bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
droplet nuclei	209
droplet size	175
respiratory droplets	167
relative humidity	154
size distribution	123
airborne transmission	80
author funder	78
granted medrxiv	78
acute respiratory	76
aerosol particles	74
water vapor	72
viral load	71
large droplets	71
copyright holder	71
respiratory syndrome	67
droplet evaporation	66
version posted	65
severe acute	63
airborne droplets	63
face masks	62
droplet sizes	59
peer review	58
droplet diameter	58
surgical mask	55
larger droplets	55
small droplets	53
surgical masks	52
droplet cloud	51
aerosol transmission	50
social distancing	49
respiratory tract	48
flow rate	48
infected person	47
made available	46
initial droplet	46
international license	45
particle size	45
ejected droplets	45
heat transfer	45
ambient air	45
laden droplets	44
droplet transmission	44
fluid dynamics	44
evaporation time	43
droplet dispersion	43
doc id	41
cord uid	41
disease transmission	40
indoor environments	40
virus transmission	39
ambient temperature	39
droplet surface	38
smaller droplets	37
reynolds number	37
world health	37
health organization	37
total number	36
medrxiv preprint	36
coronavirus disease	35
size distributions	35
wind speed	34
respiratory droplet	34
droplets expelled	34
nasal cavity	33
protective equipment	33
infection control	33
infectious diseases	33
mass transfer	32
rights reserved	32
com scientificreports	32
exhaled breath	32
personal protective	31
evaporation rate	31
initial velocity	30
health care	30
human cough	30
droplet particle	30
syndrome coronavirus	30
turbulent dispersion	29
posted september	28
indoor environment	28
time scale	28
filtration efficiency	28
novel coronavirus	28
computational fluid	28
surrounding air	28
droplets produced	28
influenza virus	27
droplet generation	27
weather conditions	27
pareto distribution	27
saliva droplets	27
flow field	27
droplets generated	27
expiratory droplets	27
exhaled droplets	27
size range	26
vapor pressure	26
settling velocity	25
mass fraction	25
environmental conditions	25
upper respiratory	25
droplet spread	25
airborne infection	25
healthcare workers	25
drying time	25
infection risk	25
normal distribution	24
per hour	24
remain airborne	24
droplets within	24
distance traveled	24
exhaled air	24
ejected puff	24
transmission via	24
viral dose	23
reuse allowed	23
copies ml	23
face mask	23
infection prevention	23
mouth opening	23
allowed without	23
receiving host	23
without permission	23
droplets will	22
respiratory infections	22
remain within	22
loading density	22
initial diameter	22
droplets smaller	22
pathogen transmission	22
pure water	22
air velocity	22
volatile matter	22
droplet diameters	21
governing equations	21
air flow	21
laser light	21
vapor concentration	21
falling curve	20
expiratory activities	20
viral loads	20
droplet mass	20
human subjects	20
infectious agents	20
tissue layer	20
respiratory virus	20
sized droplets	20
nasal spray	20
saliva droplet	19
posted may	19
droplets larger	19
particle deposition	19
oral fluid	19
ambient conditions	19
expiratory events	19
time step	19
water droplets	19
emission strength	19
mm distance	19
wells evaporation	19
current study	19
far droplets	19
air temperature	19
droplet infection	19
time scales	19
droplet lifetime	18
human nasal	18
droplet temperature	18
airborne particles	18
remain suspended	18
posted july	18
growth rate	18
based microfluidic	18
cloth masks	18
digital pcr	18
fluid flow	18
turbulent gas	18
brownian motion	18
air jet	18
drug delivery	17
wide range	17
public health	17
negative pressure	17
thermal plume	17
scientificreports www	17
displacement ventilation	17
end system	17
airborne droplet	17
total mass	17
infl uenza	17
susceptible host	17
system model	17
rate constant	17
evaporating droplets	17
droplet precautions	17
turbulent flow	16
hong kong	16
three different	16
puff velocity	16
care workers	16
fluid velocity	16
initial size	16
high viral	16
violent expiratory	16
diffusion coefficient	16
infected patients	16
mg ml	16
expiration air	16
indoor air	16
recent study	16
supporting information	16
surface tension	16
borne infection	16
inhomogeneous humidity	16
transition time	16
microfluidic systems	16
health workers	16
latent heat	16
become droplet	16
drag force	16
time evolution	16
reducing transmission	16
turbulent jet	15
airborne pathogen	15
standard deviation	15
slit lamp	15
horizontal distance	15
susceptible hosts	15
humidity field	15
social distance	15
volume fraction	15
molecular communication	15
boundary conditions	15
infection rate	15
aspiration efficiency	15
important role	15
disease control	15
drag coefficient	15
previous studies	15
droplet velocity	15
upper bound	15
speech droplets	15
droplets exhaled	15
study ii	15
droplet trajectories	15
flow resistance	14
initially ejected	14
maximum distance	14
surrounding puff	14
human respiratory	14
transmission potential	14
aerosol generation	14
viral transmission	14
lower respiratory	14
total volume	14
ventilation systems	14
flow dynamics	14
per unit	14
respiratory pathogen	14
pathogen emissions	14
water evaporation	14
respiratory diseases	14
droplet formation	14
filtration efficiencies	14
nucleic acid	14
virus particles	14
flow velocity	14
gravitational settling	14
evaporation dynamics	14
droplet transport	14
particle transport	13
via droplets	13
gas clouds	13
particle tracking	13
drop size	13
lagrangian approach	13
droplet aerosol	13
face height	13
respiratory viruses	13
toilet bowl	13
phase change	13
surface stability	13
toward understanding	13
fluid droplets	13
respiratory event	13
cough droplets	13
upper airway	13
respirable pathogens	13
high temperature	13
puff model	13
calm air	13
laden aerosols	13
salt solution	13
expiratory droplet	13
homemade masks	13
droplet nucleus	13
secondary airborne	13
hygroscopic growth	13
droplet evaporates	13
droplets evaporate	13
ffp masks	13
natural ventilation	13
cough jet	12
droplets containing	12
viral copies	12
gas phase	12
experimental studies	12
settling time	12
confirmed cases	12
numerical results	12
air currents	12
exhaled droplet	12
equilibrium diameter	12
source term	12
ambient turbulence	12
human face	12
aerosol particle	12
constant airflow	12
virtual origin	12
systematic review	12
contact angle	12
droplet concentration	12
transport characteristics	12
laser sheet	12
airflow pattern	12
high humidity	12
filtering facepiece	12
filter material	12
results show	12
droplets ejected	12
flap creation	12
surface area	12
medical masks	12
wearing masks	12
nuclei concentration	12
physical distancing	12
droplet count	12
experimental data	12
nasal sprays	12
nosocomial transmission	12
experimental measurements	12
probability density	12
theoretical framework	12
ejected droplet	11
isothermal amplification	11
infectious disease	11
face shields	11
high speed	11
droplet deposition	11
physical processes	11
water droplet	11
evaporated droplet	11
aerosol generating	11
breathing zone	11
respiratory disease	11
another study	11
inhalation flow	11
chain reaction	11
turbulent cloud	11
droplets emitted	11
infection state	11
transmission risk	11
complete evaporation	11
two different	11
boundary condition	11
light scattering	11
respiratory tracts	11
numerical investigation	11
infected patient	11
become airborne	11
carrier fluid	11
shear stress	11
workers treating	11
mechanical ventilation	11
droplet number	11
care settings	11
air changes	11
laden droplet	11
transport phenomena	11
airborne disease	11
united states	11
potential implications	11
final droplet	10
convective heat	10
nan doi	10
brownian force	10
droplets evaporation	10
virus shedding	10
infected host	10
previous sections	10
cistern tank	10
risk assessment	10
specific heat	10
higher viral	10
population density	10
number density	10
droplets onto	10
viable viral	10
respiratory protection	10
respiratory system	10
flow physics	10
facepiece respirators	10
table shows	10
initial mass	10
model presented	10
discrete phase	10
simple mouth	10
pressure mask	10
vapor plume	10
spherical puff	10
aerosol concentration	10
polymerase chain	10
recent studies	10
droplet digital	10
droplets due	10
long distances	10
large number	10
pressure drop	10
high rh	10
generating procedures	10
evaporation model	10
infectious respiratory	10
drying potential	10
low humidity	10
surface temperature	10
different environmental	10
different types	10
droplets may	10
droplet production	10
initial ejection	10
stokes number	10
per second	10
environmental factors	10
confined spaces	10
voice loudness	10
east respiratory	10
based microfluidics	10
increased risk	10
airborne pathogens	10
middle east	10
equilibrium eulerian	10
van doremalen	10
droplet contact	10
hand side	10
different weather	10
smaller droplet	10
rapidly fall	10
dry air	10
exited droplets	10
respiratory events	10
hospitalized patients	10
droplet counts	10
viral particles	10
numerical simulations	10
respiratory infection	9
healthcare settings	9
speech increase	9
decaying jet	9
sessile droplet	9
general public	9
multiphase flow	9
sinus surgery	9
wind speeds	9
droplets move	9
respiratory masks	9
air jets	9
liquid mass	9
count probability	9
will also	9
also known	9
aerosolised pathogen	9
sodium chloride	9
suspended droplets	9
human subject	9
particle sizes	9
loading time	9
mask worn	9
reaction mechanism	9
air condition	9
mass flow	9
long time	9
air density	9
longer distances	9
infected people	9
computational domain	9
loudon roberts	9
changes per	9
thermal conductivity	9
infected persons	9
many researchers	9
droplets quickly	9
protein sputum	9
unit volume	9
human speech	9
suspension time	9
energy balance	9
fluid particles	9
transmission routes	9
spray usage	9
emitted droplets	9
aerosol droplets	9
mean number	9
aerosol emission	9
kinetic energy	9
immune system	9
toilet flushing	9
via aerosol	9
commercially available	9
large droplet	9
sars coronavirus	9
room air	8
ambient humidity	8
ventilation tube	8
fully evaporated	8
enclosed bus	8
human exhaled	8
evaporation times	8
evaporative case	8
vacuum cleaner	8
endoscopic sinus	8
size reduction	8
ambient airflow	8
transmission dynamics	8
airborne lifetime	8
human mouth	8
mathematical framework	8
yes yes	8
decreases due	8
falling droplets	8
density ratio	8
remains coherent	8
solved using	8
traveling time	8
initial conditions	8
laden cloud	8
puff cloud	8
temperature difference	8
respiratory jets	8
face coverings	8
airway model	8
median viral	8
tracer particles	8
ultrasonic nebulizer	8
different droplet	8
geometric mean	8
droplets settle	8
final sign	8
source patient	8
small values	8
gross contamination	8
surgical face	8
incubation period	8
size spectrum	8
real source	8
spatial separation	8
single cough	8
generation sequencing	8
high velocity	8
wind direction	8
close proximity	8
air sampling	8
medical procedures	8
relatively small	8
low temperature	8
moist air	8
different masks	8
medical staff	8
imi system	8
respiratory illness	8
swab testing	8
jet velocity	8
aerosol class	8
puff fluid	8
simple model	8
viral counts	8
nasal resistance	8
phase flow	8
buoyancy effects	8
observation angle	8
large drops	8
infection via	8
droplet emission	8
environmental settings	8
fluid phase	8
mass concentration	8
present work	8
emission rates	8
much smaller	8
ansys fluent	8
liquid droplet	8
mean time	8
manuscript drafting	8
flow rates	8
hospital ward	8
infected individual	8
also shown	8
ballistic trajectory	8
face shield	8
symptomatic patient	8
liquid droplets	8
particle filtering	8
nasal airflow	8
mediated isothermal	8
balanced salt	8
infectious dose	8
infected individuals	8
distancing guidelines	8
close contact	8
also shows	8
nose covers	8
direct contact	8
coach bus	8
microfluidic devices	8
droplet distribution	8
filtering properties	7
ultraviolet light	7
history term	7
fragmentation leading	7
calm indoor	7
first step	7
aircraft cabin	7
significant reduction	7
equilibrium size	7
will examine	7
droplets whose	7
air drag	7
seasonal influenza	7
chronic rhinosinusitis	7
settling times	7
different initial	7
droplets aerosols	7
ambient environment	7
middle ear	7
evaporation condensation	7
current pandemic	7
may also	7
droplets released	7
ejection angles	7
stokes equations	7
mean diameter	7
volatile content	7
refractive surgery	7
mass loss	7
expiration jet	7
gravitational acceleration	7
mucus interface	7
extended periods	7
droplet radius	7
suspended viable	7
corneal surface	7
respiratory specimens	7
virus spread	7
new eulerian	7
airborne route	7
spread rate	7
another person	7
numerical study	7
sars outbreak	7
prone acute	7
range transmission	7
distributions immediately	7
momentum equation	7
image processing	7
received number	7
typical values	7
infection spread	7
ventilated room	7
safety shield	7
respiratory releases	7
small particles	7
cloth mask	7
fluid fragmentation	7
velocity decreases	7
per cough	7
image velocimetry	7
particulate matter	7
intermediate size	7
indoor airflow	7
journal phf	7
study also	7
droplets become	7
initial radii	7
filtration performance	7
present results	7
contained within	7
human transmission	7
second term	7
quite small	7
nuclei within	7
cough sneeze	7
mathematical model	7
sneeze ejecta	7
forming units	7
water content	7
table i	7
virion emission	7
probability distribution	7
droplet movement	7
film thickness	7
environmental temperature	7
left side	7
contaminant transport	7
dynamic viscosity	7
spray axis	7
absolute humidity	7
viral count	7
continuous phase	7
median evaporation	7
size droplets	7
fluid mechanics	7
particle image	7
droplet microfluidics	7
mass flux	7
artificial saliva	7
dry weather	7
chest physiotherapy	7
sputum droplets	7
outdoor environment	7
turbulent puff	7
flow behavior	7
get infected	7
surgical facemask	7
droplets nuclei	7
protective devices	7
healthy human	7
built environment	7
hand hygiene	7
velocity field	7
sherwood number	7
evaporation rates	7
human upper	7
boundary layer	7
windows closed	7
org journal	7
evaporation process	7
present study	7
nusselt number	7
different scenarios	7
short cough	7
airborne infectious	7
will consider	7
droplet clouds	7
transmitted via	7
climatic conditions	6
dispersed multiphase	6
clinical characteristics	6
nose cover	6
air exchange	6
time turbulent	6
noninvasive ventilation	6
particle concentration	6
size regime	6
piv measurements	6
flow simulations	6
inertial motion	6
spray shot	6
entrainment coefficient	6
section ii	6
microfluidic system	6
care facilities	6
different models	6
droplets travel	6
turbulent velocity	6
aerosol generator	6
influenza pandemic	6
smaller diameters	6
several studies	6
volatile components	6
containing droplets	6
effective evaporation	6
particle dispersion	6
low rh	6
now consider	6
small amount	6
different size	6
first order	6
evaporation coefficient	6
signal reconstruction	6
ambient condition	6
significantly higher	6
infection dose	6
cross section	6
distance may	6
limiting time	6
droplets tend	6
higher risk	6
ventilation scheme	6
air hygiene	6
time required	6
completely evaporated	6
droplet infections	6
local fluid	6
reproduction number	6
breathing resistance	6
fine dust	6
aerosol size	6
global pandemic	6
time dispersal	6
ventilation system	6
airborne viruses	6
airborne bacteria	6
potentially infectious	6
growth ratio	6
buoyancy parameter	6
droplet plume	6
recipient host	6
smallest droplets	6
thermal cycling	6
puff volume	6
following equation	6
ipc precaution	6
much larger	6
airborne versus	6
prandtl number	6
volume flow	6
review paper	6
air quality	6
potential transmission	6
breathing cycle	6
important parameter	6
turntable speed	6
results revealed	6
virological assessment	6
host will	6
initial viral	6
pfu ml	6
airliner cabin	6
airway geometry	6
many people	6
puff continues	6
equipment contamination	6
droplets contain	6
initial radius	6
initial momentum	6
around airborne	6
mask use	6
even though	6
airborne precautions	6
surgical facemasks	6
sufficiently small	6
droplet spreading	6
carbon dioxide	6
current covid	6
ventilation rate	6
scale problem	6
results obtained	6
respiratory secretions	6
capture efficiency	6
aerosols generated	6
mucus layer	6
based pcr	6
airborne contagion	6
aerodynamic diameter	6
surface environmental	6
droplet fate	6
infection risks	6
contact transmission	6
versus droplet	6
precaution recommendations	6
heat loss	6
numerical simulation	6
initial air	6
dry conditions	6
small droplet	6
component eulerian	6
different rates	6
cfd simulation	6
confined space	6
virus causing	6
droplet dispersal	6
sectional area	6
inertial particles	6
rank test	6
suspended viral	6
mask made	6
basset history	6
multiphase flows	6
wave impacts	6
passage model	6
relaxation time	6
causing covid	6
put together	6
flap cut	6
rapidly decreases	6
inhaled droplets	6
fall distance	6
person transmission	6
puff remains	6
airborne influenza	6
loss due	6
via respiratory	6
simulation results	6
initial puff	6
will remain	6
air within	6
saline solution	6
otologic procedures	6
puff radius	6
third term	6
transport stage	6
whose initial	6
aerosol dispersion	6
diameter smaller	6
liquid phase	6
ccd camera	6
steady state	6
flow direction	6
flushing systems	6
cov virus	6
size profiles	6
initial ejected	6
exhaled puff	6
airborne spread	6
many susceptible	6
nasal passage	6
dissipation rate	6
either side	6
size class	6
body temperature	6
experimental results	6
gamma scintigraphy	6
one million	6
different time	6
detection limit	6
using droplet	6
single cells	6
salt concentration	6
air conditioning	6
per minute	6
also used	6
inhaled particles	6
nucleic acids	6
aerosols may	6
droplet composition	6
droplets particles	6
splatter contamination	6
may occur	6
ambient dispersion	6
size profile	6
ventilator mask	6
small speech	6
two droplet	6
section will	6
buoyancy force	6
cyclic breathing	6
air movement	6
ambient turbulent	6
controversy around	6
water pressure	6
maximum horizontal	6
riley equation	6
bigger droplets	6
individual droplets	6
determine whether	6
droplet evolution	6
scaling analysis	6
wilcoxon signed	6
number concentration	6
naked eye	6
medical mask	6
normal breathing	6
virus titer	6
droplet volume	5
coughing angle	5
without wearing	5
right side	5
original size	5
important factor	5
much lower	5
ecological study	5
droplet phase	5
two cases	5
mixed ventilation	5
temperature distributions	5
droplet creation	5
solid surfaces	5
humidity conditions	5
turbulent flows	5
lower size	5
test method	5
visualizing speech	5
dispersion range	5
magnitude higher	5
surgical procedures	5
using computational	5
asian countries	5
many countries	5
cough aerosol	5
much less	5
true los	5
critical radius	5
horizontal direction	5
micron size	5
lower bound	5
droplets observed	5
condition supply	5
human saliva	5
airfl ow	5
modeling framework	5
large distances	5
evaporate rapidly	5
high protein	5
sufficient time	5
exhalation air	5
small enough	5
american academy	5
safety measures	5
one may	5
results suggest	5
distance recommended	5
will fall	5
air flows	5
forces acting	5
crystallization kinetics	5
buoyant force	5
microfluidic droplet	5
wall surfaces	5
will increase	5
numerical data	5
known fact	5
expelled respiratory	5
surrounding fluid	5
particle trajectories	5
million droplets	5
isolation room	5
one hour	5
control measures	5
dynamics simulations	5
mm lens	5
i th	5
operating conditions	5
respiratory activities	5
different ambient	5
microfluidic droplets	5
enhanced spread	5
aerosol technology	5
air humidity	5
modeled using	5
gm diameter	5
significantly affected	5
masks worn	5
phys fluids	5
entire range	5
human airways	5
prevent transmission	5
dispersed phase	5
droplets falling	5
airflow velocity	5
exhaled airflow	5
transfer potential	5
echocardiographic machine	5
health risks	5
papineni rosenthal	5
instrument valve	5
infectious particles	5
supply wind	5
well approximated	5
short distances	5
airflow field	5
air turbulence	5
authors declare	5
surrounding environment	5
major role	5
infectious virus	5
allows us	5
velocity fluctuations	5
household textiles	5
may reduce	5
infection rates	5
velocity distribution	5
uninfected human	5
will influence	5
containing droplet	5
supplementary material	5
humid weather	5
momentum source	5
worth noting	5
essential physics	5
droplets using	5
cloud mass	5
outer borders	5
three hours	5
larger size	5
turbulent kinetic	5
median diameter	5
clinical practice	5
vertical direction	5
short distance	5
floor within	5
based instruments	5
saturated air	5
final diameter	5
currently used	5
significant impact	5
found elsewhere	5
central part	5
also called	5
vapor transport	5
flow conditions	5
smear infection	5
receiver model	5
estimated total	5
vast majority	5
various sizes	5
viral shedding	5
spreading distance	5
large size	5
cotton cloth	5
surrounding gas	5
upper airways	5
case studies	5
measured droplet	5
indoor spaces	5
rapid spread	5
air volume	5
total droplet	5
deposition fraction	5
theoretical models	5
droplets depends	5
exposure time	5
low relative	5
spread beyond	5
fluid region	5
nuclei remain	5
pressure difference	5
largest droplets	5
varying scenarios	5
eulerian approach	5
droplet radii	5
droplet contamination	5
breathing plane	5
different ventilation	5
pearson correlation	5
laden airborne	5
may cause	5
droplet pcr	5
results indicate	5
one seat	5
present simple	5
first term	5
generated oral	5
pareto distributions	5
airway pressure	5
droplet will	5
endotracheal intubation	5
large numbers	5
simulated sunlight	5
human expiratory	5
help reduce	5
average number	5
takes place	5
operating rooms	5
thermal diffusivity	5
contaminated surfaces	5
droplets date	5
quiescent environment	5
theatre staff	5
time due	5
healthy individuals	5
initial number	5
droplet density	5
expelled droplets	5
kinematic viscosity	5
virions per	5
remain floating	5
measurement volume	5
recent years	5
neck surgery	5
exhaled gas	5
facepiece respirator	5
operating room	5
flux model	5
certain size	5
airflow resistance	5
healthcare facilities	5
nosocomial infection	5
nm diameter	5
potential importance	5
operating theater	5
random process	5
refractive index	5
genetic analysis	5
ensemble quantities	5
droplet breakup	5
aerosol infection	5
long periods	5
vapor interaction	5
limiting droplet	5
smaller sizes	5
saturation vapor	5
droplet reduction	5
cotton masks	5
using powered	5
turbulence models	5
fine droplets	5
transparent algebraic	5
quickly become	5
droplets fall	5
far field	5
particle aspiration	5
numerical studies	5
critical care	5
sagittal rows	5
capillary bridge	5
droplets resulting	5
particles per	5
droplets per	5
algebraic equations	5
volatile compounds	5
gravitational effects	5
healthcare professionals	5
cough flow	5
widely used	5
theoretical analysis	5
three times	5
disease among	5
copies per	5
obtained using	5
simulation model	5
eddy simulation	5
supply directions	5
reduce exposure	5
first reported	5
filter effect	5
single cell	5
gravity force	5
viral disease	5
treating covid	5
person coughs	5
sneezing droplet	5
number per	5
evaporate within	5
hospital infection	5
cotton mask	5
household materials	5
simplifying assumptions	5
virus load	5
optical particle	5
microfluidic device	5
human coughs	5
final size	5
low protein	5
levitated droplets	5
virus survival	5
temperature distribution	5
finite volume	5
studies used	5
experimental study	5
spherical droplets	5
fixed point	5
effective protection	5
safe distance	4
hygroscopic droplet	4
influenza cases	4
indirect contact	4
factors including	4
acting force	4
pressure ventilation	4
unsteady fragmentation	4
van der	4
amplification methods	4
ii droplets	4
many minutes	4
solution droplets	4
heat flux	4
personal exposure	4
many droplets	4
humidity promote	4
spherical particles	4
college community	4
final inhalation	4
aerodynamic particle	4
round jet	4
influenza viruses	4
droplets spread	4
injected droplets	4
million confirmed	4
later within	4
next breath	4
droplet dynamics	4
computational modeling	4
puff slows	4
numerical modeling	4
velocities less	4
mixing layer	4
breathing conditions	4
simple negative	4
ejection reynolds	4
air inhaled	4
macroscale molecular	4
based assays	4
experimental model	4
term accounts	4
violent exhalations	4
exact solution	4
oxygen mask	4
index patient	4
mask fitted	4
averaged navier	4
measured using	4
goat eye	4
size particle	4
isolation precautions	4
thermophysical properties	4
straight line	4
light source	4
less active	4
magnitude larger	4
size particles	4
computational time	4
previous measurements	4
average human	4
droplets suspended	4
isothermal case	4
added effects	4
solid surface	4
acrylic box	4
sizes produced	4
vivo measurements	4
poorly understood	4
time regimes	4
density function	4
droplets reach	4
healthy person	4
virus aerosols	4
breath shields	4
ambient relative	4
sizes ranging	4
simple cotton	4
continuous speaking	4
airborne diseases	4
ejection smaller	4
coughing sneezing	4
eulerian method	4
apparent universality	4
mask used	4
synthetic long	4
carrier phase	4
high risk	4
issued guidelines	4
puff within	4
settling rate	4
smaller particles	4
deposition efficiency	4
relatively high	4
one obtains	4
emitted droplet	4
another important	4
airflow patterns	4
future studies	4
turbulent airflow	4
transmission route	4
infected population	4
retained within	4
remains within	4
specific scenarios	4
exhaled water	4
air samples	4
pandemic influenza	4
cyclic inspiratory	4
cluster randomised	4
properly positioned	4
droplet reynolds	4
host airborne	4
next section	4
air mass	4
management protocols	4
initial concentration	4
median size	4
protective masks	4
emitted virions	4
significant effect	4
jet envelope	4
virus carriers	4
molecular weight	4
throughput sequencing	4
infectious aerosol	4
ffp mask	4
turbulent round	4
pneumonia associated	4
acid analysis	4
aerosols onto	4
two parts	4
thermal comfort	4
evolution starting	4
puff evolution	4
transfer coefficient	4
inhalable pathogens	4
using high	4
functional components	4
cloud due	4
bacterial emission	4
airway walls	4
dependent droplet	4
indoor environmentsrevisiting	4
exhalation modes	4
spray formation	4
peripheral directions	4
droplet drying	4
masks may	4
viral loading	4
six different	4
high spread	4
body surfaces	4
mouth covered	4
heat capacity	4
environmental contamination	4
early stages	4
drill activation	4
nuclei cloud	4
lagrangian particle	4
dry environment	4
thread count	4
masks provide	4
much longer	4
coughing frequency	4
osmotic effect	4
second law	4
droplet emissions	4
infection isolation	4
larger droplet	4
air may	4
controlled fashion	4
situation reports	4
short time	4
airflow direction	4
sheet fragmentation	4
coronavirus survival	4
received symbol	4
evaporation slows	4
readily available	4
liquid sheets	4
droplets deposited	4
deposited droplets	4
wet air	4
air change	4
mean flow	4
longer distance	4
sneeze droplets	4
coronavirus indicating	4
becomest ands	4
risk limit	4
gaussian random	4
ground surface	4
folded handkerchief	4
particle inhalation	4
droplet concentrations	4
particle counter	4
viral deposition	4
distance traversed	4
four parameters	4
competing financial	4
bacterial size	4
ambient flow	4
air conditions	4
remain trapped	4
positive cases	4
scaling relation	4
vertical motion	4
solid walls	4
downward flow	4
mask technique	4
respiratory pathogens	4
stitched mask	4
collision theory	4
particles may	4
density spectrum	4
initial drop	4
early stage	4
spherical droplet	4
density distribution	4
complete mastoidectomy	4
public places	4
competing interests	4
reduce covid	4
sri lanka	4
ml nacl	4
step towards	4
massively parallel	4
still remains	4
droplet route	4
evaporating droplet	4
biological experimentation	4
cistern systems	4
laser source	4
droplet collection	4
fully evaporate	4
droplet impacts	4
droplets shrink	4
initial value	4
earlier studies	4
mask material	4
statistically significant	4
liquid mixing	4
significant ways	4
gas stream	4
respiratory protective	4
disease outbreaks	4
new coronavirus	4
health professionals	4
aerosol dynamics	4
reasonable request	4
two routes	4
throat model	4
comfort level	4
windows open	4
bacterial products	4
accurate description	4
fresh air	4
initial volume	4
study suggests	4
better filtration	4
known competing	4
gas puff	4
experimental setup	4
handling unit	4
traveling distance	4
human breathing	4
isolation rooms	4
via evaporation	4
aerosol plume	4
airborne respiratory	4
respiratory fluid	4
viruses via	4
aerosols containing	4
treating coronavirus	4
turbulent dispersed	4
asymptomatic carriers	4
droplet contacts	4
respiratory infectious	4
among health	4
thermal boundary	4
risks associated	4
puff air	4
minute ventilation	4
mm thick	4
will deposit	4
virus loading	4
previous section	4
short period	4
transport equation	4
droplet compositions	4
sherwood numbers	4
whose diameter	4
speed video	4
transport simulations	4
schlieren optical	4
jet condition	4
read sequencing	4
leading order	4
three types	4
lamp examinations	4
spray use	4
per person	4
per liter	4
eulerian model	4
aerosol samplers	4
respiratory nuclei	4
ongoing covid	4
spray bottle	4
geometric standard	4
locally elevated	4
numerical model	4
ventilation schemes	4
physical experiments	4
nan sha	4
air exhaled	4
following four	4
ground temperature	4
direct transmission	4
spatial distribution	4
spray release	4
distribution will	4
droplet ejecta	4
average deposition	4
moving away	4
current droplet	4
recently published	4
two studies	4
human body	4
still fluid	4
person wears	4
fundamental protection	4
passenger cars	4
significant difference	4
suction circuit	4
carrying droplets	4
realistic thermal	4
large eddy	4
surgical field	4
excimer laser	4
droplet aerosols	4
cleaner bag	4
distancing rule	4
fundamental knowledge	4
experimental platform	4
horizontal range	4
number concentrations	4
thin sheets	4
filled circle	4
minimum infectious	4
several days	4
unsteady sheet	4
rate constants	4
estimation methods	4
travel faster	4
patients infected	4
suspended within	4
cloud will	4
current diameter	4
average droplet	4
air stream	4
imi measurement	4
homemade mask	4
heat required	4
good agreement	4
original droplet	4
tracer droplets	4
time instance	4
falling object	4
atmospheric dispersion	4
poorly ventilated	4
mm droplets	4
aerodynamic drag	4
air permeability	4
assisted lasik	4
several reasons	4
penetration efficiency	4
effectively prevent	4
turbulence intermittency	4
many hours	4
cfd simulations	4
sprayed droplet	4
droplet diffusion	4
new york	4
stainless steel	4
many authors	4
family cluster	4
scientific evidence	4
lasik flap	4
ultrasonic generator	4
protective mask	4
distance travelled	4
gas cloud	4
cadaveric simulation	4
stable fragments	4
printed models	4
smaller size	4
symptomatic seasonal	4
asymptomatic individuals	4
collection media	4
make use	4
average concentration	4
indoor conditions	4
droplet exposure	4
care personnel	4
schmidt number	4
reference regions	4
evaporation characteristics	4
extraction unit	4
transmission pathways	4
wuhan hospitals	4
jet atomization	4
drop fragmentation	4
terminal velocity	4
preventing influenza	4
exhaled respiratory	4
will reduce	4
fluid density	4
speed shadowgraphy	4
size airborne	4
strongly affected	4
also changes	4
relative velocity	4
two conditions	4
particle counters	4
efficient manner	4
particle settling	4
surfaces within	4
acceleration due	4
quiescent air	4
per flush	4
infection caused	4
los spray	4
carlo approach	4
risk analysis	4
suspended aerosol	4
enclosed environment	4
two types	4
first flush	4
nostril plane	4
longer period	4
better understanding	4
liquid water	4
microfluidic technologies	4
bulb temperature	4
fluid settling	4
critical parameter	4
longer periods	4
blue paper	4
rationale behind	4
puff trajectory	4
thermal equation	4
collection chamber	4
still undergoing	4
inspiratory flow	4
paper also	4
nondimensional parameters	4
sputum mg	4
droplet ejection	4
optical study	4
molecular communications	4
filtering ability	4
mm away	4
droplet fluid	4
thermal time	4
laser safety	4
thin liquid	4
inertial impaction	4
procedure masks	4
influenza among	4
indicating person	4
dispersal patterns	4
social enforcement	4
rectilinear motion	4
component droplets	4
droplets contained	4
balance equation	4
whether droplets	4
may represent	4
different sizes	4
work reported	4
symptomatic patients	4
nasal decongestion	4
ml protein	4
pandemic may	4
sputum droplet	4
frame shows	4
climate severity	4
spherical cloud	4
different cities	4
ventilated rooms	4
literature review	4
detailed experiments	4
utmost importance	4
microfluidic platform	4
two approaches	4
familial cluster	4
velocity vector	4
two important	4
acid amplification	4
primary atomization	4
distance rules	4
financial interests	4
protect people	4
reproductive number	4
deposition patterns	4
gauze masks	4
aerosolised particles	4
diameter droplet	4
droplet due	4
imi technique	4
target site	4
physical distance	4
initial log	4
vapour pressure	4
calculated droplet	4
aqueous droplets	4
food debris	4
breakup time	4
highly sensitive	4
contact line	4
diameter classes	4
four scenarios	4
long duration	4
time behavior	4
also highlighted	4
evolution described	4
queensland university	4
settling speed	4
results presented	4
large aerosol	4
th time	4
nondimensional units	4
measurement distances	4
cov cases	4
spalding mass	4
numerical models	4
step emulsification	4
initial condition	4
direct route	4
late stages	4
elapsed times	4
respiratory failure	4
cell sorting	4
containing viruses	4
inspiratory airflow	4
nuclei may	4
becomes smaller	4
decreases rapidly	4
deposition count	4
human nose	4
clonal evolution	4
large reynolds	4
controlled comparison	4
strong effect	4
aerosol inhalability	4
sedimentation times	4
common cold	4
patient wearing	4
lines correspond	4
droplets follow	4
infections among	4
controlled trial	4
fall velocity	4
topical delivery	4
preferential concentration	4
moves forward	4
preventing aerosol	4
concerns regarding	4
single droplet	4
lower diameter	4
droplets droplet	4
time dependent	4
recently reported	4
generate aerosols	4
evaporation physics	4
completely evaporate	4
toilet seat	4
useful predictions	4
cell rna	4
virusladen droplets	4
thermal gradients	4
experimental investigation	4
make useful	4
significantly increased	4
will travel	4
universal masking	4
full evaporation	4
early times	4
relatively large	4
cloud kinematics	4
two modes	4
cough data	4
simple homemade	4
critical size	4
volume method	4
high relative	4
results indicated	4
drag term	4
green light	4
influence droplet	4
without proper	4
negligible effect	4
one cell	4
invasive ventilation	4
exit velocity	4
droplets transmission	4
nuclei size	4
shear rate	4
personal relationships	4
will need	4
vertical distance	4
humidity reduce	4
eye protection	4
particles larger	4
undergoing evaporation	4
infected pneumonia	4
among many	4
parameter values	4
percentage points	4
sufficiently long	4
total suspended	4
circle indicates	4
surrounding flow	4
complex fluid	4
three main	4
digital models	4
concentration within	4
flux approach	4
larger respiratory	3
droplets rapidly	3
inside droplets	3
augmented inspiratory	3
true directions	3
rigid endoscope	3
significant variation	3
unresolved dichotomy	3
somewhat lower	3
centrifugal step	3
detailed descriptions	3
time interval	3
cloud velocity	3
solid particles	3
humid conditions	3
highly transient	3
study demonstrates	3
studies also	3
many factors	3
droplet trajectory	3
diurnal temperature	3
rear windows	3
density ratios	3
takes approximately	3
tspd predictions	3
liquid sheet	3
random sampling	3
aerosol route	3
nasal drug	3
average height	3
moisture content	3
also assume	3
monthly average	3
solid lines	3
respiratory mucosa	3
radial dispersion	3
airflow simulation	3
wearing even	3
diameter equal	3
complex biological	3
specific social	3
predictive capability	3
standard surgical	3
min loading	3
sizes typically	3
interim guidelines	3
route dominates	3
steady evaporation	3
tank system	3
designing case	3
speaking droplets	3
clinical samples	3
filter medium	3
becomes significant	3
given act	3
droplet coalescence	3
ventilator circuit	3
vary significantly	3
respiratory syncytial	3
ejection process	3
treating patients	3
per ml	3
virus depends	3
airway wall	3
future work	3
airborne virus	3
also influence	3
velocity history	3
via sneezing	3
size regimes	3
bimodal distribution	3
open environment	3
north carolina	3
homogeneous isotropic	3
airflow rates	3
cumulative number	3
strong function	3
virus aerosol	3
operating surgeon	3
several physical	3
will discuss	3
los protocol	3
ach per	3
room dispersion	3
forward motion	3
studies show	3
sagittal plane	3
calculated based	3
similar study	3
two curves	3
genome sequencing	3
still photographs	3
respiratory distress	3
concentration profile	3
diagnostic applications	3
different indoor	3
emitted liquid	3
transmission one	3
proposed model	3
springer nature	3
sequencing methods	3
median sars	3
differential equation	3
der sande	3
droplets formed	3
highest transmission	3
times larger	3
particle penetration	3
droplets need	3
sinus cavities	3
oxygen therapy	3
flow regimes	3
estimated droplet	3
cutting burr	3
particulate air	3
expiration jets	3
drink water	3
laden fluid	3
equipment prior	3
will improve	3
rapidly evaporate	3
puff will	3
microtiter plates	3
cardinal directions	3
also plotted	3
ground crossings	3
conditions including	3
considerable distances	3
mm diameter	3
resolved droplet	3
turbulence model	3
masks reduce	3
patients need	3
droplet stays	3
noninvasive positive	3
tank height	3
time constant	3
personal protection	3
droplets seem	3
equilibrium vapor	3
exhaust fan	3
evaporation effects	3
large enough	3
contaminated aerosols	3
simple respiratory	3
linear relationship	3
mucus breaks	3
filtering respirator	3
fundamental mechanisms	3
reference image	3
various scenarios	3
rare mutations	3
infectious droplets	3
risk factor	3
water vapour	3
nasopharyngeal swab	3
solid replicas	3
one patient	3
i cos	3
i sin	3
velocity profile	3
droplet speed	3
environmental infection	3
current social	3
spread via	3
sneeze cough	3
fixed points	3
positive airway	3
air handling	3
infect less	3
coupled eulerian	3
molecular transport	3
longer time	3
droplet kinematics	3
viable copies	3
much protection	3
powered drilling	3
mucus evaporation	3
various states	3
meticulous design	3
transmission control	3
cases use	3
seat backs	3
time detection	3
drainage systems	3
respiratory inhalation	3
south east	3
flexible laryngoscopy	3
pandemic infl	3
two scenarios	3
produced droplets	3
protein content	3
force fb	3
rh air	3
fine particulate	3
ncov infection	3
different expiratory	3
via drops	3
south korea	3
maximum droplet	3
macroscale mc	3
study design	3
adequate protection	3
range droplet	3
masks made	3
well beyond	3
clostridium difficile	3
higher rh	3
lung airway	3
pressure drops	3
net buoyant	3
will continue	3
time data	3
health interventions	3
airborne microorganisms	3
sneezing airborne	3
ongoing pandemic	3
primary mode	3
cooled air	3
sci doi	3
operating theaters	3
performed simulations	3
indoors activities	3
case i	3
particle filtration	3
mt cavity	3
great importance	3
coefficient estimated	3
weibull distribution	3
protecting health	3
vertical velocity	3
studies using	3
fluctuating velocity	3
upcoming summer	3
concentration gradient	3
distance due	3
liquid vapor	3
mask wearing	3
diseased sites	3
climatic zones	3
short life	3
numerical methods	3
effective way	3
maximum saliva	3
gas flow	3
solution traces	3
large distance	3
air pressure	3
long range	3
inlet chamber	3
count median	3
healthcare centers	3
well known	3
will serve	3
affected countries	3
wearing face	3
viral inactivation	3
droplet heating	3
much higher	3
aerosol droplet	3
velocity vectors	3
may come	3
maximum value	3
cfd study	3
indoor built	3
greatly reduced	3
sample size	3
fabric materials	3
short evaporation	3
within microfluidic	3
tube placement	3
table ii	3
water mass	3
satellite droplets	3
physical characteristics	3
filtering material	3
mask types	3
left behind	3
health measures	3
droplet splatter	3
gas velocity	3
mucin concentration	3
gravity becomes	3
residence time	3
unit time	3
fomite transmission	3
history data	3
open outdoor	3
repeat simulations	3
size ranges	3
airliner cabins	3
vitro spray	3
concentration profiles	3
male humans	3
brownian diffusion	3
measurement area	3
greater risk	3
different inhalation	3
may carry	3
may take	3
endoscopic skull	3
control study	3
order mathematical	3
turbulent diffusion	3
two orders	3
droplets measured	3
plane traversing	3
reaction rate	3
early phase	3
towards smaller	3
experimental models	3
high infection	3
source control	3
supplementary video	3
chemical reaction	3
characterizing exhaled	3
nucleus radius	3
tidal volume	3
three fundamental	3
horizontal cough	3
visual evidence	3
topical sprays	3
pathogenic organisms	3
will affect	3
blocking sars	3
jet speed	3
ground due	3
nuclei smaller	3
dis doi	3
flight time	3
asymptomatic course	3
rational use	3
sneezing coughing	3
spherical cap	3
full personal	3
also account	3
wind velocity	3
light scattered	3
virus via	3
cfd model	3
finite time	3
aerosol deposition	3
transmission occurs	3
wet nares	3
research council	3
modeling approaches	3
instantaneous velocity	3
cabin air	3
collect droplets	3
equations provide	3
particle relaxation	3
contact angles	3
weber number	3
exhaled humidity	3
mass transport	3
droplets pass	3
patient cough	3
also illustrates	3
filter surface	3
inhalation airflow	3
case scenario	3
remain afloat	3
mole fraction	3
placed inside	3
higher inhalation	3
air increases	3
dimensional model	3
less effective	3
fluorescein droplet	3
filtering capacity	3
open source	3
range airborne	3
induced breakup	3
dispersion pattern	3
suspended mass	3
scientific brief	3
complex interaction	3
called droplet	3
performed experiments	3
viral aerosol	3
indirect route	3
detailed predictions	3
molecule pcr	3
eulerian drift	3
mass reduction	3
reusable cloth	3
put simply	3
velocity streamlines	3
confined environments	3
anatomic replicas	3
component droplet	3
infectious aerosols	3
loss rate	3
viral charge	3
humidity rh	3
fuel droplet	3
strongly dependent	3
droplets st	3
inhalable pathogen	3
lysis buffer	3
cartesian coordinates	3
forward distance	3
northern hemisphere	3
droplets vary	3
far away	3
droplet transmissions	3
approximately half	3
signed rank	3
small size	3
flow movement	3
ftfl ratio	3
vertical walls	3
related coronavirus	3
also included	3
confidence interval	3
using two	3
significantly negatively	3
less people	3
farther away	3
inhalable droplets	3
water supply	3
aircraft cabins	3
settling velocities	3
filtering performance	3
free falling	3
settings infection	3
communication perspective	3
long reads	3
safe levels	3
nanoliter droplets	3
pulse air	3
proposed end	3
sneezing events	3
quantization step	3
clinical specimens	3
mean concentration	3
smaller ones	3
important mode	3
turbulence kinetic	3
turnover time	3
expired aerosol	3
maximum size	3
lower temperature	3
critical review	3
continuously speaking	3
respired air	3
spray device	3
two sets	3
flow pattern	3
clinical trial	3
smooth surfaces	3
human coronaviruses	3
airborne virions	3
three distinct	3
range aerosol	3
life conditions	3
reduce droplet	3
cadaveric model	3
atmospheric conditions	3
distance estimation	3
microscopic droplets	3
received signal	3
tract infection	3
even faster	3
field induced	3
mucosal droplets	3
short timescales	3
human respiration	3
flow fields	3
subtraction image	3
contaminated fluids	3
mouth breathing	3
threads inch	3
transmission due	3
entire size	3
speed camera	3
new experimental	3
average total	3
radiation signal	3
may interact	3
exponential decay	3
future research	3
minimum droplet	3
asymptomatic contact	3
safe coughing	3
paced speech	3
primarily due	3
fi lter	3
particles generated	3
laser measurement	3
dry zone	3
lagrangian simulation	3
differential equations	3
airflow rate	3
sagittal columns	3
transient flow	3
new drift	3
informed consent	3
nm size	3
settle rapidly	3
time ts	3
larger number	3
particle density	3
easily available	3
relatively smaller	3
generating medical	3
low velocity	3
flushometer system	3
one person	3
remains unclear	3
ocular surface	3
widely accepted	3
distribution obtained	3
ejection speed	3
middle cranial	3
transmission compared	3
temporal dynamics	3
lamp examination	3
different conditions	3
termed aerosol	3
great potential	3
droplets start	3
droplet interface	3
major challenge	3
tested materials	3
stokes drag	3
see supporting	3
average diameter	3
boussinesq term	3
isolation conditions	3
target dna	3
highly contagious	3
printed anatomic	3
frontal columns	3
may affect	3
relative importance	3
airborne epidemics	3
passenger car	3
mean square	3
measurements using	3
experimental investigations	3
mass median	3
diffusion equation	3
significantly influence	3
two measurement	3
various respiratory	3
may lead	3
may include	3
determining whether	3
produce droplets	3
clearly stated	3
air supply	3
protection mechanisms	3
nasal airspace	3
signifi cant	3
two humans	3
generate large	3
saliva samples	3
million droplet	3
average expiration	3
safe zone	3
syndrome virus	3
interim guidance	3
skull base	3
preventing virus	3
constant temperature	3
less violent	3
temperature gradient	3
density difference	3
droplet initially	3
drug deposits	3
healthcare center	3
plus sbk	3
mortality rate	3
red circle	3
good effect	3
although droplets	3
commercial masks	3
limited evidence	3
may induce	3
reliable understanding	3
humid zone	3
droplet residues	3
large variation	3
mixing ventilation	3
public transport	3
cancer patients	3
nasal airway	3
nebulizer treatment	3
saliva liquid	3
mask will	3
indian states	3
biological fluids	3
maximal distance	3
common fabric	3
experimental framework	3
aerosol transport	3
mitigation strategies	3
fl ow	3
human immune	3
probabilistic approach	3
results demonstrated	3
relatively short	3
ten studies	3
see table	3
flushing process	3
maximum velocity	3
coronavirus pandemic	3
dispersion characteristics	3
net force	3
move around	3
plaque forming	3
general population	3
different ffrs	3
confirmed covid	3
inhaled air	3
droplets greater	3
regional deposition	3
three parameters	3