Profit margin

Profit margin, net margin, net profit margin or net profit ratio is a measure of profitability. It is calculated by finding the net profit as a percentage of the revenue.

${\text{net profit margin}}={{\text{net profit}} \over {\text{revenue}}}={{{\text{revenue}}-{\text{cost}}} \over {\text{revenue}}}$

Overview

Profit margin is calculated with selling price (or revenue) taken as base times 100. It is the percentage of selling price that is turned into profit, whereas "profit percentage" or "markup" is the percentage of cost price that one gets as profit on top of cost price. While selling something one should know what percentage of profit one will get on a particular investment, so companies calculate profit percentage to find the ratio of profit to cost.

The profit margin is used mostly for internal comparison. It is difficult to accurately compare the net profit ratio for different entities. Individual businesses' operating and financing arrangements vary so much that different entities are bound to have different levels of expenditure, so that comparison of one with another can have little meaning. A low profit margin indicates a low margin of safety: higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a net loss, or a negative margin.

Profit margin is an indicator of a company's pricing strategies and how well it controls costs. Differences in competitive strategy and product mix cause the profit margin to vary among different companies.

• If an investor makes $10 revenue and it cost them $1 to earn it, when they take their cost away they are left with 90% margin. They made 900% profit on their $1 investment.
• If an investor makes $10 revenue and it cost them $5 to earn it, when they take their cost away they are left with 50% margin. They made 100% profit on their $5 investment.
• If an investor makes $10 revenue and it cost them $9 to earn it, when they take their cost away they are left with 10% margin. They made 11.11% profit on their $9 investment.

Profit percentage

On the other hand, profit percentage is calculated with cost price taken as base

${\text{profit percentage}}={{\text{net profit}} \over {\text{cost price}}}\cdot 100\%$

Suppose that something is bought for $50 and sold for $100.

Cost price = $50

Selling price (revenue) = $100

Profit = $100 − $50 = $50

Profit percentage = $50/$50 = 100%

Profit margin = ($100 - $50)/$100 = 50%

Return on investment multiple = $50 / $50 (profit divided by cost).

If the revenue is the same as the cost, profit percentage is 0%. The result above or below 100% can be calculated as the percentage of return on investment. In this example, the return on investment is a multiple of 1.0 of the investment, resulting in a 100% gain.

See also

• Earnings before interest and taxes
• Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization
• Gross profit margin
• Net income