bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
influenza virus	204
respiratory syndrome	180
immune responses	176
immune response	171
porcine reproductive	168
additional file	154
nk cells	152
syndrome virus	143
alpha toxin	130
epithelial cells	125
class i	123
newcastle disease	116
virus infection	114
mhc class	113
disease virus	111
avian influenza	108
infected pigs	90
innate immune	90
vero cells	79
porcine epidemic	74
clinical signs	71
prrsv infection	71
viral rna	69
significantly higher	68
diarrhea virus	68
epidemic diarrhea	68
infected cells	67
bnp dams	65
gene expression	65
day pi	63
ns protein	63
subtilis spores	61
control group	58
virus replication	56
cell subsets	54
expression levels	53
nkp high	53
respiratory disease	52
bvd vaccinated	50
performed using	50
dendritic cells	50
clostridium perfringens	49
tissue samples	49
previously described	48
type i	48
influenza viruses	47
infectious peritonitis	46
western blotting	46
vet res	45
bridge hosts	45
feline infectious	45
time points	45
highly pathogenic	44
present study	44
virus strains	42
high nk	42
monoclonal antibodies	42
cord uid	41
res doi	41
two groups	41
immune system	41
doc id	41
negative control	40
serum samples	40
infectious bronchitis	40
respiratory tract	40
viral loads	40
virus shedding	39
swine influenza	39
feline coronavirus	39
viral infections	39
room temperature	39
united states	38
three times	37
neutralizing antibodies	37
atlantic salmon	37
significant differences	37
nkp nk	37
porcine circovirus	37
host immune	36
viral infection	36
applied biosystems	36
peripheral blood	36
pedv entry	36
treatment groups	36
gds strains	35
bridge host	35
infected group	35
cell culture	34
western blot	34
total rna	34
inflammatory cytokines	34
viral replication	33
experimental infection	33
significantly lower	33
significant difference	33
authors declare	33
without fip	33
syncytial virus	32
body weight	32
life technologies	32
adaptive immune	32
respiratory syncytial	32
mononuclear cells	32
necrotic enteritis	32
antibody responses	32
competing interests	32
virus strain	31
disease viruses	31
results showed	31
cell responses	31
time point	31
flow cytometry	31
days post	31
tcid ml	31
mab igg	31
pathogenic avian	31
splenic nkp	30
amino acid	30
apmv serotypes	30
polymerase chain	30
immune cells	30
relative risk	30
mouth disease	30
chain reaction	30
bronchitis virus	30
exhibition swine	30
well plates	30
mediated endocytosis	30
bovine respiratory	30
described previously	29
infected cats	29
authors read	29
previous study	29
antibody response	29
antiviral activity	29
vaccinated non	28
final manuscript	28
natural killer	28
swine fever	28
tw i	28
faecal samples	28
wild birds	28
alveolar macrophages	28
lymph nodes	28
nasal swabs	27
previous studies	27
dpv dpc	27
cell proliferation	27
reverse transcription	26
cytokine production	26
innate immunity	26
small intestine	26
risk factors	26
boost vaccination	26
mycoplasma hyopneumoniae	26
haemonchus contortus	25
i interferon	25
type ibv	25
vaccinated pigs	25
time pcr	25
vaccinated dams	25
control pigs	24
culture medium	24
avian paramyxovirus	24
salmo salar	24
bacillus subtilis	24
infected animals	24
circovirus type	24
infected groups	24
vaccine development	23
alloantibody binding	23
lawsonia intracellularis	23
like receptor	23
important role	23
regulated genes	23
specific group	23
heterologous prime	23
goat anti	23
dynamin ii	23
blood mononuclear	23
stranded rna	22
intestinal loop	22
blood nkp	22
mdbk cells	22
mouse enteroids	22
treatment group	22
bovine viral	22
blood samples	21
maintenance host	21
proinflammatory cytokines	21
defective interfering	21
cell surface	21
veterinary medicine	20
direct contact	20
amino acids	20
animal health	20
cats without	20
pedv strains	20
sav rna	20
current study	20
terminal domain	20
nasal turbinates	20
host proteins	20
lipid raft	20
invasion rates	20
passively immunized	20
cells showed	20
bd biosciences	20
cl protease	20
structural proteins	20
supplementary material	20
economic losses	20
statistically significant	20
ovo vaccination	20
intestinal epithelial	20
enter cells	19
laiv com	19
class ii	19
specific antibody	19
ciliated cells	19
genetic diversity	19
hpai risk	19
cell viability	19
dependent manner	19
cell line	19
escherichia coli	19
protective immunity	19
antibody levels	19
hi titers	19
experimentally infected	19
balf samples	19
virus titers	19
respiratory epithelial	19
terminal fragment	19
bovine serum	19
per well	19
disease complex	19
cryptosporidium species	19
immunodeficiency virus	19
fecv ucd	18
virus challenge	18
significantly increased	18
higher levels	18
pcr products	18
cell cycle	18
inflammatory response	18
classical swine	18
porcine respiratory	18
virus infections	18
cell subset	18
sav controls	18
three different	18
lymphoid organs	18
influenza infection	18
cell population	18
es proteins	18
igg group	18
viral particles	18
sav shedders	18
intracellularis infection	18
animal care	18
purified tadv	18
native alpha	17
viral diarrhea	17
gar strains	17
virus type	17
rna virus	17
bnp calves	17
also observed	17
thermo fisher	17
based vaccine	17
molecular epidemiology	17
necrohemorrhagic enteritis	17
viruses isolated	17
fever virus	17
proteomic analysis	17
cd cd	17
aut com	17
clinical disease	17
sav control	17
signalling pathway	17
challenge infection	17
pbs containing	17
bvdv bhv	17
cleavage site	17
lung lesions	17
loop model	17
virus isolated	17
epithelial barrier	16
virus entry	16
mg kg	16
skeletal muscle	16
viral titers	16
mouse anti	16
target host	16
rna levels	16
vac cha	16
vascular areas	16
leucine codon	16
vp genes	16
mhf infection	16
passive immunization	16
virus particles	16
serial dilutions	16
infectious agents	16
structural protein	16
several studies	16
rna viruses	16
samples collected	16
north american	16
mouse igg	16
airway epithelial	16
monoclonal antibody	16
proliferative enteropathy	16
complete genome	16
myocardial necrosis	16
two different	16
calculated using	16
specific immune	16
specific antibodies	16
post infection	16
mrna levels	16
springer nature	15
nature remains	15
canine influenza	15
viral load	15
iav infection	15
bovine herpesvirus	15
laiv none	15
mediated immune	15
bovine necrohemorrhagic	15
genbank accession	15
perfringens alpha	15
remains neutral	15
disease ecology	15
protective immune	15
molecular characterization	15
chicken genome	15
open access	15
jurisdictional claims	15
adaptive immunity	15
subtilis spore	15
protective efficacy	15
control cats	15
fecv rm	15
gas gangrene	15
gp gp	15
immune signalling	15
nk cell	15
type ii	15
institutional affiliations	15
vaccine delivery	15
published maps	15
seeder pigs	15
lymphoid tissues	15
egg production	15
pedv clpro	15
challenge strains	15
kindly provided	15
presenting cells	14
target population	14
histopathological changes	14
like particles	14
real time	14
alloantibody levels	14
chicken mdm	14
even though	14
hcesp stimuli	14
herpes simplex	14
broiler chickens	14
tumor necrosis	14
analyzed using	14
transmission function	14
results indicate	14
neonatal pancytopenia	14
sialic acid	14
buffered saline	14
time rt	14
necrosis factor	14
immune complexes	14
fisher scientific	14
provide protection	14
cell response	14
pg ml	14
target cells	14
group showed	14
may also	14
washed three	14
interstitial pneumonia	14
immune evasion	14
human influenza	14
genome sequence	14
note springer	14
grazing ducks	14
antiviral response	14
avian species	14
secreting cells	14
peritonitis virus	14
cat jhw	14
differential expression	14
lymph node	14
enteric diseases	14
acute myocardial	14
total protein	14
endothelial cells	14
influenza vaccine	14
gds strain	14
three viruses	14
different species	13
plga nps	13
vaccine antigens	13
com com	13
mm tris	13
peer review	13
indirect contact	13
statistical analysis	13
antibody titers	13
methionine codon	13
vsv vrp	13
reverse transcriptase	13
virus vaccine	13
ms ms	13
salmonid alphavirus	13
lung tissues	13
sav infection	13
human nk	13
way anova	13
irrelevant mab	13
ng ml	13
naturally infected	13
specific primers	13
serum antibody	13
mdck cells	13
viral proteins	13
paramyxovirus type	13
human immunodeficiency	13
binding protein	13
anthropogenic factors	13
density gradient	13
analysed using	13
dendritic cell	13
high density	13
graphpad prism	13
porcine alveolar	13
regulated deg	13
measured using	13
mass spectrometry	13
recent study	13
inactivated vaccine	13
field conditions	13
vp gene	13
i alleles	13
online submission	13
commercially available	13
based vaccines	13
late endosomes	13
host cells	13
target hosts	13
convenient online	13
immunized cats	13
pedv rna	13
bovine neonatal	13
prv infection	13
sus scrofa	13
infectious diseases	13
stimulated genes	13
thorough peer	13
fmdv isolates	13
different nk	13
infected mdm	13
neutralizing antibody	13
pancreas disease	13
monocytes macrophages	13
nitric oxide	12
cd cells	12
mice treated	12
bal cells	12
also found	12
results show	12
bronchiolar areas	12
false discovery	12
copy numbers	12
lymphocyte counts	12
low levels	12
final concentration	12
porcine viral	12
cell populations	12
oral vaccines	12
additional files	12
late co	12
master mix	12
pigs vaccinated	12
intracellularis antigen	12
use committee	12
aut aut	12
envelope proteins	12
defined nk	12
reference interval	12
target populations	12
prrsv olot	12
oil vaccine	12
antiviral responses	12
cells infected	12
weeks old	12
spike protein	12
simplex virus	12
virus stock	12
pedv iga	12
better understanding	12
rabbit anti	12
epithelial cell	12
per year	12
old calves	12
cellular immune	12
cell types	12
determined using	12
antigenic differences	12
mg ml	12
inactivated vaccines	12
host responses	12
results indicated	12
tissue culture	12
recipient cats	12
significantly different	12
serum dilution	12
taken together	12
invasion efficiency	12
post inoculation	12
conjugated anti	12
infected hamsters	12
spf cats	12
diarrhoea virus	12
results suggest	12
vaccine adjuvants	12
cells via	11
infectious dose	11
rna detection	11
killer cell	11
virus vaccines	11
protein kinase	11
animal welfare	11
distilled water	11
mrna expression	11
public health	11
serotype i	11
chicken eggs	11
pathogen transmission	11
vaccine candidates	11
reproductive system	11
toxin activity	11
actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae	11
see additional	11
control animals	11
hi assay	11
wild bird	11
infection studies	11
recent studies	11
widely used	11
primary antibodies	11
rna extraction	11
viral clearance	11
nucleocapsid protein	11
institutional animal	11
clinical outcome	11
com pigs	11
maintenance function	11
poultry products	11
cha pigs	11
flow cytometric	11
significantly inhibited	11
cd high	11
pedv infection	11
live vaccine	11
high levels	11
host populations	11
respiratory diseases	11
culture system	11
virus isolation	11
necrosis virus	11
vaccinated animals	11
two cats	11
weight gain	11
cd antibody	11
day post	11
differentiated respiratory	11
determine whether	11
chicken macrophages	11
cell lines	11
low pathogenic	11
infectious disease	11
bacterial pathogens	11
host defense	11
vesicular stomatitis	11
fresh dmem	11
specific pathogen	11
host systems	11
nucleic acid	11
stomatitis virus	11
veterinary vaccines	11
infected fish	11
specific igg	11
cell apoptosis	11
secondary antibody	11
expression analysis	10
human health	10
viral shedding	10
medium containing	10
dc macrophage	10
lung parenchyma	10
second wave	10
discovery rate	10
nkp expression	10
domestic ducks	10
bursal disease	10
electronic supplementary	10
domestic birds	10
per ml	10
standard deviation	10
enrichment analyses	10
porcine parvovirus	10
authors thank	10
i ifn	10
viral antigen	10
virus ns	10
native chickens	10
blood cells	10
vrp expressing	10
infected chickens	10
three animals	10
cells cultured	10
rat anti	10
apical surface	10
cryptosporidium parvum	10
viral strains	10
life cycle	10
relative copy	10
uninfected control	10
cell extracts	10
type strain	10
viral diseases	10
described elsewhere	10
persistent infection	10
three groups	10
cell lysates	10
vaccine vector	10
alveolar areas	10
considered positive	10
infected calves	10
responses induced	10
gp ecto	10
prrsv envelope	10
swine industry	10
like receptors	10
three virus	10
female reproductive	10
gfp nsp	10
agilent technologies	10
different concentrations	10
commonly used	10
pcr product	10
early endosomes	10
late group	10
body temperature	10
different lung	10
analysis using	10
biomed central	10
contains supplementary	10
plasmacytoid dendritic	10
derived dendritic	10
delivery systems	10
highly virulent	10
mycoplasma haemofelis	10
live virus	10
cd expression	10
porcine nk	10
porcine rotavirus	10
mice infected	10
platelet aggregation	10
fcov rna	10
online version	10
challenge group	10
control groups	10
nucleotide sequence	10
next manuscript	10
infectious bursal	10
cytolytic activity	10
mean values	10
authorized users	10
porcine cd	10
viral antigens	10
heart tissue	10
ct value	10
similar results	10
humoral immune	10
host factors	10
mechanisms involved	10
acute phase	10
challenged pigs	10
inhibitory effects	10
ffu ml	10
different time	10
animal experiments	10
collagen alpha	10
cytokine levels	10
genome segments	10
mdbk cell	9
ii cells	9
washed twice	9
website views	9
virus js	9
innate antiviral	9
fecal samples	9
lysis buffer	9
single cell	9
supplementary information	9
oral vaccination	9
transmissible gastroenteritis	9
also used	9
porcine proliferative	9
closely related	9
pseudorabies virus	9
pbs group	9
first detected	9
virulent newcastle	9
negative controls	9
cell cultures	9
miltenyi biotec	9
ampk signalling	9
positive control	9
potential bridge	9
heavy chain	9
risk factor	9
vaccine induced	9
bilirubin concentrations	9
cell debris	9
african swine	9
early stage	9
suckling pigs	9
maximum visibility	9
defective viral	9
pcr analysis	9
hamsters infected	9
citations maximum	9
bvd vaccine	9
blot analysis	9
rat igg	9
previous reports	9
fosters wider	9
recent years	9
complex data	9
receptor binding	9
alveolar epithelial	9
variant strains	9
pedv igg	9
significantly reduced	9
chitosan nps	9
esterase activity	9
cytokine response	9
lung compartments	9
clinical symptoms	9
acute respiratory	9
including large	9
homologous challenge	9
increased citations	9
data analysis	9
severe acute	9
lower respiratory	9
information accompanies	9
salmonella enterica	9
shuttle vector	9
wider collaboration	9
quantitative rt	9
pathogen free	9
cellular proteins	9
sequence analysis	9
new zealand	9
grand island	9
avian paramyxoviruses	9
hi test	9
three technologies	9
animals infected	9
weight loss	9
go terms	9
plasma transfusion	9
antagonistic ability	9
feline coronaviruses	9
one cat	9
many studies	9
tissue damage	9
poultry industry	9
inflammatory cytokine	9
plasma membrane	9
killer cells	9
poultry production	9
control measures	9
inflammatory mediators	9
com aut	9
treated tadv	9
research data	9
blotting assay	9
views per	9
mm edta	9
virus clearance	9
graphpad software	9
basal cells	9
hemoplasma species	9
wiv treatment	9
high level	9
virus rna	9
fusion protein	9
cell monolayers	9
alexa fluor	9
necrotic lesions	9
th responses	9
cytokine receptor	9
gold open	9
differentially expressed	9
enteric coronavirus	9
host innate	9
primers used	9
least one	9
data types	9
normal rat	9
xx xx	9
pathological lesions	9
disease control	9
infectious pathogens	9
san diego	9
chickens immunized	9
pcr assay	9
pigs receiving	9
coronavirus infection	9
one week	9
fecv infection	9
cats showed	9
three independent	9
rapid publication	8
vaccine production	8
antigen uptake	8
mucosal iga	8
healthy cats	8
virus porcine	8
lineage specific	8
activated cd	8
swabs collected	8
antiviral immunity	8
poultry farms	8
protein expression	8
antigen presenting	8
vaccination strategy	8
immune organs	8
chemokine receptor	8
purified virions	8
secondary antibodies	8
lung viral	8
cellular proliferation	8
candidatus mycoplasma	8
second transfection	8
infectious virus	8
oral vaccine	8
viral genome	8
accession number	8
geometric mean	8
perfringens type	8
avian leukosis	8
bln tissues	8
pbs control	8
hcesp igg	8
genes identified	8
il i	8
cryptosporidium infection	8
protective effect	8
host population	8
i haplotypes	8
critical role	8
infected enteroids	8
host response	8
absolute number	8
histopathological lesions	8
blotting analysis	8
serum antibodies	8
respiratory pathogens	8
chlorocebus sabaeus	8
one pathogen	8
canine parvovirus	8
experienced researchers	8
immune serum	8
spf chickens	8
per cell	8
independent experiments	8
cd low	8
another study	8
human respiratory	8
igg antibodies	8
seq data	8
antibiotic use	8
inhibits pedv	8
pcr using	8
paternally inherited	8
ml penicillin	8
host gene	8
vaccine strains	8
cha group	8
deep sequencing	8
experimental groups	8
transcription unit	8
pigs compared	8
pcr results	8
binding energy	8
avian infectious	8
pdc activation	8
fipv replication	8
iga antibodies	8
endocytic pathways	8
commercial vaccines	8
recovered cats	8
viral interference	8
virus induces	8
inoculated groups	8
three cats	8
heterologous aut	8
red blood	8
gel electrophoresis	8
kag vaccine	8
ms analysis	8
muscle inflammation	8
significant decrease	8
fetal bovine	8
pedv replication	8
rna samples	8
virus neutralizing	8
small intestinal	8
full advantage	8
civ infection	8
fip group	8
infectious contacts	8
growing pigs	8
swine exhibitions	8
vaccinated bnp	8
pcr system	8
histopathological evaluation	8
ml hcesps	8
deficient strain	8
economically important	8
buffered formalin	8
faecal virus	8
sample collection	8
membrane fusion	8
tne buffer	8
lethal influenza	8
human population	8
signalling pathways	8
thermo scientific	8
genetic differences	8
economic impact	8
take full	8
commercial inactivated	8
bone marrow	8
feline enteric	8
essential medium	8
lung tissue	8
nucleotide sequences	8
pigs porcine	8
white leghorn	8
fcov antigen	8
protein concentrations	8
low ph	8
iu ml	8
national university	8
following vaccination	8
bvd vaccination	8
activate pdc	8
maintenance hosts	8
whether pedv	8
may contribute	8
haemorrhagic enteritis	8
egg yolk	8
cut lung	8
signaling pathway	8
differentiated epithelial	8
i haplotype	8
cell counts	8
host species	8
feline hemoplasma	8
agricultural university	8
virus isolates	8
infected mice	7
ad libitum	7
approval number	7
terms related	7
bnp within	7
parainfluenza virus	7
old animals	7
goblet cells	7
virus titer	7
mucosal immune	7
gastroenteritis virus	7
contact birds	7
final concentrations	7
standard curve	7
using graphpad	7
provide information	7
early group	7
genetic analysis	7
two viruses	7
microscopic lesions	7
vaccination strategies	7
ii pneumocytes	7
early co	7
better understand	7
stat pathway	7
multiple comparisons	7
vaccine strain	7
respiratory coronavirus	7
quantitative pcr	7
opsonising antibodies	7
cellular localization	7
vaccine efficacy	7
ptov strains	7
swine disease	7
intracellular staining	7
also present	7
lung slices	7
disease development	7
recognised genes	7
extracellular part	7
first step	7
rna binding	7
interfering particles	7
qpcr assay	7
also identified	7
cycle threshold	7
inactivated virus	7
horseradish peroxidase	7
enveloped viruses	7
calves born	7
gross lesions	7
roche diagnostics	7
binding domain	7
serum sample	7
major histocompatibility	7
prrsv gp	7
virulent strains	7
binding sites	7
positive samples	7
gradient centrifugation	7
tissue sample	7
gene specific	7
phosphate buffered	7
fluorescence intensity	7
also significantly	7
group compared	7
highly activated	7
mucosal immunity	7
primer sequences	7
vaccine candidate	7
pigs infected	7
vectored vaccines	7
cell activation	7
fold higher	7
different cell	7
wiv groups	7
live attenuated	7
three mice	7
large number	7
high cd	7
oligoadenylate synthetase	7
target genes	7
infected cell	7
also thank	7
sars coronavirus	7
san jose	7
double stranded	7
i genes	7
signal transduction	7
peak viremia	7
producing cells	7
local immune	7
mhf pcr	7
standard error	7
significant pathways	7
complete protection	7
epidemic diarrhoea	7
receptor cxcr	7
macrophage network	7
ex vivo	7
major cities	7
live bird	7
accession numbers	7
respiratory problems	7
previous work	7
prv rna	7
cells treated	7
groups showed	7
piscine orthoreovirus	7
dominant negative	7
feline hemoplasmas	7
fluorescence microscope	7
lipid rafts	7
nh cl	7
viral disease	7
pedv particles	7
natural cytotoxicity	7
tight junctions	7
remains unclear	7
may provide	7
maintenance community	7
like particle	7
bronchiolar epithelial	7
bronchoalveolar lavage	7
commercial poultry	7
histological lesions	7
antibody titer	7
binding proteins	7
porcine intestinal	7
using qrt	7
groups compared	7
technical assistance	7
southeast asia	7
recent advances	7
complex interactions	7
phage display	7
lymphocyte subsets	7
citrate buffer	7
conjugated goat	7
calf serum	7
enterica serovar	7
significant reduction	7
open reading	7
systemic immune	7
fighting cocks	7
cells per	7
different ages	7
leghorn chickens	7
different strategies	7
highly conserved	7
clpro activity	7
production compared	7
airway epithelium	7
bronchointerstitial pneumonia	7
related genes	7
dna polymerase	7
dmem containing	7
cd cell	7
study period	7
host interactions	7
respiratory viruses	7
inflammatory responses	7
enteroid cells	7
igg antibody	7
serum dilutions	7
facs buffer	7
lung samples	7
epidemiological studies	7
future studies	7
antibody titres	7
cytometry analysis	7
donor cats	7
economic loss	7
control strategies	7
bacterial infection	7
unequal variance	7
prrsv proteins	7
bsc cells	7
porcine torovirus	7
cells using	7
cells grown	7
current status	7
farmed atlantic	7
total volume	7
key role	7
rna level	7
leukosis virus	7
early stages	7
differentially regulated	7
enhance antigen	7
american strain	7
mm nacl	7
infected flock	7
reference strain	7
nasal turbinate	7
cytometric analysis	7
full length	6
fold dilutions	6
nkp cells	6
agricultural exhibitions	6
i typing	6
severe disease	6
inoculated oronasally	6
naturally occurring	6
loop experiments	6
derived macrophages	6
two tailed	6
peak bacteremia	6
coding sequences	6
potential vaccine	6
protein gene	6
also known	6
acute infection	6
bronchial epithelial	6
repeated outbreaks	6
cryptosporidium spp	6
differences among	6
vaccination protocols	6
pig farms	6
secondary bacterial	6
calves immunized	6
diarrhea among	6
layer chickens	6
access correspondence	6
total lung	6
showed higher	6
rainbow trout	6
higher viral	6
cold pbs	6
dairy cattle	6
veal calves	6
infected heart	6
bars indicate	6
dengue virus	6
maternal antibodies	6
strains comprising	6
significantly induced	6
tomatidine inhibits	6
means control	6
th cells	6
pyrosequencing assay	6
findings suggest	6
respiratory epithelium	6
using two	6
chicken ifn	6
st array	6
cell infiltration	6
immune mechanisms	6
perfringens strains	6
significance reached	6
biological replicates	6
turkey adenovirus	6
humidified atmosphere	6
conjugated mouse	6
primary antibody	6
perfringens supernatant	6
multiple comparison	6
individual pigs	6
different levels	6
pattern recognition	6
staphylococcus aureus	6
also showed	6
statistical analyses	6
southern china	6
effector cells	6
cell type	6
com treatment	6
recognition receptors	6
fip cats	6
monocyte macrophage	6
ct values	6
dna virus	6
simple method	6
culture media	6
natural route	6
important roles	6
expressed genes	6
muench method	6
increased expression	6
domestic cats	6
swine population	6
antigenic diversity	6
challenge virus	6
capsid protein	6
hemorrhagic enteritis	6
inhibit pedv	6
host defence	6
optical density	6
oral immunization	6
week old	6
turkeys infected	6
described earlier	6
nucleotide identity	6
genome sequences	6
lower compared	6
pedv cl	6
generation sequencing	6
tcid cell	6
negative mutants	6
induced enteric	6
blood monocytes	6
ml streptomycin	6
different strains	6
ctrl means	6
respiratory system	6
weeks pi	6
th immune	6
rna genome	6
local tissues	6
total alloantibody	6
mice challenged	6
receptor signalling	6
first outbreak	6
human activities	6
first transfection	6
bird markets	6
iga antibody	6
virus stocks	6
nucleic acids	6
prv cohabitants	6
infection model	6
molecular weight	6
i allele	6
anova followed	6
heterologous virus	6
fold change	6
abd serotec	6
old piglets	6
host cell	6
highway junction	6
nanjing agricultural	6
except apmv	6
subunit vaccines	6
randomly assigned	6
viral pathogens	6
new york	6
modified live	6
infectious pancreatic	6
analysis revealed	6
vitro culture	6
activated state	6
highly expressed	6
humoral responses	6
sanger sequencing	6
results demonstrated	6
pedv invasion	6
significance threshold	6
cytokine signaling	6
randomly selected	6
scale bars	6
equal volume	6
subtype iiaa	6
blood cell	6
pathological changes	6
zoonotic transmission	6
pronounced immune	6
pulmonary parenchyma	6
fcov infection	6
hydrogen bonds	6
weeks post	6
viral diarrhoea	6
using different	6
days later	6
potential role	6
histocompatibility complex	6
liquid chromatography	6
freshly isolated	6
cytopathic effect	6
statistical significance	6
two subsets	6
hemagglutination inhibition	6
cycle sequencing	6
well plate	6
pigs remained	6
important viral	6
antigenic drift	6
viral protein	6
molecular analysis	6
total number	6
cell adhesion	6
stranded dna	6
persistently infected	6
oral delivery	6
induced necrosis	6
pcr positive	6
following challenge	6
conceptual framework	6
active pocket	6
investigate whether	6
free water	6
intestinal epithelium	6
virus antigen	6
plasma pool	6
studies showed	6
genome equivalents	6
infection induces	6
polyacrylamide gel	6
goat pbmcs	6
inflammatory cell	6
per group	6
candidate genes	6
essential role	6
higher expression	6
full list	6
pcr kit	6
chicken embryo	6
genomic rna	6
negative mutant	6
healthy calves	6
confocal microscope	6
apical side	6
author information	6
sequence data	6
virus titres	6
antisera raised	6
dotted line	6
vector vaccine	6
severe economic	6
antibody production	6
igg alloantibody	6
virus transmission	6
results also	6
type porcine	6
host community	6
rectal swabs	6
hours post	6
antiviral innate	6
experimental studies	6
next generation	6
first weeks	6
pancreatic necrosis	6
activated protein	6
virus spread	6
chicken cd	6
trained immunity	6
virus genome	6
cell binding	6
phylogenetic analysis	6
different types	6
ns proteins	6
polyanhydride nps	6
oxide synthase	6
response induced	6
higher cytolytic	6
source population	6
quantified using	6
producing animals	6
total splenocytes	6
dna viruses	6
heritable trait	6
gene segments	6
growth rate	6
group calves	6
strains identified	6
oil adjuvant	6
influenza viral	6
strong innate	6
tissue tropism	6
aut pigs	6
bovine mhc	6
south korea	6
data collection	6
dynamic changes	6
highly contagious	6
crfk cells	6
coding sequence	6
endocytic pathway	6
five pigs	6
ali cultures	6
cloacal shedding	6
protein levels	6
initiate internalization	6
seven days	6
invasion rate	6
standard procedures	6
anticoccidial vaccine	6
foster city	6
per sample	6
vitro model	6
mortality rate	6
among suckling	6
enteric infections	6
spf chicken	6
north america	6
passive transfer	6
cellular immunity	6
state university	6
months old	6
fluorescence quenching	6
ifn antagonistic	6
pig industry	6
passive immunity	6
intranasal route	6
attenuated salmonella	6
ii cell	6
probe sets	6
positive cells	6
dnak elisa	6
specific ifn	6
mediated antiviral	6
prv infected	6
white arrows	6
pcr amplification	6
mm mgcl	6
electron microscopy	6
intracellularis organisms	6
activating receptor	6
sense rna	6
serum albumin	6
review see	6
positive correlation	6
indicated concentrations	6
lymphoid tissue	5
fourth transcription	5
viral titration	5
us swine	5
receptor interactions	5
fip lesions	5
human airway	5
neonatal calves	5
cells compared	5
derived significance	5
gene ontology	5
fatty acid	5
viral coinfections	5
southern biotech	5
hi titer	5
relative signal	5
macrophages stimulated	5
reproductive failures	5
considered significant	5
host antiviral	5
freely available	5
mimic mutation	5
also detected	5
nasal discharge	5
two strains	5
natural infection	5
empty shuttle	5
future direction	5
inoculated intranasally	5
exocrine pancreas	5
cropping intensity	5
gene products	5
acid changes	5
basal side	5
antiviral genes	5
toxin production	5
also higher	5
sterile pbs	5
secretory products	5
friedman test	5
internalized pedv	5
significantly changed	5
kegg enrichment	5
heat maps	5
virus detection	5
wild waterfowl	5
animal study	5
domestic poultry	5
strain js	5
prrsv vaccines	5
attenuated vaccines	5
primary prv	5
mutant viruses	5
might play	5
inactivated pedv	5
data show	5
short distance	5
collected samples	5
sybr green	5
goat serum	5
different viral	5
defective particles	5
calves inoculated	5
tomatidine may	5
syndrome coronavirus	5
complemented strain	5
significantly decreased	5
short distances	5
sav shedder	5
ciliary activity	5
infection date	5
salmon salmo	5
immune protection	5
dilution series	5
bronchiolar epithelium	5
perfringens jir	5
field isolates	5
pig population	5
protease activity	5
amplifying cells	5
pbmc samples	5
induce protection	5
ifa assay	5
enteroid culture	5
cscl density	5
animal models	5
whole blood	5
protein sequence	5
indirect elisa	5
west nile	5
values smaller	5
paraffin wax	5
spleen nkp	5
recombinant vaccines	5
seoul national	5
growth factor	5
ethics committee	5
enteritis virus	5
genetic characterization	5
reproductive failure	5
bsc cell	5
based typing	5
bovine tuberculosis	5
live vaccines	5
ja strain	5
species identification	5
reading frames	5
chicken igy	5
significant inhibition	5
expression level	5
previously reported	5
nile virus	5
vsv replicons	5
two main	5
type iii	5
increased risk	5
mixed infection	5
modified eagle	5
iga response	5
upper respiratory	5
bacterial spores	5
ii reverse	5
study demonstrated	5
whole genome	5
pedv vaccine	5
igg groups	5
different letters	5
value lower	5
infectious particles	5
centro nacional	5
i protein	5
th response	5
changes observed	5
mesenteric lymph	5
surface staining	5
mean fluorescent	5
heparinized blood	5
pig sera	5
myocardial degeneration	5
enriched pbmc	5
nucleotide identities	5
avian necrotic	5
gene sequences	5
results obtained	5
animals developed	5
herpesvirus type	5
three days	5
higher virus	5
immediate publication	5
vaccine vectors	5
chicken type	5
cell suspension	5
designed using	5
constant acetylation	5
genome sequencing	5
anticoccidial drugs	5
highest dilution	5
prrsv antigens	5
fluorescent intensity	5
feline cd	5
group mean	5
coronavirus spike	5
shedder introduction	5
gfp infection	5
i viruses	5
natural infections	5
embryo fibroblasts	5
cells induced	5
oral tolerance	5
google scholar	5
recombinant chicken	5
proinflammatory cytokine	5
nested pcr	5
vaccination approach	5
might affect	5
cell immune	5
mediated immunity	5
gii subtype	5
side effects	5
weekly thereafter	5
many countries	5
serum igg	5
genotype viid	5
spore adjuvant	5
reference strains	5
spatial analysis	5
serotypes except	5
animal species	5
viruses associated	5
virulence factors	5
secretory activity	5
laying performance	5
fcov qrt	5
two ptov	5
green monkey	5
less pronounced	5
commercial oil	5
also induced	5
replicon particles	5
acute viral	5
pfu ml	5
cell membrane	5
respiratory symptoms	5
quality control	5
human adenovirus	5
fusion peptide	5
vlps expressing	5
cell growth	5
vp genotype	5
mutant virus	5
vital role	5
mdbk mhc	5
early induction	5
pcr master	5
hematopoietic necrosis	5
study design	5
distantly related	5
day old	5
reverse primer	5
ge healthcare	5
target species	5
virus infected	5
vitro studies	5
results confirmed	5
myc proteins	5
expression changes	5
sequence based	5
viral genomes	5
eagle medium	5
low level	5
week intervals	5
genotype vii	5
avirulent viruses	5
tenfold serial	5
influenza vaccines	5
respiratory dc	5
higher antibody	5
rna replication	5
containing tomatidine	5
virus containing	5
cell death	5
significant economic	5
mwg operon	5
immortalized cells	5
interspecies transmission	5
pedv internalization	5
proteins expressed	5
play important	5
inhibitory effect	5
challenge viruses	5
animal experiment	5
higher amounts	5
detectable antibody	5
among groups	5
phylogenic analysis	5
epidemiological functions	5
national institute	5
mean titers	5
tree star	5
cause disease	5
space constraints	5
strain identified	5
coinfections involving	5
three viral	5
sav co	5
specific qpcr	5
chain variable	5
farm animals	5
seven mabs	5
exact test	5
significantly enriched	5
primary infection	5
immunofluorescence staining	5
thermofisher scientific	5
high mutation	5
apical membrane	5
detected among	5
cdna synthesis	5
animal model	5
quantitative real	5
polymerase complex	5
culture systems	5
cell entry	5
similar pattern	5
spread across	5
inducible gene	5
normal goat	5
layer ducks	5
laiv vaccine	5
syndrome viruses	5
single chain	5
histopathological scores	5
culture supernatant	5
specific binding	5
virus titration	5
several viruses	5
blood vessels	5
adverse effects	5
defence system	5
blood loads	5
contact turkeys	5
respiratory infections	5
african green	5
promising results	5
increased number	5
oncorhynchus mykiss	5
may lead	5
culture infectious	5
obtained using	5
different treatment	5
virus belonging	5
strain gd	5
infection pattern	5
cells overexpressing	5
considered statistically	5
prv controls	5
mycobacterium tuberculosis	5
bronchial lymph	5
lavage fluid	5
mean log	5
tailed simple	5
lower levels	5
dual infections	5
longitudinal study	5
internalization rates	5
plaque assay	5
vaccinia virus	5
changes consistent	5
light chain	5
antibody fragment	5
luciferase reporter	5
vaccines containing	5
basal region	5
dna vaccines	5
biological process	5
single stranded	5
olot strain	5
live poultry	5
infectious hematopoietic	5
isotype control	5
poultry farming	5
key genes	5
calves vaccinated	5
mhf inoculation	5
protection afforded	5
suckling piglets	5
sialic acids	5
intestinal organoids	5
expression vector	5
linear model	5
previous report	5
relatively high	5
high morbidity	5
licensed vaccines	5
dairy calves	5
approximately dpi	5
invading pathogens	5
comparison test	5
full genome	5
pig model	5
five different	5
anthropogenic risk	5
different virus	5
growth medium	5
intestinal mucosa	5
cell monolayer	5
experimental gas	5
seeder pig	5
lung compartment	5
stop codon	5
vivo studies	5
mccoy cells	5
human enteroids	5
differentiated airway	5
parenteral vaccination	5
dependent enhancement	5
takara bio	5
enteric pathogens	5
control fish	5
family member	5
mortality rates	5
prrsv strains	5
acid sequence	5
kidney cell	5
commercial swine	5
hpai virus	5
transit amplifying	5
laying period	5
genome array	5
serially diluted	5
flowjo software	5
log fc	5
molecular biology	5
agricultural fairs	5
final model	5
mitigation strategies	5
necrotic loops	5
high viral	5
effector functions	5
streptococcus suis	5
visualized using	5
rna polymerase	5
nkp cd	5
systemic spread	5
treg frequencies	5
strand cdna	5
wide range	5
target gene	5
virus release	5
targeting cl	5
first time	5
chicken gene	5
using western	5
heparan sulfate	5
adjuvant quila	5
type strains	5
comprising lineage	5
disease following	5
full protection	5
rotavirus strains	5
kegg terms	5
receptor nkp	5
i apmv	5
netb toxin	5
well round	5
domestic animals	5
road networks	4
prime boost	4
different methods	4
higher cd	4
perfect real	4
transforming growth	4
available vaccines	4
maternal alloantibodies	4
assay showed	4
time reverse	4
structural basis	4
single infected	4
mouse enteroid	4
major role	4
necrotizing bronchiolitis	4
enterotoxigenic escherichia	4
selector tool	4
duck flocks	4
genome assembly	4
lung epithelial	4
population density	4
cycle arrest	4
given ecosystem	4
infection experiments	4
thank dr	4
chronic infections	4
ha protein	4
log number	4
cd foxp	4
data generated	4
body weights	4
tissue sections	4
animals analysed	4
bacterial colonization	4
confirmed negative	4
units per	4
gp gene	4
prrsv vlps	4
control loops	4
well established	4
enteric disease	4
technical support	4
group denote	4
environmental factors	4
tomatidine treatment	4
host complex	4
different values	4
internalized virions	4
subclinical infections	4
od values	4
mannheimia haemolytica	4
protein level	4
human pathogens	4
old spf	4
well known	4
human vaccine	4
chickens administered	4
losses worldwide	4
embryo fibroblast	4
vector laboratories	4
domestic waterfowl	4
four replicates	4
comparative analysis	4
related viruses	4
pedv variant	4
prv shedders	4
hcesps significantly	4
viral components	4
extracted using	4
like strain	4
entry relies	4
oxidative stress	4
teer values	4
per animal	4
animal facility	4
dnak antibodies	4
strain gds	4
rna detected	4
following standard	4
vaccine controls	4
none group	4
target tissues	4
i fcov	4
receptor family	4
restriction sites	4
similar levels	4
dnak antibody	4
swine virus	4
hamster model	4
cytokine responses	4
faecal extract	4
expression pattern	4
experimental design	4
abi prism	4
severe respiratory	4
vascular permeability	4
akt pkb	4
annexinv aad	4
generated using	4
plots describes	4
raw counts	4
step rrt	4
ifn response	4
culture plates	4
tracheobronchial lymph	4
also confirmed	4
field strains	4
neutralization assay	4
specific network	4
reference genome	4
via mhc	4
oropharyngeal swabs	4
cells remains	4
viral genes	4
study also	4
current vaccines	4
acetylation modification	4
mucosal vaccine	4
gp protein	4
virus internalization	4
encephalitis virus	4
genes involved	4
may play	4
urate deposition	4
virus replicates	4
tandem mass	4
tool helps	4
myeloid cells	4
illumina hiseq	4
subset compared	4
distance spread	4
interfering influenza	4
infection experiment	4
isolated using	4
early infection	4
bottom plates	4
liaison host	4
rna helicase	4
estimating fifty	4
enrichment analysis	4
finish farm	4
interacting proteins	4
virus isolate	4
world organisation	4
sav compared	4
functional antibody	4
oviduct cysts	4
intervention strategies	4
bird species	4
treated groups	4
receptor interaction	4
different vaccine	4
rabbit igg	4
ns expression	4
strong correlation	4
serine threonine	4
pedv utilized	4
second round	4
amplification cycles	4
significant go	4
disease transmission	4
human populations	4
viral genomic	4
member cd	4
emissions every	4
using specific	4
viral respiratory	4
step rt	4
enteric form	4
old specific	4
laboratories inc	4
defined haplotypes	4
novel vaccine	4
cell tropism	4
spore vaccines	4
choose bmc	4
rm infected	4
horizontal line	4
performed according	4
severe influenza	4
nm excitation	4
positive selection	4
treated purified	4
two independent	4
strain jir	4
intestinal loops	4
es products	4
high mortality	4
relevant journal	4
later stages	4
virulent form	4
protective role	4
isolated pbmc	4
hemoplasma infections	4
pathogen interactions	4
prrsv challenge	4
delivery system	4
slightly lower	4
heat inactivated	4
different mechanisms	4
slightly higher	4
various cytokines	4
viral populations	4
protein differences	4
virus attachment	4
amongst others	4
protein concentration	4
within macrophages	4
delivery platforms	4
nonstructural protein	4
significance level	4
two days	4
associated lymphoid	4
negative correlation	4
also demonstrated	4
kegg pathways	4
white blood	4
kul monocytes	4
velogenic newcastle	4
foreign antigens	4
confocal fluorescence	4
mock infected	4
closest highway	4
experimentally challenged	4
expression patterns	4
cytokine chemokine	4
chicken interferome	4
horizontal dotted	4
following infection	4
three tissues	4
prrsv strain	4
bacillus spores	4
remaining pigs	4
pulmonary intravascular	4
study found	4
pig herds	4
linear regression	4
cloaca swabs	4
host restriction	4
scfv library	4
multivalent vaccine	4
response compared	4
accept pre	4
hi activity	4
epidemiological study	4
fibrin microthrombi	4
management practices	4
significantly suppressed	4
perfringens virulence	4
inoculated birds	4
showed similar	4
histopathological scoring	4
anatomic compartments	4
induced endothelial	4
delivery strategies	4
lipid metabolism	4
neutralizing epitopes	4
analysis showed	4
transmission pathways	4
iav positive	4
hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis	4
degranulation assays	4
cells ml	4
completely inhibited	4
antiviral immune	4
outer capsid	4
mucosal surfaces	4
close collaboration	4
antigen staining	4
gastrointestinal tract	4
high variability	4
laiv groups	4
gross lung	4
sera obtained	4
evidence suggests	4
antigen delivery	4
atcc vr	4
iav rna	4
luciferase activities	4
rna interference	4
japanese encephalitis	4
first report	4
authors concluded	4
experimental period	4
cd bright	4
immune escape	4
day follow	4
harderian gland	4
hi antibody	4
stem cells	4
canine kidney	4
one day	4
comprehensive review	4
study showed	4
genetic background	4
polyclonal antibody	4
challenge strain	4
much higher	4
measles virus	4
results suggested	4
empty vector	4
untreated tadv	4
purified recombinant	4
including influenza	4
strains detected	4
average daily	4
adhesion molecules	4
chronic infection	4
liposome nps	4
cytokines locally	4
two separate	4
will help	4
santa clara	4
pigs following	4
serum neutralization	4
cellular factors	4
second pcr	4
clinical manifestations	4
humidified chamber	4
control calves	4
interfering virus	4
molecular mechanisms	4
stranded positive	4
sav infected	4
highest serum	4
important diseases	4
following homologous	4
molecular dynamics	4
microarray analysis	4
virus detected	4
endocytosis pathways	4
dna vaccine	4
strain rm	4
qpcr assays	4
glycoproteins gp	4
rapid detection	4
enhanced replication	4
cytolytic capacity	4
cellular dna	4
water ad	4
cells expressing	4
excellent technical	4
remained within	4
vaccine induces	4
cells produced	4
groups remained	4
peripheral immune	4
rank correlation	4
furin cleavage	4
new insights	4
hosts may	4
data points	4
heterologous antigens	4
young pigs	4
inactivated foetal	4
host system	4
data interpretation	4
data obtained	4
data analyses	4
transcriptase polymerase	4
innate cytokines	4
fiber protein	4
infectious agent	4
elisa kit	4
antigenic sites	4
fmdv immune	4
industry worldwide	4
liquid interface	4
enveloped virus	4
antigen expression	4
cytokine secretion	4
recombinant porcine	4
expression plasmids	4
sequences detected	4
pcr primers	4
cpg oligodeoxynucleotide	4
control iav	4
operational framework	4
also associated	4
molecular docking	4
cytokines chemokines	4
induced higher	4
sequencing primer	4
colored green	4
cell membranes	4
south china	4
mrna level	4
using chicken	4
studies demonstrated	4
bronchial bronchiolar	4
mhf bacteremia	4
affected animals	4
positive controls	4
cap protein	4
higher numbers	4
vice versa	4
study revealed	4
seropositive pigs	4
also provide	4
cryptosporidium isolates	4
ptov strain	4
nasal cavities	4
inhibited pedv	4
detected using	4
software inc	4
alphavirus subtype	4
species transmission	4
human coronavirus	4
feline immunodeficiency	4
exact role	4
monocyte counts	4
challenge experiment	4
rabbit antiserum	4
factors involved	4
reaction buffer	4
vaccine components	4
plaque reduction	4
based proteomic	4
permeabilization buffer	4
endocytic vesicles	4
using real	4
first pathogen	4
vitro stimulation	4
university institutional	4
may reduce	4
zoonotic potential	4
vp fragment	4
attenuated virus	4
vaccine formulation	4
serotype ii	4
lineage i	4
fresh medium	4
anas platyrhynchos	4
related deg	4
vaccine group	4
every minute	4
receptor involved	4
constructed using	4
innate response	4
kg day	4
initiate infection	4
protein complex	4
regulatory factor	4
perfringens antigens	4
laiv treatment	4
pcr reactions	4
apoptosis via	4
group remained	4
significantly fewer	4
virus pathogenesis	4
different subsets	4
pathogenic variant	4
induces apoptosis	4
neutralizing activity	4
specific cd	4
three main	4
epidemiological function	4
broad range	4
elevated levels	4
possible explanation	4
bnp calf	4
novel adjuvants	4
chick embryo	4
ethical committee	4
alveolar macrophage	4
submission inquiries	4
disease outbreaks	4
partially protects	4
ebola virus	4
protein sequences	4
road network	4
subcellular localization	4
selplg gene	4
culture adapted	4
tested mhf	4
production system	4
molecular probes	4
milk replacer	4
southern biotechnology	4
interferon production	4
purified using	4
mild respiratory	4
secreting cell	4
encephalomyelitis virus	4
often used	4
associated protein	4
early immune	4
end point	4
nkp defined	4
least three	4
showed significantly	4
negative binomial	4
lesser extent	4
plga nanoparticles	4
overall average	4
next page	4
pathogenicity avian	4
effective vaccine	4
conventional dendritic	4
yangzhou university	4
fast equipment	4
immune cell	4
experimental challenge	4
method using	4
iga levels	4
vaccine formulations	4
iav vaccines	4
prv challenge	4
strains within	4
single infections	4
maintenance population	4
pigs per	4
line depicts	4
enteric coronaviruses	4
severe clinical	4
fixed samples	4
serovar typhimurium	4
natural products	4
eimeria tenella	4
mini kit	4
vaccine administered	4
vaccinated intramuscularly	4
mucosal adjuvant	4
ribonucleic acid	4
ucd infected	4
gst tag	4
retinoic acid	4
cytokines il	4
acid residues	4
single cells	4
one sample	4
thermal profile	4
mouse rbc	4
host range	4
viral titer	4
bordetella bronchiseptica	4
virusinfected group	4
sorted nk	4
sequencing kit	4
rank test	4
sea water	4
gross pathology	4
gsea results	4
isolation kit	4
i interferons	4
viral structural	4
time quantitative	4
epizootic swine	4
high heritability	4
associated markers	4
infection induced	4
i card	4
showed high	4
processed using	4
washing steps	4
field serum	4
weaned pigs	4
mhf blood	4
host competence	4
strain ucd	4
production parameters	4
agents associated	4
fowlpox virus	4
heterologous laiv	4
manuscript revision	4
forming units	4
still unclear	4
swine herds	4
hemotropic mycoplasma	4
fold serial	4
inflammatory cells	4
group contained	4
vaccine platforms	4
gradient purified	4
four weeks	4