway	23
current study	23
west nile	23
hcv rna	23
data indicate	23
sspe virus	23
cells using	22
like receptor	22
protein synthesis	22
significant difference	22
cell lysates	22
fold increase	22
virus rna	22
hp peptides	22
rd cells	22
mammalian cells	22
viral respiratory	22
potent antiviral	22
drug discovery	22
polymerase reaction	22
buffered saline	22
frhk cells	22
nile virus	22
infected vero	22
specific antiviral	22
time rt	22
da observed	21
determine whether	21
dendritic cells	21
mouse hepatitis	21
effective concentration	21
treated mice	21
therapeutic agents	21
coronavirus nucleocapsid	21
cd tem	21
memory cd	21
epidemic diarrhea	21
phase i	21
immunofluorescence assay	21
cell signaling	21
mouse igg	21
virus strains	21
selectivity index	21
post treatment	21
way anova	21
peritonitis virus	21
influenza vaccine	21
mm tris	21
post virus	21
flow cytometry	21
well plate	21
signaling pathways	21
side chain	21
vaccine candidate	20
positive control	20
rna genome	20
highly effective	20
hrv activity	20
drug development	20
viral infectivity	20
resident memory	20
fever virus	20
hcv infection	20
otitis media	20
binding activity	20
also observed	20
potent anti	20
human cells	20
inhibition assay	20
analyzed using	20
hepg cells	20
crl cells	20
potent inhibitor	20
rrna degradation	20
viral life	20
effective antiviral	20
rna levels	20
sirna swarm	20
rotavirus infection	20
antiviral efficacy	20
filovirus entry	19
nucleoside analogs	19
hemorrhagic fever	19
vacv late	19
hsv infection	19
thymidine kinase	19
ii fcov	19
inhibit viral	19
health organization	19
class i	19
protease inhibitors	19
innate immunity	19
drug resistance	19
small interfering	19
rna degradation	19
clinical use	19
clinical studies	19
natural product	19
prv infection	19
spleen cells	19
sars virus	19
mers coronavirus	19
reduction assays	19
virus particles	19
vaccine development	19
world health	19
graphpad prism	19
high levels	19
gastroenteritis coronavirus	19
antibody titers	19
pmoplus tm	19
recombinant viruses	19
phage display	18
widely used	18
thermo fisher	18
genbank accession	18
virus inoculation	18
supplementary data	18
cl pro	18
vesicular stomatitis	18
ava cells	18
treatment group	18
human respiratory	18
associated coronavirus	18
neu ac	18
virus adsorption	18
mm nacl	18
feline calicivirus	18
tem cells	18
active compounds	18
treatment groups	18
low toxicity	18
broad spectrum	18
mice immunized	18
goat anti	18
peripheral blood	18
quantitative pcr	18
viral attachment	18
virus binding	18
antiviral potency	18
sickness virus	18
cd cd	18
cytotoxic concentration	18
intracellular viral	18
fcov replication	18
significant reduction	18
respiratory viral	18
antiviral action	18
sialic acids	18
similar results	18
vero cell	18
mice treated	18
significantly higher	18
monkey kidney	18
mrna levels	18
cell growth	18
rabbit anti	17
viral shedding	17
specific antibodies	17
coronavirus papain	17
feline coronavirus	17
virus control	17
national institute	17
antimicrobial peptides	17
human parainfluenza	17
throughput screening	17
significantly lower	17
mass spectrometry	17
iu ml	17
two compounds	17
antiviral agent	17
protein expression	17
cell spread	17
two independent	17
culture supernatant	17
statistically significant	17
nervous system	17
nucleoside analog	17
hcv activity	17
new antiviral	17
stomatitis virus	17
monolayer cells	17
health care	17
hong kong	17
viral mrna	17
virucidal activity	17
united states	17
positively charged	17
positron emission	17
serial dilutions	16
gp gene	16
plasma membrane	16
animal model	16
resistant virus	16
protect mice	16
biological activity	16
hcv ns	16
phosphorodiamidate morpholino	16
washed three	16
assay using	16
treated control	16
cell death	16
clinical trial	16
novel antiviral	16
molecular weight	16
kindly provided	16
antisense morpholino	16
secondary antibody	16
also showed	16
recent study	16
specific inhibitors	16
protease activity	16
pcr analysis	16
cultured cells	16
hbv replication	16
closely related	16
hiv replication	16
pet imaging	16
also demonstrated	16
persistently infected	16
wild type	16
least three	16
previous study	16
virus disease	16
body weight	16
zoster virus	16
emission tomography	16
wide range	16
recent studies	16
data presented	15
culture plates	15
prrsv strains	15
immunocompromised patients	15
calculated using	15
cell fusion	15
human influenza	15
leukemia virus	15
spike proteins	15
viral pathogens	15
virology branch	15
growth factor	15
pandemic influenza	15
drug design	15
acid binding	15
raji cells	15
egfr pi	15
ebn extracts	15
sting activation	15
firefly luciferase	15
small molecules	15
strand rna	15
cells transfected	15
block hsv	15
escherichia coli	15
envelope protein	15
inflammatory agents	15
vivo studies	15
virus inoculum	15
fisher scientific	15
nonhuman primates	15
vitro anti	15
cell apoptosis	15
significant differences	15
lead compound	15
host defense	15
also inhibits	15
central nervous	15
novel anti	15
positive cells	15
replication cycle	15
assay system	15
nonstructural protein	15
prrsv replication	15
zikv infection	15
growth medium	15
human coronaviruses	15
avian infectious	14
tyrosine kinase	14
virus strain	14
dcba lozenge	14
mock infected	14
molecule inhibitors	14
conformational change	14
several studies	14
cell types	14
tract disease	14
statistical significance	14
nitric oxide	14
activity relationship	14
treated groups	14
state university	14
real time	14
cellular uptake	14
rna level	14
based assay	14
significantly inhibited	14
fold reduction	14
multiple comparison	14
cellular receptor	14
gel electrophoresis	14
like proteases	14
medium supplemented	14
ml penicillin	14
binding pocket	14
glycyrrhizic acid	14
antibody response	14
cellular receptors	14
structural basis	14
crystal violet	14
survival rate	14
free active	14
reverse transcription	14
antiviral target	14
sense rna	14
optical density	14
naturally occurring	14
i ku	14
virus genome	14
specific primers	14
induced cell	14
virus yields	14
fluorescence intensity	14
respiratory virus	14
early stage	14
lipoic acid	14
human rhinovirus	14
control cells	14
significantly decreased	14
type virus	14
interfering rna	14
high level	14
radionuclide imaging	14
producing cd	14
necrosis factor	14
inhibitory concentration	14
terminal domain	14
causative agent	13
lopinavir ritonavir	13
mycophenolic acid	13
inflammatory drugs	13
pathogenic viruses	13
plaque assays	13
molecular mechanisms	13
activated protein	13
hiv integrase	13
log reduction	13
per group	13
linked liposomal	13
protective immunity	13
approved drugs	13
rna binding	13
yk delta	13
washed twice	13
cytokine mrna	13
cytopathic effects	13
fold higher	13
bacterial sialidases	13
virus vaccine	13
passive transfer	13
microtiter plates	13
also used	13
solution containing	13
duck enteritis	13
therapeutic strategies	13
heptad repeat	13
virus growth	13
following virus	13
per day	13
tumor necrosis	13
capsid protein	13
bd biosciences	13
north american	13
side effects	13
virus gd	13
virus production	13
resistant strains	13
peptidyl substrate	13
human hepatoma	13
reaction buffer	13
conjugated goat	13
host immune	13
essential medium	13
protects mice	13
ng ml	13
cells via	13
mediated antiviral	13
lethal dose	13
coronaviral pl	13
medical research	13
yeast strains	13
lethal influenza	13
envelope glycoprotein	13
dependent enhancement	13
enveloped virus	13
exonuclease activity	13
derived peptides	13
binding protein	13
per cell	13
coronavirus infections	13
oral administration	13
murine leukemia	13
inflammatory effects	13
urgently needed	13
host factors	13
therapeutic effect	13
standard deviation	13
inhibit replication	13
plate reader	13
pedv infection	13
vivo experiments	12
african green	12
also significantly	12
polymerase chain	12
potential anti	12
entry inhibitors	12
well microtiter	12
multiple steps	12
luciferase expressed	12
antiviral compound	12
pre post	12
vp vaccination	12
neu gc	12
pbs containing	12
ifn treatment	12
comparison tests	12
virus lung	12
oh group	12
virus inhibition	12
chain reaction	12
ppmo treatment	12
matrix protein	12
ck ch	12
may serve	12
human cytomegalovirus	12
virus infectivity	12
even though	12
sequence alignment	12
empty vector	12
point mutations	12
might also	12
virus ns	12
protein vp	12
fusion peptide	12
evaluated using	12
vero slam	12
hhd mice	12
recent years	12
oral bioavailability	12
results demonstrate	12
inhibited replication	12
time quantitative	12
immunosorbent assay	12
converting enzyme	12
coronavirus rna	12
treated animals	12
virulent ibv	12
infected individuals	12
incubation period	12
reduced viral	12
cell type	12
morpholino oligomer	12
protective effect	12
reported previously	12
protease inhibitor	12
respiratory pathogens	12
research center	12
virus infected	12
analysis revealed	12
inhibit sars	12
based therapeutics	12
virus expressing	12
using graphpad	12
phosphate buffer	12
expression plasmids	12
virus vaccines	12
two different	12
inhibit virus	12
conjugated morpholino	12
antisense oligomers	12
ml streptomycin	12
measured using	12
inhibitory activities	12
high affinity	12
oligoadenylate synthetase	12
also tested	12
may interact	12
fluorescent protein	12
authors declare	12
terminal region	12
viral titer	12
enzymatic activity	12
viral gene	12
rsv groups	12
fold lower	12
open reading	11
xc plaque	11
kinetic parameters	11
reduced virus	11
gvn center	11
micromolar range	11
slam cells	11
indicated concentrations	11
imaging probes	11
rift valley	11
specific ctls	11
human airway	11
luciferase assay	11
glycopeptide antibiotics	11
nucleoside phosphonates	11
investigated whether	11
chain termination	11
pfu per	11
approved antiviral	11
error bars	11
piv activity	11
target site	11
respiratory illness	11
data obtained	11
antiviral response	11
morpholino antisense	11
potent inhibitory	11
applied biosystems	11
tcid ml	11
chemokine receptor	11
orally bioavailable	11
secondary structure	11
mice receiving	11
treated viruses	11
using anti	11
containing mm	11
akt pathway	11
modified vaccinia	11
peptide rbd	11
green monkey	11
blood cells	11
coronavirus replication	11
linear regression	11
recipient mice	11
viral disease	11
late gene	11
wt vacv	11
liposomal peptide	11
antibody responses	11
fcov infection	11
active substances	11
chikungunya virus	11
different time	11
much less	11
emerging viruses	11
delayed termination	11
peptide library	11
inflammatory activities	11
broad range	11
therapeutic index	11
based assays	11
placebo lozenge	11
linked immunosorbent	11
product extracts	11
human ifitm	11
attenuated influenza	11
highly significant	11
previously shown	11
valley fever	11
adapted sars	11
van der	11
fipv cl	11
cell proliferation	11
emerging viral	11
heme oxygenase	11
cotton rats	11
lethal sars	11
diseases caused	11
confocal microscopy	11
viral antigen	11
virus stock	11
cell epitopes	11
interfering rnas	11
treated group	11
antiviral properties	11
squaric acid	11
young children	11
measles virus	11
immunized mice	11
dna polymerases	11
results indicated	11
cell infection	11
vaccinated chickens	11
crystal structures	11
ch ldl	11
prrsv yield	11
currently available	11
inactivated vaccine	11
stranded dna	11
van den	11
peptides derived	11
gene products	11
like cleavage	11
receptor tyrosine	11
based system	11
parainfluenza viruses	11
transgenic mice	11
respiratory coronavirus	10
murine hepatitis	10
significant inhibition	10
results suggested	10
drug resistant	10
rega institute	10
mm hepes	10
animal experiments	10
enteritis virus	10
free virus	10
results show	10
adverse effects	10
human papillomavirus	10
gd gene	10
five days	10
viral strains	10
main protease	10
inhibited virus	10
structural protein	10
quantitative rt	10
vacv dna	10
mediated immunity	10
biosafety level	10
significant inhibitory	10
antigen expression	10
lung titers	10
target cell	10
lung tissue	10
gene silencing	10
dependent inhibition	10
monocytes macrophages	10
viral polymerase	10
also investigated	10
vaccinated mice	10
il tm	10
spinal cord	10
pfu cell	10
specific imaging	10
specific monoclonal	10
effectively inhibit	10
envelope glycoproteins	10
accession number	10
fatality rates	10
polygonum tinctorium	10
catalytic core	10
translation initiation	10
nucleocapsid proteins	10
primary human	10
rsv vaccines	10
target viral	10
lysis buffer	10
relevant peptide	10
entry site	10
drug combination	10
twice daily	10
binding assay	10
clinical symptoms	10
virus attachment	10
epitopes derived	10
surface glycoproteins	10
disease control	10
one week	10
least two	10
spike glycoprotein	10
human lung	10
ebv infection	10
mm atp	10
indicated time	10
dmem supplemented	10
highly specific	10
reporter gene	10
virus neutralization	10
national institutes	10
sequence analysis	10
following incubation	10
tm kopf	10
nc sirna	10
feline monocytes	10
intrinsic disorder	10
rich peptide	10
bronchoalveolar lavage	10
guinea pigs	10
inhibited hcv	10
fresh medium	10
attenuated vaccine	10
chronic infection	10
secreting cd	10
cells expressing	10
acyclic nucleoside	10
imaging probe	10
cholesterol transporter	10
den born	10
pharmacokinetic properties	10
acute otitis	10
effective concentrations	10
completely inhibited	10
sting agonist	10
cov replication	10
inhibited hiv	10
suckling mice	10
low cytotoxicity	10
placebo group	10
ethacrynic acid	10
mononuclear cells	10
antiviral assays	10
infectious disease	10
ec value	10
cells grown	10
also shown	10
test compounds	10
red blood	10
low ph	10
reaction mixture	10
calf serum	10
viral transcripts	10
technical meeting	10
dev clone	10
vitro activity	10
experiments performed	10
quadruplex forming	10
biochemical assays	10
may inhibit	10
results demonstrated	10
high throughput	10
dromedary camel	10
unmodified ul	10
functional analysis	10
much higher	10
antiviral treatment	10
new class	10
biological activities	10
vivo efficacy	10
novel therapeutic	10
cholesterol accumulation	10
pseudorabies virus	9
research institute	9
streptococcus pneumoniae	9
early stages	9
investigate whether	9
lg well	9
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	9
intracellular trafficking	9
caspase activation	9
hiv transmission	9
therapeutic effects	9
assays using	9
animal studies	9
liquid chromatography	9
patients infected	9
ace receptor	9
forming units	9
human transmission	9
cp strains	9
foster city	9
coding sequence	9
cancer patients	9
less effective	9
lassa virus	9
drug screening	9
cells pretreated	9
administered orally	9
mm utp	9
respiratory diseases	9
primer pair	9
gd proteins	9
family coronaviridae	9
control mice	9
viral spread	9
induced cpe	9
urgent need	9
endoplasmic reticulum	9
rna polymerases	9
receptor ace	9
drug delivery	9
pam cells	9
kidney cells	9
hiv rna	9
ifn response	9
plasma samples	9
represent mean	9
chemically synthesized	9
high mortality	9
pfu mouse	9
virus life	9
treated controls	9
active triphosphate	9
jnk phosphorylation	9
viral fusion	9
yellow fever	9
epithelial cell	9
elisa assay	9
first time	9
mortality rates	9
virucidal activities	9
virucidal effect	9
herpes virus	9
intravenous administration	9
iga antibodies	9
clinically approved	9
indirect immunofluorescence	9
humanized monoclonal	9
vp protein	9
viral genomic	9
fipv inoculation	9
intracellular cholesterol	9
tcid values	9
infections caused	9
plaque forming	9
persistent infection	9
hepatocellular carcinoma	9
rsv epitopes	9
cytotoxic effects	9
sting agonists	9
acid sequence	9
control groups	9
expression level	9
viability assay	9
rna molecule	9
lethal infection	9
endothelial cells	9
hepatoma cell	9
cpe development	9
showed significant	9
pcr assay	9
lipid rafts	9
surface protein	9
interferon alpha	9
antiviral mechanism	9
viral glycoprotein	9
molecular biology	9
transfected cells	9
treatment options	9
influenza activity	9
hbv infection	9
luciferase reporter	9
ms ms	9
utah state	9
host interactions	9
antiviral responses	9
binding mode	9
functional receptor	9
hydrogen bond	9
cover layer	9
vp vaccinated	9
pathogenic human	9
systematic review	9
mrna cap	9
gfp signal	9
rna molecules	9
conserved among	9
hexylresorcinol lozenge	9
expression vector	9
infection inhibition	9
conjugated anti	9
nucleoside analogue	9
activity assay	9
untreated control	9
scorpion venom	9
drug administration	9
catalytic activity	9
agarose gel	9
hepatoma cells	9
hla class	9
ic value	9
lm thick	9
administered i	9
yeast cells	9
antiviral therapies	9
green fluorescent	9
family members	9
host innate	9
interferon therapy	9
antiviral strategies	9
human disease	9
human receptor	9
fusion domain	9
mtase activity	9
induced inflammation	9
seneca valley	9
minimum essential	9
combination therapy	9
ii ccov	9
direct interaction	9
contact time	9
compounds will	9
analysis showed	9
drug concentrations	9
horseradish peroxidase	9
lavage fluid	9
data indicated	9
also inhibited	9
murine coronavirus	9
mm phosphate	9
factor alpha	9
valley virus	9
brain barrier	9
human infection	9
std nmr	9
th icar	9
entry steps	9
entry step	9
subgenomic rna	9
vivo model	9
rsv replication	9
vaccine strain	9
antiviral mechanisms	9
lung weights	9
choriomeningitis virus	9
side chains	9
tcid assay	9
global technical	9
treated virus	9
charged pmos	9
within days	9
rabbit igg	9
virus dna	9
chronically infected	8
adoptive transfer	8
microbial natural	8
newcastle disease	8
high dose	8
phase iii	8
inhibits hepatitis	8
time point	8
specific sirna	8
log pfu	8
nuclear factor	8
ns protein	8
transmembrane protein	8
live dead	8
disulfiram may	8
cholesterol biosynthesis	8
fold dilutions	8
new strain	8
cellular cholesterol	8
severe respiratory	8
adverse events	8
unmodified sirna	8
findings suggest	8
virus nonstructural	8
hsv binding	8
ebv replication	8
virus transmission	8
may lead	8
mean day	8
novel mechanism	8
core protein	8
hydroxyl group	8
aglycoristocetin derivatives	8
may help	8
recently reported	8
human herpesvirus	8
culture infectious	8
cowpox virus	8
surface glycoprotein	8
rabies virus	8
therapeutic options	8
bovine viral	8
intranasal infection	8
potential drug	8
dna sequencing	8
hsv gd	8
structural features	8
neutrally charged	8
flow cytometric	8
scale bar	8
many viruses	8
past years	8
expression plasmid	8
infectious dose	8
separate experiments	8
assay kit	8
ca atoms	8
surface gp	8
cell epitope	8
tract infection	8
also evaluated	8
lm group	8
inflammatory cytokines	8
blood products	8
adsorption step	8
single stranded	8
mm edta	8
high risk	8
inflammatory activity	8
kinase inhibitors	8
primary antibodies	8
entry inhibitor	8
takes place	8
overnight incubation	8
relatively low	8
selective inhibitor	8
dose dependent	8
completely abolished	8
protein structure	8
science foundation	8
polyclonal antibody	8
viral targets	8
study group	8
hiv rt	8
two viruses	8
north carolina	8
data represent	8
rpe cells	8
atcc vr	8
mice per	8
cov nsp	8
drug levels	8
new coronavirus	8
sars cov	8
infected pk	8
molecular tweezer	8
health concern	8
three separate	8
scnj tlr	8
molecular docking	8
pedv particles	8
late proteins	8
immunodetection assay	8
regulatory factor	8
point mutation	8
zoonotic transmission	8
ns protease	8
cc values	8
dmso treatment	8
bacterial infection	8
viral genomes	8
encephalitis virus	8
serum antibody	8
santa cruz	8
interferon induction	8
antibody levels	8
every days	8
virus receptor	8
viral activity	8
inflammatory responses	8
rsv challenge	8
viral diarrhea	8
dosing regimens	8
ml griffithsin	8
cellular factors	8
sexual transmission	8
vaccinated groups	8
lung disease	8
studies showed	8
passive immunisation	8
target sequence	8
coronavirus associated	8
important roles	8
resistant mutants	8
determined relative	8
polymerase inhibitors	8
large number	8
ascorbic acid	8
survival time	8
early step	8
cell number	8
strain ck	8
inflammatory cytokine	8
high concentration	8
target sequences	8
viruses expressing	8
attractive target	8
attenuating mutations	8
control virus	8
protein production	8
mutant virus	8
specific binding	8
pg ml	8
cell system	8
bacterial sialidase	8
two mutations	8
neutralizing mabs	8
viral titre	8
female balb	8
pyrimidine biosynthesis	8
green fluorescence	8
naturally processed	8
latent hiv	8
wt dev	8
quadruplex structures	8
mediated activation	8
viral resistance	8
also known	8
rna cap	8
hsv entry	8
cells ml	8
cellular immune	8
studies suggest	8
oxidative stress	8
inhibits viral	8
without myricetin	8
maintenance medium	8
studies will	8
drug concentration	8
heparan sulfate	8
negatively charged	8
interferon signaling	8
contact times	8
neutralization assay	8
ifn alfacon	8
na activity	8
gl derivatives	8
double stranded	8
per mouse	8
clinical isolates	8
virus surface	8
lithium chloride	8
like receptors	8
equal volume	8
varicella zoster	8
vitro biochemical	8
wide variety	8
mrna capping	8
serum samples	8
aromatic residues	8
significantly different	8
thank dr	8
synthetic peptides	8
interferon system	8
poxvirus infections	8
units ml	8
considered statistically	8
elimination half	8
significantly increased	8
following influenza	8
vivo models	8
statistical analysis	8
drug candidates	8
using cell	8
limited number	8
target rna	8
host cellular	7
potential therapeutic	7
rsv infections	7
hydrophobic side	7
human population	7
rpmi medium	7
dodecyl sulfate	7
dna laddering	7
reporter plasmid	7
virus hemagglutinin	7
lung virus	7
water molecules	7
wr virus	7
age groups	7
gene deletion	7
proteolytic activity	7
pdb id	7
indicated times	7
pr virus	7
ul gene	7
standard deviations	7
first line	7
model may	7
cov vlps	7
new york	7
cd domain	7
animal species	7
earlier studies	7
neutralising antibodies	7
graduate school	7
antiviral studies	7
tm agents	7
biological replicates	7
oxygen atom	7
vaccine design	7
significant increase	7
new anti	7
different clr	7
i interferons	7
rapid diagnosis	7
blood mononuclear	7
nucleotide analog	7
isar news	7
intranasal administration	7
resistant viral	7
different viruses	7
nucleotide analogue	7
porcine respiratory	7
pd peptides	7
may play	7
specific inhibitor	7
prrsv genomic	7
prrsv genome	7
critical role	7
na rsv	7
inhibit influenza	7
binding step	7
inhibitory concentrations	7
like particles	7
mouse models	7
genome replication	7
subacute sclerosing	7
yield inhibition	7
clinical outcome	7
much lower	7
maximum non	7
corona virus	7
american prrsv	7
recognizes residues	7
future studies	7
yield reduction	7
mg cells	7
nmr spectroscopy	7
coronavirus disease	7
highly selective	7
based vaccine	7
rsv titers	7
human health	7
cell cycle	7
camel vaccine	7
many different	7
infection identification	7
full protection	7
mem containing	7
million people	7
rights reserved	7
analysis indicated	7
effective therapeutic	7
initial velocity	7
hbv activity	7
laboratory animals	7
live virus	7
spectrum antivirals	7
total volume	7
different doses	7
play important	7
cov infections	7
induced membrane	7
egfp cells	7
active ingredients	7
dextran sulfate	7
inhibit mers	7
elisa plates	7
dna vaccine	7
viral challenge	7
containing fbs	7
synthetic peptide	7
toxic concentration	7
antiviral immunity	7
san diego	7
laiv na	7
three different	7
three yeast	7
taq polymerase	7
clr concentrations	7
seronegative infants	7
egfp expression	7
defense mechanisms	7
chemical structure	7
acting antiviral	7
virus agent	7
rsv group	7
viral particle	7
coronavirus nsp	7
calicivirus infection	7
global health	7
mg per	7
interferon inducer	7
data showed	7
neutralization assays	7
virus clearance	7
antisense oligonucleotides	7
inflammatory cells	7
human plasma	7
protein interaction	7
risk factors	7
growth cycle	7
denv mtase	7
blotting assay	7
enzymatic activities	7
new world	7
viral antigens	7
vaccine viruses	7
may contribute	7
human cases	7
virion surface	7
versus pss	7
antigenic variation	7
chemical properties	7
host range	7
influenza hemagglutinin	7
proteasome system	7
may provide	7
fluorescence microscopy	7
viral nucleic	7
fatality rate	7
novel inhibitors	7
clinical manifestations	7
triphosphate forms	7
severe disease	7
three mice	7
receptor antagonist	7
lethal challenge	7
significant effect	7
culture plate	7
alveolar macrophages	7
task force	7
viral vector	7
virus variants	7
neutralizing ability	7
zikv immunodetection	7
data associated	7
protein may	7
svv infection	7
block viral	7
stem cells	7
common cold	7
particular interest	7
inhibition assays	7
pcr using	7
residue cys	7
rna complex	7
stock solutions	7
bulgarian academy	7
reduce viral	7
cell control	7
scientific research	7
domain complexed	7
bone marrow	7
examined whether	7
ns rsv	7
protein binds	7
medium alone	7
potent inhibitors	7
inhibit vacv	7
tdf ftc	7
inhibit hsv	7
pairwise comparisons	7
based zikv	7
mediated immune	7
percent inhibition	7
human hepatitis	7
kidney epithelial	7
online version	7
rna isolation	7
prodrug strategy	7
ppmos directed	7
dosing regimen	7
care facilities	7
transcription factors	7
human serum	7
serial passage	7
significant antiviral	7
peptides rbd	7
rna template	7
healthy volunteers	7
major role	7
virtual screening	7
sifitm cells	7
target effects	7
intracellular expression	7
genome sequence	7
ifn production	7
virus induced	7
ppmo targeting	7
cause severe	7
ifn signaling	7
response curves	7
better understanding	7
infected balb	7
fipv strain	7
modular organization	7
different times	7
molecular tweezers	7
glycopeptide compounds	7
acetylneuraminic acid	7
administered intranasally	7
body temperature	7
ann arbor	7
target sites	7
viruses used	7
myricetin treatment	7
celastrol treatment	7
dramatically reduced	7
national health	7
sodium dodecyl	7
western hemisphere	7
polymerase inhibitor	7
antisense molecules	7
recently shown	7
vaccine virus	7
proprotein convertases	7
two days	7
clinical development	7
antisense ppmo	7
pancreatic enzyme	7
ibv strain	7
lipid raft	7
poly ic	7
may act	7
mean values	7
reading frame	7
epitope mapping	7
nonstructural proteins	7
acid amide	7
prevent hiv	7
virus protein	7
wt virus	7
statistical analyses	7
gilead sciences	7
also show	7
confer resistance	7
mitochondrial dna	7
either synthetic	7
mtase inhibitors	7
well cell	7
clone cells	7
highly potent	7
depleted mtase	7
conformational changes	7
two pl	7
laiv ns	7
potently inhibit	7
previously demonstrated	7
addition assay	7
containing co	7
activity relationships	7
veroe tmprss	7
culture media	7
mouse anti	7
post transfection	7
viral loads	7
antiviral molecules	7
whether celastrol	7
years old	7
surface receptor	7
cellular entry	7
clinical score	7
avian flu	7
vivo activity	7
two groups	7
sclerosing panencephalitis	7
modified sirna	7
containing fetal	7
factor receptor	7
epidermal growth	7
microplate reader	7
rate constant	6
knockdown cells	6
inactivated fetal	6
trypan blue	6
polyacrylamide gel	6
result indicates	6
protected mice	6
primary antibody	6
internal ribosome	6
early steps	6
values represent	6
among different	6
medical branch	6
one assay	6
infected cell	6
approved drug	6
value significance	6
sugar chains	6
hantaan virus	6
wuhan institute	6
signal intensity	6
interferon regulatory	6
well culture	6
flavivirus ns	6
npc function	6
pfu well	6
survival rates	6
fusion proteins	6
start site	6
immunocompromised adults	6
eluted fractions	6
biological processes	6
dead cells	6
immune cells	6
prodrug forms	6
gene gapdh	6
rna translation	6
acute infection	6
binding stage	6
virus types	6
way analysis	6
protein interacts	6
cleavage sites	6
two distinct	6
cytotoxic effect	6
acting antivirals	6
statistically analyzed	6
case fatality	6
pedv activity	6
fd ap	6
remains unclear	6
potent inhibition	6
papainlike protease	6
fluorescence microscope	6
specific activity	6
per ml	6
enzyme activity	6
kinase inhibitor	6
target protein	6
resistance development	6
neutral red	6
protective efficacy	6
genital herpes	6
evaluate whether	6
marburg viruses	6
hsv infected	6
better protection	6
spectrum anti	6
coronavirus infectious	6
first report	6
treated tgev	6
flanking amino	6
known antiviral	6
cysteine proteases	6
gene therapy	6
antiretroviral therapy	6
enzymatic cleavage	6
markedly improved	6
animal care	6
older children	6
spectrum inhibitor	6
selective inhibitors	6
agar overlay	6
ppmo target	6
previous findings	6
performance liquid	6
adenovirus type	6
inhibits infection	6
intracellular ifn	6
plasma elimination	6
cell morphology	6
high degree	6
prrsv infection	6
human embryonic	6
highly immunogenic	6
total number	6
cell activation	6
days later	6
quadruplex ligand	6
normal control	6
experimental data	6
young infants	6
drugs targeting	6
labeled probe	6
risk infants	6
lipoic acids	6
ug ml	6
plaque number	6
log tcid	6
coding region	6
vitro experiments	6
concentration required	6
using lipofectamine	6
compounds containing	6
developing new	6
seasonal influenza	6
cell density	6
dengue vaccine	6
two weeks	6
cov entry	6
viral exonuclease	6
induced cytopathic	6
virus titration	6
therapeutic drug	6
apoptosis induced	6
clinical management	6
severe covid	6
sexual intercourse	6
rat model	6
substrate specificity	6
replication may	6
oral doses	6
cells well	6
almost completely	6
tar rna	6
best fit	6
late endosomes	6
rational design	6
strong antiviral	6
fold serial	6
various long	6
tissue tropism	6
immune activation	6
viral capsid	6
human viruses	6
antisense agents	6
mm stock	6
cells compared	6
sting pathway	6
markedly reduced	6
group compared	6
respiratory epithelium	6
adsorption period	6
viral proteases	6
right panel	6
middle ear	6
ribosome entry	6
generated using	6
sialidase fusion	6
nucleotide mismatches	6
sephadex tm	6
synergistic effect	6
lassa fever	6
whether clr	6
dimerization domain	6
several viruses	6
maternal antibodies	6
gastrointestinal tract	6
culture system	6
plasmid pcdna	6
mm dtt	6
concentration range	6
fetal calf	6
influenza pandemic	6
extracellular virus	6
phosphate buffered	6
clinically used	6
viral plaque	6
rna decay	6
cd receptor	6
housekeeping gene	6
dead staining	6
ten years	6
three peptides	6
viral inoculum	6
capping apparatus	6
media containing	6
viable cells	6
minigenome rescue	6
blood samples	6
conserved residues	6
also reported	6
highly sensitive	6
chamber slides	6
macaque model	6
hbv cccdna	6
exogenous ifn	6
viral glycoproteins	6
international conference	6
proteins expressed	6
noncompetitive inhibition	6
exhibited potent	6
drug treatment	6
sialidase activity	6
single point	6
confocal microscope	6
little effect	6
sirnas targeted	6
neither ea	6
group received	6
novel activities	6
i ucd	6
chemokine responses	6
calix arene	6
phi rdrp	6
calculated according	6
neuraminidase inhibitor	6
genetic barrier	6
new drug	6
viruses belonging	6
following convention	6
oral ntz	6
life technology	6
forming sequences	6
short interfering	6
peptide conjugated	6
xc cells	6
bsa agents	6
none group	6
virus fusion	6
induced apoptosis	6
restricted ctl	6
inhibits type	6
receptor interaction	6
dimethyl sulfoxide	6
assay showed	6
high doses	6
cell proteins	6
co incubator	6
human igg	6
hsv tk	6
clinical protection	6
infection rates	6
fipv replication	6
one study	6
covalent vaccination	6
block virus	6
two proteins	6
japanese encephalitis	6
cellular protein	6
coronavirus main	6
study showed	6
glycoprotein gp	6
confluent fcwf	6
ku plaque	6
ifn responses	6
ionic detergents	6
immune serum	6
rsv hospitalization	6
intraperitoneal therapy	6
untreated cells	6
previous reports	6
ml pr	6
homologous recombination	6
texas medical	6
least one	6
tmprss cells	6
target region	6
map kinase	6
extracellular hbv	6
also provide	6
expressing luciferase	6
surface receptors	6
molecular design	6
passive immunotherapy	6
dna rna	6
see section	6
vitro studies	6
aa residues	6
repeated twice	6
expressing sifitm	6
family filoviridae	6
sequence identity	6
cap structure	6
fmdv infection	6
attenuated rsv	6
hcv polymerase	6
plasma concentration	6
antiviral therapeutics	6
membrane protein	6
molecular characterization	6
flavivirus infections	6
bronchial epithelial	6
ring finger	6
old infants	6
virus polymerase	6
center director	6
results obtained	6
airway epithelial	6
functional characterization	6
nucleoside triphosphate	6
animal health	6
transport inhibitor	6
preterm infants	6
neutralizing epitopes	6
inhibited hsv	6
prv gd	6
sendai virus	6
cell subsets	6
web version	6
cidofovir diphosphate	6
either lip	6
killing activities	6
recombinant vacvs	6
organic chemistry	6
interferon antiviral	6
lymph nodes	6
present work	6
transcriptional editing	6
circular dichroism	6
cytoplasmic domain	6
four different	6
studies suggested	6
severe diseases	6
without causing	6
alpha beta	6
viral inhibition	6
viral structural	6
replicon cells	6
virus activities	6
polymerase extension	6
modified sirnas	6
dna degradation	6
akt proteins	6
hsv infections	6
clinical features	6
ribosomal rna	6
recombinant virus	6
inhibition constant	6
lung injury	6
reservoir solution	6
elisa system	6
binding proteins	6
ctd dimer	6
nk cells	6
virus serotype	6
medium without	6
utp mm	6
regression analysis	6
national natural	6
hep cells	6
resistant variants	6
infected macrophages	6
enhanced green	6
current status	6
specific inhibition	6
ii trial	6
novel human	6
relatively high	6
novel sars	6
recombinant duck	6
pneumococcal infection	6
low dose	6
using specific	6
assigned values	6
vectored vaccines	6
standard curve	6
natural science	6
cmv infections	6
mediated inhibition	6
values obtained	6
inactivated influenza	6
hcv protein	6
resistant viruses	6
cellular localization	6
better understand	6
may block	6
related viruses	6
experiments using	6
universiteit leuven	6
mediated signaling	6
low micromolar	6
viral peptides	6
human pathogenic	6
infection using	6
membrane microdomains	6
infection cycle	6
coronavirus oc	6
viral pathogenesis	6
thick lung	6
chronic hcv	6
vaccinia ankara	6
rna editing	6
cysteine residues	6
coronaviridae family	6
polyclonal serum	6
type infection	6
zikv mr	6
cell monolayer	6
viral mrnas	6
effector memory	6
probably due	6
target tissues	6
calculated based	6
ion channel	6
containing chloroquine	6
key role	6
parent compound	6
expressing ahsv	6
similar result	6
us gene	6
vaccinated group	6
quantitative real	6
effective inhibitory	6
nonhuman primate	6
glycyrrhetinic acid	6
two inhibitors	6
host antiviral	6
antibacterial activity	6
clinical efficacy	6
pcr system	6
transplant recipients	6
highly active	6
structural domains	6
mtase complex	6
reading frames	6
various time	6
hcv drugs	6
ibv challenge	6
doublestranded rna	6
ebv dna	6
mev replication	6
labeled drug	6
viral membranes	6
dissociation constant	6
apoptotic dna	6
recent developments	5
primers used	5
heart disease	5
active substance	5
antiviral strategy	5
sars patients	5
transient transfection	5
mtt solution	5
interferon gamma	5
fiber protein	5
sirna targeting	5
binding epitope	5
hiv status	5
resistance selection	5
flaviviridae family	5
dna levels	5
pregnant women	5
inhibits hcv	5
human rsv	5
inhibits mers	5
mm mgcl	5
block replication	5
bars represent	5
mediated ho	5
convalescent plasma	5
spectrum activity	5
initiation regions	5
pro catalytic	5
akt signaling	5
knockout mice	5
higher levels	5
second dose	5
virus mixture	5
squaric diamides	5
low levels	5
avian viruses	5
following formula	5
small number	5
interferon production	5
mm ctp	5
may occur	5
based model	5
human virology	5
fusion inhibition	5
viral translation	5
following treatment	5
inhibited viral	5
conditioned media	5
lelystad virus	5
infection induces	5
liposomes alone	5
single amino	5
protein interactions	5
surface proteins	5
effective anti	5
phosphorothioate oligonucleotide	5
mean age	5
inhibited type	5
combination treatments	5
nasal wash	5
iga antibody	5
constitutively expressed	5
hydroxyl groups	5
laiv vector	5
develop new	5
cellular rna	5
experimental infection	5
glycolylneuraminic acid	5
infection assay	5
may represent	5
induced protein	5
repeat regions	5
may differ	5
microbial infections	5
biological properties	5
chip surface	5
graph represents	5
many years	5
pair df	5
determined via	5
hsv replication	5
major peak	5
conferred protection	5
resistance mutations	5
time course	5
different groups	5
virucidal effects	5
iii trials	5
inhibit growth	5
breast cancer	5
mixed inhibition	5
full length	5
intranasal immunization	5
cytometric analysis	5
minor modifications	5
specific receptor	5
antiretroviral activity	5
common cause	5
strain fipv	5
ibv vaccines	5
lesser extent	5
cellular egfr	5
electron microscopy	5
bp fragment	5
results also	5
viruses including	5
receptor type	5
fusion process	5
replication complexes	5
hsv activity	5
rna sequences	5
drug arbidol	5
epigallocatechin gallate	5
remove unbound	5
cpe inhibition	5
antiviral nucleos	5
culture collection	5
term dosing	5
airway epithelium	5
novel approach	5
ectopic expression	5
antiviral protein	5
acute phase	5
ge healthcare	5
newborn mice	5
specific igg	5
inhibitory action	5
pharmacokinetic studies	5
also cause	5
radiolabeled probe	5
coding sequences	5
viral pgrna	5
commercially available	5
dna virus	5
cytokine release	5
density gradient	5
recently approved	5
genetics system	5
host responses	5
described earlier	5
gradient centrifugation	5
significant decrease	5
antigenically related	5
biosynthesis pathway	5
siga technologies	5
markedly inhibited	5
inhibition pattern	5
force field	5
randomly assigned	5
complete genome	5
host protein	5
virus ankara	5
cell destruction	5
postexposure protection	5
active component	5
tyrosine kinases	5
orthopoxvirus infections	5
antigen processing	5
ns methyltransferase	5
vaccine production	5
cerebrospinal fluid	5
therapeutic treatment	5
five mice	5
west africa	5
signal transduction	5
specific mabs	5
peptidyl substrates	5
oligomers targeting	5
hydrogen bonds	5
major structural	5
molecular structure	5
induce ifn	5
vaccines based	5
active nucleotide	5
subgenomic replicon	5
infectious viral	5
thaw cycles	5
prostate cancer	5
intranasal route	5
via different	5
unless otherwise	5
found online	5
surface expression	5
will also	5
exhibited significant	5
severe pneumonia	5
six peptides	5
monitored daily	5
hokkaido university	5
parainfluenza type	5
potently inhibited	5
hcv therapy	5
studies conducted	5
experimental influenza	5
virus plaques	5
specific pathogen	5
specific lysis	5
rsv antibodies	5
following infection	5
beneficial effects	5
less frequently	5
site sequence	5
data collection	5
cells inhibition	5
capsid proteins	5
group group	5
serial dilution	5
viral rnas	5
bird nests	5
od value	5
adsorption process	5
negative effect	5
second immunization	5
virus envelope	5
i ifns	5
virus neutralising	5
one cat	5
pcr product	5
plates containing	5
inhibits hiv	5
cancer drug	5
obtained using	5
major public	5
propidium iodide	5
rich regions	5
drug therapy	5
vif shrna	5
sensor chip	5
viral enzyme	5
sulfated polysaccharides	5
arb antiviral	5
also able	5
gene encoding	5
diabzi treatment	5
serum antibodies	5
dennis hruby	5
cov polymerase	5
affected countries	5
decoy tar	5
targeting vivo	5
incubated overnight	5
colleagues reported	5
nsp nsp	5
ace binding	5
lm range	5
old female	5
drug may	5
chris meier	5
address whether	5
fatal disease	5
hcv subgenomic	5
cold pbs	5
phylogenetic analysis	5
respectively whereas	5
novel viral	5
spiked plasma	5
leading cause	5
developing countries	5
alpha interferon	5
arb may	5
human populations	5
hiv reverse	5
adapted influenza	5
also found	5
ifnr antibody	5
will likely	5
mouse interferon	5
inhibitory properties	5
high prevalence	5
concentrations ranging	5
controlled trial	5
years later	5
ml concentration	5
viral binding	5
causes severe	5
free medium	5
young investigators	5
south america	5
based rsv	5
represents means	5
treat fcv	5
core facility	5
molecule antiviral	5
several different	5
reverse transcribed	5
capping enzymes	5
complete termination	5
selected cytokines	5
inflammatory disease	5
also inhibit	5
late promoter	5
late apoptosis	5
chronic active	5
highly protective	5
coronavirus nonstructural	5
bacterial pneumonia	5
arbitrarily drawn	5
igg antibody	5
times higher	5
viral tk	5
hp inhibited	5
medical virology	5
people worldwide	5
results clearly	5
cells containing	5
saturable target	5
synergistic antiviral	5
ubiquitinated cellular	5
northern blot	5
peptides including	5
mortality rate	5
protein sequence	5
congenital heart	5
pharmacologically active	5
direct antiviral	5
signaling technology	5
high genetic	5
sam molecule	5
significant morbidity	5
cellular immunity	5
atpase activity	5
ebolavirus gp	5
membranous web	5
membrane proteins	5