Distant Reader - subject-episcopacy-freebo

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-24 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader zip2carrel process, and the input was a Zip file locally cached with the name input-file.zip. Documents in the Zip file have been saved in a cache, and each of them have been transformed & saved as a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 73 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 3,034,675 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 41,570 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 87. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

church, bishops, one, bishop, will, may, power, yet, churches, first, apostles, presbyters, god, us, must, many, men, now, shall, say, therefore, also, much, christ, man, government, without, saith, might, time, though, great, made, word, ministers, make, office, people, doth, good, authority, scripture, well, order, things, words, called, others, onely, place

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are A treatise of episcopacy confuting by Scripture, reason, and the churches testimony that sort of diocesan churches, prelacy and government, which casteth out the primitive church-species, episcopacy, ministry and discipline and confoundeth the Christian world by corruption, usurpation, schism and persecution : meditated in the year 1640, when the et cætera oath was imposed : written 1671 and cast by : published 1680 by the importunity of our superiours, who demand the reasons of our nonconformity / by Richard Baxter., A defence of the sermon preached at the consecration of the L. Bishop of Bath and VVelles against a confutation thereof by a namelesse author. Diuided into 4. bookes: the first, prouing chiefly that the lay or onely-gouerning elders haue no warrant either in the Scriptures or other monuments of antiquity. The second, shewing that the primitiue churches indued with power of ecclesiasticall gouernment, were not parishes properly but dioceses, and consequently that the angels of the churches or ancient bishops were not parishionall but diocesan bishops. The third, defending the superioritie of bishops aboue other ministers, and prouing that bishops alwayes had a prioritie not onely in order, but also in degree, and a maioritie of power both for ordination and iurisdiction. The fourth, maintayning that the episcopall function is of apostolicall and diuine institution., and Five disputations of church-government and worship by Richard Baxter..

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

roman non, tells us, holy ghost, divine right, church government, must needs, apostles times, whole church, early english, english books, one church, let us, one bishop, new testament, tell us, reformed churches, books online, particular church, church officers, divine institution, every one, presbyterian government, diocesan bishops, primitive church, every church, will say, particular churches, page images, high priest, christian church, one another, many churches, sole power, gods word, lords supper, one place, text creation, creation partnership, every city, one man, catholick church, learned men, jure divino, haue beene, episcopall government, protestant divines, one thing, de facto, true church, may see

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are To the high and honourable court of Parliament. The humble petition of sundry of the nobles, knights, gentry, ministers, freeholders, and divers thousands of the inhabitants of the county palatine of Chester, whose names are subscribed to the several schedules hereunto annexed. In answer to a petition delivered on to the Lords Spirituall and Temporall, by Sir Thomas Aston, Baronet, from the county palatine of Chester, concerning episcopacie. An ansvver to a letter vvritten at Oxford, and superscribed to Dr. Samuel Turner, concerning the Church, and the revenues thereof. Wherein is shewed, how impossible it is for the King with a good conscience to yeeld to the change of church-government by bishops, or to the alienating the lands of the Church., and The Cyprianick-Bishop examined, and found not to be a diocesan, nor to have superior power to a parish minister, or Presbyterian moderator being an answer to J.S. his Principles of the Cyprianick-age, with regard to episcopal power & jurisdiction : together with an appendix, in answer to a railing preface to a book, entituled, The fundamental charter of presbytery / by Gilbert Rule ....

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

church, bishops, god, churches, government, apostles, presbyters, king, christ, scripture, ministers, bishop, power, lord, elders, law, paul, epistle, tcp, authority, ordination, office, christian, titus, pope, order, episcopal, england, deacons, clergy, timothy, roman, people, pastors, parliament, gospel, episcopacy, council, city, christians, act, religion, holy, ephesus, assembly, argument, word, reader, priests, prelates

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be church, and A sermon preached at the consecration of the Right Reverend Father in God Ambrose Lord Bishop of Kildare in Christ-Church, Dublin, June 29, 1667 / by the right reverend father in God, Henry, Lord Bishop of Meath. is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

power, men, man, time, bishops, people, things, churches, words, word, others, thing, order, place, p., reason, apostles, part, scripture, church, times, nothing, way, name, ordination, hath, none, ad, rest, office, work, authority, truth, argument, doth, case, cause, matter, persons, sense, hands, fathers, government, question, ministers, world, places, one, text, presbyters

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, be, was, are, were, have, had, did, being, do, say, been, made, make, said, called, know, see, let, take, done, set, give, according, prove, think, come, given, taken, hath, having, am, found, find, ordained, call, put, concerning, tell, thought, saith, read, learned, answer, proved, deny, used, sent, doe, mentioned

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

〉, ◊, 〈, church, bishop, bishops, god, c., presbyters, christ, churches, apostles, government, ●, hath, ministers, presbyter, paul, king, lord, episcopacy, l., s., power, rome, office, dr., england, de, authority, law, doe, elders, epistle, lib, timothy, act, christians, pag, gods, pastors, parliament, ephesus, sect, holy, deacons, lords, titus, peter, mr.

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, he, his, they, i, their, them, we, you, our, him, us, your, my, themselves, me, himself, her, its, she, thy, theirs, ours, thee, one, yours, mine, ye, ''em, itself, whereof, s, ib, us''d, u, l, vp, vnto, em, ''s, yee, non, myself, herself, yourself, ourselves, hee, f, ●, ordayn''d

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

such, other, many, same, first, more, great, own, good, true, whole, much, particular, common, saith, least, second, necessary, non, former, new, most, little, ordinary, present, greater, ancient, roman, -, very, several, last, next, few, better, best, evident, old, able, like, proper, false, contrary, distinct, general, holy, sufficient, sure, divine, third

not, so, then, now, therefore, also, more, as, only, yet, here, thus, well, most, onely, first, up, much, never, even, very, out, there, ever, indeed, rather, too, far, before, still, no, all, together, in, else, again, especially, thereof, long, down, further, that, secondly, once, at, already, is, otherwise, away, sometimes

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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