Distant Reader - journal-jInfectDis-cord

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-30 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader cord process, and the input was the result of a query applied to a local mirror of CORD, a data set of scholarly articles on the topic of COVID-19. The actual query was: facet_journal:"J Infect Dis". The results of this query were saved in a cache and transformed into a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 141 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 319,333 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 3,100 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 47. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

virus, patients, infection, respiratory, influenza, sars, cov, study, cells, viral, human, disease, viruses, infections, coronavirus, antibody, hcov, samples, clinical, associated, cell, acute, data, also, studies, infected, severe, may, vaccine, using, children, covid, days, pcr, positive, analysis, used, control, time, among, results, group, serum, use, treatment, detection, detected, response, protein, pneumonia

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Viroses Causing Common Respiratory Infections in Man. III. Respiratory Syncytial Viroses and Coronavimses, Human Coronavirus Infections in Rural Thailand: A Comprehensive Study Using Real-Time Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays, and A Recently Identified Rhinovirus Genotype Is Associated with Severe Respiratory-Tract Infection in Children in Germany.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

acute respiratory, influenza virus, respiratory syndrome, respiratory tract, severe acute, virus infection, respiratory syncytial, syncytial virus, serum samples, respiratory viruses, syndrome coronavirus, infect dis, doc id, dis doi, cord uid, infectious diseases, polymerase chain, chain reaction, immune response, present study, sars cov, respiratory illness, united states, lower respiratory, neutralizing antibody, human coronavirus, novel coronavirus, influenza viruses, respiratory virus, influenza vaccine, public health, hong kong, virus infections, potential conflicts, pandemic influenza, avian influenza, antibody responses, symptom onset, ebola virus, viral load, viral rna, infected cells, viral infection, viral infections, human metapneumovirus, world health, antibody response, middle east, respiratory disease, health organization

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are Human Coronavirus and Acute Respiratory Illness in Older Adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Investigating Viral Interference Between Influenza A Virus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Ferret Model of Infection, and Influenza-like Illness Incidence Is Not Reduced by Influenza Vaccination in a Cohort of Older Adults, Despite Effectively Reducing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Virus Infections.

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

sars, patient, virus, pcr, covid-19, influenza, respiratory, oc43, infection, nl63, cell, vaccine, mers, hrv, rsv, ifn, hiv, ebola, viral, tnf, tiv, rna, nai, lrt, hmpv, hku1, hev, hcv, hcov, hai, h1n1, cryptosporidium, cov, ari, africa, Ϫ/Ϫ, Δ1313, zika, york, year, west, wantai, vp2, virochip, vg9vd2, vero, urt, united, union, trial

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be virus, and Multiyear Persistence of 2 Pandemic A/H1N1 Influenza Virus Lineages in West Africa is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

patients, respiratory, sars - Comparison of Tissue Distribution, Persistence, and Molecular Epidemiology of Parvovirus B19 and Novel Human Parvoviruses PARV4 and Human Bocavirus
virus, vaccine, influenza - A Highly Immunogenic, Protective, and Safe Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1-CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model
influenza, virus, treatment - Federal and State Action Needed to End the Infectious Complications of Illicit Drug Use in the United States: IDSA and HIVMA’s Advocacy Agenda
cells, virus, infection - Functional Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum Surface-Related Antigen as a Potential Blood-Stage Vaccine Target
virus, influenza, viruses - Ability to replicate in the cytoplasm predicts zoonotic transmission of livestock viruses

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

virus, patients, infection, influenza, study, cells, infections, viruses, disease, samples, antibody, coronavirus, data, studies, cell, vaccine, children, days, analysis, time, serum, results, group, treatment, control, response, detection, years, pneumonia, use, antibodies, protein, illness, specimens, cases, responses, age, risk, pandemic, day, syndrome, assay, tract, groups, individuals, adults, number, levels, symptoms, test

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

using, showed, associated, infect, including, detected, report, compared, found, test, identified, suggesting, increased, observed, followed, described, based, perform, collected, provide, obtained, determining, causes, occurred, confirmed, indicating, developed, required, induces, produced, neutralizing, considered, received, hospitalized, related, contained, demonstrated, evaluated, defined, reduced, assessed, isolate, binding, remain, examine, given, treating, analyzed, needs, knew

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

SARS, PCR, HCoV, CoV-2, CoV, RNA, MERS, RSV, COVID-19, OC43, A, RT, C, S, H1N1, T, HRV, Health, HBoV, NL63, J, M, CD4, Table, China, A(H1N1)pdm09, HIV, PfSRA, United, HCoV-229E, Dis, HKU1, B, sha, IFN, Supplementary, CI, Influenza, HI, Coronavirus, sera, States, ELISA, LRT, Vero, IgG, H5N1, Figure, HA, ILI

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

we, it, our, their, they, its, i, them, he, us, his, she, one, my, themselves, her, itself, rad5, you, your, ourselves, em, me, ours, ⩾50, ≥110, Ϫ238, Ϫ20Њc, wg320, s, eba-175, cord-299149-lc2dxvxz, cord-262840-fhfxnr76, cord-007375-hqmyund4

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

respiratory, viral, human, clinical, acute, severe, positive, specific, significant, high, immune, lower, different, first, higher, similar, negative, available, present, novel, potential, infectious, low, asymptomatic, new, important, chronic, common, syncytial, several, infected, seasonal, real, possible, avian, previous, single, antiviral, older, non, recent, anti, healthy, large, likely, relative, multiple, early, primary, small

also, however, significantly, previously, well, respectively, therefore, highly, recently, even, frequently, less, elsewhere, often, approximately, statistically, especially, still, first, later, particularly, furthermore, currently, moreover, relatively, potentially, prior, newly, clinically, likely, generally, rather, now, finally, directly, specifically, fully, strongly, together, similarly, alone, subsequently, probably, closely, commonly, clearly, usually, rapidly, almost, indeed

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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