bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram frequency
public health292
infectious diseases279
infectious disease203
escherichia coli185
pathogen avoidance152
immune system145
immune responses141
immune response136
human pathogens112
enteric pathogens99
respiratory syndrome97
spa scores93
pathogen transmission91
ebola virus86
acute respiratory85
airborne pathogen84
respiratory tract82
drinking water80
respiratory disease79
infectious agents78
yersinia pestis78
indoor air75
genome sequencing73
vaccine development72
united states72
severe acute72
landscape genetics71
bacterial pathogens70
spa scale70
plant pathogens69
respiratory pathogens65
influenza virus64
emerging pathogens63
fecal contamination63
cord uid61
doc id61
ventilation rate61
host shifts61
antifungal activity60
disease emergence58
human populations57
pathogen genomics57
positive selection56
host species56
emerging infectious55
pathogen threat55
pathogenic bacteria54
risk assessment53
airborne transmission53
innate immune52
host immune52
infection risk52
pathogen species52
wastewater treatment51
foodborne pathogens50
risk factors50
water quality50
gene expression50
world health49
nucleic acid49
wide range48
disease outbreaks46
viral pathogens46
human health46
constructed wetlands46
airborne pathogens46
rna viruses45
landscape genetic45
waterborne pathogens45
pathogen exposure45
systematic review44
host defense44
health organization44
live attenuated44
zoonotic pathogens43
pathogen concentration43
whole genome43
th century43
salmonella enterica42
irrigation water42
human population42
virulence factors41
fresh produce41
antimicrobial resistance41
pathogen reduction41
adaptive immune40
infection control39
animal health39
pathogens may39
enteric pathogen39
pathogen detection38
disease control38
cell surface38
species transmission38
may also38
staphylococcus aureus38
pathogen interactions37
pathogen inactivation37
host range37
one health36
genetic diversity36
exposure assessments36
species richness36
bovine respiratory36
human genome36
disease surveillance36
environmental samples36
infl uenza35
climate change34
specific pathogens34
mycobacterium tuberculosis34
time pcr34
listeria monocytogenes34
human transmission33
food safety33
environmental conditions32
high levels32
innate immunity31
data sharing31
host cells31
host cell31
amino acid31
host population30
virus infection30
clinical trials30
positively selected30
disease transmission30
pathogen dispersion29
chronic fatigue29
developing countries29
ultraviolet light29
sequence data29
pathogen genomes29
generation sequencing28
antimicrobial activity28
syndrome coronavirus28
zika virus28
syncytial virus28
recent years28
control measures28
pathogen removal28
nucleic acids28
yellow fever28
fatigue syndrome28
syndromic surveillance28
cell wall28
wild primates28
respiratory syncytial27
certification programs27
infected individuals27
viral infections27
platelet concentrates27
pathogen spillover27
plasmodium falciparum27
large number27
protein ligand27
multiple pathogens27
obese target26
time series26
cell responses26
salmonella typhimurium26
animal pathogens26
virus transmission26
bacterial species26
essential oils26
fever virus26
disease risk26
genome sequence26
epithelial cells26
streptococcus pneumoniae25
endophytic fungus25
immunodeficiency virus25
sequencing technologies25
human disease25
antibody responses25
phylogenetic risk25
genomic data25
sexually transmitted25
emerging viruses25
many cases25
selective pressure24
drug resistance24
enterica serovar24
air pollution24
protein microarrays24
lyme disease24
relative humidity24
vaccine vectors24
immune cells24
botrytis cinerea24
red blood24
west africa24
health care24
plant pathogenic24
respiratory pathogen24
transmission dynamics23
human body23
human pathogen23
sexual transmission23
genetic variation23
human microbiome23
lower respiratory23
chain reaction23
bovine viral23
polymerase chain23
blood cells23
airborne infection23
also known23
ancient pathogen23
dna microarrays23
global burden23
population structure23
inflammatory response23
hiv infection23
rapid detection23
future research23
lactic acid23
fluid dynamics23
high throughput22
probiotic bacteria22
respiratory infections22
selected sites22
hong kong22
pathogen spread22
ventilation system22
depressive symptoms22
protein ligands22
transmission events22
new vaccine22
acquired pneumonia22
case study22
dna vaccines22
attenuated vaccines21
middle east21
human host21
organic compounds21
innate leukocytes21
tracer gas21
installing partitions21
human immunodeficiency21
direct contact21
constructed wetland21
fusarium oxysporum21
avian influenza21
west nile21
gut microbiome21
pathogen survival21
domestic animal21
new host21
surveillance system21
disease ecology21
phylogenetic analysis21
closely related21
causative agent21
antibiotic resistance21
black death21
opportunistic pathogens21
pathogen surveillance21
surface proteins20
important role20
vaccinia virus20
genetic data20
additional file20
domestic animals20
pathogenic viruses20
upper respiratory20
foodborne illness20
diarrhea virus20
genomic epidemiology20
intracellular pathogens20
natural selection20
pathogen patients20
phase i20
indicator bacteria20
human infectious20
animal populations20
ancient dna20
dual pathogens20
surface water20
throughput sequencing20
surface plasmon20
viral diarrhea20
pseudomonas aeruginosa20
tract infections20
population density20
years ago20
widely used19
infectious agent19
resistance genes19
water sources19
chronic diseases19
fecal coliforms19
secondary metabolites19
mass spectrometry19
nervous system19
gene products19
endophytic fungi19
emerging diseases19
cfu ml19
gastrointestinal tract19
adaptive immunity19
better understanding19
surface protein19
real time19
aquatic plants19
exposure assessment19
molecular methods19
air decontamination19
east respiratory19
host factors19
volatile organic19
plasmon resonance19
zoonotic infections19
detection methods19
recent studies19
young children19
several studies18
major depression18
pathogen counts18
health surveillance18
examined whether18
protein microarray18
like receptors18
barr virus18
water samples18
air quality18
sars coronavirus18
seasonal terms18
genes involved18
dna sequencing18
persistently infected18
enteric bacteria18
evolutionary history18
molecular techniques18
infection prevention18
novel pathogens18
global health18
pathogenic fungi18
airborne spread18
management practices18
rotavirus vaccine18
reemerging pathogens18
health professionals18
disease prevention18
gene flow18
new world17
pathogen source17
muscodor albus17
natural killer17
valley fever17
data set17
endophytic actinomycetes17
clostridium difficile17
new pathogens17
source tracking17
rift valley17
plant growth17
pathogen strain17
extracellular protein17
reservoir hosts17
pathogen interaction17
immune function17
barrier function17
serovar typhimurium17
pathogen prevalence17
environmental surfaces17
human cells17
vaccine safety17
plant extracts17
microbiome dysbiosis17
health risk17
clinical trial17
infect humans17
reduction technology17
wild animals17
viral infection17
germ aversion17
dna microarray17
many pathogens17
rhizoctonia solani17
aversive reactions17
microbial pathogens17
adaptive response17
plant pathogen17
cell culture17
host shift17
outbreak investigations17
social biases16
biological control16
tissue culture16
cfd simulation16
phase iii16
microarray technology16
microbial risk16
borne pathogens16
crispr cas16
avoidance motives16
fungal pathogens16
mutation rates16
specific pathogen16
different types16
surveillance systems16
campylobacter jejuni16
virus disease16
nipah virus16
molecular tools16
life cycle16
reactions toward16
disease resistance16
increased risk16
infected individual16
central nervous16
primate species16
enveloped viruses16
intervention strategies16
bacterial infections16
virus type16
genetic structure16
will also16
immune activation16
transmitted pathogens15
streptomyces sp15
plasma membrane15
cell death15
infectious pathogens15
innate response15
treatment processes15
recent advances15
high risk15
water treatment15
outlet locations15
plant roots15
host plant15
chronic inflammation15
respiratory system15
fecal indicator15
disease burden15
commercially available15
produce contamination15
borne transmission15
based methods15
disease outbreak15
old world15
laboratory submissions15
bacillus anthracis15
authors declare15
mammalian cells15
microbial communities15
clinical samples15
novel viruses15
arbuscular mycorrhizal15
salmonella spp15
salmonella enteritidis15
transmission pathways15
viral pathogen15
dilution effect15
may result15
bronze age15
trait pathogen15
bubonic plague15
risk alleles15
antigen discovery15
mosaic virus15
flow constructed15
lactobacillus casei15
like receptor15
increased inflammation15
source bed15
antigen receptor14
human immune14
health practice14
data sets14
communication engineering14
novel coronavirus14
evolutionary analysis14
respiratory viruses14
defense mechanisms14
lassa virus14
hemorrhagic fever14
individual differences14
multiplex pcr14
age group14
pathogen groups14
vaccine vector14
cause disease14
pathogen dna14
immunocompromised patients14
nile virus14
virulence factor14
bronchoalveolar lavage14
host interactions14
natural products14
blood components14
deep sequencing14
health benefits14
helicobacter pylori14
whole blood14
weather variables14
pathogenic microorganisms14
neutralizing antibodies14
new vaccines14
environmental health14
pathogen defense14
increased ventilation14
dn ds14
health outcomes14
targeted pathogens14
commonly used14
acute phase14
animal models14
adjacent beds14
species diversity14
competing interests14
given pathogen14
ambient temperature14
high affinity14
life history14
zoonotic pathogen14
pathogen contamination14
borne diseases14
control foodborne14
myalgic encephalomyelitis14
acid bacteria14
pathogen identification14
food production13
oral transmission13
field studies13
bacterial infection13
control strategies13
pathogen shedding13
crop loss13
equine encephalitis13
mhc class13
borrelia burgdorferi13
recipient host13
experimental manipulations13
zoonotic viruses13
reservoir host13
pathogens will13
contact rates13
microbial community13
lassa fever13
surface receptor13
high rates13
natural infection13
antimicrobial peptides13
protein interactions13
based biosensors13
humoral immune13
saharan africa13
viral respiratory13
significant differences13
one pathogen13
outbreak detection13
early warning13
pathogen disgust13
microbial contamination13
among children13
pathogen sequence13
protein interaction13
viral mono13
united kingdom13
contaminated water13
cohort study13
measles virus13
antigen presentation13
situational pathogen13
bacterial contamination13
human pathogenic13
host immunity13
hiv aids13
bacterial pathogen13
refl ect13
north america13
income countries13
intercept tm13
recent developments13
wide variety13
land use13
influenza viruses13
lattice boltzmann13
genetic recombination12
animal model12
spillover risk12
environmental exposure12
cfd method12
disease spread12
surface waters12
causal agent12
deaths due12
dengue virus12
laden droplets12
pathogen community12
species pathogen12
human society12
host specificity12
fungal cell12
foodborne disease12
raw materials12
emerging pathogen12
two types12
proinflammatory cytokines12
treatment systems12
vaccine efficacy12
plant material12
bioactive compounds12
potential pathogens12
least one12
dendritic cells12
health agencies12
transmission mechanisms12
significantly reduced12
infected host12
randomized controlled12
central africa12
organic wastes12
quantitative pcr12
recipient hosts12
experimental manipulation12
clinical practice12
currently available12
environmental factors12
effector cells12
will likely12
health status12
preclinical studies12
water distribution12
among humans12
single nucleotide12
cell line12
human infection12
antibody response12
less likely12
ad hoc12
naturally occurring12
mutation rate12
emerging disease12
zoonotic diseases12
total number12
second protein12
based detection12
blood cell12
simultaneous detection12
selective pressures12
pathogen virulence12
molecular evolution12
computational fluid12
genetic material12
dna vaccine12
situationally activated12
airborne bacteria12
vaccine candidate12
pathogens like12
phytopathogenic fungi12
quantitative microbial12
infecting humans12
vaccination programs12
respiratory infection12
red queen11
high removal11
broad spectrum11
environmental water11
added value11
molecular patterns11
yersinia pseudotuberculosis11
viral surface11
vaccines based11
complete genome11
depressive disorder11
comparative genomics11
plant species11
fecal coliform11
pathogen genetic11
high level11
class i11
microbial genomes11
vegetative bacteria11
animal species11
risk assessments11
enterohemorrhagic escherichia11
false positive11
genome sequences11
another example11
psychosocial stress11
epithelial barrier11
vaccine candidates11
haemophilus influenzae11
pathogen control11
population centers11
controlled trial11
occupational health11
molecular biology11
bacterial genomes11
mixed infections11
airborne particles11
domestic wastewater11
shiga toxin11
human diseases11
methods used11
health risks11
major depressive11
immune cell11
diarrhea deaths11
transmission amplifiers11
pathogen may11
air supply11
host bacteria11
clinical microbiology11
pathogen genome11
oral route11
biologically active11
infected cells11
virus genomes11
antigen receptors11
perceived infectability11
human evolution11
rrna gene11
haploid cell11
natural ventilation11
adaptive leukocytes11
phage display11
reactive protein11
microbial species11
membrane protein11
oxidative stress11
sustained human11
control study11
nk cell11
first step11
natural immunity11
behavioral responses11
community similarity11
close contact10
host populations10
outbreak response10
immune protection10
significant reduction10
chikungunya virus10
participants completed10
technological advances10
frequently used10
genes encoding10
enteric infections10
body fluids10
inaktivierung von10
clinical diagnosis10
inflammatory responses10
droplet nuclei10
chronic pathogen10
antimicrobial compounds10
cryptosporidium parvum10
clinical disease10
disease caused10
genome analysis10
pathogen proteins10
white blood10
zoonotic disease10
genetic studies10
treatment plants10
immune defenses10
produce safety10
antimicrobial agents10
cellular receptor10
high virulence10
seasonal influenza10
st century10
neisseria meningitidis10
great apes10
indoor environments10
rights reserved10
inpatient studies10
individual patient10
encephalomyelitis chronic10
dna viruses10
current status10
whether spa10
index case10
pathogen sharing10
microbial source10
vibrio cholerae10
adaptive responses10
safety concerns10
organic acids10
model fit10
spillover events10
resistant staphylococcus10
subsurface flow10
disease progression10
next generation10
sickness behavior10
recent study10
francisella tularensis10
rural bangladesh10
population growth10
infectious bioaerosols10
leaf spot10
membrane proteins10
pandemic influenza10
major role10
protective immune10
pregnant women10
acid extraction10
modern day10
emerging zoonotic10
genomic surveillance10
subunit vaccines10
viral vectors10
experimental conditions10
previously unknown10
human viruses10
high mutation10
pathogen communities10
target dna10
organic solvents10
aerobiology chamber10
digital epidemiology10
coliform bacteria10
risks associated10
control practitioners10
pathogen diversity10
clostridium perfringens10
disease process10
based vaccine10
peripheral blood10
pathogens using10
infection may10
farm animals10
inflammatory disease10
foodborne diseases10
pathogens associated10
new infections10
disease detection10
vast majority10
stranded rna10
health activities10
high sensitivity10
inflammatory biomarkers10
final product10
antifungal activities10
novel human10
bacterial mono10
sample collection10
cell receptor10
even though10
airborne infections10
food chain10
environmental variables10
european union10
higher levels10
different environmental10
monoclonal antibodies10
breast milk10
adenovirus vectors10
major human10
activated pathogen10
pathogen pairs10
immune systems10
effective vaccines10
receptor binding10
animal diseases10
comparative study10
disease research10
incubation period10
past decade10
general population9
probiotic strains9
virus vaccine9
large droplets9
recombinant probiotic9
clinical metagenomics9
situ hybridization9
simulation model9
also included9
relatively low9
root rot9
two pathogens9
onward transmission9
might also9
campylobacter spp9
will require9
every year9
pathogens causing9
resistant bacteria9
mean proportion9
feedlot cattle9
many countries9
measurement error9
airborne survival9
acquired immune9
surveillance data9
genetic variability9
broad range9
disease study9
simulation results9
infected animals9
systematic analysis9
quality monitoring9
directly transmitted9
sewage sludge9
host types9
cytokine activation9
intestinal barrier9
may increase9
last decade9
plague pandemic9
removal efficiency9
research teams9
molecular beacons9
may provide9
pcr assay9
will need9
virus entry9
wildlife populations9
antifungal compounds9
causative agents9
forecasting system9
certification standard9
intestinal epithelial9
depressed individuals9
regulatory authorities9
molecular mechanisms9
increasing number9
negative bacteria9
protective effect9
lactobacillus rhamnosus9
rapid identification9
dna damage9
disease informatics9
blood supply9
associated pneumonia9
microbiological quality9
new approaches9
previously unrecognized9
gut microbiota9
target cell9
mouth disease9
municipal wastewater9
disease agents9
population size9
well known9
factors affecting9
cell types9
susceptible hosts9
data providers9
sars epidemic9
infectious causation9
biological activity9
nk cells9
dna sequences9
environmental contamination9
external exposure9
us centers9
global trends9
community structure9
initial infection9
raw material9
oie list9
pathogens detected9
sequence information9
psychological stress9
pathogen evolution9
arms race9
identify novel9
transmission within9
persistent infection9
past years9
one study9
healthy subjects9
leading cause9
mortality rates9
healthy individuals9
data collection9
transmission among9
viral diversity9
platelets treated9
epidemiological studies9
studies suggest9
animal reservoirs9
molecular mimicry9
high density9
medicinal plant9
mean proportions9
extracellular host9
virus particles9
microbiome communities9
pathogen concentrations9
effect size9
development efforts9
herpes simplex9
past exposure9
amino acids9
pseudomonas syringae9
sensitive detection9
defense responses9
may help9
across human9
using riboflavin9
indicator organisms9
pathogens involved9
using cfd9
mathematical models9
aerosol transmission9
pathogen infection9
data end9
natural history9
examples include9
protein array9
ecological niche9
intestinal microbiota9
right now9
much lower9
many years9
microbial world9
metagenomic sequencing9
lymph nodes9
decontamination technologies9
organic matter9
pathogen infections9
viral genome9
another study9
viral particles9
pathogen activity9
white targets9
study found9
microarray analysis9
outlet location9
host defenses9
may affect9
wildlife species9
new technologies9
highly pathogenic8
plant defense8
nonhuman primates8
human blood8
will continue8
inflammatory conditions8
transferrin receptor8
rheumatoid arthritis8
cryptosporidium spp8
encephalitis virus8
waterborne diseases8
zoonotic transmission8
pathogen emergence8
digital pathogen8
diagnostic test8
available data8
different pathogens8
vertical flow8
biocontrol agents8
plant protection8
internal exposure8
soil type8
drug targets8
future studies8
infectious dose8
poorly understood8
population genetic8
sequencing technology8
health significance8
two species8
cell receptors8
based forecasting8
viral rna8
disease management8
tohuman transmission8
several years8
diseases caused8
psychological processes8
rna virus8
previously published8
income settings8
vaccine strategies8
theraflex uv8
pathogen density8
sample size8
side effects8
pathogen dynamics8
specific immune8
vapour pressure8
social defeat8
environmental protection8
may require8
viral entry8
borne pathogen8
population dynamics8
ventilation systems8
pathogenic contamination8
large numbers8
acute infectious8
surveillance efforts8
acute infection8
spatial genetic8
coli nissle8
protozoan pathogens8
animal host8
contaminated manure8
biosecurity practices8
pasteurella multocida8
microbial culture8
microbial diversity8
inflammatory activity8
genetic conflicts8
total coliform8
attenuated vaccine8
epidemiological data8
outbreaks associated8
geographic range8
root zone8
salicylic acid8
acinetobacter baumannii8
also important8
novel vaccine8
infected cell8
south america8
see additional8
negative results8
zoonotic event8
south korea8
respiratory systems8
mycorrhizal fungi8
threat condition8
previous work8
first protein8
airborne human8
airborne influenza8
spike protein8
also used8
transmission route8
water supplies8
sample processing8
bacterial cell8
pneumonic plague8
inlet outlet8
studies conducted8
sars outbreak8
bacterial toxins8
surface flow8
infectious risk8
enteric viruses8
protection agency8
also called8
slightly higher8
supplementary material8
human clinical8
necrosis factor8
virulence genes8
dispersion patterns8
host plants8
health emergencies8
pollution exposure8
legionella pneumophila8
factors influencing8
evolutionary time8
clinical symptoms8
human papillomavirus8
maximum likelihood8
associated molecular8
modern world8
pathogens also8
various pathogens8
virus replication8
reverse transcriptase8
body temperature8
two decades8
condition without8
molecular dating8
provide evidence8
also observed8
disease complex8
study using8
microbiological safety8
experimental studies8
viable cells8
diarrheal deaths8
different levels8
stranded dna8
infected hosts8
pathogenic fungus8
parasite species8
moral disgust8
key role8
giardia lamblia8
first time8
early stages8
resistance gene8
recent work8
significantly higher8
useful tool8
associated pathogens8
pattern recognition8
pathogens including8
virus families8
memory cells8
critical review8
many different8
behavioral immune8
data integration8
based techniques8
free water8
participants also8
th cells8
disease symptoms8
diagnostic tests8
low ph8
class ii8
binding partners8
early detection8
host proteins8
certification program8
including bacteria8
producing escherichia8
negative pressure8
pathogen load8
tof ms8
virus discovery8
susceptible individuals8
transmit via8
pathogen studies8
inactivate pathogens8
alien species8
beneficial effects8
protective efficacy8
case studies8
opportunistic pathogen8
long time8
rabies virus8
immigrant targets8
landscape features8
healthy animals8
intestinal tract8
respiratory syndromes8
linked immunosorbent8
correlation coefficients8
animal contact8
epithelial cell8
genomic dna8
determine whether8
analysis reveals8
severe disease8
essential oil8
immune changes8
extracellular proteins8
binding protein8
virus vaccines8
limited number8
lactobacillus plantarum8
chronic disease8
recombinant dna8
acquired immunity8
nanopore sequencing8
small number8
newly emerging8
environmental risk8
beef calves8
recombinant vaccine8
hygienic safety8
transmission via8
microbial water8
biosecurity management8
cell activation8
decision support8
health impacts8
human cytomegalovirus8
child health8
bacterial communities8
resistance surfaces8
global distribution7
management strategies7
may occur7
eppi discovery7
action plan7
porous media7
specific antigen7
disease avoidance7
primary pathogens7
cell entry7
critical role7
air distribution7
simplex virus7
photochemically treated7
van der7
health concern7
important factor7
airborne infectious7
cell screens7
lessons learned7
genomic analysis7
range infections7
histocompatibility complex7
contaminated food7
pathogens without7
supporting information7
herpes viruses7
weight gain7
adverse environmental7
log reduction7
disease epidemiology7
vaccine immunogenicity7
may influence7
reproductive success7
target pathogens7
national surveillance7
oligonucleotide probes7
world monkeys7
great potential7
protective immunity7
transmission models7
molecular diagnostics7
water resources7
control condition7
ancestral environments7
per day7
biological factors7
horizontal subsurface7
better understand7
cerebrospinal fluid7
influenza vaccines7
primate host7
successive infection7
different species7
vaccination program7
bipolar disorder7
poliovirus type7
parainfluenza virus7
confer protection7
dead cells7
highly variable7
higher pathogen7
reemerging species7
microbial genomics7
stool samples7
photochemical inactivation7
sample preparation7
exposure science7
now available7
wastewater using7
digestive tract7
animal reservoir7
relatively high7
human activities7
pathogens cause7
pathogen will7
vaccine approaches7
mechanisms underlying7
water systems7
health approach7
published maps7
see table7
pathogen antigens7
quorum sensing7
laboratory counts7
diarrheal disease7
priority list7
must also7
randomly assigned7
modified vaccinia7
gene transfer7
major impact7
air samples7
jurisdictional claims7
antigen delivery7
remains neutral7
enterica serotype7
inflammatory pathways7
superspreading events7
experimental data7
index method7
major challenge7
readily available7
new viruses7
respiratory illness7
waterborne disease7
genetic analysis7
food consumption7
ngs technologies7
give rise7
will lead7
fungi isolated7
wales hospital7
distribution systems7
low concentration7
new disease7
particulate matter7
disease states7
die autoren7
bacterial detection7
literature review7
pcr amplification7
transmitted via7
pathogen growth7
transmitted diseases7
clinically relevant7
human protein7
virus infections7
immune memory7
significantly increased7
descriptive statistics7
bacillus subtilis7
pathogen screening7
acid residues7
social media7
several advantages7
pestis genomes7
genomic era7
health experts7
either directly7
rural areas7
disease events7
intensive care7
plant host7
cell lines7
medicinal plants7
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