Distant Reader - subject-tithes-freebo

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-25 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader zip2carrel process, and the input was a Zip file locally cached with the name input-file.zip. Documents in the Zip file have been saved in a cache, and each of them have been transformed & saved as a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 40 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 1,033,393 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 25,834 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 91. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

tithes, god, tythes, ministers, church, law, will, de, one, may, first, now, shall, yet, time, also, non, made, priests, right, part, maintenance, priest, gospel, many, men, christ, things, people, much, man, lord, therefore, great, without, well, roman, due, king, must, pay, though, taken, might, tenth, words, pag, like, two, make

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are A gospel plea (interwoven with a rational and legal) for the lawfulness and continuance fo the antient setled maintenance and tenths of the ministers of the Gospel in two parts, proving that there is a just, competent, comfortable maintenance ... that the present opposition against tithes ... / by William Prynne ..., The historie of tithes that is, the practice of payment of them, the positiue laws made for them, the opinions touching the right of them : a review of it is also annext, which both confirmes it and directs in the vse of it / by I. Selden., and The remainder, or second part of a Gospel plea (interwoven with a rational and legal) for the lawfulness & continuance of the antient setled maintenance and tithes of the ministers of the Gospel wherein the divine right of our ministers tithes is further asserted ... / by William Prynne of Swainswick, Esq. ....

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

roman non, tenth part, divine right, english books, early english, taken away, books online, ministers tithes, first fruits, de decimis, goods taken, setled maintenance, pay tithes, new testament, take away, jesus christ, ten shillings, every one, page images, every man, hundred years, let us, pay tythes, holy things, levitical law, six pence, creation partnership, text creation, decima de, ministers maintenance, paying tithes, four pence, canon law, nine parts, lay men, good things, one pound, must needs, may see, seldens history, per annum, john canne, eight pence, parish churches, amongst us, two shillings, common law, lord god, due payment, paid tithes

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are Something relating to the bill for small tithes: humbly presented to the consideration of the Parliament, in behalf of the people called Quakers,. Concerning tithes [by] Humphrey Smith., and A Gospel plea (interwoven with a rational and legal) for the lawfulnes & continuance of the ancient setled maintenance and tenthes of the ministers of the Gospel: proving, that there is a just, competent, comfortable maintenance due to all lawfull painfull preachers and ministers of the Gospel, by divine right, institution, and expresse texts and precepts of the Gospel: that glebes and tithes are such a maintenance, & due to ministers by divine right, law and Gospel: that if subtracted or detained, they may lawfully be inforced by coercive laws and penalties: that tithes are no reall burden nor grievance to the people; the abolishing them, no ease or benefit to farmers, husband-men, or poor people, but a prejudice and losse. That the present opposition against tithes, proceeds not from any reall grounds of conscience, but base covetousnesse, carnall policy, &c. and a Jesuiticall and Anabaptisticall designe, to subvert and ruin our ministers, Church, religion. With a satisfactory answer to all cavils and materiall objections to the contrary. By William Prynne of Swainswick, Esq;.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

church, god, lord, law, tithes, tcp, priests, ministers, gospel, tythes, christ, pope, ministry, laws, king, churches, apostle, roman, parliament, england, tenth, temple, priest, popish, maintenance, levites, kingdome, clergy, christians, abraham, tithe, souldiers, scripture, religion, people, parson, officers, nation, lands, kings, gods, court, council, christian, bishop, army, thomas, taxes, saints, revenues

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be tithes, and Sacrilege a snare. A sermon preached, ad clerum, in the Vniversity of Cambridg, / by the R. Reverend Father in God Lancelot Andrews: late L. Bishop of Winchester. VVhen he proceeded Doctor in Divinity. Translated for the benefit of the publike. is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

tithes, time, part, things, men, people, maintenance, man, words, p., others, ministers, times, right, reason, tythes, thing, priests, shillings, payment, place, way, day, value, law, text, kings, hath, power, ad, priest, cap, years, year, name, nothing, goods, tenth, end, word, fruits, truth, self, use, pence, life, places, ▪, practice, doth

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, be, was, are, were, have, had, made, being, did, do, been, taken, said, pay, take, make, paid, give, say, according, given, let, see, called, come, set, brought, receive, done, gave, received, know, hath, prove, sayes, read, put, sent, having, came, concerning, think, held, took, found, setled, find, bring, haue

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

〉, god, ◊, 〈, tithes, church, c., law, tythes, ministers, de, christ, gospel, ●, lord, priest, king, priests, pag, hath, l., thou, england, laws, levites, abraham, gods, pope, churches, christians, s., bishop, clergy, john, ye, lands, ministry, est, parliament, i., rome, souldiers, lib, land, iohn, cor, priesthood, apostles, bishops, text

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, his, their, he, they, them, i, him, our, we, you, my, your, himself, me, us, themselves, thy, her, thee, its, she, theirs, ye, mine, ours, yours, one, vp, u, s, herself, ●, yee, tollit, non, itself, gods, ''s, à, ut, ts, thou, m, hee, f, e, ce, 〈, yow

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

other, such, many, first, own, same, non, great, -, roman, due, more, good, much, true, common, worth, old, very, most, new, whole, poor, tenth, former, second, holy, little, present, late, free, third, ancient, least, certain, last, false, full, particular, like, large, greater, better, general, divine, publick, popish, sufficient, right, next

not, so, then, now, also, only, as, therefore, more, well, thus, yet, most, here, up, very, first, much, there, even, too, out, ever, away, onely, never, all, thereof, again, in, that, is, at, rather, indeed, before, far, long, just, likewise, down, forth, still, otherwise, especially, together, no, freely, once, else

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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