bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
respiratory tract	3324
virus infection	2995
respiratory syncytial	2140
acute respiratory	2090
syncytial virus	2051
viral infections	2048
influenza virus	1949
immune response	1735
infection control	1678
united states	1513
clinical signs	1432
viral infection	1426
infectious diseases	1317
risk factors	1273
respiratory infections	1262
epithelial cells	1259
respiratory syndrome	1252
immune responses	1251
transplant recipients	1238
lower respiratory	1229
tract infections	1197
respiratory viruses	1191
intensive care	1174
health care	1163
immune system	1152
may also	1043
upper respiratory	1020
severe acute	1016
staphylococcus aureus	1004
hand hygiene	989
public health	932
bone marrow	896
virus infections	885
type i	855
influenza viruses	766
tract infection	760
nk cells	759
bacterial infections	751
care unit	747
infected cells	740
nervous system	733
viral replication	721
systematic review	716
innate immune	707
immunodeficiency virus	698
mg kg	667
human metapneumovirus	661
herpes simplex	649
doc id	647
cord uid	647
gene expression	640
may occur	639
infectious disease	635
respiratory infection	629
young children	615
increased risk	604
respiratory viral	601
stem cell	594
influenza infection	593
central nervous	572
respiratory disease	571
bacterial infection	566
lymph nodes	558
viral load	555
guinea pigs	551
virus replication	550
rsv infection	546
avian influenza	546
chain reaction	542
pregnant women	535
polymerase chain	532
urinary tract	531
hiv infection	530
clinical trials	530
novel coronavirus	528
dengue virus	525
nosocomial infections	514
severe disease	513
respiratory distress	506
animal models	506
dendritic cells	504
respiratory virus	498
common cold	495
simplex virus	495
breast milk	493
zika virus	492
human immunodeficiency	490
escherichia coli	487
immunocompromised patients	481
pandemic influenza	475
infected patients	475
risk factor	473
inflammatory response	473
weight loss	471
infectious agents	456
west nile	453
antiviral activity	451
peripheral blood	450
rhinovirus infection	450
host cell	446
ebola virus	444
infection may	441
hemorrhagic fever	440
clinical manifestations	440
healthcare workers	432
syndrome coronavirus	429
virus type	429
fungal infections	428
respiratory illness	427
viral rna	427
otitis media	424
resistant staphylococcus	420
cell culture	418
infection rates	418
lung transplant	417
hong kong	412
incubation period	406
viral respiratory	406
gastrointestinal tract	400
cell lines	395
acquired pneumonia	393
controlled trial	392
years old	389
differential diagnosis	386
critically ill	385
infection prevention	385
amino acid	382
nile virus	381
cell responses	381
case report	380
clinical features	380
nk cell	379
nosocomial infection	376
coronavirus disease	373
antibiotic therapy	370
cell transplantation	370
pseudomonas aeruginosa	369
host immune	369
prospective study	368
world health	366
disease control	365
high risk	363
mg dl	362
direct contact	361
clinical disease	361
infected mice	360
parainfluenza virus	359
infected individuals	358
nucleic acid	357
time pcr	357
developing countries	357
streptococcus pneumoniae	357
human rhinovirus	356
natural killer	353
may result	352
seasonal influenza	352
control measures	351
monoclonal antibodies	350
disease severity	349
cell death	349
clinical symptoms	348
important role	347
mortality rate	347
pulmonary disease	340
infection rate	338
immune cells	338
mouse model	338
one study	337
middle east	335
monoclonal antibody	334
solid organ	333
respiratory symptoms	333
cystic fibrosis	331
necrosis factor	327
secondary bacterial	326
adaptive immune	326
hematopoietic stem	324
inflammatory cytokines	320
hospitalized patients	320
health organization	320
primary immunodeficiency	318
host cells	318
antimicrobial resistance	317
may cause	317
experimental infection	314
lung disease	314
nitric oxide	313
fever virus	312
neonatal intensive	312
neutralizing antibodies	311
infl uenza	311
bacterial pneumonia	311
mycobacterium tuberculosis	310
organ transplant	309
liver disease	307
central venous	304
innate immunity	300
may lead	298
common cause	297
mechanical ventilation	296
rna viruses	295
clinical presentation	294
distress syndrome	293
human bocavirus	292
clinical trial	291
clostridium difficile	289
severe cases	286
antibiotic treatment	284
mortality rates	283
general population	283
asthma exacerbations	282
significantly higher	282
high levels	280
septic shock	278
endothelial cells	278
clinical characteristics	277
primary infection	276
tumor necrosis	275
antibody response	274
care units	274
antimicrobial therapy	274
associated infections	272
recent study	271
rv infection	270
respiratory failure	270
cohort study	268
least one	267
care workers	266
encephalitis virus	266
north america	266
human respiratory	265
side effects	264
cell types	264
vertical transmission	264
infected animals	264
electron microscopy	261
ill patients	261
cell surface	260
antimicrobial agents	260
renal failure	259
nipah virus	259
coronavirus infection	257
host response	256
antibody responses	255
like receptor	255
cell transplant	255
respiratory pathogens	254
recent studies	254
influenza vaccine	253
abdominal pain	253
infections may	253
clinical practice	253
per year	252
commonly used	250
east respiratory	250
blood cultures	249
lung transplantation	248
among children	248
severe respiratory	247
infections caused	247
high mortality	246
stranded rna	246
care facilities	244
immune deficiency	243
small intestine	243
highly pathogenic	243
cd cd	242
closely related	241
age groups	240
mononuclear cells	239
yellow fever	239
antibiotic resistance	239
chlamydia pneumoniae	237
sore throat	237
chronic obstructive	237
animal model	237
opportunistic infections	237
lung injury	235
several studies	233
cmv infection	233
statistically significant	233
bronchoalveolar lavage	233
flow cytometry	232
acute infection	232
rotavirus infection	232
barr virus	232
bacterial pathogens	231
total number	231
associated pneumonia	231
mice infected	231
guinea pig	230
bloodstream infections	230
i ifn	229
cytokine production	229
human coronavirus	229
valley fever	229
vaccine development	228
transplant patients	227
rift valley	225
sendai virus	225
body fluids	224
viral shedding	224
tract disease	224
pediatric patients	223
class i	222
cd cells	222
negative bacteria	222
alveolar macrophages	222
combined immunodeficiency	221
adult patients	220
may develop	220
obstructive pulmonary	219
acute phase	218
present study	218
large number	217
patients infected	216
hepatitis virus	216
infected cats	216
sars coronavirus	216
type ii	214
life cycle	214
clinical course	213
causative agent	213
higher risk	212
live attenuated	212
recent years	212
physical examination	212
randomized controlled	211
among patients	210
days post	210
i interferon	209
viral pathogens	209
wide range	209
adverse events	207
protective equipment	206
viral proteins	206
age group	206
disease progression	206
diabetes mellitus	205
rights reserved	205
experimentally infected	205
united kingdom	205
zoster virus	204
viral pneumonia	204
host defense	204
immune function	204
hospitalized children	204
lung function	203
viral loads	203
leukemia virus	203
multiple sclerosis	203
lymph node	202
rhinovirus infections	202
may contribute	201
data suggest	201
chronic infection	200
interstitial pneumonia	200
persistent infection	200
influenza vaccination	200
major cause	200
cell line	199
cytokine storm	199
cell count	199
body weight	199
care settings	198
chikungunya virus	198
infections among	197
infl ammatory	197
neutralizing antibody	197
vaccinia virus	197
within days	196
organ transplantation	196
respiratory secretions	196
feline immunodeficiency	195
antibody titers	195
increased susceptibility	195
human infection	195
human disease	194
airway epithelial	194
soft tissue	193
resistant strains	193
patients may	193
introduction background	193
performed using	193
antiviral therapy	193
heart failure	192
birth weight	191
measles virus	190
haemophilus influenzae	190
less common	190
experimental rhinovirus	190
mucous membranes	189
antibiotic use	189
like illness	189
disease virus	188
marrow transplantation	188
clinical studies	188
blood cells	187
new york	186
previously described	186
clinical isolates	186
even though	186
severe covid	186
infected children	186
iav infection	184
epithelial cell	184
naturally occurring	184
recurrent infections	184
influenza pandemic	183
lymphocytic choriomeningitis	183
renal transplant	183
confirmed cases	182
viral entry	182
patient care	182
chronic hepatitis	182
also found	182
viral particles	181
amino acids	181
natural infection	181
severe infections	180
one patient	179
fungal infection	179
study group	179
control study	179
marrow transplant	178
early diagnosis	178
tissue culture	178
airway inflammation	177
laboratory mice	177
adenovirus infection	177
human influenza	177
middle ear	177
also known	177
skin lesions	176
heart disease	176
commercially available	176
hiv aids	176
ng ml	176
control practices	176
viral clearance	176
disease caused	176
cov infection	175
another study	175
adaptive immunity	174
personal protective	174
may include	174
pcr assay	173
inflammatory responses	173
severe combined	172
neonatal sepsis	172
also occur	172
antiviral agents	171
binding protein	171
hcv infection	171
infectious virus	171
pulmonary infection	171
family members	171
protective immunity	171
reverse transcription	170
infection risk	170
critical care	170
patients receiving	170
cerebrospinal fluid	168
antiviral drugs	168
virus vaccine	168
white blood	168
bowel disease	167
mycoplasma pneumoniae	167
blood culture	167
antiretroviral therapy	167
close contact	167
acquired infections	167
infection occurs	167
infl ammation	166
cell function	166
widely used	166
become infected	165
organ failure	165
diagnostic tests	165
virus particles	165
broad spectrum	165
pcr assays	165
respiratory diseases	164
virus disease	164
rabies virus	164
study period	164
drug resistance	164
author funder	163
blood cell	163
median age	163
rsv infections	163
granted medrxiv	163
significant differences	163
cancer patients	162
severe hepatitis	162
signaling pathways	162
cell proliferation	162
factors associated	162
reverse transcriptase	162
per day	162
virus isolation	162
rna virus	162
significant difference	161
controlled trials	161
mhc class	161
high prevalence	161
mouse hepatitis	161
fatality rate	160
advisory committee	160
mean age	160
intravenous immunoglobulin	160
tissue damage	160
laboratory animal	160
viral genome	159
coronavirus infections	159
choriomeningitis virus	159
copyright holder	159
infections due	158
previous studies	158
clinical outcomes	158
pleural effusion	158
cell receptor	158
cytomegalovirus infection	158
retrospective study	158
neutropenic patients	157
pneumoniae infection	157
mouse models	157
reactive protein	156
healthcare settings	156
rhesus macaques	156
young adults	156
cell cultures	156
chest radiograph	155
rheumatoid arthritis	155
killer cells	155
definitive diagnosis	155
adverse effects	155
clinical samples	155
venous catheters	155
first year	155
immune globulin	155
parainfluenza viruses	154
disease may	154
bloodstream infection	154
host factors	154
viral diseases	154
supportive care	153
term care	153
preterm infants	153
leading cause	153
adenovirus type	152
cause severe	152
like receptors	152
protein kinase	152
inflammatory bowel	152
klebsiella pneumoniae	152
may provide	152
see chapter	151
tritrichomonas foetus	151
case reports	150
mediated immunity	150
infection among	150
national institute	150
specific antibodies	150
standard precautions	149
replacement therapy	149
virus may	148
infectious complications	148
older adults	148
children aged	148
early stages	148
face masks	148
endemic areas	147
lung tissue	147
research complications	147
class ii	147
study showed	147
randomized trial	146
control group	146
inflammatory cells	146
liver failure	146
japanese encephalitis	145
made available	145
blood samples	145
emergency department	145
intestinal tract	145
human herpesvirus	144
different types	144
spinal cord	144
naturally infected	144
feline leukemia	144
large numbers	144
airborne transmission	144
may play	143
logistic regression	143
version posted	142
differentially expressed	142
airway obstruction	142
cell activation	142
early stage	142
blood vessels	142
high fever	142
specific antibody	141
significantly lower	141
may help	141
rna polymerase	141
acute care	141
low birth	141
also cause	140
cellular immune	140
two patients	140
natural history	140
two different	140
fi rst	139
two groups	139
chronic lung	139
social distancing	138
shock syndrome	138
hand washing	138
older children	138
pulmonary infections	138
related infections	138
time points	138
often associated	137
cell response	137
acute otitis	137
invasive aspergillosis	137
red blood	137
severe pneumonia	137
acute lower	137
university hospital	136
viral dna	136
proinflammatory cytokines	136
determine whether	136
low levels	136
stem cells	136
studies suggest	136
hrv infection	135
case fatality	135
affected animals	135
transplant recipient	135
sequence analysis	135
cell counts	135
liver transplantation	135
bovine viral	135
dengue fever	134
human cases	134
drinking water	134
within hours	134
reported cases	134
immune cell	134
identifi ed	134
virus strains	133
year old	133
negative bacilli	133
following infection	133
see table	133
clinical specimens	133
infections associated	133
dengue infection	133
immune dysregulation	132
oxidative stress	132
developed countries	132
multiplex pcr	132
abstract case	132
person transmission	132
human adenovirus	132
south america	132
well tolerated	132
hendra virus	132
laboratory animals	132
report text	132
results suggest	132
herpes virus	132
secondary infections	131
human transmission	131
year period	131
nursing homes	131
human beings	131
growth factor	131
resistant organisms	131
exome sequencing	131
may become	130
pneumocystis carinii	130
fi ndings	130
nosocomial transmission	130
randomised controlled	130
infectious agent	130
nasal discharge	130
mast cells	130
bronchial epithelial	129
hbv infection	129
combination therapy	129
cause disease	129
immunosorbent assay	129
cryptosporidium parvum	129
premature infants	129
molecular epidemiology	129
cell membrane	128
surgical site	128
may present	128
may require	128
viral disease	127
adhesion molecule	127
phase i	127
environmental contamination	126
metapneumovirus infection	126
respiratory illnesses	126
rsv bronchiolitis	126
swine influenza	126
healthy controls	126
acquired immunodeficiency	126
linked immunosorbent	126
also observed	126
domestic animals	126
previously reported	126
acute viral	125
viral antigens	125
patients treated	125
rhinovirus colds	125
immunodeficiency syndrome	125
bronchiolitis obliterans	125
viral antigen	125
cord blood	124
blood pressure	124
diarrhea virus	124
young infants	124
syndrome virus	124
lower airways	124
emerging infectious	123
wide variety	123
bacterial meningitis	123
pulmonary edema	123
several days	123
structural proteins	123
adult mice	123
canine distemper	122
dendritic cell	122
aged years	122
severe sepsis	122
viral protein	122
important cause	121
common variable	121
resistant bacteria	121
hsv infection	121
oral route	121
international license	121
type iii	121
body temperature	121
twice daily	120
immunocompromised hosts	120
invasive fungal	120
case series	120
authors declare	120
cell wall	120
initial infection	120
medical care	120
disease burden	120
first months	120
evidence suggests	119
target cells	119
toxoplasma gondii	119
nasal secretions	119
varicella zoster	119
susceptibility testing	119
infection model	119
human health	119
clinical microbiology	119
small animal	119
laboratory findings	119
three times	119
cmv disease	119
deficient mice	118
tested positive	118
viruses may	118
host range	118
human parainfluenza	118
infectious mononucleosis	118
room temperature	118
patients without	118
signaling pathway	118
chest pain	117
increased mortality	117
human milk	117
several weeks	117
common respiratory	117
significantly reduced	117
critical role	117
lg ml	117
mast cell	117
long term	117
i ifns	117
severe illness	116
primary care	116
herpes zoster	116
necrotizing enterocolitis	116
risk patients	116
specific cd	116
preventive measures	116
killer cell	116
myeloid cells	116
virus vaccines	116
contact precautions	116
income countries	115
environmental surfaces	115
otherwise healthy	115
blood mononuclear	115
listeria monocytogenes	115
endothelial cell	115
toxic shock	115
infection induces	115
immunosuppressive therapy	115
humoral immune	115
kg day	115
healthy adults	114
respiratory system	114
hepatic encephalopathy	114
heart transplant	114
granulomatous disease	114
viral diarrhea	114
viral culture	114
taken together	114
hospital infection	113
serum antibody	113
virus transmission	113
clinical findings	113
cells may	113
foreign body	113
immunodeficient mice	113
nucleic acids	113
virulence factors	113
immune complexes	113
situ hybridization	112
currently available	112
lymphoid tissue	112
campylobacter jejuni	112
antiviral treatment	112
converting enzyme	112
lassa fever	112
equine encephalitis	112
nonhuman primates	112
potential role	112
vitro activity	112
fl uid	111
induced asthma	111
family history	111
pathogenic avian	111
haemorrhagic fever	111
viral titers	111
last years	111
foreign bodies	111
human infections	111
biofilm formation	111
human coronaviruses	111
cellular immunity	110
zikv infection	110
serum samples	110
positive results	110
viral etiology	110
healthy individuals	110
many cases	110
patients undergoing	110
hospital stay	110
inflammatory cytokine	110
vero cells	110
million people	110
also may	110
mouth disease	110
high incidence	110
primary immunodeficiencies	110
less likely	110
phylogenetic analysis	110
adenovirus infections	110
whole blood	109
patients admitted	109
real time	109
cell lymphoma	109
aids patients	109
gross lesions	109
environmental factors	109
plasma cells	109
also important	109
high level	109
ct scan	109
nasal cavity	109
antibiotic prophylaxis	109
clinical data	109
chronic bronchitis	108
gene therapy	108
treatment options	108
molecular methods	108
cells infected	108
study conducted	108
vaccine candidates	108
chest radiographs	108
binding lectin	108
studies using	108
small number	108
children hospitalized	108
severe infection	108
expression levels	108
receptor binding	108
virus shedding	108
care facility	108
transmission occurs	107
signifi cant	107
rhodococcus equi	107
pet birds	107
acute lung	107
contaminated food	107
clinical outcome	107
saudi arabia	107
drug resistant	107
reactive oxygen	107
bacterial co	107
signs include	107
commonly associated	107
fatal cases	107
least two	107
healthy children	107
underlying disease	107
infection due	107
common clinical	107
renal function	106
may increase	106
hospital admission	106
secondary infection	106
defense mechanisms	106
patients received	106
significant increase	106
community acquired	106
molecular biology	106
first time	106
transcription factor	106
helicobacter pylori	106
findings suggest	106
virus entry	106
significantly increased	105
fatty acids	105
acute exacerbations	105
hsct recipients	105
severe clinical	105
dengue hemorrhagic	105
lower airway	105
rsv disease	105
spectrum antibiotics	105
immune status	105
inclusion bodies	105
mg ml	105
liver function	105
acinetobacter baumannii	105
may reduce	105
first infection	105
highly contagious	104
atopic dermatitis	104
much higher	104
risk assessment	104
inflammatory mediators	104
clinical illness	104
european countries	104
disseminated intravascular	104
hematopoietic cell	104
peer review	104
new infections	104
respiratory epithelium	104
mouse colonies	104
informed consent	104
protein expression	104
influenza vaccines	104
old male	104
analysis showed	104
lamina propria	104
disease transmission	104
every hours	104
recurrent wheezing	103
test results	103
antigen detection	103
blood transfusion	103
oral cavity	103
chronic granulomatous	103
candida species	103
variable immunodeficiency	103
porcine reproductive	103
immunocompetent mice	103
autoimmune diseases	102
ex vivo	102
pathological changes	102
cotton rats	102
early life	102
experimental infections	102
hydrogen peroxide	102
age years	102
active infection	102
acute gastroenteritis	102
candida albicans	102
patient safety	102
etiologic agent	102
clinical diagnosis	102
per cent	102
viral hepatitis	101
emerging infections	101
diseases society	101
south africa	101
nasal mucosa	101
surgical mask	101
molecular mechanisms	101
high rate	101
lung infection	101
molecular characterization	101
many years	101
viral persistence	100
lyme disease	100
protective effect	100
observational study	100
immune suppression	100
many countries	100
multiple organ	100
children younger	100
clinical syndromes	100
salivary glands	100
cryptosporidium infection	100
plasma membrane	100
less frequently	100
single dose	99
blood flow	99
hmpv infection	99
several months	99
virus strain	99
sickle cell	99
first days	99
less severe	99
neuraminidase inhibitors	99
virus titers	99
better understanding	99
effective treatment	99
one case	99
pg ml	99
chemokine receptor	99
cell subsets	99
elderly patients	98
lung cancer	98
humoral immunity	98
serious bacterial	98
lavage fluid	98
well known	98
first described	98
mouse strains	98
relatively low	98
many patients	98
north american	98
will also	98
common causes	98
surveillance system	98
nursing home	98
gestational age	97
intravascular coagulation	97
diagnostic testing	97
febrile illness	97
oral administration	97
cytopathic effect	97
day care	97
animal species	97
infect humans	97
clinical significance	97
respiratory protection	97
maternal antibodies	96
data collection	96
human airway	96
strains isolated	96
liver transplant	96
persistently infected	96
healthcare personnel	96
pneumococcal pneumonia	96
immunoglobulin replacement	96
passive immunity	96
severe influenza	96
lesions may	96
severe rsv	96
significant morbidity	95
genetic diversity	95
laboratory tests	95
high frequency	95
months old	95
cryptococcus neoformans	95
pulmonary tuberculosis	95
human rhinoviruses	95
also used	95
old female	95
immunosuppressed patients	95
different species	95
dna viruses	95
one year	95
weight infants	95
epidemiological studies	95
sars patients	95
well established	95
airway hyperresponsiveness	95
two cases	95
previously healthy	95
cvid patients	95
also reported	94
successful treatment	94
gold standard	94
virus detection	94
latent infection	94
acute renal	94
gel electrophoresis	94
may show	94
chronic disease	94
autosomal recessive	94
symptom onset	94
positive patients	94
recognition receptors	94
renal disease	94
asymptomatic infection	94
remains unclear	94
spike protein	94
gastrointestinal symptoms	94
antibody production	94
takes place	93
pathogenic bacteria	93
also associated	93
passive transfer	93
infection results	93
parenteral nutrition	93
diagnostic methods	93
higher levels	93
red cell	93
randomized clinical	93
antimicrobial susceptibility	93
serological tests	93
invasive disease	93
fusion protein	93
intestinal mucosa	93
convalescent plasma	93
computed tomography	93
infection caused	93
viral agents	93
uenza virus	92
systemic infection	92
typhoid fever	92
positive samples	92
infected persons	92
prevent transmission	92
time series	92
cardiovascular disease	92
medrxiv preprint	92
gram negative	92
borne encephalitis	92
pattern recognition	92
three patients	92
animals may	92
weight gain	92
venous catheter	92
lymphoid tissues	92
oxygen species	92
empiric therapy	92
diarrheal disease	92
ebv infection	91
serious infections	91
infectious bronchitis	91
skin infections	91
statistical analysis	91
choroid plexus	91
virus challenge	91
upper airway	91
newborn infants	91
therapy may	91
research council	91
th responses	91
streptococcus pyogenes	91
antibody deficiency	91
genetic testing	91
antiviral drug	91
antifungal therapy	91
vitro studies	91
alpha beta	91
rapid diagnosis	91
igg levels	90
human lung	90
giant cells	90
higher incidence	90
cell numbers	90
allogeneic hematopoietic	90
cell entry	90
common colds	90
rna genome	90
sexually transmitted	90
congenital heart	90
immunodefi ciency	90
high viral	90
wild type	90
low risk	90
infection causes	90
results showed	89
recurrent respiratory	89
patients hospitalized	89
smooth muscle	89
will help	89
studies showed	89
may need	89
phase iii	89
transcription factors	89
days later	89
years ago	89
bordetella pertussis	89
passive immunization	89
mdck cells	88
two major	88
sudden death	88
disseminated disease	88
disease associated	88
medical center	88
acute hepatitis	88
important factor	88
respiratory epithelial	88
diagnostic criteria	88
congo hemorrhagic	88
clinical management	88
cynomolgus macaques	87
samples collected	87
protein synthesis	87
endoplasmic reticulum	87
multicenter study	87
immune reconstitution	87
antimicrobial activity	87
pulmonary aspergillosis	87
human cytomegalovirus	87
antiviral effect	87
rna replication	87
phase ii	87
clinical picture	87
pediatric intensive	87
children less	87
two years	87
negative staphylococci	87
airway epithelium	87
hepatocellular carcinoma	86
whole exome	86
scid mice	86
mesenteric lymph	86
vesicular stomatitis	86
human papillomavirus	86
healthcare facilities	86
tissue infections	86
experimental studies	86
infant mice	86
brain barrier	85
key role	85
cell type	85
clinically relevant	85
biomedical research	85
primary immune	85
viruses isolated	85
significant risk	85
transmission dynamics	85
detection rate	85
chronic liver	85
significant reduction	85
influenza season	85
highly susceptible	85
infants born	85
national institutes	85
positive bacteria	85
increased levels	85
membrane fusion	85
umbilical cord	85
presenting cells	85
urinary catheters	84
gastrointestinal disease	84
prevent infection	84
similar results	84
based hand	84
practice guidelines	84
type infection	84
cases per	84
major histocompatibility	84
aspergillus fumigatus	84
infections occur	84
findings include	84
mcg ml	84
antigen presentation	84
human macrophages	84
control strategies	84
mediated immune	83
capsid protein	83
site infections	83
southeast asia	83
patients presenting	83
atypical pneumonia	83
genital tract	83
th cells	83
mycobacterium avium	83
febrile infants	83
influenza infections	83
intercellular adhesion	83
crucial role	83
generation sequencing	83
prospective cohort	83
two weeks	83
human cells	83
murine model	83
difficile infection	83
felv infection	83
denv infection	83
suckling mice	82
associated infection	82
lesser extent	82
disease pathogenesis	82
alveolar epithelial	82
chest ct	82
may affect	82
severely affected	82
clostridium perfringens	82
usually occurs	82
clinical response	82
infection associated	82
medical records	82
highly effective	82
necropsy findings	82
potential risk	82
significantly different	82
saharan africa	82
carrier state	82
transgenic mice	82
frequently used	82
stool samples	81
lymphoid cells	81
experimentally induced	81
cryptosporidium spp	81
commonly found	81
host responses	81
acute bronchiolitis	81
virus rna	81
many different	81
signal transduction	81
high morbidity	81
cell lymphopenia	81
vaccine candidate	81
cells mm	81
immune activation	81
viral co	81
chronic inflammation	81
clinical use	81
respiratory droplets	81
reproduction number	81
natural infections	81
may represent	81
pcr testing	81
time rt	81
animal health	81
data indicate	80
time point	80
pulmonary function	80
human immune	80
bei der	80
healthy volunteers	80
differential diagnoses	80
literature review	80
animal studies	80
respiratory samples	80
nasopharyngeal aspirates	80
teaching hospital	80
cell differentiation	80
transmitted via	80
streptococcal infections	80
mg day	80
viral gastroenteritis	80
protease inhibitors	80
high dose	80
early phase	80
may explain	80
confidence interval	80
lactate dehydrogenase	80
sars outbreak	80
patient population	80
resistant enterococci	79
immune complex	79
antimicrobial prophylaxis	79
molecular techniques	79
replication cycle	79
liver enzymes	79
primary human	79
interferon alpha	79
frequently associated	79
connective tissue	79
neurological disease	79
sample size	79
distemper virus	79
asthmatic subjects	79
also present	79
post infection	79
include fever	79
like particles	79
many studies	79
tuberculosis infection	79
national research	79
particularly important	79
antiviral effects	79
also contribute	79
highly active	79
poorly understood	78
may persist	78
requiring hospitalization	78
vaccine strain	78
surgical masks	78
infected individual	78
nuclear factor	78
cell tumors	78
rotavirus infections	78
i signaling	78
drug administration	78
allergic rhinitis	78
medical history	78
envelope protein	78
disseminated infection	78
hospital admissions	78
mixed infections	78
mice may	78
enteric viruses	78
isolation precautions	78
immunization practices	78
increased expression	77
well documented	77
organ dysfunction	77
wild birds	77
laboratory diagnosis	77
first case	77
hrv infections	77
oxide synthase	77
related bloodstream	77
prospective studies	77
study found	77
allogeneic stem	77
cell activity	77
chronic infections	77
long periods	77
host immunity	77
asthma exacerbation	77
aedes aegypti	77
human monoclonal	77
nasal swabs	77
two main	77
enveloped viruses	77
immune evasion	77
fatality rates	77
antiviral response	77
intestinal epithelial	77
vascular permeability	77
airway disease	77
elderly people	77
hbov infection	77
relative risk	77
viral pathogenesis	77
watery diarrhea	77
hygiene practices	77
icu patients	77
chronic diarrhea	77
increased incidence	76
survival rate	76
higher rates	76
much less	76
antiviral immunity	76
lymphocyte subsets	76
detection methods	76
activated protein	76
plasmacytoid dendritic	76
commonly seen	76
lung inflammation	76
study reported	76
single infection	76
broad range	76
many viruses	76
chronic diseases	76
live virus	76
readily available	76
bordetella bronchiseptica	76
effi cacy	76
negative results	76
additional file	76
serum igg	76
canine herpesvirus	76
infected cell	76
new cases	76
clinical improvement	76
blood count	76
cause significant	76
transmission rate	76
chlamydia trachomatis	76
past years	75
one third	75
disease course	75
newcastle disease	75
antiviral responses	75
virus bronchiolitis	75
cell infiltration	75
causative organism	75
stimulating factor	75
acquired infection	75
resistance among	75
health problem	75
i interferons	75
highly infectious	75
throat swabs	75
negative pressure	75
venezuelan equine	75
genome sequence	75
clinical presentations	75
higher mortality	75
tract symptoms	75
global burden	75
comparative study	74
may appear	74
antimicrobial treatment	74
enzyme immunoassay	74
cells ul	74
hemolytic anemia	74
lymphocyte counts	74
neonatal mice	74
chronically infected	74
viral hemorrhagic	74
knockout mice	74
identifi cation	74
rubella virus	74
patients showed	74
respiratory pathogen	74
airborne infection	74
cd counts	74
rhesus monkeys	74
therapeutic agents	74
severely ill	74
generation cephalosporins	74
host species	74
south korea	74
competing interests	74
pathologic findings	74
salmonella typhimurium	74
cytokine responses	74
study design	74
determined using	74
infection include	73
sialic acid	73
th century	73
within weeks	73
histocompatibility complex	73
risk groups	73
insertion site	73
major role	73
candida spp	73
vast majority	73
hiv transmission	73
immunocompromised host	73
animal medicine	73
igm antibodies	73
contaminated water	73
protective role	73
odds ratio	73
per patient	73
therapeutic strategies	73
better understand	73
lupus erythematosus	73
renal transplantation	73
also showed	73
opportunistic pathogens	73
rapid detection	73
aerosolized ribavirin	73
applied biosystems	73
hcv rna	73
bl mice	73
drug interactions	73
specific treatment	73
transmission via	73
ns protein	73
stranded dna	73
healthcare professionals	72
older patients	72
spectrum beta	72
specific pathogen	72
fatal disease	72
predictive value	72
elevated levels	72
alveolar damage	72
significantly associated	72
ebov infection	72
antibody titer	72
usually associated	72
infections including	72
one virus	72
working group	72
cell development	72
pneumonia caused	72
highly conserved	72
nosocomial pneumonia	72
may contain	72
igg antibodies	72
cell populations	72
studies show	72
recent report	72
like virus	72
less commonly	71
early childhood	71
serum levels	71
immunodeficiency diseases	71
described previously	71
index case	71
national health	71
binding site	71
controlled study	71
older persons	71
human population	71
dependent manner	71
care providers	71
contact tracing	71
bronchitis virus	71
hospital environment	71
infected person	71
often present	71
future studies	71
hematologic malignancies	71
first years	71
antibiotic susceptibility	70
naturally acquired	70
will develop	70
hours post	70
may induce	70
zoonotic potential	70
multivariate analysis	70
complement fixation	70
antibody levels	70
also occurs	70
feline infectious	70
greater risk	70
rna synthesis	70
several years	70
inflammatory process	70
infected host	70
several factors	70
specific immune	70
four patients	70
diffi cult	70
inflammatory disease	70
statistical significance	70
nasal congestion	70
data analysis	70
containment measures	70
new zealand	70
fold increase	70
long time	70
next generation	70
positive blood	70
attenuated live	70
like symptoms	70
lethal infection	69
third trimester	69
study demonstrated	69
gut microbiota	69
high doses	69
first month	69
first trimester	69
positive cases	69
virus ns	69
first week	69
autosomal dominant	69
antibiotic prescribing	69
pleural effusions	69
lung parenchyma	69
diagnostic test	69
cell immunity	69
adhesion molecules	69
control programs	69
infected birds	69
medical conditions	69
infectious peritonitis	69
wound healing	69
practices advisory	69
host disease	69
southern china	69
asymptomatic infections	69
digestive tract	69
hospital setting	69
higher rate	69
clinical study	69
pulmonary syndrome	69
growth rate	69
complete blood	69
recent advances	69
highly sensitive	69
common pathogens	68
clinical impact	68
human populations	68
west africa	68
pulmonary lesions	68
blood products	68
zoonotic disease	68
cytokine release	68
prophylactic antibiotics	68
ifn production	68
infect dis	68
remains unknown	68
resistant gram	68
clinically significant	68
analyzed using	68
perfringens type	68
systematic reviews	68
herd immunity	68
immunocompromised individuals	68
also seen	68
microscopic examination	68
enteric pathogens	68
carinii pneumonia	68
disease occurs	68
interferon response	68
acute diarrhea	68
nucleotide sequence	68
million cases	68
regulatory factor	68
sectional study	68
overall mortality	68
like viruses	68
chronic respiratory	68
necrotizing fasciitis	68
clinical syndrome	68
studies conducted	68
frequently detected	68
bacterial colonization	68
platelet count	68
environmental conditions	68
culture results	68
normal range	68
reverse genetics	68
disease due	68
cfu ml	68
breast cancer	68
new coronavirus	68
hantavirus pulmonary	68
chronic inflammatory	68
infection also	68
mortality among	68
chv infection	68
lung epithelial	68
high rates	67
different cell	67
specific igg	67
low level	67
signs may	67
least days	67
pulmonary hypertension	67
severe dengue	67
may involve	67
respiratory signs	67
days postinfection	67
less frequent	67
data regarding	67
protease inhibitor	67
two distinct	67
early onset	67
therapeutic options	67
immune systems	67
also possible	67
observational studies	67
fluorescent antibody	67
first wave	67
cotton rat	67
enteric infections	67
first report	67
diffuse alveolar	67
causative agents	67
attack rate	67
maternal antibody	67
genetic analysis	67
large amounts	67
brain tissue	67
face mask	67
also shown	67
bovine respiratory	67
pasteurella multocida	67
hygiene compliance	67
often used	67
relatively high	67
acute asthma	67
invasive procedures	66
eye protection	66
available data	66
gram stain	66
among infants	66
single infections	66
experimental inoculation	66
infected tissues	66
aspiration pneumonia	66
systemic disease	66
like syndrome	66
rotavirus vaccine	66
psittacine birds	66
expressed breast	66
different strains	66
virus isolated	66
early detection	66
small molecule	66
fatty acid	66
kidney disease	66
retrospective analysis	66
health authorities	66
mortality associated	66
elderly persons	66
may vary	66
study using	66
veterinary medicine	66
lassa virus	66
much lower	66
virus production	66
tertiary care	66
relative humidity	65
st century	65
widespread use	65
recombinant human	65
adenoviral infection	65
years later	65
studies indicate	65
memory cd	65
fruit bats	65
unclear whether	65
month period	65
aerosol transmission	65
infectious dose	65
monkeypox virus	65
type diabetes	65
cell disease	65
acquired respiratory	65
will need	65
acute illness	65
inflammatory cell	65
neuraminidase inhibitor	65
defi ned	65
novel human	65
retrospective cohort	65
infi ltration	65
parasitic infections	65
congestive heart	65
aspergillus spp	65
clinical evidence	65
zoonotic transmission	65
expression profiles	65
wide spectrum	65
day post	65
may reveal	65
hearing loss	65
unknown origin	65
global health	65
aids related	65
different countries	65
virus causes	65
small intestinal	65
tract illness	65
neurological signs	65
mammalian cells	65
phagocytic cells	65
may serve	64
conjugate vaccine	64
important risk	64
binding domain	64
resistant enterococcus	64
wound infections	64
pneumococcal vaccine	64
exact test	64
affecting humans	64
among others	64
clinical relevance	64
winter months	64
cleavage site	64
independent risk	64
well understood	64
interferon gamma	64
times higher	64
complement activation	64
lung infections	64
hela cells	64
nasopharyngeal swabs	64
common bacterial	64
lymphocyte count	64
clinical severity	64
microbiology laboratory	64
susceptible individuals	64
indirect contact	64
acute disease	64
lung pathology	64
neisseria meningitidis	64
dairy cattle	64
infection compared	64
surface antigen	64
severe lower	64
lower levels	64
borrelia burgdorferi	64
short term	64
log reduction	64
bal fluid	64
incidence rate	63
susceptible population	63
highest risk	63
viruses cause	63
antimicrobial stewardship	63
passive immunotherapy	63
household contacts	63
salmonella spp	63
greatest risk	63
streptococcal pharyngitis	63
first line	63
also play	63
respiratory specimens	63
operating room	63
heart rate	63
liver injury	63
specific antiviral	63
kidney transplant	63
serratia marcescens	63
lung tissues	63
treated mice	63
last decade	63
limited data	63
type virus	63
tissue samples	63
serologic testing	63
different viruses	63
allergic inflammation	63
antimicrobial peptides	63
first isolated	63
host defenses	62
ocular surface	62
probiotic strains	62
coronavirus oc	62
systemic lupus	62
patients develop	62
diagnostic tool	62
gene products	62
among hospitalized	62
fecal samples	62
immunocompromised children	62
cause respiratory	62
acute bacterial	62
bacterial growth	62
associated urinary	62
resistant isolates	62
host population	62
times daily	62
vaccination programs	62
plasmodium falciparum	62
possible role	62
differential expression	62
lumbar puncture	62
infective endocarditis	62
well described	62
active surveillance	62
vaccine efficacy	62
three different	62
viral detection	62
lung biopsy	61
treated patients	61
bactericidal activity	61
molecular patterns	61
patient populations	61
copies ml	61
routine use	61
salivary gland	61
controlled studies	61
based study	61
acinetobacter spp	61
affected patients	61
stomatitis virus	61
low cd	61
also detected	61
current study	61
will provide	61
pilot study	61
normal flora	61
care centers	61
inbred strains	61
respiratory rate	61
pid patients	61
resistance genes	61
onset sepsis	61
blood donors	61
medical staff	61
systemic inflammatory	61
virus encephalitis	61
reservoir hosts	61
infection will	61
disease outbreaks	61
parainfl uenza	61
mononuclear cell	61
domestic cats	61
liver diseases	61
first step	61
norwalk virus	61
tumour necrosis	61
shiga toxin	60
environmental cleaning	60
cell cycle	60
disease process	60
cell adhesion	60
children infected	60
attenuated vaccines	60
five years	60
dependent enhancement	60
myocardial infarction	60
related infection	60
mrna expression	60
laboratory mouse	60
two decades	60
sense rna	60
time period	60
portal hypertension	60
ige levels	60
acquired immune	60
year study	60
corona virus	60
antifungal agents	60
among healthcare	60
pneumocystis jiroveci	60
acute infections	60
first reported	60
hpv infection	60
control subjects	60
may act	60
hospitalized infants	60
catheter insertion	60
liver cirrhosis	60
longitudinal study	60
interferon signaling	60
inhibitory effect	60
associated molecular	60
hospitalised patients	60
spotted fever	60
metabolic acidosis	60
tmp smx	60
cd cell	59
virus outbreak	59
experimental models	59
marburg virus	59
common viral	59
copy number	59
factor alpha	59
antigenic drift	59
matrix protein	59
zoonotic diseases	59
million deaths	59
pneumococcal disease	59
virus pneumonia	59
persistent infections	59
preventing transmission	59
significantly reduce	59
old boy	59
potential therapeutic	59
oxygen saturation	59
human herpes	59
may produce	59
nested pcr	59
infected cases	59
fi brosis	59
reduced susceptibility	59
spectrum antiviral	59
less effective	59
several different	59
pulmonary complications	59
dental practice	59
electron microscopic	59
health service	59
inactivated vaccine	59
bacterial species	59
lung diseases	59
host interactions	59
one must	59
horizontal transmission	59
care setting	59
also lead	59
infection transmission	59
one health	58
mrsa isolates	58
fatal outcome	58
cell carcinoma	58
life threatening	58
human rotavirus	58
must also	58
mycobacterial infection	58
cd expression	58
antibody therapy	58
chronic pulmonary	58
hiv disease	58
viral envelope	58
signifi cantly	58
analysis revealed	58
virus isolates	58
neutrophil count	58
genome sequencing	58
infection via	58
american academy	58
asthmatic children	58
postexposure prophylaxis	58
tissue tropism	58
appropriate antibiotic	58
chest radiography	58
results indicate	58
neonatal infection	58
hepatic lipidosis	58
kupffer cells	58
lcmv infection	58
also demonstrated	58
subsequent infection	58
close contacts	58
molecular weight	58
faecal samples	58
dry cough	58
virus infected	58
home care	58
heparan sulfate	58
chronic viral	58
economic impact	58
diagnostic techniques	58
pneumonia may	58
mediated endocytosis	58
salmonella infection	58
developing world	58
older age	58
natural host	58
may take	58
may predispose	58
cells expressing	57
poor prognosis	57
cause acute	57
amniotic fluid	57
induced disease	57
acute onset	57
may influence	57
cells via	57
pcr products	57
nutritional status	57
liver biopsy	57
ist die	57
related complications	57
factors may	57
severe complications	57
approximately one	57
field gel	57
six months	57
laboratory testing	57
old girl	57
small cell	57
biological materials	57
study also	57
grade fever	57
surgical procedures	57
gene segments	57
symptoms include	57
neonatal infections	57
death rate	57
current evidence	57
simultaneous detection	57
infectious causes	57
endemic area	57
blood gas	57
severe pulmonary	57
prevention climate	57
symptoms may	57
sudden onset	57
might also	57
commonly reported	57
pandemic virus	57
epidemiological data	57
inflammatory diseases	57
lesions include	57
significant role	57
weeks later	57
acid amplification	57
among adults	57
lymphocyte proliferation	57
norovirus infection	56
using pcr	56
infection without	56
nude mice	56
will require	56
small bowel	56
cell depletion	56
major risk	56
diffuse interstitial	56
pneumonia virus	56
gastrointestinal infections	56
emerging viral	56
skin test	56
inactivated influenza	56
physical activity	56
effective infection	56
emerging viruses	56
neurological symptoms	56
latent infections	56
membrane protein	56
associated coronavirus	56
genetic material	56
rrna gene	56
newborn screening	56
natural reservoir	56
common infections	56
pneumoniae infections	56
intranasal inoculation	56
human monocytes	56
genes involved	56
lower risk	56
molecular basis	56
without clinical	56
elevated serum	56
epidemiologic studies	56
agents may	56
two strains	56
based precautions	56
quaternary ammonium	56
fiv infection	56
may remain	56
infection within	56
give rise	56
active antiretroviral	56
cd ra	56
likely due	56
stimulated genes	56
infection spread	56
molecular analysis	56
genes encoding	56
bacterial contamination	56
droplet precautions	55
liver damage	55
cells ml	55
asthmatic patients	55
american society	55
aldrich syndrome	55
etiologic agents	55
diagnosis may	55
cohort studies	55
often seen	55
surveillance data	55
tissue injury	55
small ruminants	55
intranasal administration	55
ifn signaling	55
cases reported	55
table i	55
wnv infection	55
protective efficacy	55
clinical manifestation	55
capsid proteins	55
care hospitals	55
significantly decreased	55
sporadic cases	55
infants younger	55
host defence	55
infected macrophages	55
hand rub	55
mainland china	55
treatment failure	55
mass spectrometry	55
mrsa strains	55
patients will	55
congenital infection	55
one week	55
dependent rna	55
dna vaccines	55
one hundred	55
aureus infections	55
systemic inflammation	55
new insights	55
fluid therapy	55
case study	55
diseases caused	55
encephalomyelitis virus	55
improved survival	55
positive cocci	55
take place	55
point mutations	55
opportunistic infection	55
cytokine levels	55
three groups	55
blood transfusions	55
mechanisms underlying	55
biopsy samples	55
novel influenza	55
laboratory studies	55
neutrophil extracellular	55
highly variable	54
companion animals	54
serologic evidence	54
reservoir host	54
protective immune	54
highly virulent	54
intermediate hosts	54
dengue viruses	54
sexual transmission	54
mucous membrane	54
hospital acquired	54
surveillance study	54
like disease	54
studies revealed	54
wild animals	54
see section	54
immune serum	54
universal precautions	54
invasive infections	54
young age	54
one may	54
meningococcal disease	54
common among	54
sample collection	54
clinical immunology	54
nonhuman primate	54
acute bronchitis	54
immunoglobulin levels	54
mild disease	54
legionella pneumophila	54
antiviral immune	54
bat species	54
mucus production	54
animals will	54
high concentrations	54
streptococcal infection	54
chart review	54
cell leukemia	54
target cell	54
children years	54
infected population	54
lessons learned	54
laboratory workers	54
control practice	54
vascular endothelial	54
herpes viruses	54
blood stream	54
kidney cells	54
icu admission	54
abscess formation	54
treatment strategies	54
cd count	53
two studies	53
magnetic resonance	53
igg antibody	53
ethics committee	53
aspergillus species	53
virus load	53
influenza surveillance	53
patients aged	53
cell receptors	53
lipid metabolism	53
adverse reactions	53
cytokine response	53
hemagglutination inhibition	53
successfully treated	53
mycobacterial infections	53
viral pathogen	53
intermediate host	53
cold symptoms	53
influenza pneumonia	53
three cases	53
personal hygiene	53
limited number	53
lymphoproliferative disease	53
immune mechanisms	53
york city	53
infected infants	53
underlying cause	53
effective vaccine	53
east asia	53
host cellular	53
virus pathogenesis	53
newly discovered	53
induced sputum	53
expert opinion	53
days prior	53
empiric treatment	53
clinical setting	53
renal dysfunction	53
preterm neonates	53
serologic tests	53
septic arthritis	53
personal responsibility	53
visceral leishmaniasis	53
inactivated vaccines	53
cardiac surgery	53
common pathogen	53
etiological agent	53
macrophage activation	53
red cells	53
latin america	53
severe symptoms	53
death due	53
viral gene	53
hmpv infections	53
autoimmune disease	53
dual infection	53
ct scans	53
contaminated surfaces	53
open reading	53
treatment may	53
inhibitory concentration	53
prolonged periods	53
care hospital	53
hiv infected	53
oral transmission	52
chlamydia psittaci	52
factors include	52
clinical laboratory	52
every year	52
disease prevention	52
hemorrhagic fevers	52
human adenoviruses	52
usually present	52
high degree	52
diagnostic tools	52
genetic variability	52
viral strains	52
viral upper	52
reproductive tract	52
embryo transfer	52
effective vaccines	52
bronchopulmonary dysplasia	52
interferon regulatory	52
intestinal disease	52
occurs within	52
also affect	52
new therapeutic	52
climate change	52
throat swab	52
early treatment	52
patients developed	52
clinical aspects	52
drug therapy	52
macrolide resistance	52
serological evidence	52
predisposing factors	52
candida infections	52
mrsa infections	52
african green	52
th cytokine	52
regression model	52
child transmission	52
mild symptoms	52
endotracheal intubation	52
droplet nuclei	52
extremely low	52
average number	52
first weeks	52
viral coinfection	52
may indicate	52
human parvovirus	52
virus antigen	52
recent data	52
additional studies	52
patient contact	52
two species	52
pcr tests	52
ms patients	52
serine protease	52
increased viral	52
hygiene promotion	52
increasing number	52
confi rmed	52
rsv vaccine	52
drug delivery	51
specific viral	51
prevention strategies	51
rapid diagnostic	51
will continue	51
venous access	51
may benefit	51
three types	51
children may	51
new world	51
mouse strain	51
pdm virus	51
invasive pulmonary	51
infection group	51
descriptive study	51
associated disease	51
diagnostic procedures	51
previously published	51
infection human	51
minute virus	51
human body	51
pneumococcal conjugate	51
goat kids	51
igg subclass	51
laboratory rodents	51
dengue vaccine	51
site infection	51
infection cases	51
wild mice	51
current knowledge	51
pediatric population	51
basement membrane	51
cardiac output	51
early infection	51
strand rna	51
will likely	51
infection remains	51
fold higher	51
related diseases	51
forming units	51
canine parvovirus	51
associated diarrhea	51