bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
viral rna	6524
rna viruses	4554
respiratory syndrome	4041
infected cells	3784
gene expression	3602
rna polymerase	3135
acute respiratory	3102
nucleic acid	2891
virus infection	2828
virus replication	2757
viral replication	2714
severe acute	2644
amino acid	2641
influenza virus	2507
rna synthesis	2467
immune response	2402
type i	2348
syndrome coronavirus	2107
innate immune	2032
rna replication	1995
stranded rna	1993
rna virus	1914
dependent rna	1711
strand rna	1684
genomic rna	1654
cell culture	1646
cell lines	1646
host cell	1612
viral genome	1604
immune responses	1581
viral infection	1571
amino acids	1478
nucleic acids	1462
novel coronavirus	1444
viral proteins	1443
doc id	1349
cord uid	1349
virus rna	1319
antiviral activity	1319
reverse transcription	1282
secondary structure	1256
hepatitis virus	1244
rna interference	1237
cell line	1222
viral load	1176
structural proteins	1167
dengue virus	1150
virus type	1147
immune system	1135
nucleocapsid protein	1118
viral infections	1110
epithelial cells	1105
immunodeficiency virus	1100
ebola virus	1095
disease virus	1086
mosaic virus	1074
binding protein	1067
respiratory tract	1054
mouse hepatitis	1035
sars coronavirus	1028
blood donors	1019
human immunodeficiency	1004
clinical trials	1002
protein synthesis	994
performed using	979
time pcr	971
cell death	926
mammalian cells	924
host cells	910
protein expression	907
total rna	905
open reading	902
reverse transcriptase	899
active site	894
rna binding	878
crystal structure	878
endoplasmic reticulum	876
innate immunity	876
reading frame	875
respiratory syncytial	874
stem cells	863
previously described	851
middle east	849
west nile	845
may also	838
zika virus	837
syncytial virus	836
infectious diseases	830
viral protein	828
rna genome	827
rna extraction	815
important role	809
herpes simplex	808
influenza viruses	807
highly conserved	807
life cycle	807
binding site	806
dendritic cells	804
syndrome virus	797
fever virus	794
i ifn	790
cell cycle	778
spike protein	775
east respiratory	773
vaccinia virus	772
room temperature	764
plasma membrane	764
present study	759
protein kinase	758
chain reaction	753
blood transfusion	752
vero cells	750
public health	749
nile virus	745
mg ml	745
ribosomal frameshifting	744
simplex virus	743
extracellular vesicles	742
coronavirus disease	734
cells infected	728
translation initiation	725
polymerase chain	725
cancer cells	722
dna viruses	718
infectious bronchitis	717
cell types	713
electron microscopy	712
i interferon	711
viral genomes	710
nonstructural protein	708
whole blood	706
capsid protein	703
expression levels	697
hcv rna	695
rna molecules	692
cell surface	689
like receptor	687
dna polymerase	686
escherichia coli	686
porcine reproductive	686
host factors	685
western blot	681
rna recombination	681
binding domain	676
mg kg	671
differentially expressed	671
wild type	670
encephalitis virus	665
flow cytometry	665
human coronavirus	661
closely related	658
control group	656
time rt	655
significantly higher	654
chronic hepatitis	649
growth factor	645
bronchitis virus	643
nucleotide sequence	643
virus particles	643
virus genome	637
binding proteins	632
results suggest	631
monoclonal antibodies	611
clinical samples	610
sense rna	608
genome replication	604
core protein	603
previous studies	601
infectious virus	600
prostate cancer	596
breast cancer	595
interfering rna	593
terminal domain	592
united states	591
monoclonal antibody	591
rna helicase	589
small interfering	587
secondary structures	580
viral particles	578
viral rnas	577
binding sites	577
peripheral blood	573
present document	571
replication complex	570
summary conclusion	570
sequence analysis	569
bone marrow	564
described previously	558
molecular weight	557
vesicular stomatitis	552
avian influenza	551
virus infections	549
mouse model	549
protein interactions	549
gene silencing	549
determine whether	548
stem cell	541
dependent manner	540
signaling pathway	540
time points	539
two different	538
pcr assay	537
mouth disease	536
molecular biology	535
nonstructural proteins	535
transcription factor	533
structural protein	533
acid sequence	532
reading frames	527
red blood	521
stomatitis virus	521
infected patients	517
large number	514
oxidative stress	512
small rnas	511
antiviral response	507
gel electrophoresis	507
nervous system	506
cell proliferation	506
human cells	506
neutralizing antibodies	504
granted medrxiv	502
author funder	502
statistically significant	502
ng ml	501
negative control	498
endothelial cells	496
significant difference	495
class i	493
murine coronavirus	492
molecular mechanisms	491
sindbis virus	491
reverse genetics	491
antiviral drugs	490
summary conclusions	490
rna structure	490
copyright holder	489
hemorrhagic fever	488
blood donation	487
additional file	484
blood samples	484
clinical trial	483
wide range	480
high levels	480
generation sequencing	479
blood components	477
stranded dna	477
recent studies	476
mm tris	476
untranslated region	476
results indicate	476
data suggest	471
genome sequence	471
phylogenetic analysis	470
tissue culture	466
coronavirus infection	465
transcription factors	465
rna sequencing	464
animal models	462
copies ml	460
side effects	459
rna secondary	459
hcv infection	459
blood cells	456
small rna	455
feline infectious	455
like protease	452
di rna	451
virus ns	451
infectious peritonitis	450
rna species	449
mrna expression	448
hela cells	448
mass spectrometry	446
like receptors	445
like particles	444
antiviral effect	444
real time	443
cleavage site	442
taken together	442
respiratory viruses	438
signaling pathways	438
defective interfering	437
version posted	434
base pairs	433
first time	432
risk factors	428
target cells	428
coding region	428
plant viruses	427
pcr products	426
viral dna	426
human genome	425
rna polymerases	424
blot analysis	424
type ii	424
results showed	424
isothermal amplification	424
membrane protein	424
widely used	423
interfering rnas	422
diarrhea virus	421
mm nacl	421
immune cells	421
cell responses	420
cell cultures	420
ns protein	419
structural basis	419
transfected cells	418
coronavirus replication	417
even though	417
also observed	416
rna sequences	416
food safety	415
blood products	415
blood group	414
subgenomic rna	413
coronavirus rna	411
significant differences	410
host proteins	407
also known	406
central nervous	405
inhibitory effect	403
initiation factor	401
hbv dna	401
stop codon	401
copy number	400
inflammatory response	400
previously reported	398
inflammatory cytokines	396
japanese encephalitis	394
gene therapy	394
viral entry	393
safety authority	391
hcv replication	390
european food	390
severe covid	389
days post	386
two groups	384
free energy	383
coat protein	383
also found	382
recent study	380
replication cycle	380
viral gene	378
infectious disease	378
quality control	378
host immune	377
viral mrna	377
leader sequence	375
rna genomes	374
red cell	374
stress granules	373
genetic diversity	373
well plates	373
bovine serum	372
heat shock	370
small molecule	369
agarose gel	369
cellular proteins	369
drug resistance	367
replication complexes	367
mutation rate	366
adaptive immune	366
highly pathogenic	366
human rhinovirus	365
virus entry	364
genomic dna	364
cdna clone	364
converting enzyme	363
three times	362
world health	359
rna detection	358
supplementary table	358
cell membrane	357
mrna levels	357
upper respiratory	357
acid sequences	357
signal transduction	356
pcr amplification	356
results show	356
molecular dynamics	356
antiviral agents	355
pregnant women	355
fusion protein	354
cov nsp	353
viral loads	351
conformational changes	350
cell type	350
hepatocellular carcinoma	350
vitro transcription	350
health organization	349
receptor binding	348
infected cell	348
cdna clones	348
acid residues	348
cancer cell	347
messenger rna	346
chikungunya virus	346
peer review	345
viral genomic	343
viral mrnas	341
made available	340
plasmid dna	339
virus production	338
positive control	337
hong kong	337
measles virus	336
antiviral drug	335
western blotting	335
transmissible gastroenteritis	335
may play	334
cells expressing	334
mrna decay	334
applied biosystems	333
thermo fisher	333
specific antibodies	333
porcine epidemic	332
sequence alignment	332
membrane fusion	331
coding rnas	331
mutation rates	330
host range	329
envelope protein	329
dna replication	329
membrane vesicles	329
rna levels	328
rna structures	327
small molecules	327
viral sequences	325
pandemic influenza	324
analysis revealed	324
codon usage	324
lung cancer	324
positive samples	323
semliki forest	323
antiviral responses	322
rna silencing	322
serum samples	322
protease inhibitors	322
significantly reduced	321
complete genome	321
recent years	320
cell entry	320
cultured cells	320
target genes	319
protein levels	319
determined using	318
cells transfected	318
respiratory disease	317
spectrum antiviral	317
antiviral therapy	317
viral nucleic	316
drug discovery	316
statistical analysis	316
recombination events	316
forest virus	316
subgenomic mrna	316
cellular rna	315
cell activation	315
commercially available	315
lower respiratory	315
cov infection	315
di rnas	314
nucleotide sequences	314
least one	314
drug delivery	314
international license	313
genome sequences	312
terminal region	312
clinical signs	312
different types	310
critical role	310
proteins involved	310
significantly lower	309
barr virus	308
host protein	308
class ii	307
enveloped viruses	307
rna sequence	306
sequence data	306
key role	305
treated cells	304
ribosomal rna	304
binding affinity	304
antiviral effects	304
capsid proteins	304
may contribute	303
virus evolution	303
helicase activity	302
time point	302
cell lysates	301
viral shedding	301
noncoding rna	300
leader rna	300
immune evasion	300
deep sequencing	299
virus strain	299
matrix protein	299
newcastle disease	299
pcr assays	298
may provide	298
commonly used	298
viral life	297
authors declare	297
tumor cells	296
single nucleotide	296
human respiratory	295
seq data	294
mrna translation	294
blood cell	294
body weight	294
epidemic diarrhea	292
leukemia virus	292
respiratory distress	291
another study	291
differential expression	290
persistent infection	290
first step	289
data indicate	289
several studies	288
rabies virus	288
human cytomegalovirus	287
stress granule	287
rna transcription	287
protein interaction	286
results obtained	286
infected mice	286
specific primers	285
base pair	285
rna template	284
atpase activity	283
human coronaviruses	283
dna damage	282
expression level	282
high affinity	282
low levels	282
mononuclear cells	281
adverse events	281
total number	281
phase i	281
viral pathogens	280
mm edta	280
hcv ns	280
noncoding rnas	280
genetic material	279
directed mutagenesis	279
vaccine development	279
antiviral immunity	279
gene products	279
yellow fever	279
reporter gene	278
strand synthesis	278
polymerase activity	278
interferon response	278
mediated isothermal	278
swine fever	277
consensus sequence	276
point mutations	276
respiratory infections	276
coding sequence	276
sequencing data	276
lysis buffer	276
viral envelope	276
lung injury	276
disease control	275
three different	275
cells treated	274
protease inhibitor	274
tobacco mosaic	273
coronavirus nucleocapsid	273
necrosis factor	273
membrane proteins	273
genes involved	273
virus assembly	272
subgenomic mrnas	272
whole genome	272
rna helicases	271
data analysis	271
systematic review	271
genome sequencing	271
significantly increased	271
ifn production	271
clinical specimens	270
nsp protein	270
plant virus	270
regulatory factor	270
target rna	269
lymph nodes	269
cd cd	269
medrxiv preprint	269
high level	269
coronavirus nsp	268
ifn response	268
rna degradation	268
ex vivo	268
transfusion medicine	267
cells using	266
ribosome entry	266
cov rna	266
entry site	266
expressed genes	266
analyzed using	265
naturally occurring	264
virus genomes	263
disease severity	263
accession number	263
virus detection	263
accessory proteins	262
crystal structures	262
fisher scientific	261
rna transcripts	260
sequence identity	260
patients infected	260
start site	260
internal ribosome	260
spike glycoprotein	260
loop structure	259
cleavage sites	259
takes place	259
fold change	259
sequence similarity	259
kda protein	259
base pairing	259
cap structure	258
may lead	258
life technologies	258
viral titers	258
poliovirus rna	257
standard deviation	255
specific rna	255
viral diseases	255
common cold	254
ct values	253
coronavirus spike	253
many viruses	253
also showed	253
rna samples	253
liver disease	252
blood donor	252
hbv infection	251
previous study	251
rna pseudoknot	251
long noncoding	251
seasonal influenza	251
pg ml	251
marburg virus	250
supplementary material	250
serine protease	250
viral polymerase	250
essential role	249
nuclear localization	249
feline coronavirus	249
post infection	248
also used	248
master mix	248
rapid detection	248
mhc class	247
cdna synthesis	247
clinical symptoms	247
quantitative pcr	247
rna extracted	246
protein structure	245
tumor necrosis	245
iu ml	244
innate antiviral	244
rna interactions	244
similar results	243
mrna synthesis	243
pp ab	243
positive results	242
murine hepatitis	242
red cells	242
analysis using	241
distress syndrome	241
virus isolation	241
culture medium	240
coding regions	240
potential therapeutic	240
complex formation	240
protein complexes	239
positively charged	238
equine encephalitis	238
hydrogen bonds	238
fold increase	238
new insights	237
host species	237
cancer patients	237
viral genes	237
significantly different	237
next generation	237
positive cells	236
samples collected	236
analysis showed	236
dna binding	235
interferon regulatory	235
coding sequences	235
rna copies	235
two distinct	235
polymerase ii	234
early stage	234
clinical features	234
virus strains	234
fatty acid	233
crispr cas	233
cell viability	233
crucial role	232
cellular processes	232
quantitative real	232
blood bank	232
clinical characteristics	232
family members	231
hospitalized patients	231
sample preparation	231
adverse effects	230
coronavirus genome	230
poorly understood	230
borna disease	230
high sensitivity	229
mrna transcription	229
situ hybridization	229
platelet concentrates	229
rna molecule	229
gastroenteritis virus	229
like viruses	228
mesenchymal stem	228
infectious cdna	228
independent experiments	228
nuclear export	228
also shown	228
start codon	227
target gene	227
binding activity	227
sendai virus	226
neutralizing antibody	226
plaque assay	226
cell growth	226
final concentration	226
clinical studies	226
cytokine production	226
tested positive	226
rights reserved	225
tract infections	224
generated using	224
better understanding	224
significant increase	224
persistently infected	224
cell receptor	224
severe disease	224
rna chaperone	223
current study	223
structure prediction	223
full length	223
significant reduction	222
saccharomyces cerevisiae	222
host response	222
mini kit	222
animal model	222
secretory pathway	221
proteolytic processing	221
expression vector	221
reference genome	220
northern blot	220
genbank accession	220
statistical significance	220
infected individuals	219
enzymatic activity	219
sialic acid	219
convalescent plasma	219
cellular mrnas	218
newly synthesized	218
smooth muscle	217
least two	217
bovine coronavirus	217
nitric oxide	217
measured using	217
hcv core	217
virus nonstructural	217
host innate	216
years old	216
mm mgcl	216
sybr green	216
library preparation	216
type iii	215
associated protein	215
pcr using	215
antibody responses	214
study showed	214
fluorescent protein	214
antibody response	214
subgenomic rnas	214
protein binding	214
high throughput	214
virus disease	214
brome mosaic	214
pcr product	214
pattern recognition	213
antiviral signaling	213
delivery system	213
tissue samples	213
rna processing	213
conformational change	212
hiv infection	212
rna isolation	212
also detected	211
shock protein	211
multiple sequence	211
protein nsp	211
broad spectrum	210
confocal microscopy	210
comparative analysis	210
nk cells	210
disease progression	210
bovine viral	210
human disease	210
highly sensitive	209
functional analysis	209
fetal bovine	209
dna vaccine	209
rna viral	209
viruses may	208
sg rna	208
molecular basis	208
subcellular localization	208
binding pocket	208
well plate	208
genome size	207
blood pressure	207
purified using	207
avian infectious	207
cohort study	207
negative strand	207
causative agent	207
copies per	206
viral capsid	206
biological processes	206
internal control	206
new coronavirus	206
zinc finger	205
proinflammatory cytokines	205
protein complex	205
main protease	205
diagnostic tests	204
results demonstrate	204
specific cd	204
expression analysis	204
expression profiles	204
cytokine storm	204
recent advances	203
cellular protein	203
type virus	203
living cells	203
findings suggest	203
future studies	203
calculated using	203
cytopathic effect	202
early stages	202
antiviral innate	202
conserved among	202
tertiary structure	202
cell rna	202
fold higher	202
adaptive immunity	201
poly i	201
drug development	201
nlrp inflammasome	201
er stress	201
may represent	201
remains unclear	200
lymph node	200
van der	200
significantly decreased	200
antiviral defense	200
different cell	200
coding genes	200
studies using	199
activated protein	199
bat species	199
potential role	199
three independent	199
data set	199
alternative splicing	198
slippery sequence	198
virus titers	198
results indicated	198
studies showed	198
incubation period	198
recognition receptors	198
cellular uptake	197
venezuelan equine	197
molecular mechanism	197
host interactions	197
therapeutic agents	197
health care	197
host rna	197
blood mononuclear	197
associated coronavirus	196
sanger sequencing	196
virus transmission	196
lipid bilayer	196
protein sequence	196
uninfected cells	196
protein translation	196
inflammatory responses	195
issues addressed	195
two independent	195
mm hepes	195
dna synthesis	195
sg formation	195
coronavirus infectious	194
human sars	194
parainfluenza virus	194
nuclear factor	194
much higher	194
conclusions reached	194
authority reserves	194
transgenic mice	194
antisense oligonucleotides	194
lamp assay	193
transparency principle	193
awarded following	193
published complying	193
also identified	193
extracellular matrix	193
transmission electron	193
gene product	193
output adopted	193
tender procedure	193
per cell	192
mediated antiviral	192
vitro transcribed	192
gene regulation	192
delivery systems	192
stimulated genes	192
human diseases	191
high frequency	191
associated virus	191
dna sequences	191
sirna delivery	191
primer extension	191
ifn signaling	191
borne encephalitis	191
well known	191
may serve	191
cells via	190
long non	190
standard curve	190
small number	190
swab samples	190
copy numbers	190
coding rna	190
reactive oxygen	190
viral pathogenesis	190
spinal cord	190
encephalomyocarditis virus	190
unfolded protein	190
inhibitory activity	190
acid amplification	189
stress response	189
oxygen species	189
transfusion reactions	189
genome segments	189
lopinavir ritonavir	189
weight loss	188
based assays	188
host gene	188
protein gene	188
protein folding	188
quantitative rt	188
polyacrylamide gel	188
high degree	188
multiple sclerosis	187
may cause	187
critically ill	187
rna editing	187
two types	187
epithelial cell	187
congo hemorrhagic	187
ifn induction	186
mutational analysis	186
may occur	186
major role	186
protein sequences	186
aug codon	186
penaeus monodon	186
see table	186
homologous recombination	186
important roles	186
mortality rate	186
intensive care	186
i ifns	186
free water	186
related viruses	185
dna sequence	185
increased risk	185
detection limit	185
dna virus	185
plasma samples	185
step rt	185
without prejudice	185
chaperone activity	185
bodies identified	185
inhibitory effects	184
emerging infectious	184
many different	184
target sequence	184
induced apoptosis	184
gene encoding	184
highly specific	184
ubiquitin ligase	184
cl pro	184
mouse models	184
host defense	184
broad range	183
data show	183
group i	183
rna elements	183
vitro translation	183
host factor	183
time reverse	183
combination therapy	183
immune signaling	183
dna rna	183
previously published	183
human influenza	182
positive selection	182
gene transfer	182
two major	182
virion assembly	182
detected using	182
lethal mutagenesis	182
high mutation	182
wide variety	181
orf ab	181
protein response	181
length cdna	181
viral vectors	181
host mrna	181
medical center	181
increased expression	181
cell adhesion	181
classical swine	181
healthy controls	181
genome organization	180
target dna	180
live attenuated	180
biological activity	180
fluorescence microscopy	180
mice infected	179
cov replication	179
national institute	179
close proximity	179
experimental data	179
expression patterns	179
helicase domain	179
throughput sequencing	179
blood banks	178
coronavirus nonstructural	178
previously shown	178
positive sense	178
higher levels	178
untranslated regions	178
cell fusion	178
genetic variation	178
positive strand	177
genomic rnas	177
viral antigen	177
cd cells	177
cell membranes	177
negative results	177
packaging signal	177
ge healthcare	177
viral translation	177
negatively charged	177
years ago	176
infected animals	176
evidence suggests	176
protective immunity	176
viral diarrhea	176
rift valley	176
like structures	176
reaction mixture	176
phase ii	176
retinoic acid	176
drug repurposing	176
sars virus	176
blood collection	176
new england	176
nuclear import	176
also reported	175
replicase proteins	175
blood units	175
human papillomavirus	175
highly expressed	175
hours post	175
viral replicase	174
inducible gene	174
mean age	174
lassa virus	174
autoimmune diseases	174
kcal mol	174
virion rna	174
dna repair	174
control cells	173
rna recognition	173
rna decay	173
valley fever	173
different viruses	172
using different	172
san diego	172
confirmed cases	172
viral particle	172
patients treated	172
genes encoding	172
virus core	172
acid extraction	172
envelope proteins	172
infectious clone	172
growth factors	171
symptom onset	171
drug design	171
using rna	171
dna sequencing	171
vascular endothelial	171
dsrna viruses	171
may result	171
low level	171
eukaryotic cells	171
transcription initiation	170
negative controls	170
genetic information	170
cellular membranes	170
nasopharyngeal swabs	170
mrna vaccines	170
antiviral activities	170
proteolytic cleavage	170
structural analysis	170
molecular characterization	170
virus particle	169
culture supernatants	169
currently available	169
pfu ml	169
high risk	169
sample collection	169
virus polymerase	169
gene delivery	169
obtained using	169
proteins may	169
unpublished data	169
rna using	169
tyrosine kinase	169
single cell	169
transmembrane domain	169
pdb id	169
lentiviral vector	168
university hospital	168
kindly provided	168
short interfering	168
genomic sequence	168
mrna cap	168
likely due	168
influenza infection	168
data sets	168
golgi complex	168
primary human	168
international committee	168
fusion proteins	168
single molecule	168
model system	168
relatively low	168
bat cov	167
eif gi	167
mrna degradation	167
clinical practice	167
platelet count	167
coronavirus infections	167
structural features	167
dna fragments	167
reverse transcribed	167
assay using	167
creative commons	167
animal viruses	167
natural killer	166
human genes	166
sars cov	166
therapeutic potential	166
mediated mrna	166
two proteins	166
rna accumulation	166
rna folding	166
double stranded	166
tumor suppressor	166
norwalk virus	166
specific binding	165
dendritic cell	165
adaptor protein	165
structural studies	165
sg mrna	165
also demonstrated	165
last years	165
risk factor	165
immune cell	164
specific antibody	164
novel human	164
based assay	164
better understand	164
replication fidelity	164
rna fragments	164
replicase gene	164
genomic sequences	164
target cell	164
tumor growth	164
target mrna	164
saudi arabia	163
protein vp	163
catalytic activity	163
primer sets	163
protease activity	163
will also	163
cerebrospinal fluid	163
magnetic beads	162
mdck cells	162
plasmacytoid dendritic	162
mm dtt	162
antiviral compounds	162
protein coding	162
mutant virus	162
linked immunosorbent	162
human lung	162
gene ontology	162
immunosorbent assay	161
contains two	161
dnase i	161
expression vectors	161
dna aptamers	161
exclusion chromatography	161
like virus	161
deficient mice	161
pcr analysis	161
initiation factors	161
virus capsid	160
eukaryotic translation	160
respiratory virus	160
rna templates	160
culture media	160
buffered saline	160
mrna splicing	160
emerging viruses	160
i interferons	160
phylogenetic tree	160
will provide	160
eukaryotic initiation	160
plant mirnas	160
experimentally infected	160
might also	160
per year	160
side chains	159
rubella virus	159
studies suggest	159
limited number	159
virus isolates	159
ill patients	159
protein binds	158
acute lung	158
coronavirus associated	158
may affect	158
enzyme activity	158
goat anti	158
one study	158
discontinuous transcription	158
derived evs	158
ribosomal frameshift	158
infectious agents	158
fecal samples	158
rna expression	158
data obtained	158
tissue tropism	158
virus families	158
take place	157
serial dilutions	157
negative sense	157
virus proteins	157
replicase complex	157
severe cases	157
frameshifting efficiency	157
interferon production	157
translational control	157
allowed us	157
derived exosomes	157
long term	157
polymerase gene	157
nsp nsp	156
influenza vaccine	156
viral persistence	156
containing mm	155
recombinant viruses	155
short hairpin	155
mrna species	154
single stranded	154
recombinant protein	154
vp protein	154
serum albumin	154
therapeutic targets	154
luciferase reporter	154
national institutes	154
antiviral properties	154
located within	154
topoisomerase i	154
least three	154
biological functions	154
common ancestor	154
blood donations	153
alveolar macrophages	153
firefly luciferase	153
template rna	153
nasopharyngeal swab	153
informed consent	153
study group	153
initiation codon	153
medium containing	152
cell response	152
clinical use	152
pcr reaction	152
ribosomal protein	152
well tolerated	152
therapeutic strategies	152
throughput screening	152
among different	152
may help	152
patient samples	152
host antiviral	151
ion channel	151
rna dependent	151
possible role	151
gastrointestinal tract	151
ovarian cancer	151
initiation site	151
time quantitative	151
culture system	151
different species	151
outer membrane	151
day post	151
cell survival	151
green fluorescent	151
luciferase activity	151
hek cells	151
new virus	151
cellular mrna	150
target sequences	150
interferon signaling	150
expression profiling	150
human transmission	150
circular rnas	150
host genes	150
quantified using	150
interfering particles	150
bacterial infections	150
rss gfp	150
two viruses	149
antibody titers	149
molecular docking	149
viral clearance	149
also present	149
nuclear pore	149
host translation	149
relatively high	149
mirna expression	149
cellular factors	149
human cell	149
antiviral immune	149
hepatitis delta	148
may explain	148
developing countries	148
three groups	148
antigen presentation	148
gene transcription	148
lupus erythematosus	148
expressing cells	148
false positive	148
protein level	148
infl uenza	147
movement protein	147
genetic analysis	147
molecular cloning	147
virus glycoprotein	147
high viral	147
investigate whether	147
ribosome profiling	147
will help	147
gastrointestinal symptoms	147
viral infectivity	147
virus infected	146
transcribed rna	146
dna methylation	146
vitro studies	146
sequence homology	146
cellular functions	146
murine leukemia	146
energy transfer	146
distantly related	146
acid binding	145
structural elements	145
using two	145
transfusion service	145
airway epithelial	145
lg ml	145
orf protein	145
enrichment analysis	145
bhk cells	145
murine norovirus	145
expression profile	145
buffer containing	145
dimensional structure	145
lung tissue	145
diabetes mellitus	144
feline calicivirus	144
virus dna	144
factor receptor	144
insulin resistance	144
new world	144
enzymatic activities	144
endothelial cell	144
pcr system	144
nanopore sequencing	144
atp hydrolysis	144
pcr kit	144
cytosolic dna	144
staphylococcus aureus	143
therapeutic target	143
direct rna	143
pathogenic viruses	143
competing interests	143
human viruses	143
nanoparticle tracking	143
data collection	143
large numbers	143
binding domains	143
previously identified	143
membrane structures	143
host shutoff	143
like protein	142
light scattering	142
transcriptional regulation	142
ribosomal proteins	142
morpholino oligomers	142
envelope glycoprotein	142
systemic lupus	142
like proteinase	142
mutant viruses	142
nucleoside analogues	142
different viral	142
north america	142
sequence motifs	142
ns proteins	142
new york	142
golgi apparatus	142
dependent translation	141
rna aptamers	141
recently reported	141
serially diluted	141
cancer therapy	141
huh cells	141
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	141
different stages	141
vaccine candidate	141
lassa fever	141
viral transcription	141
test results	141
washed twice	140
ssrna viruses	140
per ml	140
genome rna	140
tracking analysis	140
cell lysis	140
gestational age	140
sequencing reads	140
circular rna	140
circular dichroism	140
ligand binding	140
high resolution	140
maximum likelihood	140
vaccine candidates	140
serum levels	139
time course	139
human health	139
peritonitis virus	139
vaccine strain	139
early detection	139
human serum	139
acid substitutions	139
see also	139
extracted using	139
vast majority	139
dynamics simulations	139
animal species	139
primer set	139
clinical data	138
primary structure	138
reverse primer	138
significant decrease	138
liver cirrhosis	138
molecular detection	138
england biolabs	138
granule formation	138
virus titer	138
fatty acids	138
secondary antibody	138
one patient	138
protein may	137
reference genes	137
play important	137
viral structural	137
human rna	137
receptor signaling	137
human ace	137
wt mice	137
give rise	137
detection methods	137
forward primer	137
frameshift efficiency	137
mosquito cells	137
viral hepatitis	137
clinically relevant	136
blood supply	136
nipah virus	136
cell biology	136
approved drugs	136
mechanisms underlying	136
rna strand	136
sequence alignments	136
cov genome	136
also tested	136
experimental evidence	136
human population	136
evolutionary history	136
different time	136
global health	136
many cases	136
membrane rearrangements	136
recombinant proteins	136
direct contact	136
virus life	135
tcid ml	135
reference sequence	135
ms ms	135
among patients	135
molecular patterns	135
per well	135
human plasma	135
antiviral treatment	135
caenorhabditis elegans	135
equine arteritis	135
lateral flow	135
doublestranded rna	134
four different	134
virus vaccine	134
hcv genotype	134
experimental conditions	134
study design	134
replication sites	134
arteritis virus	134
experimental infection	134
will allow	134
north american	134
associated herpesvirus	134
respiratory specimens	134
prrsv infection	134
culture supernatant	134
alpha beta	134
previous work	134
virus nucleoprotein	133
human infection	133
recombinant virus	133
ace receptor	133
cdna library	133
much lower	133
respiratory samples	133
enteric viruses	133
well understood	133
mechanical ventilation	133
way anova	133
quantitative analysis	133
skeletal muscle	133
viral antigens	133
current knowledge	133
pcr detection	132
plant rna	132
young children	132
rna segments	132
respiratory illness	132
cell migration	132
associated proteins	132
previous reports	132
sirna targeting	132
coronavirus pneumonia	132
sars patients	132
cell differentiation	132
using primers	132
rational design	132
ribosomal subunit	132
viral titer	132
magnetic resonance	132
catalytic domain	132
associated molecular	132
species transmission	131
preliminary results	131
stool samples	131
respiratory diseases	131
without permission	131
stat signaling	131
phylogenetic trees	131
target effects	131
cysteine protease	131
reuse allowed	131
jak stat	131
virus nucleocapsid	131
viruses including	131
specific genes	131
viral disease	131
allowed without	131
replication factories	130
tlr signaling	130
pl pro	130
sarcoma virus	130
interferon induction	130
rnadependent rna	130
conserved regions	130
programmed ribosomal	130
molecular level	130
large amounts	130
cellular immune	130
mortality rates	130
several viruses	130
million people	130
viral transcripts	130
choriomeningitis virus	130
intracellular rna	130
polymerase complex	130
igg antibodies	130
well established	130
virus nsp	130
genetics system	129
deletion mutants	129
molecular evolution	129
coronavirus mouse	129
retrospective study	129
large scale	129
acute phase	129
internal initiation	129
central role	129
drug administration	129
mrna capping	129
metal ions	129
avian coronavirus	129
protein interacts	129
clinical course	129
transmembrane protein	129
protein genes	129
viral fitness	129
mammalian cell	129
zikv infection	128
times higher	128
heterogeneous nuclear	128
renilla luciferase	128
patients undergoing	128
proteomic analysis	128
gene sequences	128
colorectal cancer	128
mediated gene	128
inhibit viral	128
encoded proteins	128
side chain	127
chemically modified	127
hairpin rna	127
vivo studies	127
gold nanoparticles	127
per reaction	127
ct value	127
washed three	127
logistic regression	127
done using	127
samples using	127
infection induces	127
different rna	127
among others	127
protein inhibits	127
clinical applications	126
surface antigen	126
extracted rna	126
drug targets	126
different mechanisms	126
nonhuman primates	126
nascent rna	126
case report	126
size exclusion	126
human metapneumovirus	126
mediated inhibition	126
replication organelles	126
rna pol	126
kidney cells	126
united kingdom	126
positive correlation	126
cell division	126
rna mini	126
point mutation	125
inflammasome activation	125
based methods	125
brain tissue	125
nuclear ribonucleoprotein	125
several different	125
specific antiviral	125
umbilical cord	125
cord blood	125
functional domains	125
may act	125
transport medium	125
cells may	125
immune activation	125
controlled trial	125
fluorescence intensity	125
i signaling	125
cell signaling	125
based detection	125
sg assembly	125
rabbit anti	125
human airway	124
different concentrations	124
trizol reagent	124
cellular receptor	124
virus may	124
large rna	124
two patients	124
potent inhibitor	124
within days	124
antiviral agent	124
patients receiving	124
nanotrap particles	124
virtual screening	124
host cellular	124
tract infection	124
positive patients	124
plaque assays	123
elongation factor	123
heart failure	123
log copies	123
swine influenza	123
virus species	123
mhv rna	123
nuclear translocation	123
endothelial growth	123
care unit	123
viral species	123
regulated genes	123
cystic fibrosis	123
pcr results	123
rheumatoid arthritis	123
studies will	123
extraction kit	123
protein production	123
potential target	123
using standard	123
expression system	123
cardiovascular disease	123
human pathogens	122
total protein	122
present work	122
rna stability	122
increased levels	122
inflammatory cytokine	122
yeast cells	122
molecule inhibitors	122
extraction methods	122
final volume	122
saliva samples	122
regression analysis	122
specific immune	122
group ii	122
antiviral state	122
structural changes	122
first report	122
nmr spectroscopy	122
identified using	122
also possible	122
complete nucleotide	122
mrna stability	122
negative samples	122
stimulated gene	121
hydrogen bonding	121
sample size	121
study also	121
evaluated using	121
genetic recombination	121
control samples	121
early phase	121
process control	121
insect cells	121
protein structures	121
translation efficiency	121
family coronaviridae	121
virus gene	121
helper virus	121
based therapeutics	121
pulmonary disease	121
conserved region	121
different regions	121
chronic hcv	121
healthy individuals	121
also performed	121
minus strand	121
ns protease	120
frameshift site	120
remains unknown	120
highly effective	120
calf serum	120
bacterial contamination	120
brain barrier	120
viral rdrp	120
proteins encoded	120
sirnas targeting	120
yeast two	120
also called	120
thermo scientific	120
qiaamp viral	120
viral assembly	120
isolated using	120
lentiviral vectors	119
therapeutic efficacy	119
potential targets	119
direct interaction	119
viral evolution	119
small intestine	119
general population	119
much less	119
conserved sequence	119
leaky scanning	119
nucleoside analogs	119
intrinsically disordered	119
probably due	118
cytopathic effects	118
per sample	118
restriction sites	118
cleavage products	118
blood safety	118
pathogenic avian	118
order nidovirales	118
primer pairs	118
expression data	118
restriction enzyme	118
fruit bats	117
specific manner	117
necrosis virus	117
gold standard	117
acute infection	117
mycobacterium tuberculosis	117
described earlier	117
infected pigs	117
many rna	117
infect humans	117
see section	117
relative abundance	117
acting elements	117
genomic regions	117
corona virus	117
single amino	117
drug target	117
chemical modification	117
surface area	117
cellular stress	117
three patients	117
knockout mice	117
virus protein	116
mitochondrial membrane	116
binding properties	116
related genes	116
diagnostic tools	116
nucleocapsid proteins	116
phylogenetic analyses	116
mediated endocytosis	116
lesser extent	116
signalling pathways	116
rhesus macaques	116
antigen expression	116
respiratory coronavirus	116
recently identified	116
cell function	116
newly discovered	116
body fluids	116
viral population	116
electron microscope	116
beta interferon	116
ic values	116
template switching	116
rna structural	116
three major	116
rna interaction	115
rna pseudoknots	115
neurodegenerative diseases	115
highly variable	115
muscle cells	115
infection cycle	115
host mrnas	115
powerful tool	115
using real	115
sequence information	115
protective effect	115
functional genomics	115
promoter activity	115
provide evidence	115
error bars	115
different strains	115
host responses	115
rna world	115
splice site	115
stop codons	115
viral dsrna	115
dna aptamer	115
rna aptamer	115
adhesion molecule	115
bat origin	114
using specific	114
hematopoietic stem	114
embryonic stem	114
primers used	114
presenting cells	114
data showed	114
substrate specificity	114
messenger rnas	114
delta virus	114
control groups	114
dna vaccines	114
linear regression	114
virus growth	114
like proteases	114
factors involved	114
pivotal role	114
one hand	114
one hour	114
arabidopsis thaliana	114
tissue damage	114
many studies	113
studies revealed	113
white spot	113
reproductive tract	113
host genome	113
exonuclease activity	113
replication proteins	113
data demonstrate	113
pseudoknot structure	113
cycle arrest	113
viral proteases	113
biochemical characterization	113
false negative	113
two main	113
rna complex	113
strand cdna	113
bacteriophage ms	113
assays using	113
rna chaperones	113
gene sequence	112
rna level	112
aug codons	112
human norovirus	112
density gradient	112
rna packaging	112
nsp complex	112
mrna encoding	112
accession numbers	112
negatively regulates	112
stromal cells	112
based amplification	112
affinity chromatography	112
per day	112
lipid droplets	112
cells showed	112
cause severe	112
virus genomic	112
rous sarcoma	112
immune complexes	112
transcription start	112
error rate	112
graphpad prism	112
progeny virus	112
increasing number	112
box rna	112
secondary antibodies	112
recombinant human	112
autologous blood	112
sensitive detection	111
shannon entropy	111
sense single	111
factors associated	111
cells well	111
dna sensing	111
recipient cells	111
new host	111
dependent protein	111
type diabetes	111
alkaline phosphatase	111
may facilitate	111
negative regulator	111
fully understood	111
clinical application	111
high specificity	111
highly efficient	111
virus vp	111
therapeutic options	111
rsv infection	110
replication transcription	110
nucleotide substitutions	110
severe respiratory	110
ms phage	110
candidate genes	110
clinical outcome	110
polypyrimidine tract	110
pcr reactions	110
terminal domains	110
guinea pigs	110
house virus	110
following infection	110
pancreatic cancer	110
flock house	110
natural selection	110
assessed using	110
long time	110
alb ts	109
sense strand	109
pcr primers	109
infection may	109
atomic force	109
major cause	109
purified rna	109
antiviral protein	109
ray crystallography	109
using anti	109
biologically active	109
progenitor cells	109
specific viral	109
like domain	109
infectious particles	109
healthy donors	109
replication machinery	109
cleavage activity	109
polyprotein processing	109
virus challenge	109
natural products	109
viral families	109
microarray analysis	109
randomized clinical	109
replicon rna	109
lipid metabolism	108
science foundation	108
leading cause	108
promoter region	108
still unclear	108
liver injury	108
structure elements	108
liver cancer	108
polyclonal antibody	108
therapeutic applications	108
oral administration	108
downstream signaling	108
acid changes	108
reverse genetic	108
viral strains	108
expression pattern	108
one case	108
new viral	108
ace expression	108
interacting protein	108
signalling pathway	108
using trizol	108
cytoplasmic rna	108
independent translation	108
potato virus	108
newly identified	108
largely unknown	108
gene segments	108
enveloped virus	108
positive controls	108
human parainfluenza	107
also included	107
apoptotic cells	107
detection system	107
veroe cells	107
major histocompatibility	107
hydrogen bond	107
virus populations	107
exogenous ncrnas	107
molecular diagnostic	107
related coronavirus	107
bacterial infection	107
tissue sections	107
late endosomes	107
respiratory viral	107
supporting information	107
efficient replication	107
cell epitopes	107
regulatory elements	107
african swine	107
low ph	107
virus spread	107
mrna delivery	107
age groups	107
reactive protein	107
diagnostic methods	107
surface plasmon	107
ribonucleic acid	107
dna fragment	107
respiratory failure	107
i ii	107
termination codon	106
investigated whether	106
potential antiviral	106
strand rnas	106
mediated rna	106
increasing concentrations	106
replicase protein	106
research institute	106
oligoadenylate synthetase	106
acid detection	106
open access	106
rdrp activity	106
signal amplification	106
ribosomal entry	106
molecular interactions	106
showed significant	106
positive result	106
canine coronavirus	106
immunocompromised patients	106
kg day	106
results demonstrated	106
cell monolayers	106
respiratory symptoms	106
structural information	106
diagnostic test	106
virus envelope	105
nsp proteins	105
small size	105
spike proteins	105
purifying selection	105
mutation frequency	105
rna splicing	105
clinical diagnosis	105
extracellular vesicle	105
coronavirus mhv	105
recent report	105
amplified using	105
mm kcl	105
web server	105
near future	105
body mass	105
viral reads	105
low molecular	105
muscular dystrophy	105
nucleoside analog	105
rna load	105
functional characterization	105
viral quasispecies	105
high expression	105
humoral immune	105
movement proteins	105
protein function	105
high concentrations	105
confidence interval	104
influenza pandemic	104
ribosome biogenesis	104
spot syndrome	104
primary antibodies	104
rna cleavage	104
transfusion services	104
cellular rnas	104
first case	104
significant changes	104
specific gene	104
intracellular membranes	104
bronchoalveolar lavage	104
reticulocyte lysate	104
human monoclonal	104
like structure	104
virus factories	104
stat pathway	104
dna polymerases	104
autoimmune disease	104
blood flow	104
genome encodes	104
specific primer	104
mutant spectrum	104
vertical transmission	104
highly structured	104
tumor cell	104
conserved across	103
i i	103
low viral	103
viral growth	103
expression plasmids	103
noncoding region	103
viral components	103
human blood	103
recent work	103
two rna	103
pore complex	103
expression plasmid	103
clinical disease	103
nasal swabs	103
potent antiviral	103
nucleolar localization	103
consensus sequences	103
virus vaccines	103
seq analysis	103
pathway analysis	103
specific interaction	103
protein ns	103
old world	103
human embryonic	103
viral detection	103
drosophila melanogaster	103
bluetongue virus	103
simultaneous detection	103
drug candidates	103
molecular modeling	103
res doi	102
transforming growth	102
disease caused	102
mitochondrial antiviral	102
also involved	102
sequence conservation	102
one day	102
dead box	102
poliovirus infection	102
prepared using	102
new antiviral	102
plasmon resonance	102
clinical manifestations	102
binding motif	102
test whether	102
donor selection	102
south korea	102
early diagnosis	102
nuclear proteins	102
mrna transcripts	102
antibody screening	102
surface expression	102
evolutionarily conserved	102
er membrane	102
chronic liver	101
cell extracts	101
human macrophages	101
ts mutants	101
study period	101
diagnostic tool	101
among rna	101
shock proteins	101
essential medium	101
viral protease	101
rich region	101
may reflect	101
particular interest	101
accessory protein	101
results suggested	101
binding region	101
induced cell	101
different methods	101
significant role	101
transcription polymerase	101
lipid bilayers	101
largest rna	101
infected vero	101
adipose tissue	101
fatality rate	101
functional role	101
close contact	101
recently developed	101
swab specimens	101
dna amplification	101
high mortality	101
starting point	101
median age	100
effective treatment	100
life sciences	100
cell populations	100
virus taxonomy	100
mediated signaling	100
shed light	100
selective pressure	100
proteolytic activity	100
coronavirus replicase	100
high prevalence	100
transplant recipients	100
like proteins	100
age group	100
biosafety level	100
coronavirus oc	100
multiplex pcr	100
interferon responses	100
rabbit polyclonal	100
liver biopsy	100
study using	100
correlation coefficient	100
genome segment	100
particle assembly	100
analytical sensitivity	100
virus shedding	100
cell population	99
envelope glycoproteins	99
internal ribosomal	99
polyclonal antibodies	99
immunofluorescence assay	99
prospective study	99
study demonstrated	99
therapeutic strategy	99
mediated translation	99
ethidium bromide	99
human host	99
reported previously	99
first described	99
stranded rnas	99
yellow head	99
cmv promoter	99
cancer progression	99
mouse brain	99
rnai pathway	99
growth kinetics	99
factor eif	99
mast cells	99
great potential	99
inflammatory diseases	99
epidermal growth	99
particle size	99
forming units	99
low concentrations	99
cell tropism	99
illumina miseq	99
infectious viral	99
bat coronaviruses	99
thank dr	99
electrostatic interactions	99
using either	99
performed according	99
defense mechanisms	98
cellular dna	98
nucleoside analogue	98
clinical isolates	98
acting rna	98
coronavirus sars	98
adverse reactions	98
rna capping	98
mock infected	98
cell lung	98
novel viruses	98
nuclear bodies	98
electron microscopic	98
still unknown	98
cpg dinucleotides	98
chronically infected	98
cell receptors	98
pathogen detection	98
mediated immune	98
i activation	98
publicly available	98
surface proteins	98
effective antiviral	98
hcl ph	98
lipid membranes	98
biological properties	98
vice versa	98
hcv replicon	98
chemical modifications	98
total cellular	98
adult patients	98
polymerase iii	98
transcription complex	98
sirna duplexes	98
solution structure	98
may indicate	98
respiratory infection	98
fully automated	98
model systems	98
novel antiviral	98
national blood	98
patients received	98
year old	98
go terms	97
body temperature	97
nucleotide identity	97
new viruses	97
provide new	97
without affecting	97
mhv replication	97
pulmonary fibrosis	97
cycle threshold	97
chemically synthesized	97
catalytic site	97
antiglobulin test	97
clinically significant	97
bl mice	97
tat protein	97
related proteins	97
past years	97
cellular genes	97
solid phase	97
genes associated	97
studies indicate	97
method using	97
regulatory role	97
rna products	97
well characterized	97
functional receptor	97
chikv nsp	97
standard deviations	97
coronavirus transcription	97
genome structure	97
rna translation	97
based vaccines	97
rna strands	97
ns helicase	97
containing protein	97
successfully used	97
national center	97
nested set	97
pi ka	97
viral spread	97
loop structures	97
effector cells	97
specific cell	97
liver fibrosis	97
healthy volunteers	96
samples obtained	96
liver tissue	96
mottle virus	96
target protein	96
nucleolar proteins	96
two weeks	96
thermofisher scientific	96
also show	96
inhibitors targeting	96
signal peptide	96
shrna expression	96
nkt cells	96
length genome	96
induced membrane	96
selection pressure	96
antiviral strategies	96
lactate dehydrogenase	96
borne viruses	96
gastroenteritis coronavirus	96
treatment options	96
biological function	96
metal ion	96
unwinding activity	96
cytoplasmic tail	96
leader trs	96
factor viii	96
virus replicase	96
also contains	96
vitro selection	96
two separate	96
dna sensor	96
significantly associated	96
viral transport	96
rna copy	96
virus infectivity	96
integral membrane	96
liquid nitrogen	96
entire genome	96
study revealed	95
rna disruption	95
aedes aegypti	95
agarose gels	95
rna production	95
signaling protein	95
dromedary camels	95
force microscopy	95
preliminary data	95
pedv nsp	95
viral metagenomics	95
viruses isolated	95
chronic obstructive	95
single dose	95
monkey kidney	95
blood service	95
dna molecules	95
dbt cells	95
reduced viral	95
inclusion bodies	95
conserved motifs	95
terminal sequences	95
persistent infections	95
also able	95
phase iii	95
rna dna	95
new therapeutic	95
healthy subjects	95
clinical outcomes	95
table i	95
encoded protein	95
novo initiation	95
deficient cells	95
nucleotide positions	95
foreign gene	94
urgent need	94