Distant Reader - keyword-pbs-cord

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-25 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader cord process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of CORD, a data set of scholarly articles on the topic of COVID-19. The actual query was: keywords:pbs. The results of this query were saved in a cache and transformed into a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 47 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 287,357 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 6,113 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 49. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

cells, virus, pbs, mice, protein, infection, using, cell, ml, antibody, group, anti, infected, expression, human, used, antibodies, influenza, viral, specific, also, lung, control, immune, samples, min, proteins, analysis, study, well, igg, il, groups, serum, data, two, vaccine, i, elisa, binding, results, mouse, mg, activity, treated, three, lungs, different, entry, antigen

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Identification of diverse full-length endogenous betaretroviruses in megabats and microbats, Dissection of the Influenza A Virus Endocytic Routes Reveals Macropinocytosis as an Alternative Entry Pathway, and Infection of Human Airway Epithelia with H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 Influenza A Virus Strains.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

influenza virus, mg ml, immune response, room temperature, virus infection, lung injury, mast cells, immune responses, respiratory syndrome, gene expression, pr virus, control group, pbs group, infected cells, pref alum, acute respiratory, virus particles, mg kg, sirna nanoparticles, three times, previously described, neutralizing antibody, body weight, flow cytometry, airway epithelia, infected mice, pref advax, honey bee, immunized mice, monoclonal antibodies, epithelial cells, hib crude, severe acute, dna vaccine, cord uid, doc id, secondary antibody, amino acid, acute lung, egg yolk, negative control, mouse model, neutralizing antibodies, iav entry, igg liposomes, immune system, sirna nanoparticle, escherichia coli, significantly higher, lung tissue

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are Infection of Human Airway Epithelia with H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 Influenza A Virus Strains Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Epitopes on the Hemagglutinin Head Region of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Play Detrimental Roles in H1N1-Infected Mice, and Multicolor two-photon imaging of in vivo cellular pathophysiology upon influenza virus infection using the two-photon IMPRESS.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

pbs, elisa, cell, sars, virus, lung, antibody, tgev, protein, pr8, mouse, lps, group, dna, x31, type, th1, table, supplementary, supplemental, stx2, snh, sirna, shiga, sds, sa40, sa35, rubisco, rsv, rsa59, rev, response, rbv, ptx3, ptm, ppp, polymer, plate, phage, peptide, pei, peaa, pca, pageia, orf, nanoparticle, mm3-sero, midge, mhv, mhc

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be cells, and Treatment with hyperimmune equine immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragments completely protects rodents from Ebola virus infection is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

virus, pbs, mice - Supramolecular Organization Predicts Protein Nanoparticle Delivery to Neutrophils for Acute Lung Inflammation Diagnosis and Treatment
cells, mice, entry - Dissection of the Influenza A Virus Endocytic Routes Reveals Macropinocytosis as an Alternative Entry Pathway
antibodies, pbs, protein - Prophylactic Activity of Orally Administered FliD-Reactive Monoclonal SIgA Against Campylobacter Infection
virus, cells, infection - Identification of diverse full-length endogenous betaretroviruses in megabats and microbats
cells, 10, pbs - Development of a Phage Display Panning Strategy Utilizing Crude Antigens: Isolation of MERS-CoV Nucleoprotein human antibodies

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

cells, virus, mice, infection, protein, cell, antibody, group, expression, antibodies, influenza, samples, lung, ml, proteins, control, min, analysis, groups, serum, study, data, vaccine, activity, results, °, lungs, response, entry, antigen, time, mouse, viruses, treatment, gene, studies, levels, concentration, effect, animals, days, responses, inflammation, dna, use, assay, immunization, nanoparticles, buffer, particles

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

used, shown, followed, infected, contained, compared, induce, performed, binding, treat, indicating, incubated, determine, observed, added, described, obtained, include, increased, based, detected, washed, purified, found, suggest, associated, demonstrate, expressing, reduced, tested, provided, mediated, collected, analyzed, produced, neutralizing, reported, immunized, prepared, evaluated, identify, measured, blocking, caused, revealed, result, remove, enhance, stained, diluted

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

PBS, Fig, ELISA, SARS, siRNA, mg, PreF, IAV, PR8, C, MERS, DPP4, PEI, CoV, LPS, T, RNA, IGF1, RSV, C., sera, IgG, Figure, Rubisco, RT, HA, pH, PCR, USA, S, TGEV, Supplementary, E., BTV, •, A, B, mL, Sigma, JcDV, Japan, M, DYNA, CoV-2, IAPV, ADCC, L, IgA, WT, Alum

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

we, it, their, our, its, they, i, them, us, itself, your, his, you, iga1, themselves, svlps, one, mg, her, rsa59, imagej, he, siga1, mine, lysate/, igys, iga2, cord-305648-majanu8l, cdc42, a1-antitrypsin

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

anti, human, viral, specific, immune, different, significant, respiratory, non, inflammatory, acute, high, recombinant, higher, similar, clinical, infected, low, positive, cellular, antiviral, single, free, first, pulmonary, lower, negative, severe, total, important, like, dependent, several, experimental, multiple, primary, infectious, previous, naïve, large, protective, early, monoclonal, epithelial, molecular, intestinal, independent, present, additional, major

also, however, well, previously, significantly, respectively, therefore, highly, prior, overnight, moreover, subsequently, alone, approximately, specifically, briefly, finally, directly, still, furthermore, together, immediately, first, even, interestingly, next, twice, recently, relatively, particularly, mainly, daily, similarly, often, indeed, less, statistically, slightly, rather, likely, currently, much, least, especially, fully, intranasally, widely, orally, long, instead

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

Thank you for using the Distant Reader.