Hypothesis and Perception: The Roots of Scientific Method, Volume 10Annotation In a society where a comic equates with knockabout amusment for children, the sudden pre-eminence of adult comics, on everything from political satire to erotic fantasy, has predictably attracted an enormous amount of attention. Adult comics are part of the cultural landscape in a way that would have been unimaginable a decade ago. In this first survey of its kind, Roger Sabin traces the history of comics for older readers from the end of the nineteenth century to the present. He takes in the pioneering titles pre-First World War, the underground 'comix' of the 1960s and 1970s, 'fandom' in the 1970s and 1980s, and the boom of the 1980s and 1990s (including 'graphic novels' and Viz.). Covering comics from the United States, Europe and Japan, Adult Comics addresses such issues as the graphic novel in context, cultural overspill and the role of women. By taking a broad sweep, Sabin demonstrates that the widely-held notion that comics 'grew up' in the late 1980s is a mistaken one, largely invented by the media. Adult Comics: An Introduction is intended primarily for student use, but is written with the comic enthusiast very much in mind. |
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Contents
PREFACE | 19 |
INDUCTION | 27 |
THE EMPIRICIST TREATMENT | 52 |
EMPIRICIST REFORMERS | 68 |
HISTORICAL | 85 |
Dalton and chemical combination | 109 |
ïïi The conservation of mass and energy III | 111 |
Relativity | 114 |
Influence of past experience | 263 |
Interpretation | 271 |
Degrees of organization | 284 |
Perception and science 20 | 290 |
Science and common sense | 293 |
Question and presupposition | 299 |
The origins of hypotheses | 305 |
Analogy and enumeration | 310 |
DEDUCTION FROM PHENOMENA | 122 |
CASE HISTORIES | 123 |
Keplers determination of the orbit of Mars | 124 |
Harveys discovery of the circulation of the blood | 139 |
üi Newtons experiments | 154 |
Lavoisier and combustion | 167 |
Darwins defence of the evolution hypothesis | 178 |
The discovery of the positron | 189 |
Findings | 196 |
SCIENTIFIC ADVANCE | 203 |
Recognition of observed data | 207 |
Articulation and proliferation of schemata | 211 |
The origins of change | 212 |
The transition process | 215 |
Innovation and conservatism | 224 |
System and development | 231 |
EPISTEMOLOGICAL VIII PERCEPTION | 237 |
Common views of perception | 238 |
Sensedata | 240 |
Critique and merits of sensedata theories | 243 |
Achievement | 244 |
Discrepancy between data and percept | 246 |
Schemata | 249 |
Context | 251 |
Innate and acquired schemata | 256 |
Abduction | 313 |
Confirmation | 316 |
What is meant by discovery? | 319 |
THE LOGIC OF CONSTRUCTION | 325 |
Formalism logic and psychology | 326 |
Systematic thinking | 332 |
Necessity and causality | 339 |
Probability | 341 |
Induction and deduction | 347 |
Science as a system | 350 |
THE DIALECTIC OF PROGRESS | 352 |
ïïi Science as a scale | 360 |
Dialectic | 365 |
The unity of science | 368 |
Hierarchy | 369 |
Agreement of results | 370 |
SCIENCE AND TRUTH | 372 |
Science and reality | 373 |
Criticism and defence | 377 |
Knowledge and its object | 384 |
Validity and progress | 385 |
Science and metaphysics | 387 |
Science and religion | 388 |
391 | |
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Common terms and phrases
accepted activity actual already appears argument attempt becomes belief blood body called character coherent complete conception conclusion confirmation consequent consistent construction continuous deductive depend derived determined direction discovered discovery distance effect elements empirical established evidence example existence experience explain facts follows force further given gives heart hypothesis ideas inductive inference interpretation involved justify kind knowledge known laws less light logical mathematical matter means measure method mind motion movement moving nature never objects observed occurs once orbit organization particles particular past perceive perception phenomena philosophers physical position possible precisely present principle probability problem procedure progress propositions proved question reasoning reference relation relative result revealed rule scientific scientists seen sense similar simply statement structure successive suggested systematic theoretical theory thinking tion true truth universal whole
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Page 5 - Political Philosophy, Theology. While much had been done in England in tracing the course of evolution in nature, history, economics, morals and religion, little had been done in tracing the development of thought on these subjects. Yet "the evolution of opinion is part of the whole evolution". 'By the co-operation of different writers in carrying out this plan it was hoped that a thoroughness and completeness of treatment, otherwise unattainable, might be secured. It was believed also that from...