bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram	frequency
information retrieval	176
seed words	73
social media	67
word embeddings	63
neural networks	60
query terms	59
schema labels	59
question answering	51
sentiment analysis	49
query term	45
cord uid	43
retrieval doi	43
neural network	43
doc id	43
schema label	43
recommender systems	41
training data	39
word embedding	39
data sets	38
retrieval models	38
clef ehealth	36
bantu languages	35
attention layer	34
deep learning	34
contact recommendation	33
natural language	33
proposed model	32
attention mechanism	32
test set	31
training set	30
embedding space	29
keyphrase extraction	29
posting lists	28
data set	28
knowledge graph	28
topic modeling	27
convolutional neural	26
local context	26
language models	26
review embedding	25
sentiment lexicon	25
search engines	25
language model	25
matrix factorization	24
semantic matching	24
web search	24
modal retrieval	24
query expansion	24
future work	24
start scenario	23
text classification	23
ir models	23
previous work	23
scoring function	23
query reformulation	23
publicly available	22
cond gans	22
information needs	22
explicit features	21
requirement set	21
dataset retrieval	21
results show	20
network embedding	20
search engine	20
cosine similarity	20
proposed approach	20
semantic similarity	20
review text	20
online learning	20
posting list	19
machine translation	19
product attention	19
machine learning	19
neural models	19
vector space	18
retrieval task	18
word representation	18
result list	18
supporting information	18
text preprocessing	18
query reformulations	18
document representations	18
ranking model	17
social networks	17
attention weights	17
learning rate	17
dataset search	17
gradient descent	17
large number	17
query claim	17
missing views	17
document ranking	17
cold start	17
candidate rankers	17
knowledge base	16
review helpfulness	16
irony detection	16
table shows	16
representation learning	16
warm start	16
distributed representations	16
relevance feedback	15
collaborative filtering	15
document clustering	15
transfer learning	15
recommendation task	15
dynamic pruning	15
knowledge graphs	15
written languages	15
random walks	15
web pages	15
readability analysis	15
early risk	15
long sessions	14
entity alignment	14
relevance score	14
exploratory search	14
contextual information	14
local contexts	14
word representations	14
level attention	14
retrieval model	14
topic vectors	14
offline performance	14
seq seq	14
information need	14
document network	14
product information	14
based approach	14
query evaluation	14
word vec	14
deep clustering	14
based models	13
two different	13
infrastructural damage	13
recurrent neural	13
sequential question	13
generated schema	13
severity analysis	13
chemical reaction	13
factoid questions	13
fossil fuels	13
ranking models	13
document classification	13
objective function	13
see sect	13
evaluation lab	13
long tasks	13
retrieval systems	13
neural ranking	13
relevance scores	13
location mentions	13
latent semantic	13
support scores	12
data management	12
ranked list	12
suggestion mining	12
term frequency	12
test data	12
implicit feedback	12
data table	12
deep neural	12
counterfactual evaluation	12
based query	12
regression model	12
english wikipedia	12
based methods	12
symptom relations	12
previous works	12
target user	12
based sessions	12
candidate users	12
language modeling	12
convolutional networks	12
significantly better	12
logistic regression	12
word vectors	11
social network	11
stepwise recipe	11
learning objective	11
attention layers	11
early detection	11
better results	11
level features	11
max wand	11
helpfulness prediction	11
based approaches	11
total number	11
amazon data	11
retrieval system	11
inverted index	11
probability distribution	11
retrieval using	11
relevance filtering	11
online evaluation	11
widely used	11
modal similarity	11
information extraction	11
retrieval performance	11
document length	11
yelp data	11
test collections	11
ir axioms	11
dimensional vector	11
modal summarization	11
candidate user	11
entity recognition	11
commonly used	11
primary symptoms	11
document retrieval	11
words per	11
standard deviation	11
least one	11
relevance judgments	11
ab sign	11
educational illustrations	11
knowledge bases	11
supervised learning	11
ehealth evaluation	11
experimental results	11
relevant information	10
click models	10
query sequences	10
optimization problem	10
disjunctively written	10
dmp common	10
original paper	10
useful information	10
text pairs	10
hoc retrieval	10
sentiment attention	10
evaluation metrics	10
gating mechanism	10
test time	10
prior work	10
bantu language	10
query processing	10
text retrieval	10
dimensionality reduction	10
attention network	10
bias score	10
premise clusters	10
two tasks	10
test sets	10
image retrieval	10
variational recurrent	10
dataless text	10
hidden state	10
online performance	10
ranking function	10
shared task	10
related work	10
automatic identification	10
statistically significant	10
vrss model	10
image search	10
transfer layer	10
link prediction	10
label generation	10
graph convolutional	10
shared tasks	10
hierarchical attention	10
additional supporting	10
length normalization	10
health care	10
embedding models	10
results obtained	9
learning models	9
document terms	9
position bias	9
also report	9
similarity score	9
chemical compounds	9
semantic analysis	9
ground truth	9
document representation	9
similar claims	9
similarity search	9
risk prediction	9
recipe dataset	9
data sources	9
factoid qa	9
dual approach	9
based session	9
table retrieval	9
based model	9
speech tagging	9
mixed ranking	9
language dataset	9
bias goggles	9
medical articles	9
relevant documents	9
latent space	9
existing lexicon	9
relevance decision	9
topic models	9
search results	9
spoken queries	9
based retrieval	8
previous studies	8
trec robust	8
support vector	8
ad hoc	8
term memory	8
writing style	8
interaction concept	8
two datasets	8
ranking problem	8
learned representations	8
proposed method	8
sampling technique	8
latent dirichlet	8
event trigger	8
node features	8
current state	8
model outperforms	8
semantic technologies	8
data tables	8
counterfactual learning	8
document summarization	8
passage retrieval	8
item embeddings	8
task learning	8
factoid question	8
dirichlet allocation	8
latent topic	8
document collection	8
image features	8
average precision	8
neural information	8
model based	8
search stages	8
multiple modalities	8
i plan	8
better understand	8
first one	8
topic model	8
fake news	8
pruning strategies	8
adjacency matrix	8
classification problem	8
partial score	8
bandit feedback	8
named entity	8
baseline system	8
language processing	8
modeling assumption	8
neural model	8
stochastic optimization	8
previous queries	8
verb stemming	8
term context	8
chemical reactions	8
political debates	8
star rating	8
common standards	8
matching model	8
negation morpheme	8
reinforcement learning	8
text passages	8
semantically related	8
even though	8
retrieved documents	8
classification task	8
rating prediction	8
ranking task	8
cluster representatives	8
different domain	7
user embeddings	7
text documents	7
high quality	7
real world	7
data rows	7
multiview approaches	7
visual representation	7
document language	7
computer vision	7
space model	7
attention networks	7
one language	7
training process	7
modeling approach	7
feature vectors	7
specific sentiment	7
deep bidirectional	7
embedding methods	7
based evaluation	7
best results	7
weighted sum	7
local contextual	7
term dependencies	7
twitter data	7
long short	7
using word	7
directional lstm	7
relevance ranking	7
product reviews	7
open access	7
graph embedding	7
significant differences	7
embedding model	7
bert sw	7
semantic parsing	7
full text	7
global vectors	7
support score	7
web graph	7
multifield document	7
see table	7
significantly outperform	7
important information	7
run times	7
previous research	7
probabilistic models	7
random walk	7
three languages	7
conjunctively written	7
von mises	7
small number	7
standard pipeline	7
bidirectional transformers	7
large corpus	7
biased concept	7
review volume	7
common neighbors	7
neural machine	7
review sentiment	7
two main	7
attention fusion	7
ablation study	7
fully connected	7
search library	7
joint embedding	7
domain suggestion	7
language understanding	7
attention mechanisms	7
label mixed	7
dataset contains	7
better performance	7
health information	7
selection bias	7
neural ir	7
analysis module	7
retrieval based	7
disaster management	7
deep relevance	7
relief groups	7
node vec	7
retrieval evaluation	7
review score	7
also use	7
jth sentence	7
premise cluster	7
labeled data	6
hidden states	6
different ways	6
axiomatic analysis	6
related products	6
user length	6
mixed bantu	6
next step	6
random forest	6
clustering results	6
bipartite graph	6
based algorithms	6
clickthrough data	6
local relevance	6
term discrimination	6
extensively used	6
supervised approaches	6
research questions	6
english exam	6
latent representations	6
image classification	6
baseline models	6
target product	6
pmc articles	6
location mention	6
domain dom	6
theoretical analysis	6
document networks	6
oltr methods	6
test collection	6
trained using	6
image sequences	6
also used	6
recommender system	6
multiview learning	6
scoring functions	6
vector representation	6
field document	6
graph convolutions	6
integer linear	6
relevance annotations	6
basic retrieval	6
proposed system	6
relatively small	6
biomedical question	6
bimodal embeddings	6
web domains	6
node types	6
text passage	6
inductive document	6
sentiment lexicons	6
fold cross	6
aligned entities	6
query nodes	6
query length	6
grammatical structure	6
take advantage	6
models using	6
formula search	6
graded disease	6
incremental approach	6
artificial intelligence	6
evaluation forum	6
hinge loss	6
generative adversarial	6
relevance matching	6
evaluation methodology	6
query logs	6
mixture model	6
traditional dbgd	6
transformer model	6
large amount	6
table reports	6
adversarial networks	6
modeling framework	6
seed word	6
linear programming	6
binary classification	6
avg sim	6
two documents	6
vec model	6
word attention	6
first step	6
graph neural	6
query log	6
ilp framework	6
euclidean distance	6
new corpus	6
mean average	6
biased concepts	6
criminal law	6
educational images	6
training samples	6
preliminary evaluation	6
main contributions	6
min sessions	6
graph gauss	6
media posts	6
abandon fossil	6
debate portals	6
score upperbound	6
stochastic gradient	6
using attention	6
evaluation results	6
three tasks	6
prefs vec	6
seq retrieval	6
word level	6
damage severity	6
english dataset	6
max indexes	6
multimodal system	6
prf mechanisms	6
specific representations	6
text segment	6
text summarization	6
fast retrieval	6
search tasks	6
given text	6
based systems	6
next query	6
media platforms	6
score function	6
training dataset	6
similarity matrix	6
standard image	6
structural information	6
approximated review	6
cambridge english	6
community question	6
attention model	6
logging ranker	6
embedding techniques	6
global context	6
activation function	6
using standard	6
text categorization	6
morphological analysis	6
retrieval results	6
biased surfer	6
event extraction	6
relevance labels	6
var times	6
dl queries	5
new documents	5
claim clusters	5
generated views	5
user interaction	5
acc ari	5
done using	5
user embedding	5
best model	5
per query	5
may contain	5
collection contains	5
golden domains	5
score upperbounds	5
lingual information	5
datasets used	5
future research	5
consider two	5
noun classes	5
within sessions	5
search logs	5
ranking score	5
textual data	5
noun class	5
learning algorithms	5
deep convolutional	5
query likelihood	5
overall sentiment	5
different media	5
manually annotated	5
graded relevance	5
large body	5
three annotators	5
answer rq	5
academic research	5
label classification	5
different modalities	5
term mismatch	5
query formulation	5
correlation analysis	5
unsupervised cross	5
original query	5
baseline methods	5
extraction pipeline	5
multimodal deep	5
canonical correlation	5
disjunctive relevance	5
vrss output	5
learning model	5
embedding vectors	5
helpful reviews	5
document pairs	5
relevant symptoms	5
complex questions	5
sentence classification	5
insights extraction	5
image models	5
obtained using	5
value function	5
retrieval conference	5
semantic structure	5
art performance	5
text embedding	5
docfigure dataset	5
edge weight	5
better understanding	5
metric learning	5
formula retrieval	5
highly relevant	5
graph attention	5
document context	5
class imbalance	5
sessions vs	5
embedding spaces	5
semantic term	5
risk detection	5
rating scores	5
using either	5
contextualized word	5
correct answer	5
bold font	5
hierarchical structure	5
across different	5
given query	5
different languages	5
perform well	5
relevant passages	5
standard insights	5
another one	5
damage assessment	5
prediction time	5
relief group	5
simple english	5
window size	5
ms marco	5
learning approach	5
structured data	5
pivoted normalization	5
specific embeddings	5
sampling documents	5
gold standard	5
expansion using	5
term matching	5
ranking framework	5
models based	5
missing view	5
evaluation measures	5
retrieval methods	5
weight matrices	5
adam optimizer	5
document filtering	5
text sequence	5
will also	5
data collected	5
single document	5
allows users	5
cnn model	5
qa pairs	5
european languages	5
dmp templates	5
textual content	5
relation types	5
observed within	5
table summarizes	5
many different	5
product embedding	5
cumulative gain	5
text query	5
chemu lab	5
base model	5
symptom extraction	5
media data	5
per sentence	5
clustering algorithms	5
learning based	5
dimensional representation	5
will focus	5
embeddings using	5
partially supported	5
art oltr	5
classification tasks	5
trained word	5
latent models	5
image recognition	5
term repeat	5
relevant images	5
vector representations	5
mismatch problem	5
text information	5
review embeddings	5
chemical patent	5
gram objective	5
path set	5
research data	5
logistic model	5
arabic tweets	5
original pagerank	5
help users	5
recent work	5
softmax function	5
disaster categories	5
context information	5
negative matrix	5
retrieved image	5
specific bc	5
category ac	5
document lengths	5
final representation	5
interaction data	5
computed using	5
categorical attributes	5
research papers	5
classification algorithms	5
tokenized path	5
propagation models	5
aggregation function	5
user query	5
image vector	5
two generators	5
alignment via	5
visual features	5
video summarization	5
cooccur method	5
generalized language	5
input space	5
learning techniques	5
reproducibility study	5
million pmc	5
regularization term	5
best performance	5
user may	5
logged bandit	5
discounted cumulative	5
search using	5
connected layer	5
relevance level	5
information access	5
wildcard queries	5
domain adaptation	5
benchmark datasets	5
textual similarity	5
sentence level	5
related information	5
recommendation approaches	5
next section	5
model without	5
entity alignments	5
text spans	5
predictive model	5
joint learning	5
chemical entity	5
different sources	5
based features	5
textual information	5
based recommender	5
neural architectures	4
supervised ranking	4
features generated	4
evaluation purposes	4
approaches based	4
neural language	4
latent variables	4
structural similarity	4
run time	4
two participants	4
transformer encoder	4
weighting mechanism	4
input sequence	4
second level	4
learning methods	4
keyword search	4
user clicks	4
ranking functions	4
context used	4
using graph	4
answer passage	4
named entities	4
different types	4
input sentence	4
lessons learned	4
also include	4
learning deep	4
output label	4
online reviews	4
images retrieved	4
label representations	4
ranking algorithm	4
ari acc	4
guided deep	4
binary matrix	4
production ranker	4
linear combination	4
specific ab	4
automatic image	4
relevance framework	4
long history	4
ir approaches	4
activated nodes	4
term occurring	4
gaussian mixture	4
complex grammatical	4
reuters rcv	4
similarity measures	4
previous section	4
hierarchical bi	4
image embedding	4
feature representations	4
task will	4
dual queries	4
manual seed	4
method proposed	4
relevant articles	4
manually selected	4
key information	4
label features	4
biomedical literature	4
ranking algorithms	4
sampling distribution	4
different approaches	4
decision making	4
candidate phrases	4
threshold values	4
text content	4
human evaluation	4
natural disasters	4
two categories	4
text input	4
edge weights	4
end neural	4
risk minimization	4
evaluation protocol	4
candidate ranker	4
medical diagnosis	4
make sure	4
story picturing	4
ranking results	4
computational cost	4
streaming module	4
statistical language	4
low dimensional	4
three categories	4
semantic meanings	4
specific information	4
document embeddings	4
contextual features	4
based method	4
user queries	4
query sentence	4
punctuation marks	4
attention scores	4
query time	4
optimal value	4
document passages	4
first layer	4
art model	4
automatically selected	4
short length	4
average number	4
single modality	4
participants stated	4
entity types	4
ranking based	4
severe damage	4
case study	4
cooking recipes	4
category topics	4
candidate documents	4
search applications	4
previous state	4
graph structure	4
network schema	4
exact matching	4
also show	4
chemical patents	4
ir prototyping	4
oltr method	4
counterfactual risk	4
retrieval tasks	4
reformulated queries	4
incomplete judgments	4
prediction tasks	4
chemical compound	4
bm model	4
one way	4
result claim	4
prediction models	4
makes relevance	4
statistical classification	4
relevance model	4
food images	4
document i	4
source code	4
tf component	4
simulating human	4
input feature	4
text embeddings	4
path length	4
conditional random	4
mining suggestions	4
clinical case	4
readability formula	4
supporting premises	4
ir task	4
stepwise illustration	4
feature space	4
computation graph	4
hit path	4
evaluation metric	4
research fund	4
idf component	4
long queries	4
recommendation methods	4
bias terms	4
search stage	4
rank features	4
english text	4
users tend	4
interesting observation	4
based neural	4
architecture models	4
use word	4
click model	4
ir replicability	4
every day	4
symptom relation	4
sequence learning	4
premises supporting	4
learning approaches	4
story recall	4
slightly better	4
learning architecture	4
recent advances	4
retrieval research	4
task asks	4
results presented	4
national research	4
methods used	4
open domain	4
naive bayes	4
contextual representations	4
multimodal summarization	4
previous approaches	4
dimensional feature	4
propensity model	4
current ranker	4
heterogeneous information	4
web table	4
existing approaches	4
yet effective	4
preprocessing steps	4
extraction methods	4
participants said	4
two nodes	4
random fields	4
electronic health	4
set contains	4
significant improvements	4
embedding point	4
significantly outperforms	4
ceur workshop	4
result lists	4
complex information	4
include queries	4
relation collection	4
bound morphemes	4
node embeddings	4
patent documents	4
query prediction	4
vector machine	4
web tables	4
detect irony	4
query claims	4
media forms	4
workshop proceedings	4
topical relevance	4
significantly different	4
bidirectional lstm	4
online setting	4
nlp tasks	4
second language	4
two previous	4
subword information	4
text data	4
probabilistic relevance	4
participating systems	4
management plan	4
empirical results	4
view generation	4
scientific literature	4
training graph	4
verb stem	4
annotator agreement	4
computational argumentation	4
results reported	4
final score	4
message passing	4
available dataset	4
multimodal graphs	4
digital libraries	4
base completion	4
image summarization	4
qatar national	4
evaluated using	4
scale reproducibility	4
model using	4
reformulation patterns	4
two modalities	4
truth cluster	4
node type	4
bringing order	4
semantic relations	4
topic representations	4
cosine distance	4
convolution weights	4
emergency management	4
hoc ranking	4
two attention	4
label interaction	4
anchor query	4
starting point	4
graph structures	4
user interactions	4
bm variants	4
softmax layer	4
july th	4
goggles model	4
possibly correct	4
video summary	4
step size	4
academic ir	4
corresponding generator	4
standards model	4
centric context	4
many researchers	4
qa datasets	4
search task	4
working notes	4
query language	4
clustering views	4
computational linguistics	4
performs best	4
digital images	4
exploratory nature	4
edge types	4
heterogeneous skip	4
semantic features	4
large datasets	4
session vs	4
mutual information	4
six bantu	4
attention weight	4
randomly select	4
research council	4
sentence encoder	4
batch size	4
traditional classification	4
attacking premises	4
original labels	4
image modalities	4
hoc information	4
table presents	4
curated features	4
worthy claims	4
different domains	4
query suggestion	4
feature learning	4
political parties	4
methods using	4
ranking methods	4
contextual representation	4
analysis task	4
dependencies among	4
bias characteristics	4
may also	4
twitter stream	4
recent years	4
masked version	4
metadata information	4
weight vector	4
retrieval method	4
stop words	4
textual transcripts	4
trained models	4
newly introduced	4
analysis methods	4
times add	4
prior knowledge	4
new interaction	4
network architecture	4
target query	4
large graphs	4
deep document	4
recent works	4
listwise context	4
reformulation strategies	4
parallel corpus	4
lab overview	4
based search	4
feature weights	4
containing text	4
early stopping	4
weight constraints	4
recent approaches	4
product recommendation	4
information systems	4
image embeddings	4
math formula	4
annotated data	4
trigger word	4
downstream task	4
convolution layer	4
attention score	4
also find	4
judgment process	4
next question	4
heterogeneous graph	4
similar approach	4
probabilistic ranking	4
enterprise architecture	4
common subtrees	4
semantic representations	4
multilayer perceptron	4
ir researchers	4
saliency recall	4
vanilla bert	4
context based	4
text extraction	4
bias vector	4
fisher distributions	4
preferential attachment	4
network graphing	4
also shown	4
visual saliency	4
original version	4
kernel pooling	4
real users	4
single verb	4
capture important	4
relevance decisions	4
simple way	4
matching signals	4
simple yet	4
using bert	4
positive reviews	4
aggregate relevance	4
three different	4
visual feature	4
semantic indexing	4
constrained clustering	4
rcv rcv	4
statistical significance	4
user votes	4
structural features	4
using bm	4
common friends	4
related terms	4
extracting insights	4
medium sessions	4
educational image	4
i sum	4
result claims	4
simple concatenation	4
domain knowledge	4
exploratory tasks	4
semantic technology	4
counterfactual online	4
widest common	4
query run	3
similarity measure	3
single task	3
model allows	3
produce recommendations	3
new york	3
extraction tasks	3
maximum matching	3
explainable artificial	3
normalization vsm	3
uniform distribution	3
initialized randomly	3
representation space	3
keeping track	3
much larger	3
probabilistic multileaving	3
brief analysis	3
additional context	3
document pair	3
two key	3
document analysis	3
label dependencies	3
top retrieved	3
language use	3
interaction mechanism	3
training collection	3
relational data	3
story recipe	3
high level	3
data used	3
media users	3
changes trends	3
benchmark results	3
human relevance	3
unsupervised approaches	3
relational databases	3
worthy claim	3
define two	3
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singular value	2
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plugging back	2
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corp eval	2
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sent dataset	2
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browsing task	2
prf models	2
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faster top	2
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tivs task	2
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genomept project	2
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dimensional fasttext	2
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pet food	2
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th row	2
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two editions	2
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process web	2
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dataset without	2
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related queries	2
linear classifier	2
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versus disjunctively	2
heterogeneous networks	2
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generation method	2
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responsible humans	2
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feature vector	2
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modal similarities	2
achieve greater	2
will show	2
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retrieved using	2
ltr datasets	2
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respectively second	2
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new evaluation	2
lower star	2
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principal component	2
via graph	2
source information	2
value decomposition	2
first relevant	2
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simple example	2
maximum distance	2
straightforward way	2
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abstract concepts	2
inferior performance	2
emerging field	2
less nbest	2
meeting recordings	2
every node	2
effective retrieval	2
propensity overfitting	2
provide textual	2
illustrative images	2
performance significantly	2
trainable weight	2
vice versa	2
long time	2
researcher susana	2
outperforms existing	2
less affected	2
single word	2
hard negatives	2
unsupervised semantic	2
standard alone	2
search trails	2
intelligent information	2
several techniques	2
bilingual documents	2
effective ranker	2
wikimedia commons	2
stl smote	2
upc xu	2
joint integer	2
target tweet	2
supervised classification	2
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word translation	2
representations based	2
text references	2
deep structure	2
summarization task	2
weighting query	2
relevant signals	2
north american	2
associated images	2
slideimages contains	2
automatic helpfulness	2
next layer	2
results indicate	2
clustering performance	2
fuses information	2
laplacian seed	2
sentiment value	2
special queries	2
dependency graphs	2
media images	2
dataset pair	2
argumentation quality	2
differentiable formulations	2
query pair	2
tweet streaming	2
words like	2
evolutionary principle	2
significant impact	2
work well	2
terms used	2
fundamental ir	2
positive examples	2
first two	2
many languages	2