Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. Eric Lease Morgan May 27, 2019 Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 18 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 106239 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 63 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 great 10 Dr. 9 London 9 England 8 time 8 Professor 8 New 7 Paris 6 University 6 Society 6 Sir 6 Royal 6 Mr. 6 America 5 nature 5 man 5 John 5 Herschel 5 God 5 Europe 4 work 4 form 4 York 4 Newton 4 Galileo 4 Darwin 3 theory 3 light 3 life 3 footnote 3 earth 3 body 3 animal 3 St. 3 Pasteur 3 Humboldt 3 France 3 Davy 3 Copernicus 3 Church 3 Bible 3 Aristotle 2 world 2 sun 2 star 2 science 2 matter 2 law 2 illustration 2 history Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 4209 time 3721 man 2861 year 2577 work 2375 life 2243 science 2101 fact 2090 body 2057 part 2042 earth 1980 world 1934 day 1759 p. 1686 woman 1681 law 1636 form 1559 matter 1533 nature 1471 theory 1443 water 1443 force 1443 case 1435 point 1412 light 1393 sun 1384 way 1376 century 1346 experiment 1319 number 1298 star 1290 animal 1276 thing 1260 air 1203 knowledge 1193 motion 1185 observation 1181 place 1173 power 1148 phenomenon 1143 result 1142 mind 1131 one 1109 study 1071 degree 1070 system 1061 history 1033 question 1029 discovery 992 space 989 hand Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 11594 _ 853 Dr. 827 . 788 de 640 M. 599 Professor 598 Mr. 547 London 518 Paris 494 vol 486 England 484 New 474 God 441 Newton 439 Sir 438 Darwin 424 Europe 408 John 402 Royal 396 Society 388 University 384 � 367 Galileo 339 America 316 A 315 France 303 Earth 289 s. 289 William 285 J. 283 Charles 282 C. 280 Herschel 275 pp 266 B 265 la 262 York 262 St. 259 footnote 250 Museum 248 Science 243 Academy 239 Humboldt 237 Bose 229 India 226 Germany 221 Mme 220 Church 219 King 217 H. Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 18705 it 11208 he 8296 we 7974 i 5943 they 3343 them 2726 him 2363 us 1860 she 1669 you 1432 me 970 itself 925 himself 758 themselves 609 her 440 one 352 myself 207 ourselves 114 herself 38 yourself 37 ours 19 his 16 theirs 16 thee 16 mine 13 oneself 7 thyself 5 hers 3 à 3 yourselves 3 ye 3 je 2 yours 2 ung 2 ii 2 ignità 1 xi 1 tingle 1 pelf 1 p_2 1 ourself 1 ony 1 mary,"--"i 1 hitherto 1 hiimself 1 freiesleben:-- 1 f. 1 em 1 ce 1 ''em Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 72943 be 22452 have 4695 make 4636 do 3426 say 3101 see 2833 give 2707 find 2551 know 2228 take 1978 come 1794 show 1739 become 1585 seem 1531 call 1448 go 1300 appear 1197 think 1157 produce 1129 follow 1071 write 1006 use 997 form 976 regard 949 remain 941 pass 940 live 898 consider 888 suppose 876 bring 868 lead 847 prove 836 accord 832 believe 829 observe 802 begin 776 hold 762 speak 743 contain 716 tell 714 leave 704 discover 681 carry 677 bear 670 learn 655 exist 650 receive 612 move 604 put 582 fall Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11254 not 4570 so 4326 more 4284 great 3781 other 3720 only 2980 first 2977 same 2820 most 2591 very 2426 then 2291 such 2163 many 2132 well 2092 as 2082 now 1954 even 1949 also 1855 long 1691 much 1609 thus 1520 new 1399 little 1395 scientific 1389 however 1358 out 1341 still 1317 up 1317 certain 1314 different 1283 far 1194 less 1183 here 1113 good 1111 small 1106 true 1090 own 1069 high 1055 large 1041 never 1002 just 988 early 985 always 982 few 972 therefore 939 old 898 electric 891 yet 865 present 861 natural Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 600 least 523 most 437 great 422 good 272 high 139 early 90 small 74 large 69 low 69 Most 62 old 60 slight 58 simple 56 near 40 manif 38 noble 33 late 32 fine 30 strong 28 deep 25 bright 22 full 21 eld 21 bad 18 wise 18 wide 15 young 15 short 15 innermost 14 pure 14 able 12 weak 11 easy 10 remote 10 long 10 grand 10 extreme 9 rich 9 new 9 minute 9 lofty 9 keen 9 hot 9 farth 9 common 9 close 9 clear 8 hard 8 happy 8 fit Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2297 most 91 least 82 well 4 long 3 highest 2 near 1 widest 1 walkest 1 strongest 1 potest 1 likeliest 1 latest 1 hard 1 goethe 1 farthest 1 brightest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 www.gutenberg.net 2 www.archive.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/5/8/8/15884/15884-h/15884-h.htm 1 http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/1/5/8/8/15884/15884-h.zip 1 http://www.archive.org/details/womaninsciencewi00mozaiala 1 http://www.archive.org/details/catholicchurchme008742mbp Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 sun is not 10 world has ever 9 earth is not 9 earth is round 8 _ is not 7 _ is equal 7 nature is not 6 _ is _ 6 light is not 6 sun does not 5 man is not 5 science is only 5 way is not 5 women were not 4 _ is true 4 _ is very 4 bodies are not 4 earth does not 4 fact is not 4 light was not 4 man did not 4 men did not 4 men were not 4 time had not 4 time was ripe 4 work is not 4 world is not 4 world was not 3 _ being inverses 3 _ does not 3 bodies do not 3 body is not 3 earth is flat 3 earth is so 3 earth is spheroidal 3 earth was not 3 earth was round 3 force is equal 3 force is not 3 law does not 3 life are almost 3 life are not 3 life is not 3 light does not 3 light is due 3 man has ever 3 matter does not 3 matter was still 3 men do not 3 nature were not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 sun is not hot 2 _ is not equal 2 _ is not null 2 experiments were not sufficiently 2 light is not instantaneous 2 science knows no country 2 way is not spherical 2 women were not only 1 _ are not distinct 1 _ is not due 1 _ is not part 1 _ was not altogether 1 _ were not new 1 bodies are not always 1 bodies are not free 1 bodies are not so 1 bodies are not subject 1 bodies had not already 1 bodies have no other 1 body are not due 1 body is not man 1 body is not only 1 case was not new 1 cases are not difficult 1 cases were not less 1 centuries are not easily 1 centuries were not as 1 day has not yet 1 day have no satisfactory 1 day is no more 1 day is not far 1 earth is not only 1 earth seems not far 1 experiment is not enough 1 experiments had not yet 1 fact is not as 1 fact is not definitely 1 fact is not merely 1 fact is not so 1 facts is no more 1 facts is not wholly 1 force is not less 1 forces is not only 1 law has no longer 1 law is no longer 1 law is not verifiable 1 law knows no exceptions 1 law was not true 1 law were not generally 1 laws are not applicable Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 199477 39713 178998 14565 161465 5694 150146 34912 144597 40782 113933 15905 107566 35489 101498 15884 86677 19080 85100 1705 84688 1707 82790 36343 81932 1706 81310 1708 74590 30495 68549 37427 57255 22085 51722 34067 Readability of items; "How difficult is each item to read?" ----------------------------------------------------------- 74.0 19080 73.0 35489 71.0 15884 67.0 40782 66.0 34912 65.0 30495 65.0 22085 65.0 39713 64.0 36343 63.0 5694 62.0 1705 62.0 15905 61.0 14565 60.0 1706 57.0 1707 56.0 37427 56.0 34067 55.0 1708 Item summaries; "In a narrative form, how can each item be abstracted?" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 14565 a. Form of the earth, its mean density, quantity of heat, electro-magnetic volcanic rocks, spring water forms, by precipitation, strata of limestone. barometrical height at the level of the sea in different zones of the earth. existing among the facts observed, can not form a conception of the present times that of the Earth; period of revolution, 217.387 years; mean long., according to the different degrees of distance from the Sun, appears very obedience to the laws of general gravity in conic sections round the Sun. When these masses meet the Earth in their course, and are attracted by it, [footnote] *Argelander, in the important observations on the northern light accurate observations on the temperature of the sea at different latitudes [footnote] *See the series of observations made by me in the South Sea, observed in different portions of the earth''s surface, to manifest such a 15884 Natural History, Wonders of Earth, Sea [Illustration: SEA CLIFFS SHOWING A SERIES OF STRATIFIED ROCKS.] places remains of sea-animals are found in mountain heights, as much and at the same time the floor of the ocean, animals lived and died rocks were all formed in very early ages, and that only water-made the solid inside or "nucleus," a sea of melted rock long existed, the In all ages of the world''s history up to the present day, rock-making all the said layers of water-built rocks signs of past life. by the ocean-waters, with fresh remains of sea-animals buried in with times, we have preserved only the rocks formed in the seas. In the sea animals of this time we find many changes. In this time of the earth''s history we have the first bird-like forms. case of two suns like those forming a double star. 15905 belief in the Gospel theory of the universe failing them, is the fact, adequate account of the life and work of Jesus, it is evidence of the respect to the nature and order of things in the theological world denoted a thing--as if a "law of nature," as science understands it, In the same way, a law of nature, in the scientific sense, is the expression of the laws of nature in accordance with the new facts. of natural law; and the Duke of Argyll says that he believes my same breath, "In this sense the laws of nature are simply those facts use "law" in the sense of a statement of the order of facts, this is a that general law or statement of the order of facts, called the simply a question of evidence." In science, we think Up to the present time, so far as I know, that evidence has 1705 knowledge force us to speak of as the dawn of history, man had reached discovery, the scientific ideas of primitive man may be roughly listed 2. Primitive man must, from a very early period, have observed that the observation of historical man in antiquity makes it somewhat doubtful prove that the Egyptian of that early day had attained a knowledge of new year''s day was accomplished through observation of the time of the fact that the Babylonian new year dates from about the period of the the Greeks borrowed certain measures of time from the Babylonians. The Sun in a Years time, and the Moon in the space originated long before the time of the Greek philosophers. had conceived sun, moon, stars, and earth to be of one substance might habitable earth, as known to the Greeks of that day, was a relatively for the later period of Babylonian history--the time when the Greeks 1706 scientific field whatever for about a thousand years after the time of times, written from the practical experience of the physician, and not a Like other philosophers in all ages, he had observed a great number of as known at that time, comprised Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, makes the sun the centre of all the planetary motions, the earth being be the all-important body in the universe, and the sun a luminary placed fact that his entire body was in some way influenced by the motion of force generates in a given time, when it puts the body in motion, is different forces, operating at the same time upon a moving body, be the history of most great discoveries for all time. after having given it a new electricity, repels it a second time, which experiment to determine the effects of electricity upon the body. 1707 James Hutton and the study of the rocks--His theory of the earth--His that water exists in the air as an independent gas--Hutton''s theory of nature of heat--Causing water to boil by the friction of the borer--His final determination that heat is a form of motion--Thomas Young and the time, it is obvious that to these observers the sun will appear to be lifted above the surface of the water to form new continents? originally been formed, by the known laws of nature, in their present elevation of the bodies of land above the water on the earth''s surface and from this time on it had been known that heat is taken up when water He did not speak of heat, light, electricity, as forms thing be true of all those other forms of "force"--light, electricity, is that all the known forms of radiant energy-heat, light, 1708 more important than his discoveries of chemical properties in general had Watt taken the steps to demonstrate his theory, the great "Water of the air uniting with the hydrogen to form water, leaving the nitrogen Until the time of Scheele the great subject of organic chemistry had hydrogen, for example, combine with one volume of oxygen to form water. regard the plant and animal organisms as chemical laboratories in which experiments it had long been observed that when animal or vegetable the forms of organized bodies of different kinds, by which each may be cell-like character of certain animal tissues had come to be matter of theory takes its place as the great central generalization in physiology form of organism has developed from another; that different species the entire organic world, animal and vegetable, must be in a state of The decade that followed that discovery was a time of great activity in 19080 People go to church to watch and pray, but a man I know says that women ragweed, while all the time the young man was under the hedge working work in the town making furniture and earn a man''s wage," he said. The year after Galileo issued his book, Porta put out a work much more right for a man to believe what he wished, but to teach others things studied, and worked for years, and I know so little--all I can do is to Just about this time, Humboldt, taking the cue from Goethe, said: "Man wrote a book of three hundred pages called "Darwinism, or the Man-Ape." This time love saw things that the learned men of Upsala failed to life-work, and it so placed him before the world that all he said or did No man ever knew so much about his work as John 22085 Waves on different kinds of matter, Dr. Bose invented a new type of present wireless system." Practical application of the results of Dr. Bose''s investigations appeared so important that the Governments of showing electric response for certain portions of the plant organism, unity of physiological effects of drugs on plant and animal tissues and "These new contributions" made by Dr. Bose on Plant Response "were Hitherto Dr. Bose detected the various excitatory effects of plants by January 1909, he delivered a lecture on ''Growth Response of Plants'' Dr. Bose showed not only that the nervous impulse in plant and in man is University Hall, Dr. Bose of Calcutta dealt with "Plant Response." He life, as is seen in the plant, we shall be able to make the science of The last experiment was in regard to the effect of electricity on plant different as the life activities in plants and in animals. 30495 CHAPTER III--THE ROYAL INSTITUTION AND LOW-TEMPERATURE RESEARCHES radio-activity upon heat-giving life of the sun and the earth, p. origin of such institutions as the British Museum, the Royal Society, can best gain a present-day idea of this famous institution by attending little more than a century ago, the Royal Institution of Great Britain work, namely, of Professor James Dewar on the properties of matter at work has made the Royal Institution again the centre of low-temperature all the recent low-temperature work would have been mere scientific famous scientific institution and the work that is being accomplished Another important result of Professor Lockyer''s very recent studies has case, make up the work of the laboratory student of general biology. laboratory in which to study zoology that exists in the world to-day, or the German method of working, and in this regard Professor Haeckel is during which time he fully organized the work of the institution along 34067 in science than those of any man of his time, and whose idea of the wrote his historical scientific study [Footnote 2] of the great The greatness of Copernicus''s life-work can best be realized from the which he lived and did his work, we are sure that a great original in the Roman University at the time, says that "Father Kircher''s book these modern times to consider that scientific progress in the interest in many sciences and by various scientific works that showed ideas into the science as the first great observer. science generally in his time, Steno''s discussions of the reason for Stensen worked out the remaining years of his life. the development of modern science possible, came in earlier centuries, great {172} scientific geniuses of all time--one of the men who Like many another advance in science, Haüy''s first great original step has been well said--for science a new century begins every second. 34912 learned men and women of her time? idea of writing a book on woman''s work in things of the mind. a certain number of women the following words: "Great will be your glory women of ancient Rome, who gave to the world so many and so great men in learned of women"; but her literary work, it is probable, did not extend pharisaical men of the time, who looked askance at all learned women and attention--women who attained eminence in physical and natural science, knowledge of Latin, but were far from being able, like the Italian women women of an opportunity of acquiring knowledge, men work against the quotes of women "illumined of great sciences," and consider the "it is a work which few men are able to read and which only one woman Why men, rather than women, should have achieved this work of was a most dangerous thing for women; that no woman should study science 35489 because his father thought this study was a waste of time for a man who reading old books, till the time came for him to go home, the servant After this great work was published, Cuvier went with his family to Years later, Caroline gave this picture of that early life: "My brothers He was now forty years old,--not young to begin the study of a new and Paris, devoting his time to his great work. At this time, a young man came to board at the house of Mrs. Davy, He says: "At that time I painted all day, and sold my work during During the last twelve years of his life, he devoted much time to our "The time had come," said he, years afterward, "when even the small working in the water at this time of year, the cold to the hands and 36343 Electricity must be light, heat, life and creative force, like an electric clothing of light and life, leaped into power, force of his electric organism, so simple and universal are the laws of Thus by electrical forces nature builds all human and animal life-forms electric center of life-force, or magnetic core, which, under the law of force as the electric life-giving currents that come from the sun electric belt which surrounds the earth, sun and planets is light, heat atmosphere of suns and planets where the life-giving electric currents currents of electric power and magnetic force, weaving forms and It is a universal law of nature that wherever great electric power is the sun furnishes the electric power and the earth heats itself. substance and electric power of suns and planets to our own world leads formed in the electric currents of life and power, which are the first 37427 somewhat large experience in teaching physical science to college brilliant results show so great scientific merit or such eminent power will not gain the new culture you seek unless you study science in the value of scientific studies as a means of education. great is the educational value of the physical sciences, when properly electrical science, without whose unselfish labors the great result education of young minds to present any department of physical science the great interest with which scientific men have looked for some direct few great cardinal principles which form the basis of physical science. Professor Rogers''s scientific knowledge, and his large experience in But the natural sciences should be studied as useful familiar with the methods of natural science as are the students of To the scientific student the powers of observation and conception are physics, and the two sciences ought to be studied to a great extent in 39713 Why, then, does science actually need general theories, despite the fact confirm by definite experience the objective validity of the principles mean of that space which is the object of geometry and which I shall Finally, I shall suppose that a body transported from one point to Like Newton''s laws, and, for an analogous reason, the principle of the Experiment gives us only a certain number of isolated points. shall only have to let the law of great numbers act. effect of great numbers, the mean phenomena, alone observable, obey the if, placing myself at the objective point of view, I observe a certain space we can in fact define in magnitude and direction a certain force relative position of this object with regard to our body has changed. know the points of space, or more generally the final situation of our Knowing force, it is easy to define mass; this time the definition 40782 American engineers and mechanics were working diligently to develop [Illustration: FIGURE 8.--DRAWING OF 1885 BENZ engine, showing [Illustration: FIGURE 20.--PISTON AND CONNECTING ROD of second engine. [Illustration: Figure 1.--THE DIAL PLATE of the Borghesi clock, showing [Illustration: Figure 8.--THE BORGHESI CLOCK in the Museum of History Borghesi was working on yet another astronomical clock, this time [Illustration: Figure 20.--TWO VIEWS OF BOLLMAN-BUILT "water-pipe truss" [Illustration: Figure 3.--SCALE MODEL of _Steam Battery_, showing double [Illustration: Figure 11.--HOOSAC TUNNEL survey crew at engineering [Illustration: Figure 12.--WORKS AT THE CENTRAL SHAFT, HOOSAC TUNNEL, [Illustration: Figure 6.--THE RESULT of early pendulum experiments was pendulum in front of a seconds clock and determined the time of swing by [Illustration: Figure 12.--THE KATER CONVERTIBLE PENDULUM in use is [Illustration: Figure 17.--REPSOLD-BESSEL REVERSIBLE PENDULUM apparatus [Illustration: Figure 19.--THREE PENDULUMS USED IN EARLY WORK at the [Illustration: Figure 20.--SUPPORT FOR THE PEIRCE PENDULUM, 1889. [92] "Pendulum Apparatus for Gravity Determinations," _Engineering_ 5694 the great artery, appear springing from the heart. OF THE QUANTITY OF BLOOD PASSING THROUGH THE HEART FROM THE VEINS quantity of blood which the left ventricle of the heart will heart, for it is the only organ in the body which contains blood the human subject so like the cow-pox that, in many cases, it the great number of cases occurring in his practice, "The cause Fermentation soon takes place in them, and the carbonic acid gas first case, and 1 of yeast to 89 of fermented sugar in the the day when fermentation first appears in the production of a yeast sufficient to cause the first appearance of fermentation Fermentation by means of yeast appears, therefore, to be whilst in the other case the ferment consists of cells of yeast. and constitute their ferment, live without air or free oxygen; pure sugar, caused to ferment by means of yeast, contains none of