bigram

This is a table of type bigram and their frequencies. Use it to search & browse the list to learn more about your study carrel.

bigram frequency
influenza virus617
influenza viruses404
pandemic influenza299
seasonal influenza261
like illness189
respiratory viruses187
public health182
acute respiratory176
influenza surveillance173
influenza vaccine154
respiratory tract143
hong kong135
avian influenza130
respiratory infections128
surveillance system113
years old107
virus infection105
united states104
influenza infection97
influenza vaccination95
ili cases94
respiratory illness93
sore throat89
surveillance data85
age groups84
influenza pandemic81
influenza season79
respiratory syncytial78
ili patients75
respiratory infection75
respiratory virus73
syncytial virus69
ili surveillance68
world health67
swine influenza67
sentinel surveillance67
health organization67
infectious diseases65
mdck cells65
hajj pilgrims64
health care64
infected cells62
respiratory pathogens61
human influenza61
virus infections61
ili surge60
least one59
disease control59
respiratory symptoms59
amino acid59
immune response58
age group58
severe acute57
ili incidence56
risk factors55
highly pathogenic55
influenza vaccines55
confirmed influenza54
viral infections52
cell culture50
influenza activity49
virus replication49
real time47
viruses isolated47
influenza epidemics46
time pcr46
time rt46
case definition46
surveillance systems45
tract infections44
respiratory viral43
ae log43
viral respiratory43
first wave43
influenza cases42
pathogenic avian42
previously described41
like incidence41
significantly higher41
lower respiratory40
copyright holder40
upper respiratory40
granted medrxiv40
preventive measures40
author funder40
viral shedding40
influenza seasons40
logistic regression40
influenza ili39
household transmission39
sari cases39
sentinel sites39
syndromic surveillance38
air pollution38
cord uid38
school closure38
antibody response38
viral load38
doc id38
pandemic virus38
icu admissions37
influenza transmission37
detection rate37
national influenza37
case definitions37
present study36
polymerase chain36
influenza epidemic36
vaccine strain35
chain reaction35
gene segments35
general population35
infectious disease35
virus isolation35
weight loss35
study period34
epidemic period34
antiviral treatment34
new york33
growth rate33
fast set33
respiratory disease33
samples collected33
viral infection33
human metapneumovirus33
young children33
antibody titers32
children aged32
applied biosystems32
influenza infections32
days post31
phylogenetic analysis31
icu data31
respiratory syndrome31
ili data31
epithelial cells31
cruise ship31
case detection31
median age31
early detection31
confirmed cases30
runny nose30
secondary ili30
positive rate30
clinical symptoms30
school breaks29
immune responses29
ili episodes29
clinical rate29
clinical signs29
severe disease28
southern china28
tested positive28
chicken eggs28
vaccine effectiveness28
statistically significant28
live attenuated28
adjuvanted vaccine28
social distancing28
pdm virus28
virus strains28
ha gene28
version posted27
disease surveillance27
antiviral drugs27
influenza outbreaks27
performed using27
body weight27
intensive care27
seasonal threshold27
total number27
based surveillance27
virus transmission26
human respiratory26
ili case26
made available26
winter breaks26
symptom onset26
ae lg26
pandemic vaccine26
influenza strains26
predictive value26
ili definition26
study design25
nasal washes25
informed consent25
household members25
novel coronavirus25
nasal swabs25
data collection25
cleavage site25
confidence interval25
excess ili25
within hours25
crew members25
virus detection25
clinical samples25
like illnesses24
secondary cases24
parainfluenza viruses24
virus ns24
severe cases24
detection rates24
household contacts24
clinical characteristics24
origin influenza24
sari patients24
mdck pf24
international license24
rsv infection24
viral rna24
less likely24
cohort study24
factors associated24
hand hygiene24
year old24
multiplex pcr23
cell index23
embryonated chicken23
older adults23
positive samples23
cytopathic effect23
severe influenza23
cruise ships23
cell lines23
na genes22
viruses detected22
regression model22
based model22
case patient22
case counts22
weekly ili22
inactivated influenza22
viruses circulating22
per year22
ae ae22
clinical specimens22
respiratory diseases22
throat swabs22
high yield22
passive immunotherapy22
southern hemisphere22
human seasonal21
vaccination status21
epidemic curve21
primary care21
internal genes21
systematic review21
fatality rate21
standard deviation21
like viruses21
human macrophages21
clinical data21
medrxiv preprint21
reverse genetics21
national institute21
virus isolates21
influenza positive20
ari episodes20
aged years20
cell death20
ae ml20
log tcid20
reverse transcription20
pcr assay20
among pilgrims20
tract infection20
isolation rate20
clinical case20
parainfluenza virus20
one virus20
early warning20
moving average20
results suggest20
vaccine candidates20
pdm viruses20
bacterial infection20
mdck cell20
resistant viruses20
sentinel hospitals20
virus titers20
nasopharyngeal swabs20
vaccine production20
pandemic strain20
set infa20
versus ae20
infected patients19
peer review19
antigenic cartography19
antigenic drift19
vaccine strains19
febrile respiratory19
circulating influenza19
infections among19
respiratory samples19
regression models19
ic values19
geometric mean19
chicken embryos19
saudi arabia19
virus infected19
novel influenza19
severe illness19
virus type19
confirmed covid19
cell cultures19
transport medium19
attenuated influenza19
patients infected18
solar radiation18
sample collection18
na gene18
oseltamivir resistance18
ae versus18
pf cells18
data analysis18
sentinel ducks18
serum samples18
global influenza18
ili visits18
study population18
school students18
pandemic potential18
hospital admissions18
laboratory testing18
nucleic acid18
resistant virus18
australian hajj18
disease burden18
may also18
fluor tm18
among children18
primary case18
time reverse18
increased risk18
attack rate18
previous studies18
significant differences18
antibody responses18
pandemic wave18
tm assay18
antiviral resistance17
care unit17
young adults17
neuraminidase inhibitor17
migratory ducks17
swab specimens17
na mutation17
human bocavirus17
ili symptoms17
clinical trial17
laiv candidates17
ili sentinel17
ffp respirators17
rhinovirus enterovirus17
pcr assays17
immune system17
among sari17
day post17
ae ng17
viral loads17
swine origin17
regression analysis17
nasal swab17
infection control17
pneumococcal vaccine16
disease severity16
ha cleavage16
canine kidney16
one week16
neuraminidase inhibitors16
health surveillance16
among patients16
relative humidity16
infected mice16
virus circulation16
time series16
reverse transcriptase16
mean age16
detect influenza16
higher risk16
two weeks16
ns protein16
missing data16
clinical trials16
clinical presentation16
case patients16
controlled trial16
second vaccination16
specific igy16
suspected cases16
secondary bacterial16
icu admission16
elderly people16
vaccination coverage16
reactive antibody16
influenza vii16
high risk16
predicting influenza16
results showed16
among hajj16
viral culture15
statistical analysis15
human infection15
influenza like15
influenza sentinel15
bacterial infections15
including influenza15
national health15
aged children15
using data15
hours post15
described previously15
incidence rates15
inactivated vaccine15
hemagglutination inhibition15
average number15
significantly lower15
south africa15
viral pathogens15
rapid antigen15
control measures15
rights reserved15
darby canine15
antiviral drug15
sequence alignment15
summer breaks15
sequence analysis15
one respiratory15
specimen collection15
surveillance network15
health service15
pb gene15
sandwich elisa15
important role15
small number15
statistical analyses15
north america15
doubling time15
swine flu15
data sources15
hajj pilgrimage14
well plates14
previously reported14
reproduction number14
positive patients14
two doses14
antigenic sites14
allergenic pollen14
room temperature14
allowed without14
alveolar epithelial14
human adenovirus14
sudden onset14
commonly detected14
coronavirus disease14
inhibition assay14
symptomatic case14
drug resistance14
positive predictive14
confirmed case14
medical research14
poisson regression14
without permission14
zhejiang province14
classical swine14
ns gene14
acquired pneumonia14
circulating strains14
viral isolation14
xtd tm14
military health14
step rt14
confidence intervals14
acid changes14
direct contact14
resplex ii14
virus positive14
reuse allowed14
mortality rate14
fatal cases14
pilot project14
posted june14
hospitalized patients14
table shows14
gene segment14
developing countries14
intensity thresholds14
pandemic flu14
allantoic fluid14
also found14
household incidence13
moving epidemic13
seeking behavior13
amino acids13
serial interval13
healthcare workers13
symptomatic cases13
posted april13
bacterial pneumonia13
closely related13
monoclonal antibodies13
protective immunity13
epidemic threshold13
antiviral agents13
blood samples13
clinical features13
first vaccination13
innate immune13
gene expression13
vaccine groups13
laboratory confirmed13
peak activity13
time period13
human transmission13
plaque assay13
exponential growth13
meteorological variables13
ex vivo13
healthy children13
sensing receptors13
viral replication13
per week13
viral etiology13
laboratory results13
medical care13
detecting influenza13
wild type13
growth rates13
community cohort13
phylogenetic trees13
doubling times13
ili activity13
among ili13
syndrome coronavirus13
adults hospitalized13
total pollen13
pneumococcal vaccination13
viral titers13
treated mice13
pandemic strains13
virus strain13
within days13
epidemic method13
respiratory specimens13
control chart13
indoor air13
control group13
general practitioners13
human coronavirus13
pandemic scenario13
surveillance program13
low pathogenic13
disease outbreaks13
human lung13
sample size13
written informed13
pandemic viruses13
epidemiological data13
emerging infectious13
hpai virus13
immunized mice13
receptor binding13
influenza outbreak13
new influenza13
rgy sub13
novel swine13
vaccine uptake13
high rates13
samples tested13
true prevalence13
high levels13
full genome13
common respiratory12
second dose12
household ili12
current week12
nasopharyngeal swab12
among australian12
reproductive number12
clinical rates12
erk activation12
latent period12
primary human12
multiplex assay12
three weeks12
study also12
health behavior12
healthy controls12
influenza neuraminidase12
school children12
rna extraction12
surveillance study12
statistical significance12
nasal congestion12
associated hospitalizations12
rgvac ins12
prior protection12
household compound12
community transmission12
ae years12
innate sensing12
classical reassortment12
antigenic changes12
virus vaccine12
data collected12
hi antibody12
study showed12
care facilities12
genetic characteristics12
ae lm12
significantly reduced12
chart method12
viral detection12
type virus12
health research12
neuraminidase assay12
ct values12
infectious virus12
haemophilus influenzae12
vaccine efficacy12
level allergenic12
entry screening12
vaccine administration12
ev species12
upper limit12
elderly persons12
sensitivity analysis12
wt virus12
higher proportion11
health authorities11
patients hospitalized11
hi titres11
recent study11
phylogenetic analyses11
rapid detection11
endothelial cells11
signaling pathways11
ili events11
different subtypes11
average epidemic11
peripheral blood11
per person11
ethics committee11
poyang lake11
infectious agents11
detection limit11
health system11
illness among11
infection among11
ad hoc11
first pandemic11
oseltamivir carboxylate11
mem method11
ii cells11
rgvac sub11
laboratory confirmation11
detection kit11
virus gene11
even though11
transmission model11
school aged11
bronchoalveolar lavage11
competing interests11
neutralizing antibodies11
cell line11
host response11
influenza antigenic11
syndromic case11
many countries11
ah pdm11
european countries11
immunotherapy program11
highly sensitive11
study conducted11
future studies11
placebo group11
north american11
three consecutive11
multiple sequence11
health centers11
genome sequences11
analysis using11
adult patients11
molecular epidemiology11
reassortant viruses11
joining method11
new virus11
influenza type11
research agenda11
first time11
infection fatality11
results show11
unexplained pneumonia11
swine viruses11
hajj season11
slightly lower11
frequently detected11
influenza among11
among household11
lab data11
old embryonated11
care utilization11
may lead11
time lag11
tissue culture11
may provide11
novel pandemic11
study participants11
binding specificity11
significantly associated11
testing positive11
composite parameter11
mice infected11
two hospitals11
significantly different11
selective cox11
south america11
high prevalence11
severe respiratory11
inverse correlation11
transcription polymerase11
influenza incidence11
adenovirus type11
influenzae type11
sunshine duration11
randomly selected11
compound members10
monoclonal antibody10
genome sequencing10
least two10
local case10
review board10
nasal discharge10
specific siga10
coronavirus nl10
ae days10
large numbers10
human airway10
contact ferrets10
pilot study10
start date10
software version10
vaccine candidate10
highly significant10
weeks ahead10
influenzae non10
vaccination campaign10
research institute10
ci ae10
transmission rate10
european union10
cm protein10
york city10
resistant influenza10
institutional review10
adults aged10
financial support10
viruses may10
influenza detection10
decision making10
malaysian pilgrims10
influenza center10
natural history10
influenza rapid10
medical conditions10
nuclear translocation10
human population10
virus yield10
pollen concentrations10
historical data10
high level10
study staff10
respiratory rate10
molecular characterization10
hai antibody10
day lag10
different countries10
diseases among10
alert thresholds10
exact test10
mus tlr10
intranasal administration10
well plate10
genetic reassortment10
respiratory illnesses10
incidence rate10
donor percentage10
guinea pigs10
based influenza10
prospective study10
randomised controlled10
ari onset10
infected individuals10
general practice10
military recruits10
receptor specificity10
older children10
oropharyngeal swabs10
cell proliferation10
much higher10
incubation period10
previously published10
russian federation10
basic amino10
virus titer10
also shows10
taken together10
antigenic site10
infected human10
influenza activities10
findings suggest10
covid cases10
seasonal epidemics10
mrna splicing10
sequence data10
old female10
first imported10
active surveillance10
mass vaccination10
care facility10
virological surveillance10
post infection10
risk groups10
outpatient visits10
minor poultry10
viral na10
infectious dose10
time points10
years age10
across different10
family members10
patients seen10
conducted using10
emergency departments10
disease prevention10
east asia10
subtype influenza9
specific primers9
inflammatory response9
anomaly detection9
lung tissue9
antiviral coating9
viral transport9
viruses using9
pcr positive9
ns genes9
another study9
treatment coverage9
key points9
lung injury9
serial dilutions9
influenza thresholds9
clinical isolates9
iav infection9
ili among9
consecutive weeks9
influenza pandemics9
influenza viral9
human serum9
mass gatherings9
respiratory failure9
hai antibodies9
negative predictive9
wild birds9
multivariate analysis9
lg ha9
day care9
th week9
school closures9
northern hemisphere9
seasonal trends9
embryonated eggs9
acute febrile9
mouse model9
capital city9
immunosuppressive treatment9
illness onset9
respiratory distress9
original clinical9
health topics9
inactivated vaccines9
ili due9
among adults9
nasal wash9
elderly population9
significant difference9
march th9
virus vaccines9
mortality rates9
inflammatory cytokines9
relative risk9
see table9
positive cases9
total cohort9
viral strains9
confirmed viral9
na inhibitors9
specific mrna9
three waves9
google flu9
across states9
prior immunity9
previous years9
binding site9
air conditioning9
epidemiological surveillance9
high sensitivity9
sari surveillance9
fri cases9
potential conflicts9
observational study9
na activity9
european centre9
study using9
new zealand9
tested using9
using real9
risk communication9
viruses belonging9
reported among9
shared latrines9
univariate analysis9
described elsewhere9
antiviral efficacy9
basic reproductive9
different age9
log eid9
pandemic alert9
like receptor9
previous study9
antigenic characterization9
hemisphere influenza9
virus production9
absorbance values9
winter season9
subjects vaccinated9
syncytial viruses9
reference laboratory9
trivalent influenza9
sialic acid9
ferrets infected9
epidemic curves9
nice registry9
new protocol9
human cases9
greater accra9
wide range9
seasonal strains9
na inhibitor9
australian pilgrims9
older age9
correlation coefficient9
temporal model9
among malaysian9
viruses among9
simulation model9
time cell9
th century9
specific cd9
commonly used9
information criterion9
us centers9
two groups9
medical staff9
nucleotide sequences9
second week9
priority public9
pharmaceutical interventions9
research topics9
common among9
circulating viruses9
confirmed ph9
state i9
underlying conditions9
middle east9
studies conducted9
control study9
rainy season9
one dose9
triple reassortant9
ilinet data9
developed countries9
prospective cohort9
first local9
rate among9
different settings9
matrix gene9
vaccine development8
illness associated8
influenza subtype8
panel viruses8
pharmaceutical substances8
patients admitted8
pdm influenza8
similar results8
accra region8
recombinant strain8
data regarding8
virus subtype8
like symptoms8
pulmonary disease8
analyzed using8
chronic respiratory8
winter summer8
seasonal human8
cytoplasmic tail8
seeking behaviour8
aerosol transmission8
additional information8
female balb8
ili values8
respir viruses8
guinea pig8
cross protection8
also reported8
virus isolated8
oseltamivir treatment8
earlier studies8
nursing home8
positivity rate8
coated respirators8
virus types8
ili definitions8
na mutations8
antiviral therapy8
adjuvanted clade8
primary health8
type ii8
reported previously8
ae nm8
among influenza8
immunocompromised patients8
stool samples8
new rat8
hi titers8
also detected8
strains isolated8
military personnel8
chronic illnesses8
test results8
several limitations8
warning system8
children hospitalized8
bacterial species8
accession numbers8
antiviral activity8
multiplex real8
assay kit8
migratory birds8
laboratory data8
also used8
specific antibodies8
risk factor8
national surveillance8
mucosal immunity8
prevalence estimates8
monitoring system8
asian countries8
acute lung8
meteorological parameters8
herd immunity8
acute onset8
human subjects8
monitoring influenza8
vaccinated animals8
probe set8
methods used8
acute ili8
widely used8
patients presenting8
hospitalized children8
level risk8
supplementary table8
age distribution8
data obtained8
ili episode8
median week8
average viral8
allowed us8
respiratory symptom8
pcr detection8
like lineage8
vaccination rate8
search query8
case report8
master mix8
flow cytometry8
avian flu8
annual influenza8
virus lineages8
type i8
virus shedding8
flu trends8
plos one8
descriptive statistics8
ha titres8
normalized absorbance8
naturally acquired8
communicable diseases8
bacterial pathogens8
health emergencies8
cdc protocol8
vaccination program8
simple method8
limited number8
viral mrna8
aluminum hydroxide8
advisory committee8
antiviral intervention8
blood service8
multiplex rt8
east respiratory8
acid substitutions8
seasonal variation8
investigation forms8
specimens collected8
throat swab8
outpatient consultations8
pandemic preparedness8
children years8
determine whether8
derived reassortants8
cellular immune8
specific ili8
mean ic8
viral antigen8
standard deviations8
atypical bacteria8
old age8
epidemic weeks8
viral isolates8
influenza testing8
low level8
airway epithelium8
cases among8
seasonal flu8
uninfected cells8
hygiene measures8
final version8
parameter estimates8
red blood8
preventative measures8
st century8
virus titration8
binding preference8
surveillance networks8
nasopharyngeal aspirates8
attack rates8
different influenza8
assay using8
ae among8
low rank8
genetic analysis8
reduced susceptibility8
genome types8
eurasian avian8
patients among8
singapore military8
partial protection8
viruses associated8
long term8
ae mg8
reported ili8
routine surveillance8
influenza reference8
heart disease8
low reactors8
influenza disease8
final model8
epidemic influenza8
side effects8
two methods8
pandemic period8
influenza antigen8
diagnostic tests8
blown specimens8
inoculated intranasally8
vaccination hi8
blood donors8
patients without8
several studies7
various organs7
ili rate7
two days7
calculated using7
six internal7
available data7
haemagglutination inhibition7
threshold values7
negative samples7
drug susceptibility7
per cent7
version ae7
case fatality7
will also7
linear regression7
virus containing7
clinical information7
performed according7
influenza respiratory7
using icu7
foster city7
alert threshold7
viruses tested7
antibody titer7
total rna7
poisson model7
influenza patients7
global pandemic7
york state7
virologic data7
economic burden7
incubation time7
surveillance sites7
quality control7
results obtained7
antigen tests7
viral growth7
care providers7
acute lower7
lung disease7
global spread7
air pollutants7
last years7
global burden7
may represent7
mild ili7
serum specimens7
viral etiologies7
cleavage motif7
streptococcus pneumoniae7
first week7
gene constellation7
seroprotection rates7
provide evidence7
temperate regions7
dual respiratory7
rapid diagnostic7
winter school7
eastern china7
coated respirator7
observed ili7
using specific7
severe complications7
times higher7
ha sequences7
american countries7
immune protection7
ili influenza7
adenovirus infections7
written consent7
sanofi pasteur7
novel virus7
participants reported7
childhood pneumonia7
state level7
mean concentration7
military training7
influenza negative7
nucleotide sequence7
second season7
elderly patients7
noise ratio7
clade ae7
three influenza7
acid residues7
observed among7
model predictions7
post inoculation7
fluvac study7
viral agents7
master donor7
hospitalized cases7
like virus7
control strategies7
especially among7
pathogenic influenza7
kong sar7
influenza scenario7
body temperature7
negative patients7
also tested7
like swine7
three seasons7
provide data7
rank mc7
asymptomatic individuals7
clinical study7
also compared7
health officials7
staphylococcus aureus7
enterovirus genotypes7
par agonists7
demographic data7
series analysis7
new pandemic7
study subjects7
authors declare7
ili reporting7
latrine use7
requiring hospitalization7
using spss7
recombinant viruses7
temporal mc7
significance level7
influenza severity7
uri cases7
neuraminidase activity7
demographic factors7
time point7
credible set7
diagnostic testing7
epidemic doubling7
influenza prevalence7
life cycle7
ic kit7
cell surface7
serfling method7
infectious viruses7
inactivated whole7
case investigation7
health protection7
old group7
children enrolled7
multivariable logistic7
ph ae7
study suggests7
preclinical testing7
recommended vaccines7
infectious latent7
significant inverse7
based study7
current study7
generated using7
immunomodulatory agents7
weekly number7
every year7
virus stocks7
initial case7
antigen test7
positive results7
single infection7
clinical course7
acid sequence7
currently circulating7
allows us7
retrospective analysis7
demographic characteristics7
respiratory surveillance7
south african7
previous findings7
par stimulation7
better understanding7
recommendation system7
fatality rates7
viral genome7
higher rates7
novel infectious7
positive influenza7
hospital stay7
early stage7
new jersey7
clinical cases7
ili surges7
igv domain7
laboratory diagnosis7
per day7
contract hhsn7
tm influenza7
serum hai7
decision support7
chickens inoculated7
ct value7
first case7
traditional disease7
weekly percentage7
hi test7
virus antigen7
search engine7
pathogens detected7
symptoms suggestive7
also showed7
mycoplasma pneumoniae7
apoptotic response7
french pilgrims7
cartography construction7
dry cough7
inclusion criteria7
virus ha7
patient management7
ili samples7
longer time7
clinical practice7
study participant7
osv cam7
pandemic year7
received influenza7
individuals aged7
rna segment7
seasonal peak7
disease monitoring7
viral aetiology7
influenza infected7
health systems7
hypogammaglobulinemic patients7
i i7
significant increases7
complete picture7
actual use7
june th7
fold lower7
results indicated7
pcr system7
hypogammaglobulinemia patients7
seasonal epidemic7
transmission dynamics7
mass gathering7
also investigated7
west africa7
provide early7
data provided7
hi assay7
neutralizing antibody7
detected viruses7
subjective fever7
human pandemic7
antibody titres7
na subtypes7
sentinel gp7
positive episodes7
human cells7
resistance testing7
elisa method7
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