bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
infectious bronchitis	3824
bronchitis virus	2958
avian infectious	1076
ibv strains	792
ck ch	725
amino acid	653
infected cells	441
ibv infection	376
coronavirus infectious	346
clinical signs	342
viral rna	335
spike protein	335
avian coronavirus	330
ibv isolates	304
ibv strain	290
hepatitis virus	275
vero cells	258
mouse hepatitis	252
ch ldl	234
amino acids	227
immune responses	218
influenza virus	216
respiratory syndrome	215
vaccine strain	208
phylogenetic analysis	207
vaccine strains	205
structural proteins	201
days post	197
bronchitis viruses	196
immune response	195
time rt	189
allantoic fluid	187
chain reaction	186
bronchitis coronavirus	184
nucleocapsid protein	180
acute respiratory	179
polymerase chain	178
chicken eggs	176
sequence analysis	175
newcastle disease	175
respiratory tract	174
poultry industry	174
embryonated eggs	173
spike glycoprotein	172
severe acute	172
virus infection	171
ibv vaccine	170
cord uid	168
doc id	168
closely related	167
disease virus	165
rna synthesis	164
viral replication	163
cek cells	162
ldl i	161
genomic rna	161
avian influenza	160
spike gene	157
murine coronavirus	156
rna recombination	156
live attenuated	155
coronavirus ibv	150
old spf	147
pcr products	144
present study	143
recombination events	141
reverse transcription	140
negative control	140
ibv genome	136
virus isolation	134
field isolates	132
virus replication	131
reverse genetics	131
rna polymerase	131
previously described	129
virus strain	128
middle east	128
western blot	125
type ibv	124
respiratory disease	124
epithelial cells	123
control group	121
viral load	121
performed using	121
molecular characterization	120
phylogenetic tree	120
tissue tropism	119
syndrome coronavirus	119
genetic diversity	118
open reading	118
nucleotide sequences	118
protein gene	117
acid sequences	117
vaccinia virus	115
cell fusion	115
embryonated chicken	115
beaudette strain	114
infected chickens	111
cells infected	110
rna viruses	107
coronavirus spike	106
viral genome	106
described previously	106
chicken flocks	106
broiler chickens	105
field strains	104
egg production	103
strain ck	103
complete genome	102
virus strains	102
coronavirus avian	102
nucleotide sequence	100
spf chickens	100
significantly higher	100
transmissible gastroenteritis	99
specific pathogen	98
results showed	97
hypervariable region	96
sialic acid	96
human coronavirus	96
ibv beaudette	95
host cell	95
wild type	94
chicken embryos	94
reference strains	94
acid sequence	93
vaccinated chickens	93
influenza viruses	93
gene sequence	92
reverse transcriptase	92
economic losses	91
spf chicken	91
room temperature	89
previous studies	89
ch lhlj	89
virus isolates	89
ibv vaccines	88
total rna	87
viral proteins	86
strand rna	86
rna replication	86
chickens infected	86
virulent ibv	85
mrna expression	85
monoclonal antibodies	85
protein genes	85
di rna	84
virus isolated	84
attenuated vaccines	83
pcr assay	83
kda protein	82
highly contagious	82
nephropathogenic infectious	82
innate immune	81
cleavage site	81
replicase gene	80
codon optimized	79
significant difference	79
important role	79
serum samples	79
ibv serotypes	78
cells expressing	78
gene expression	78
membrane protein	78
structural protein	78
subgenomic mrnas	78
turkey coronavirus	78
reading frame	77
ibv challenge	77
recombinant ibv	77
cell culture	76
enteric viruses	76
virus particles	76
recent years	76
gross lesions	75
three times	75
group i	74
phylogenetic trees	74
ibv infected	73
positive selection	73
leader rna	73
broiler flocks	73
like proteinase	73
chicken embryo	72
gastroenteritis virus	70
viruses isolated	70
different ibv	70
may also	70
mg ml	70
viral infection	70
endoplasmic reticulum	70
escherichia coli	70
group ii	70
gene sequences	70
korean ibv	70
antibody titers	69
different strains	69
united states	69
virus vaccine	69
challenged birds	67
recombinant ibvs	67
ibv variants	67
sequence identity	67
cell line	67
virus genome	67
type i	67
genbank database	66
ibv field	66
time pcr	66
genome sequence	65
ibv replication	65
cultured cells	65
genome sequences	65
bovine coronavirus	65
cell surface	64
type strains	64
vaccine development	64
expression levels	64
pcr product	64
i isolate	64
ibv spike	64
reading frames	63
pathogen free	63
family coronaviridae	63
ibv genotypes	63
rna genome	63
stranded rna	63
rndv expressing	62
experimentally infected	62
accession number	62
respiratory signs	62
untranslated region	62
different serotypes	62
cytoplasmic tail	62
southern china	61
length cdna	61
virus type	61
live vaccines	61
agarose gel	61
antibody response	61
chickens immunized	61
i strain	60
coronavirus replication	60
coding region	60
accession numbers	60
rna virus	59
positive samples	59
lsc i	59
membrane fusion	59
ch lsc	58
applied biosystems	58
neutralizing antibodies	58
ck cells	57
commercial broiler	57
time points	57
rna extraction	57
spike proteins	57
wild birds	57
organ cultures	56
live vaccine	56
dna vaccine	56
highly conserved	56
cell lines	55
monoclonal antibody	55
significant differences	55
blot analysis	55
virus detection	55
nephropathogenic ibv	55
new genotype	55
strains isolated	55
tw i	55
acid substitutions	54
like strains	54
previously reported	54
nucleotide identity	54
leader sequence	54
three different	54
cleavage products	54
ch ljl	53
attenuated viruses	53
oxidative stress	53
hd cells	53
current study	53
genbank accession	53
tissue culture	53
kidney cells	53
binding domain	53
fusion activity	53
protective immunity	53
commonly used	53
molecular epidemiology	53
pseudoknot rna	52
ch lgx	52
ribosomal frameshifting	52
nrtw i	52
inactivated vaccine	52
sequence data	52
homologous recombination	52
glycoprotein gene	51
challenge virus	51
chicken farms	51
time point	51
subgenomic mrna	51
infected birds	51
buffered saline	50
sars coronavirus	50
bursal disease	50
attenuated ibv	50
tracheal organ	50
envelope protein	50
virus rna	50
specific antibodies	50
infectious bursal	50
group iii	50
old embryonated	50
clinical samples	50
coronavirus genome	49
point mutations	49
vaccinated birds	49
coronavirus rna	49
authors declare	49
dub activity	49
ibv isolate	49
vaccinated flocks	49
purified using	49
like viruses	49
cell lysates	49
deduced amino	49
challenged groups	49
molecular biology	48
acid changes	48
allantoic fluids	48
infectious virus	48
significantly lower	48
swab samples	48
vaccine virus	48
host proteins	48
host cells	48
ibv infections	48
well plates	48
ibv pseudoknot	48
day post	48
peplomer protein	47
previous study	47
transfected cells	47
influenza vaccines	47
chinese ibv	47
ibv mass	47
immunosorbent assay	47
reverse genetic	47
commercial poultry	47
attenuated vaccine	47
linked immunosorbent	47
dna polymerase	47
specific antibody	47
mutant viruses	47
accessory genes	47
like particles	47
cloacal swabs	47
cellular immune	47
recombination event	47
plasmid dna	46
virus titer	46
cells transfected	46
massachusetts serotype	46
cleavage sites	46
electron microscopy	46
accessory proteins	46
also observed	46
pcr amplification	45
golgi complex	45
antibody levels	45
avian coronaviruses	45
dependent rna	45
copy number	45
nonstructural proteins	45
joining method	44
variant ibv	44
field samples	44
poultry farms	44
viral envelope	44
virus variants	44
gel electrophoresis	44
per cent	44
recombinant viruses	44
tissue samples	44
positive control	44
chickens inoculated	44
coronavirus nucleocapsid	44
recombinant vaccinia	44
flow cytometry	43
animal health	43
viral infections	43
ibv rna	43
nucleic acid	43
growth kinetics	43
adapted ibv	43
recombinant avian	43
chickens vaccinated	43
day old	43
virus expressing	43
acid residues	43
bovine serum	42
tracheal rales	42
new ibv	42
analysis showed	42
like ibv	42
reverse primer	42
white leghorn	42
infectious peritonitis	42
nonstructural protein	42
new variant	42
ciliary activity	42
new variants	42
broiler farms	42
coronavirus infection	42
control measures	42
major structural	42
determine whether	42
mock infected	42
allantoic cavity	41
inactivated ibv	41
sequence comparison	41
two different	41
cd cd	41
domestic fowl	41
feline infectious	41
mass type	41
recombinant virus	41
cell tropism	41
analyzed using	40
step rt	40
attenuated live	40
four structural	40
ibv cdna	40
novel genotype	40
standard curve	40
virus infectious	40
spf embryonated	39
egg quality	39
expression level	39
genetics system	39
infectious laryngotracheitis	39
avian species	39
sense rna	39
tw ibv	39
primers used	39
protein may	39
infected group	39
sybr green	39
df cells	39
vaccinated challenged	39
recombinant infectious	39
avian respiratory	39
widely used	38
blood samples	38
membrane rearrangements	38
vlp formation	38
protective efficacy	38
ibv sequences	38
significantly reduced	38
laying hens	38
nephropathogenic strain	38
tracheal swabs	38
negative controls	38
genomic sequences	38
replication cycle	38
ibv types	37
viral genomic	37
life technologies	37
strain mass	37
immune system	37
receptor binding	37
virus using	37
mm tris	37
serial passage	37
pcr reaction	37
natural recombination	37
type viruses	37
murine hepatitis	37
specific primers	37
ibv antibodies	37
may play	37
restriction enzyme	37
order nidovirales	37
east respiratory	37
also showed	36
different genotypes	36
two groups	36
cdna clones	36
young chickens	36
coronavirus spikes	36
coronavirus mhv	36
genomic sequence	36
first time	36
calculated using	36
virus vaccines	36
variant strains	36
eid ml	36
recombinant baculovirus	36
membrane proteins	36
signaling pathway	36
entire genome	35
ch lln	35
immunized chickens	35
genetic analysis	35
vaccinated groups	35
antibody responses	35
constructed using	35
discontinuous transcription	35
goat anti	35
commercial broilers	35
virus titers	35
cell cycle	35
like virus	35
isolate sc	35
industry worldwide	35
vero cell	35
cell cultures	35
reaction mixture	35
determined using	35
nasal discharge	35
rna transcription	35
sodium arsenite	35
virus neutralization	35
chicken tracheal	35
master mix	34
like protease	34
mrna synthesis	34
cpg odns	34
murine coronaviruses	34
jx jx	34
virus recovery	34
currently circulating	34
inactivated vaccines	34
vaccine candidate	34
positive controls	34
pcr using	34
extraction kit	34
supplementary material	34
hypervariable regions	34
terminal region	34
lln i	34
analysis revealed	34
cdna synthesis	34
detected using	34
analysis using	34
rh scs	33
molecular evolutionary	33
virus circulating	33
molecular weight	33
real time	33
conducted using	33
positively selected	33
two viruses	33
biological functions	33
shell gland	33
simple method	33
length polymorphism	33
nested rt	33
length ibv	33
plasma membrane	33
transmembrane domain	33
qx strain	33
highly pathogenic	33
dhinakar raj	33
thermo fisher	33
ts mutant	33
mutant virus	33
linked sialic	33
mutation rates	33
embryo kidney	33
neutralizing antibody	33
ibv ck	33
like infectious	33
contagious disease	33
among ibv	33
field strain	33
ts mutants	33
saudi arabia	33
way anova	33
maximum likelihood	33
recombination within	33
complete genomic	33
mortality rate	33
di rnas	33
pathogenic avian	32
like receptor	32
results suggest	32
expression system	32
old specific	32
rapid detection	32
rabbit anti	32
high mortality	32
consensus sequence	32
two strains	32
respiratory diseases	32
fragment length	32
specific igg	32
forward primer	32
whole genome	32
binding activity	32
ch lsd	32
free water	32
recombination detection	32
terminal domain	32
broiler chicken	32
kda proteins	32
sequence similarity	32
recombination among	32
vaccine viruses	32
mortality rates	32
antigenic variants	32
old chickens	32
virus isolate	32
strains ck	31
research institute	31
expressing codon	31
treated cells	31
acid differences	31
fisher scientific	31
protein expression	31
mammalian cells	31
type strain	31
virion assembly	31
also found	31
like strain	31
mediated immune	31
protein synthesis	31
host response	31
pcr kit	31
novel coronavirus	31
sf cells	31
targeted rna	31
sequence alignment	31
per bird	31
nonpermissive temperature	31
polymerase gene	31
genome organization	31
stop codon	31
upper respiratory	31
selected sites	31
cells using	31
statistically significant	31
cycle sequencing	30
treatment groups	30
adaptive immune	30
ibv lineages	30
golgi apparatus	30
sanger sequencing	30
iii coronaviruses	30
viral loads	30
virus shedding	30
embryonated spf	30
distilled water	30
i interferon	30
dna vaccines	30
conserved among	30
helicase protein	30
parental virus	30
mrna transcription	30
influenza vaccine	30
veterinary medicine	30
serial dilutions	30
hypericum perforatum	30
acid identity	30
cell membrane	30
ibv genomic	30
transcription polymerase	30
cdna clone	29
serial passages	29
current situation	29
subunit vaccines	29
high degree	29
attenuated virus	29
significantly increased	29
primer sets	29
binding lectin	29
fetal bovine	29
genetic groups	29
first report	29
enveloped viruses	29
inactivated virus	29
rescued virus	29
pcr assays	29
slippery sequence	29
three independent	29
conventional rt	29
watery eyes	29
different groups	29
selection pressure	29
maternal antibodies	29
poultry flocks	29
indirect immunofluorescence	29
phylogenetic analyses	29
old chicks	29
commercial elisa	29
chicken kidney	29
three groups	29
among different	29
protective immune	29
control groups	29
host range	29
five ibv	28
even though	28
variant ii	28
inoculated eggs	28
type isolates	28
four ibv	28
genetics analysis	28
strain i	28
see section	28
tracheal samples	28
ibv vaccination	28
point mutation	28
caecal tonsils	28
genetic system	28
time taqman	28
peripheral blood	28
stress granule	28
using mega	28
ibv nsp	28
ark dpi	28
subgenomic rna	28
experimental infection	28
human immunodeficiency	28
cleavage recognition	28
gene products	28
vaccination programs	28
neutralization epitopes	28
results indicate	28
protection induced	28
ad libitum	28
type virus	28
length genome	28
study showed	28
commercial chicken	28
evolutionary genetics	28
type vaccine	28
virus molecular	27
mixed infection	27
reproductive tract	27
ibv antibody	27
canine coronavirus	27
ibv proteins	27
coronavirus mouse	27
length transcripts	27
specific rt	27
primer set	27
ibv may	27
commercial live	27
recombinant proteins	27
genetic recombination	27
strains used	27
sequence identities	27
virus resulting	27
agarose gels	27
virus coronavirus	27
infectious dose	27
estimating fifty	27
rna transcripts	27
viral protein	27
sialic acids	27
highly significant	27
nervous system	27
also detected	27
final extension	27
immunodeficiency virus	27
live ibv	27
fold serial	26
protection conferred	26
membrane glycoprotein	26
bootstrap replicates	26
spike ectodomain	26
samples collected	26
using primers	26
amplified using	26
bronchitis coronaviruses	26
novel variant	26
ibv variant	26
taqman rt	26
frameshifting efficiency	26
cpg odn	26
broiler chicks	26
comparative analysis	26
one day	26
ibv positive	26
lhlj vii	26
infected cek	26
detect ibv	26
complete protection	26
field isolate	26
causative agent	26
different regions	26
fusion protein	26
using trizol	26
vitro transcription	26
lsd i	26
control birds	26
cross protection	26
ibv antigen	26
embryo infectious	26
syndrome vaccine	26
fold dilutions	25
glycosylation sites	25
neutralizing epitopes	25
clinical sign	25
great britain	25
integral membrane	25
commercial chickens	25
washed three	25
novel ibvs	25
homologous challenge	25
kidney tissues	25
protein kinase	25
analysis based	25
heterologous spike	25
ib outbreaks	25
novel ibv	25
primer ibv	25
growth properties	25
rna sequence	25
primary chicken	25
polyacrylamide gel	25
ee index	25
subunit vaccine	25
dead chickens	25
viral shedding	25
sequence changes	25
restriction fragment	25
virus genotypes	25
curve analysis	25
may represent	25
gene analysis	25
binding site	25
mm nacl	25
cd cells	25
binding protein	25
subgenomic rnas	25
inflammatory cytokines	25
virus challenge	25
gastroenteritis coronavirus	25
antigenic epitopes	25
following vaccination	25
target cells	25
recent studies	25
taken together	25
secondary antibody	24
generated using	24
extracted using	24
proteolytic processing	24
detection limit	24
bp fragment	24
transmembrane domains	24
virus entry	24
cecal tonsils	24
proteins involved	24
defective interfering	24
multiple sequence	24
coronaviridae family	24
humoral immune	24
heterologous strains	24
respiratory pathogens	24
serially diluted	24
standard deviation	24
genome replication	24
lr cells	24
molecular analysis	24
ljl strain	24
commercial vaccines	24
ibv reference	24
infectious diseases	24
nucleolar proteome	24
harderian gland	24
cell types	24
per group	24
treatment group	24
respiratory distress	24
virus classification	24
genus gammacoronavirus	24
signal peptide	24
acid binding	24
indirect elisa	24
graphpad prism	24
rna pseudoknot	24
infected groups	24
days old	24
post infection	24
new serotypes	23
vitro assembly	23
mouse anti	23
massachusetts genotype	23
calculated according	23
porcine epidemic	23
tw ibvs	23
spike glycopolypeptide	23
kidney lesions	23
ib virus	23
egyptian variant	23
recent study	23
mrna species	23
virus serotypes	23
trizol reagent	23
genotype infectious	23
cystic oviducts	23
cellular proteins	23
spf chicks	23
ibv specific	23
virus assembly	23
inoculated embryos	23
virus induces	23
mk mk	23
feline coronavirus	23
i i	23
peritonitis virus	23
tracheal epithelium	23
poultry production	23
replication complex	23
evolutionary distances	23
aligned using	23
parental strain	23
functional domains	23
two orfs	23
interfering rna	23
kb region	23
circulating ibv	23
challenged group	23
restriction sites	23
laboratory manual	23
test kit	23
virus infections	23
fusion proteins	23
two isolates	23
attenuated strains	23
ibv detection	22
vaccinated group	22
chicken embryonated	22
nucleotide sequencing	22
viral rnas	22
viral antigens	22
antigenic domains	22
veterinary research	22
neutralization tests	22
obtained using	22
coronavirus strain	22
antibody titre	22
ibv virions	22
western blotting	22
variant infectious	22
laryngotracheitis virus	22
recognition site	22
start codon	22
previous reports	22
naturally occurring	22
cell epitopes	22
gene encoding	22
hemagglutination inhibition	22
vaccination strategies	22
takara bio	22
tm ct	22
may result	22
vaccine candidates	22
cells treated	22
blocking buffer	22
long view	22
two ibv	22
viral antigen	22
mg kg	22
day group	22
two distinct	22
gene demonstrates	22
ibv using	22
viral population	22
ibv type	22
bacterial infections	22
virus field	22
recombinant protein	22
recombination analysis	22
structural polypeptides	22
mixed infections	22
coronavirus strains	22
mass viruses	22
foster city	22
better protection	22
rna binding	22
mrna levels	22
cell death	22
secondary antibodies	22
molecular epizootiology	22
variant strain	22
yn strain	22
structural genes	22
different genera	22
final volume	22
software version	22
paired membranes	22
ibv outbreaks	22
chinese qx	22
avian pathogens	22
previous report	22
nucleocapsid gene	22
high frequency	22
kidney cell	22
ib vaccines	22
lx genotype	22
sudan ar	22
raj jones	22
respiratory symptoms	21
antibody titres	21
disease viruses	21
host factors	21
first reported	21
diarrhea virus	21
antigenic sites	21
using reverse	21
virus date	21
challenge group	21
chickens challenged	21
results obtained	21
viral particles	21
insect cells	21
human coronaviruses	21
functional receptor	21
animal care	21
antibody titer	21
mm edta	21
respiratory epithelium	21
supplementary table	21
restriction enzymes	21
genetic characterization	21
small envelope	21
epidemic diarrhea	21
rna species	21
subgenomic negative	21
infectious cdna	21
severe economic	21
infected vero	21
may affect	21
attenuated strain	21
competing interests	21
economically important	21
backyard poultry	21
ibv vlps	21
antigenic variation	21
bronchitis research	21
cdna fragments	21
results indicated	21
secondary bacterial	21
tracheal swab	21
serotype vaccine	21
results demonstrated	21
ruffled feathers	21
acid identities	21
pcr reactions	21
antigenic relatedness	21
immune cells	21
reaction volume	21
copy numbers	21
san diego	21
respiratory coronavirus	21
time reverse	21
induce virus	21
core structure	21
field virus	21
induced apoptosis	21
reference ibv	21
australian ibv	21
vaccination programme	21
based phylogeny	21
harmonize virus	21
south china	21
statistical significance	21
immune protection	20
rna sequences	20
viral structural	20
dna sequencing	20
central nervous	20
three passages	20
natural host	20
taq dna	20
directed mutagenesis	20
chinese isolates	20
virus stocks	20
recombinant strain	20
rna extracted	20
relationships among	20
pbs containing	20
like proteases	20
purified ibv	20
detecting ibv	20
proteolytic cleavage	20
kidney damage	20
sg formation	20
pathological changes	20
birds treated	20
complete nucleotide	20
apoptotic cells	20
strains may	20
acids within	20
bronchitis vaccine	20
also known	20
related serotypes	20
respiratory viruses	20
eid per	20
genotypes based	20
infected chicken	20
host immune	20
may explain	20
infected allantoic	20
virus nucleocapsid	20
hydrogen peroxide	20
randomly divided	20
relative mrna	20
ck sudan	20
ibv protection	20
one cycle	20
purification kit	20
also used	20
positive results	20
mucosal immunity	20
quantitative real	20
stress granules	20
sweden jn	20
crystal structure	20
hela cells	20
strand rnas	20
mbl ligand	20
two subunits	20
heparan sulfate	20
among three	19
significant increase	19
mouse igg	19
three strains	19
abi prism	19
polish ibv	19
arg dq	19
new serotype	19
previously published	19
mass serotype	19
studies showed	19
coronavirus genomes	19
mrna start	19
massachusetts strain	19
ibv virus	19
bacteriophage treatment	19
sequence variation	19
sequenced using	19
pcr system	19
severe respiratory	19
local strains	19
simultaneous detection	19
ig sequences	19
mass strain	19
secondary structure	19
commercial ibv	19
although ibv	19
vaccine production	19
western europe	19
laying chickens	19
population size	19
large number	19
multiple ibv	19
australian strains	19
spike precursor	19
specific genes	19
novel nephropathogenic	19
confocal microscopy	19
rapid diagnosis	19
different time	19
consensus sequences	19
first isolated	19
gene product	19
coronavirus hku	19
newly isolated	19
viral diseases	19
life cycle	19
coronavirus transcription	19
responses induced	19
protein expressed	19
clustered together	19
least three	19
gene may	19
weight gain	19
reproductive system	19
commercial layer	19
extracted rna	19
initiation codon	19
enteric coronavirus	19
class i	19
close relationship	19
ibv antigens	19
highly variable	19
following ibv	19
contains two	19
proteinase domain	19
virus particle	19
online version	19
igg antibody	19
wt virus	18
recombinant baculoviruses	18
recombinant plasmid	18
immediately downstream	18
genetic changes	18
reverse primers	18
ibv sequence	18
envelope proteins	18
ibv genomes	18
considered significant	18
virion envelope	18
proteins may	18
better understanding	18
signaling pathways	18
parental viruses	18
jn sweden	18
glycoprotein subunit	18
vaccinia viruses	18
ib viruses	18
fowl adenovirus	18
parental strains	18
recombinant influenza	18
infectious clone	18
dq ck	18
genes encoding	18
significant economic	18
igg titers	18
three infectious	18
viral evolution	18
virus around	18
strand cdna	18
muench method	18
significantly different	18
green i	18
small membrane	18
time quantitative	18
southwestern china	18
gene showed	18
positive sense	18
qx ibv	18
dead birds	18
tne buffer	18
major parent	18
coronavirus oc	18
two overlapping	18
mild respiratory	18
accessory protein	18
mixed aiv	18
guinea fowl	18
viral interference	18
clinical symptoms	18
seasonal influenza	18
feline aminopeptidase	18
graphpad software	18
nucleotide position	18
showed high	18
type infectious	18
indicate significant	18
ovo cpg	18
coronavirus assembly	18
also reported	18
antigenic characteristics	18
like genotype	18
reference strain	18
elisa kit	18
vaccine vector	18
three ibv	18
three major	18
technical assistance	18
genus coronavirus	18
single infection	18
proteomic analysis	18
cells containing	18
one hundred	18
classical ibv	18
laboratory animal	18
quantitative reverse	18
pathogenic strain	18
seven ibv	18
experimental evidence	18
five chickens	18
increased mortality	18
coronavirus jhm	18
within hypervariable	18
high mutation	18
pcr results	18
protein sequence	18
acid substitution	18
protein interactions	18
xmap assay	18
age groups	18
infected cell	18
attenuated infectious	18
sucrose gradient	18
mammalian coronaviruses	18
two amino	17
innate immunity	17
infective dose	17
affected birds	17
gel extraction	17
virus identification	17
bootstrap values	17
massachusetts type	17
nephritis virus	17
pp ab	17
cecal tonsil	17
potential recombination	17
induces protective	17
provide protection	17
length genomic	17
primer pair	17
final concentration	17
measured using	17
cell receptor	17
virus budding	17
ab test	17
initial denaturation	17
infectious rna	17
virus serotype	17
vesicular stomatitis	17
coronavirus defective	17
confluent monolayers	17
avian nephritis	17
higher levels	17
genome sequencing	17
wide range	17
two large	17
translationally cleaved	17
live infectious	17
susceptible cells	17
new strains	17
ibv isolated	17
currently available	17
intermediate cleavage	17
attenuated influenza	17
ibv induced	17
receptor determinant	17
detection program	17
severe clinical	17
helper virus	17
mucosal immune	17
allantoic cavities	17
qx genotype	17
following challenge	17
many years	17
virulent strains	17
relative expression	17
jx kj	17
ethidium bromide	17
protects chickens	17
viruses using	17
chicken serum	17
strain isolated	17
strain remains	17
herpes simplex	17
remains attenuated	17
molecular survey	17
cellular immunity	17
results confirmed	17
poultry farming	17
transferred fragments	17
complete genomes	17
ii coronaviruses	17
swedish isolates	17
post inoculation	17
various ibv	17
ibv ab	17
length genomes	17
hours post	17
viral gene	17
ibv viruses	17
bronchitis vaccines	17
vaccination program	17
inhibiting antibody	17
kj gx	17
better understand	17
antiviral activity	17
may lead	17
sensitive mutants	17
chickens following	17
functional characterization	17
recombination breakpoints	17
maximum parsimony	17
odn pre	17
week pv	16
host species	16
early vaccination	16
viral dna	16
binding proteins	16
total number	16
ibv genotype	16
primer pairs	16
induces protection	16
target dna	16
vaccine alone	16
infected chicks	16
days later	16
infectious ibv	16
coding regions	16
recombination sites	16
minor parent	16
like avian	16
cell infiltration	16
sequencing kit	16
antiviral effect	16
virus based	16
transcription factor	16
expressing nsp	16
agricultural university	16
rna copies	16
genome encodes	16
cell apoptosis	16
coronavirus group	16
data analysis	16
electron microscope	16
differences among	16
virus sequence	16
among coronaviruses	16
lesion scores	16
using anti	16
ibv circulating	16
ml penicillin	16
terminal half	16
may cause	16
secretory pathway	16
rt reaction	16
vaccines used	16
neutralizing monoclonal	16
independent experiments	16
viral nucleocapsid	16
ch scyb	16
kindly provided	16
translation initiation	16
structural elements	16
rna genomes	16
mycoplasma gallisepticum	16
res doi	16
kda polypeptide	16
international committee	16
two weeks	16
baculovirus expression	16
yn attenuated	16
genotype iii	16
tracheal protection	16
tree based	16
low pathogenic	16
strains circulating	16
predominant genotype	16
randomly selected	16
ark ark	16
virus tropism	16
predicted amino	16
following infection	16
recombinant strains	16
many different	16
approximately kda	16
significantly decreased	16
adapted beaudette	16
ga cwl	16
another study	16
rabbit igg	16
bat coronavirus	16
protection rate	16
protein alone	16
conserved region	16
optical density	16
days pi	16
additional file	16
avian viral	16
single amino	16
investigate whether	16
buffer containing	16
hvr i	16
lx type	16
pcr fragments	16
strains showed	16
gene characteristics	16
cycling conditions	16
two novel	16
highly infectious	16
cell suspension	16
conjugated goat	16
ns proteins	16
also shown	16
rna template	16
stunting syndrome	16
viral infectivity	16
monkey kidney	16
viral titers	16
competent cells	16
may serve	16
mini kit	16
cleavage product	16
coronavirus gene	16
egfp orf	16
identified ibv	16
pathogenic ibv	16
much higher	16
microscopic lesions	16
horseradish peroxidase	16
expressed alone	16
mutant ibv	16
birds showed	16
asterisks indicate	15
chicken tissues	15
different letters	15
retaining spike	15
currently used	15
control odn	15
previous work	15
circulating strains	15
primary antibody	15
several studies	15
observed daily	15
cause severe	15
statistical analysis	15
polyclonal antibody	15
coronavirus beaudette	15
neuraminidase treatment	15
wild bird	15
poultry companies	15
ms ms	15
protective effect	15
harbin veterinary	15
er stress	15
encodes four	15
genome loads	15
considered positive	15
rflp analysis	15
two ts	15
high level	15
amino terminal	15
subunit gene	15
van der	15
selective pressure	15
ethyl acetate	15
variant serotypes	15
vaccination groups	15
genetically closely	15
several ibv	15
ge healthcare	15
foreign gene	15
epitope within	15
chicken lines	15
neutralization test	15
infectious disease	15
important roles	15
vaccinated controls	15
ib infection	15
antibody detection	15
novel serotype	15
experimental groups	15
ibv qx	15
viral respiratory	15
genomic organization	15
kiia genotype	15
cell growth	15
induce chicken	15
birds challenged	15
may occur	15
putative recombination	15
clinical manifestations	15
complete spike	15
membrane vesicles	15
rna molecules	15
nucleolar proteins	15
molecular mass	15
induced cell	15
protection experiment	15
virus characterization	15
leghorn chickens	15
virus genetic	15
antigenic relationships	15
virus evolution	15
coronavirus nsp	15
viral glycoprotein	15
stranded positive	15
urate deposition	15
supplementary data	15
significant reduction	15
mutation rate	15
relatively low	15
ibv also	15
corona virus	15
kr adl	15
induce apoptosis	15
ibv genes	15
authors read	15
virus neutralizing	15
virus vaccination	15
purified virions	15
gene encodes	15
layer chickens	15
receiving vaccine	15
anterograde traffic	15
viruses expressing	15
nested set	15
dominant selection	15
shell formation	15
virus retaining	15
ml streptomycin	15
molecular cloning	15
pcr detection	15
transient dominant	15
purified recombinant	15
viral disease	15
serotype identification	15
vaccinated broiler	15
standard curves	15
mutant transcripts	15
podospora anserina	15
pcr master	15
jhm strain	15
immunofluorescence assay	15
virion proteins	15
complete sequence	15
ibv particles	15
enveloped virus	15
viral genomes	15
reaction survey	15
two major	15
thermo scientific	15
ibv conn	15
complementation groups	15
essential oils	15
viruses may	15
loop i	15
west nile	15
quaternary packing	15
contagious respiratory	15
also identified	15
idexx ibv	15
genetic variation	15
personal communication	15
four groups	15
pathogenic virus	15
canonical sg	14
hybrid proteins	14
quantitative pcr	14
low levels	14
syncytia formation	14
sequence similarities	14
strains using	14
intergenic region	14
virus binding	14
full length	14
us strains	14
amplification reaction	14
embryo passage	14
evolutionary relationships	14
hi test	14
mitochondrial counts	14
different coronaviruses	14
virus glycopolypeptide	14
virus may	14
using polymerase	14
showed significantly	14
chicken macrophage	14
like receptors	14
dna microarray	14
differentially expressed	14
genome structure	14
ibv real	14
avian viruses	14
nucleolar localization	14
inbred lines	14
duck enteritis	14
intracellular transport	14
different types	14
chickens showed	14
packaging signal	14
field ibv	14
detection methods	14
coronavirus envelope	14
protein corona	14
birds coronavirus	14
anxa protein	14
nucleocapsid genes	14
cellular rna	14
sequence alignments	14
coronavirus isolated	14
rndvs expressing	14
well known	14
tcov genome	14
within nsp	14
viral membrane	14
also play	14
related genes	14
molecular studies	14
rights reserved	14
goat serum	14
inoculated chickens	14
arch virol	14
viral entry	14
bronchitis attenuated	14
group challenged	14
plaque assay	14
shedding titers	14
large rna	14
fifty percent	14
nsp alone	14
cellular membranes	14
tissue tropisms	14
tracheal epithelial	14
ibv belongs	14
caecal tonsil	14
two main	14
beaur nsp	14
broiler breeders	14
reduced egg	14
national center	14
eif ak	14
persistent infection	14
ibv ark	14
creative commons	14
maternally derived	14
age group	14
different virus	14
sites defined	14
several coronaviruses	14
cilia beating	14
derived antibodies	14
data indicated	14
transcripts containing	14
sequence evidence	14
polymorphism analysis	14
dependent manner	14
factors reflects	14
calf serum	14
cell lysate	14
serum sample	14
actin filaments	14
different viral	14
mhv di	14
year period	14
immunofluorescent staining	14
epithelial hyperplasia	14
gene fragment	14
subcellular localization	14
see note	14
newly identified	14
one group	14
linked glycosylation	14
new vaccines	14
old group	14
may contribute	14
whether ibv	14
third passage	14
tagged madp	14
visualized using	14
sequence arg	14
ch lgd	14
strains beaudette	14
highest identity	14
virus envelope	14
stomatitis virus	14
disease control	14
tissue specimens	14
gold nanoparticles	14
final manuscript	14
ct value	14
syndrome virus	14
nile virus	14
glycosylation site	14
five eggs	14
cells showed	14
ch lnm	14
specific lesions	14
many ibv	14
ns protein	14
signal sequence	14
genome analysis	14
week old	14
local immunity	14
specific rna	14
disease caused	14
coronavirus associated	14
previously identified	14
using specific	14
nucleotide changes	14
pcr buffer	14
previously unknown	14
candled daily	14
nephropathogenic strains	14
melting curve	14
reflects virus	14
renal lesions	14
five chinese	14
standard error	14
tested positive	14
specific iga	14
economic importance	14
respiratory tissues	14
treated birds	14
long time	14
novel cleavage	13
encephalomyelitis virus	13
recombinant transposon	13
first described	13
poor cross	13
control cells	13
diagnostic tests	13
cytopathic effects	13
tracheal washes	13
virus spike	13
ibv plp	13
live virus	13
using primer	13
synthesis kit	13
local antibody	13
virus stock	13
ala substitutions	13
oral administration	13
results show	13
lysis buffer	13
like structures	13
genomic characterization	13
transcriptase polymerase	13
multiple comparison	13
partial amino	13
strain beaudette	13
gastrointestinal tract	13
isolated strains	13
isothermal amplification	13
blood cells	13
coronavirus mrnas	13
substitutions per	13
dengue virus	13
turkey poults	13
acid level	13
major role	13
isolate ck	13
embryonating eggs	13
new england	13
old commercial	13
pcr analysis	13
fluid containing	13
six isolates	13
surface projections	13
vitro using	13
isolation units	13
pcr test	13
polypeptide encoded	13
antigenic properties	13
whole virus	13
containing ibv	13
may provide	13
chinese strains	13
scale bar	13
results demonstrate	13
phylogenetic relationship	13
full genome	13
growth curves	13
group coronaviruses	13
approximately kb	13
avian pneumovirus	13
egypt beni	13
days following	13
provided ad	13
binding capacity	13
virus growth	13
pseudoknot structure	13
fluorescent protein	13
molecular basis	13
chinese strain	13
associated protein	13
ha protein	13
recent outbreaks	13
genetic relationship	13
several different	13
melting temperature	13
highly virulent	13
ch gd	13
programme based	13
viruses including	13
like nephropathogenic	13
genomic cdna	13
three weeks	13
simplex virus	13
progeny virus	13
necrosis factor	13
clear whether	13
huge economic	13
post challenge	13
mitochondrial count	13
grand island	13
phylogenetic incongruence	13
antibody test	13
many countries	13
animal welfare	13
culture medium	13
fifty per	13
technology co	13
associated coronavirus	13
washed twice	13
coronavirus particles	13
pivotal role	13
virol doi	13
layer flocks	13
newly synthesized	13
performed according	13
terminal sequencing	13
chicken astrovirus	13
two proteins	13
restriction endonuclease	13
coronavirus nonstructural	13
remains unknown	13
time course	13
sequences obtained	13
specific epitope	13
spf white	13
tcid ibv	13
sul avian	13
overlapping orfs	13
three replicates	13
two sites	13
biological characteristics	13
showed clinical	13
renal samples	13
protein produced	13
apparent molecular	13
apparently new	13
cytopathic effect	13
kda band	13
enveloped rna	13
widely distributed	13
veterinary microbiology	13
mm dtt	13
sequence homology	13
length infectious	13
groups showed	13
polyclonal antibodies	13
viral components	13
chickens receiving	13
respiratory infection	13
china associated	13
independent replicates	13
birds may	13
min followed	13
trees constructed	13
indian isolates	13
negative pressure	13
statistically different	13
induced membrane	13
based real	13
mhv strains	13
future studies	13
novel strains	13
granule formation	13
viral mrna	13
spike polypeptide	13
recognition receptors	13
used vaccine	13
european countries	13
strains within	13
oligo ibv	13
eggs inoculated	13
ocular route	13
protein sequences	13
bhk cells	13
effective protection	13
field viruses	13
domestic chickens	13
total cd	13
thank dr	13
binding properties	13
ib vaccine	13
cellular receptors	13
biotechnology information	13
viral species	13
culture plates	13
protease domain	13
coronavirus isolates	13
porcine transmissible	13
tumor necrosis	13
expression products	13
coronavirus coronavirus	13
economic impact	13
induce neutralizing	13
four strains	12
green monkey	12
red blood	12
multivalent dna	12
tlr pathway	12
sphingolipid synthesis	12
vaccines undergo	12
factor alpha	12
probably due	12
porcine respiratory	12
bat coronaviruses	12
african green	12
ecogpt gene	12
following exposure	12
directly treated	12
avian gamma	12
melanoma differentiation	12
young chicks	12
syncytium formation	12
acid positions	12
new respiratory	12
mediated immunity	12
virus recombinant	12
sigma aldrich	12
vitro assembled	12
gene region	12
showed severe	12
orally administered	12
antigenic determinants	12
bird species	12
virus variant	12
green fluorescent	12
protection efficacy	12
naturally infected	12
goblet cells	12
affinity chromatography	12
high proportion	12
lamp assays	12
iga response	12
similar growth	12
antiviral response	12
mhv rna	12
challenge experiments	12
virulent strain	12
semliki forest	12
cell receptors	12
ann arbor	12
eye drop	12
isolate gx	12
different live	12
molecular detection	12
positive cells	12
cent endpoints	12
respiratory problems	12
dromedary camels	12
cell entry	12
genetically related	12
routinely used	12
renal tubules	12
relative viral	12
five days	12
transcription mechanism	12
nucleotide substitutions	12
strain yn	12
female reproductive	12
molecular weights	12
sci doi	12
rna isolation	12
administered ts	12
kidney samples	12
group coronavirus	12
five birds	12
ion channel	12
different ages	12
mutations following	12
phosphate buffered	12
early studies	12
biosafety level	12
three hvrs	12
conn viruses	12
pcr amplified	12
microbiol doi	12
induces apoptosis	12
domestic peafowl	12
growth characteristics	12
arkansas type	12
common ancestor	12
false layers	12
spf eggs	12
inflammatory cell	12
negative strand	12
acids involved	12
data generated	12
multiple genes	12
per site	12
infected hd	12
newly emerged	12
per ml	12
type ibvs	12
inoculated groups	12
low level	12
elisa test	12
cell monolayers	12
molecular evolution	12
phosphate buffer	12
largest rna	12
infection induces	12
virology doi	12
southeast asia	12
gene fragments	12
pcr fragment	12
isolate i	12
relatedness values	12
conjugated secondary	12
young birds	12
mitochondrial biogenesis	12
unchallenged control	12
animal cells	12
megalign program	12
virus antigen	12
protein contains	12
infected embryos	12
surface glycoprotein	12
viral attachment	12
immune surveillance	12
two new	12
bio inc	12
liquid chromatography	12
intracellular membranes	12
mass spectrometry	12
avian metapneumovirus	12
unknown antigenic	12
cell response	12
primary target	12
signal amplification	12
nucleotide level	12
equal volume	12
binding sites	12
control ibv	12
new insights	12
arkansas dpi	12
using graphpad	12
rna helicase	12
i genotype	12
virulent avian	12
influenza viral	12
assay using	12
unknown whether	12
undefined functions	12
eggs via	12
chickens avian	12
ga viruses	12
also confirmed	12
three days	12
chick embryo	12
inhibitory effect	12
gammacoronavirus genus	12
undergo selection	12
bird populations	12
conjugated anti	12
provide complete	12
nanning jx	12
disulfide bonds	12
main protease	12
studies using	12
medium containing	12
bivalent vaccine	12
carcinoembryonic antigen	12
coronavirus proteins	12
sites within	12
containing sg	12
cells may	12
polyacrylamide gels	12
virus titration	12
virulent infectious	12
viruses containing	12
specific epitopes	12
virion rna	12
type vaccines	12
genotype i	12
vaccinated chicken	12
alternate passage	12
mass virus	12
i type	12
likelihood method	12
hvr ii	12
highly similar	12
four major	12
respiratory system	12
conserved regions	12
weeks post	12
antibody production	12
loading control	12
ibv rt	12
isolation kit	12
old broiler	12
reaction buffer	12
kilodalton polypeptide	12
first step	12
inoculated via	12
evaluated using	12
blast search	12
seven recombinant	12
lower levels	12
high sequence	12
bacterial artificial	12
vaccination group	12
serum albumin	12
ibv gene	12
cell type	12
distinct groups	12
thermal cycling	12
percent endpoints	12
phylogenetic relationships	12
candidate vaccine	12
firefly luciferase	11
infectious doses	11
poultry population	11
phasianus colchicus	11
blind passages	11
structural features	11
parent strain	11
maternal antibody	11
positive serum	11
early polish	11
genetic information	11
american type	11
dominant genotype	11
located within	11
china genetic	11
specific immune	11
cr ibv	11
qiaquick gel	11
human respiratory	11
pcr purification	11
staining pattern	11
peptide vaccines	11
detect antibodies	11
also present	11
genetic differences	11
apoptosis induced	11
method described	11
boehringer mannheim	11
including ibv	11
i virus	11
free embryonated	11
start sites	11
conformational changes	11
genetic stability	11
gov blast	11
ark ibv	11
using real	11
branch lengths	11
sucrose density	11
play important	11
different organs	11
results also	11
expression vector	11
serum dilution	11
nucleic acids	11
positive sera	11
four different	11
virus location	11
phosphorylated eif	11
acid position	11
genotype strains	11
published ibv	11
humoral antibody	11
viral polymerase	11
high levels	11
genotype vii	11
mass mass	11
sg markers	11
cell epitope	11
protein might	11
terminal amino	11
one way	11
plasmids expressing	11
cold pbs	11
commercial kit	11
dilution buffer	11
although many	11
expressing ibv	11
recombinant plasmids	11
differed significantly	11
significantly upregulated	11
bicistronic dna	11
histopathological examination	11
genus betacoronavirus	11
breakpoint site	11
ee ratio	11
pathogenic mass	11
i ifn	11
per sample	11
donor plasmid	11
control strategies	11
may reflect	11
essential medium	11
independent clones	11
virus research	11
regulatory sequence	11
four isolates	11
severity scores	11
method using	11
prism version	11
mononuclear cells	11
virusinfected cells	11
cal viruses	11
elisa antibody	11
drinking water	11
chick kidney	11
free chickens	11
kg bw	11
high fidelity	11
transposon vectors	11
protection studies	11
least two	11
jurisdictional claims	11
enteric coronaviruses	11
cov infection	11
cycle arrest	11
viral copy	11
rescued viruses	11
mm mgcl	11
different age	11
tm domain	11
cov nsp	11
one sample	11
tracheal mucosa	11
similar results	11
functions within	11
protein complexes	11
like coronavirus	11
restriction site	11
north america	11
situ hybridization	11
yz strains	11
conformational change	11
virus pathogenicity	11
interstitial nephritis	11
challenge groups	11
feline cells	11
northern italy	11
type culture	11
fowlpox virus	11
encoding region	11
respiratory syncytial	11
cause disease	11
ebola virus	11
green fluorescence	11
sequencing data	11
yl strain	11
beluga whale	11
virus comparative	11
well plate	11
antigenic drift	11
primary antibodies	11
molecular methods	11
first strand	11
ibv serum	11
haemagglutination inhibition	11
envelope glycoprotein	11
messenger rna	11
examined daily	11
recently isolated	11
systematic assembly	11
protection provided	11
first identified	11
new virus	11
sp gene	11
polyclonal anti	11
leghorn spf	11
ak perk	11
free protein	11
per cell	11
novel live	11
copies per	11
poor egg	11
membrane pairing	11
diseased chickens	11
commercially available	11
bigdye terminator	11
ibv induces	11
forest virus	11
santa cruz	11
immunodominant region	11
culture media	11
choanal cleft	11
quantitative rt	11
direct sequencing	11
remains neutral	11
small amount	11
classical strains	11
virus induced	11
nucleotide positions	11
neutral buffered	11
animal species	11
avian gammacoronaviruses	11
sequencing reactions	11
viral stock	11
positively charged	11
culture collection	11
identified using	11
recombinant fowlpox	11
pol i	11
pattern recognition	11
treated ibv	11
response following	11
different parts	11
body weight	11
ibv reads	11
highly divergent	11
serine residues	11
primary structure	11
three samples	11
differential diagnosis	11
recombinant newcastle	11
way analysis	11
local alignment	11
multiple sg	11
twice daily	11
translational shut	11
bd biosciences	11
fusion core	11
results suggested	11
electron microscopic	11
three washes	11
baby chicks	11
per chick	11
oropharyngeal swabs	11
proline mutation	11
hi antibody	11
treated groups	11
mega version	11
one strain	11
acid sites	11
coronavirus species	11
two independent	11
study using	11
strain gx	11
dna extraction	11
ibv binding	11
birds died	11
post transfection	11
strain challenge	11
buffered formalin	11
group showed	11
previously shown	11
killed vaccines	11
com scientificreports	10
units ml	10
molecular identification	10
induced autophagy	10
syncytial virus	10
chicken polyclonal	10
spf ece	10
plasmid containing	10
enteritis virus	10
computer analysis	10
ig site	10
beaudette strains	10
complementary dna	10
hepatitis coronavirus	10
early stages	10
five strains	10
ib vaccination	10
search tool	10
one step	10
qx strains	10
renal damage	10
transmission electron	10
proteins using	10
virus evolutionary	10
charged amino	10
gene revealed	10
inoculated birds	10
years ago	10
sequence comparisons	10
inoculated group	10
different countries	10
respiratory pathogen	10
day pi	10
idexx laboratories	10
virus infected	10
data sets	10
replicase proteins	10
virus infectivity	10
poor protection	10
veterinary vaccines	10
ocular discharge	10
negative samples	10
calculated based	10
pavo cristatus	10
mediated isothermal	10
natural infection	10
genetic characteristics	10
vaccine showed	10
gene sequencing	10
replicates primarily	10
rearrangements induced	10
taqman probe	10
use committee	10
golgi network	10
research center	10
global poultry	10
minimum essential	10
collection times	10
mean values	10
serotypes using	10
secondary structures	10
yet clear	10
current vaccine	10
one isolate	10
dependent phosphorylation	10
ibv showed	10
killed humanely	10
carbon dioxide	10
recombination occurs	10
positive result	10
treated cek	10
wild carnivores	10
avian diseases	10
coronavirus receptor	10