trigram

This is a table of type trigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

trigram	frequency
of the droplet	185
of the droplets	122
due to the	117
the effect of	112
of the puff	100
the number of	99
number of droplets	87
to display the	79
display the preprint	78
who has granted	78
license to display	78
medrxiv a license	78
the preprint in	78
has granted medrxiv	78
granted medrxiv a	78
the use of	78
a license to	78
of the virus	73
the spread of	72
the copyright holder	71
is the author	71
the author funder	71
holder for this	70
copyright holder for	70
in the air	69
of respiratory droplets	65
this version posted	65
which was not	63
the risk of	63
severe acute respiratory	62
evolution of the	62
in terms of	61
not certified by	58
was not certified	58
certified by peer	58
by peer review	58
acute respiratory syndrome	57
shown in fig	56
within the puff	55
droplets in the	53
and relative humidity	51
droplets and aerosols	51
preprint in perpetuity	50
the evolution of	50
based on the	49
the droplet size	48
as shown in	47
as well as	46
license it is	45
the transmission of	45
available under a	45
it is made	45
is made available	45
international license it	45
made available under	45
coughing and sneezing	44
in this study	44
the presence of	43
for this preprint	42
a function of	41
velocity of the	40
size of the	38
diameter of the	38
the volume of	38
droplets and droplet	37
preprint this version	37
in order to	37
this preprint this	37
in this paper	37
of the cloud	37
world health organization	37
the size of	37
of droplets in	37
transmission of covid	36
droplet size distribution	36
depends on the	35
the droplet surface	35
of a droplet	35
the effects of	35
the droplet nuclei	35
as a function	34
is given by	34
of droplets and	34
an infected person	32
all rights reserved	32
shown in figure	32
the diameter of	32
from the mouth	32
respiratory droplets and	32
the role of	32
size distribution of	32
volume of the	32
the puff and	31
the size distribution	31
airborne droplets and	31
the droplet cloud	31
the droplets are	31
total number of	30
and droplet nuclei	30
of the initial	30
respiratory syndrome coronavirus	30
of the mask	30
the rate of	30
to the ground	29
out of the	29
to be the	29
personal protective equipment	29
terms of the	29
it can be	28
the ejected droplets	28
the evaporation of	28
this this version	28
preprint the copyright	28
the range of	28
for this this	28
version posted september	28
of the air	27
due to evaporation	27
the value of	27
the influence of	27
away from the	27
the droplet is	27
on the droplet	27
puff of air	26
the probability of	26
airborne transmission of	26
it has been	26
computational fluid dynamics	26
relative humidity of	26
is shown in	26
a surgical mask	26
evaporation and dispersion	26
spread of the	26
one of the	26
the total number	25
the absence of	25
in the range	25
the order of	25
droplets and nuclei	25
the size and	25
of face masks	25
there is no	25
the effectiveness of	25
of water vapor	24
in indoor environments	24
can be expressed	24
compared to the	24
according to the	24
effect of the	24
distribution of droplets	24
temperature and relative	24
at the droplet	24
depending on the	24
allowed without permission	23
the droplet and	23
reuse allowed without	23
in the absence	23
of airborne droplets	23
of droplet nuclei	23
viral load in	23
droplets and the	23
the droplet diameter	23
the surrounding air	23
no reuse allowed	23
transmission of the	23
of the ejected	23
of the human	23
d is the	22
the efficacy of	22
the results of	22
a is the	22
remain within the	22
droplets can be	22
motion of the	22
temperature and humidity	22
most of the	22
in addition to	22
assumed to be	22
the initial droplet	22
analysis of the	22
such as the	22
droplets smaller than	22
the concentration of	22
droplets can move	21
of droplets is	21
a distance of	21
heat and mass	21
the relative humidity	21
fall to the	21
found to be	21
transmission of infectious	21
is defined as	21
the formation of	21
is the droplet	21
the context of	20
the droplet evaporation	20
transmission of sars	20
in this case	20
is the mass	20
that the droplet	20
the mouth opening	20
prevention and control	20
on the other	20
be expressed as	20
the ejected puff	20
the other hand	20
droplet size distributions	20
on coughing and	20
from the source	20
can be found	20
the fact that	20
under a perpetuity	20
and control of	20
the respiratory tract	20
the duration of	20
the drying time	20
in the current	20
the density of	20
a number of	20
the evaporation and	20
was used to	20
can move in	20
which can be	19
probability of infection	19
how far droplets	19
the evaporation rate	19
size and the	19
within the cloud	19
the receiving host	19
are shown in	19
the droplets and	19
shows that the	19
the pareto distribution	19
droplets larger than	19
in the context	19
to reduce the	19
the evaporation time	19
the current study	19
the severe acute	19
and dispersion of	19
due to gravity	19
of the sars	19
version posted may	19
far droplets can	19
the importance of	19
of droplet size	19
of droplet sizes	19
move in indoor	19
and mass transfer	19
rate of the	18
stability of sars	18
distance traveled by	18
use of a	18
area of the	18
m from the	18
duration of air	18
the mm distance	18
under a is	18
and the ambient	18
the mass of	18
to determine the	18
nature of the	18
the droplet particle	18
of particle size	18
droplet and the	18
because of the	18
in the droplet	18
at the mouth	18
the trajectory of	18
the motion of	18
version posted july	18
there is a	18
of aerosol particles	18
the wells evaporation	18
of this study	18
size distribution is	18
to obtain the	18
determined by the	17
coughing and speaking	17
the form of	17
of the total	17
initial droplet size	17
by the droplet	17
difference between the	17
of transmission of	17
droplets within the	17
the air for	17
com scientificreports www	17
as given by	17
the ambient air	17
fraction of the	17
it should be	17
in the case	17
distribution of the	17
is clear that	17
as a result	17
it is clear	17
by the puff	17
we find that	17
time of the	17
well as the	17
of droplet evaporation	17
time evolution of	16
become droplet nuclei	16
the same as	16
trajectory of the	16
in front of	16
the dispersion of	16
to model the	16
droplet surface and	16
a droplet of	16
taken to be	16
difference in the	16
human nasal cavity	16
violent expiratory events	16
of aerosol transmission	16
the impact of	16
hot and dry	16
was found to	16
infection prevention and	16
ambient temperature and	16
that remain within	16
the velocity of	16
of the exhaled	16
the respiratory droplets	16
the puff is	16
the governing equations	16
can be estimated	16
the distribution of	16
the puff of	16
droplets in a	16
droplets that remain	16
modes of transmission	16
carriage of respiratory	16
and his co	16
given by the	16
it is important	16
and the duration	16
to that of	15
risk of infection	15
for disease control	15
p is the	15
evaporation of droplets	15
the point of	15
in exhaled breath	15
in figure s	15
in the cloud	15
a susceptible host	15
of the order	15
of the respiratory	15
is important to	15
the case of	15
a wide range	15
aerosol and surface	15
at the same	15
suspended in the	15
be used to	15
be noted that	15
presence of non	15
there have been	15
in the literature	15
droplets produced by	15
to be a	15
it is also	15
wide range of	15
the dynamics of	15
the airborne droplets	15
deposition in a	15
front of the	15
note that the	15
a human cough	15
is the density	15
relative humidity on	15
of the aerosol	15
the surrounding puff	14
in the form	14
and the droplet	14
filtration efficiency of	14
infection control in	14
and can be	14
the growth rate	14
to account for	14
particle deposition in	14
of the covid	14
aerosol transmission of	14
of the disease	14
at the mm	14
which is the	14
in the presence	14
affected by the	14
in the above	14
the mass fraction	14
is used to	14
end system model	14
of droplets expelled	14
density of the	14
mass fraction of	14
the distance traveled	14
so that the	14
a range of	14
coughing or sneezing	14
effect of non	14
as compared with	14
the viral load	14
with respect to	14
temperature of the	14
laden droplets and	14
defined as the	14
the indoor environment	14
that the droplets	14
an increase in	14
respiratory droplets are	14
wearing a mask	14
between the droplet	14
and deposition of	14
traveled by the	14
the initial velocity	14
the slit lamp	14
in this section	14
risk of secondary	13
the total mass	13
droplets expelled during	13
use of masks	13
respiratory pathogen emissions	13
increase in the	13
turbulent gas clouds	13
droplets exhaled by	13
than that of	13
inhomogeneous humidity field	13
in the respiratory	13
droplet size and	13
of secondary airborne	13
and respiratory pathogen	13
control in health	13
toward understanding the	13
secondary airborne infection	13
in the following	13
the survival of	13
compared with sars	13
clouds and respiratory	13
to the droplet	13
can be obtained	13
emission of respirable	13
the total volume	13
and surface stability	13
the wind speed	13
the movement of	13
control and prevention	13
revisiting the wells	13
size distribution and	13
the filtration efficiency	13
at a distance	13
of expiratory droplets	13
the drag coefficient	13
related to the	13
the cloud is	13
understanding the risk	13
function of the	13
properties of the	13
of evaporation and	13
the larger droplets	13
smaller than the	13
surface stability of	13
of the infected	13
given by where	13
can be used	13
the propagation of	13
may not be	13
it must be	13
in the ambient	13
there has been	13
of respirable pathogens	13
disease control and	13
the flow field	13
reducing transmission of	13
order of magnitude	13
gas clouds and	13
evaporation and settling	12
an important role	12
as the droplet	12
the virtual origin	12
bourouiba et al	12
air temperature and	12
infection rate constant	12
of the room	12
be taken to	12
for infection control	12
transmission of respiratory	12
of saliva droplets	12
and t e	12
droplets that are	12
the droplets were	12
need to be	12
in a human	12
against droplet infection	12
show that the	12
ejected puff of	12
the puff velocity	12
to the initial	12
account for the	12
a mask is	12
the ambient temperature	12
in the same	12
the time evolution	12
a diameter of	12
remain airborne for	12
transport and deposition	12
taken into account	12
of these droplets	12
and in the	12
effect on the	12
impact on the	12
the analysis of	12
spread of droplets	12
model for the	12
the puff model	12
the direction of	12
the infected person	12
the reynolds number	12
the temperature and	12
the maximum distance	12
to estimate the	12
is the diameter	12
without a mask	12
the surface of	12
exhaled breath of	12
due to entrainment	12
of influenza a	12
copies ml l	12
the world health	12
of the ambient	12
droplets with the	12
spread of infection	12
due to their	12
humidity on the	12
the possibility of	12
of severe acute	12
used for the	12
the latent heat	12
health care workers	12
which the droplet	12
droplets and their	12
during the covid	11
the respiratory event	11
natural ventilation for	11
in health care	11
drying time of	11
the breathing zone	11
the surgical mask	11
for reducing transmission	11
virus in the	11
by the receiving	11
of the surrounding	11
o o f	11
understanding of the	11
adapted from ref	11
the extent of	11
at face height	11
water vapor in	11
potential implications for	11
in which the	11
the droplet velocity	11
found that the	11
a relative humidity	11
on the surface	11
a recent study	11
discussed in section	11
is an important	11
lower than the	11
health workers treating	11
of infectious diseases	11
ratio of the	11
and droplet size	11
as high as	11
r o o	11
the development of	11
ventilation for infection	11
and the surrounding	11
similar to the	11
in calm air	11
in the supporting	11
of respiratory viruses	11
of large droplets	11
puff and the	11
the droplet lifetime	11
the exhaled droplets	11
vapor in the	11
the inhomogeneous humidity	11
high temperature and	11
pressure at the	11
range of the	11
mass of the	11
u r n	11
the initial diameter	11
droplet and aerosol	11
influenza a virus	11
with a diameter	11
lower respiratory tract	11
n a l	11
that it is	11
compared with the	11
the loading density	11
the behavior of	11
been shown to	11
volume fraction of	11
reduce the risk	11
temperature and rh	11
estimated to be	11
results show that	11
to investigate the	11
risk of transmission	11
p r o	11
to predict the	11
r n a	11
the radius of	11
and water vapor	11
concentration in the	11
to capture the	11
total mass of	11
the mask is	11
implications for reducing	11
of droplets with	11
on the right	11
centers for disease	11
p r e	11
growth of the	11
evaporation time of	11
airborne pathogen transmission	11
of air and	11
talking and coughing	11
air and the	11
is related to	11
evaporation of water	11
the level of	11
the supporting information	11
of infectious agents	11
a l p	11
effect of buoyancy	11
and deposition in	11
as will be	11
of an infected	11
o u r	11
to assess the	11
temperature and high	11
a cloud of	11
the ratio of	11
j o u	11
efficacy of face	11
l p r	11
study of the	11
the difference in	11
m s at	11
droplets of size	11
droplets generated by	11
of a mask	10
to the puff	10
is consistent with	10
of disease transmission	10
evaluation of the	10
prevent the spread	10
of infected patients	10
growth rate of	10
for the droplet	10
by coughing in	10
the droplets exhaled	10
should be noted	10
respiratory virus shedding	10
the volume fraction	10
the environment is	10
the nasal cavity	10
droplet digital pcr	10
side of the	10
of the fluid	10
droplet cloud is	10
droplet dispersion and	10
f is the	10
can be ignored	10
upper respiratory tract	10
for a droplet	10
the viability of	10
the difference between	10
expansion of the	10
likely to be	10
of the previous	10
expelled from the	10
is in the	10
the velocity and	10
shown to be	10
of the microkeratome	10
more likely to	10
dispersion of droplets	10
of the surface	10
the infection rate	10
that of the	10
large number of	10
in the upper	10
magnitude of the	10
droplet precautions for	10
the transport of	10
the respiratory droplet	10
rate of evaporation	10
to quantify the	10
droplets from the	10
middle east respiratory	10
of a single	10
noted that the	10
suggests that the	10
are in the	10
model presented in	10
negative pressure mask	10
function of time	10
the flow rate	10
can be calculated	10
orders of magnitude	10
the magnitude of	10
as long as	10
as given in	10
within the droplet	10
the virus is	10
xie et al	10
m is the	10
is less than	10
respiratory droplets from	10
of more than	10
the fate of	10
in the airway	10
different weather conditions	10
droplets due to	10
the previous sections	10
of airborne transmission	10
in the present	10
of the vapor	10
majority of the	10
when the puff	10
to m s	10
considered to be	10
found in the	10
number of droplet	10
transport characteristics of	10
the novel coronavirus	10
along with the	10
has been shown	10
particle size distribution	10
surface of the	10
radius of the	10
at a relative	10
a spherical puff	10
are given by	10
of the imi	10
that the effect	10
the temperature of	10
in contrast to	10
that can be	10
has been reported	10
associated with the	10
relative to the	10
the settling velocity	10
fraction of water	10
reduction in the	10
are assumed to	10
different types of	10
face masks in	10
close to the	10
is given as	10
polymerase chain reaction	10
the majority of	10
exhaled by sneeze	10
of oral fluid	10
east respiratory syndrome	10
contrast to the	10
for health workers	10
m s and	10
by solving the	10
some of the	10
from an infected	10
aerosols and droplets	10
head and neck	10
to calculate the	10
oral fluid droplets	10
inhalation flow rate	10
of the flow	10
the infection state	10
for a spherical	9
superemission during human	9
human speech increase	9
of m s	9
size in aerosolised	9
due to talking	9
plays an important	9
flow dynamics and	9
propagation of the	9
can then be	9
the need for	9
protected by copyright	9
that there was	9
of the model	9
virus shedding in	9
state of the	9
c r i	9
the exhaled breath	9
hospitalized patients with	9
volume of air	9
we obtain the	9
sites of origin	9
droplets can travel	9
we take the	9
of a human	9
the percentage of	9
is the volume	9
the laser sheet	9
by an infected	9
droplets expelled from	9
the carrier fluid	9
the air temperature	9
r i p	9
in hong kong	9
predicted by the	9
dynamics of the	9
and the droplets	9
breath and efficacy	9
to become droplet	9
by the following	9
of exhaled air	9
loudon and roberts	9
in the environment	9
figure shows the	9
of hospitalized patients	9
article is protected	9
were found to	9
with voice loudness	9
to talking and	9
viscosity of the	9
for t t	9
aerosolised pathogen transmission	9
that there is	9
during coughing and	9
to simulate the	9
of the particle	9
is essential to	9
the drag force	9
this article is	9
of droplets that	9
convective heat transfer	9
inertia of the	9
in the size	9
is the particle	9
between the two	9
the air flow	9
shown in the	9
the mean number	9
is taken to	9
and on the	9
used in the	9
to evaluate the	9
emission and superemission	9
the small droplets	9
each of the	9
a n u	9
and evaporation of	9
speech increase with	9
the evaporation dynamics	9
and surgical masks	9
droplet size was	9
the time scale	9
surgical masks are	9
of origin of	9
shedding in exhaled	9
air for a	9
of the turbulent	9
the same time	9
in air for	9
of diameter d	9
indicate that the	9
mean number of	9
s c r	9
the onset of	9
aerosol emission and	9
in a cough	9
of the water	9
an order of	9
m a n	9
is smaller than	9
of the evaporation	9
role of particle	9
the human respiratory	9
is the thermal	9
followed by the	9
cold and humid	9
of the severe	9
the number and	9
is governed by	9
in less than	9
rapidly fall to	9
that the use	9
part of the	9
during human speech	9
of coronavirus disease	9
size range of	9
included in the	9
the flow resistance	9
exhaled breath and	9
amount of non	9
is protected by	9
at the initial	9
half of the	9
of droplets generated	9
and efficacy of	9
time of a	9
increase with voice	9
distance between the	9
nasal cavity under	9
and high humidity	9
the air and	9
air changes per	9
the droplets in	9
the findings of	9
to reach the	9
a large number	9
in aerosolised pathogen	9
n u s	9
will not be	9
size of droplets	9
there was no	9
the location of	9
transmission of virus	9
a review of	9
location of the	9
drop size distribution	9
defined by the	9
for small droplets	9
numerical investigation of	9
used in this	9
droplet evaporation and	9
from the respiratory	9
such an approach	9
the droplet temperature	9
of the cough	9
in the aerosol	9
parameters such as	9
on a surface	9
in this respect	9
and superemission during	9
the droplet trajectories	9
nicas et al	9
survival of the	9
has been a	9
range of droplet	9
droplet of diameter	9
doremalen et al	9
u s c	9
with and without	9
revealed that the	9
i p t	9
to note that	9
of droplets within	9
spread of expiratory	9
suggest that the	9
laser light scattering	9
t is the	9
we assume that	9
airborne or droplet	9
to be small	9
the droplets expelled	9
the general public	9
particle size in	9
during expiratory activities	9
of less than	9
of the facemasks	9
van doremalen et	9
reported in the	9
remain suspended in	9
v is the	9
with the use	8
the filter material	8
or droplet precautions	8
vapor pressure at	8
caused by the	8
total volume of	8
assumed that the	8
endoscopic sinus surgery	8
obtain the following	8
cavity under cyclic	8
change in the	8
velocity and temperature	8
aerosol particles in	8
on the ground	8
smaller than d	8
the real source	8
the puff to	8
and there is	8
results of the	8
factors such as	8
respiratory virus transmission	8
and n respirators	8
with an initial	8
and characterization of	8
those of the	8
the equilibrium eulerian	8
respiratory droplets in	8
a ballistic trajectory	8
consistent with the	8
the cloud and	8
on which the	8
immediately at the	8
value of the	8
the gas phase	8
in determining the	8
the infected host	8
of the most	8
the interaction of	8
there are three	8
droplets generated during	8
droplet aerosol concentration	8
this study is	8
at the end	8
exhaled droplets due	8
air in the	8
the exhaled air	8
the human cough	8
of homemade masks	8
of masks and	8
time for a	8
of relative humidity	8
decreases due to	8
the nose and	8
into the air	8
and final sign	8
characterizations of particle	8
of the two	8
by the air	8
a droplet with	8
in the surrounding	8
droplet and nuclei	8
to provide a	8
numerical and experimental	8
up to m	8
from the droplet	8
is the drag	8
of temperature and	8
speaking and coughing	8
deposited on the	8
for coughing and	8
and temperature of	8
face masks and	8
in the lower	8
in the covid	8
masks and other	8
shape of the	8
have shown that	8
shown in table	8
is the surface	8
development of a	8
to be transmitted	8
results in a	8
the time of	8
of the airflow	8
of droplets from	8
accounting for the	8
advancement of the	8
and nuclei concentration	8
have fallen out	8
it is a	8
initial diameter of	8
v v p	8
pareto distribution is	8
shows the evolution	8
and loudon roberts	8
assume that the	8
evaporation dynamics of	8
for each droplet	8
the vapor plume	8
there are two	8
a systematic review	8
droplets on the	8
airborne droplet and	8
on the transmission	8
of weather conditions	8
under different weather	8
was applied to	8
protect against droplet	8
transmission of influenza	8
be the same	8
generated by coughing	8
the saliva droplet	8
evaporation of the	8
be considered as	8
are given in	8
expiration air jets	8
of the rx	8
origin of the	8
important role in	8
observe that the	8
the present work	8
particles in the	8
is similar to	8
deposition in the	8
it is not	8
some of these	8
their ability to	8
small values of	8
the potential for	8
produced by coughing	8
than the ambient	8
in the vicinity	8
considered in the	8
the center of	8
based on a	8
settling velocity of	8
the decrease in	8
the puff fluid	8
center of the	8
dispersion of the	8
corresponds to the	8
due to a	8
the human nasal	8
of virus transmission	8
evaporation of a	8
the physics of	8
per unit volume	8
on the initial	8
the imi system	8
for more than	8
than the surrounding	8
that for the	8
mask is worn	8
precautions for health	8
periods of time	8
be smaller than	8
the puff as	8
s is the	8
given in table	8
pe q pe	8
the ambient airflow	8
this study are	8
final sign off	8
accounts for the	8
the volunteers were	8
balanced salt solution	8
distance of m	8
we observe that	8
can be seen	8
find that the	8
detection of airborne	8
of a respiratory	8
this is because	8
in hot and	8
be found in	8
the period of	8
the assumption of	8
table shows the	8
role in determining	8
of r m	8
the aerosol class	8
taking into account	8
addition to the	8
use of face	8
changes per hour	8
in the indoor	8
there is an	8
in the human	8
initial velocity of	8
is assumed to	8
the saliva droplets	8
droplets do not	8
dynamics and characterization	8
are based on	8
than d e	8
of the nasal	8
less than a	8
a single cough	8
increased risk of	8
into account the	8
the end of	8
based microfluidic systems	8
the ability to	8
r m is	8
toward the sink	8
of the present	8
mediated isothermal amplification	8
droplet nuclei that	8
patients with covid	8
to understand the	8
droplet diameter at	8
the geometric mean	8
aerosol and droplet	8
droplet size is	8
a symptomatic patient	8
over long distances	8
sneezing or coughing	8
coefficient of the	8
of the filter	8
the puff has	8
the puff cloud	8
s e and	8
and heat transfer	8
the upper respiratory	8
droplets from coughing	8
will be seen	8
can be considered	8
droplets with a	8
where is the	8
of droplets was	8
mouth and nose	8
contact with the	8
end of the	8
depend on the	8
of the expiration	8
absence of gravity	8
route of transmission	8
is set to	8
by using the	8
role in the	8
the temperature difference	8
to prevent the	7
is considered as	7
fact that the	7
we do not	7
a constant airflow	7
the lower respiratory	7
on transport characteristics	7
the amount of	7
it takes for	7
judson and munster	7
to describe the	7
the filtration efficiencies	7
illustrated in fig	7
the source and	7
g is the	7
the trajectories of	7
needs to be	7
the equilibrium diameter	7
equal to the	7
can lead to	7
of fluid fragmentation	7
to respiratory droplets	7
the facemasks have	7
calm indoor environment	7
droplet nuclei are	7
transport and inhalation	7
that in the	7
with the same	7
acute respiratory infections	7
cold and dry	7
by taking the	7
same as the	7
a short cough	7
the water vapor	7
greater than m	7
the airborne transmission	7
at the time	7
upper respiratory specimens	7
is presented in	7
a rc k	7
is a function	7
a study of	7
considered as the	7
value of r	7
is necessary to	7
each droplet is	7
in healthcare settings	7
for a short	7
the toilet bowl	7
that droplets with	7
of droplets of	7
proportional to the	7
time can be	7
dispersion of exhaled	7
used by the	7
the tx and	7
the second term	7
viability of the	7
differences in the	7
to entrainment and	7
can reduce the	7
droplet nuclei in	7
for infection prevention	7
to the mouth	7
size distributions immediately	7
the basis of	7
in upper respiratory	7
for the droplets	7
travel up to	7
is calculated by	7
larger than the	7
for healthcare workers	7
under a author	7
the performance of	7
yes yes yes	7
cu and los	7
diseases such as	7
t t e	7
based on these	7
particles with a	7
framework can be	7
resistance of the	7
the droplet has	7
the upper bound	7
the vapor pressure	7
the heat transfer	7
on the floor	7
air currents and	7
and personal protective	7
visualization of sneeze	7
of such a	7
which is a	7
transmission via droplets	7
to ensure that	7
the distance between	7
surgical masks and	7
the assumption that	7
water vapor concentration	7
relative humidity and	7
droplets are assumed	7
droplets are moving	7
respiratory specimens of	7
the most important	7
and concentration of	7
in the middle	7
the middle ear	7
of the survival	7
a author funder	7
through the facemasks	7
the rx is	7
leading to respiratory	7
the puff are	7
within the first	7
the computational fluid	7
from the cough	7
implication for infection	7
from the face	7
influenza virus in	7
flow rate of	7
presented in figure	7
that of a	7
can also be	7
to visualize the	7
used to calculate	7
can be taken	7
the ultrasonic nebulizer	7
for this study	7
we will examine	7
at time t	7
the source term	7
of cough droplets	7
breath of healthy	7
of cloth masks	7
an average of	7
of exhaled droplet	7
as part of	7
passing through the	7
virion emission rates	7
an infected patient	7
of each droplet	7
by the mask	7
of pure water	7
filtration efficiencies of	7
characterization of a	7
specimens of infected	7
of a cough	7
evaporated droplet nuclei	7
higher than the	7
of sneeze ejecta	7
fluid fragmentation leading	7
of expiration air	7
s for the	7
airborne disease transmission	7
of surgical masks	7
the increase in	7
by the infected	7
determination of the	7
it will be	7
the shape of	7
prediction of the	7
the atomization of	7
org journal phf	7
m s for	7
the mean time	7
with laser light	7
parallel to the	7
the smaller droplets	7
singing and coughing	7
deposition of the	7
of speech droplets	7
do not have	7
are summarized in	7
in the nasal	7
each time step	7
such as influenza	7
this means that	7
these droplets are	7
with an average	7
that the sars	7
the puff can	7
time from the	7
before and after	7
fragmentation leading to	7
latent heat of	7
of the stains	7
of novel coronavirus	7
received number of	7
the nature of	7
control of epidemic	7
only a few	7
can be observed	7
and aerosol transmission	7
which the puff	7
as compared to	7
shrink in size	7
strength of the	7
these droplets can	7
heat transfer and	7
clear that the	7
the present study	7
at each time	7
were used to	7
in a hospital	7
of the mouth	7
median evaporation time	7
plotted in fig	7
flow physics of	7
in a droplet	7
design of the	7
description of the	7
droplet nuclei within	7
is obtained by	7
steps of fluid	7
from water evaporation	7
with the diameter	7
falling out of	7
the virus in	7
on the evaporation	7
to be in	7
with the droplet	7
buoyancy of the	7
different environmental conditions	7
the droplets is	7
diameter of d	7
the droplets generated	7
final droplet size	7
duguid and loudon	7
from a human	7
the droplet concentration	7
the fluid dynamics	7
can be written	7
we model the	7
time it takes	7
term on the	7
to the ambient	7
the current pandemic	7
the drop size	7
droplets or aerosols	7
diameter of a	7
viral load of	7
the surface tension	7
particle image velocimetry	7
presence of a	7
over a wide	7
the virus to	7
the droplets can	7
dispersion of respiratory	7
is equal to	7
spread of covid	7
from the person	7
pressure of the	7
more than one	7
findings of this	7
characteristics of saliva	7
be seen in	7
from the human	7
efficiency of the	7
reported that the	7
by severe acute	7
in the exhaled	7
of healthy human	7
droplet sizes is	7
masks and n	7
load in upper	7
about of the	7
as a cloud	7
humidity and temperature	7
evaporation from drops	7
the aspiration efficiency	7
prone acute respiratory	7
of droplets are	7
droplets and particles	7
the present results	7
be subjected to	7
the fluid flow	7
infectious agents in	7
leung et al	7
more than m	7
study on transport	7
the data that	7
is the initial	7
suspended in air	7
concentration of virus	7
healthy human subjects	7
ipc precaution recommendations	6
should be performed	6
virological assessment of	6
as indicated in	6
only on the	6
drag coefficient of	6
the ability of	6
droplet sizes and	6
could be used	6
the airborne droplet	6
that the air	6
nasal passage model	6
e p t	6
the droplet plume	6
in the next	6
influence of the	6
risk of droplet	6
and the size	6
of the number	6
the prevention of	6
v v v	6
airborne contagion and	6
of droplet transmission	6
can be represented	6
droplet nuclei is	6
contagion and air	6
via respiratory droplets	6
k is the	6
that the number	6
to protect against	6
laden droplet nuclei	6
comparison of the	6
be the time	6
airborne lifetime of	6
by the droplets	6
dry air and	6
of airborne pathogens	6
composition of the	6
equation of motion	6
dispersion and transport	6
of thermal plume	6
effect of weather	6
from the air	6
l is the	6
r is the	6
an airliner cabin	6
has been found	6
velocity can be	6
droplet can be	6
water and air	6
studies of the	6
will be discussed	6
fit of the	6
has also been	6
that the value	6
of the volume	6
details of the	6
to have a	6
equipment contamination by	6
the emission strength	6
of a susceptible	6
human respiratory tract	6
a small amount	6
is the air	6
diameter smaller than	6
the air is	6
linger in the	6
distribution is a	6
a couple of	6
droplets tend to	6
this paper is	6
of the probability	6
c c e	6
equation can be	6
and the air	6
the droplet evaporates	6
and the risk	6
initial droplet diameter	6
is characterized by	6
the ventilator mask	6
review of the	6
in different environmental	6
figure shows that	6
is one of	6
it is therefore	6
the mass transfer	6
diameter d k	6
on the size	6
the virus and	6
expelled by a	6
we found that	6
t lim and	6
at different rates	6
reach the ground	6
for a longer	6
the decay of	6
presented in this	6
diffusion coefficient of	6
droplet evaporation is	6
the particle size	6
to cover the	6
is the number	6
the probability density	6
significant reduction in	6
the transition time	6
is difficult to	6
of the spray	6
on the left	6
were predicted to	6
can be solved	6
the drying potential	6
investigation of the	6
that the evaporation	6
through the mask	6
the chances of	6
many susceptible hosts	6
the settling of	6
the spreading of	6
the droplet sizes	6
around airborne versus	6
spread of respiratory	6
were asked to	6
from the patient	6
we consider the	6
should be taken	6
the lagrangian approach	6
particularly in the	6
the intensity of	6
of initial droplet	6
of the infection	6
in microfluidic devices	6
capacity of the	6
important to note	6
protective equipment contamination	6
coughs and sneezes	6
controversy around airborne	6
the smallest droplets	6
and the mass	6
and the mask	6
t e d	6
hygroscopic growth of	6
and at the	6
droplets expelled by	6
the deposition of	6
of ambient air	6
it is necessary	6
moving at velocities	6
the possibility that	6
also known as	6
the reception of	6
fate in indoor	6
when the ambient	6
the diffusion coefficient	6
here we will	6
the results are	6
nose and mouth	6
emission strength of	6
or can we	6
and time scales	6
at a higher	6
in close proximity	6
large droplets are	6
the pressure drop	6
by which the	6
viruses in the	6
of expiratory droplet	6
the initially ejected	6
droplet fate in	6
of the masks	6
to protect themselves	6
m and t	6
in the transmission	6
in the number	6
size at injection	6
same as that	6
droplet nuclei can	6
this review paper	6
t m is	6
context of covid	6
showed that the	6
a fraction of	6
contaminant transport in	6
available from the	6
be emphasized that	6
of inhalability of	6
small amount of	6
an n respirator	6
cloud of droplets	6
starting from the	6
the nusselt number	6
h is the	6
b shows the	6
now consider the	6
the numerical results	6
from the virtual	6
as discussed in	6
in a confined	6
a droplet is	6
the droplet dispersion	6
the frequency of	6
of the mass	6
mass flow rate	6
sides of the	6
the initial ejected	6
is able to	6
study of droplet	6
the puff remains	6
both droplets and	6
through respiratory droplets	6
of nasal spray	6
droplet of initial	6
the maximum horizontal	6
of indoor environments	6
puff velocity decreases	6
masks in public	6
the recipient host	6
nuclei within the	6
contamination by severe	6
and air hygiene	6
effects of temperature	6
number of the	6
experimental and numerical	6
aerosol generating procedures	6
distributions immediately at	6
in patients with	6
droplets during the	6
buoyancy is to	6
a cough jet	6
the expiratory droplets	6
puff continues to	6
the diffusion of	6
the inclusion of	6
of small speech	6
zhu et al	6
evaporated to become	6
a c c	6
even in the	6
the turbulent puff	6
should not be	6
range of droplets	6
c e p	6
to d e	6
was studied by	6
of this paper	6
of virus causing	6
all of the	6
d m a	6
described by the	6
air jets and	6
nuclei in a	6
that a droplet	6
rate of change	6
seen in section	6
the initial conditions	6
particles in a	6
the volume q	6
volume flow rate	6
in conjunction with	6
of airborne particles	6
the final droplet	6
can still be	6
p are the	6
thought to be	6
for ipc precaution	6
are more likely	6
the human face	6
in the mucus	6
be less than	6
of t e	6
more than a	6
close proximity to	6
of the cabin	6
time turbulent dispersion	6
visible to the	6
for the well	6
for small values	6
as the number	6
within the mask	6
procedures such as	6
transition time t	6
the airborne lifetime	6
ensure that the	6
a negative pressure	6
mean time for	6
of the surgeon	6
intermittency of turbulence	6
emphasized that the	6
of the jet	6
concentration of airborne	6
social distancing guidelines	6
it is to	6
as predicted by	6
to the presence	6
the expansion of	6
contribute to the	6
loss due to	6
the contact angle	6
is followed by	6
virtual origin to	6
covering the mouth	6
high viral load	6
in a calm	6
flow resistance of	6
the naked eye	6
to the surrounding	6
is the dynamic	6
in section ii	6
concentration of droplets	6
speech droplets and	6
in figure a	6
the exhaled puff	6
saliva droplets produced	6
that the size	6
in cold and	6
the evaporation process	6
ejected droplets are	6
liu et al	6
the object of	6
of the log	6
the following equation	6
be determined by	6
in the initial	6
of km h	6
saliva droplet cloud	6
airborne transmission is	6
in the horizontal	6
an overview of	6
by ambient turbulence	6
from a cough	6
can we prevent	6
such as an	6
gruner et al	6
airborne versus droplet	6
expected to be	6
in controlling the	6
it is possible	6
will be taken	6
e d e	6
effects on the	6
speed of km	6
by respiratory droplets	6
a human nasal	6
on the body	6
the theory of	6
it seems that	6
for the two	6
be performed in	6
the sink is	6
thermal plume on	6
droplet transmission of	6
source and sink	6
of surgical and	6
the ambient environment	6
protection against droplet	6
can be defined	6
characterization of expiration	6
via aerosol particles	6
versus droplet transmission	6
because they are	6
surface and the	6
presented in fig	6
the source patient	6
air and water	6
of buoyancy is	6
morawska and cao	6
time t tr	6
coughing in a	6
of the viral	6
implications for ipc	6
from a symptomatic	6
fallen out of	6
which is defined	6
d e d	6
local fluid velocity	6
of water droplets	6
to study the	6
on the puff	6
size regime of	6
of the tube	6
between the puff	6
assessment of hospitalized	6
is not the	6
the likelihood of	6
is determined by	6
into the environment	6
from the infected	6
the emission of	6
of the problem	6
of exhaled droplets	6
this suggests that	6
a calm indoor	6
surgical face masks	6
we prevent the	6
of the first	6
the brownian motion	6
the edge of	6
results of this	6
the droplet mass	6
not sufficient to	6
the third term	6
in the meantime	6
droplets with diameter	6
n respirators are	6
time scale problem	6
can be derived	6
of the hygroscopic	6
edge of the	6
the initial mass	6
is seen that	6
not considered in	6
the transport stage	6
proximity to the	6
number of emitted	6
it is seen	6
the droplets with	6
droplets of diameter	6
the current covid	6
governed by the	6
mm in the	6
is due to	6
the composition of	6
positions of the	6
is not sufficient	6
in the direction	6
and the number	6
the computational domain	6
performed in a	6
from the point	6
to this end	6
the mouth and	6
on the basis	6
the face and	6
jets and droplet	6
has not been	6
of droplets were	6
and dry weather	6
puff and droplet	6
of small droplets	6
a series of	6
in an airliner	6
equations can be	6
referred to as	6
mask made of	6
deep into the	6
when a mask	6
droplets onto the	6
is quite small	6
is based on	6
the advancement of	6
of infectious respiratory	6
wave impacts on	6
be defined as	6
the specific heat	6
the buoyancy parameter	6
virus causing covid	6
the droplets that	6
e d m	6
such as those	6
p t e	6
and d e	6
upper bound of	6
fluid droplets with	6
that they are	6
n u and	6
a few seconds	6
with the puff	6
of droplets at	6
all droplet sizes	6
entrainment of ambient	6
of water and	6
the puff radius	6
obtained from the	6
seen that the	6
droplets with laser	6
droplets at the	6
floating in air	6
is expected to	6
seems to be	6
puff can be	6
small speech droplets	6
higher than that	6
it is thus	5
generated oral fluid	5
and transparent algebraic	5
also be noted	5
and the second	5
when the inhomogeneous	5
forces acting on	5
aerosols generated by	5
the corneal surface	5
is the same	5
the mouth of	5
or rapidly fall	5
outer borders of	5
inside the droplet	5
we define t	5
we used a	5
beyond the outer	5
on the time	5
we show that	5
than that in	5
world should face	5
npm and npm	5
airborne droplet transmission	5
be recognized that	5
n filtering facepiece	5
due to its	5
to simplify the	5
as it is	5
dispersed by ambient	5
modeled as a	5
size distributions of	5
low relative humidity	5
of the relative	5
have also been	5
the environment and	5
when the infected	5
what fraction of	5
and pareto distributions	5
the united states	5
the hygroscopic growth	5
in the second	5
of the same	5
transmission of viruses	5
of the above	5
the results revealed	5
facemasks has been	5
the traveling time	5
produced by the	5
m s to	5
support the findings	5
a turbulent cloud	5
number of covid	5
data that support	5
chances of the	5
under the influence	5
reduce the number	5
for evaluating the	5
a turbulent jet	5
the time it	5
the droplet spreading	5
this value is	5
all droplets are	5
for a long	5
remain floating in	5
in ambient air	5
the height of	5
droplet and splatter	5
of gravity is	5
is that the	5
is important for	5
ejected droplets to	5
wei and li	5
the settling time	5
zhang et al	5
in the figure	5
the essential physics	5
for large droplets	5
importance in sars	5
but it is	5
the basset history	5
and filtration efficiencies	5
emanating from the	5
the exposure to	5
the facemasks has	5
proved to be	5
we discuss the	5
particle transport and	5
it is likely	5
there are no	5
that the effects	5
humidity of the	5
the body temperature	5
of different masks	5
detected in the	5
to the settling	5
in accordance with	5
a high viral	5
s when the	5
and do not	5
in a single	5
tract during expiratory	5
the cistern tank	5
from to m	5
the growth of	5
the flow velocity	5
vast majority of	5
in the liquid	5
of respiratory virus	5
by adjusting the	5
a room with	5
the most effective	5
complete evaporation of	5
with an increase	5
adjacent to the	5
if they are	5
mass flux of	5
interaction of the	5
be transmitted through	5
in the breathing	5
cloud and the	5
declare that they	5
of the face	5
droplet contact transmission	5
performance of the	5
masks in blocking	5
size from water	5
in the order	5
the energy balance	5
frequency of the	5
is expressed as	5
and found that	5
in an influenza	5
entire range of	5
the droplets produced	5
on the particle	5
of airborne bacteria	5
without wearing masks	5
the production of	5
of bourouiba et	5
by turbulence in	5
uninfected human is	5
the outer borders	5
filtering facepiece respirator	5
on airflow and	5
should face the	5
few studies have	5
for the decrease	5
physics of virus	5
should also be	5
the above expression	5
time due to	5
an important factor	5
the volume flow	5
of droplet aerosol	5
is the most	5
using computational fluid	5
the above analysis	5
of inhaled droplets	5
spreading of the	5
reduce the transmission	5
a major role	5
droplet nuclei of	5
infection in the	5
as far as	5
we note that	5
we aimed to	5
is defined in	5
than larger droplets	5
described in the	5
the sherwood number	5
to the relatively	5
risk of transmitting	5
for the spread	5
stands for the	5
because of its	5
inclusion of the	5
deposition in human	5
the infection risk	5
turbulence in a	5
facemasks have been	5
and the maximum	5
to be not	5
equation for the	5
for droplets with	5
the environmental conditions	5
the received number	5
of the drop	5
mask has a	5
by ambient air	5
was not peer	5
is not monotonic	5
an ecological study	5
in the previous	5
as where the	5
a balanced salt	5
in a rapid	5
for both the	5
at relative humidity	5
up to a	5
the two different	5
in line with	5
effects of the	5
dependent on the	5
droplets are transported	5
through the filter	5
and hence the	5
for the effect	5
recommended by the	5
and b m	5
responsible for the	5
form of droplets	5
horizontal and vertical	5
time scale of	5
summarized in table	5
far from the	5
borders of the	5
capture the essential	5
medrxiv preprint figure	5
ecological study of	5
is the temperature	5
were able to	5
of airborne infection	5
that the airborne	5
when a person	5
generated by the	5
the fit of	5
the case that	5
were conducted with	5
have not been	5
the velocity field	5
is a well	5
initial droplet diameters	5
droplets resulting from	5
yang et al	5
the area of	5
with the initial	5
we examine the	5
in the supplementary	5
simulation of the	5
number of viral	5
the infectivity of	5
droplet dispersion in	5
we consider a	5
across all droplet	5
the first term	5
effect of brownian	5
normal and pareto	5
simple and transparent	5
the heat and	5
in human airways	5
droplets by turbulence	5
on the diffusion	5
was used for	5
of the expelled	5
droplets were predicted	5
measured droplet size	5
to the face	5
is to be	5
human exhaled breath	5
of the time	5
of inertial particles	5
origin of droplets	5
the ejection of	5
fluid dynamics of	5
droplets through the	5
in the spread	5
the air are	5
of masks in	5
this study was	5
is a constant	5
coughs or sneezes	5
large droplets can	5
at the two	5
of droplet and	5
expression for the	5
shown in figs	5
provided by the	5
that the maximum	5
when an infected	5
it would be	5
droplets depends on	5
the dispersed phase	5
larger than that	5
was employed to	5
the equation of	5
of particles from	5
tang et al	5
on the mask	5
the world should	5
with initial radii	5
the number density	5
algebraic equations that	5
worth noting that	5
insights into the	5
respiratory droplets is	5
believed to be	5
is likely to	5
for estimating the	5
is not known	5
for use in	5
can be integrated	5
on the above	5
the evaluation of	5
in the room	5
of the liquid	5
a much larger	5
of ventilation in	5
height of the	5
few hundreds of	5
in table i	5
transmission of infection	5
disease transmission via	5
which corresponds to	5
is sufficiently small	5
continues to increase	5
of droplet infections	5
airborne spread of	5
the rapid spread	5
respiratory infections in	5
s and s	5
will be shown	5
the droplet count	5
that capture the	5
of droplet diameter	5
in human exhaled	5
is the time	5
a long time	5
lifetime of small	5
the largest droplets	5
this is an	5
data on the	5
onto the examiner	5
direction of the	5
in this context	5
and chest physiotherapy	5
by coughing and	5
of the mucus	5
expiratory droplets by	5
droplets in microfluidic	5
and with a	5
droplet generation during	5
viscosity of air	5
pass through the	5
formation of droplets	5
especially in the	5
to the naked	5
far as m	5
and neck surgery	5
face as the	5
for the los	5
results suggest that	5
it difficult to	5
the floor within	5
vapor at the	5
wearing a surgical	5
potential importance in	5
settling of droplets	5
on a solid	5
of droplets produced	5
to establish the	5
face the reality	5
the omc and	5
the constant c	5
i is the	5
droplet nuclei remain	5
have fully evaporated	5
when compared to	5
they have no	5
and their potential	5
the ffp masks	5
be taken into	5
in a short	5
will fall to	5
not have a	5
of influenza virus	5
extracted from the	5
provided in table	5
agreement with the	5
and high rh	5
of the different	5
to determine whether	5
while the above	5
volunteers were asked	5
the expiration jet	5
of the solute	5
change of the	5
defined in terms	5
of droplets onto	5
as the rx	5
it should also	5
a mixture of	5
at a lower	5
tx and rx	5
by means of	5
that airborne transmission	5
perpendicular to the	5
measurements of droplet	5
section of the	5
smaller than that	5
droplets and a	5
depending on their	5
suggested that the	5
disease transmission by	5
for extended periods	5
to be that	5
present simple and	5
the centers for	5
within the aerosol	5
in the first	5
been more than	5
well approximated by	5
of smaller droplets	5
from the surrounding	5
for a more	5
the lower size	5
exhaled air and	5
within the cabin	5
to the sink	5
contact and droplet	5
of facemasks to	5
been used to	5
by using a	5
importance of the	5
the large droplets	5
it is essential	5
of the original	5
use of facemasks	5
load in the	5
nuclei that remain	5
initial number of	5
for the same	5
the facemasks and	5
the quantity of	5
for the entire	5
infection state of	5
to the pressure	5
equations that capture	5
were used in	5
velocity of droplets	5
the aerosol particle	5
of social distancing	5
can be approximated	5
wind speed of	5
of middle east	5
hot and humid	5
refers to the	5
the median viral	5
enhanced spread of	5
the results show	5
spread of coronavirus	5
droplets will be	5
surface area of	5
to be smaller	5
to contain the	5
limit of the	5
for airborne transmission	5
controlled by the	5
of droplets can	5
of droplets between	5
droplet on a	5
to droplet nuclei	5
central part of	5
masks have been	5
and sites of	5
as in the	5
cross section of	5
the severity of	5
spread beyond the	5
assessment of the	5
transport of droplets	5
efficacy of homemade	5
carried by the	5
significantly affected by	5
to influence the	5
made of a	5
and is the	5
acting on the	5
long periods of	5
and as a	5
estimated from the	5
droplets are formed	5
the work of	5
the air jet	5
the mechanism of	5
which will be	5
high viral loads	5
american academy of	5
this size range	5
m m m	5
a few hundreds	5
remain in the	5
droplets is a	5
of water is	5
saturation vapor pressure	5
and airborne droplet	5
the estimated total	5
into the sink	5
for the evolution	5
the entire range	5
inactivation of influenza	5
in our study	5
potential for the	5
a new eulerian	5
than a few	5
there is not	5
be found elsewhere	5
attributed to the	5
results indicate that	5
droplets were counted	5
studies have shown	5
that there are	5
of the person	5
demonstrated that the	5
considered in this	5
can be generated	5
the fluid region	5
rest of the	5
human expiratory activities	5
deposition of inhaled	5
on the viability	5
droplet nuclei after	5
maximum horizontal distance	5