Distant Reader

Size & Scope

First, the simple things. Your study carrel was created through the submission of a [SINGLE URL|FILE OF URLS|FILE FROM YOUR COMPUTER|ZIP FILE]. This ultimately resulted in a collection of 18 item(s). The original versions of these items have been saved in a cache, and each of them have been transformed & saved as a set of plain text files. All of the following analysis has been done against these plain text files.

Your study carrel is 1,912,293 words long. [0] Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 106,238 words long. [1] If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following illustrate the overall size of your study carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, your documents have an average readability score of 63. [2] Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following illustrate the overall readability of your study carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of your carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include: [3]

one, will, may, time, great, two, first, made, us, work, science, life, must, many, now, new, man, years, earth, even, also, world, see, well, much, nature, found, like, without, long, men, light, another, matter, every, scientific, yet, said, part, day, little, however, fact, de, still, certain, different, water, form, way

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are The Foundations of Science: Science and Hypothesis, The Value of Science, Science and Method, The Harvard Classics Volume 38 Scientific Papers (Physiology, Medicine, Surgery, Geology), and Famous Men of Science.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

new york, let us, one another, royal society, united states, natural history, years ago, de la, carbonic acid, solar system, see vol, every one, nineteenth century, one hundred, thousand years, many years, hundred years, years later, two hundred, shall see, two years, middle ages, puerperal fever, milky way, tells us, physical science, heavenly bodies, first time, great number, young man, electric energy, present day, three years, take place, long time, years old, fixed stars, eighteenth century, muscular sensations, shooting stars, great work, five years, one day, electric currents, three dimensions, national museum, th century, smithsonian institution, acid gas, one hand

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are The Foundations of Science: Science and Hypothesis, The Value of Science, Science and Method Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 240 Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology Papers 34-44 on Science and Technology, and Woman in Science With an Introductory Chapter on Woman''s Long Struggle for Things of the Mind.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in your study carrel include:

great, dr., new, london, england, time, professor, paris, university, society, sir, royal, mr., america, science, nature, man, john, herschel, god, europe, york, work, newton, galileo, form, footnote, earth, darwin, theory, sun, st., pasteur, light, life, law, humboldt, history, greek, france, davy, copernicus, church, body, bible, aristotle, animal, world, william, vol

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If your study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be time, and Woman in Science With an Introductory Chapter on Woman''s Long Struggle for Things of the Mind is most about that word.

If your study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If your study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

time, man, great - The Universe a Vast Electric Organism
earth, great, footnote - Cosmos: A Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe, Vol. 1
women, work, great - Woman in Science With an Introductory Chapter on Woman''s Long Struggle for Things of the Mind
science, say, law - The Foundations of Science: Science and Hypothesis, The Value of Science, Science and Method
pendulum, figure, illustration - Smithsonian Institution - United States National Museum - Bulletin 240 Contributions From the Museum of History and Technology Papers 34-44 on Science and Technology

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

time, life, work, man, earth, science, years, world, p., men, nature, day, matter, fact, part, light, water, air, sun, way, body, knowledge, theory, number, century, history, point, law, place, form, motion, force, one, women, power, case, space, mind, heat, stars, course, system, others, bodies, nothing, year, experiments, things, surface, phenomena

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, was, be, have, are, had, were, been, has, made, being, do, see, found, said, did, say, make, called, know, does, known, having, given, find, seen, come, give, according, came, take, seems, says, become, used, became, taken, think, produced, am, observed, gave, show, let, published, brought, formed, led, go, shown

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

_, de, dr., ., m., vol, professor, mr., london, new, paris, god, england, sir, newton, darwin, john, s., europe, royal, la, society, university, �, galileo, science, america, b, footnote, ii, charles, william, a, france, earth, von, i., c., herschel, j., pp, york, museum, st., bose, academy, humboldt, india, c, germany

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, he, his, we, i, they, their, its, our, them, her, him, us, my, she, you, me, itself, himself, themselves, your, one, myself, ourselves, herself, ours, yourself, thy, mine, theirs, thee, oneself, thyself, hers, yours, à, yourselves, ye, je, ung, ii, ignitÃ, hitherto, xi, tingle, pelf, p_2, ourself, ony, mary,"--"i

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

other, great, same, such, many, first, more, new, scientific, little, certain, different, true, own, few, electric, present, natural, small, general, important, much, long, various, old, physical, several, large, necessary, whole, good, human, greater, last, second, possible, able, modern, least, most, simple, similar, young, common, magnetic, less, full, single, particular, early

not, so, only, more, then, very, most, as, now, also, even, thus, well, however, out, still, up, here, far, never, just, always, therefore, first, much, yet, almost, long, ever, again, too, once, less, about, indeed, perhaps, often, all, there, already, quite, soon, together, rather, on, no, back, later, probably, down

Next steps

Here is a prioritized list of next steps to thus get more out of your study carrel:

browse, sort, and search the content of the menu items named Ngrams, POS, Grammars, and Others found at the top of this page to acquire more detail about your carrel
read standard-output.txt, as it will both summarize and elaborate upon this narrative report
read MANIFEST.htm to both inventory your study carrel as well as learn how to answer more specific questions of it

Basic Reports