Late modernity
Late modernity (or liquid modernity) is the characterization of today's highly developed global societies as the continuation (or development)[disambiguation needed] of modernity rather than as an element of the succeeding era known as postmodernity, or the postmodern.[citation needed] Introduced as "liquid" modernity by the Polish-British sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, late modernity is marked by the global capitalist economies with their increasing privatization of services and by the information revolution.[1]
Versus postmodernity[edit]
Social theorists and sociologists such as Scott Lash, Ulrich Beck, Zygmunt Bauman, and Anthony Giddens maintain (against postmodernists) that modernization continues into the contemporary era, which is thus better conceived as a radical state of late modernity.[2] On technological and social changes since the 1960s, the concept of "late modernity" proposes that contemporary societies are a clear continuation of modern institutional transitions and cultural developments. Such authors talk about a reflexive modernization as post-traditional order which impact day-to-day social life and personal activities.[3] Modernity now tends to be self-referring, instead of being defined largely in opposition to traditionalism, as with classical modernity.
Giddens does not dispute that important changes have occurred since "high" modernity, but he argues that we have not truly abandoned modernity. Rather, the modernity of contemporary society is a developed, radicalized, "late" modernity—but still modernity, not postmodernity. In such a perspective, postmodernism appears only as a hyper-technological version of modernity.[4]
Subjects[edit]
The subject is constructed in late modernity against the backdrop of a fragmented world of competing and contrasting identities[5] and lifestyle cultures.[6] The framing matrix of the late modern personality is the ambiguous way the fluid social relations of late modernity impinge on the individual, producing a reflexive and multiple self.[7]
Characteristics[edit]
Zygmunt Bauman, who introduced the idea of liquid modernity, wrote that its characteristics are about the individual, namely increasing feelings of uncertainty and the privatization of ambivalence. It is a kind of chaotic continuation of modernity, where a person can shift from one social position to another in a fluid manner. Nomadism becomes a general trait of the "liquid modern" person as she or he flows through her or his own life like a tourist, changing places, jobs, spouses, values, and sometimes more—such as political or sexual orientation—excluding her- or himself from traditional networks of support, while also freeing her- or himself from the restrictions or requirements those networks impose.
Bauman stressed the new burden of responsibility that fluid modernism placed on the individual—traditional patterns would be replaced by self-chosen ones.[8] Entry into the globalized society was open to anyone with their own stance and the ability to fund it, in a similar way as was the reception of travellers at the old-fashioned caravanserai.[9] The result is a normative mindset with emphasis on shifting rather than on staying—on provisional in lieu of permanent (or "solid") commitment—which (the new style) can lead a person astray towards a prison of their own existential creation.[10]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ Harris 2004, p. 3.
- ^ Van den Herrewegen 2010, p. 88.
- ^ Giddens 1991.
- ^ Appignanesi & Garratt 1995, pp. 126, 172.
- ^ Craik 1994, p. 8.
- ^ Toffoletti 2011, p. 75.
- ^ Mandalios 1999, p. 2.
- ^ Bauman 2000, p. 8.
- ^ Bauman 2000, p. 23.
- ^ Brown 2002, pp. 196, 219; Phillips 1994, p. 124.
Bibliography[edit]
- Appignanesi, Richard; Garratt, Chris (1995). Postmodernism for Beginners. Cambridge.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Bauman, Zygmunt (2000). Liquid Modernity.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Brown, Richard (2002). "Highway 61 and Other American States of Mind". In Corcoran, Neil (ed.). Do You Mr Jones? Bob Dylan with the Poets and Professors. London.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Craik, Jennifer (1994). The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203409428. ISBN 978-0-415-05261-0. Retrieved 21 August 2020.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Giddens, Anthony (1991). Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1944-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Harris, Anita (2004). Future Girl: Young Women in the Twenty-first Century.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mandalios, John (1999). Civilization and the Human Subject.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Phillips, Adam (1994). On Flirtation. London.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Toffoletti, Kim (2011). Baudrillard Reframed. London.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Van den Herrewegen, Evelien (2010). "'Safety: Everybody's Concern, Everybody's Duty"? Questioning the Significance of 'Active Citizenship' and 'Social Cohesion' for People's Perception of Safety". In Cools, Marc; De Ruyver, Brice; Easton, Marlene; Pauwels, Lieven; Ponsaers, Paul; Vande Walle, Gudrun; Vander Beken, Tom; Vander Laenen, Freya; Vermeulen, Gert; Vynckier, Gerwinde (eds.). Safety, Societal Problems and Citizens' Perceptions: New Empirical Data, Theories and Analyses. Antwerp, Belgium: Maklu. pp. 85–107. ISBN 978-90-466-0327-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Further reading[edit]
- Beck, Ulrich (1992). Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. Translated by Ritter, Mark. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-8039-8346-5.
- Beck, Ulrich; Giddens, Anthony; Lash, Scott (1994). Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2472-2.
- Giddens, Anthony (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-0793-1.
- Lash, Scott (1990). Sociology of Postmodernism. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315832326. ISBN 978-1-315-83232-6.