bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram frequency
respiratory tract356
respiratory viruses325
acute respiratory269
nucleic acid213
respiratory syncytial177
syncytial virus169
time pcr166
respiratory virus156
human metapneumovirus148
tract infections145
lower respiratory136
respiratory syndrome124
clin virol118
virol doi118
doc id118
viral load118
cord uid118
respiratory infections115
novel coronavirus113
severe acute111
time rt109
human bocavirus109
pcr assay108
influenza viruses107
avian influenza102
positive samples100
influenza virus100
pcr assays96
human coronavirus94
real time89
copies ml87
reverse transcription83
cystic fibrosis81
ct values77
chain reaction77
respiratory specimens77
polymerase chain76
young children74
respiratory samples73
hong kong72
human rhinovirus72
study design72
viral infections72
clinical specimens71
hospitalized patients71
viral rna70
tract infection65
syndrome coronavirus65
clinical samples63
coronavirus disease61
analytical sensitivity60
respiratory illness60
previously described60
public health60
hospitalized children58
performed using57
rna extraction57
respiratory pathogens56
united states56
virus infection56
respiratory disease55
cell count54
multiplex pcr54
respiratory infection54
clinical characteristics54
nucleic acids53
respiratory viral53
clinical features53
viral respiratory52
tested positive51
severe respiratory49
id now49
upper respiratory48
parainfluenza virus48
phylogenetic analysis48
viral loads47
pediatric patients47
nasopharyngeal swabs47
acquired pneumonia46
rna viruses46
gold standard46
human coronaviruses45
clinical impact45
cell culture45
applied biosystems44
virus infections44
respiratory symptoms44
years old44
intensive care44
human respiratory43
nasal swabs43
high viral42
isothermal amplification42
prevalence rates42
parainfluenza viruses42
serum samples42
infected patients41
positive results40
positive patients40
risk factors40
mediated isothermal39
detection rate39
samples collected39
acid extraction39
virus detection39
rapid tests39
multiplex real38
negative samples38
nadir cd38
adult patients38
antigen detection38
diagnostic tests37
tract disease37
time reverse37
acid amplification37
negative results37
viral pathogens36
disease severity36
significantly higher36
human parainfluenza36
among children35
rapid detection35
amino acid35
viral culture35
transplant recipients35
children hospitalized35
direct rt34
test results34
rapid antigen34
previous studies34
university hospital33
present study33
prospective study32
testing schemes32
least one32
symptom onset32
clinical performance31
human influenza31
human rhinoviruses31
primer probe31
nasopharyngeal aspirates30
coronavirus nl30
median age30
reverse transcriptase30
je virus30
group testing30
coronavirus hku30
nasopharyngeal swab30
internal control29
japanese encephalitis29
infectious diseases29
infected children29
highly pathogenic29
nsp protein29
cohort study28
uninfected children28
molecular assays28
informed consent28
infection control28
commercially available28
severe disease28
statistically significant27
cov infection27
cytopathic effect27
patient samples27
peripheral blood27
positive control27
clinical outcomes27
clinical symptoms27
health care27
viral infection27
study period27
common respiratory27
low viral27
care unit27
cell counts27
clinical sensitivity26
rad kits26
rsv infection26
respiratory panel26
improvement factor26
transport media25
rapid test25
ct value25
false negative25
emergency department25
xpert xpress25
false positive24
pcr testing24
hematologic malignancy24
rapid diagnosis24
one patient24
frequently detected24
authors declare24
pcr tests24
specimens collected24
diagnostic testing24
virus type24
modified cdc24
spike protein24
count cells24
probe sets24
samples tested24
tested negative24
patients infected24
coronavirus infections24
symptoms onset23
xpress sars23
middle east23
bronchoalveolar lavage23
patient management23
molecular techniques23
direct assay23
cerebrospinal fluid23
pandemic influenza23
serological tests23
nervous system23
pcr reaction22
laboratory diagnosis22
clinical manifestations22
infectious disease22
rna copies22
clinical data22
genetic diversity22
cobas sars22
fusion protein22
clinical presentation22
molecular diagnostics22
common cold22
seasonal influenza22
positive specimens22
cdc sars21
east respiratory21
stem cell21
alere tm21
rpa assays21
tm influenza21
pcr positive21
molecular methods21
healthy children21
van den21
positive cases21
age group21
viral shedding21
world health21
systematic review21
ethics committee21
binax now21
two different21
multiplex rt20
molecular diagnostic20
tested using20
high sensitivity20
clinical evaluation20
pcr products20
mean age20
panther fusion20
viral nucleic20
virus isolation20
acute gastroenteritis20
high prevalence20
den hoogen20
initial nucleic20
respiratory failure20
severe cases20
diagnostic performance20
amplification assay19
bacterial infection19
health organization19
conventional pcr19
central nervous19
hematopoietic stem19
herpes simplex19
molecular detection19
immunocompromised patients19
transport medium19
children aged19
reference method19
clinical virology19
lateral flow19
complete genome19
medical center19
children human19
quality control19
cell transplant19
newly discovered19
acute lower19
cells transfected18
samples positive18
nl infection18
dual labelled18
master mix18
acid test18
previously published18
viral transport18
two viruses18
coronavirus infection18
closely related18
viral etiology18
viral detection18
diagnostic assays18
sars cov18
new human18
nested pcr18
retrospective study18
rapid diagnostic18
igg assay18
pulmonary disease18
sore throat18
ct changes18
generation sequencing18
lung transplant18
cytochrome oxidase18
metapneumovirus infection18
clinical laboratories18
total nucleic18
pool sizes17
newly identified17
prevalence rate17
sars coronavirus17
low sensitivity17
control group17
significant differences17
positive result17
cp ml17
one case17
children admitted17
viral dna17
roche diagnostics17
influenza infection17
van der17
sequence reads17
ill patients17
respiratory diseases17
age groups17
simultaneous detection17
abbott sars17
adult hospitalized17
sequence data17
antiviral treatment17
novel human17
stool samples17
viral genome17
viruses detected17
previous study16
study showed16
extracted rna16
time assays16
two assays16
results obtained16
blood samples16
respiratory distress16
situ rt16
medical records16
tract samples16
recent study16
relatively low16
turnaround time16
mechanical ventilation16
diagnostic test16
high throughput16
like illness16
molecular epidemiology16
encephalitis virus16
lung ct16
recently published16
vp vp16
rhinovirus enterovirus16
statistical analysis16
detected viruses16
acute wheezing16
ag respi16
may also16
antiviral therapy16
clinical course16
based assays16
infection among16
low positive16
critically ill16
one sample16
coronavirus associated16
pool size15
throat swabs15
two samples15
serial dilutions15
tertiary care15
household contacts15
sequence analysis15
rhinovirus infections15
pcr test15
mycoplasma pneumoniae15
human enterovirus15
assays using15
rp group15
virus types15
written informed15
detection limit15
swab samples15
antibody responses15
patients hospitalized15
sample collection15
children years15
hrv strains15
pcr method15
cycle threshold15
lysis buffer15
structural protein15
der hoek15
total number15
exact test15
pcr methods15
medical management15
three assays15
amino acids15
samples obtained15
two patients15
rights reserved15
relatively high14
lower limit14
acid tests14
diagnostic laboratories14
bocavirus infection14
positive sample14
time polymerase14
rv species14
laboratory developed14
ml npa14
stage testing14
patient care14
genetic variability14
virus testing14
nasopharyngeal specimens14
complementary studies14
based elisa14
cepheid xpert14
hpiv types14
current study14
op na14
neutralizing antibodies14
emergency use14
respiratory pathogen14
logistic regression14
two rapid14
patients tested14
influenza season14
vp sequences14
gene target14
isothermal nat14
previously reported14
single infections14
monoclonal antibodies14
respiratory secretions14
birth weight14
human transmission14
swab specimens14
rna release14
rapid influenza14
patients admitted14
severe pneumonia14
study demonstrated13
extracted using13
time period13
several studies13
cov variant13
chest ct13
bacterial infections13
pcr detection13
health laboratories13
described previously13
children younger13
commercial assays13
median time13
large number13
predictive value13
viral pathogen13
immunodeficiency virus13
different types13
corresponding author13
human immunodeficiency13
toci group13
even though13
within days13
release method13
genome sequence13
also tested13
clinical practice13
technical assistance13
clinical diagnosis13
sensitive detection13
antigen test13
molecular beacons13
multiplex reverse13
xtag rvp13
virology laboratory13
interquartile range13
wide range13
simplex virus13
clinical significance13
improvement factors13
avian viruses13
virus detected13
control cells13
abi prism13
paediatric patients13
abbott id13
transcription loop13
critical cases13
nasopharyngeal samples13
nucleotide identity13
cd cd13
cdc covid13
severe lower13
pathogenic avian13
foster city13
oxygen saturation13
virus panel13
true positive13
clinical severity13
significant difference13
haemophilus influenzae13
labelled probes13
institutional review13
healthcare workers13
viral replication13
variant typing12
typing assay12
data collection12
pcr panel12
antibody tests12
care workers12
antibiotic use12
hmpv positive12
review board12
pcr results12
igg antibodies12
time detection12
otitis media12
frequent detection12
transcriptase pcr12
testing positive12
cpe positive12
analytical performance12
molecular diagnosis12
detection system12
np swabs12
influenza pandemic12
molecular testing12
major cause12
common cause12
copies per12
overall sensitivity12
metagenomic sequencing12
pcr reactions12
acute bronchiolitis12
fully automated12
study group12
hospital stay12
ifa group12
merkel cell12
conserved region12
rapid molecular12
individual testing12
ce marked12
different viruses12
respiratory illnesses12
igg igm12
gb virus12
highly sensitive12
streptococcus pneumoniae12
may explain12
human parvovirus12
less sensitive12
among patients12
dilution series12
white blood12
hrv species12
test kit12
pcr reagents12
disease control12
percent agreement12
blood donors12
coronavirus oc12
southeast asia12
transcriptase polymerase12
based surveillance12
emergency room11
rpa assay11
causative agent11
clinical disease11
hrsv rna11
rhinovirus species11
discovered human11
cdc assay11
mild moderate11
pulmonary exacerbations11
cov infections11
analyzed using11
viet nam11
month period11
cobas assay11
immune response11
university medical11
drug administration11
amplification tests11
pcr system11
positive pcr11
molecular tests11
viral diagnosis11
hospital admission11
transcription pcr11
house version11
detection rates11
negative panel11
mcpyv dna11
leading cause11
commonly used11
gestational age11
use authorization11
tract specimens11
reactive protein11
infections caused11
negative rt11
routine clinical11
fold dilutions11
realtime pcr11
symptomatic patients11
regression analysis11
icu admission11
abbott architect11
hsct recipients11
one virus11
significantly lower11
dromedary camels11
positive rt11
san diego11
hbov infection11
rhv env11
among poultry11
viral agents11
samples detected11
detection methods11
saudi arabia11
analytical performances11
multiplex assays11
step rt11
widely used11
wide variety11
symptomatic travellers11
copies reaction11
hbov dna11
hologic panther11
rna molecules11
chronic obstructive11
positive rate11
acquired respiratory11
nl infections11
filmarray respiratory11
determine whether11
group i11
realstar kit11
rna virus11
obstructive pulmonary11
cell lines11
small number11
transcription polymerase11
patients received11
using multiplex11
nucleotide sequences11
oropharyngeal swabs10
performance characteristics10
reference laboratories10
novel multiplex10
primary care10
cell transplantation10
patient sera10
matrix gene10
asian countries10
roche cobas10
data analysis10
testing scheme10
three different10
dna viruses10
mediated amplification10
idaho technology10
human embryo10
patient age10
proven lrtd10
ethical approval10
sample preparation10
fda eua10
around time10
sample size10
specific grant10
competing interests10
per reaction10
hmpv copies10
serological assays10
community acquired10
novel influenza10
requiring hospitalization10
thank dr10
virus discovery10
another study10
human infections10
human rna10
multiplex assay10
using clinical10
measles infection10
mini kit10
among hospitalized10
high specificity10
least two10
csf samples10
diagnostic methods10
human polyomaviruses10
less likely10
dual infections10
clinical studies10
cycling conditions10
decision making10
bal samples10
based assay10
different respiratory10
respiratory materials10
recent studies10
detect sars10
phylogenetic trees10
assay showed10
hospitalized infants10
negative result10
molecular beacon10
detection test10
currently available10
southeast asian10
standard deviation10
clinical information10
emerging respiratory10
three patients10
turn around10
tcid ml10
clinical respiratory10
underlying disease10
serially diluted10
clinical laboratory10
hku infection10
western blot10
lower cd10
specimens obtained10
new zealand10
one specimen10
molecular screening10
aged years10
study aimed10
rhinovirus infection10
hematologic malignancies10
vp gene10
genome sequencing10
multiplex molecular10
negative control10
nsp gene10
respiratory specimen10
pcr amplification10
test performance10
time point10
year old10
automated immunoassays9
large proportion9
slightly higher9
airline travellers9
excellent sensitivity9
pcr using9
urgent need9
rapid identification9
neg neg9
acute mi9
host range9
lung transplantation9
respiratory sample9
developed test9
using spss9
throat saliva9
universal transport9
retrospective cohort9
using different9
using two9
antigen tests9
magna pure9
current guidelines9
among infants9
determined using9
nucleotide duplications9
respiratory material9
multiplex nat9
national institute9
broadly multiplexed9
table shows9
primer set9
linked immunosorbent9
phylogenetic analyses9
antibiotic treatment9
clinical presentations9
quantitative real9
newly designed9
stage schemes9
enhancing antibodies9
participants detected9
severe critical9
children less9
significantly associated9
gastrointestinal symptoms9
house assay9
accession numbers9
without rna9
infections among9
heat inactivation9
funding agencies9
negative specimens9
infections due9
bal specimens9
continuous variables9
specimen types9
distress syndrome9
samples testing9
stage group9
cp rxn9
otherwise healthy9
specimen processing9
nucleotide sequence9
aseptic meningitis9
west nile9
tonsillar tissues9
antibiotic prescriptions9
hepatic involvement9
human adenovirus9
sequence alignment9
authors thank9
also detected9
statistical analyses9
pediatric emergency9
sputum samples9
early detection9
acid identity9
controlled trial9
two groups9
receptor binding9
older adults9
previous reports9
nasopharyngeal aspirate9
fatality rate9
median ct9
bp fragment9
reference standard9
igg abs9
frequently identified9
observational study9
diasorin simplexa9
tract illness9
cd ratio9
group ii9
recent years9
routine respiratory9
developing countries9
strong positive9
nile virus9
year study9
positive test9
viruses including9
tobacco exposure9
pulmonary exacerbation9
molecular characterization9
online version9
low number9
preventive measures9
dna polymerase9
molecular biology8
data showed8
samples containing8
extraction kits8
capture probes8
clinical isolates8
disease associated8
lower sensitivity8
different prevalence8
chest radiography8
mean log8
underlying conditions8
correctly identified8
protective immunity8
pcr kit8
also thank8
rna polymerase8
metapneumovirus infections8
throat swab8
transcribed rna8
assay using8
human disease8
none declared8
confirmed cases8
study shows8
magna lc8
also found8
automated extraction8
vp region8
also included8
taqman rt8
one child8
pcr product8
research ethics8
risk factor8
patients years8
results may8
human viruses8
antiviral drugs8
square test8
specific detection8
detect viruses8
human cases8
single test8
external quality8
antimicrobial treatment8
lung disease8
symptoms associated8
genomic dna8
four hcovs8
five samples8
stranded dna8
first study8
routine use8
agarose gel8
compared using8
air travellers8
virus rna8
nasal swab8
cov genomes8
acute flaccid8
factors associated8
clinical use8
high frequency8
european countries8
nasal washings8
oxygen therapy8
research use8
human enteroviruses8
vitro transcribed8
diagnostic tool8
fecal samples8
emerging viruses8
demographic characteristics8
proficiency panel8
positive predictive8
severe bronchiolitis8
positive lrtis8
population testing8
clinical implications8
moderate cases8
whole genome8
log copies8
infectious agent8
analysis showed8
genetic lineages8
clinical specimen8
tract symptoms8
cause severe8
cumulative incidence8
extraction step8
inclusion criteria8
immunocompetent individuals8
influenza patients8
lamp reaction8
circulation patterns8
euroimmun sars8
test kits8
winter months8
house developed8
analysis using8
considered significant8
epidemiological features8
acute care8
control measures8
specific primers8
human population8
positive nucleic8
rsv infections8
commercial assay8
patient testing8
patients presenting8
culture supernatants8
using real8
rna load8
hrsv etiology8
specific antibody8
sputum specimens8
serology testing8
orf ab8
acid sequences8
clinical signs8
embryo lung8
hbov positive8
considered positive8
confidence intervals8
specific real8
detecting sars8
korean children8
sample processing8
new york8
routine diagnostic8
full length8
comparative analysis8
surveillance system8
multiple respiratory8
probe set8
infected individuals8
human polyomavirus8
hospitalized adults8
clinical relevance8
reaction volume8
new coronavirus8
molecular evolutionary8
extraction methods8
cardiovascular complications8
significantly different8
healthy blood8
blood cell8
assay performance8
fondazione irccs8
extraction system7
length genomes7
sars patients7
calculated using7
dual infection7
sialic acid7
salt lake7
hrv serotypes7
children presenting7
biofire diagnostics7
much lower7
performed according7
lrt specimens7
test sensitivity7
novel avian7
newly emerging7
children infected7
blood mononuclear7
virus dna7
pcr diagnostic7
based pcr7
respiratory rna7
clinical care7
amplification assays7
rtpcr methods7
among young7
diagnostic sensitivity7
remains unclear7
sybr green7
scale population7
previously healthy7
host cell7
syncytial viruses7
pneumonia requiring7
cov non7
recently described7
multiplex detection7
three wuv7
first year7
genetic reassortment7
amplification test7
positivity rates7
positive children7
hospitalised children7
taken together7
hbov alone7
virus culture7
hrsv infection7
probe sequences7
extraction kit7
clinical importance7
infections human7
detection assays7
least days7
hpiv detections7
serum specimens7
sequence variation7
diagnostic laboratory7
pediatric cases7
using pcr7
quantitative reverse7
two cohorts7
csf hsv7
runny nose7
considered statistically7
hrv ev7
using samples7
another limitation7
supplemental table7
clinically relevant7
mrp assays7
cost per7
laboratory testing7
flaccid paralysis7
virus subtypes7
antibody assays7
positive sars7
hsv pcr7
missing data7
different assays7
four human7
detected positive7
mortality rate7
higher prevalence7
newly described7
around times7
polymerase amplification7
recombinase polymerase7
adverse clinical7
high ct7
overall agreement7
direct immunofluorescence7
birth cohort7
protein gene7
epithelial cells7
patient specimens7
pcr systems7
higher viral7
rna detection7
supplementary table7
high level7
respiratory rate7
lake city7
molecular assay7
using primers7
clinical outcome7
multiple viral7
many countries7
primer pair7
recently reported7
empiric antibiotic7
rt pcr7
obtained using7
vitro diagnostic7
alere i7
detection tests7
sensitive method7
southern china7
virus isolates7
extraction reagents7
oxidase ii7
mononuclear cells7
commonly detected7
architect sars7
cytokine storm7
pathogen detection7
microbiology laboratory7
virology laboratories7
nucleocapsid gene7
presenting symptoms7
first two7
prism sequence7
positive controls7
multivariate analysis7
viruses found7
gram stain7
working group7
coding region7
rapid lateral7
one month7
infected pneumonia7
viral concentrations7
asymptomatic children7
cell subsets7
six patients7
gene sequences7
diagnostic virology7
life technologies7
structural proteins7
current pandemic7
sensitive molecular7
three multiplex7
two children7
infections may7
automated immunoassay7
specimen collection7
sequenced using7
also showed7
wheezing children7
assessed using7
infection rate7
profit sectors7
comparative evaluation7
associated coronavirus7
seasonal distribution7
molecular evolution7
rtpcr assays7
confidence interval7
samples received7
samples negative7
retrospective nature7
negative sample7
direct comparison7
multiple infections7
detect respiratory7
mail address7
stool specimens7
assay kit7
single center7
like symptoms7
copy number7
lymphocyte subsets7
immunocompromised hosts7
patients presented7
increasing number7
may represent7
free area7
input volume7
high risk7
blood cells7
biofire rp7
health workers7
run time7
acid residues7
human metapneumoviruses7
positive agreement7
pcr analysis7
amplified using7
room temperature7
signal drift7
virus shedding7
viruses isolated7
diagnostic yield7
viruses causing7
recombinant protein7
future studies7
patient populations7
tertiary university7
coronaviruses nl6
detection using6
new species6
genome regions6
associated pneumonia6
probably due6
sequence detection6
soc group6
hematopoietic cell6
one study6
test result6
immune evasion6
organ transplantation6
results reported6
infectious episodes6
total reaction6
pools containing6
low cd6
last years6
beckman coulter6
asymptomatic infection6
ld rt6
human populations6
infections including6
panel assay6
reaction component6
zoster virus6
infectious agents6
age distribution6
multiple viruses6
additional studies6
collected nasal6
false positives6
higher number6
atypical bacteria6
laboratories may6
confirmed human6
epidemiological studies6
rad kit6
diagnostic accuracy6
quality assessment6
antibody response6
immunocompromised children6
see front6
developed assays6
positivity rate6
genbank accession6
step real6
pediatric intensive6
rna using6
coronavirus spike6
sample volume6
national reference6
multiplexed pcr6
symptoms reported6
highest prevalence6
whole blood6
igg positive6
patients treated6
ev laboratory6
specific antibodies6
assays based6
iga elisa6
negative agreement6
hrv infections6
per sample6
respiratory support6
influenza strains6
severe diseases6
nosocomial infection6
molecular test6
detection sensitivity6
rna quantification6
please note6
academic medical6
control groups6
secondary structure6
influenza rt6
asthma exacerbation6
policlinico san6
cellular apparatus6
pcr kits6
much higher6
specimen volume6
clinical associations6
xtag respiratory6
assay detected6
medical care6
epidemiological profile6
viral targets6
amplification testing6
clinical management6
reliable detection6
cell polyomavirus6
i influenza6
mild respiratory6
gene fragments6
required hospitalization6
san matteo6
staphylococcus aureus6
will allow6
high genetic6
igg antibody6
positive respiratory6
two years6
patients aged6
rpa primers6
pneumovirus isolated6
total time6
host cells6
igg detection6
specimens submitted6
relatively short6
one hundred6
wuv real6
genomic rna6
better understand6
broad range6
nl positive6
specimens tested6
months old6
polyomaviruses ki6
rna transcripts6
barr virus6
antibody detection6
partially supported6
categorical variables6
isoquick rnazol6
higher rates6
diseases society6
two targets6
distinct hrv6
negative controls6
higher levels6
strains circulating6
maternal education6
lamp assay6
front matter6
nested rt6
based strategy6
disease burden6
contact tracing6
individual samples6
neumodx sars6
second cohort6
coronavirus pneumonia6
irccs policlinico6
important cause6
luminex xtag6
detected using6
bacterial cultures6
hrsv load6
performs best6
adult cases6
using rt6
one hiv6
enteric virus6
may cause6
results suggest6
rp assay6
serologic assays6
bocavirus dna6
simplexa covid6
human pneumovirus6
findings suggest6
year period6
nasal washes6
galapagos islands6
case fatality6
adult population6
pneumonia associated6
commercial rt6
assay sensitivity6
excellent agreement6
sputum production6
neutralising antibodies6
showed high6
bacterial pneumonia6
infect humans6
lung tissue6
first three6
jc virus6
pediatric population6
acquired rsv6
blood culture6
leukocyte count6
limited number6
mean ct6
epidemiological investigations6
target genes6
pandemic preparedness6
person transmission6
consecutive patients6
adults hospitalized6
important role6
care test6
severe illness6
clinical microbiology6
two consecutive6
ng biotech6
also observed6
children without6
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