ee nea ar ee Lud. Vives. ges Ature is not tobe examined by the | aa ts, Lamp of the Gentiles, yielding both | NGI ax obfcure and maligne light: but \ Ge.1¢ iecy the Torch of the Sunne, which | — BAG (drift hath brought intothe darks¥ jv World.And for that very canfe we have had occafion to write, left we fhould be neceffitated \ to follow the traditions of the Gentiles; between whom and us there us [o vaft a difference in Religi->\ on. ered to fay truth, as Ariftotl’s writings | have much learning and ingennity , fo they have. very much obfcurity : which hath given occafion te | fome to enquire after, and {uppofe they fee thefe | things which are no where in being, &e- ¥ uy ij vi We therefore in thy light, 6 God, thall } fee light. P/al.36.u.,0. "NATUR ATT PHILOSOPHIE _ REFORMED: ‘Divine. L IGHT: “ASrnorst sof Phyfcks au ) ae Cowen oi EX pofed To the cenfure of thofe that arelovers © of LEARNING, and defire to be taught of Gop. | cing a view of the WORLD in. aa - generall, and of the particular Creatures therein conteined; groundedupon Scripture Py tacsples. 7 “Witha briefe App envi x touching the Difeafes of the Body, Mind, and Soul ; with their general! Remedies. . _ » By the fame AUTHOR, LO. ND ON % Eisnced by Robert and William Leybourm , for eons Pierrepont, atthe Sun in Pauls 6 Ate y ard, (MDC LI. * ‘i Ap So OO. fa ai i SB SS ee eaegesegezeee To the truly ftudious of wifdome, from Chrift thefounrain of wifdome, greeting. "ling age withed:that it might be provided; that none fhould write and puclifh any thing ,. untefs it were fome new thing ; which fhould both be-of bi awn obfervation, and might make for the glory of God, and the edeicatrou of the Church, and from mhence {0 much fruit might be hoped, that what time is be flowed on the reading of it, the readers could not beflow it better elfmbere : that foncthing might be-done which was al- neady done , but what mas yet tabe done. Ty Acobus Acoutius,a moft excel- D lent man ; offended at the e- Bor few. Writers (fays: hee) bring any Se § 3 thing T be Preface. thing of their own: but onely freal,things and words , of which they make Books, oc. Which they know to be moft true ly fpoken, who areto perufe that far- rago of Books,wherewith weare year- Jy litle le{sthen overwhelmed. Forif youlook onthetitles, you fhall have them always new and very {pecious: if ontherthing, itis always the fame boi- led over and over above a thoufand times, and Coleworts crammed in, e ven to naufeating.. Andthough fome- thing of new obfervation be offered, yetto what purpofe is it, chae whole Books fhould therefore be written,and. thofe new things found out fo buried in things ordinary’, that eithera man hath no mind to enquire, what of new obfervation isin them, or cannot do it without tedioufnefs of {pirit and lofs of time. But it is not my bufinefs to inveigh againft this diforder in many words. Icome now to.declare why I my felfcome out in publicks And] ‘i ay a Tbe Preface. lay it openin a word Loring fomething new, and different from she common way of. Philofophie: And I bring it fo, as that L hope, it will’ be without any ones hinderance or moleftation, as comteining in avery few leaves, matters of very great moment. And Ibring itto fatu fie the aefires of others this way. For where- as I had the year laft paft,given.a proof of my Philologicall endeavours , F-4- nua Linguarum refcrata,(or a feminary of Arts and Languages) which was courteoufly received , and that with: applaufe, and approved almoft by all mens verdiét, (as feverall lecters, dated - eithertomy felfor my.friends, touch- ing that matter do teftifie,) fome ( of thenumber of thofe ; whoat thistime bend their defires, thoughts and de- devours, to reétifie the method of ftu- dies) beganto folicit mee, to put out my philofophicall Works, or at Ieaft to defire a communication of my con- ceptions , efpecially in Phyficks. Ha-. ving k j i ans oka) ha as i Bg 1s Ae ak , a ; 4 We aie i iG bd $ T he Preface. ving no-otherminde therefore, but to, | bung fomething for mine owne past that maybe profitable, if it may: be; or elfe chat others may: have occafion by me, to bring better matters; I pur- poled with my {elf to expofe to the light, this fame Syaopjis of Rbyjicks; lately diétated in:this: Schoole,, thar: publick-cenfure might bemade of this alfo,, as wellas: of my former: Work. Which thav it might be, is feemed meet to.give fome further intimation ‘of the occafion and {cope of our un- dertaking,tothofe that wikoffer them-. felvesco be our cenfors. 3 After thar thecalamitous lor of exile had thruft mee, who was by calling a Divine , back to, the fervices, of the School, wherein Iwas defirous:to beare my felf , not flightly, but fo as thar] might difcharg the truft committed to me; it chanced:chac I hapned , among other things, upon: Ludavicus: Wives his Books. , de tradendis. difciplinis. " thefe Tbe Preface. thefe when I had found mof whole- fome counfels , for the repairing of Philofophie ,. and. the whole courfeot ftudies, I began excreamly to grieve, thataman of fo piercing a wit,agter he noted fo many mofk evident ersours, had nos put to his: hand’ ro make thofe trough: things fmoorh , bytthe judg. - mene of one touching this excellens Wrier, that. Vives: fam better-mhat was non thenmbat mas, mademee toconmfi- der, thatit is ufvall with ebe wifdome of Godto, communicate thingsby-de; > grees. Y et: Lthoughe with my felf chat others fhould take this as am occafion to; lebour to. defigne onecertainand in fabhble way-among fo many deviacions difcovered unto them : which. won- - duedthar men, were fo backwardto ef fay: for full abundsed: years. (For E knew: not whether any: one hadgone abourit.); Burit hapned, thar-a cercain learned man, 10, whom T communicas tedshefe com plaintsiof mine.in amore TRA : fami- ‘ 44 i ST a ss ips i teers Ries ai ne T be Preface. familiar manner, fhew’d meea Book call’'d , Prodromus philofophiea instan-- vanda by Thomas Campanella an Itali- an: which] read over with incredible joy, and being inflamed with ah ex- ceeding great hope of new Light , I greedily turn’d through his Reals pii- me _~ lofophia epilogiftica (for {o hee calls it) {ec forth in toure Books, as aifo che Books de vreram fenfu, where ever I ~~ could get them. Whereby I found my defires in fome fort fatished , butnot | throughout. For his very foundation, |. thar-all things were made up of two contrary principlesonely offended me. (For] was already moft fully perfwa- __. ded of the number of three principles — out of the divine Book of Genefis : and and I rememiber out of Hugo Grotius, difputing againft the Manichees , That of two things fighting one with theo- ther, deftruétion might follow but an or- ~ dinate conftruction could never follow: ) And befides I obferved that Campa- | nella T be Preface. nellahimfelf was not very certaine of "his own hypothefes : as one thar began to waver in his affertions cowards the pofitions of Galileus touching the earths mobility , and yet to call them in doubt himfelf : as it is evident e- nough in his Apologie for Galileus. But when Ic hanced afterwards up- On apiece of Sir Francis Bacon Baron of Verulam, Chancellour of England, —entituled instauratio magna (an admi- rable work, and which I look upon no © otherwile, then asa moft bright beam of anew age of Philofophers now a- tiling ) I underftood that in fome par- ticularsalfo of Campanella , fuch folid Demonitrations, as the truth of things -Fequires, were wanting. Yet it grieved me again, that I {aw moft noble Verz- lam prefent us indeed with a true key of Nature, but not open thefecrets - of Nature, onely thewing us by afew _ ¢xamples , how they were tobe ope-. hed’; and leave the reft to depend - ma ob- The P reface. ebfervations and indudtions continued -= for feverall ages. Yet .I faw neverthe- lefs, that my hopes were not quite left infufpenfe: in as much asT perceived my minde fo enlightned' by the light which. it received from thofe feverall ~ fparks,now grown welnigh to a torch, that fome great fecrets of Nature, and very obfcure places-of Scripture, (the xeafon of which T knew nor before) were now piain, asit wereof theirown accord, to. the exceeding great content of my mind. For now with thofe,that have lighted upona more found way of Philofophie inthisage, I faw and refted in it, ; I Phat the onely true , gennine and . plain way of Philofophie is to fetch alt rhings from {enfe,reafon and Scripture. TE That the Periparerick philofophie % not. onely defective in many parts, and many ways intricate, full of turnings and windings, and partly alfo-crroncous, [othr it. w nov onely wnprofitable for Chri ABS , The Preface. fiians , bnt alfo (without correction ane perfettion barifoil, III That phitofophie way be refor- wed ind perfetted, by an hartaonicall pe. auition of all things that are and are made,to fenfe reafon and Scripture, with fo- much evidence and certainty (in all —~ fach things as are of most concernment, and baveany wece/sity) that any mortal than feeing may [ee and feeling may feel, the truth {eattered every where, Ofalland every of which obferya: - Hons, leaft we fhould feem to have dreamed fomewhar > there will be fomething tobe faid tote at’ large. And for the fir we make three AB Principles of Philofophy, with Cam: — Panella, and his happy Interpreter To. — h 1 Adams, Senfe, Reafon and Scriptare: But fo joyntly, thac whofoever would NOt be lefe in ignorace or doube, fhould teft on no one of thefe without the o- thers, otherwifeic wilbe a mort ready Plecipice into errors; Roy Senfe,though it T be Preface. it makean immediate impreffion upon us of the truth inrprinted upon things: yet becaufeit is very often .confoun- ded, either by reafon of the multitude of things in a manner infinite, and the {trange complications of formes: or Ve") wearied and tired, fometimes with tf€ diftance of the objets, and fo con- fequently dazeledand deceived. Rese fon mutt of necefliry be imployed, which may conclude alike of. like things, and contrarily of contrary things, by obferving their proportion, and {fo fupply the defe@ of {fenfe, and correct its errours. i But then becaufe many things arere-| mote both from fenfe and reafon (which we cannot in’ any. fore attein unto by fenfe, nor yer by reafon firms ly enoughywe are indepted to the grace of.God,that he hath éy ha Word revea- led unta us even fome fecrets which concern us to know. Therefore if ‘any one defire the trueknowledg of things, : thefe. T be Preface. thefe three principles of knowing muft _ of force be conjoyned. Otherwife, he thar will follow the guidance of fenle onely , will never be wifer then the common fort; nor be able to imagine the Moon leffe thena ftarre ; the Sun greater then the earth , and that ac ‘4 Me {phericall,andevery way habitae 4 © On the contrary if a man comemplae /f a3 on abftract things and confult onely with reafon without the’ teftimony of fenfe, he will be rapt away with meer phantafines, and create himfelfa new — , world: like tne Platonicall and Arifto- telicall, ec. Laftly , they that heed the Scripture onely,and hearken nei- ther to fenfe nor reafon are either car- tied away beyond the world (by the foblimity of theirconceptions;)or elfe involve things they underftand not with the Colliers faith ; or following the letter , propound unto them- {elves things, though never fo abfurd and fuperftitious, to be believed; a % ‘ the Se meta So ray i‘ ii iW hi ee a | Ta 4 - Cains i a 4 Loi Hit 4 Pedy 2 \ Tbe Preface. Papifts do in that imoft abfutd tran” fubftantion of theirs, &¢. “So then the aa tok of knowing, mutt be'con-. joyned, chat divine Revelation may af- — ford us belief Reafow, Underitanding, Senfe, Certainty. And they mutt be ufed in this ofdet (in naturall things T fay) asthar wébegin with fenfe, and end in revelation (as it were the ferting to the feal of God:) for by this order- every fubfequent degree will fective receive from the antecedent, both £- vidence and alfo Certaisty, and Emen- dation. For asthere is nothing in the underftanding which was nor firft ih the fenfé: fo there is nothing in the be- lief, which not firft in the underftan- ding. For he that believes, muft know Whatisfitto be believed. Hence the Sctipture frequently invites us to hear, fee, raft, confider, And affirmes that faith too comes by heating. I fard Cer- tainty too. For by how much the nee- rér Reafon fs ro fenfe (that is by how , many 7 The Preface, many the more experiments of the fenfes it may be demonftrated) ‘it is G fomuch the more reall: and on‘the - contrary again, the further it recedes from fenfe, by fo much the more vain {peculation and naked imagination ir hath. But by how much the necrer divine Revelation may be reduced to underftanding , and the reftimonies of experience, fo much the more ftrength itfindes, = : I faid further , that the precedent degrees were correted by the fubfe- quent : arid foir is. For where fenfe fails or miftakes, it is fupplied and cor- rected by reafon: And Reafon DA: velation. For example,when the fenfe f a judgeththe Moon to be bigger then | / Saturn, oran Oareto be broker under the water, &c. Reafon re@ifics it by certain documents of experience, So when Reafon hath gathered any thing falfely of things invifible, itis amended by divine Revelation, Yet that emen- a dation Se aa Nl ml ie Sseeneeti nen ee Se la lal ni iy j The Preface. ple: bue gentle , fo thar that very thing which is corrected ,acknowledg- eth, and admitsic of its own accord, and with joy,and foon brings fome- thing of its own, whereby the fame cor- rected truth may become more appa- rent, For example, Reafon brings nothing to.correct fenfe, whercof it is not foonafcertained by fundry experi- ments, and affirmes it felf, that fo it is, (as that. an QOare is not broken un- der water , the Touch teacheth : as alfo the fight it felf, looking on it after itisdrawn out.) Faith holds out no- thing, which is contrary and repug-]} nant to Reafon, (though it bring that which is beyond and above R eafon: ) Butall chings fuch as Reafon not one- ly yields being overcome by authori- ty , bur alfo finds of a truth to be in things, and fo feeks and finds. out fome thing of its own, which may. ferve to con-” dation. is not violent, and with che} deftruction of the precedent. princi-| The Preface. ” confirme and illuftrate the fame trath. Therefore bet it be taken for true , That Senfe is not onely the fountain of know- ledge, but alfoof certainty, in natural _ things: Bat that the underflanding is 7 the Organ not onely of knowledge, but — alfo of certainty in revealed things, Let us come then to the purpofe. Some deny , that holy Scripture is to be drawnto Philofophie, becaufe it teacherh ; not the {peculation of outward things but Re the way of eternal life, I confefs, that /s | the Scripture was given by in{piration of ( God, to teach, reprove, correét, and in- h, firutt in righteou{nefs: That the man of | God may be perfect, throughly furnifbed unto all good works. (4T1#i.3.) I con- fels, I fay, thar this is the ultimate end of the Scripture. Yet whovkniows not, i that there are forthe moft pare more a _ éitds of one thing’ even in homane i i things, much mote in divine, wherethe wifdom of ouradored God hath whol]. f Jy wound up it felf, with an artifice iG k ar a2 fearee% | ~The Preface. {earce to be found out Of uss True — ly , if wee finde’ that artifice. all o- © vernature,. (and foit is ),that every creature, and.part of a creature, and pare of apart, ferves for feverall ufes: I fee no.reafon why we fhould:deprive the Book of God of this charaéer of - thehigheft Wifdome. But I fee reafon why we ought to détermine,that moft fufficient complements of all things, whereunto Senfe and Reafon were in- fufficient (and yet wee were concerned to know them) are extant in that moft | holy Book. For did not God: bring maninco the School of the World, to contemplate his manifold Wifdome ¢ Did not hee command him to behold his invifible things by thefe things thar are feen s (Rom.1.v.20.) Surely this muft beacknowledged to be the end ~ both of making the World and placc- ing man therein. Now it is cleere through all Nature, that, to whatfoe- verend God hath ordained any thing, : he The Preface. he hathconferred means upon it to be gteinit. Hee hath therefore conferred means upon man to contemplate his - wondrous things: Which as wee muft acknowledge that they are fenfe and reafon, fo we muft needs acknowledge that they are not every where fuffici- cient. For our fenfes leave usin the knowledge of eternal] things, , and thofe things which: are placed: quite out of fight, and done when weare not prefent. But where Senfe fails, Reafon fails alfo: Being that this is nothing butan univerfall knowledge of things, gathered from particularsacts of fenfe, that this or thatis, oris\done,either fo orfo. When as therefore both Senfe and Reafon doe very ordinarily failus, fhall we believe , that: the moft graci ous Father of Lights ; would not fup- ply this defe& fome other way ?. His moft liberall and in every refpect ap- Proved bounty towards us, will not permit usto fufpect that. But if God a 3 have f The P reface: have fome way orother provided for us, lec it be thewen what it is, or where itis tobe fought for , if notin thar fas cred volume of Oracles ¢ And I pray, wasit in vain, or onely inre eternall falvation, that God | his Law. This is your wifdome ana ander - . franding in the fight of the Nations, which fhall heare ak thefe flatuses and Say. Surely this is awifeand under fand- ing people. (Deut.4.6. ) Or did Davia boaft ia vain? Thave more under landing then all my teachers , becaufe thy te/ti- monies are my meditations: ( Pfal.irg, 99.) Or the fonne of sirach fay in vain: The Worduf God moft High the fountain of\ wifdom 2: ( Eeclef.t.5. Or Was it In vainithat Salomon call’d God, the guideunto wifdome,and the corrector of the wife ? Wifd.7,15.) fee here a correctour ! But how doth he correct, but by dafhing ‘over our vain cogitati- on with his word 2 Andto what pur- pole,I pray is all thavis frequently mé- : tion’d The Preface. tion’dconcerning the beginning of the - World-and the order of the Creation, and properties of the creatures , If the parent of nature, who isalfo the Di- Gatour of the Scriprures , meant to teach us nothing of nature? They fay it 10 this end,that we may learn to know 7 and admire,love and fear the Maker of all things. Right: But how the Ma- ker without his work ? Does not any one fo much the more admire and praife the ingenuity of the Painter, if he be excellent , by how much the better he underftands the art of pain- ya ting? Surely yes. A fuperficiall know-“ <7 | ledge will never raife either love or ad- tea Miration. And then I demand, thofe ah things , which wee meet with in the Scriptures concerning the crea- tures(by fimilicudes.alfo drawn thence) are they true or falfe? If true (for who can determine otherwife with- out blafphemie) why may we not con- ferre them with thofe things thar are ma. T be Preface. manifelt by fenfe &-reafon? that fo we may finde out that harmony of truth, which isin things, andin the mouth of the Author of things ¢ Truly, if the swords of the wife are as Zoades and nails faftened : (as Salomon teftifies, Ecelef, 12.11.) What fhall we think of the words of the all-wife God - But this, that though they raife us up with ano- ther end, and by the by, yet they con- tein nothing but moft folid truth and ¢ all manner of wifedome. In vain there- fore may fome one fay : 1 finde no men- tion. in the Scriptures , much lefs pre- ; cepts of Grammar, Logicke, Mathema- I ticks , Phyficks s &c. For there is as ny. much diftance betwixt divine writings (i OF and humane, as betwixt. God himfelf and,man. Man that is limited with time, place and objects, at onetimeand in one place can dobut one thing : but ~ God that is aternall, omniprefent,and - Omuifcient, at once fees, rules and go- yerns all things, always and. every where. T he Preface. where. And the fame Character do their writings retein on either pare. Hu- mane writings do fome one thing with expreffe endeavour, handling one ob- jectin one place, and that in fuch a. way as is moft pleafing to mans under- ¢ ftanding: but divine writings like an univerfal treafury of wifdome flay not upon one particular matter, (unleffe ir be in things pertaining to Theologic) but contein variecy of matter under feverall fayings. Whence a Divine, a Moralift , a Politician, a Honfhol- der a Philofopher , a Philologer, &c. may take out every of them, what each hath ufe of. And this breadth & depth of the Scripcure is its __Ptcrogative before humane writings, that {o it may be in truth an inexhauiti- ble fountain of all wifdome. For what- foever matter is to be handled, the Scripture affordsalways, eithera rule, or fome fayings or examples: as Fohz Henrie Alfied (Lometimes my honou- red The Preface. , ted Mafter)fhews in his Triumph ws Bib- | fi licus,andmuchmore might be difto- +4 vered by a very accurate diligence: 1 which that foic 1s, for a good part of it, fhall appear alfo in thefe our Phyficall meditations. Rightly therefore faid ___Cafficdorus : the Scripture ws an heaven- o thal, wherein Cae whatfoever. we are either tolearn or to be ignorant of. And piouflyT. Lydiat: It 1s moff abfurd, | that heathen Philofophers fhould feek for the principles of all arts in ene Homets pofie, and that we Chriftians fhould not do the famein the Oracles of God, which }. area moft plentifull and msoft clear foun- tain of wifdome. ( About the end of his Phyfiological difquifition.) Thofe moft Chriftian Philofophers are there- fore defervedly tobe praifed, who have. endeavoured to render unto God the Parent of things that praife that is due unto him, Franc. Valefius | Lambert Danaus, Levinus Lemnius , Thomas Lydiat, Conradus Aflacus Otto Cafman- nUS; iy The Preface. nus: who have not doubted to affeve- rate, that the feeds of true Philclophy are, conteined in the holy Book of the/7 ~ Bible, and to derive their maximes of Philofophy from thence (though with different fucceffe.) - Let it ftand therefore, that Philofo- fophy is lame without divineRevelati- on. Whence wee have this confe- | quence, that Aviftotle is not tobe tolerated _ 48 Chriftian {chools, asthe onely Mafter of Philofophie: But that we fhould be free Philofophers,to: follow that whieh our fenfes, Reafon, and Scripture didtate. For what? Are not we placedas wel as they in Natures garden ¢ Why thendo we notcaftabout our eyes , nofthrils and cars as wellasthey¢ Why fhould we learn the works of nature of any other Mafter, rather then of thefe 7 Why do we not , I fay, turn over the living book of the world inftead of dead pa- pers¢ wherein we may contemplate more things, and with greater delight : and 7 The Preface. and profit then any onecan tell us. If we have any where need of an. Inter pretourthe maker of nature, as we have faid, is thebeft Interpretour of himfelf, If a Monitour or Suggeftour, we have more and better then Aristotle, experi ence (of the various and occule Mxan- ders of nature) being multipl yed in the procefle of fo many ages. For as all hu- mane things get up to perfeCion from rude beginnings, foPhilofophyhath had its grouths too. In Ariffotles age it was {carce outof its infancy:In the ages that followed after;(e{peciallyin ours)it was foincreafed ftil with new obfervations, that the Ariftotelick’ tenets favour of ob{curity Sc uncertainty in cOparifon of thefe,nay, they hold out open falfities. Beit then( writes Rod. Goclenius to Nic. Taurellus) that nature hath fhewed ‘all the acutene(je of humane ingenuity in A- . xiftocles des Ariftotle be aman that hath deferved well of all humane wi {dome be- yond and above all other mortal men be. fides; fides ; let him be the Father and Captain of our wifdome ; let him be the fupream Dité atour of wifdome, the py si hind _ of Philofophers,the eagle of the Philofo- phicall Kingdome, wi{dome and praife of literature , lethimbe the Hercales,the Prince, the Tribunal of truthslet him be the deity of Philofophers.let hina be laftly aman greater thenall praife, and above all calumny;which titles Fulius Scaliger fets him out with : yet thé miracle of Nature « not th RULE OF TRUTH, feeing that hee hath not every where traced Truths footfteps. Thus Goclenius. Now hee that will may {ee Campanella and Verulamius, (for it may fuffice,to have fhewed thefe Hercules, who have happily put to their hands tothe fubduing of Mon- | fters,and cleanfiny Asezas-fttables; and | to have oppofed them to thofe, whom the authority of Ar7stotles vainly {wel- ling Philofophy holds bewitched:) and feel how farre Aviftotles affertions are | often T be Preface. ' often from the truth, and chis is the}. caufe why it feems convenient, that Aristotle with all his heathenith train -fhould be excluded from the facred Philofophy of Chriftians ; leaft they fhould any more entangle the truth in errours, and involve and obfcure thofe things with intricate difputations, whiclvare of themfelves plain by the lamp of the Word of God,and of found reafon. For is itnot very abfurd, chat Chniftians, who are trained up in the true knowledge-of the true God, and taught by his holy voice, concerning the originall caufes, end, and mannet of fubfiftence of all things vifible and invilible; to whomaHo the very my- ~ fleries of eternity are revealed ; whom the anointing of God teacheth all things ; to whom Chrift hath impar ted hismind (1 Fohy 2.v. 27. 1 Con 2.16.) that they, I fay, fhould feek: for the truch of things amoneft the heathen, that are deftiture of all Be . and Z be Preface. and have no other helps, but thofe of reafon, and of the fenfes, which are common tous with them¢ Isit{o in- deed that there isnot a God in Zfrael, _that we goto enquire of the gods of Ekron ¢ Is thelight of Hierufalem fo puc our, that we muft needs borrow lamps at Athens? It is well known || that Origen was the man that firtt of all joyned heathen Philofophy with Chriftian Religion: with noill intent perhaps, but fure itis with very bad ¢- vent. The good mans purpofe withour doubt was to put fome external] {plen- dour upon Chriftian Religion,as then contemned by reafon of its fimplici- ty thar fo Chriftians might be well ap» pointed to buckle with the Gentile Philofophers at theiz own weapons, But whither or no came this per {wafion from him, that hath called us out of darknelfe zuto his marvellous light, and | commanded us tobewareof vain Philofo- phy after the tradition of men, after the ; 18- So one T be Preface. rudiments of the World, and not after . Chrift. (Gal.s.8.1Pet.2.9 .Colof.2.8.) And indeed the moft fad eftate of the Church a litcle after thews what — ; . |e fruit we had in coupling Arifterle what Chrift; when all was ful of the noifé of difputations , (for flippery quzeftions, © and an itching defire of controverfie isthe very foulof Peripaceticifme) and herefie fprung out of herefie, till at length the fumes of humane opinions had fo quite darkned the brightneffe of the divinewifdom,that alfthings dege- neraced into Antichriftianifme. Where in forging articles of faich, and ordat- ning rales of life, Arijfotle had an x- quall fhare with Chrift, that I may not fay he had the fole di@acourfhip: of whichthing our School divinity will | give us a. very cleer fight. If Origen then a man of fo fudlime awit, in vain © attempted co piece out Chriftian reli- 7 gion with that fame heathen Philofo- 7 phys} The Preface, phy; and Thomas Scotus norno man elfe had any better fucceffe, why then do we tolerate it? Why do wenot flip our wits out ofthofe {nares ¢ why do We not throw away thofe {pedctacles which prefentus with fancies inftead of things? Some are aftaid, leaft, if theyfhould let go Peripatetick Philofophy, they thould have noneacall.Asif when H4- . £4r were caft out, there would have Ee been none to blefs Abraham with iffue! ' Or that the Z/raelites would have been fterved with hunger, when they had left the Agyptian flefh pots; or thar Mofes muft needs have grown block- ih, when he was out of the company Of the wife men of Memphis! Nay ~ _ father, that promifed Grace will come at length, at length that heavenly Man-») ~ | #4 will rain down, at length we thall betruly bsos1exre taught of God,when _ turning away our ears fram humane O- Pinions, we fhall hearken to God alone i A {peak-., ay : T be Preface. {peaking by Naturejand by his Word, And then how folid, eafie,and delight: full will all things be ! when as the whole courfe- of Philofophy will not confift inopinions butin truth. 7 But greater care wastobe had of me thod: thatall things fhould be delivery red tothe learners in fuch a way, chat} - they may finde knowledg to flow into} them, not tobe ftuft in, always beging} ning with thofe things that are bel} known, and ending in things no left} knowntheathey. For why fhould wef think chat impoffible in Phyficks, which is fo excellently atchieved if | Mathematicks? where all Demonftratie} © ons (N.W.) are brought to the very fight: andall isfo contrived togerhtt of things that go before.and are bettéi known (always beginning with fudl common things that it is tedious t0 the unskilfull to heare them ) in fudl an order, as that which is inthe mid deft is never fkipt over , nor place given to that which is more unknown, | whentt T be Preface. whence it comes to paffe, that you mutt of neceffity affentas well to that which is laft,as to that which is firft. And truly thete is reafon to wonder why the'like hathnot been yer aflayed in Metaphyficks, Phyficks, and Theo- logie , (for Ethicks and Politicks con- cetn more contingent things.) I am not ignorant that there ismore evidence in -Numbers,Meafures and Weights,then in Qualities,by whichNature puts forth its ftrength aftera hidden manner: yet T will not fay chat there is greater cer- tainty in them, fecing that all things are done alike not without higheft rea- fon, in acontinued order, and as it were by an external law. And yet in Mathe- Maticks all things, are not alike plain, yet they areaflayed fundry wayes till they canbe reduced to dvrofia, Or very ‘fighr, as I {aid before, and delivered Mientifically. For he fayes nothing in Philofophicall matters that proves no- thing : and he proves nothing that doth | Pe 2 nos } T be Preface. not-[0 demonftrate it that you cannot con- — tradict it. And nowlbefeechyou let this, be our bufineffe, that the {chools may ceafe to per/wade,and begin to demon firate : ceafe to di{pute and begin to pe. culate « ceafe laftly, to believe, and begin to know. For that Aristotellicall ma. xim}Di(centem oportet credere, A learnet mutt believe is as tyrannicall asdanges ous; and thar fame Pythagorean aulk éea zpfe dixit. Let no man be compell'd to {wear to his Mafters words , but let the things themfelves conftrain the ins tellect : Nor leta Mafter have any mort credit given him, then hee can demon itratein very deed, that heeis to have For in a free Common-wealth thet¢ ought to beno Kings, but Dukes or Ge neralls ; no Dictators, but Confuls: And thoie that profefs the art of inftruding men, are the Fathers of men, nocthe carvers of Statues. O when thall we fee that day ! that all things which ought _ to be known fhall offer themfelves foto a The Preface. _ ‘amans underftanding, that there wil be nothing but what may be underftood for the very cleernefs of it, nothing call’din doubt for certainty: che truth ‘of things making fuch an impreffion upon the fenfes with its light. For hee doth not fee truly, who mutt yet be perfwaded by argurhents to make him believe that hee {ees : as wee have been - hitherto dealt with for the beft part. Icould not choofe,becanfe I feemed to feelightin the light of God; but affay ”- calling Godto my aid, toreduce thefe new hypothefes of naturall chings into a new method, and diétate them to the Ichollers of this {chool. And thence fprang this, which I now offer, repre- fenting a draught of the lincaments of fome new, (and as I hope truly Chri- ) ftian) Philofophie. Not that I would crofle the defign of great Verulam (who thought it the beft way to abftein from Axiomes and method, till full induéti- Ons could be made , of all and every | Aid thin a The P reface, thing throughout all nature:) but tay make an experiment inthe mean time, _whether more light might be lec into our minds by this meansto obferve the Jecrets of nature themore eafily,thar {o praife might be perfected to God out of the very mouth of infants, and confufion prepared for the gainfaying enemie. as Davidhaving comprifed the fumme of Phyficks in a {hore hymne for the ule of the unlearned) {peaks. ¢ Pfal. 8.) I have entituled it a Synopfis of Phyficks | reformed by divine light : becaufe Phi-. lofophy is here guided by the lamp of divine Scripture, and all our affertions are brought to the atteftation of the fenfes and reafon, with as much eve dence as couldbe poffible.: Now both thofe come under the name of divine light, Foras David faid, THY WORD wd LANTHORNE unto my feet: £0 Laid Salomon THE SPIRIT o mndOFkF AMANBTHE CAN- DLE of the Lord fearching all things, (Pfalm T be Preface. (Pfales 119.105. and Proverbs 20.27. If any one object : That thefe things here delivered,arenot yet of that ccr- tainty or evidence, as to be preferred before 4riffotles fo long received do- Grine; I wid anfwer, that is not my drift at prefent: but onely I propound this as an example, chatatruer way of Philofophie may be fet out, Oy the Gui- dance of God, the Light of Reafon, and the Teftimonie of Senfe, it Philofophers would labour more after God and the Truth, then after Ariffotle and Opini- ons, Inthe mean time, thefe fhould be _ the more acceptable, and had in more reverent efteem of us, if it were for no- _ thing but this, that they are taken from the Oracles of God, and aime at a more abundant knowledg of God. For my part truly [ hadrather (in that mind I now am: and that it may fo conti- nue, ftrengthen me,d God)I had rather I fay erre; having God for my guide, then having Arzitotle : shat is, 1 had ou rather £ \ fac \s hehe eae, wan: Tbe Preface. rather follow the voice of God , though not throughly underftood yet, fol fol- low it, then be carried away ftom the facted teftimonies of my God, to the devices of the brain of man, I confefle my felf, chat fomething more were to be defired here yet, to that rule ofcertainty and evid ence which - I {pake of before: yer becaufe I truft meditations, (of mine own or fome o- thers, ) I doubted not to follow the, counfell of creat Acont ins - Tf thou ha made any rare ob fer vation {ayes he, which ‘BCUEY any one before made (whither the thing be a new anvention, or fome new way of former inventions although much c. wanting as yet, which as above th firenzth, weverthelele.if thoy Shorlde(t wot make it publick, it would argue either t00 much Cowardize,or t00 mug) haug hti- nelfe of thy mind, and however that thoy | artno lover of the Commay Wealth, And — why The Preface. why fhould not thefe things be ac- counted as new inventions; That ter- warie of principles fo clearly demonftrated _ from Scripture, Reafon’, and Senfe ? Why not that admirable fcale of [ub- flances , by a feptenarie gradation 2 Vay: not the doctrine of {pirits ( as well feparate as sncorporate :) of mo- tions alo and qualities, laid down more accurately ana plainly then ever before,cy letting in a quite new light into the know- “tedg of naturall things? To fay nothing of fmaller matcers {cattered all over the book. Every of which in particular though I dare not defend tooth and -nail,for fome things perhaps are till the reliques of common tradition ; and othersit may be; not yer fufficiently e- ftablifhed upon the toundations w we have laid down) yetIam perfwaded that | they are the groundworks of unmoved truth, and avail much to the more exa& obfervation of particular things. And _ that Imay fpeakinaword,I hope there ~ bit Ts The Preface. is fomuch lightin this method of Phy- ficks here delivered , that very litele, place is left to doubts and difputations: fo that it makes fomething towards the taking away the controverfies of Au- thours, the opinions of all (whatfoever of truth either Arifforle hath; or Galen, the Chywicks , Campanellaand Verula mins do reafonably alledge againft him) being reduced to an harmony: which may be made plain by the example of the principlesof which they make bo- dies to confift, (which 4rifforle would have to be the four Elements,the Syagy- vicks Salt, Sulfur and 3. Nay more, that | by this means a gate is opened. in a new kinde of way , not onely tothe under- ftanding of Arts and humane inventi- , ons, but alfo to multiply them: which could never be, unlefS the foundati- ons of truth were found. Perhaps I {peak more, thenthe Reader will think _ he findsinmy Writings. But ifhe faw but the fireams (the reat that The Preface. that Panfophia Chriftiana, which wee havein hand ) that are derived from this fountain , as alfo from that of our Didacticks and Metaphyficks , * hee would not hold it vainly fpoken, Bur becaufe thofe are not yet brought to | light, I fet down thisas a law for thele ” that are: If any thing be not {uf ficiently deduced from Senfe., Realon, and Scri- piure, If any thing cobere not harmoni- onfly enough with the rest , If any thing be not evident enough with its own per- Spicuity, let it betaken as not [aid at all. Which law ftanding in force it may be lawful for my felf & all others, both to - doubt always,and every where whether every thing be fo as itis delivered to be: andalfo to enquire why it is, as it. is foundto be; by which twocourfes, thatthe loweft foundations of truth, will in time be défcovered no body needs to doubt. Therefore let none of vs feeke after any thing elfe, but how thetruth. inay The Pre face. may beft be maintained on all hands which if it happen’ not tobe on out fide, and that weare deceived with ap- pearances of truth, (asit is very ufuall in. humane affaires,) I befeech all thofe that are more fharp-fighted » for the love of truth courteoufly to thew us our way, which we haye loft,and where our demonftrations come nor together, Butif thefe favour of truth fomethine » necr, that then they would not difdain to joyn their endevours with ours for the illuftration thereof: that all of us being the children of truth'may com- pofe and fing Hymnes of prayfe togce ther to God the Father of Truth, Thoutherefore é O Chrift the Fathers glory bright, Of this great World the onely light ; On ws forme beams of light beftow, That are thy fervants thee to know.’ ‘Amen, Lord makemeé to fee ! hete in- deed .@ The P reface. deed thy externall light fhining upon, and internal informing thy creatures, but there in [in heaven] zternall and uncreated ! Amen, Amen. And {o Chii- _ftian Readers farewel. PAC. Steereeeeeaces March the rath. 1650. Imprimatur F-o/es Dewname. A Table of the Heads of this Boor. Prolegomaena, of the nature and ufe of Phyfick. I N Idea of the World to be created A and created. pag.9 Il Of the principles of the world, Matter Spirit and Light. III Of the motion of things. 1V Of the qualities of things. iV Of the mutation of things. VI. Of the Elements. VII Of Vapours. VIII Of Concretes. IX = Of Plants. The Contents. X Of living creatures. . 159 XI Of Man. 210 XII * Of Angels. : 228 edu Appendix to Phyficks, of the difeafes of : the Bedy, Mind and Sonl , aad their ve- medies. Hie Errata. Page 53. for foftnets read faltnefs, p.63. for ! foftnefs r. faltnefs , p 247. ime 12. for run _*noifome, p.250.2.4.for veins reins ibid.l.28 dele by. | oP RO- “() Sbdddididbdsd PROLEGOMENA. _ Teaching the nature.,, foundation and ufe of #.), Phyfick, Ney | I Phyfick w the Scientiall Knowledge of naturall things. a II That thing 1s natural , which is by Na- tare, not by Are * , ae ‘ Or: whatfoéver this » vifible » World hath | comesaall; :ei- =} ther from Nature or from =. Art. thofe things are from Nature which. God brought forth inthe beginning,or w°h ateto this very time begorten:by a virtue it- planted in things,as,the Heavens,the Earth, the Sea, Rivers, Mountains, Stones, Metals, ' Hearbs , - living Creatures | &c. thofe things are from art which men have fhaped, by pucting a new form upon natural things ; as,Cities, Houfes, Ponds, Channels,Statues, Coines, Garments, Books, &c. that is by the. " work of mans ingenuity and hands.Phyficks have nothing to do with thefe things: thee are put over to thé arts. rT ryt we SAAS () Now feeing that‘hatiirc is before art:ye it , "art imitates nothing but nature, for as much ds.it doth tiothing buby the ftfensth of na- tlre “it neceflarily follows, that nature isto be laid for a foundation to arts, and that na- ture muft firft be knowne by thofe that.are ftudious of arts, whatthings, and by what werttié it operates eVery where!’ for when thisisknown , the fecrets of all arts open of “their own accord. without this'in arts and prudentials all wil be blinde ; dumbe , and maimed: therefore Phyfick i is’ fo neceffary to bespremifed before the Mathematicaland ‘Logical ; and alfothe prudenciatl Arts, ‘chat | they slic do otherwife vomay Be rtho ven | +o build caftlesinthe air. Spee S111 The nature of things 1s, t me of bia born and of dying’, of operating andof” ceafings which Ged the workmafter hath laid upon al things that are. For.all things are-born and ee all things -operatefomewhat,and all things ceafe a} ett : inan orderand manner proper toe very creature- which order and manrief*be- ing that it is with moft excellent -reafon, ‘could not be difpofed, but. by the fapream wifdome, inafmuch as itis found ‘conftantly. to beim ge by way-efa Jaw upon things now (3) fiow it took the ‘name Sf ature from. the firft degree of mutation, of eNeLy, thing, which j is, tO be’borne. . “EV The'k kywmledge if dibine ate oe abrein’ ‘d by fearching inte Nature it [elf By Your ching T fay. For no one. : thould R, Spend his time in Phyficks, to that end,chac he might have his mind cakén up with. ano- thers conceits ; but that he may put, for- ward himfelf to the through and intimate krowleds of things, otherwife the intellea- will not be illuftraced with the nature. of things,but obumbrated with the {peculation _ of phantafms in naturall things, therefore % Weare td feek for guides who may make us fcholers, not of themfelves, but ef,na- ture, and exhibite unto us. not, ‘their oun fond reafons, but nature. < V To fearh Nature, t.to contemplate, how, and ‘wherefore, every ‘thing in IER ot ts, gone? *'”** Sy i otek To coritemplaté Lay. For: as We: do, no not, fee thie Sun, but by looking on the Sun; . £0, we do tot learn-nature, bus by looking i intos nattive: which is tliat the Scripture counfels us. ASR the beafts; and they hall teach thee, } and the'fixls of the aire, and they fhall..tell if rs thee ; or talk with the bh og ana it foall an (* te. % (wer | . Ad 1 Saver thee, and the fifbes of the fea fall declare wate thee. (fob 12.7.) therefore the learners OF natural! Philofo phy, cannot be more happily and eafily inftru@ed, then if they be taught by ocular demontftration, where- foever itis to be had: L/ay to contemplate every thing, that fo we may fift out the rea- | fons and caufes of all things every whete. For it is Certain that nature doth nothing in vain, even in things of leaft moment, yea fometimes in the very leatt things ‘much wifdome fies ftored up. And which is more, we Cannot attain co the knowledg of great things, but by the knowledge of leffer things, whith the following Aphorifine will teach a : | “OMT Natare ‘unfilds her felf in: the leaft things \ and wraps ap her [elf in the greateff thiags. . i s : : : “That is, in the more excellent creatures _ many'things aré wound up and woven toge- » ther with fuch an occule artifice, that nei- ther the beginning nor the endings of adti- ons and accidents can eafily be difcerned, but in‘all courfer creatures. all things are clearly manifeft , which js the caufe . why the nature of compounds cannot be. _ knowne', unleffe the nature of fimples ee be Cs, be firft known : fo cohfequently we are to begin with thefe {peculations, and to. pro- ceed by degrees from fimpler things to the More compound : which very order we fhall fee that the Creator himfelf obferved, in producing and twifting together the na- ture of things. .o VII Weeare to ftudie natural Phylofaphie by the guide of fenfe , and light of the Stri- ptyre. For fenfe is the beginning not onely ‘of knowledge, but of certainty, and wifdome : for as there is nothing in the intelle& which was not firft in the fenfe, fo if there be any thing obfcurely or doubtfully in the intel- lect, we are to have recourfe to the fenfe for evidence and certainty. but wherefoever fenfe or reafon faileth, (as in things remote either in place or time) we are indebted to the grace of God, that he hath deigned to reveale many things unto us exceeding fenfe and reafon. For example , the firft produ- Ction of the world, and the confticution of things inyifible. . He that neglecteth either of thefe ‘princi- ples is eafily intangled in errours’: for by how much the more of imagination any _ thing hath, by fo much the more vanitie it Bo hath (6) hath, and is the more remote from the } truth: again, by how much the leffe any | thing participates of revealed wifdome, by fomiichthe leffe it partakes of the truth. _ _ and fuch for the moft part is the Philofophy of the Gentiles, and therefore vain and bar- ten, we will follow the guidance of AZj/es, (who defcribed the generation of the world by the command of God : yet always heed- fully obferving the atteftation of the fenfes, — and of reafon.For wifely doth Lnd.Vives(as Wellaye fetdown under the title of thisbook) — recall'Chriftians from the lam pofthe Gen- tiles, which yeilds an obfcure and maligne . light, to that torch of the Sun, which Chrift the ‘light of the World brought into the world, attributing much wit indeed, but. little profit.to the inventions of eriftorle. nay further Camp.znellaand Verulamius mot Chriftian Philofophers(that are acquainted, with that way of Philofophy from fenfe and Scripture) have demonftrated that all e riftotles do@rines are nothing but a nurferie of difputations, (that is of obfcurities, hzfi- \ tancies, contradiGions, ftrifes, and wrang- lings) and fighting hood-winckt, and that they hinder rather then advance our medi- tation of things, and withall have afforded © us“ us a light,whereatwe may kindle more clear torches of inquiring out the teuth. follow ‘ing vvhofe footfteps. (yet daying. {trong foundations from the Seriprure) vve vvill | dreffe out a little Theatré of nature, not for difputation, but for {peculation; and. vve will go through. nature-fileatly., yet not | yvithout our eyes, and that again according to the counfel of great Vives: Here zs no ncea | of difputations,(aith he) but of a filent contem- platzon of mature : the Scholars [hal enquire and | ask rather then contend: If any be more flow they | wil need-more ful commonftration not difputati- en, and alittle after, again I fay, here 1s no need | of wrangling but of looking on, fo this findy wil be the delight of the rich, anda refrelbing of the mind tothofe that deal either in publike or in private affairs : for when foal we eafily fied any ather delight of the fenfes,to be compared with this, either inthe greatuc{s or tn the variety, in the continuance of it s for when we beftow our for any other recreation , nor defire.{axce for this meat, the walk it felf, and the quiet contempla- tion is both a School and a Mafter as that which . always affords fomething, which thors muyeft ad- mire, wherein thou mayeft delight , Which may increafe thy knowledge. / ) ‘T here- labour wpon thes contemplation, mee need sot feek, (8) Therefore let us tefolve upon this, yyg _ that vievv nacurall things, to: reft upon no other authority befides ‘chat of the Work mafter of nature, and ofnature her {elf (as fhe holds forth her felt to be touched and felt) the Scriptures, fenfeand rea-_. fon, thal be our Guides, Witnefles and Ditators, to the Tefti- monies of which he chat a fents not, fhevvs him- {elfe very foolith and vain. (9) a ene ‘CHAP FT, An Idea of the World to be created and created. He eternall Deitie, our God that is to beadored, after the infinite glories which hee enjoyes in his immenfe eternity, was of his exceeding goodnelfe propenfe to communicate himfelfe out of himfelf ; and by his exceeding wi/dome faw that his invifible things might be expreffed by certain yifible images ; and to execute that , had his Ommipotencie at hand, he de- creed not to envie entitie to thofe things, — wherein he might be expreffed, and where- in his Power , Wifdome and Gooduels might | * be revealed : therefore he produced intelli- gent creatures, by whom he might be known & praifed Angels and men:both after hisown image: but the firft pure minds, the other . clothed with bodies for whom ‘he builra . _ dwelling place, and as it werea fchoo! of wifdome, this univerfall World with other ‘Greatures of inferiour degree almoft infinite: | alland every of which, cry out after their manner , hee made us, and not wee our felves. Now then we go about to unfold in what f Of- | (10) order fo great a work proceeded, and with © what art‘all things were contrived and with _ what ftrengch they are held-together,yet by his guiding who alone ‘is able to teftifie of | hunfelfand of his works ; for-thus, fays he, by his Secretary Afofes. Gen. 1. I In the beginning God created the heaven, | (v. 1.) Thats, the heaven of heavens with | the Angels: whom as morning ‘ftars firft produced; he made fpectatours of the reft © of his works. (fob. 38.0.4.) | _ UT And the earth )chatis this vilible world, which notwithftanding he did not finith’in the fame’ moment, therefore itis faid. > ll. And the earth wasveid,c® without form, © _ and carknelfe was upon the face of the deep. v. x. _ that'is,che matter of this world was firft pro- duced, a certain Chaos without form and — darke, like a black fmoake arjfing out of the bottomleffe pit of nihititie, by the beck of the Almighty, and this was matter, the firft: principle of this vifible Wo Id. 3 TV Andrhe Spirit of. God moved apon the’ water, )} that is a certaine ftrength was introduced by the fpirit or breath of God in- rothat famedarke, and of ir felfe confufed ” matter, whereby irbegan to ftirre. hereby then is underfood rhe fecond privciple J the (tr) the World , that is,’ the (pirit of life diffufed shreugbiat whereof the Univerfal World is hitherto ful; which infinuating it felfe eve- rywhere through all the parts ofthe matter, cherifhes and Tules it, and produces every creature,introducing into every one its own form, but being that this work-mafter had need of fire to foften and to prepare the matter, varioufly for various ufes, God pro- duced it. For, , V Ged Waid let there be light and there mas light, ver. 3.) this is defcribed, as the third principle of the World, meerly atrive ,where-, by the matter: was made vifible and divifiblé into’ forms , the light, 1 fay, perfecting all things which are and are made inthe w orld, therefore it is added. V1 And God faw the light thar it wis good, ver. 4 ) that is, he faw:that all things would now proceed in order? for that lishe being. produced ina great maffe, began “prefetitly to difplay i its threefold: virtue (of iluminat- ing, moving it felfe, and ee and by turning about the World, to heat and rarifie the matter, and foto divide it.for hence fol- lowed fir of all from the br rightnefle of chat’ light the difference of nights anddays. ° oY 1 I He divided the Light f from darkacfs, and | hi 7 i’ {| ie = SS me nar rivet > €, Alt a At called the light day, and the darkneffe he calle wight,.and the eveni ag and morning were the fief day, ver.>..) that is, that light when it had turn’d it felf round, com pafled the World, with that motion made day and nishr. . The fecond effee& of light was from heat, nanely that which way foever it pafs*d it ras rified and purified the matter,but it conden fed it on both fides, u pward and downward Whence came the divifion of the Elements, this Ma/es expreffes inthe:e words. i VIII And God [aid,let there bea F ty mamsenh, that it may divide betwixt the wa er Above aia the waters below, ver.6.) God faid, tharis, he Ordained how it fhould be. let there be 4 _ Firmament,that is, let that light ftretch forth the matter, and let the thicker part of the matter melting and flying from the light thereof,make warets on this fide and on that. above, as they are the term of the vifible” World; but below, as they area matter apt Co produce other creatures, under which the earth as thick dregs came together. that was done the fecond day. ae XI Therefore God [aid, ler the waters be gathe-| ved together wnder heaven into one. place; and lee the dry laxd appear. and st was fos and God cal- ! ted the dry lad. earth, and the fathering ge ry ther us ae | (13) ther of:the waters he calledfeas, andhe {aw that it was good. ver. 9, 10.) and fo on the third day, there came the foure greateft bodies of the World out of the matter already pro- duced, e£ther, (that is, the Firmament or Heaven):Aire , Water and Earths all as yet void of leffer creatures. therefore faid God. X Letthe earth bud furth the green herb, and trees bearing feed or fruit eVErY One According to 6 Rinde ver...) this was done the fame third day, when as now the heat of Ceelefti- all light having wrought more effectually began to beget fat vapours on the earth, Whereinto that living {pirit of che World infinuating it felf , beganto caufe plants to SOW Up in various formes, according asit. Pleafed the Creator. this is the trueft origi- naland manner of generation of plants hi- therto, that they are form’d by the fpirit with the help of heat. but as the heavens did not always equally effule the fame heat, but according to the varions form’of the World, one while more. mildly’, another while more ftrongly ;°the fourth day Ged’ | difpofed that fame light of heaven,otherwife then hitherto it had been, namely, forming from that one great maffe thereof divers lu- cid Globes, greater and letfer, which ; being ae. called (14) e called {tars) he placed here and there inth Firmament higher and Jower, withan: um} quall motion, to diftinguifh the times, g this AZofes deferibes vi 14,.15;&c. thus. ») X} And Ged {aid, let there be light made the Firmament of heaven; thas they may divine the day, and the night,.and may be for figues, Ai for (eafons;and for days, and for year ssthat thy may frinein the Firmament, and entighten th earth, thereforeGod made two great Lights, am the frarresy peeret rs as een nn eee Ae See R a ee ee Ce) CHAP.AIL Of the vifible Principles of the World, matter, [pirit and light. | X 7 £ have feene , God fhewing us, how thé World arofe out 6f the Abyfle: of nihilitie ; lec us now fee how it ftandeth, that fo by feeing we may learn to fee, and by feeling to feel, the very truth of things. a ‘And here are three principles of vifible things held outunto us, matter, {pirit, and light, that they were produced the firft day, as three great but rude Mafles, and out of thofe varioufly wrought, came forth va- rious kinds of creatures, therefore we mf eme quire further, whether thefe three principles of ‘all bodies have a true being, and be yet exi/tent. feaft any errour be perhaps committed at the very entrance, by any negligence what= foever, but now feeing that no more doubts of matter, and light, this onely comes to. be proved, that by that {pirit which ho uered up on the face of the waters, a certain univerlal {pirit of the world, is to be underftood, which puts life and vigour into all things created, (21) for the newneffe of this opinion in phyficks, and the interpretation of that place by Di- vines with one confent of the perfon of the holy Spirit, give occafion of doubting. But Chry- Softome, (as Aflacus cites him) and Daneus acknowledgeth, thatinthis placea created fpirit, which is as it were the foul of the World, ismore rightly to, be underftood ; and it is proved ftrongly. T By Scripture, which teftifieth that a certain vertue was infufed by God through the whole world, fufteining and quickening allthings, and operating all things in alf things; which he calleth both a /pint and ’ a fowl, and fometimes the /pirit of God, fome- times the /pirit of the creatures. For example ( P/al. 1 4:29.30.) David faith thus ; when thou receiveft their pirit, (that isthe fpirit of living creatures, and of Plants ) they die, and return to their duft : but when thor fendeft forth thy fpirie ( that isthe Spirit of God, ) again, they are recrea- ted, and the Je of the earth is renewed , but | pub (29.3.) ays thus ; as long as my foul (hall bein me, and the [pertt of God in my noftrilss fee the foul of man, and the fpiric of God ate Pat for the fame! which place compared With the faying of Elihie, the [pirit of God hath Te ii ei; made ( 22.) made me, and the breath of the Omnipotent hath — put life into me. (c. 33. v.4.) opens the: true meaning of A4ofes ; namely that the /pirit — of God ftirring uponthe waters, produced — the {pirit or foul of the world, which puts life into all living things. Now that this is difpo- fed through all things, appears outof Eze- — chiel: where God promifing the fpirit of life unto the dry bones, ( Exech.17.v.5,14.) 9 which he cals hs Spirit,bids it to come from © the four Winds (v.9 ) therefore Auguftine, © (ib imperf. (up.Gen.ad lit.)and Bafil (in He-~ xamero ) call this {pirit, the foule of the world. © And Ariftorle(as Sennertus teftifies) {ays that | the fpirit of life isaliving and genital effence } a'ffufed through all, things but the teftimony | of Elihu , is moft obfervable , who {peaks 7 thus. 770 hath placed the whole world ?. If he (namely God) bould fet his heart “pon it, and | oould gather unto bimfelf the [pirit thereof, and |. the breath thereof (or:his {pirit and his breath: | For the Hebrew affix is rendred both ways) }: all flefo would die together , and man mould rex 4 turn untodaft. Fok 24..13,14- So, if God) fhould take his {pirit out of the World,eve- ry living thing would die. % 2 By reafon and fenfe , it is.certainly evi-d dent , that herbs and animals {pring out of a humide matter, even without feed. But) — at (23) whence had thefe life, T pray you, but from that diffafed foul of the World? wee finde by experience, that bread, wine and water, yea aire, are vitall to thofe that feed upon _ them,but whence have they that vital force, I pray you , if not from this diffufed foule > but now if a certaine {pirit: be diffufed in that manner through all things , it follows neceflarily, that it was created in the begin- ing in its Whole maffe, even as the matter & the light were firft produced, in that its great and undigefted maffe: fo thas there was no ‘need that any thing fhould be created after- Wards , but be compounded of thofe three, ‘and diftinguifhed with forms. which God. ‘intimated, in Efay 42. v.5. where declaring™ himfelf the Creator of all things, he divides them into three parts , namely, sto the hea | vens, (that is light. rhe earth,(that is m atter) | anda quickping fpirit, and juft{ouin Zachary 12.41. let us therefore hereafter beware fo ) Steatan abfurdity, (that I may nocfay blae ‘\phemy) as to put the perfon of the Holy 'Ghoft among{tthe creatures. Now there may three reafons of this thing be given, why CAo/és called that quickning fpirit ) produced in the beginning, the Spiric ‘Of God. Namely , that it is taken in that ‘fenfe, wherein el(-whtre it is {poken of the x waonntains of God, (Pfal-26.v.9.) and trees of God (Pfal.104.v.16. and Nimve was called acitie of God: that ts, by reafon of theit greatnefs and dignity. > Becaufe it was produced immediatly by God ; not as now itis, when that fpirtt paffeth from one fubject to another. 3 Becaufe it was a peculiar act of the ho: ly Ghoft. For the eAnalogie of our Faith teacheth us to believe, that the produttion of the matter of of nothing, 1 a work, of Gods Omnipotencie, ana is attributed tothe Father ; thar the produtir) on of light (by Which the World received * fplendour and order) és a Work of vifdome a tributedto the Son; ( foba t.v.2,4.) and lapel that the virtue infufed into the creatures , UA Work of his goodnel[e, which is attributed to the Holy Ghoft. (Pfal.143-v 10.) and fo mutt that place (P/al.23.v-9. & 6. be aleogethet underftood, (for: it will not bear any othet fenfe) he [pake and they were made; he commanr ed, and they came forth: the heavems were eftae blifhed by the Word of God, and all the virtaed, themby the [pirit of bis mouth. A\lo wee mutt note, (Gev.1-v-1,7,3.) that three words att added to the three principles , be created, Wt faid, and be moved himfelf ; that they “a i , igat | _ (25) figns of his abfolute Power,of his Word,and of his{pirit.A\fo we muft note this,that in both " thole places the Holy Ghoft with his work isplaced in the midft; (as alfoin E/ay 4o. v.13.) becaufe heis the fpirit, the love, and the mutual! bond of both, but this we {peak ‘after the manner of men Let it ftand therefore for certain, that all . the principles were created the firft day,eve- ry one in its maffe ; and chatall things were afterwards compofed out of them, which may be declared to children (for their more full underftanding ) by a fimilitude thus : an Apothecary or Confectioner being to make _ odoriferous Balls, takes Sugar in ftead of matter ; Rofe-water, or Syrrup, or fomeo- ther fweet liquour for tincture or conditure; laft of all taking fome of this lumpe thus; made , hee imprints certain fhapes upon his work.Soalfo od firft prepared his matter: then tempered it with 2 living fpirir ; then brought light into it, which by its heat and motion might mix and temper both toge- ther and bring it co certain forms. alfo even asa Mechanick mufthave matter,and two hands to work withall; the one haitd, to hold ; andthe other to work with: fo in the framing of the world, there was need, (26) firft of matter, then ofa fpiritto frame the matter, and laftly of light, or heat to in- actuate the matter under the hand of the {pirit. and what need many words? we fee in every {tone hearb, and living creature : firft a certain quantity of matter ; fecondly, a certain inward virtue, wherebyit is gene- rated, it groweth, it fpreads abroad its fa- vour , and its odour and its healing virtue : thirdly , a form ora certain difpofition of parts with divers changes which come from the heat working within. For, Matter “ee a meerly pa/ffive, Light Ccipl " »meerly aétive, eee € Ree ay : ; ; Spirit OP Stadifferent , for in re- Ipect of the matter it is a@ive ;inrefped of the light, paflive. 7 he definitions of the principles: Matter, is acorpalent fubftance, of it Self rade and dark conftituting bodies. Spirit, isa fubtile ( ubftance , of it felf li- ving, invifible and infenfible , dwelling and Growing in bodies. Light, tsa fubftance of it felf vifidle, and moveable, lucid, penetrating the matter,and pre- paring tt to receive the fbirits, and fo forming aut the bodies. . There- = * SURE) 1 ( (Dulnes,obfeuri- | There- | Later, | any j ty & immobili- [thi ing | ty:as the earth. how | hath. 2 Vigour and du- much ¢ 1 it hath eabuls : : as an the | fomuch | Angell. more, | Light, 8.1 nore Leora & mobi- L ity : as the Sur. Note alfo ; that matter , is the firft crvitie inthe World ; ; Spirit, the “firtt living thing ; Light, the firtt moving thing ; fo that ever y body in the World is of the matter , by the light, in the {piric: which he woul Id have to be his j image, from whom, by whom, in whore are all rhings bl effea a evermore, Amen. ‘Rom.31 2.26. Of the nature of matter. - Ruly faid one; No dsligenice can be to much i in | learch; ingot tke b beginning of thing oS» fot when the principles are e right ly “fet downs. aninfinite number of conclufions will fol low of their own accord , and the fcience wil encreafe it felf iv iafinitam ; which the creation of things doth alfo fhew. Vor God having g produced the principles the firft day, and wrousht them together with moft ex- cellent ski! Made afterward fo great variety _ Of thingsto proceed trom them , that bork ‘ men . (28 ) ‘ menand Angels may be aftonifhed. Ther ' fore let us not thinke over-much , to frame” our thoughts yet of - all the Principles of chee World apart. : Let the following Aphorifins be of the matter. : IL The firft matter of the world, was a Va=" pour or a fume. | | | For what means that deicriptionof A4- Jes elfe? when he calls it earth, water s,the deep, darkue/s, a thing void, and without form ? and® it appears alfo by reafon. for feeing that the leffer bodies of ‘the World, Clouds, Water, Stones , Metals , and all things growing On the earch are made of vapours coa- gulated (as fhall appeare moft evidentl hereafter :) why not the whole World alfo? certainly the matter of the whole can be no-_ thing elfe , but chat which is found to be the matter of the parts. , ae _ AL The fir? matter of the world , was a Chaos of difperfed Atomes, cohering in no part thereof. This is proved 1 by reafon, for if they had cohered in any fort,they had had form : but they had not;for it was Tabu vabohu,a thing Without form and void. 2 by fenfe, which fatisfies | that she Elements are turned unto i . Atomes, 7 , (9). _Atomes. for what is duft, but earth reduced _ into Atomes ? what is vapour, but water re- folved into more fubtile parts? the air it felf, what is it but a moft {mall comminution of drops of water,and unperceiveable by fenfe? ei yea, all bodies are found to confift of moft aml extream {mall parts, astrees,barke, flefh, © = |) | - Skins,and membranes ,of moft flender ftrings i or threds ; but bones,ftones, metals,offmal =. ae duft made up together,intowhich they may *. - a be refolved again. And this fhews alfo, that Hi? thofe threds or haires , are of Atomes, as it Were glued together , that when they are aa dried they may be pouldred. wherefore the Whole World is nothing but duft , coagula- ted with various glutinous matters into fuch | orfuchaform. 3 dy Scripture for the #- ternall Wifdom it felf teftifies, that rhebe- i inning of the World was duft. ( Prov-8.v.26-) ae out of which foundation many places of Scripture wil be better underftood : (as on 3.0.14.) duft thou art, and into duft thou fbalt return. For, behold, man was made of the 4. a mud of the earth ! yet God being angry for 278 hi fin, threatens fomthing more , then return- ing toduft , namely utmoft refolution, into the very urmoft duft , of which the mud of ' the earth it felf was made : and wee fee irto be truly fo, that a man is diffolved-not one- ly into earth, but into all the elements, (efpe. cially thofe that perifh by fire) andis at lait {cattered into very Atomes.Read and under ftand , what is faid (ob 4.0.19.) Jems 19. v.9.E fay 26.v.19-Pfal.104.v. 29. therefore, Democritus erred not altogether , in making’ Atomes the matter of the World: bur hee erred in that hee believed, 1 that they were eternall, 2 that they went together into forms by adventure , 3 that they cohere of themfelves: by reafon that he was ignorant of chat which the Wifdom of God hath re- vealed unto us , that the Atomes were con. giutinated into a mafs , by the infufion of the Spirit of Jife, and began to be diftingui- fhed into forms , by the comming in of the lighe, TE < 11 Ged produced fo gveat a mafs of this matter , as might [uffice to fill the created A= by fe. » For with the beginning of the heaven and the earth, that-vait {pace was prefently pro- — duced , wherein the heaven and the earth Were to be placed , which place AZofes cals. the edbyffe, which no creature can pale through by reafon of itsdepth and vaftnels. Now the Aphorifmtels us, that all this a filled — i , (37) filled up with that confufed fume, left wee fhould imagine any vacuum. i VV Dhe matter w of it felf invifible, and - therefore dark,, . | Fordarknefsis feen after the fame man- net when the eyes are fhut, as when they are “open; thacis, they are notfeenatall. and “7 this is it,which /40/es fays: and darkneffe was 7 upon the face of the Abyffe. V-The matter ws ef it felf without form Jet it os apt to be extended, contrakted, divided, united, and. to receive every form ana figure, as Wax ws to recesve every feal. — “» For we have fhewed that all the bodies of the World are made of thefe Atomes’, and are refolved into them , therefore they are nothing elie but the matter clothed with fe- verall forms. which the Chymicks demon- firate to the eye, reducing fome duft one While into liquour, another while into a va- pour, another while into a ftone, &c. VI The matter us eternall in its duration through all forms , fothat nothing of it cam per - 14h. For in very deed, from themaking of the World untill now, not fo much as one cram of matter hath perithed, nor one increafed. for in that bodies are generated, and do Pe ri (32) . rifh that is nothing elfe, but a tranfmutati- on of forms in thefame matter, as when-va- pour is made of water, of that vapour a cloud, of the cloud rain, and of the rain drunk in by the roots of plants an hearb, &c. | V4 The principal virtue of the matter of the world ts, aw indiffoluble coberence every where, [othat st can endure to be difcontinueh an no part, and a vacant {pace to be left. Notwithftanding perhaps this virtue is not from the matter, but from the fpirit af fufed: of which in the Chapter following, VII From this matter, the whole world uy material and corporeal, and 1: fo called. . For all the bodies of the World, even the moft fubtle, and’ the moft lightfome, are nothing but form, partly coagulated, partly refined. Now after what manner itis coagulated or refined, fhall appear in that which follows. | Of the nature of the Spirit, or foule of the World. . A “He fpirit of the World, js life it felf infu- fed into the World, to operate all things in all. for whatfoever any creature doth of fuffers, itdoth or fuffers it by virtue of this {pirit. for it is given to it. (33) I Toinbabite the matter. , {a Fors in the beginning it moved ir, felf. uponthewaters, fo yet it isnot extant, but inthe matter.; efpecially in a liquid and fub- tile matter. Whence in the body of a living creature, thofe' moft fubtile, fanguine. va- pours, and as it were flames, which are the charriot of life, are called, {pirits. And Chy- micks, extra@ing afpiric out of herbs, me- tals, ftones ‘like a little, wager, call it the Quinteffence; becaule it is a more fubtile fub- ftance than all. the four elements. But, not . water it felf,asit is water, but that living virtue of the. creature, out of which itis ex- tracted, inhabiting im it. which being that it cannot be aleogether feparated from the matter, is preferved in that fubtile form of matter. For. how fatt the {pirit inheres in the matter, fhall be taught about the end.¢ bap- 9-10. Ll To,move or agitate it {elf through. the whole matter to preferve-it. 4 Henceitis:,.1 that no vacuum can bein - “the world: For. all bodies, even,, the, moft fubtile, (as warer, air, the skie), being indu- cedwith this {pirit, delight. in contiguity.and econtinuity.For as a living) creature will not be ctit, foralfo water, air, yea, the world ic at: D felf ; 3 a ome eee pe ee = ey te: felf; by reafon of that univerfall {pirit, unt ting all things init, which alfo’ when a fe- paration is made (as in the wounds of li- ving creattires, in thé cutting’ of the water, in the parting of the air may be feen) makes | the matter clofe again. 2. that every crea- ture putrifies, when that fpirit is taken away, (asif you extrac the fpirit of wine out of wine, or fuffer the {pirit to evaporate out of anhearb, &c:) but is preferved; yea made} better,if the {pirit be preferved.For example; wine kept in any folid'veffel under the earth, er water, though it be an 10c years’; grows itill the richer:the {pirit ftirring and moving it felf in it, and by that meanes, ‘ftill moul- ding the mater more and more , and'mote and more purifying it from crudities. PLT To keep the particular Ideas or forms | things. | _ For one & the fame,fpirit of the univerfe, is afterwards diduced into many particulari- ties, by the comand of God ; fo thar thereis one fpitit of water, another {pirit of earth, another of metals another of plants,another of hving creatures, &c. and then in evety kind agatn feverall fpecies. Now then that ofthe feed of wheat, there {prings not a bean, much lefle, a walnut, or a:bird, &e: 1S (35) : ts from the {pirit of the wheat, which be- ingincluded inthe feed , formeth ir {elf a body according to its nature.Fram the fame ee is the cuftody. of the bourids.of nature. ‘or example; that a horfe grows not to the bigneffe of a mountain, nor {tays at the {malnefle of a cat, LV Zo formit {elf bodses, for theufe of fa- ture operations. _ For example, the {pirit of a dog being in- cluded in its feed, when it begigs to form the young, doth not form it wings, or fins, or hands, &c. becaufe it needeth not thofe members: but four feet, and other mem- bers, in fuech fort, as they are fic for that ufe, 6 towhich they are intended. Becaufe fome dogs are for pleafure, others to keep the houfe, or flocks, others. for hunting ; and that either for hares, or wild bores; or wa- ter foul, &c. (namely, according as the Cre- ator mingled the fpirit of living creatures, that they fhould have Sympathy or Antipa- thy one with another) Every ones own f pirit st doth form ita body firfor its end. whence 4) from the fight of the creatures onely, the ff ule of every. one may be gathered, as the learned think ; becaufe every creatu: e bea- reth its fignature about ir. a bate; iy D2 : of 36) 6 0) ANE OF the nature of Mighr. 2°72 One I fF He firft light was ‘nothing elfe but bright | neffesora great flame, [ent into the ‘dark matter tomake it visible and divifible into form. For inthe primitive language, light ‘and fire are of the famé name 4 y_ and Ax, whence alfo comes the Latine’ word U RO. and verily the light ‘of ‘heaven, doth teally both fhineand burn, or heat. : Ll. Ged put into the light a threefold vertue: I of [preading it (elf every way, and illamina ting all things. 2 of moving the matter with st being taken hold of by burning and inflaming. 3: of heating, and thereb ay rarifying and attenn- ating the matter. if Allthefe things ou fire doth alfot- be- caufe itis nothing elfe , but light ; kindled inthe inferiour matter. i]. But wher as thar light could got ex- tend hs motion upwards and downwards, (for it would have found aterm forthwith) it ‘moved it felf, and doth Pill move in a round > whence came the beginning of dayes. eee LV end becaufe the matter rarified above. heat being vaifed by the motion of the light, the. grofler par sof the matter were compelled to fall downward , and to conglobate them/elves in the middc(t, of the Univerle? whith vis the be gisasng of the earth and water. V The 037) V The light therefore by this its threefold vertue, light, motion, and heat ) introduced con- trariety into the World. For darkneffe was oppofite to light ; reft, to motion; cold; to heat? whence came other contraries befides, moift and dry;thinand. thickyhéavy and tight, &c. of which. 4 yf! Farle ge VA From the light therefore is'thedifpafition and adorning of the whole World. 7 Forthe light is the onely fountain both of vilibility, and of motion;s-and, of heat. take light out ‘of the, World,and. all-things’ wilt returninto.a Chaos::For if alt things lofe their colours and cheir formeéssin> the night When the Sun is ab-ent sand: living. crea- tures ind plants diewn winter. bysreafon of theSuns operation being not ftrong enough, and the-earth.and the water do nothing but freeze :. what do you think would be; if the luminaries of heaven,were quite extinguifh- ed? Therefore all things in the vifthle. world throughout, are,and are mad:, of the matter, in the fpirit, bur by the fire or light. (38) CHAP. IIL Ofthe motion of things: He principles of things: being conftitu- ct we are to fee the commmon atci- deiits of things » whith are CUorion, Quality, and (Atutarion. > Si For out of the congreffe of the principles — of the World, came firft motion ; out of motion, came quality’: and out of quality again, came various mutations of things: which three are hitherto in al} created” things, as it Shall appear, . | I (Motion is an accident of a body, whereby it wtranfferred from place to place. The dodrine of natural! motions; how. many they are, and how they are made, is the key to the underftanding of all naturall actions: and therefore moft diligently to be obferved. 1] Motion was given to things, for genera- tion, action, and time. “ For generation: for nothing could be | gotten without compofition : nor compo- _ fed without comming together: nor come i together without motion. Form 4 (39) ~ “For ations: becaufe there.could be none without motion ‘For time: that icmight be the meafure of the duration of things. For take the Sun andthe Starrés ourof the World; nothing - can be known, what, where, when: all things will be blind, dumb, deaf: TIT Motion ts either fimple or capponnd. IV Simple motion is esther of {pirit, or of _ light, or of matter. V The motion of the [pirit is called agitati- 07, whereby the (pirit agitates it (elf in the mar ter feeking to suform it. _ Forthe living fpiritwould not be living, ifit fhould ceafe to agitate it felf, and ftrive - tofubdue the matter in any fort whatfoever. This motion is the beginning of the genera- ton, and corruption of things. For the fpi- ritin every thing (ih flefh, an apple,a grain, wood, &c.) doth by agitating it felt, foften the parts, that it may either receive new he or it may fly our, and the thing putri- € VI The motion of the light is called diffufi- 61, whereby the light andthe heat diffufe thm- [elves ito all the parts. Por fire, were not fire, nor heat, heat, if it fhould ceafe to diffule it (elf, and liquifie the (4°) the matter And from this motion of the fire; all the motion of the matter draws ats original as the experience’ of the fenfes teftifies, For grofie and cold things , as wood, a ftone, ice | &c. want motion of themfelves, which } notwithftanding when fire is-put to them, they forthwith obtein, as it may be demon- - ftrated'to the eye-tet there be,a kettle full | of water, put wood underneath. it ; behold all is quiet! but kindle the wood, you fhall prefently fee motion : firft,in. the wood, flame, fmoak,and ftarting afunder the coals, by and by in the water, firft evaporating, afterwards turning it felf round, at length, boyling and galloping. but remove, away the fireagain, allthe motion. will ceafe a; gain by little and little. fo in a living body (an animall) take away heat, forthwith not onely motion, butalfo mobility will ceale, the members waxing ftiffe. Furthermore, alchough there be divers motions in things, abi Originallis every where the fame, eat or fire: which being included in the world is moved circularly + being kindled in the air, as it darts it.felf forth, this way or that way,as the matter is difpofed, ot the wind fits; included in a.living crea- ture, asthe ftrengch of the phantafie for ceth it this way or that way. VII They (41) VII The motion of the matter 1 eightfold of expanfion, contrattion, aggregation, /ympa= thie, continustie , 1mpulfion, libration and li- beri. | 3 . Whereof the firft two are immediately from the fire, the four following from fome Other bodies ; the two laft from it felf, but bythe mediation of the {pirit of the univerfe. 4 Which if it feems harfh, will foon appear / plain by examples. VII1 The motion of expanfion ts, that whereby the matter, being tarified with heat, ai- I fatesits [elf of its own accord, feeksng larger .. Y00m. iy For it is not poffible that the matter be-. ing rarified fhould be conteined inthe fame {pace: but one part thrufts another, that they may ftretch forth themfelves, and ga- ther themfelves into a greater {phear. you | fhall fee an example,if you drop a few drops Of water into a hogs bladder, and having / tied the neck thereof, lay it over a furnace, | for the bladder will be ftretched our, and will {well: becaufethe water being turned into vapour, by the heat feeks more room. . LX The motion of contraktion 1s, that where- ) by the matter is contrasted, beraking tt felf inte \ narrower fpace by condenfation. Sy For e4i3 | (42) For example ; if you lay the forefaid bladder from the furnace into a cold place ; for the vapour will return to water, and the {welling ofthe bladder will fall. or if you put athong into the fire, you fhall fee it wil be wrinkled and contracted becanfe the fofter parts being extracted by the fire; — the reft muft needs be contracted : from the fame reafon alfo, the chinks and gapings of timber and of the earth come. _ X The motion of aggregatson s, when a bo- dy i carried toits connaturals. For example, our. flame goes upward, a {tone goes gownward: for the flame per- ceives, that its connaturals (that is fubtile bedies) are above ; a ftone that its. (that is heavy things )are here below. Note well ,chat they cOmonly call this motion saturall, who are ignorant of the reft. But though 1t-ap-- - pearmoft in fight, and feem to be moft firong and immutable, yet indeed itis weak enough ; becaufe it gives place to all the reft that follow, and purs.not forth it felf, but when they ceafe: which will of it felf appear, to one chat meditates thefe things diligently. yet I will adde this. A drop of — ink fallen upon paper, defends it felf by its” - roundneffe ; yet put a moift pén.to it, all | all. iy (43) fall fee the drop run up into into it. See, it goesnot downward, (as it fhould by tea- fonof its heavinefle) but upwards, that ir may joyn it felf to a greater quantity there- of: XI The moriom of [ympathie, and antipathy, 1s that, whereby a like body is drawn to its like, and driven aray by its contrary. | Now this fimilitude is of the {pirit that inhabits in ic. this motion is very evident in fome bodies, (as in the loadftone, which draws iron to it , or elfe leaps it {elf to. the iron) in ochersweak, and {earce fenfible, as for example in milk, the creatn whereof fe- paratesitfelfby little and little, from the wheyie parts, and gathers it felf to the top) infomethings, itis as it were bound; un- lefle it be lofed forme way or other, that ap- pears in melted braffe: wherein metals are feparated one from another, by the force af the fire, and by the virtue of fympathy eve- ty thing gathers it felf to its like , (lead ta lead , filver to filver,) and flows together in @ peculiar place. 7 XII Motion of continuity 1, that whereby matter follows matter , founning difcontinuity. _ Aswhen you fuck up the air with a Pipe, putting one end thereof into the water, the | Wa- (44) water will followtheair, though it be up- wafd For we faid before, chat the world as a living creature would not be cut,the living {pirit uniting all things. : X IID The motion of impulfion (or ceffion) ws that whereby matter yeeldsgto meatter, that preffeth upon it. So water yeelds to a {tone that. comes down intot, that it may fink;, fo a {tone, to the hand that thrufts it, &c. for, a body will not endure to be penetrated,it had. ra- ther yeeld,if it can. If it cannot all,the parts yeeld , as wee may fee it happen in every Breake, Bruife, Rent, Wearing, Cutting ; for the Weaker yeelds every where to the ftronger. © og XLV. The motion of libration s,that where- in the parts wave themfelves, too and fro, that they may be rightly placed in.the Whole. | As when a ballance moves it felf, now this, now that way. XV The motion of liberty 1s, that. whereby A body or apart thereof, being violently moved ont of its place, and yet nut plucked away, re- turns thither again. a As when a branch of a tree bent forcibly — and let go again, betakes it felf to its pofi- ture. a eft SS SSS SSS — oe oe ee ie eS A SCHEAM E 6f Motions. > Spirit , es i wn at 9 Agitation. ; | Ligh i$ which ts called the motion of diffufon. ¢ c the fire and is called expanfion. +s | the motion of contraction. Motion | j Sia: ~~ therefo 7 connaturalitse, as Of ag Grevation. a therefore Matra: draw- . caer geres i VY is of aan a fecret virtue, as of /ympathie. a) Which is }fome Jing by)” ; fae ca | connexion, as of continuttie. caufed. < body. << yby 3 thrufting or inforcing, as of impulfion : ‘jit felf-(that it may be& bration. . Well with it felf.) = 2. -- = (as the motionof — ¢libertie: (46) An example of all thefe motions inthe formas tion of the Macroco[me or great World. Firft,the {pirit moved it felf upon the wa- ters with the motion of e4gitatson . then the light being fent into the matter, penetrated it every way with the motion of Diffu/iox. by and by the matter above, where the light paffed through, being heated and _rarified, dilated it felf with the motion of Difpanjion; but below, it coagulated it felf with the mo- tion of Contraétion. And all the more fubtle parts gathered themfelyes upwards, the grof- fer downwards, withthe motious: ef «4% gregation and Sympathy: (for a more occult Sympathy and Agupathy was put. into things afterwards.) and whither foever ont part of the matter went, others: followed by the motion of Contsauity: or if one rufhed againft others they gave way by the motion of Imapudjzon. but thegroffer parts did poile themfelves , (flying from the. heat which came upon them from above) about. the Center, to an exact Glubofity, with the motion of Libration.there was no motion of Liberty, becaufe there was no externall vie lence, t» put any thing out of order. An example of the {ame motions in the Mr ercen{me, or little World. (47), ~ Ja man, (andin every living creature) the food that is put: into. the belly, grows hot with incalefcency, ; here you. have the moti- enof Expanfon. thenby the motion of Sym- pathie every member attracts to it felf , char which is good for it: butby the motion of cAntipathy fuperfluous things. are driven forth, as unprofitable and hurtfull to chem. then the blood is-diftributed equally to the Whole body upwards and downwards by the motion of Libration. and being: aflimi- lated to the members, it is condenfed, that itmay become flefh, a membrane, bone, &c. by the motion of Cotraétion.\aftly, the ait in breathing drawn in and let forth, thews the motion of Continuity, and Conti- gvity.(F or when the lungs are diftended,the aitenters in, (leaftcheir fhould bé a vacu- #m ;) but when the lungs contrad them- felyes, the air gives way:) the motion of 'Li- berty will appear, if you either preffe down, or draw up your skin: for as {oon as you take away your hand, it will return to its fituation. laftly, if you fall from any place, there will be the motion of Aggregation, for you will make toward the earth, as be- ing weight and earth your felf. XVI If motions be infolded, they either in- cereale or hinder one anothers force. You A Aa ik ai Lh pS (48) r You have'aii example of the' firft, if you, fh caft a ftone cowards the earth;for here the motion of Aggrégation and Impulfion, are: joyned together: Of the’ latter, if you ‘caft’ a ftone towards heaven’: for here the mo- tion of Impulfion ftriveth againft she mott- on of Agpregation, in which’ ftrife, the | ftronger at length, overcomes the welll the naturall chat which is but acceffory. ae XV IY Compound motion vin living: rte tures, when they doe of their own accord, mire themfelves' from place to place. | Namely, birds by flying, fifhes’ by Sin : ming, beafts by running : ‘of which we ‘fhall_ fee Chap. 10. how every oné‘is performed: “Alfo, naturall Philofophers call’ that'a compound | motion, whet a thing is ‘wholly changed, either'to being or not being, orto another kind of being, though it’ continue inthe fame place, but we call ‘thefe mutati- ons, andthey are to be handled in apecu# culiat Chapter, the third from this. . _— (49) | alka Be gsr ge wth? B20 ia hs pills i ola UE gan gl a “0f the: Qualities of things. ope inatter is Varioufly mingled wich the _ AL fpirit,& light, by thefe various motions, and from this various mixture, Come various qualities,fo that this thing is called, Se4s {uch | athing.that fuch a ching again,another fuch, or fuch 4 thing : which’we muft now con- | fider'; & thefe talities, or qualities,are fome of them generall,common to all bodies; 0- thers fpeciall, proper to fome creatures only. the firftare to be laid open here‘ together for all once, the other hereafter in their | places. 1 A quality is-an accident of a body, tn re- | gard of which every thing is [aid to be [uch or uch. “TI There are qualities in every body, as well intangible, [pirituall, and volatile, as groffe | bangible, and fixed we ; _ Fora body is (as we faw cap. 2. in the de- 'feription of matter, Aphor. 8: and of the Apiric Aphor.t.- oi pS ot either C50) Intangible, or Nolatile, which they alfo call fpirituall, as breath, air. -- + water, and all flud Tangible ) chings. namely, earth; and.all confiftent \ / things. The, qualities therefore, which we. wil treat of, fhall be common to all thefe. For it maybe faid, both of a ftone, and of we ter, andof air, and of the {pirit that‘ is im clofed in.a body, that itis fat or raw, hot or cold, moift, or dry, thick or thin, &e. ITI. The qualities are the grounds of al forms. in bodies. | For the former canfes a living creature t differ.from.a ftone, .a; {tone from wood, wood. from ice, and. the forme confifts of qualities. Therefore the doctrine of quale ties is exceeding profitable, and as it wert the balis of naturall fcience; which becaule it hath been hitherto miferably handled, the light of phyficks hath heen maimed, and by that means ob{fcure. . | : IV 4 quality. ts either intrinfecall, atk {ubftantiall, or-extrinfecall and accidental, Of the[ubjftantiall qualities, Sulphur, | : Salt, and Mercury. 4 AN, A fubftantiall quality arifing from 4 , , Mm either (51) fieft mixture of she principles as threéfald. aa Rig Mie Aqui, Confiftency~ | : Ni» Thefe howimmediately fromthe sombination of the firtt principles. Fire , yes nadia Sra aber Mercury. » For as in the beginning: the fpirit con- Joyned with ithe matter, produced themo- vang'of ‘the waters ; fo Mercury is nothing ‘but motion; ‘the: fief Auid thing, which catinot be fixed,’ nor ‘conteined’ within a- A .f piri easy lienir 5 and fale is dry and hot, and uncor- | Repuibles ijuft as fpirit and fire; iv is prefer- ved? by five) iv iis diffalved: with water, or “A eroury, but turns neither ro flame,’ nor finoak, though it isa: oft fpirituall crea- ture; and every way incorruptible: :: __ And Sulphur, what is it but matter inixe 2 with (52) with fire 2 for why doth it delight in flame, buc thatit is of a like nature ? and incom pound things, ic isthe firft thing combultr ble, or apt to be inflamed. N.2. But beware that you underftand not our vulgar minerall Sar, Sulphur, and Mercury, (or quickfilver.) For thefe are mixt bodies : faltearth, fuk phurie earth;Mercurial water > (that 1s, mat ter wherein Salt, Sulphur, and A4Zercury, att predominant, yet with other things adjoy ned; for Salt hath parts apt to be inflamed, and Sulphur fome falt, and fome Adercury, but the denomination is from the chiefeft) Thofe qualities cannot. be feen as the are in themfelves, but by imagination ;_ bil they arein all things, as Chymicks. demot ftrate to the eye: whovextract crude afi watery parts out of every wood, ftone, & and other fat and oily parts ; and: that whidh ~ remains, is fale; that is afhes ; fo the ching it felfe fpeaks, that fome liquor’ is mercutt ous: (as vulgar water! and) flegme) othe! fulphury ; (as oil and {pirit of wine) othet falt-and tart (as\aqua fortis) allo we find by experience, in the benummings and aches of the members ; that fome vapours are crude vothersifharp. | : VI GH 33) V1Géd produced the qualities intrinfecally, thatthe [ubftance of every body: might be for- medFor : s Dn see 2 € | fluidiey, coi- fie incobu- B\u n, crudity, \ 2 {tibility. Sul- 2)jfottefi:,cleaving « bg inflam- phury 3. \together, furneff-, ‘\ ° mability 4 fconfiftency hardnefs Ve : dale 6 if. ine ee ens (= incorru > S pineff> ro reak. \ g tibility. ’ That Mercury giveth fluidity, andeafie coi- tion of the matter appears out of quickfilver, which by reafon_of the predominancy of Mercury, is mott fluid : fo that it will nor endure to be ftoped or fixed. It is alfo moft crude, fo that itcan neither be kindled nor burned : but if you put-fire to it,- flees .a- Way into air. | Now that the coagulation uf bodies ts from {ul- phur, as it were glue, appears from hence that there is more oil, in dry,folid, andclofe, bodies, then in moift bodies ; alfo becaufe athes (after that the Sulphur is coufamed, with five (if you power water onthem clear fot together in a lump, but with oil or fat, they cleave together. Now Chymicks ex-: tract oil out of every ftone, leaving , no- thing but athes, no Part cleaving one.,to another any longer. E32 Ang (54) And that falt gives confiftency, appears by the bones.of living creatures.” out of which Chymicks extract meer falt, alfo all denfé ‘things'leave behind them much afhes (that is'fale.) | God therefore with great counfel temé _ petedthefe three qualities together in bo dies. forif AZercury were away, the mattet would not flow together to the generation of things: if fait, nothing’ would’ confit together, or be fixed; if /ulphwr; the com fiftency would be forced, and yet apt to be diflipated. Laftly, if there were not fulphur in wood, and fome other matters, we coull bave no fire, but Solar, on: the earth (for nothing would be'kindled) and then what great defects would the life of man ei dure? Of the acctdentary or extrinfecall qualities Y bodies. so'much of the fubftantiall qualities: the accidentary follow. VII eAn accidental] quality is, either mie nsfeft, or occult. VITL eA manifeft quality is, thar whit may be perceived by Senfe, and 4s therefore m be called fenfible. °° As heat, cold, foftneffe, roughneffe 1X # G53:) FX Ae cccalt... quality. 25, that. which is known only by experience, that.is. by its. efect, (asthe love of iron in the loaditone, &c.) thenefire atiss called snfenfible. os. _..N, Themanifeft. qualities: proceed from the diverfe temperatures of the elements,& fubftantifieall. qualities; the occult immedi- tel ftomthe peculiar, {pirit of every thing. Ki Tibe fanfible quality is, five-fold, accord ingrte.the number of the fenfes, vifible, andr ble; Mfatiiles guftatile, tangible: that:.1s:co- lou, founds edawn; [argon tanger rs. 9 oLet not the unufuall word zangor, offend any sdtisfeisned for.doérines fake; and analogy admits it, for if we fay.from: Ca- leo}, (alors. from-Colo, Golor ; from.fapio, Sapor; from amo, amor ; from fluo, flaor-; from liquo, ‘diguor 3, from’ clango; claagor ; from ango, augor ? why vor allo frum. tango, tangor? > \Of the tangible quality: . XI The tangible quality (or tanger). is loch, or fuch A: pofitiere of, the, parts of. tie matter inabedy. . +>, Se lee «BLL The.copulationsthereof are twelve 5, for RUE body in refpect of touch, 9. %,.1are.o7r denfes rmdifror-day’ 3foft or hard. 4 flexible or fiffen 5 Jmootlnorrongh.. 6 light or heavy. TD het or cold,” E 4 OF (56) Of every of which, we are’ to'confide accurately, what and how they are: XIII Rarity is anéxtenfion of the atvenum ved matter through greater (paces: “dei/ity on th contrary, 1 a ftraichter preffing together of th matter into ome. C3 3m For all earth, ‘water; air}anid: {pirit, js fometime more rare; fometime More dente; and we muft note: that there is not any body fo denfe, but that it‘hath pores neverthe: lefle;chough infenfible. That appears in vel fels of wood and earth, which lee*forth Ie quors in manner of fweat ; alfoin’a bottle of lead filled with water, which if ‘it be crt fhed' together. with hammets; ‘or vwith'a prefle; fweats forth a water likea moft der} cate dew. 3 non 2 sgl X TV Humidity (or humour) is the liqnik nelfe of the parts of the body, ‘and aptnelfe to be penetrated by one another ; ficcity on the contrar 17 ts aconfiffency, and an impenctrability of the aye the body. me Soa clot hardnéd* together either with heat or cold, is dry earth, but mire is moift earth, water is a humid liquowr, ‘but iceis dry water, &. 2 REX 8 XV. Softnele is wcinftiturion of the matter Somewhat meoift eafily yeildingto ‘the 7 bard: cis (57) hardnele ts a‘dryneffe of the waattér not yeelding tothe touch. Leb wobbnee So aftone is either hard or foft, alfo.wa- ter, fpirit, air, &c. ny bask: XVI Flexibility is. a compaction of the mat- ter witha muift glue; [othat st will fufferiit jelf tobe bent : ftifnelfe isa coagulation of the mat~ termith dry clue that iromill not bend but break, Soviron is ftiffe; fteel flexible..fo. fome W00d is‘flexible, other ftiffe, but note that ‘the flexible’ is alforcalld tough the fiffe Biitleesibed boon: c XV Li Smooth wstbat which with the equa Lity of its parts doth pleafantly affect the touch : renghisthat which with the inequality of rts parts doth diftratt and draw afunderrthe tozch. Note,in liquid things, the fmooth is, cal- led mild, the rough tart ; fo marble. unpo- lithed is rough ; polifhed-itis{mooth. Wa- ter is rough, oile is mild ; a vehement and cold wind is rough and fharp ;/a warm air ismild)\So in our body, humours,vapours, fpirits, are faidto be mild or harp. XVIII Lightneffe is the hafting upwards of a body by reafon of its rarity and [pirttuofity: heavinelfe is the proneneffe of a denfe body down- wards > as that appears in flame, and every ex } halation, this in water and earth. NW. (58) New howthis motion ts made: npt wards and downwards by a love of fellows fhip; or of things of the fame nature, hath been faid cap. 3. | 2 The inequality of heavineffe ‘or pon- derofity; is from the unequall‘ condenfation of the matter. For look;how much the more matter there is'in a body;.fo much: the more ponderous it is: ‘as aftone more then wood, metals more then ftones, and amongitthefe gold,quickfilver and lead moft of al;becaufe they are the moft compacted bodies. 3 Amongft all heavy things,’ gold is found ‘to ‘be of greateft ‘weight: -fpirit of wine, or fublimated:winevof. leaft:-andothe proportion of quantity» betwixt thefe two, 1s found not to exceed the proportiom of 21 parts : 4o'that one droprof goldis not Hea- vier thanone and twenty drops: of fpirit of wine: XIX Heat isa motion of the: moft minute parts of the matter reverberated againffiit felf, penetrating and reeding the touch like: a thou- ‘fand [barp points ° but cold 1s a@ motion: of the parts contratting themfelves. | Nu wer Ie appears that heat. and cold, are motions and fixed qualities: 1 -becaufe there is no body found amongft us: perpéti- ally uC (59) ally hot or cold; asthere is’ rare and dente, ‘ moiftand drie; &c. but asa thing heats or cools ; the whichis done by motion. 2 bes caufefenfe it felf teftifies, that in fcorching theskin and’ members are penetrated and drawnafunder, butin cold they are ftopped andibound; therefore it is a motion. 3 be- cafe whatfoever is often heated,(though it bemetal!): is diminifhed‘ both ‘in’ bigneffe and inweight, tillic be even confumed) and whiéce isthat, buethat the heat cafting forth athoufand atomes doth weare and'confame away the matter ? “Now itis called a motion of parts, and that reverberated againft ic felf: for that . whichis moved in whole, and dire@ly (not reflexedly) doth not heat ; as wind, a bird flying, &c.but chat which is moved with re- Verberation, or'a quick alteration; as-it is isin the repercuffion of fight ; in the itera- ted collifion of bodies, in rubbing together friction, &c., 3 Butwe mutt diftinguith heewixt Ca/i- dum, Calefattionm, and Calefattile; Calidum Or Caléfattam, is that which is actually hot, and {corcheth the touch , as flame, red hot tron, feething water, or air (which aifo re-. ceiveth amoft violent heat,) &c: be N. (€0) N. among all things that are known to j us, fire is mof? hot ; Wee have nothing :that is moft cold but ice ; which notwithftanding is farre off from being oppofed in its degree of cold to the degree of heat in fire, Calefacti unm is that which may {titre up. heat; as motion, and whatfoever may. pro- cure motion; namely fire; and pepper, and all fharp and bitter things,taken within-the body : for motion is from fire,and fire ftom motion, and heat from 'them -both. For'as fire cannot but be moved.(elfe -it prefently oes out,) fo motion cannot but take-fire ; as it appears by ftriking a’ flint, and rubbing wood fomething long Therefore both. ate calefactive,but fire is further {aid to-be'a@u- ally hot, .calefactive things are commonly called hot in potentia. Calefadli/e. is that whi-h may eafily. be heated as air, and after air fat things’ (ile, butter,) theawood,then water. For in thele: becaufethe parts are fomewhat rare, they are the ‘more eafily ‘moved.to agitation. ftones and:metals becaufe.they. have their matter compacted’, donot eafily admitof heat ; butretain it the longer after itis ad- . mitted, becaufe it cannot-eafily. exhale by reafon of the ftraight pores. and this’ is. the caufe (61) caufe, why all things confifting of {mall particles, as feathers, hairy skins, and all rough things, (yea, and all forts of duit) do either alwayes retein heat, (by acertain agitation of the aire inclofed) or at leaft eafily receive it, by fome tran{piration rai~ fed only from a living body. “4 We muft alfo note, that all thefe tactile qualities, may be faid of the fame body in adiverfe manner; namely, inrefpect of a- “nother body, as waterin refpect of air, isa denfe and heavy body ; in refpect of earth, ora ftone, rareand light ; yea and by rea- ‘fon ofthe touch thus and thus difpofed, it feems to be on this, or that manner; for ex- -ample, warm water feems cold to a hot hand, hot toa cold hand. ; 5 The diverfe effects of heat, are vo be ‘Confidered alfo according to the diverfity Of the object. The (62)) (Sulphary, which it kind- leth, turnes to fldme, and {natcheth upward. (Mercurial, which it ra- rifies,and {tretcheth forth, J as may be feen in the eva- poration of water:. alfo in the deficcation or dry- ing up of earth, wood, &c. The perpe- in which_all the humour tuall effec ) & moifture that is,curnes of heat is Land evaporates into air. attenuatio: | (Glatinens or Sulphu- butafter dif 2 ‘hay, tt forces them to ferent man- melt, as may be mers inja feen in fuet, wax, matter that | anit (eaetals.. ., is | Confi- |. Afby or [alt it for- ftent | ces them to be con- Which 2 denfed, by the dry- if it have | ing up of the moi- Parts. ‘| fture: and alfo to ‘that are | break if you force them the more ; as | wood, a clot, a tile, | sS z= ma } &c. (and fo hard- ning isan effed of ‘heat. by accident.) Of (63) oi a ze q2 ‘RSS Temperate @Sulphur § Sweerneffe. sa ® Aduft. giveth ? Bitterneffe. Sie | eo Of its own.nature. _.. > Softneffe. -~, For=the O°S s - Combuit. ‘ \shapree Mordai- | sb For ty of all / SoS y cooled. Yb ) Bitterneffe. Cchele, ar- { Nash) eG t RX The . Extreamly cooled. & Aufterity.~ gues Sait. ‘ 3 whic lities by leat and cold. or bate’ (64 ) Jt appears therefore, whence herbs, fruits, parts of diving creatures, and minerals: have their favours; namely,.from fa/t and fuk phar, diffufed every where, whereof every creature fucketh in more or leffe according toits nature. Mercury is of it felfe without tafte ; (as we note in flegme) but the others are foaked thereby, as;alfo by .the {everall degrees of cold or heat, fo that they are more or leffe fweet, bitter, falt, &c. Of [mels. X XI The olfattile quality is, called oduur; which vs a moft thin exhalation of the tafte. Yet fulphury things yield more {mell then falt' things ; and hor thingsmore then others ; becaufe heat atrenuates,and {preads into the air. Hence gardens and ointment boxes, are fo much the fweeter,by how much the hotter the air is ; yet by how much the {weeter they are, fo much the fooner they lofe their {mell, that ‘odiferous fulphureous quality being exhaled by littleand little. Of fonds. XXII The audible quabty is called found; which is a cleaving of the air farply ftricken, flowing every Way. Every motion of the air doth-not: give 4 found, but that motion whereby the air is fudden- easy fuddenly divided and parted. Nowa found - iseitheracute or obtufe; pleafing or dif- pleafing ; according asthe body, that {mi- teth the air,is acute or. obtufe, fmooth or rough. The naturall kinds of found are : tinkding, when the air blows thréugh fome fharp thing. Murmur of running water : ratling of thunder: rv/tling of leaves : bellowing or lowing of Oxen: roaring of lions ¢ hiffing of ferpents: and the voices of other living creatures. , Of colours. XXIII The vsfible qualitie is called co- lowr , which 13 light diverfly recesved in the fuperficies of bodies, and temp:red with the op- pofite dar kneffe,as what ene {fe blackneffe, green- neffe, Oc, Obfer. 1. That colour is nothing in it felf, but light diverfly reflected from things, appears; 1 becaufe asitis not feen without light, fo it isnot foutid to be any thing by any other fenfe, or by reafon : neither 1sit therefore. 2 becaufe colours as well as light diffufe themfelves through the aire, and are inthe eyes of all beholders. Now we faw before, that the diffufive motion was proper to the light, therefore colour 1s in- , 3 deep (66) : deed nothing but light diverfly tind with th diverfe fuperficies of things. .3 becanfe light being reflected after feverall manners in the fame matter, produceth feverall colours We fee that, for example fake, ina cloud, which isin itfelf like it felf, yet it appears to us fometimes whitifh fometimes blackith, fometimes ruddy, according as it is oppoled tothe light. In like manner we fee in the Rainbow (which is nothing elfe but there folution of a cloud into moft fmall drops of water) yellow, green, flame and sky-colour, as it appearsalfo in Chryftall duft turned towards the light; which thew plainly, that co/owr is nothing elfe but a different tincture of light from the different incider cie thereof. But there(in the Rainbow and glaffe) the colours paffe through ; becaufe the matter it felfe is fluid and tranfparent: in fixed bodies, colours are alfo fixed; but after a way known to God, rather then to us. Obfer, 2: That from the receptibility of colours, a body is called Pellucid, or Ope cous. Pellecid (Tranfparent and Diaphanous) is that which gives the light a paflage through it, and is therefore neither colou- red nor feen, as air: and in part water, olaffe, (67) glaffe, chryftall, adiamond, &c. (that air is not coloured, that is tinct with fight, appears in a room clofe fhut up onevery fide, if you letin a beam of the fun at a hole, for that will paffe through the whole room, and yet will appear no where, but on the oppofite wall or pavement: or un- leffe you interpofe your hand or fome other denfe thing : or the duft be raifed, and the . atomes of it flie inthat quantity as to reflect the light.) Opacous is that which doth not give the light a paflage, but reflects it,and there- fore it is coloured and feen: asearth,wood, a fone, gemme, and waters coloured : and this tlight reflected from an Opacous body, 4s properly called colowr: of which there are fix kinds, white, yellow, green, red, skie-colour, black, White, is light reflected with its own proper face. Yellow is light tin& with a little dark- ne fle. Green, is light ina middle, and moft plea- fing temperature of light and darkneffe. Red, is light more inclining to darknefle. Skie-colour, is light more then halfe dark. 7 Black, \aft of all, isthe non-repercuflion 2 of of the light, by reafon of a dark fuperficies. Every of thefe colours hath under it di- verfe degrees and fpecies, according to the various temperature thereof with the o- thers ; which we leave to the {peculation of Opticks and Painters. XXIV There remains a quality whichis perceived by two fenfes, touch and fight, name- ly FIGURE; whereby one body is round, another long, another [quare, &c. but the con- fideration of this is refigned to the Mathema- ticks. Of an occult quality. XXV Ax occult quality 1s aforce of ope- ratsmg npou anyother boy, which notwith/t an- ding 1s not +1/covered, but by its eff: Et. For examp. that the /oad/fowe draws iron: that poifons affaile, and go about to ex- tinguifh nothing but the fpirit in bodies: that antidotes again refift poifon, and for- tifie the {pirit againft them ; that fome herbs are peculiarly good for the brain, others for the heart, others for the liver, and {uch like. Such kind of occult qualities as thefe God hath difperfed throughout all nature, and they yet lie hid for the better part of them, but they come immediately from the pe- culiar f{pirit infufed into every creature. For even as one and the fame matter of the world, (69) hee world, by reafon of its diverfe texture, hath gotten as it were infinite figures in ftones, metals, plants, and living creatures ; fo one and the fame {pirit of the world, is drawn out as it were into infinite formes, by various and fpeciall virtues, known to God, and from thefe occult qualities fym- pathies and antipathies of things do pro- perly arife. ; CHAP. V. Of the mutations of things, generation, Corruption, CoC. Rom ‘the contrarieties of the qualities, efpecially of cold and heat, (tor thefe two qualities are moftactive) tho’e muta- tions have their rife, to which all things in the world are fubject: which we fhall now fee. I Mutation is an accident of a body, where by its effence is changed. Namely, whither a thing paffe from not being to being ; or from being to not . 5 5 . being; or from being thus to being other- wile. E 3 Il Al ‘ (79 Il eA bodies are liable to mutations. The reafon, becaufe they are all com- pound ed of matter, fpirit and fire: which three are varioufly mixed among themfelves perpetually. For both the matter is a fluid and a {lipperie thing, and the fpirit reftleffe, always agitating it felf; and (heat raifed e- very where by light and motion) doth eat into, rent, and pluck afunder the matter of things. From thence it is, I fay,that nothing can long be permanent in the fame ftate. All things grow up, increafe, decreafe, and pe- rifh again. Hence alfo the Scriptures affirm, that the heavens wax old, as doth a gar- ment, P/al.103.v.27. | IIL The mutation of a thing, xs either efen- tial or accidental]. LV Effential’ mutation, ts when a thing be- tins to be or ceafesto be : the firft w called ge- sweration, the other corruption. Forexample; fnow, when it is formed of water, is faid to be generated, when it is refolved again into water, to be corrupted. V eA accidentall mutation of # thiag w, when it increales or décreafes,or is changed in v5 qualities : rhe firft 1s called augmentation, the next diminution, the laft alteration (which we are nowto view feverally how they are done } 0 Of the generation of. things. V I Generation is the produttion of a thing, fo that what was not, begins to be. Thusevery year, yea every day infinite things are generated throu gh all nature. VII To generation, three things are requi- rea, Seed, a Matrix, and Moderate Heat: Thefethree things are neceflary in the seeration of living creatures, plants, me- tals, ftones, and laitly of meteors, as fhail _ be feen in their place. VIII Seed ts a {mall portion of the matter, having the [pirit of life included in it: Forfeed is corporal! and vifible ; there- fore materiate, and itis no feed) excepe ic Contein in it the {pirit of the fpecies, whofg cedit fhould be: Forowhat frould it he ormed by? therefore feeds ont ofjwhich thre pirit is exhaled, are unprofitable to oeneras tion. : LX The Matrix isa convenient place to bay the feed, that it may put forth irs vertue:. Nothing is without a place, neither is any i iis Senerated without a convenient place; ‘Pecaufe the a@ions of nature ave hindred: Now that place is convenient for generati- on, which affordeth the feeds 1 a fofefites ‘7 Urcumclafion,teaftthe fpirit thould’ eva porate porate out of the feed being attenuated. 3 veins of matter to flow from elfewhere. N. w. Andthere are as many matrixes cr laps, as there are generations , the aire is the matrix of meteors ; the earth of ftones, metals, and plants ; the womb of living crea- tures. X Heat ts a motion railed in the feed which attenuating its matter,makest: able to fpreadit | felf by [welling For the fpirit beng ftirred up by that occafion agitareth 1t felf , and as st were blowing afunder the attenuated parts of the matter, difpofeth them to the forme of sts nae rare. . This is the perpetual proceffe ofall gene dation, and none other. From whence here after (under the dodtrine of minerals, livs ing creatures, plants) many things will ap- pear plainly of their own accord. yet we mutt obferve that fome things grow without feed, as graffe out of the earth, and worms out of flime, wood, and flefh putrified : yet that is done by the vertue of the fpirit diffu fed through things; which wherefoevel it findeth fit matter, asa matrix, andis allt fted by heat, prefently it attempts fome nel generation, (asit were the conftitution of a new Kingdom). But without heat (whither it . (73) it beof the funne, or of fire, or the inward heatof a living creature it matters not, fo it he temperate) there can be no generation, becaufe the matter cannot be prepared, foft- ned, or dilated, without heat. Of the augmentation of things. XI Everpibseg that generated, incred- feth and angmenteth i felf, as mrpch as may be: and that by uttratkon of matter, «md «ffiatla- 120e 01 tt to it feif. For wherefoever there is generation, there isheat ; and where there is heat, there ts fire; and where there is fire, there is need and attraction of fewell. For heat, becaufe it always attenuateth the parts of the matter which exhale, feeks and attracts others wherewith it may fufteinit felf: (as we fee it in a burning candle) and a portion of matter beiug attracted and applyed to a bo- dy, taketh irs form by little and little, and becomes like unto it, and is made the fame. For by the force of heat, of heterogentous, things become homogeneous : the {pirit of that body, in the mean time, attracting alfo to it felf fomewhat of the fpirit of the uni- verfe, and fo multiplying it felf alfo. So {tones minerals, plants, living creatures,&c. grow. ‘: le en jan a ee (74) Of diminution XII whatfoever hath incréafed, doth at Some time or other ceafe to increafe, and begin to decreafe andthar for and through the arefatti- on of the matter. | Namely, for becaufe the heat increafed with the body, increafing, doth by little and little and little confume the thin and fat parts thereof, and dry up the folid parts, fo that at laft, they are not able to give afii- mulation to the matter flowing in, and that for want of gluten, and therefore the body fadeth, and wichereth.and at length perifh- eth. \ Of the alter ation of things. XII No body doth always retein the fame qualities, but changeth them varioufly. For example,wood when it grows, is thin and foft, afterward it is condenfed & hard- ned, efpecially being dried: fruit on the contrary, as it ripens grows rare and foft, changing its colour, favour and fmell. For it is the law of the univerfe to be fubje& to viciffitudes : as alfo to corruption, of which it here follows. Of the corruption of things. XIV Every body ts liable to corruption. Becaufe com pounded of a ‘decaying mat= ter, ee ee) | (75) ter, and anagitable {pirit; which may be dif-. pofed according to the mutation of the heat.Therefore feing that alterations cannot be hindred, neither can perifhing. And hence perhaps every material! ching is called COR- POS, as.it were corrupus, becaufeit is fub- ject to corruption. XV eH corruption vs done, either by are~ fattion or putrefattion. For we {peak not here of violent corrup- tion, which is done by the folution of fome continued thing, (as when any thing is brd- ken, rent, bruifed, burnt, &c.) but of natu- tall corruption, which brings deftruGion to things from within, it ic is manifeft that this can be done no way, but by arefa@ion Or putrefaction. XVI Arefattion ts. when afflux of mat- tris dented toabory,and the heat included,bae wing con{umed its proper humour,dries and bare dens the reff of the parts, and at length for- fakes them. So Hearbs, Trees and living creatures,&c. Wither. XVII Patrefattion is when the ppirit w exhaled froms abody, and the parts of the wsar- ter are difolved and return into their hercroge- Bt0us parts. (76) For then the watery parts are gathered to themfelves (therefore putrefied things give an evill fent) the’oily parts to them felves, whence putrefied things have always fome unctuofity) the dregs to themfelves (whence that confufion in putrified things and unpleafant taft, &c.) and hence it is ea- fie to finde the reafun,why cold, (alt and ary- ing hinder putrefattion? namely, becaufe cold ftops the pores of a body, that the {pirituall Parts cannot go out and exhale: but dryed things are exhaufted of th fe thin parts which might be putrefied : fale laft of all bindeth the parts ofthe matter within, and as it were holds them with bands, that they cannot : ape, & let forth the fpirit. Again,tt may eafily be gathered from hence, why hard and oily things are durable ? namely, becaule hard things have much falt,which hindereth putrefaction ; but they are deftitute of hu- midity (the provocation of putrefadion.) And oily things, becaufe they do not eafily let gotheir {piric, by- reafon of their well nuurifhing and gentle ufage of it:(/xerand fat putrifie, becaufe they have loofe pores, and fome aquofity.) N. 7. We muft neverthelefle obferve, that not onely foft things (herbs , -_ 4 fle | ) (77) flefh) putrifie, but alfo the hardeft bodies, namely, ftonesand metals. For the ruft of thefe is nothing elfe but the rotrenneffe of the inward parts, {preading it felf abroad through the pores, XVIII Out of that which hath been faid, it may be gathered, that the worldis eter nall po tentially. For feing that not any one crum of mat- tercan perifhsnor the fpirit be fuffocated, hor the light be extinguifhed , nor any Of them fly forth out of the world, and muft of neceffity be together, and paffe through one another mutually,and a& up- on one another, it is impoffible but that one thing fhould be born of another, even with- Outend. Forthat old e4xicme of Philofo- phers ismoft true - the corruption of one 1 the generation of another. the Architc&h of the World in that manner expreffing his xter- nity. (78) = CHAP. VI. Of the Elements, Skie, Air, Watt, Earth, y \/* have hitherto contemplated the generall parts of the world; name ly, the priacsples with the common acts dents thereof: now follow the fpecies of things, which are derived from the faid principles by divers degrees. Where fith elements come to be confidered, as which being framed of the firft congreffe of the principles, are as it were the bafes and hit ges, of the whole order of the world. 1 en clement is the firft and greateft & dy in.the World of a_fimple nature. A body, or a (abftance, for though Wt called matter, {pirit, and «light fubftandt alfo, (cap. 2-) becaufe they are not act dents; yet becaufe none of them exiftetl of itfelf, and apart, but do joyntly make up other fubftances, the élements and the ereatures that follow may with better right be fo called? Now an element is faid tol of afimple nature, in refpe@t of the fub {tances, ms (79) tances following, which have compound _hatures, as it fhall appear. ; oth leconftitution of the elements is made Light. efor light being fent into the world, by its motion and heat began to rovfe up the Chaos of the matter of the world ; and When it turned it felfe round, (as yet it turnes) it purified part of the matter, and “Made it more fubtile, the reft of the matter Of neceflity fetling and gathering it felfe into denfity elfewhere. TEI There are foure Elements, Skie, Air, Water, Earth. That is, there are four faces of the mat- (rof the world reduced ‘into formes, (for atthe firt it was without form) differing elbecially in the degree of ra rity anddenfity. Note. The Peripateticks put the (ublunary fire, for skie, and call the skie a Quinteffence. But that fame fublunary fire isa meer figment ; the heaven it felfe, furnifhed with fiery light, is the higheft element of the world ; after the Scripture the fenfes themfelves Hemonftrate. He that is not fatisfied with “thefe of ours, But feeks more fubtile de- “Monftrations, let him fee Campanella, Ve~ Mamins, and Thomas Lydiat of the na- . a ture. (80 ) | ture of heaven, &c. and he will acknowledge the vanity of this Ariftotelicall figment. © 1V The skie is the moft pure part of the matter of the world, {pread over the highef Spaces of the world. Itis vulgarly called the vifible and ftarry heaven, and by an errour of the Greeks (who, thinking that ic was of a folid fubftance, like Chryftal, called it snpéopa) j the Firmament: but little agreeably to thé truth. More conveniently . ver.5. ) but he fayes’ that thofe wa- tets above the Expun(am were’ prefently made the fecond day; therefore they are fome thirig elfe thenrain water. 3 He faves, that the waters wete feperated from thew aters, ‘but the waters of the clouds ate not feparated from: the waters of the ‘fea, and of tivers-. For they are perpetually mingled’: “vapours afcending, rain deicén- \ ding, 4He faves, that the Expanfum was in the middeft betwixt the waters and the Waters: but how’ can that be faid of the tlouds, which are below the Expanf{um, and ‘teach not to the choufandth part of its alei- tude? Laftly, Pfalm.148 placeth the waters _above the heaven, next of all to the Heaven G 4 of eee eS ee = Ca ne Hiatal a = \ of Heavens, v.4. but reckons up clouds arf rain afterwards, among the creatures, the earth, ver. x.. what need We any oth interpretation ? Reafon perf wades.the fame thing moft ft rong fy. For fetting down the principles of th world inthat order, wherein we fee then fetdown by Moles it was neceffary, that the matter being {cattered by the light rok ling about; fhould fie hither.and th ther, and coagulate it felfe at the term of the world on. both fides, that. in th * middle where. the light went, (and gos yet) there fhould be pure skie ; on both fides above and below, the mat hardning it felf, fhould grow thick.. Welt it done here below :why not above alfore: pecially God himfelf intimating it. Let itbe fo,becaufe naturafly. it cannot be otherwile But that there is fire included in the earth 1 the eructations of fire in etna, Veluvin, Fecla, ec. do fhew.. 2 the {prings of hot waters every where, 3 the progeneration of metals, even in cold countreys : and 0 ther things which can come from nothing elfe but from fire, which. thal! be looked in to in that which follows. 4 laftly there ts 4 teltimony extane in the. book of Fob chap: 28. yi _—_ , (89) | 28.v.5. Bread commeth out of the earth, and under it sturned up as it were fire. Let the Reader fee Thomas Lydiats difquifition con- cerning the original! of Fountains,, and there he fhall fee it difputed at large, and _ very foundly. < XVIL1 The waters above the heaven are there placed for ends known to God, but the wfe of fire under ground, 1s well enorgh known to ss aljo. Yet we may fay fomething of thefe wa- ters by conjecture. As namely, that it, was’ meet, that there fhould be vifible termes of the vifible World: and that the heat of the frame ever rolling, had need of cooling onthe other fide alfo: and the like. But that of the fire under ground, mountains ‘and valleys, and caves of the earth are pro- duced, and alfo ftones, metals, and juyees generated, and many other things we fhall fee. in that which follows: for without heat, there isno generation, becaufe there is NO motion. Of the Skie sn fpecie. XIX The Skie is the higheft Regiun af the moft vaft world, the dwelling place of the tars. XX. The Skie is the molt liquid part of the whole world, and thercfore tran|parent, and wo|t moveable. For (90) For by the motion and heat of the Sun always prefent, itis perpetually attenuated to an exceeding fubtiety. MXIT The whole ski is muved about, becanfe that burning and ever flying light of the (tars, hurries it about with it. _ That appears, 1 by'reafon: for if the flartes were moved in the heaven itimoveat Ble (after that manner that birds aré'catried in the atr, and fifhes in the water) that pe- netration of the heaven would not Be with- outeviolence’; neither ‘could it. be perfor- med with fo great celerity; nor with fo & quable a courfe, by reafon of the refiftance. J herefore the ftarres ate carried’ in heaven inallrefpeds, as clouds in the air; that ‘is, _ with their eharriot. 2 byfenfe, for we fee that our fire carries away with it the matter ‘which it hath caught aid attenuated ; name- fy, vapours, fmoaks, flames : why not the heavenly fire alfo > which comets alfo thew tothe eye, of which we fhal! fee more «chap. 8.3. The fame is to be gathered out of A%es words accurately confidered- (Gen. 1.0» 14. 17. Of the air. XXL The air is the loweft Region: of the Expanfum,the abode of the clovds.and birds.’ In (or) In Scripture, itis fignified by the name of the firft heaven. Yerit penetrates water © andearth , to fill up their cavities becaufe there ts no vacuum. XXIII The air & of a middle nature be- twit the heaven andthe water, in refpett of fiteand qualities. Yetit is thicker where it joyns to the earth and water ; and thinner towards hea- ven. Therefore in the higheft tops of fome mountains, neither men can live, nor trees grew, becaufe of the thinnefle of the air, by reafon of which it is neither fuffictent for the breathing of living creatures, nor for the growth of plants. XXIV The air weer the earth in fummer us hot, (by the vehement repercuftion of the Suns verticall beams :) in winter, (by reafon of the obliquity and obtufe reflexion of the beams) it cannot be heared: above it is always colds yer moft in (ummer, when st is pend in on both fides withthe heat of the heaven, and of te earth. | . ! Of the water. , XXV_ water is thickned air. Wafbing and aid, moifining the earth; the abode of filbes. XX VE water of its own nature ts onely mnifiand nid: to the neft of the qualities tn~ ment. Ob- (92) | Obf..r. The fluidity of the water is fuch, that if you give it never fo little declivity, it tuns. But the humidity is unequall accor- ding to the degree of rarity and denfity.For a fhip finks not fo deepin the fea, as in a river : becaufe the fea water js thicker and drier. Obf 2 They adde commonly, that wa- ter is naturally cold, by a twofold argument 1 becaufe it cooleth. 2 becaufeit extinguifh- eth fire, but I anfwer it cools not by its coolneffe, but by its credity. But it quen- cheth fire after the fame manner, as hot Water and wine, do, though they be hor, not becaufe they are contrary to fire, but becaufe fire is nourifhed with the thinner parts of the wood, butif abundance of wa- ter be caft on (or any fluid thing, even oy!) the pores are ftopped, and the fire is quen- ched. Otherwife fires are made of Bitumen, which is nota porous matter ) that burn inthe very-water, which we fee done alfo in lime. Laftly , great fires are nourifhed with water. We fee alfo that there is fome- time hot, fometime cold Water, not onely in rivers, buta Ifo breaking out of fountains,ac- cording as itis affected ; yet it may not ‘be diffembled in the mean time,that air is more | (93) prone to heat, by reafon of its rarity; wa- tertocoldneffe by reafon of its thicknefle. XXVII The water at firft covered rhe earth round about ; but (on the third om of the creation, it was gathered into certain c annels, ( ii are caked Seas, Lakes, Pooles, Rivers; Oe. . That this was done at the command of of God. Alofes tftifies in thefe words. Let the waters be gathered together into one Place, that the dry land may appear Gent. v.9. but David (relating the proceffe of the creation) defcribes the manner alfo. P/.1¢4 Y 6,7,8,9. That thunders were rai[ed, by which the Mountains afcended, the valleys de{cended, but the waters were carried fteep down into their channels : and that in this Sort, abound was [et them, that they might not return to cover the earth Whence it is very likely, that thac difcovery of the furface of the earth, was made by an earthquake « but that the farthquake'was produced bythe fire funk into the earth’; which giving battle to the cold there conglobated , fhook the earth, and-either caufed ic to {well varioufly, or tent it afunder. Whence thofe rifings and fallings inthe furface of the earth (that is mountains and valleys) were made : but ; within (94) within caves and many hollow places. Thig done, the waters af their own accord bes tookthemfelves, from thofe {welling emi- nencies to the low and hollow places. This pious conjecture will ftand fo long, as no more probable fenfe can be given of this Scripture.And what need many words?com- mon fenfe teftifies, that mountains are cer- . tainly elevated,valleys and plains depreffed. therefore of neceflity that was fometi me fo ordered ; but notin the firft foundation of the earththe fecond day ; for then the groffer parts of the matter flowing about potied themfelves equally about the center, therefore it was about the third day, wher the face of the earth appeared, and the wa- ters lowed into their channels. But befides perhapsGod doth therefore permit earth- quakes yet to be fometimes, and by thent mountatains and valleys and rivers to be changed, that we may not be without a pat tern, how it was dene at the firft. | XXVIII The warerthen is divided into Seas, Lakes Rivers and Fountains. XXEX The fea 1 an univerfall receptacle of Waters, intowhich all rbe rivers of the earth nnburthenthem elves. . Which uery thing is an argument that the (95) the feaislower then the earth - for rivers tun down; dot up again. WAX XiThe fea is one in it Self; becaufe it imfinwates it (elf into the Continent here and there, as it were with firong arms, it hath gotten Severall names in feverall places. . That. great sea encompafiing the earth is called the Ocean, thofe armes dividing the Continent, Bayes.,-or Gulfs... For ‘all thofe gulfes ate joyned to: the Ocean, ex- Cpt the Cappian ot Hyrcaniau Sea in Afia: yet that is thought: tohave channells with-‘ in the earth, whereby: it joyned. to the cean. XXX The Sea is of. unequalldepth coramonly from an hundred, to a thonfand paces: yet ig lome places they fay, that the bottome cannot be foind Hence the ea is called an eAbyffes Itis probable that the fuperficies of the €arth covered with the water, is as unequal a8 this of ours ftanding out of they rater, hamely,that in fome places are moft {pacious Plaines, in other places valleys and depths, and in other places mountains and_ his, Which if they ftand above the waterare cal- led Wands, but if they be hidden under the . Water thelves. XXXI 1 The water of the Ocean faileth uot, i be- becanfe huge rivers and fhewres continually fiw into it; neither doth it, cverflow becralest doth always evaporrte apwards in fo many parts of st. Of the earth. X XXIII The earth is the moft denfe be- dy of the world, as it were the dregs ana (etling of the whole matter. And therefore grofs,opacous, cold, heavy. XXXIV Lehangethin the middle of a univerfe, encompaled with air on every fide. + ‘For being that itis on every fide encom- patfed with the heaven, and is forced by the heat thereof on every fide, it hath not whi- ther to go, or where to reft, but in the igis fure enough turned : 2 ito (1co ) into aire, with the parts of the was ter. The vapour of air is invifible; yet it appears, that there is fome. 1 Ina living body, where all acknowledge that there are } evaporations through the skin and the haif. For then the vapours that go out, what are they but the vapcurs of the inward vapours, far more fubtle then the vapours of water? 2 Fruits, herbs, fpices, &c. dried, yea very dry, fpread fromthem an odour, now an odour what is it but an exhalation! But not (in this place) a watery exhalation (be ing that thereis not any thing watery left inthem:) therefore airy. That mixt bodies do vapour is without doubt: forafmuch as the Elements of which | they do confift do vapour. Underftand not only foft bodies (fulphur, falt, herbs, fleth, &c.) but the very hardeft. For how could a thunder-bole be generated inthe clouds, if ftony vapours did not afcend into the cloud? and it iscertain that {tones expo fed to the air for fome ages, (as in high towers) grow porous: how, but by eva- poration? and whatis themelting of me- tals, but a kind of vaporation:? for though the metall return to its confiftency, yet not in ies ee (101 ) in the fame quantity, becaufe fomething iS evaporated by putting to the heat. II1 Heat is the efficient canfe of vapour ; which wither{cever it diffufeth it (elfe, attenn- ating the matter of bodies, turns.it into va- pour . > For this is the perpetuall virtue of hear, torarifie, attenuate, and diffufe. IV cAil is full of vapour throughout the world. For heat, the begetter of vapours, is no _ where wanting : fothat the World is no- thingelfe bura great Vaporarie, or Stove. For the earth doth alwayes nourifh infinite ftore of vapours in its bowels: and the fea boiles daily vvith inward vapours, and the air is {tuft full of them every vvhere. And yve hall fee hereafter, that the skie isnotaltogether free from them. But li- ving bodies of Animals and Plants, are no- hing but fhops of vapours, and as it vvere akind of Alembecks perpetually vaporing, aslong asthey have life orheat. , _V Vapours are generated for the progenera- ting of other things. = ° For all things are made of the Elements, a8 it is yvell known, Stones, Herbs, Ani- mals, &c. but becaufe they cannot be made bi As 3 un- (102) unleffe the Elements themfelves be firft founded, they mutt of neceflity be melted ; vvhich is done when they are refolved into ‘vapours, and varioufly inftilled into things, to put on feverall formes. And: hence it 4s that ALi/es teftifies, that the firft feven days | of the world, when there was yet no Tain, a vapour went up from the earth, to water the whole earth: that isall things growing out of the earth. Read with attention, Gen. 2. Ver. 4,56. VI Vapowrs are the matter of all bodies. For who knoweth not, that vvaters and oiles are gathered out of the va pours of Ae lembicks >. vvho feeth not alfo, that {moak ina chimney turns into foot, that is black duft? yea that foot gets into the wals of chimneys, and turnes into a ftony hardnefle? After the fame manner there- fore that clouds, rain, hail, ftones, herbs, are made of the condenfed vapours of the } Elements, and living creatures themfelves, (andin them bloud, flefh, bones, hairs) are nothing but vapours concrete, vvill appear more clear then the light at noon day. V II Vapouns then are coagulated, {ome into Liquid matter, (as water, fpittle, flefe or pulp) forme intoconfiftent matter,( as frones bones,wood, Sc.) That (103 ) That appears, becaufe thofe liquid things may be turned into vapours, and confiftent things into fmoke. which they could not, if they were not made of them, for every thing may be refolved into that onely, of which it is made. VILL The motion of vapours with us us up- wards, becaufe among the thicker elements, they obtein the nature of thinner. For certainly the vapour of watet 1s thin- ner then water, it felf, yea, thinner then the very air: which though it confift of fmaller Parts, yet they are compacted. And there- fore vapor fuffers it felf to be preft neither by Water nor air , but frees it felfy ftill getting upwards, & hence itis, that plants grow up- wards | becaufe the vapour included fpread- ing it felf, rends upwards. LX One vapour 15 moift, another dry; one thin, another thick. one mild, another fbarp, Ce. _ For thofe qualities which are afterwa rds inbodies, are initially in their rudiments, thatis vapours ; which we may know by ex- perience. For dry fmoak pains the eyes: Which a humid vapour doth not: there you have fharpneffe : fmels alfo,(which are no- thing but exhalations of things) do not u = (104) fufficiently manifeft fharpneffe, fweetnefle, fc? and Chymicks gather Sulphur, /alt,and | A4ercury out of {moak. Therefore all quali ties arein vapours more or leffe: whence the bodies afterwards made of them, get fuch or fachan habit or figure. X Vapours gathered together, and tot code gulated, caufe wind in the air, trouble in tke fea, earthquake in the earth. Of winds. XI wind is a flue of the air,ordained in nde ture for moft profitable ends For winds are 1 the befomes of the world ; cleanfing the elements,and keeping them from putrefying. 2 the fan of the fpitit of life, cauling it to vegetate in plants and all growing things. 3 the charriots of clouds rains, fmels, yea, & of heat & cold, wherhet | foever there is need that they fhould be con- veyed. 4 Laftly, they beftow ftrong moti- ons for the ufes of men (as grinding failing) XII The ordinary caufe of wind os tore of exhalations one where, enforcing the air to flow elfewhere. We may in our hand raife a kind of wind four manner of ways; namely by forcing or comprefling , rarifying and denfifying ait, (which fhall be thewed by examples by . (105) : by and by) and fo many wayes are winds raifedin the world, yet they are all referred tothat firft canfe, vapours, as fhall be feen by and by.'I faid that wind may be raifed byus by forcing, comprefling, rarifying, or denfifying, that may be fhewn to children by ocular experiments, for if you drive the airwith a fan,doth ic not give a blaft> if you preffe ic when it is drawn into the bel- _ lows, doth it not breath through the pipe? if ” youlay anapple or an egge into the fire, doth not the rarified humour break forth with a blaft > but chis laft will be better feen ina bowle of braffe (which hath but one hole) put to the fire: efpecially if you drop infome drops of water. For che air fhut in with the water, when they feel the hear, will pre‘ently evaporate, and thruft them- felves out with a violent blaft. Which may bealfo feen, if you put a burning wax can- dle into a pot weil {topped (having a {mall hole left at the fide) &c. The fourth way is bycondenfation of air: iffor example, you lay the forefaid bowle of braffe very hotup- ON ice, and force the thin air included to be condenfed again with cold, you fhail per- Ceiveitto draw it again from without, to fillupthe hollownefle of the bowle. ane ei ore (106) fore fomany ways winds are made under heaven; either becaufe the air is rarified with the heat of the Sun, and {preads it felf ; or becaufe it contra it felf with be- ing cold, and attracts from elfewhere to fill up the {paces ; or becaufe a cloud {cattered, or falling downward ; or elfe blafts fome- where breaking out ofthe earth compreffe the air,and make it diffufe: or laftly, be- caufe one part of the air being moved drives others before it, (for here you muft remem- ber what was faid before.1 that a drop of water turned into air, requires an hundred times more fpace. 2 that the air isa very li- quid and moveable element : and therefore being but lightly puthed, gives back a long way.) but yet it is plain chat all thofe moti- onsoftheair take their firft rife. from va- pours. Now becaufe the world is a great globe, it affordeth great ftore of blafts alfo, both the heat of thefun-above, and the par- ching of the fire under ground, begetting various vapours. Hence it is underftood, why after a great fire there arifesa wind prefently, (even in the {till air?) namely, becaufe much folid matter, (wood and ftone, &c.) is refolved into vapours, and the airround about is at- tenuated Pye ost Ne tenuated by the heat of the fire, that it mutt of neceflity {pread it felf, and feek a larger room. : XIII Winds iv {ome countreys are certain, comming at a certain time of the year, and from Acértam coaft ; others are free, comming from any place. Note they call thefe éeugles, which is as much to fay as annuall: which are caufed either by the mountainoufneffe of the trad heer adjoyning, wherein the fnows arethen diffolved ; orto be fure fome other caufes, by reafon of which vapours are then proge- herated there in great abundance. But you _ Muft note, that thofeetefian winds are for the moft part weak and sentle, and yield to the free winds. , | Note 2 There is alfo another kind of fet Wind, common to the whole world ; name- ly a perpecuall fuxe of the whole air, from the eaftto theweft. For that there is fuch awind. 1 they that fail about the xquator teltifie. 2 in the feas of Exrope, whena par- ticular, wind ceafeth ; they fay alfo that a certain gentle gale is perceived from the eaft 3 and therefore Marriners are conftantly of opinion, that the navigation from eaft to Welt is {peedilieft performed. 4 laftly, with us . (108 ) us ina clear and ftill skie, the higheft clouds are feene for the moft part to be carried from Eaft to Welt. therefore wee need not doubt of this generall wind, if fo be a- ny one willcall ic a wind. For it proceeds not from exhalations, but from the heaven, which by its wheeling round, carries the air perpetually about, fwiftly above, here nigh the earth (where the clouds are) almoft in- f fenfibly,yet under the xquator(as being ina greater Circle) very notably. Whence this Probleme may be profitably noted, why the Haft wind dries but the Weft moiftens?namely, becaufe that being carried along with the ait attenuates itthe more - but this {triving againit the air condenfeth it. XEN eZ gentle wind rs called aura, a gale; a vehement wind overthrowi 4g all it mects mith Procella, a tempeft ; if winded into it (elf tur- bo awhirlewind. tis plain that fundry vvinds may arifein fundry places together, according as matter of exhalations is afforded here and there, and occafion to turn ivfelf hither or thither. Therefore if they fovv both one vvay, the wind doubled is the Rronger ; if fideways, or obliquely, the ftronger carries away the Weaker with it, and there is a change of the : vvind , ( 109 ) wind Which wefee done often, yea daily, but when they come oppofite to one and- ther, and:fall one againft another,they make aftorme or tempeft ; vvhich is a fight of the vvinds till the ftrongeft overcome, and is catried vvith a horrible violence bearing dowvn all before it. But contrary winds of equall tirength makea vvhirlvvind, vvben neither vvill give fidevvay, but both wvhirl upwards, vvith a violent gyration. Of the fea-tide. XV The fea-tide ss the daily fluxe of the feato the fhure, and refluxe back again. The fea hath its fluxes leffe unconftane then the air, for it lows onely to the fhores, and back again the fame vvay : and tvvicea a day it ‘lowes up , and twice it ebbs again. The end thereof vvithout doube 1S, to keepe the vvaters of the Sea from Putretying by that continual! motion. But the efficient caufe thereof heretofore accoun ted amongft the fecrets of nature comes NOW to he fearched out of the trueft St ounds of natural! Philofophy, and more accurate obfervarions. aa ! XVI The canfe of the fea-tide, are vapours within, (110) within, wherewith the fea {welling diffafeth it Self, and falling fettles down again. For this tide is like to the boiling of wva- ter, feething atthe fire; vvhich is nothing but the ftirring of the vapours raifed in the vwvaters by the force of the heat.For it is im- poflible that the vvater fhould not be refol- ved into vapours by the heat: impoffible that the vapours fhould not feek a paffage (upwvards ) to their connaturals.yet impofii- blethat they fhould have an eafie paffage out of the vvater, (being that the fuperficies of the vvater, yea the vvhole maffe thereof, being a diffufed liquor like liquid glaffe, hath fewer pores than the earth or wood,or a ftone :) therefore it is impoflible that the water fhould not fwel.rife up, dah it felfa- gainft the fides of the kettle, and at length break in athoufand openings , and sive the heat dancing & evapourating a paflage out, by reafon of the vapour raifed & multiplied vwvithin , and ftriving upvvard: all vvhich wve fee ina boiling pot. In the fame manner the fea fvvels, by reafon of the vapour that ismultiplyed inthe bottome of its gulfes, and lifts up it felf into a tumour, & of necef- fity {preads it felfto the fide,neither doth it make any thing againft this, that the wvater : of (111) of thefea boiling is not {6 hot as the wa: ter of a boiling pot. For here the vat quantity doth not admit of fo great heat over fuch deep gulfes. For the water of a Kettle heats at the bottome, but the fuper- ficies begin to fwell and turn about before they heat. XVII Vapours within the fea, are chiefly generated by by the fire under grennd. They referre it commonly to the cale- ftiall fire, the Sun, and the Moon. But that is likely to be as true, as that we fee a pot of Water to boile, fet in the fun, though never fohot. For who ever faw that? the Sua may lick the fuperficies of the water, and foconfume it by little and little, and turn it into vapour: buc nothing can make ic boil at the bottome, but fire put under jt. Therefore the caufe of the vapours within the fea, mutt of neceflity be placed under- neath: namely that fire under sround, Which the whole nature of inferiour things, demonttrate to be fhut up there. XVIII The vapours ana tides of the fea ae provoked by the beat of heaven, (the Sun.) Alabouring man, or atraveller, fweats ealily enough by his inward heat, (ftirred up (112) up by the motion of his body) but a. great deal more eafily in the heat of Summer, | thenin Winter; and all of us fooner in a | bath then elfe-where: the*outward heat’ provoking the inward. In like manner the fea vapours and boiles vvithin, but yet after the harmony of the fuperiour fire which is from the-ftars. Which harmony is feem alfo in yielding us vvater from the clouds and fountains. For in rainy vveather foun- tains low more abundantly ; in ot vvea- ther they dry fomething, both which God intimated, Gen.7. v.11. and Dest.38. v. 234 Now the caufe i is, the harmony of fire to fire of the celeftiall to the fubterraneous, &e. as it fhall elfewhere appear. | XIX The Sea flowes twice aday, accor- ding as the Sun comes and goes, For the Sun afcending to the Me- ridian, attracts the vapours of the fea, and caufes the waters to be elevated and: diffuled: defcending to the Weft, it fuffers them to fall again. Now that the waters {well again at the Sun fetcing, and” fall as he haftens to the Eaft; the caufe is the fame which in boyling pots: where the hot water is feento boile, and to be eleva- ted, notonly in that part which is coward the (113) ; ‘the fire, but alfo onthe contrary ; but to fall againonthe fides both wayes. So the , Seaisacaldron, which the Sun (the worlds fire) encompaffing, makes to {well up on both the oppofice parts, but to fall in the ' intermediate parts; fo that this fea-tide | following the Sun, goes circularly after a perpetuall law. | XX The fluxe and refluxe of the fea vs varied “according to the motion of the Sun and Moon, dndthe fite of places. For 1 in Winter ic is almoft infenfible,the Sun but’weakly raifing the fubterrane va- Pours. 2 When the Moon is in conjunaion Or oppofition to the Sun, the feas’ {well extraordinarily ; the force of both lumina- tits being joyned together to affe@ the in: feriour things (either joyntly or élfe oppo- fitely.) Alfo the Moonencreafing the flow- : ings ate fomething retarded, decteafing they are anticipated: which gave occafion tothe ancients to think that it was caufed by the Moon alone. 3 Thofe fea fluxes and ‘tefluxes vary alfo. according to the divers turnings and windings of Countries and Promontories, and the fhorter or longer Cohetence of inlets wich the Ocean; which -caufeth them to be perceived in fome pla- a i ces (114) ces fooner, in others later. But enough of the fea tide, the earthquake followes... - X1 An earthquake ss the soaking of th Superficies of the earth in any countrey 5, arifing from fubterrane exhalations, gathered together in great abundance, and Seeking a paf] age out. Therefore it ceafeth not till the faid ex halations are either fcattered through the cavities of the earth, or elfe break forth. X X11 Earthquakes are fomtimes {o horrible that they (ubvert Cities, Mountaines,1flands, with an hideous bellowing howling, and crafoing. Which formidable effects caufe us co fut pect, that thofe vapours are then mixt, like to thofe by which thunders are caufed. ina cloud: and that not fimply by che blaft of the exhalations, but by their burning, fo that they are a kinde of fubterrane light nings: yet Ithought good ‘to make menti- on of it here together. ene eee RA ay eS LPS es eee CHAP VIII. Of concrete fubftances : namely, Stars, Meteors, and Minerals. I A Concrete thing is a vapour coagulated, ended with fome form. For eae eal a Nae Ni * Rub RAR Ny 4, ORs) Bae. (115) “For example, foot, clouds, fhow, &e- Nate that this name of comerete, and Con- cretareisnew, yet fit to expreffe this désree of creatres, which confers nothing but coagulation and figure. | LY The primary canfe ef concretion of va- pours is cold, which whereferver it fader ‘a uapour, conden{eth and coagulaterh ir. That appears in Alembicks, where the vapour raifed by heat, and carried’ into the higheft region of it where: it is cold re- folves it felfe again into water : and to that end Diftillours now and then wath’che uppermoft capof the Alembick with cold ‘Water, andmake the pipes, through which the concrete liquour diftils, to paffe through aveffellof water. Yet Keat helps the cons cretion of things, confuming the thinner: part of the concrete, and ‘compelling the tefttoharden, which we fee'done inthe ge- heration of metals. LET Some concretes ave A theteall;. others: acreall, others watery, others: earthly. ~ Namely, becaufe fome are madeé“ir the- skie, as fPars: others in the air, as cloads, &o others itv water, as a bubble, Gc: 0- thers inthe earth, as-ftones, Cc. every one of which come to be confidered apart. , : L.2. LY. : (116) LV c£thereal coucretes,are ftars and comets. V Stars are fiery globes, full of light and heat, with Which the skye glitters on every fide. _ Both the ornament of the world required this,that hanging lamps fhould not be wane ting in folofty a palace : as alfo the neceffi- ty of the inferiour world, concerning which is the following Aphorifme.Now we reckon fears in the rank of concretes, becaufe it is cer- tain that they are made of matter and light Stars were produced in fo great number up- om-very great neceffity. Namely, t To heat the earth with ava- rious temperature. 2 To make the various harmony of times. 3 To infpire a-various form into the creatures. For fo great variety could not be induced into the lower world, without fuch variety in cceleftiall things. VIL Ged placed the createft number of fears in the highelt heaven round about, that they might irradiate theearth omevery fide, ah carry about their (phear with a rapid motion | of beat. eo Of which ftarry {phear take thefe follow- ing Aphorifmes: 1 That the motion of this {phear is fini fhed: in the {pace of twenty four hours. a And becaufe that motion is circular, it : , ‘y aN (7) - isfaid to bemade upon two.binges, or im- moveable points (in Greek poles) of vvhich the one is called the Northern or e4rtick, _ pole; the other the Southern or Autartick. a Betwixt thefe two poles the heaven is tur- ned: wvith its exa& globofity, defcribing a. circle (in the midft betwixt the two poles) which they call the equator. Now that tract, vvhere the ftars arife above the earth, iscalled the Eat, or the Sux-rifing : the op- | Polite to it vvhere they fet, is called the Weft or Sun-fetting ; and thefe four angles of the World, are called the four quarters of the World,and the four Cardinal Points. 3 Thatthe ftars of the higheft {phear, (commonly called the fixed ftars) are globes of vvondrous greatneffe in themfelves: the Steateft of them exceeding the globe of the earth an hundred and feven times: and the leaft ofthem exceeding the fame globe eigh- _ teen times. —_ 4 Thatthe numerableftarsare found by Us one thoufand, tvventy tvvo : but God Knovves the number of the innumerable. For the Galaxias or milky way(it is the whi- teft tract of heaven) is found by accurate perlpectives to be a company of very fma AO) a 13 ~ Stars ‘(a18) ttars 5 andtherearefome other fike tratts obfervedin heaven, though leffe, and of thefethe vvords of God,Gen.15. ov. «are to be underftood. 5 That the vifible ftars reduced intocer. tain figures, vvhich they call coleftial| figns in.number 69,12 vvhereof about the Aqua tor, ace by a peculiar name called the Zoe- diaque. But this Zodiaque declines with one halfofit toward the North, with the other part towards the fouth. the fignes are ‘come prehended in this diftick. smtc® etd ae a 2 me: gia SURE fives, Tasirns, Gemini, Cancer, Lee, 6 Uygo: 7 8 9 ro It Lisbraque,S. corpius « Aycitenens aper, Fiydria, 12 Pifces. r 2 3 The Ram, the Bull and Twins toth § pring btn long ; , to 6 5 To Summer Crab and: Unaid ana Lion frong. 8 4 Autumne hath Scales and Scorpion ithe Bow: ie) it r2 Goat, Water-ranckard, Fifhes Winter foow 6 from the earth is found above two hundred thoufand femidiameters of the earth, and a ‘femidiameter of the earth contains 3600 of our miles. iin BORA S lady VElT A very great portion of moft were . light is conglobated in the fun, (0 that it'may Seem the onely fountain of light and bear. . Forwere it not for the fun we fhould © have perpetual! night, for all the reft of the flars : forafmuch as at high noon, we are indarkneffe prefently, ifthe fun be but co- ~ Yered. | Now touching the [un thefe folowing Ax- jomes are to be noted. . 1 That it was made fo great as might fuf- a fice, both to illuftrate the whole world, and to heat and vaporate the whole earth § ‘that i$ 160 times greater than the earth. | a That itis fuch a diftance elevated from the earth, as might ferve, fo as neither to burt it, nor leave it defticute. P/al. 19 . v:7- for itis placed almoft in the middle fpace | betwixt the {tarry {phear and the earth. 3 That it is carried with a flower. motion: then the {tars in their higheft fphear. For whereas it feems to be turned about equally, a8 the ftarris {phear is, yet it is every day 7 14 left ” 6 That the diftance of this ftarry fphear- © a Cp) © sds: | (120) | Ieft behindalmofta degree, (of which the whole circuit of the {phear hath 360)| whence it comes to paffe, that in 365 dayes, it compaffeth the whole {pear as it were S0- ang back, and after fo many dayes: returns to the fame ftar again. And this we call the tame of an year, or.a folar year. a 4 And that it may ferve all fides of the earth with its light and heat, (to wit by turns) that retardation is not made fimply though the middeft of the world under the Zi quator: Butunder the Zodiack, bending tothe North on this fide: to the South ond that fide. Whence comes the divifion of the year into four parts; (S pring, Summer, Autumn and Winter) and the inequality of dayes to thofe that inhabite without the equinoctiall. For when it declines to thok on the Northit makes fummer with them, and the longelt days, and fo on the contra ry. And by how much it is. the more verti- call to any part of the earth, it heats it {0 much the more, by reafon of the dire& in-* cidence and repercuffion of the rayes. | 1X And becaufeit Was not convenient that the [unne and {tars foould always operate after one and the {ame manner (for variety is both pleafing and profitable to all nature) there were — § (121) : , were fix other wandring ftarres added over and - befides, which running under the fame Z odtaque andby certain turns entring isto conjunétion one with another » and with the Junne might warieufly temper his operation upon infertour things. Thefe wandring ftarres are called Plazets, of which there are feven, reckoning the fua forone. X The Planets therefore are the [ums coadjne- tors in governing the world : which differ in fite, courfe, magnitude and light. XI Three of the Planets Saturn (h) fupi- Ver (ML) Mars (3) are above the fun: Venus ( 9 ) Mercury( 3 )and the Moaon( D) below fo th a moft decent manner , as it were compaffing about the fides of their King. It is probable, that the flars are carried higher orlower in heavé,for the fame reafon as clouds in the air, or wood in water, that is, according to their different degrees of denfity or rarity. For as thick wood fwims under the water either with all or with half ofits body covered, but light wood {wims onthe top: and watry clouds afcend not far from the earth, but dry and barren clouds very high : fo the globes of the ftats ‘ are (137) are carried fome higher than others ‘accor- - ding to the thickneffe of their matter and light. | XID The upper Plane sare bigger then the earth, but the lower are le(fer. , bh \ doth e- 91 9 For it ish quail = 95 Globes of Ne gk 3 Gthe earth. | ye \ doth cOtein a ¢ part of the § ; ‘9 /the 39 earth, XII By how mach the higher any Planet 43, and necrer to the higheft fphear, fo much the [wifter it moveth; by how mach the lower and ncérer to the earth, fo much the flower. For Sarurn;becaufe he is next to the eighth {phear, is rolled about almoft equally with it; yet he alfo fals back by little and little: fothat heruns through the Zodiaque mo- ving backward in the {pace ofalmoit thirty years : Jupiter in twelve years: Mars in al- moft two: the Sun (as was fatd)in a year: Venus encompaffeth the Sun in five hun- dred eighty three dayes: Mercury in oné hundred and fifteen dayes : the Moon be- caufe fhe is floweft of all, remaining behind every eg ye every day 13 des. meafures the Zodiaque in. 27; dayes. ree XIV Thebigher Plawers do fo obferve rhe own, that approaching nigh unto him, they be- take themfelves into the higheft place; going pod the fuane, they finke lower towards the ~ “And for this caufe both their magnitude and their motion varyin our eyes: for when they are neerer to the earth they feem erea- ter; but more remote leffer. Again, the higher they are, the flower they move, and then they are called dsreét ; the lower they defcend the fwifter, fo that they feem either frationary, (keeping pace for fome weeks with the fame fixed ftars) or elfe retrorade, fometimes outftripping them in their courfe. XV Venus and Mercury depart not from the fun, unleffe it be to the fides both ways : Ve- nus 47 degrees, Mercary 23 degrees. So that Sometimes they go before the San, [ometimes they follow him , fonnctimes they lie hid under bis rayes. — Note, Venus when the is the morning ftar and goes before the Sun is called gdepogoe, of Lucifer: when fhe is the evening flar fine scaled Helpers. XVI As for their light, Mars 1 very (124) fiery and calefattive : h w pale and very frigi« fattive: Wand 2 are of abenigne light: ¥ changeably [parckling: ) fbines with abor- rowed light onely: of which more by and by. . Note. That the ftars and planets donot fparkle by reafon of their greater diftance, (for then h.fhould {parkle more then A@er- cury: wvhereas we find the contrary). but by reafon of their flaming. For fire or light cannot reft, therefore the polar -ftars, be- caufe they are leaft. ftirred with the com- mon motion, twinckle moft. X VII Becaufe the Adoon is near to the earth, and placed in a groffe air, jhe moves moft. flowly ; and alfo her body ts groffe and ob{cure, like a globons cloud. For it is not diftant from the earth above 60 femidiameters of the earth. The Moon by réafon of her opacity doth not fhine of her felfe, or elfe very weakly : but on that fide that fhe is illuminated by the Sun, onthat fide fhe fhines like a loo- - king glaffe, the other halfe being ob{cure: ote. Secaufethe Moon was to rule the night, a weak light, and that but.borrowed Was given her, and becaufe fhe was appoin- ted to fhew leffer times (Months). a no | ine (125) | different from the Sun'was given her, that byhér departure from the Sun, and by her returning, fhe might defigne the :progreffe of themoneths: and that it might be done more evidently, fhe was placed below the fin,that fhe might appear to us with her face enlightned after divers manners. For vvhen fhe runs with the Sun inthe famefigne of | the Zodiack,fhe doth not appear to us ; be- caufe her enlightned' face is turned toward the Sun, bue her obfcure facé to tis. But when fhe is oppofite to the Sun, we beliol- ding her on the fame fide which looketh. toward the Sun, fee all her luminous face. Laftly, in the intermediate places we fee er encreafing or decreafing in light ; ac- cording as fhe turns her enlightned face to Us,or turns it from us,by reafon of the diver- fity of her pofition in refpe@ of the Sage and us. XIX when the Moon, at the change, comes direétly nnder the Sun, fhe obfcures him as to uw; when at the full, fhe is direttly oppofite to the Sun, fhe enters into the Shadow of the earth,’ and ser felfe obfcured: and this they call the Eclipfes of the Lursinaries.’ ence it appears that the Sunis not ob- Sured after the fame manner that the Moo, t (126) is. For the Moon is really obfcured, that jg deprived of light, as. being fallen into the fhadow ; but the Sun is not deprived of light, but is only covered from us, that ig Cannot as then enlighten the earth with his rayes; therefore the earth is then more truly eclipfed then the Sun. Now God ordained Eclipfes 1 That we might underftand, thatall ourlight is from the Sun. 2 That the magnitude of the Lu- minaries, and of the earth might be found out 3. To finde the true longitude of coun- tries ; but that belongs to Aftronomers, this laft to Geographers. Of ( omets. XX Comets are acceffory ftars, which fome times fhine, and gout again: for the moft part with tayles, or buthes of bair. Wereckon them.to the heaven and ftars, notto the air and meteors: becaufe they are not generated in fublunary places,.(as ¢ 47i- frotle thought) but. in the higheft Heaven, even above the Sun: which 1 Their: moti- on, fwifter always then the Moomnit felfe. 2 Their parallax, leffe then the Moons; fom- times none at all, do thew... a XXI Comets are not vapours-kindled s..bu a reflexion of the Suns light, in vapours fo farelevated. The (127) _ The firft is eafily: proved. For if a Co- met were a vapour kindled, ic could nor Jatt halfean hour. (For nothing can be kin- ed buta fulphury matter, but tharis com fumed in a moment, as it appearsin Gun- powder, Lightning,a Chafme, a falling ftar, &c.) but hiftories relate rhat comets have Jatted three years. The fecond is thewed, becaufe comets 1 Caft a taile from the Sun, as the Moon doth a fhadow; (for thofe dry vapours are not an opacous body, like to the, Moon, but femidiaphanous.) 2 They are eclipfed (as Campanella teftifies) by thefhadow of the earth, as well as che Moon: which vyvould not be, if they bur- hed with their own fire. N.wW. Thatwhich is reported of a faul- phureous matter, or tone, which fell from a burning comet, if it be true, it is to be thought, that ic was made of fome fiery Meteors, not of a comet. XX 11 The ends of comets are, that it may appear; 1 That the whole heaven moves, not the fars only. 2 That it os liquid.and tranf- meable, not hard like Chryftall. 3 That va- PoHrs afcesd fo high, and that there are muta- tons every where in this vifible world. Vapours, Ifay, whether exhaling pte ea this this our inferiour world, or from the fuper- celeftiallwaters. For there is nothing to the contrary, Why we fhould not hold, that they alfo exhale, and are {pread abroad in- to the thinner region of the ftars. | Of aériall Concrets, that %, Meteors. “XXIII By reafon of the perpetual con- fluxe of exhalations inthe air from all the E- lements, many things are daily there concreted, but of {mall continuance. For the air is full of exhalations, even when it feemeth clear. For it catinot be fo pure here near’ the earth, bur it will have fomething watery, oily or fale alwayes. ad- mixt with it. Things concrete of thefe were anciently called Meteors, becaufe they are made on high:. for pelop@ fignifies high. XX1V_ Of humid exhalations dve made watery meteors: fiery of dry. XX V watery meteors are, mifts, clouds, rain, hail, [now, dew, froft. "» We muft fee them every one apart, how they are made. | XX V1 4 mift is a watery exhalation half concrete, which being that by reafon of its den fity it cannot elevate it felfe, creeps on the round. . 'XXVIU A cloadisa gathering sogether f thins I > ——eE———————————O————S—“‘ Fw a thin vapouig, and elevated upwards, in the higheft of the air. They are gathered together moft of all over a fea, and ftanding waters, becaufe there moft exhalations are made, and from thence they are driven through divers parts of the world by the windes, and increafed with exhalations arifing elfewhere. Hence in every region, rain comes, moft often from that part, which lies neareft to the fea; as With us from the Welt. : XXVIII Rains the refolution of a cloua tito Water, and the falling of it by drops. NW. « Thatrefolution is alwayes made by the condenfation of the vapour, but there isnot alwayes the fame efficient caufe of its condenfation. For fometimes cold conden- fetha vapour, asinthe head and pipe of an Alembick (which muft needs be cooled ) wefee: fometimes the very compreflion tt felfe, or confpiffation, as itis plain in the toof of baths, and the cover of a boiling pot. Butneither of thefe caufes is wanting tobeget rain: being that the middle regi- On of theair iscold, and the cloud being Preffed together by the vapours alwayes afcending, muft of neceffity be diffolved. And this is the caufe, why the burninig heat K . of of theair is a fore-teller of rain: becatle then it is certain that the air is thicknéd. 7 N. 2. That rainis better for fields and gardens then river water, becaufe it’ hath a kind of a fatnefle mixt withit, from the evaporations of the earth, minerals, planty and Animals, wherewith it gives the earth a moft profitable tincture. . N- 3 Sometimes wormes, {mall fifhe frogs, &c. fall with the rain, which, asits very likely, are fuddenly generated’ withii the cloud, of vapours gathered togethé of the fame nature, by virtue of a ‘ltvitp _ {pirit admixt therewith; as in the begitt ning, at the Command of God, the way‘ ters brought forth creeping things and fe}! fhesin a moment. | AXIX Hail ws rain congealed. For when the Sun beamsin the greatell}' heat of Summer, have driven away all coll from the earth into thé-middle’ region dl the air, it comes to paffe that that vehe ment cold doth violently harden the drops of rain pafling through them, and force: them to turn to ice:‘and therefore hail! cannot.be procreated in Winter, the cold abiding then near the earth, not on high. XXX Snow, is 4 rtfolution of a clod me mm | (131) | moft {mall drops, and withall..a thickning of | them with a gentle cold. ( det Atfalls only in Winter : becaufe.the y “apoursare not elevated bythe weak rayes | the Sun, fo far as the middle (that is | the cold) region ; here then near the eaith, ‘the tefolution ismade in a milder cold, and . wathall che congelatien is very mild. 2 The ( Whitenefle of the fnow is from the conjun- J tion ofthe parts of the water: the fame: qfomes to pafle in broken ice, and in the « troth of water. f Be Wee X1 Dew is a. thin “Vapour, “(Or it Ahh , elle the air it felfe) attratted by the leaves seein of plants, and with their coldnelle condenfed Beaty hf tito, Water. 4 For it is no where, but upon plants; and j that in the heat of fummer, when the plants | M@colder then the air it felfe. Now this ; Wrnes to the reat benefitof the plants; for by that means they are moiftned, at WMevery drieft time of the year. And there- :}0re they are produced alfo .in thofe coun- Mes which know no rain. AMX LT Fro 5, congealed dew. » Therfore there is none, but in winter,when ! Cold reigns: by teafon of the funs abfence. 4 , fr K2 Of 0138) Of fiery Meteors. Fiery meteors are thofe, which arife from fat fumes, kindled inthe air: the principal kinds of which are feven; a falling ftar: a flying dragon: lightning: flying {parksi tenis fatnus: atorch: and ignis lambens. XXXIII A falling flar is a fat aid vifcous fume, kindled (by an antiperiftafis, thatis an obfiftency of the cold round # bout) at the upper end of it, the flame where of following its fucll is carried downward, th st fail alfo and be extinguifhed. For they are to be feen every cleat night, in winter more then in fummef and you may-fee the like fpectacle, if you kindle the fat fume ofa candle put out with another candle put to it above. This fal ling ftar is made of a groffe vapour ; al by reafon of its groffenefle hanging togethet likea cord. Therefore it burns fo violently, that falling upona man it burns through his garment. Look which way it tends wilt its motion, it foretels wind from that path XXXIV A flying dragon, is a lim, thick, fat fume, elevated in all its parts : for which caufe being kindled, it doth wot dart # Selfe downward, bnt fide-wayes like a dragih or [parkling beam. a ' is vere (133) | This meteors is not fo often feen: and | therefore they that are ignorant of the na- ' turall caufes, think that the Divell flies. | XXXV Lightning x fire kindled with- in acloud, which flying from the contrary cold, breaks out with an lorrible noife, and for the moft part cafts the flame as far as the earth. The World is the Alembick of nature, the air the cap of this Alembick: the fun isthe fire: the earth, the water, minerals, | plants, &c. are the things which being foft- ‘ned with this fire, exhale vapours upward "perpetually. So there afcesid, falt, fulphury, “hitrous, &c. vapours, which being wrapped." “Up inclouds, put forth various effects; for example, when Sulphury exhalations are mixt with nitrous, (the firft of a moft hot hature, the fecond moft cold) they endure one another fo long, as ull the fulphur takes fire. But as foon as that is done,. pre- fently their followes the fame effe@ as in _ $Un- powder,(whofe compofition is the fame (Of Sulphur and Nitre) a fight,.a rapture, anoife, violent cafting forth of the mat- tet. For thence ft is thata vifcous faming Matter is caft forth, which prefently in- flames whatfoever it touches that is apt to flame, and {miting into the earth, it turnes ey K 3 te (134) toa {tone, and being taken out after a time, 1S called a rhunder-belt. XXXVI Flying [parks are a Sulphur fame fcattered into many fmall parts and kindled . It is feldome feen as likewile thofe that follow. AXXVIAT lenis faruns, is a fat a vifcous fume, which by reafon- of its graft neffe, doth not elevate it Selfe far from th earth, and being kindled, ftrag eles here aMh there, leading travellers fometimes out of then way, and into danger. XX XVITI cA torch is a fume like th but thin, and therefore elevated upwards Which being kindled. burnes awhile like a Cait dle or lamp. XAXXIXS: guis lambens, ts a fat exhale tion coming from a li ving body, heated with motion, andkindled at its head, or near abut Tt fometimes befalls men and horfes, ve hemently breathing after running, that the ardent vapours fent forth, are turned int flames. Of appearing Ad eteors. Appeating Meteors, are the images OF things in clouds, varioufly exprefled by tie! incident light: of which fort there are ob ferfed (135) ferved feven: Chama, Halo, Parelius, Para- felene, Reds, Colours, the Rainbor. XL (hafma(a pit)isthe hollownes of a cloud, making fhew of a great hole. Itit byreafon of a fhadow in the midft } of a cloud, the extremities whereof are ' enlightned. You may fee the like almoft in thenight by a candle, on'a'wall, which hath any hollowneffe in it, though it be | Whitith. | XLI Halo (a floor) is 4 laminons cir- | cles when the vapours underneath the fun, or ) moot, are illuftrated with the rayes of the lumi- nary. You may fee the fame by night ina bath, _ Stany other vaporous place, about a bur-: hing candle. It is ofteft feen under the Moon, becaufe the fun with his ftronger Mayes either penetrates or diffipates the oud. | ALII Parelius (a falfe fan) & the re- | prefentation of the [un upon a.bright cloud pla- Ceaby its fide. After the fame manner, if you ftand up- | 0M the oppofite bank of a river, you fhall fetwo fans ; the one, the true one in hea- Yen, the other reflected in the water. There ate fometimes three {uns feen, ff two of Wy K 4 thole (136) | thofe clouds are at once oppofed to the fin and our fight. X LIII Parafelene (a falfe moon) ith image of the moon expreffed after the fam manner, upon a collaterall cloua. X LIV Rods,are beams of the fn covetth with a cloud, yer feining through the tim cloud, ftretched towards the earth like rods. XLV Colours are they that appear dive in a cloud, according as it 1s after feverall tit ners turned toward the (un and us; fo that i clond {cems fomtimes yellow fomstimes red C fit) XLVI Laftly, the Rainbow ts an Haloip fite tothe (un or moon, ia a dewy cloud, rept prefexting a bow of divers colours. For there are Lunar rainbows alfo. Now that the Rainbow is an appearing Metedl, is plain, if ic be but from hence, thatt comes and goes backwards and: forwatt with the eye of the beholder; and i it appears to be in feverall places, ™ thofe that behold ‘it from feveralf placty. even as the image or brightnels of the {ua thofe that walk up and down on the {hott I fay that it is a M€eteor like to am Hal becaufe it is alike circular.. And ‘asi the Halo, tke center of the luminary, center of the lightfeme circle, and the i te > | (137) ber of our eye are wm one fight line, fo ina Rainbow: onely that in the firft the ju- minary and the eye are the extreams, the. Hah in the middeft: here the luminary and the bow are the extreams, and the eye in themiddeft. Now there doth not appear a whole circle in the rainbow, becaufe the center of it to usfals upon the earth, and _ fo the upper halfe of the circle only ap- pears. If any one could elevate himfelfe _ into the cloud, or above the cloud, with- out doubt he would fee the whole circle of the Rainbow. Hence alfo the reafon is ‘evident, why at the [uns rifmg or Setting there appears a whole femicircle eleva- ted right up towards heaven 3 but when the fun ishigh, it appeares low. Laftly, why there can be none at all when the (un is vertrcalt. The Lunar Rainbowes are onely pale, as an Halo: the Solar fhewes-forth moft fair clouds, from a ftronger light diverfly re- fleted from’ a thoufand thoufand drops, (of the melting cloud:) the colours being cootdinate, as isto be feenina Chryftalline Prifme: and certainly the Rainbow was gi- ven even for this, that we might learn to con- template the nature of colours There is alfo a contrairis, namely when the rainbow re- fledts (138) - flets again upon another cloud under neatli ; and therefore it is leffe and of a Weaker colour, and the order of the co- Jours inverted ; fo that the higheft is low- eft, asina glaffe the right fide anfwers to the left fide, &c. but of Meteors enough. : Of watery ( oncretes. XLV II Watery concretes are: 4 bubble, fuame, ice, and feverall appearances inthe wa- ters allo the faltneffe of the fea, pring Yoa- ters: and medicinall waters. XLKIII A bubble tsa thing watery skin, filled with air. ; Itismade when a fmall portion of air thrnit down below the water is carried ups Wards: which the water,being fomwhat fat- tet in its fuperficies, fuffers not prefently to. flieout, but covers it with a thin skin, like a little bladder. By how much the more. oily the water is, by fo much the longer the bubbles hold: asit is to be {een inthofe ludicrous round bubbles,. which boyes are Wont to blow out of water and fope, (which fie a great while through the air unbro- ken.) Fromthe bubble we learn, to what a fubtilty water may be brought. For the skin of a bubble is a choufand times thinner then the thinneft paper. X LIX Foams : (139) XLIX Foameis acompany of very {mall bubbles, raifed by the fudden falling of water to water. ; The beating of the water into final! parts caufes whiteneffe in the foam’; even as ice, Wake, pitch, and other things are whitifh When they are beaten. The durability alfo of the foam is more in an oily liqnour, as in beer, &c. L Ice is water hardened together with cold. LI watery impreffions are images of cloads, of birds flying over, of men, of ‘trees, and of any things obyeéted. It isknown, that water is the fitft ‘mir- rour, receiving the images of all things: which is by reafon of the evenneffe of its fuperficies. For light coloured with things falling uponthe water, cannot (as it comes to pafle in another body of a rough fuperfi- cies) be difperfed, but by reafon of its ex+ ceeding evenneffe is intirely refle@ted, and prefents it felfe whole with that image to the eye of the beholder. This isthe ground of all mirrours. Bur letus come to reall concretions in the water. LI The faltneffe of the fea, is from the Sibterrane fire, which heating a bituminons matter, fbreadeth falt exhalations throngh the fea: Sadt- (140) Saleneffe fomething bitter, with a kind of oleofity was given to the fea. 1. That the waters might not putrifie. 2 For the more convenient nutriment of fifhes. 3 For ftrength to bear the burdens of fhips. Now the {ca is falt, not (as e4riforle thought) byreafon of the fun beams, extra@ing the thinner parts of the waters, and {corching the reft. (For our fire would do the fame, and the funin lakes and pooles, neither of which is done: yea, by how much the more, falt water is heated with our fire, the falter itis; but frefh water is fo much the frefher) but by reafoh of the heat in- cluded within the bowels of the earth, and of the deep ; which when it cannot exhale, it {corcheth fharply the humour that there is, fo that it curnesto urine: The very fame we fee done in our own body (and all li- ving creatures.) For urine and {weat are alike falc. ! LIVI Spring waters are made of vapours condenfed in the cavernes of the earth ; after the fame manner, as drops are gathered together Hepors the covers of pots. It is certain that under the earth there lies a great deep, Gen.7. v1. That isa migh- ty mafle of waters, diffufed through the. ) hollows (141) hollows of the earth; which that ic yoynes with certain gulfes of the Ocean, this is an argument that the depth of the fea in fome places is altogether infearchable. Therefore as vapours afcend out of the o- pen fea into the air, which being refolved into drops diftill rain: fo the fubterrane waters, being attenuated by the fubterrane heat, fend forth vapours, which being gathered together in the hollowes of the earth, and colleG&ed into drops, flow out which way [paffage] is given them. And this is it which the Scripture faith, AW ri- vers enter intothe fea, andthefea runneth not over: unto the place from whence the rivers come they returne, that they may flow again. Ecclef. 1.0.7. Whenceit isunderftood why rings yield frefh water, though they come rom thofe bitter, and falt waters of the fea? namely,becaufe they come by diftillati- onto the fpring head. For they fay, that the fea water being diftilled (that is refolved firft into vapours, then into drops in an Alembick) loofeth its faltneffe : by the fame reafonthen the deepunder ground, evapo- rating falt waters fendeth them frefh out of fountains nevertheleffe. And what need words ? For clouds gathered of the vapours of eee (142) of the fea : fend down freth showers. See how excellently the truth of things agreeth withitfelfe till. . LIV Medicinal waters are made of the va- vious. tinthures of the metals and juices. of the earth, (from which they receive the yirtue of healing and {i avour.) For example, hot Waters or baths, are made of bitumen burning within: There- fore they exhale fulphur manifeftly ;. but tharpith waters re lith of iron,coper, vitriol, | allom,&c. of which earthly concretes it will be now time to fpeak. Of earthly concretes, which are called Minerals. LV Minerals are earthly concretes begotten of fubterrane vapours ; asiclods, coucret jttices, metals, and Stones. : Thefeare called minerals from: the He- brew jo and. xy as if you fhonld fay from the earth. They call. them alfo Foffiles, becaufe they are digged: that allthefe are begotten of fubterrane vapours, and fub- terrane fire, appears by the exam ple of our body: wherein bloud, cheler, flegme,. melan- lancholy,, wrine, fpittle, far, flel, veins, nerves, membranes , griftles, bone; ee. yea, the fone and gravel; are. made -of the Va pours . ° foo Ne, aa , ii Pe (143) tee food concocted and digefted as: thal be feen hereafter” Now as thefe paitts of outs are formed“ within the body by the heat in- cluded ; fo «minerals are generated ‘in the bowels of the earth) not elfewhere. For the earth with its moft deep paffages and Veins Winding every way, where infinite Vapolits are generated, and perpetually di- ftifled ina thoufand fathions, is that Sreat _ Work-honfe Of God; wherein, for the {pace Of fomany ages, fuch things are wroughr, as neither art can imitatey nor wit well find’ out. i ee LVI Chas are digged earths infected on- ; ly with fatnelfe, or [ome colour, and apt to 6 Soaked > as 1 Clay: 2 Marle. 3 Ghalk, 4 Red earth. 5 Paintings, or Painters co- lours, (as lake, vermilion, oker, azure, oF blew, werdivrea e-) 6 Pullers earth in Greek, wuse7?. §=7 Medicinal! earth , as, fealed ath, Lemnian, eArmenian, Samian, Gre. __ Thefe colours feem to be nothing Afe, --butthe foot of the fubterrane fumes, vari- - oully diftilled; and thofe earths, nothing --elfe but’ a various mixture of liquors diftil- Jed alfo Vatioufly, and brought to {ch or lucha quality. | 3 % eet Conc ete juices, are foffilesindued wiih | q i (144) " with afaveur, or fome (harp virtue, apt to be diffolved, or k@rdled ; as fulphur, miter, falt, ailome,vitriol, arfenick, (which painters call erpiment)antimonie or ftibium, & fuch like N. Thofe juices feem to be nothing elfe but the cream of fabterrane liquors va- rioufly diftilled. ! LVII1 Metals are watery fiffiles, apti be melted, caft, and hammered as gold, fil ver, braffe, (or copper) iron, tin, lead quick-filver. N..1. That they are progenerated fire, this is enough to teftifie, that they att oft times taken hot out of the veines, 10 chat the couch will not endure them. Fof in winter when al! herbs are white with froft, thofe which grow over the vei, admit of no froft, becaufe of the hot e& halation within hindering concretion, 0 alfo trees, by the blewnefle of their leaves, fhew the veines of ‘metals. | 2 Now that metals are made of vapouls, ‘this is an argument that they are wont alfo te be procreated iu the very clouds. For examples are not unknown, even. in oll age of bodies of brafle, or iron, of 10 {mall weight falling from heaven. 3 That.metals are made of. watery 1) “+ puts; (145) pours their liquabilitie fhews; now they ate coagulated by virtue of falt. Therefore the drofle of iron is falt and bitter. 4 Quickfilver alone is alwayes liquid, never confiftent; as a perpetuall witneffe of the watery nature of metals. Other me- tals {wim upon it, becaufe it hath the moft compacted fubftance of all, gold only ex- cepted: which therefore it receives only in- to it felfe. 5 Whether metals differ in their fpecies, or only in degree of purity and hardheffe, and in heat, we leave now in fufpente. LIX Stones are carthly foffiles, hardly - compatted, apt only to be broken im pieces. That ftones are earth coagulated with water and fire, bricks and pots teach us 5 for here art imitates nature. Yet the feverall formes of {tones fhew, that they are not earth fimply concrete, but a mafle concrete of divers moft groffe earthly vapours, with a various temperature of humours. LX Stones ave either vulgaryor precious. EXT eA valear fPone ws earth mst hard- Ly compatted : the principall kinds of which aré feven. The gravell ftone, the mil- ftone, the pumice-ttone, the flint, (to which Trefer the Smiris wherewith glaffe is cut, ' i and (146) ! and iron ‘polifhed the whetftone, and the touch ftone, (or Lapis lydins ) the marble, and the loadftone. N. Every kind have their differences a- Sain. : A Sreat {tone is called (xu or a rock, a little one, gravel and fand. 3 Moft mountains. are ftony, (and yield metals;) becaufe the fubterrane fire (on the third day of the creation) fwelling the earth here, made it felf many channels and pafla- | Ses, breathing through which, itdoth va- | rioufly exhale, mele, mix and boile the mat ter: whichis not done fo copioufly under plains. » LX II Pretious ones are are called gems, becaufe they are the gums of tones /weating in the bowels of the earth. Hence comes their clearneffe and bright- neffe, that is to fay, from their tnoft-thin and accurate ftraining, even more then ia the gums of trees; for wood hath loofet pores then ftones. LXIII ew L&ms are tranfbarent, and pellucia: but [ome onely tranfbarant, as thee three ; the Diamond, the Chryftall, the Beryl. Others cchoured with all, and thofe (according tothe diverfity of their colours) of (ven Sorts. oe 1 Brght eee eS pee le, ete Oe gw a i (147 ) ) t Bright and burning ; the Carbuncle the Chalcedon, the Chryfolite. 7 4 2 Yellow ; the Jacinth and Topaze. 3. Green; the Emerald, and the Tur- / quois, aes 4 Red or purple : the Rubie and the Gra- | ‘Mate: but the Carneolus and the Onyx are fk More pale. | 5 Skie-colonred ; the Saphir, and the’ ; Amethyft, ae 4 © Black; the Morion Wer ah 7 Changeable ; as the Jafper, the Agar, at E “the Chryfoprafe. ; ! "1 ( N. 1. That Chryftall is never found un- ji lefleit be Hexagonall, which is the mi- y Macle of nature. And that it is growes Matched cels under ground, dry and clo- 8@; Where the wind enters not for fome i Yeats, hath been experienced at i ings Itra- MR, in Bohemia, Anno 1618. For elegant ‘ Chryftals were found hanging from the “Ones of the arches, like Ifcles of an exa@ | Hexagonal forme, but in the filver mines (V1 Catteberce, there are found far more. . | SF other gems we have nothing to fay in | Patticular. 1p ie Stones that are wont to grow | fome fj Ving creatures, are ufually recko- an Es ned SS (148 ) ned amongft precious ftones: as the pearl, in fea fhell fifhes: the Bezoar. the C heli- donius, the Aleéttorius, the Bufenites, ec. alfo Corall, and Amber. Butthefe two, areto be referred rather to the following chapter. LXIV The virtue which uw in minerals, 1scalled their naturall {pirit : of which there are [o many formes, as there are {pecies of mi- nerals. For there is one /pirit of falt, another, of vitriol, loadftone, and iron, ec. which diftillers know how to extra@. ee emma ag a I a eRe CH A P. 1X. Of Plants. - Hus much of Concretes: here follow Plants, which befide their figure have life. 1 A plant isa vitall concrete, growing om of the carth: as atree and an herb. Some concretes ({tars, meteors, mine- _rals,) want life, and lie or tarry where they were concrete: but plants endued with an inward vigour, break out of the earth, and fptead themfelves ix plano: whence allo they were called plants. II Plans (149) Il Plants are generated, bethto be an orna- mnt to the earth, and to yoeld nourifhment, memcine, and other ufes to living creatures. For what a fad face'the earth would have if it were not cloathed every year with thofe diverfe coloured tapiftries of herbs, we have fufficient experience in Winter, and whence fhould jiving creatures have food, medicines, and pleafures, if we were - deftitute of the roots, leaves, feeds and fruits of plants > not to fpeak of the com- modity of fhade, and of the infinite ufes of wood. III The effentiall parts of a plunt are, the root, the trunk ( or talk.) and the branches or leaves. N.wW. The Elements, vapours, concrete things, confifted only of fmilar parts + for every part and particle of water, earth, va- pour, acioud, iron, &c. is called, and is Water, earth, vapour, a cloud, iron, &c. But more perfect bodies, (of plants and [i- Ving Creatures) do confift of diffimular parts That 1s memoers) every one of which hath both its office, and its name, differing from theteft. Forexample. Ina plant, the roct is the part fticking in the ground, and fuck- M§ inthe juice of the earth: thetruk, 19 (or (or ftalks) attracting the juice, concoding it: and fending it to the upper parts: the boughes and branches, are twigs, diftribu- ting the juice yet better concoded. to make feed and fruit: the /eaves are the coverings of the fruits and boughes. IV The S pirit of a plant is called a vegeta- ble, or vitall [pirit ; which puts forth its vir- tue three manner of wayes s in nutrition, aug mentation, and generation. For here that univerfall (pirit, (the {pirit of life,) begins more manifeftly to put forth its virtue, preparing a portion of matter fo foftly to its turn, that it may have it tra@a- ble to perform the offices of life: and is therefore called vitall in plants, namely, becaufe of its more manifeft tokens and ef fects of life. They call italfo. the tive [ul V Nutrition isan inbred virtue ina plant, whereby (ucking in juice fit for it, changeth it tuto its own [ubftance _ For becautethe encompafling air dries up every body,and the heat included ina living body doth alfo feed upon the inward moi- {ture ; it were impoffible thara plant fhould not prefently fade away, unleffe new matter and vigour were continually fupplyed wid fre vegEta- (151) | frefh nourifhment , to make up that which isloft. and to this end every plant hath a body, either hollow, or elfe pithy, and po-. rous, that the nourifhing vapour may paffe | through and irrigate all the parts; yea what- -foeveris ina plant, even the very haire or downe, is hollow and porous. Therefore inaman, the head is eafed , when the haire iscut; becaufe the fuliginous vapours of the braine, or thetuperfluities under the skin, do the more eafily evaporate. For the fame Gaufe every plant reftsuponitsroot, that ‘lucking the moifture of the earth through the ftrings thereof it may be nourifhed : therefore it perifheth when itis pluckt up. the humour then, ox fat juice of theearth, isa fitnourifhment for plants: not dry earth, becanfe it cannot paffe through the ttrings and pores of a plant; nor water alone, be- caufe it cannot be concrete into a folid body. ‘Therefore the moifture of the earth which ‘‘Samixture of Mercury , fulphur and fale Rourifheth plants. : VI Augmentation is a virtue of a plant, whereby itincreafeth alfo by nourifbing it felf, w ich we call by a common terme growing. It is pleafant to contemplate what it is to Sf0W, and how iris done. Nowit is eafily (152) found out by the doctrine of motions a'rea- dy delivered. For firft, when the fpirit in- cluded'in the feed, beginsto diffufe it felf, and to fwell by reafon of the heat'that is rai- fed, the chin fhell of the feed muft of necef fity break : by the metion of ceffiow- and be- caufe every body is moved towards a greater company of its connaturals , that vapour comming forth when the feed 1s warmed ; tends towards heaven ; but becaufe the matterofthefeedis fat and glutinous, the vapour being infolded therein carries it up wards with it, and brings 1t forth out of the earth, «and this xs the originall of the femep and boughs. now becaufe that the outfide ‘of the plant hindereth the vapours afcending there is a {trife, and heat is raifed, whereby the fuperficies of the fmall body is by little and little mollified, that it may yield and rife up. and this is done every day when the $un 1s hot: burthe tender parts which grow up are condenfed and made folid with the cold of the night: by which fueceffions of day and night the plants take increafe, all {pring and fummer long. Now look how much moifture is every day elevated upward by | the ftump, fo much again fucceeds it by the / motion of continwitie. leaft there fhould be 4 vachue | (153) vacuum. but becaufe every body lovesan aquilibrinm , and plants own their center in the joynt of the {tump and root, it comes to pafle by the wurion of libration , that as much as the boughs {pread themfelves upwards, fo much the roots {pread downwards or fide- wayes. | Now there isa qneftion, why when ateafe wabouch os plucke off , yea when the frock is cut alunder, the {pirit doth not exhale , but con- tines it felf , und growes till? Aniwer t Pecaufe the {pirit hath its proper feat fixed inthe root, which it doth not forfake, though a paffage be open through a wound feceived : nay more, fearing difcontinuity, it gathers and conglobates it felf , when it - perceives an opening and danger of diffipa- tion. 2 Becaufe the wound is prefently overfpread with the moifture of the plant, — Which being hardened with the outward cold , covers the wound as it were with a cruft , and prohibits a total expiration. VIL. Generation is a virtue of a plant, whereby tt gathers together and conglobates its Spirit into a certain place of it; and makes a feed orRernell, (fom which the like plant may afterwards grow. ) The fpirit of the plant forefeeing as it vvere (154) were , that it fhal! not always have matter ‘atcommand, which it may vegetate , turns but a partofit felf into the nourifhment of the plant, and gathers together the reft in- to a certain place (ufually in the tops of plants ) and makes a/eed or kernel. Now the (eed (kernell or graine) 15 nothing elfe,but the image of the whole plant , gathered together into a very {mall part of the matter: from whence , ifneed be, the fame plant may be produced again: as we fee done. N. w. That hei bs are bred neverthele|[e without feed, by virtue of the (pirit infufed into the elements. 1 The command of God proves, Gen. 1. v.11. Let the earth bring forth, ec. which is yetin force. 2 Experience. For if ycu uncover the earth beneath all roots and feeds , yet in the years following vvhenit hath been fomewhat oft watered wvith rain vvater, you fhall fee it bud forth. vvhich is a notable argument of the fpirits being dif- fufed every where, but efpecially defcending with the Sun and raine. VII. The éuter , and inner bark, leaves, Shells, dovene; flores, prickles, &c. are integra ting parts of plants: ferving to defend them,and preferve their feeds from the injurie of heat and cold. IX. The , aa (155) 1X, The kernels are for the moft part en- compalled with a plp for their thinner nourifh- ment, and to defend them from injury , but yet this pulp when it 1s come to ripeneffe , ferves for food to living creatures 3 a it 4s to be feen in Apples, Peares, Cherries, Plammes, &c. X. The proprieties of plants are, varietie, heat, and tenacity of their {pirit. XI]. The variety of plants iso great , that the number can Scarce be counted by any means. te The natura! fpirit in meteors and mine- ralsmakes certain {pecies , and thofe eafie tobe counted , (as we fee; ) but the virall Ipirit doth fo diffufe it felf, that the indu- firie of no man is yet fufficient,to colle& the the {pecies of herbs, and trees. All. The cheif kinds of plants are herbs, trees, fbrubs. Rill An herd 1s, that which growes and dies every year XIV. Atreeis, that which rifing up vi high, Srowes to wood, and continues many Jears. XV. eF forub is of amiddle natures as the alder, the vine. < _ NW. 3. Sometrees live for many ages: €0 wit, fuch as have a compacted and glusi- - nous (156) nous fubftance, as the oak , the pine, ec. vvatery and thin plants, do foon grow and foon vvither ; as thefallow, ec. 2 Some lofe their leaves every year , namely, thofe that have a vvatery juice: others kezp them as trees of arozenous nature. 2 Trees are either fruitful or barren: the firft bear et- ther Apples or Nuss, or fruit like unto Pint ’ Apples, or Berries. 4 Porofitie and airy- nefle is given to the vvood of trees, by reafon.of which they do not finke,and that. | 1 That they mighttake fire. 2 Thatthey might the more eafily be tranfported any whither through rivers. 3 That fhips might be made of them. Alfo clammineffe or inasffipability vvas given them, that chey right ferve for the building of houfes: for vvhich end alfo their talneffe ferves. Other differences of plants may be feen elfe vvhere. XVI eA plants are lot by nature ; bit ia proportion to our heat, fome are called cold. For generation is not done but by heat; but that vvhich is below che degree of out heat, feemes cold tous. As for Hemlock; Opium, &c. they do‘not kill wvith cold, but | vvith the vilcofity of their vapours , wa ; os UIST) -. fillup the cavities of the brains, ftop the Nerves, and fo fuffocate the fpirit: the fame may be faid of all poifonous things. XVII Vital fpirie (as alfo- natural) olde{o faf toits matter, that it [carce ever forfakes it. Thisisdemonftrated (befides that we fee the fpirit every year to be driven by the cold of winter outof the ftocks, and tobe hid- deninthe root: and to put forth it felfe a- - Sain ac the beginning of the fpring) by four examples. t That how ever the matter of fruits or herbs be vexed, yet the fpirit conteins it felfe : as it is to be feen in things, {moaked, tofted, roafted, foaked, pulverized, &c. Which retein their virtue. 2 That being driven out of the better Part of the matter, by the force of fire, yet itfticks inthe portion that is left, and there tis congregated, and infpiffated; fo thatit fuffers it felfe to be thruft together into a rop, or a little poulder, rather then for- ake the matter : as it appearsin diftilled wa- fers, which therefore they call Spirits. 2 That when its matter is fomewhat oft di- flilled and transfufed into divers formes through divers Alembicks,yet it doth uot fly away (158) away.For example,when a goat ora cow eats a purging herb,and the nurfe drinks her milk (or the whey of her milk)it comes fo to pafs, thatthe infant that fucks her will be purged. 4 And whichis more, it doth not onely retein a virtue of operating : but alfo of augmenting it felfe, and forming a creature of itskind : which may be fhewn by two examples. Sennertws relates, that Hieremy Cornarius cauled a water to be diftilléd in fune, Anno 1608. and that inthe moneth _ of November a little plant of chat kind was found at the bottome of the glaffe, in all points perfect. But Quercetanus writes that he knew, A Polonia Phylician, that knew how to pulverife plants fo artificially that the poulder as oft as he lifted would produce the plant. For if any one defired to have arofe ora poppy fhewed him, he heldthe poulder of a rofe or a poppy inclo- fed ina glaffe over the candle that it might grow hotat the bottome; which done, the poulder by little & little raifed it felf up into the fhape of that plant,and grew, reprefen- tedthe fhape of the plant, fo that one would have thought that it had been corporeal: but whiea the veffell was cold funk again into poulder. Who fees not here that the fpirits (159) fhiritsare the formers of plants > who fees not that they inhere fo fait intheir matter, that they can as it were raife it again after itis dead ? who fees not that the {pirit of a Minerall ora plant is really preferved in the forme of a little water, oile, or poulder ? Thus the eternal! truth of that faying is mainteined. e4nd the S pirit of God moved it elfe upon the waters. As for the {pirit of a living creature, whither it may be prefer- “he after that manner, and raifed Up toin- ‘form anew body, we leave it to be thought | Of: purpofing nevertheleffe to {peak fome- thing of it towards the end of the next Chap- ter. nace, x; Of living creatures. Hus much of plants; here follow li- | & Ving creatures. let Living creature is a moving plant, en- | dHed with enfe: as a worm, a fith, a bird, a beatt. For ifaftone or an oak could move it felf freely, or had fence, it would bea living Creature alfo. Il The principal difference betripetics living Creature and 4 plant, u du roximnate., that . GRY is a free moving of it felfe te and fre. For the better to expreffe the power of the prt life, Gods Vicar in creatures, it was needfull that fuch bodies fhould be produced, which that fpirit inhabiting, might have obedient unto all actions. Now feeingthat the ground of adion is mo tion, bodies were to be framed, which might performe a free motion , and thefe are called Avimalia or Antmanta, living creatures, from the foul which pow- erfully evidences life inthem. 2 Therefore mobility isin all living creatures, butaftet divers manners.For fome move.only by ope ning and fhutting, not ftirring out of theif place ; as oifters and cockles. Others creep by fitele and little, as fnailes, earth-wormes and other wormes: fome have a long body which creeps with winding it felfe about, a fnakes: fome have feet given them, as It zards, beafts, birds: but thefe laft have wings alfo to flie through the air. Which fithes do imitate in the water, performing their motion by {wimming. TI The moving principle ina living 1 ture is the vitall foul: which is nothing efft but the {pirit of life, thick and ftrong, mighe | tily filling, and powerfully governing the bodits Which it inbabiteth. 1V Tit (161 ) LV Now becaufe a voluntary and a light motion cannot be performed, but ina fubtle matter, living creatures have bodies given them far more tender then plants, but far more compound. For they confift of {pirit, flefb,blood, _ membranes, veins, nerves, griftles, and laftly bones, as it were props and pillars, left the frame foowld fall. Underftand this in perfect living creatures. For more imperfect living creatures in which we contemplate onely the rudiments of nature, have neither bones, nor flefh, nor bloud, nor veins: but onely a white humour, covered with a skin or cruft, as it Were witha fheath, which the {pirit inclu- ded doth ftir or move ; as it appears in Worms, f{nails, oifters,&c. But to perfect living creatures. 1 That they might havea more fubtle f{pirit, blond and brains were given. 2 And that thefe might. ‘not be diffipated, they had veffels and channels Siven them, veines, arteries, nerves, 3 That a living creature might be erected, bones Were given him. 4 And left the bones, as alfo the veins, arteries, nerves, fhould eafi- lybe hurc, all was covered either with far Or fle. ; And that the members might MOve; tendons and mufcles were interwoven M through- ee eka Tae a ait : res Se er oe eee) = Tafa ns Aneteaiaes mel Ee. ( 162) throughout. 6 And leaft in moving the bone, the bonesfhould wear one againft another, & caufe pain in the livingcreature;a e7i/t/e which _ isa fofter fubftance, being as it were halfé fiefh, was put between the joitits. 7 And lait ly that che frame might hang firmly tegether in its compofure, it was compaffed wich a” hide, or skin, as alfo all the members with their membranes. Therefore a living crea- tureconfifts of more fimilar parts then a plant: but of far more diffimular parts or members: of which it followes. V The bodies of living creatures were far- nifbed with many members: as with diverfe organs for diverfe attions. The head indeed is the principall member of a living creature wherein the whole {pirit hath its véfidence aud Shews allits force: but becaufe a living créa-~ ture was intended for divers attions, it had need of befides. 1 Vivifying organs, fupplying the fiving creature with heat, life, and motion: that is, brains and heart. 2 Moving organs, that is, feet, wings, feathers, &c. 3 And left‘one thing fhould run againft another, or fall into- precipices, it was neceffary to furnith them with Fan BY, nr . alfo ee — reo ll — sy “gm woos” he ee ee a | Oiler | (163) alfo with a: quick - hearing and. touch. . Laftly, becaufe the earth was not to fup- ply nutriment immediately to a living crea- ture, (asto a plant fixed inthe earth) but it was left them to feek : there was need of | [melling and tafting, that they might know _ whatwasconvenient to their nature. Hence eyes, ears, moftrils, oC. 4 Now becaufe a living creature, was \ hot tobe fixed in the ground with a root, | becaufe of his free motion, more perfect | Organs of nutrition were requifite : for that caufe there was given him a mouth, tecth, a fomack,, «liver, aheart, veins, &c- 5 And becaufe they were not to {pring outof the earth as plants, by reafonof the fame motion to and fro. Divers Sexes were fiven them to multiply themfelves, and di- ftin& genicall members. 6 And becaufe living creatures were to be alwayes converfant with others of their own, or of. a divers kind, they had need of fome mutuall token, evenin the dark : they “hada tongue given them to form founds. » 7 Laftly, becaufe ic could not be, but that a living creature fhould fometimes Meet with contraries, they had as it were thields and armes giventhem. Hares, bri- ) M 2 files, oe CHORE) files, feales, fhels, feathers: \ikewife horns) clawes, teeth, hoofs, oc. VI Therefore the whole treatife concerning |. a living creature, is, finifhed in the explication I Of the nutritive faculty. 11 OF the vel, tall. LI Of the fenfitive. I V “Of the le}; co-motive. V Of the enuntiative. VI Of} the defenfive. V I 1, And laffly, of the gene rative. - For he that knoweth thefe feven, knowés] the whole myfterie of nature in living cree tnres. For whatfoever is in the body of 4] living creature, ferveth thofe facultith:): if it do not ferve them, it isin vain, andmé@|t keth 4 monfter. It isto be obferved alfo that) the firft three faculties are governed by fi} many (pirits.. The nutritive faculty by them : gules : turall fpirit, the vitall by the fpirit of Upp: the fenfitive by the animall fpirit : the othe four by thofe three spirits joyntly. | Of the nutritive Faculty. p V II Every living creature ftanath MW} need of dasly food, to repair that which perilr) eth of the [ubftance every day. mt For life confifts in heat. And heat, beilig; ¢ that itis fire, wants fuell: which is moill {pirituous, and fat matter. Heat in a liviig), . crea (165 ) creature being deftitute of this, fets upon the folid parts, and feeds on them. And Jhenceitisthat a living creature, as well as }aplant, without nourifhment pines aways and dies. But if it be {paringly fed, it there- {forefalls away, becaufe the heat feeds upon |thevery fubftance of the fleth. | VIII That nonrifoment 1 convenient for aliving creature, which {upplies it with afpirit | lke its own {pirir. For feeing that life is from the fpirit, the | Matter of it felfe doth not nourifh life, but )lpirituons matter. And indeed the {pirit of | the nourifhment muft needs be like the {pi- |titof the living creature. Therefore we are , fi /Mothourifhed with the elements, as plants te; foras much as they have only a natu- tall, not avitall fpiric ;, but we are nourifh-- ed With plants, or with the flefh of other living creatures, becaufe thofe afford.a vital! ‘pitt. Nay further, thereis 4 particular pro- |Pottion of fpirits, by. reafon of which a Worle chufeth oates, a {wine barley, a wolfe Heth, &c, Nay, an hog hath an appetite to Mans excrements alfo, because it yet) fin- eth parts convenient for it. if LX Nowtifhment turneth into the [ubftance if that which is nourifhed. Pe M3 That (166) That appears 1 becaufe he that feeds on dry meats, is dry of complexion: he that feeds on moift, is flegmatick, &c. 2 be eaufe, for the moft part a maneeteins the qualities of thofe‘living creatures on wholt| fiefh’ he feeds, ashethat feeds‘on beefess ftrong ; he that feeds on venifon, is nimble, &c. If any one have the brains of a cat 01 awolfe given him*to eat, he partakes the phantafies of thofe living creatures, &c. X Nucriment mult nceds be affimilated thi it may turn into'the fubftance of ativing crt ture. : Forathing is ‘neither applied well, nor cohereth commodioufly with that whith isunlike to it: much leffe chat-one fhoull turn itinto the other. Therefore flefh o ' bone is not immediately made of meat @ drink: but by many gradations, asit fhall appear. | XI Affimulation is made by the tranfme tation of the nourifoment taken fo oft iteratth till it come to the likene(fe of the fubftance mi vifhed. | Tt is Well known out. of the Metaphyficks, that all action tends ‘to this, that the Pat ent may become ‘like tothe Agent, whit is every where evident in natural ui ty Xa ci Gx67) _ butefpecially in the nourifhment of bodies. For whatfoever is taken in, of. whatfoever colour or quality, is wrought fo.at: length, that it becomes like to that which is nou- rifhed, and is applyed to its fubftance : which fhould be diligently marked inthat ; which follows. XII The principall tran{mutation of the nonrifoment, 1s by progeneration of the. four vitall humours, bloud, flegme, yellow cho- ler, and black. For the nourifhment received, being that itis tempered together (as allthe bodies of — _ the world are) of the four elements, is:re- folvedin the body of a living creature into four again ; the fatteft part of it is turned into bloyd: a part into /pittle, or flegme, a Patt into yellow. choler, or choler; a partin- to black choler, or melancholy : melancholy by its grolfenc{fe reprefents the earth: flegme, water: blond,air: choler, fire. But they dif- _ fer in colourand in favour ; for melancholy ‘Sblack and bitter ; flegme, white and with- outtafte: bloud, red and {weet : .choler, _ yellow and bitter. Now. itis tobe noted, that amongft thefe four, bloud is moft copi- Ouily generated, becaufeit.conteins the very 1 ae he fubftance of the nourifhment: to which iy el M 4 yellow ¢ ( 168 ) yellow choler addes onely a more eafie pe- metrating through all: but black choler fixeth it again, and applieth it to the mem- bers: Laftly, flegme tempers the acrimony ef them both, left they fhould corrode | with penetrating and fixing, and gently agglutinates the bloud to the members: And hence it is thar Phyficians alfo with the vulgar {peak oft of the blood, as if it were the only food of life. XLII The progeneration of vitall humours ts done by concottion. For concoction doth alter the matter by the force of heat. XIV Concottion in a living creature B done after the [ame manner as diftillation.sx A= lembicks: namely, by heating of the matter, and refolution of it into vapours, and mixing the (aid vapours togeth.r, and by a new coagula- tion of them again. For every living body is a very alembick, full of perpetuall heat and vapours. Fot life is heat: and heat cannot bucboile the matter that is put in, and by attenuation, — turn it into vapours. XV Now in every concottion, there is a [e paration of the profitable parts from the wnprt- | fitable: the firft aredigefted and aa i the (169) the other are voided and ftreined forth: | So in Alembicks, the more fubrle and profitable parts, (that is the more fat and fpitituous) being refolved into vapour are Sathered asain into drops: and into a thick fubftance: but the more groffe and impure parts, called che dregs and excrements, fink down, and are afterwards caft out. “XVI Every concottion leaves behin | it un- profitable dregs ; which are called excrements and droffe. Thus we fee it come to paffe in the de- coction of metals. New we muft note that plants make little or no excrement: becaufe they are nourifhed with a fimple and uni- form juice, which goes all of it into their mature: or if any thing remain, it fweats forth in gum. But liv Ag CreAtUres 5 becaufe they confift of very diflimular parts, ‘have need of a compound nutriment, that is folid and foft, dry and moitt, hot and cold, &c. that fo the more folid parts may have nutriment alfo whence by affimulati- on evey part draws that which will profit its felfe, the reft muft of neceflity be ftrein- ed out. Anorher reafon is becaufe plants are fufteined with a little fpirit, and that Which doth not evaporate: but living crea- tures (170) tures are full of fpirit, (for otherwife fo gtoffe ‘a frame could not be fufteined and weilded) and that is continually attenuated and {pent. Therefore they have need of more fpirit then matter for their nutri- ment: and when that is extracted out of the fpirituous parts, they void forth the reft. XVII The principall concottion in a Lying creature us threefold, Chylification, Sangnifi- cation, and Membrification. The firft is made in the ftomack : the fecond inthe liver : and the laft in all the members. XVIII Every one of thefe concottions hath three forts of veffels. 1 of ingeftion. 2 of digeftion. 3 of egeftion. XIX The veffels of Chylification ; were 1 the mouth, andthe throat. 2 the ftomack, oF ventricle. 3 the guts and the arfe-hole. For the food being received at the mouth, 8s chewed with the teeth, or jawes, and pafled through the throat. Itis boiled inthe /c- wack as it were in a clofe Alembick for fome houres. And from thence by evapora- tion it paffeth into the entrals(for the mouth of the ventricle towards the throat is fhut up) and becometh Chylas, that is, a cet- tain ferment like pap, or white. broth. For | | C171) For ittakes a white colour from the fto- mack -by affimilation. The more fubtle parts of this Chyle are attracted fo the hi- “yer, asa matter fit for bloud: but’ the ex- crements of this firft concodion, are thick dre:s, which are driven out by the guts and the back part, not by the fimple mo- tion of Ceffion, but by the motion of Az- tipathy, for the naturall {pirits placed in the fibresof the guts, fucking forth that which is profitable, but turning themfelyes away from that which is unprofitable, and hate- full to them, contrad the nerves of the outs, and thruft forward thofe burdens to- wards the paflage. XX The veffels of Sanguification, are 1 the Mefenteries 2 the Liver. 3.the Urete- res, the fpleen, and the gall. For the Mefenterie encompafiing the en- trals vvith its ftrings (which they, call the Mefaraicall veins) fucks the beft part of the Chylus out of the entrals ; and carries them to the liver by the VenaPorra. Now the iver concods and feparates. that liquour again, for it affimilates the fwveeter parts. in colour to it felfe, andturns thems to blond, felling >with naturall {pirit : with which nevertheleffe there is fegme and yellow a ae choler,. =. hana Se , ra a eee Sai iat SaBAS gS Ca Renee im ™ mesos (172) choler, and black mixt. The excrement of this fecond concoction is urine : namely, a wheaie and falt humour which floweth from the liver by the ureteres to the blad- der ; whence by the channell of the genitall member it is fent forth. But becaufe the 2". concoction ought to be ‘far more fubtile then the firft, itis not faffici- ent that the bloud is purged from its ferofity. But both kinds of choler and flegme muft of necellity alfo be purged from redundancy : the fpleen therefore by fympathie attraés to it felfe vvhatfoever it perceiveth, that is too groffe and earthy in the bloud, and by little vems fends ic again into the’en- trals, and by that means disburdens it {elfe of that dtegsy humour : and laft of all the gall attracteth thofe parts of the bloud that are toofharp and fiery, (vvhofe little bag hangs at the liver) and by {trings fends them again mixt into the entrals; whence the bitterneffe and ill fent of dung. XXL The veffels of membrification, are veins. 2 every particular member. 2 pores. For the veins proceeding from the liver Spread themfelves over all the parts of the ‘body like boughs, and fending forth little branches, every way end: in ftrings that afte | <2 (173) are moft tenacious ; from which every mem- ber apart fucketh, and by a‘ flow aggluti+ nation affimilates it to it felfe, fo thatthe bloud flowing into the fleth, becomes flefh; that inthe bones turns into bone ;.1n a gri- file, to a griftle ; in the brain, to brains ; juft after the fame manner asthe juice of a tree is changed into wood, bark, pith, leaves, fruits; by meer affimilation. The excrements of this third moft . fubtle con- coction are fubtle alfo, namely fweat and vapour, which alwayes treaths out through the pores. If any more groffe humour re- mains (efpecially after the firft and fecond concoction not well made) it breeds {cabs ; Orulcers, or the dropfie. XXII For. the furthering of neurifoment there 1s a {pur added, that ws appetite, or hunger, and thirft: which are nothing but a vellication of the fibres of the ftcmack,, ars- fing from the sharp [ucking of the Chylus. _ Forthe members being deftimute of the Juice, wherewith they are watered, folicite the veins of bloud: and the veins (by the Motion of continuity) follicite the liver ; the liver, the Mefenterie ; that the entrals ; the entrals the ftomack : which, if it have hothing toafford, contrad&ts and wrinkles it atu eS es ares Sa SSseaa Se == (174) it {elfe: and the ftrings of it are fucked dry, from whence proceeds firft a certain titillation, (arid that we ‘call apperste fimply) — and afterward. pain (and this we call ban- er) and if‘ folid meat be taken, but dry, Becunte co@ion, or vaporation, cannot be made by reafonof drineffe, there is a defire that moifture fhould be poured on, and this vve call’ thirft. itappears then why mo- tion provokes appetite? and why the. idle have but little appetite, oe. “XXITI-The whole body us nourifbed at once together, -by the motion of libration. To vvits after the fame manner, as. the root ina plant doth equally nourifh both it felfe, and the ftock, andall the boughes. Therefore no member nowrifheth it felfe alone, but others vvith it felfe, and fo all preferved. Otherwife, if ‘any member rob the reft. of their nourifhment ; or again refufeth it, there follows: a diftemperature ‘of the vvhole body, and by and by cor- ruption, at length death. i XXIV A living creature being thus now- rifbed, is not onely vegetated, but allo (as long as his members are foftand extenfive, )amg- mented, the fuperficies of the members, yielding by little and little, andextending st [elfe.;\ bwt 3 (175) as foigs the members are hardened (after youth;) the living creature. ceafeth to grow = Jet Ses forward in folidity and ftrength, fo long as the three concottions are rightly made. Bust whens the velfels of the concoétions begin to ry ap allo; the living creatures begins to wi- ther away, and life groms feeble, till it fail, And Oe extinguifbed ? Of the vital faculty. XXV Life in-a living creature, is fuch 4 mixture of the [pirits with the bloud and minbers, that they are all warme, have Senfe, | and move themfelves. Therefore the life of living creatures con- fifts in heat, fenfe; and motion: and it is plain: for if any creature hath neither motion, norfenfe, nor heat, it lives not. XVI Therefore every living creature i Jull of heat, fimerimes Stronger, and fometimes weaker. For every living creature is nourifhed. Ow it appears out of that. which Went before | the nourifhment. is nor | made but by conco¢tion: but reafon teach- eth that conco@ion is not made but by heat | and fire. Ie comes therefore to be ex- plained, whence a living creature hath heat and fire? and by what means it is kindled, ue kepr { # f | een PSG Sez ae ee es . ere eR kos ras oat +e T= (176) kept alive, and extinguifhed? which the two following Aphorifmes fhall teach... XXVIII The heart is the forge of heat ie aliving creats e, burning with a perpetual fire, | and begetting a little flame called the. {pirit of life; which it communicates alfo to the whole body. Herice the heart is faid commorily, to be _the firft chat lives, the laft chat dies. XXVIII The vitall [pirit in the heart, hath for its matter bloud ; for bellowes, the lungs: for channels, by Which it communicates st felfe tothe whole body, the arteries. Our hearth fire hath need of three things, 1. matter or fuell, and that fat. 2 of blow. ing or fanning, whereby the force of it 1 {tirred up. 3 free tranfpiration whereby it may diffufe it felfe; the fame three the maker of all things, hath ordeined tv bein every living creature. For the heart feated alittle above the liver, drinketh in a molt pure portion of bloud, by a branch of the veins: which being that it is {pirituous and oily, conceivesa molt foft flame; and left } this fhould be extinguifhed, there lies neat | to the heart the lungs, which like bellowes dilating and contracting it felfe, blowes up- on, and'fans that fire of the heart perpett- Ve ee ally, (177) that that inflammation of the heart; is not Without fume or vapour (though very thin the faidfungs' by the fame continual! infpi- tation exhaleth thofe vapours through the throat ; and drawing in cooler. air inftead thereof, doth fo temperate the flame of the heat, whence the neceflity. of © breathing appears, and why a living crea- ture is prefently fuffocated if refpiration be denied it. And that flame, or attenua- ted, and moft hot bloud, is called the Spi- nitof life; which diffufing ir felfe through thearteries, (that accompany: the veins e- ‘Very way) cheritheth the heat both of the bloud (that is in the veins) and all the Members throughout. the whole body. Now becaufe it were dangerous to have this vitall {pirit deftroyed, the arteries are hid below the veins, only intwo or three Places, they ftand forth alittle’: that, fo thebeating of that fpirit, (as wellas of the ‘Neart itfelfe,.when the hand is laid upon the breaft) may be noted, and thence the flate of the heart may be known. ie Of the fenfitive faculty. XX1X Senfe ina Living creature is: the lite. N per~ ; ally, to prevent fuffocation : Now béing. (178) perception of thofe things that aredone within ana without the living creature, X XK That perception 1 done by virtue of a living [pivit; which, being that it is moff fubtlein a living creature, called the Ani- mall fpirit: KXXI That perceptive virtue confiftsin the tendernelfe of the animall {pirit : for becanfe it is prefently affected, with whatfoever thing ” it be wherewith st ts touched. 1 For all fenfation is by paffion ; as fhall appear hereafter. XXXII The feat and foop of the ani- mall fpirits isthe brain. For in the brain, there is not only great- eft ftore’of that fpirit refiding, but alfo the shy animall fpirit is there progenera- ted. XXXII The animall fprits are be- gotten ix the brain, that is in blond and vital fpirit. 2 purified with the fanning of refpira tion. 2% communicated to the whole body by Nerves. The exerements of the brain are caf forth bythe woffrils eares, and eyes ( that ts by | flepme and tears. ) . For the ftrings of the veins and arteries, running forth into the brains, inftill bloud and: vital! fpirit into them. And the ea at ran (179) thatturns into the fubftance of the brains by affimilation: but the vitall fpinit, being condenfed by thecoldneffe of the brain, is turned into the Animall fpirit: which the air, drawn in by infpiration, and getting:in- to the brain through the hollownefle of the noftrils, and of the palate, doth fo: pu- rifie with fanning every moment, that though it be fomething cold, yet: itis moft Moveable, and runs through the: nerves Withinesplicable: celerity. Now the Nerves are, branches or channels, defcending fromthe brain through the body. For the marrow of the back bone, is extended from the brain allalong the back of every living creatune: and from thence divers little branches rua _, forth, conveying the animal fpirit, the‘ar- chiteé of fenfe and motion, to: all the Members in the whole body. XXXIVP Toknow thenaure of the fenfes three things are pertinent, v the things reqauim fite. > the manner. 3 the effcét. XXYXK The things requifiie are 1: am objeth. 2 an organ. 3a medium to ousoyrs them. Or Senfile, Senforinm, and the Co- a AX XVI Objeits: are fenfible qualities _ whering in bodies ; Colour, Sound, Savour,. Tangor. N 2° Far i it iy. Tie ( Me } i Ai i ee ots. f Se ae fh) rE = > ees (180 ) For nothing is feen, touched, &c. of it felfe, but by accidents wherewith itis clo- thed. And if we would be accurate Philo- fophers, WV: 7. of the three principles of things, only light or fite is preceptible. For matter and fpirit are of themfelves. infenfi- ble: ‘the light then tempered with darkneffe, makes the matter vifible. Motion, (which 1s from light) makes afound ; but heat (which is frommotion) ftirs up and temperates the ret of the qualities, odours, favours, tangors. XXXV II The organs of the fenfes are partsof the bcdy, in which the axsmall {pest receives the objetis that prefent-themfelves; namely , ihe eje, the eare, the nofprils, the tongue, and all that is nervie. Nothing in all nature ats without or _ | gans: therefore the animall {pirit cannot do it neither. : XXX VIII The medium of conjoyning them, ts that which brings the objeét suto the organ: in (ight, the light ; in hearing, the air moved with breaking : in{mels, the air vapow- ring: imtafte, the water.meltimg.: in touck, the qualityst felfe inhering inthe matter. XXXIX The manner of fenfation is the contath of ‘the Organ with the objett, paffion, and atlione There \ (181 ) There is but one fenfe to fpeak general- ly, and that’s the Touch. For nothing can be perceived, But what toucheth us either athand, or ata diftance. There is no fenfe at all of things abfent. XL Therefore um every (cnfction the Ani- wall (psrst fugrers by the thing [enfible. That there is no fenfation but by pafii- On is tooevident. For we donot perceive heat or cold, unleffe we be hot or cold; Nor {weet and bitter, unleffe we become fweet or bitter ; nor colour, unleffe we be Coloured therewith. Our fpirit, I fay, refi- ding inthe organs, is touched and affected. Therefore thofe things which arelike ts, are Hot perceived: as heat like our heat, doth not affeét us. Butwe muft obferve that the Organs, that they may perceive any qualities ,of the objects, want qualities of themfelves ; as the apple of the eye, colour ; the tongue, favour; &c. XL Yee sm every [enfation the animal Spire doth reach upow the thang fenfible ‘namely, | om recervang (peculaing, lasing up tis [pectes. For the Animal! fpirit refident in the brain, what ever fenforie it perceives to be’ affected, conveys it felfe thither in’ a mo- Ment*to know what itis: and having per- un N 3 ceived (182) ceived it, returns forth with, and carries back the image of that thing with it; to the center of its work-houle, and there contemplates it, what itis, and of what fort: and afterward Jayes it up for future ufes, hence the Ancients made three inward fenfes. 1: Thecommon fenfe, or attention. 2 The Phautafie, or imagination. 3, The memory, or recordation. But thefe are not really diftind: but onely three dt ftinG: internall operations of the fame fpi- rit: Now that thofe inward fenfes are in brates, it appears, 1, Becanfe if they do not give heed, maay things may and dow {ually flip by their ears, eyes, and noftrils. 2 Becaufe they are endued withthe facul- ty of imagining or judging, For doth not a dog barking at a ftranger, diftinguifh betwixt thofe whom. he knowes, and ftran- gers? yea fometimes adog or a horfe, &¢ tarts alfo out of his fleep: which can- not be but by reafon of fome dream. And what isa dream but an imagination? 3 Becaufe they remember alfo,for.a dog that hath been once beaten with, a cudgell, feats the like atthe fight of every flaffe, or ge ‘fture,&c. And therefore it is certain, that evely (183) every living ¢reature, even flies and worms, do imagine. But of the inward fenfes, more: at large, and more diftinélly inthe Chapter ) following. XLII The effect of fewfation-ts pleafares on grief. ' Pleafure, if the fenfe be affected gently andeafily with a thing agreeable thereto; With titillation; griefe, if with a thing r that is contrary to it, or fuddenly with hurt tothe Organ. XLII And that the Animal fpirit al- wayes occupied in the attions of ‘fenfe, may fom- bimesreft,andibe refre(bed, fleep was given to aliving creature ; which is a gathering toge- ther of the animal. fyirits: to the center of the brain, and. a flopping of the Organs m the mean tunes with the vapours alcending ont of the. ventricle. 21 29% Hence it appears. 1 why fleep moft ufa- ally comes upon a man after meat? or elfe after wearineffe, when the members being _ chafed do exhale vapours? 2 why careful thoughts difturb fleep ? thatis, becaufe that When the fpiric is: ftirred ‘to and fro, it cannot be gathered together, and: fic ftill. 3.What it vs ta:cwdich, and how it is done’? namely, when the fpirit being ftrengthened 1" : N in Seca ge ToS RSs Sere (184) ' init felfe, fcatters the little cloud of vapours already attenuated, and betakes it felfe to its Organs. 4. Why too much watching B hurtfull? becaufe the fpirits are too much | wearied, weakened, confumed; &c. Thus much of the ‘Senfes in general, fom- thing is to be faidalfo of everyone in par- ticular. Bio X LIV. The touch hath for its infirm ment the nervous skin’: as. It appeares alfo that the animal {piritis | moft bufie in motion, running to and frodt) the command of the phantafie , moft {pee dily through the nerves and arteries. 4. That the motion of a living creattt is compounded of an agitative, expanfivé and contractive , impulfive and continllé tive motion. For the animal {pirir convey it felf at the pleafure of the phantafie, in this orthat mufcle: and the mufcle giviig place to the fpirit flowing in, ftretcheth fott | itfelf: then when the mutcle is ftretcht) forthinbreadth, the Jengrh of ic muft be contracted of neceffity:, and the tend0l followes the mufcle contrating it felf, and drawes with it the head of the next boned} the motion of continuity ; all with ie plicable quicknefle. | 5. It appears alfo that this local motidl (either of the whole living crear ome 5] (197) fome member ) is made about fomething _ immoveable with various enforcings. 6. And becaufe it is withenforcing , it cannot be without wearinefle. | _ 7. And becaufe it is vvith wvearinefle, there isfometimes needs of reft ; vvhich is giveninthree kinds. 1 Standing. 2 Sitting. 3 Lying. Standing is a vefting of the feet, _ butwith an inclination ofthe body to mo- tion; therefore it is done by libration. Sitting is reft in the middeft ofthe body : whereby the other parts are the more eafily preferved ine # quilibrio.Lying isa rotal reft. | Thatis, a proftrating of the body all along Butas too much motion brings wearinelle, fo too much reft caufeth tedioufnefle : be- | taufe the {pirit loves to ftirit felf. And the fame pofition of the members a long while _ together by reft, is alike troublefome: both # for that the lower members are preffed with “the weight of the upper, and alfo for | that the {pirit defires to move it {elfany way. Hence itisin that vve turne us oft in our fleep. Of the enuntiative faculty. ‘That a living creature might give know- O 3 ledge (198) ledge of it felf by a voice, the animal {pitt doththat , at the direGtion ofthe phantafie but it hath chefe Organs, the Lungs, the rough Arterie , andthe Mouth. LVII. To every living creature ( filets excepted) there Yas given langs , to coole th heart, with a griftly pipe calledthe rough atte terie. Which notwithftanding ferves withall tofendforth a voice: becaufe that inthe upper part of it, it hath the forme of a pipe, wherewith © the aire being ftricken may be divided and fen founding forth. | | LVIII. And thar the voice might be bith ie raifed, and let fall, that pipe i compofed g VME a griftly rings ; the loweft of which, if it oppofe # : oe Self to the: aire as it paffeth by , there xs a deep | ty ey ae repercuffion » that is a grave Voie 5 but if | eas vw» the higheft, there is aa high repercuffion, thaw Heo afnrill voice , every-one may make triall of thi j . in himfelf. ' a ak LIX. e4ndthat the found may be arti ay Jate, (asin {peech and the finging of fome birds) that the tongue, beating the found too ana | fro, alfothe lips, theteeth and noftrils , andi throat performe. | of y A ee Se ee (199) Of the defespive faculty. =; sean Se Bi pk a aterarain apse arena LX. The animall fpirit if tt perceive any heftile thing approach unto it , hath prefently re- eour[e to its weapons, whereby either to defend it felf (fetting up its haires, briftles, fcales, prickles ) o7 to offend and hurt its enemies ( U- fing its hornes, nailes, wings, beak, hands, \ Which by vertue of what ftrengch it is “done, may already be known out of what “hath been faid before. : Saw renee Saar - : of the generative faculty. | Seeing that living creatures as well as “plants, are mortal entities: they muft of ‘neceflitie be multiplied , forthe confervati-” ‘on of their {pecies ; touching which marke the Axiomes following. LXI. Becaufe that the generation of li- ° “wing creatares , by reafon of the multitude and tenderre(fe of their members, could not com- “modionfly be performed in the bowels of the earth: ‘they had a different fex given them. And it pus ordained that the new living creature fhould be formed in the very body of the living crea- _ bare it felf. O4 As | ( 200 ) As the fun by its heat doth beget plants in the wombe of the earth , fo it may allo thofe living things, whofe formation js fink | fhed with in fome few dayes, as wormes,. mice, and diverfe infeéts, (which is done e- ther by the feed of the fame living creatures falling into an apt matter {cattered , or by the fpirit of the univerfe , falling into an apt matter. But more perfect living creatures , which confift of many and fo- lide members, and want much time for theif formation(asa man,an horfe,an elephant)it cannot beget. For being thatthe Sun cat not ftay fo long in the fame coaft of her ven, the young one would be {poiled before itcould come to perfection. Therefore the | moft wife Creatour of things, appointed the place of formation to be,not in the earth, but inthe living creature it felf ; having formed two fexes, that one might do the part of the plant bearingthe feed the other of the earth, cherifhing, and as it were hatching the feed: This alone and none other is the end of different fexes in all living creatures. Wo be to the rafhneffe and madnefs of men, which : abufe them! as no beaft doth. The members, — whereby the fexes differ, are the fame in number, fite and form, and differ in no . almolt rf | (201) ~ almoft unlefs it be in regard of exterins and | interius . towit the greater force of heat in the male thrufting the genitals outward, but inthe female by reafon of the weaker heat the faid members conteining themfelves within; which Anatomiits know. LX1LI The/fpirit is the direttour of all ge- > neration, like as in plants; which being heat- | ed inthe feed, firft formes it felfe a place of “abode, that i the brains and head : and thence Making excurfions, formes the reft of the members by little and little, and gently: ‘and again retiring to its feat, refts and operates by turns:whence the original of waking and fleeping. Therefore the formation of a living creature doth not begin from the heart, as Ariftotle thought, but from the head, for the head is as it were the whole living creature ; the reft of the body is nothing but a ftrudure of organs for divers opera- tions. And that-appears plain, fcr fome living creatures (as fifhes) have ng bear but none are*withouta bead and brains. Of the kinas of living Creatures: } Thus much of a living creature in gene- tall; the kinds follow. > LXIIL ef ling creature according to the difference of its motion 1s 1 Reptile. 2 Greffile.. 3 Natatile. 4 Volatile. aX EV Soitepe ( 202) EXLYV Reptile, or a creeping thing is ali- ViKe Creature with a loxg body, Wanting feet, Je compounded of joyats (or griftly rings) by the coutrattion and extenjion of which it windes up and reacheth out it elfe: as are wormes and ferpents. LXV Greffile is, that which hath feet (two ¢r more) and goeth; as a lizard, a moufe, adog, &c. LXVI Natatile ts, that which paffeth through the water by the help of finite: it a éalled'a fifh: amung|t which crabs alfo, ana asvers fea-monfters are reckoned. LX VII Volatile is, that which moves i felfe through the air, by the fhaking of its wings ; and is called a bird. The lightneffe of birds to flie, is from their plumofiry. For every plume or fea- ther, not only in the ftalk, but through all its parts, and particles of its parts, is hollow and full of fpirit and'vapour. And for this caufe no birds piffe : becaufe all their moi- fture perpetually evaporates into feathers, Itis impoflible therefore fora man to fie, though he fit himfelfe with wings, becaufe he wants feathers to raife him: = thofe which he takes to him, are dead, and void of heat and fpirit. : : LXVIII cates.) (203) LX VIII Small living things are by fpeciall name called infects; as flies, wormes, C- They are called infects, from the incifi- ons whereby. their bodies are cut off round as itwere. Thefe may be divided.after the fame manner. For wormes ate Reptile, Lice, Fleas, Punies, Spiders, &c. Greffile, the water-fpider, and the horfe-leech,&c. Na- tatile, Flies and Gnats, occ. Volatile, and all thofe with infinite differences, {o that here alfo there isnot waating a moft clear plaffe of the admirable wifdome of the Creatour; anda {chooleto man, to learn virtues, and forget vices (of both which there are an expreffe image in living creatures, which the Scripture oft incul- An eA pendix. ey of the tenucious imuerencse of the animall fpirits in its matter. Efhewed toward the end of theninth Chap, how fatt the natural and vitall f pirit inhereth in its matter: we are now to give notice of the'like inthe azimall [pi- - vit, how firmly it alfo abideth in its mat ter, that is the bloud, the underftanding of which thing, will alfo adde much lisht to thofe ( 204) that the foule of every living creature is in the blond thereof; yea, that the bloud of all fieh, #3 the life thereof, as Geng. v.4. Levit. 17 v.1.and14. Dent.t2. v.23.) Andto cere tain fecrets of nature, which they are afto- nifhed at, who are ignorant of the man- ner and reafon of them. I Firft, then it is certain that the“ani- mall, as well as the vitall fpirit, may be bound into its feed with the cold, fo as that fora time it cannot exercife its opera- tion. Foras grains of corn kept all winter (either in a garner, or in the earth) do bud neverthelefle: fo the eggs of fithes, frogs, pifmires, beetles, {catrered either up- on the earth or waters, do bring forth young the year following. II In bodies already formed the fame {pirit, compelled fometimes by fome force, forfakes the members, and ceafeth from alloperation : yet conglobates it felfeto the center of the body, and coucheth fo clofe, that for many dayes, moneths, years, it lies, asit were afleep, yet at length it awakens again,and diffufeth it felf through the mem- bers, and proceeds to execute vitall opera- tions as it did before. We find it fo e € thofe places of Scripture, where it is faid by (205 ) he in Flies, Spiders, Frogs, Swal- lowes, &c. which in winter lie as though they were dead in the chinks of wals, or chaps of the earth, or under the water, yet when the Spring comes in, they are a- live again So flies choaked in water, come to lifeagain in warm cinders : like as it is certain, that men ftrangled have been brought to life again after fome hours, And befides there is an example common- ly known of a boy killed with cold, and found four dayes after, and raifed again with foments. Trances continued for fome dayes are ordinarily known hence: fome ready to be buried, as though they had been dead indeed, yea, and buried too, yet have lived again Some Geographers have written, how that in the fartheft parts of Mofcovia, men are frozen every year with extream cold, and yet live again like fwallows: which notwithftanding as a thing uncertain, we leave to its place. 111 The third and the moft ftrange is this, that the fpirit flowes out with the bh ud that is fhed, and yet gives not over to maintain its confent with the fpirit t- maining within the body: (whither the creater part thereof remain or only the re licks :) ae CS , (206 ) licks :) which is moft evidently gathered from divers fympathies and antipathies, I will illuftrate ic with five examples. 1 Whence is it; I pray you that an oxe quakes, and ts madded, and runs away at the prefence of the.butcher ? is it not becaufe he. fmels the garments, the hand, the very breath of the butcher ftained with the bloud and fpirit of cattle of his own kind 2. which is alfo moft clear from the irreconcilable antipathy which is found to be betwixt dogs, and dog-killers. 2 Whence is it that the body of a fain. man bleeds at the prefence of the murderer, and that : after {ome Gayes, or months, yea, and years é (For it is manifeft-by a choufand trials. that itisfo: and at /tzenbow in Desmark., Simeon Gulartius relates that the hand of a dead man cut off, and hung up, and dried in prifon, difcovered the murderer full ten years after by bleeding, asa thing confirm ed by great witnefles,and thofe of the Kings Counfell) and certainly we are not to flie to miracles where nature it felfe by conftant' obfervation fhewes her lawes. It is very jikely that the fpiric of the man ready to be ilain, provoked with the injury when it is fhed forth wich the bloud, pouring o felfe 3 ( 207 ) felfe asit were in revenge, leaps upon. the murderer: and that after the fame fort as we feea dog, a wild beaft, or oxe, when he skilled, run furionfly upon him that ftri- keth him. For if the fpirit do fo yet abi: ding in the body, why not parted from it ? Therefore it is to be duppofed that it leaps upon the murderer, and feifes on him. Whence it comes to pafle, that when he ‘comes near the body (efpecially if he be commanded to touch it, or look upon it) look how much fpirit is left in the body, _ it hafteth to meet with its fpirit,with its cha- miot the bloud, namely by fympathie. Hence that Antipathie which more fubtle natures find in themfelves againft murderers though unknown. For they tremble at the very pre- fence of murderers, and nanfeat if they de buteat or drink withthem, &c. 2. The cunning of amoftexcellent Chi- Turgeon in Jtaly ts [well] known, whe helpt one that had foft his,nofe, carving him another out of his arme, cut and bound _ tohisface forthe fpace of a moneth: and the ridiculous.chance [ that happened there- upon ja little after is alfo known. A-certain Noble man having alfo.had his nofe cut off inaduell, defired hishelp ; but being deli- Ca te ( 208 ) ’ cate and not willing to have his arme cut,” hired a poor countrey fellow, who fuffered himfelfeto be bound to him, and his arme- tobe made ufe of to repair his nofe. The cure fucceeded : but when as-about fome fix years after, (or thereabouts) the country man died, the Noble mans nofe rotted too, and fell off. What could be the caufe of it, I pray you, bur that the fpirit, and that lo- cally feparated, doth maintain its fpirituall unity? Therefore when the {pirit went out of the countrey mans carcaffe, as it rotted, part of italfo went out that the Noble mans 4 nofe, and his nofe (by reafon of the Noble | aa mans fpirit, fucceeded not { into the place i it a of it] as being into the lump of anothers | Cea as [flefh ] ) rotted alfo, and fell off. el Ay - q It isaccounted amongft the fecrets of eae nature, thatif friends about to part, drink | part one of anothers bloud, (and fo addes | a part of his fpiric to his own), it will come to paffe, that when one is fick, or ill at eale, though very far afunder, the other alfo will }, find himfelfe fad: which if it be true, (a8 |. it is moft likely) the reafon is eafie to be ; known. . oR 5 The Magneticall Medicine is very fa- mous among{t Authours : with which a oi — 4 — — donot cure the wound it felfe, but the iri- frument wherewith the wound was given, lor the garment, wood, or earth befprink- ledwith the bloudof the wound, is onely anointed: and the wound clofes and heals ni kindly. Some deny that this is done natu- bl tally, who do not fufficiently confider the ie Reret {trength of nature. Yet examples . thew that this kind of cure, with an oint- Ment made with moft naturall things, (yea With nothing but the greafe of the axel- tte, f{craped off froma cart) hath certain licceffe; without uding any fuperftition: : Wherefore it is credible, that the {pirit ay poured out of the body with the bloud chat a Sfhed, adheres partly in the bloud, partly to the inftrument it felf : (for it cannot abide Without matter) & being forced thence with the fat that is applied returnes to its whole, and fupplies that, and hereto, perhaps that Obfervation appertains concerning the ve- : nom of a fnake, viper, or. fcorpion conveyed toa man with abite. For if the fame Deaft, or but the bloud or tat thereof, be . is forthwith, applied.to the wound, it fucks hw OUtthe venom again, becaufe itreturns to wa I$ own,,connaturall. ‘More of this kind might be obferved by.approved experiments. y o) : P 6 Lat | eae a Sa a aaah aa sna OO (210) oe 6 Laft of all, itis not unworthy of out obfervation, that the animal] ipirit doth form living creatures of another kind, r@ ther then quite forfake the putrifying mat! ter: namely, wormes, and fuch like. Now WC 18 certain by experience, that of living creatures that are dead, and putrified rhole living creatures are efpecially bred on which they were wont to feed when they were a live. For example, of the fleth of ftorks, ferpents arebred, of hens fpiders, of ducks frogs, &c. which that it will fo come 0 paffe, if they be buried in dung, John Por d pus a diftiller of Coburg, hath raughe after others. It appears then that the animall {pirit is every where, and that very diligent | ly bufied, about the animating of bodies. CHAP. Xi Of Man. eo A Man is a living creature, endiea ” aie. With am immortal (oute: For the Creatour infpired a foul into him, out of himfelfe, Gew.2. v7. which fouls) called alio the mind and reafon, invhich } the image of God thineth. 11 Thee re ‘3 a Ca oe "LI Therefore he is compounded of three things, 4 body, a {pirit, and a foule. Let your whole [pirit, and furl, ana body be kept ‘blameleffe. And {fo 1 Cor: 14- verf.14. He dipinguisherh berwixt the [pirit ana the minde. And indeed fo itis: vve have a body com- pounded of the Elements as vvell as bruits ; "we have a fpirit from the fpirit of the world, “as well as they: but the foule or mindeis from God. The firft vve bear about us ‘mortall: the fecond diffipable: but the }_ laft enduring ever without the body ; as we are affured by faith, Therefore when thou “feet aman, think that thou feeft a King, royally cloathed; and fitting in his royall “throne. For the minde isa King , his robes» “the /pirit, his throne the body. III The body is the Organ and habitation of the fpirit : but the [pit is the habitation and hanfion of the foul. ; | For as the fpirit dwels in the body’, and ~ guides it, as the Pilot doth the thip ; fo the - foul dwels in the fpirit, and rules it. And as, a body without a fpirit , neither moves ‘1c ' felf , nor hath any fenfe of any thing (as it | isto be feenina dead carcafle:) fo the fpirit | Without the minde, hath no reafon, sor Pee ed un- > So the Apoftle teftifies. 1 Thef. 5. 13. (212) underftandsany thing; as we fee inbruit beafts Therefore the foul uieth the {pirit for itschariot andinftrument; the {pirit the bo- dy;and the body,the forefaid inftrume nts. LV: As the {pirit is affetted by the body 5 fon ws the minde by the (pirit. For as vvhen the body is difeafed , the {pirit isprefently fad, or hindred from its action: fo when the fpirit is ill difpofed, the minde cannot performe its functions dextroufly : as vve may fee in drunken,me> lancholie, mad-men, ec. Henceitis , chat the gifts of the minde follow the tempera ture of the body; that one is more ingen ous, courteous , chaft, ccurageous , G6, then another. Fence that fight within us, which the’Scriprure fo oft mentions, and we our felvesfeel. For the budy and the foul , be ing that they are extreams (the one earthly, the other heavenly; the one bruit, the otherrational ; the one mortall , the other immortall; are alway. contrary to one another in their inclinations. Now the [pi vit which is placed betwixt them, oughtin- = deed to obey the fuperiour part, and keep the lower part in order as its beck. Yet ne- vertheleffe ic comes oft {c to paffe , that is carried away of the ficth, and becomes brutith, = ‘4 sal ee 4 V Such TT la Serre , (213) | V. Such a body was given to man as might | fitly ferve all the ufes of bes reafonable foule, | And therefore: 1 Furnifhed with many Or- iigans, 2 Erett. 3 Naked and unarmed, that it might be free of it [elf , and yet might be Ghathed and armed any way as occafion re~ quired. For the hand, the inftrument of inftru- “Ments , the moft painful doer of all works, Was givento manonly. Fe only hath ob- “Wined an erect ftature , leaft he fhould live ' Unmindful of his countrey, Heaven. Again, he only was made naked and unarmed ; but | both by the fingular favours of God. For living creatures whileft they always bear a- ‘Dout them their garment, (haires, feathers, fhels) and their armes ( fhatp prickles, horns ) what do they bear about them but burdens , and hindrances of divers actions ? ‘The liberty granted to man, and induftry in providing, fitting and laying up all chings | for his ufe and pleaiure , is fomething more - divine. 3 VI. A more copious and pure Spirit was gi- Ven to man , and therefore his inward operations | re more excellent , namely aquickgr attention, a ftrenger imagination , a[arer memory , more | | Uehement affections. 3 23 Gs (214) ae firft appears from the braine , which Siven in greater plenty toman then to a ny living creature , (confidering the pros Portion of every ones body.) For all. that, us ad head, and of fo great capacity , is fil le dy > vvith brain ; to what enc 2 aes = © — — Mr m+ 45 ms oe rf : Hall it ate This the quicker, as s, and mote tinated ro more objects inétly to b perceived. VILL Lmagination , rs the moving of hings. aby the fe ufe within, and an efformation nis GE 3 Cae theimage ofthe thing feen, heard, d with attention; ” prefently gets in, which the fpiri by contems es of , what it is, and how it } ers: from this or that thing 2 therefore | it may well be called. (in this fenfe) the judgment. is imagination is ftronger i) 2man, then inany living creature ; fo that) it 4 oan — siniatieiaabemes - - nal, sige a ape Ww - —— a = _ Sai pS Scag _ x hae ae N: Now it may be demanded: feeing that the animal {pirit moveth it felf fo vari- oufly in the brain: yea, and:other nev {pirit alwayes fucceeding by nutrition; how » 18it that the images of things do not perifh, but readily offer themfelves to our remem= | brance 2? Auf: Look down from a bridge | into the vvater gently sliding , you fhall {ee | your face unvaried though the vvater pafle away. And vvhen you fee any thing toffed | vvith the vvind in a:free aire, the winde ) "doth not carry away the image of the thing © from thine eye: What is thecau(e> But) that the impreffion of the im age is not inthe : water, » a —_- = ee (217) water , nor intheaire : but inthe eye,from the light reflected indeed from the water and penetrating the aire. $o then in like manner, aninwardimpreffion is notreally made inthe brain, but by a certaine re- _ fplendency in the fpirit: Which refplen- dency may be kindled again by any like ob-. je. Otherwife if images vvere really im- printed in the brain , we could not fee any thing otherwife in our fleep,thenithadonce | imprinted it felf in the brain being feen. | But being that they.are varioully changed, it appears that notions are made not by re- allimpreffions, but by the bare motion of the fpirit, and the imagination of like by like. ee X An affection is a motion of the minde, com ng from imaginations defiring good , and fhunning evill. _ Fhere are more affe@ions and moreve- hhement inaman. For bruits fcarce know 7 fhame , envy and jealoufie, andarenot fo violently hurried into fury and defpaire, or ve ed = 7 Se ee eee y fe neler Ts RS ona again into exceflive joyfulnefle; thence = | laughter and weeping full belongto man only. J XI The minde'of man 1s immediately from Gud | ; i For : € 218:-) _ For the Seripture faith, Thut it was in/ps- wed 9 God, Gen 2.¥.7. and that after the death of the body it returnes to God; that gave tt, Ecelel. 2. 0-7. For it returnes to be judged for chofe things which it did in the body, whether goed or evill: 2 Cur. 5. v.10. But we are not to chinke that the foul isin{pired out of the effence of God, as though it were.’ any part oi thedeity: ( For Godis not di- vifiple into parts , neither cam he enter into one effence with the creature.) “And Ailes vvords found thus :’ Aud God breathed into the face of Adam the breath of life, and man be- came a living foule. See he doth not fay that that breath (orin{piration) became’a living foule, but man became a living foul} Wor yet are we to think, that the foul was cre- ated out of nothing, as though it mere a new entitte ; but only that anem perfection 1 put ante tke animal! [pirit in a man: fo that it becomes one degree [uperiour, to the foul of a beaft, that appears out of Zach1:. v1 Where God teftifies that he formes the [piritof man in the miaft of him. Behold, he, forms, and not creates it! iris the fame vvord (WW fatzar) vvhich isufed of the body alfo;: Gen. 2. v- 7. Astherefore the body.is form- ed of the*pra-exiftent matter, fo isthe on 0 at aceeeerenon —_ va) “of the pra-exiftent fpirit of the vvorld. Aud " by coufequent even asthe earth, vvater, air, and skie, are all one matter of the world, differing only in the degree of their denfi-- ty: fothe sarzrall, vital, animall, and this mentak {pirit, are all one [pirit of the world, differing only in the degree of their purity and perfection. Therefore tis credible,that the divine infpiration -conferred no more Upon man, bur this, that he 1 refined the inmoft part of his fpirit, that in fub- “tility of actions he might come neareft to God of all vifible creatures. 2 Fixed it, that it might fubfift.both inthe body and out of the body. Therefore the Scripture makes no other difference betwixt the {pi- rit of a man and ofa beaft , then shat the one afcends upwards , the other goes downwards, (that is the one flees out of the matter , the other flides backinto the matter ) Ecclef. 3. v.21. Hence alfo that queftion, 7 ether the foul be propagated by generation? may be _ determined. The rootof the foul which ts the vitalland animall {pirit , iscertainly by " Generation: but the formation thereof _ (that the inmoft parts thereof fhould be- come the mentall {pirit, or che minde } God. - attributes to himfelf , Zach. 12-1. Yet not con- (220) concurring extraordinarily, or miraculoufly, but becaufe he hath ordained that it thal be fo inthe nature of man. It appears allo, why man is commonly faid to confpift of a body anda foule only? namely, becaufe, the rae | tionall foisle is of the fpirit, and in the piri | For as our body is made ofa four-fold mat- | ter, that is, of the four Elements: fo our foule (to {peak generally, and contradiftine | guith it from the body) confifts of a four- fold fpirit, Naturall, Vitall, Animall, and Mentall. | XLII There are three faculties of the mind of man, the Under ftanding, the Will, and the Confcience. Thefe anfwer to the three fun@ions of ye the animal! fpirit, or to the inward fenfes ; meee outof which alfo they refult. For we have me faid, that asthe {pirit ufeth the body for aye its Organ, fo the foule ufeth the {pirit. | Therefore the three inward Senfes, Atten- tion, fudgement, ‘and Memory, are inftru- ments by which the foule ufeth the Under- | ). ftanding, Will, and Confcience. For by dili- 7 |. Sent attention it begets underftanding of 7 things: by imagination or judging, choife, Beye that is, to will er nill: by remembrance, h at con{cience. I SEGHERS and falls back again to Nothing: if to heavenly things, he is in a Hs Manner deified, and gets above all crea~ = | ‘UWres. | ' ~ Qa CHAP. } (228) CHAP. XIL. of Angels. W* joyn the treatife concerning An- | gels with the Phyficks; becaufe | they alfo area part of the created World, andinthe fcale of creatures next to man; by whofe nature, the nature of Angels is the eafier to be explained. Therefore we J a will conclude it in fome few -Aphorifmes. I There uve eAngels. Divine teftimonies, and apparitions tefti-_ fie that: and alfoa three-fold reafon. 1. Vae pours, concretes, plants, living creatures are mixt of water and fpirit. Now there ts matter without fpirit (the pure Element;) therefore there is fpiric alfo without matter. 2 As the matter of the world is divided in- to. four kinds, (the. four Elements) fo we © fee already the fpirit of the world to be. diftinguifhed into the naturall, vitall, ani- ~ mall, and mentall fpirit.. Now the loweft ) degree is to be found alone(as in concretes.) Therefore the higheft may be found alone, | towit, inthe Angels. 3 Every creature § com= (229) | compounded of Entitie, and Nihility. (For they were nothing before the creation: ‘but now they are fomething ; becaufethe Cre- tour hath beftowed on them of his Entitie, more or leffe by degrees. By how much the more entitie any thing hath, -fo much the further itis from nihility: and on the contrary.) Seeing then then that there is the firft degree from nihility, (that is a Chaos, therudiment of an Entitie :) without doubt there is the faft alfo, which comes neareft toa pure Entitie. But man isnot fuch: be- caufe having matter admixt,he partakesmuch of nihiliry. Therefore of neceffity there is a creature, with which, materiality being taken away, all other perfections remain. And that is an Angell. II edncAngell 1 an incorporeall man. _ An Angell may be called a man, in the fame fenfe that man himfelfe is called an» animall, and an animall, a plant; and a plant, a concrete, &c. (as we have fet down _.intheir definitions: ) thatis, by reafon of the forme of the precedent included, with anew perfection only fuper-added. For'a “manisa rationall creature made after the Image of God, immortall : fo isan Angel, _ but for more perfections fake free from a -Q3 - body. body. Therefore an Angel is nothing but a man without a body: Aman is nothing but an eAAngel clothed with a body. But that Angels are incorporous, appears 1 Becaufe although they be prefent, they are not difcerned neither by the fight, or any other fenfe. 2 Becaufe they affume to themfelves earthly; watery, aery, fiery, or mixt bodies, as need requires ; and put them off again ; which they could not do, if they had bodies of their own aswe have. Yet. ordinarily they appear in an humane forme, by reafonof the likeneffe of their natures, as we have faid. III cAngels were created before all vifi- ble things. That was fhewed inthe Apendix ofthe firft Chapter : ‘you may fee it again, if need’ be. And Wifes words are clear : Iz the be ginning God createdsthe heaven ana the earth: and the earth was void.. See the earth was (in that firft production) emptie and void! Therefore heaven was not void: then tt was filled with its hoft, the Angels. IV The Angels were created out of the Spi- rit of the world. As Adofes, feemsto comprehend the pro- | duction of Angels. underthe name of Hea VER, ven; fo .alfo the. univerfall Spirit. For he ‘earth: but he pronounceth abruptly after - ‘the création of the earth, that the Spirit of God moved it felfe upon the waters: imtima- ting thus much that it was in being before. We conclude, therefore that the Angels Were formed out of that Spirit; fo that part of that {pirit was left in the invifible heaven, and fhaped into meer fpirituall fabitances, [ Axgels ; ] and part fent down into the materiall world below. After the + fame manner, as the fire was afterward — Partly left in the Skie, and fafhioned into fhining Globes: and partly funk into the bowels of the earth, for the working of mi- merals, and other ufes. That.which follows makes this opinion probable, (if not de- monttrable.) bo 1 Principles fhould not be multiplied without caufe. Seeing therefore that the Scripture doth not fay, that they were cre- ated out af nothing, nor yet names any other principle, why fhould we not be fa- ‘tisfied with thofe: principles that Wofes hath fet down? © 2 Angels govern the bodies which they affume, like as our fpirit inh@biting the . Q 4 matter > doth not fay, that this was created withthe ° | matter doth: Therefore they are like to | = } 3 There is in Angels a fenfe of things, | _as well as in our {pirits. (For they fee, hear, touch, &c. though they themfelves be invifible, and intangible. Alfo they | have a fenfe of pleafure and griefe: for as much as joyes are faid to be prepared for the Angels, and fire for the divells, (into which wicked men are alfo to be caft.) Al ‘thoughatherefore they perceive without — Organs, yet we muft needs hold that they j are not unlike to our fpirit which per- aes | ceiveth by organs- i 3 } ti Vv The Angels were created perfect. | a Cech That is finifhed in the fame moment, fo 7 Can that nothing is added to their effence by | adventitious encreafe. For being that they are’ immaterial], they are alfo free from the law of materiality: that is (when a thing i, tends to perfection) to-becondenfed, fixed, { to encreafe, and{o to be augmented, and © become folid by certain acceffions. | Vi Angels are not begotten. Men, Animals and Plants, are generated, becaufe the {pirit included in the matter, 1) ae diffufeth ig felfe with the matter, and ef ae ah Jayes tomake new Entities. But an Angel | Women! | as : being : (233) ’ - being that it is without matter,and its effence ~ cannotbe diffipated, hath not whether to: transfufe it felfe. Hence Chrift faith, that in Heaven we fhall be as the Angels, with- “out generation, or defire of generation, — Mat.22.30. VII Angels die not. The fpirit of Animals and of Plants pe- " tifheth, becaufe when the matter (that is, its chariot) is diffipated, it alfo. is diffipa- ted. “But an Angell having his eflence com- paced by it felfe, without matter, ‘cannot _ be diffipated: andherefore endures. | VIII The number . of eAngels is in a manuer infinite. : | ' See fob 25. v-2,3- yet Daniel names thoufands of ‘thoufands, and myriads of myri- « ads, Daa. 7.10. as alfo™Pohn, Apoc.5.11- 1X The habitation of the Angels ts the Hea- wen of Heavens, Mat. 18. v.10. and 6. v.10. + Therefore they are called the Angels of > Heaven, (Gal. 1.0.8.) and the Hoft of Heaven, (1 King. 22. v.19.) for it was- meet, that as the earth, fea, air, and skie, _ havetheir inhabitants, fo alfo that the Hea- — _ Ven of Heavens fhould not be left empty. _ Yet they are fent forth from thence for _ thefe following Minifteries. X God : (234) X Godcreated the Angels, that they might be 1 The delight of their Creatour. 2 The fupream. fpettateurs of his glory. 3 Huaffiftent Minifters in governing the World. The Scripture teacheth thisievery where : | but they alfo point at names given.them. The firft appellation of Angelsis in Gen.3. v.24. Cherubim, that is; Images: wherein is intimated that they were made after the image of God, as well.as men. Bat. note | what it 1s to be made aftes the image of God % The effentiallimage of God, or. the cha- racter of his fubftance, isthe Son, his. eter- 7 nall Wifdome, Heb.1.v.3. after: the Jike- ~neffe of him therefore,.men-and Angels are {aid to be created: that is, made under- ftanding creatures: in which -refped alfo they are called rhe Sons.of God, fob-1. ¥. 2, feeing then that an Image delights him, | whofe Image itis, itis intimated that God made the Angels primarily for himfelfe, that he might have fome, who being. co- habitants with him, might behold his glo- rious Majefty face to face, and be parta- kers of eternall beatitude,. Now the mott common name of Angels inthe Old Tefta- © ment, 7 F (235 ) ment is CMOS Aalachim that is, Embaf- fadours :inthe New Teftament ’y76ac, that “is, meffengers ; becaufe, God created thefe — tobe rulersand governours of the World. For whenfoever the courfe of nature ts to be hindered, or any thing is to be wrought beyond the ordinary order of nature, God nfeth their afliftence. For example, When "the: fire was ta be cooled, that it fhould not burn, (Dan. 3. v-25,28-) is Or the mouthes of lions to be ftopped, that they fhould not tear Dawiel, ( Dan.0-v- 22.) Or the enterprifes of the wicked to be hindered, ( Numb. 12. v. 22.) Or any to be killed bya fudden death, (Exod. 12. v.23. and 1 Chron.22. v.15. and. 2 Chron.32-¥-21.. and Adis 12. U.23-) Or the godly to be delivered from dan- ger, (Gen.19- Voi) . Or travellers to be guided in their way, (Pfal.g1-v-11-) | Or to be preferved in any chance, left they fhould be dangeroufly hurt,P/al.91.12- Orto be warned any thing ina dream, or otherwife, Afat.1.20. @e- Hence they are thought alfo to be added to certain perfons peculiarly, ( Heb. 1.14. — Mat.18.10. Ats 12.15.) that they may Y fi, accom~ (236) | accompany them every where,( P/al.9 1.11.) and be witneffes of all our actions, (1 Core 11. 9..1 Tim.5.21.) but efpecially that they are fent to defend Kings and Kingdoms, (Dan. 10.12. Ge.) Hence alfo they are called ,watchers or keepers, (Daz.4. 10.20.) XI Augels can att upon bodies, but they. cannot [uffer from bodies. Both thefe appear by the effect. For An- * gels bear about, move and governe the bo- dies which they affume : but thofe that are feparated, they overthrow, ftay and move from place to place with externall violence, at their pleafure; yet they themfelves in the meantime canbe hindred or ftayed by no body. XII The powerr of Angels exceeds the Strength of any corporall creature « For it operates x without refiftance of the objects by penetrating. 2 without endeavour or enforcing, being that they are not deteined or hindred by their own bo- dy, as our fpirit is: which being tied to the body, muftof neceflity draw it along with it laborioufly, as the {nail doth her thell. Hence the Angels are called Afighty in power, (Pfal. 103.20.) and Powers; Princi- \ palities, Dominions, (Cel..16.) & XI11 The @ Fo TIN ATS 7 (237) KILI The agility of the Angels 2 greater then of any corporeal fubftance. _ Hence they are compared to Wind and to Fire, and to Lightning, P/al. 104. 4. Ezech. 1.13. Luké 1c 18. and they are called Seraphim, that is, flamy, I/ai. 6.2. _ yet itis certain that they move fwifter then - wind or lightning, when they paffe any whither. For the wind and lightning pene- trate the air, not without refiftance, but an Angell, being a meer fpirit, doth it without any refiftance. It appears then, thatthough an Angell benot in many pla~ ces at once, (Dan. 10.13.20.) yet they can inamoment paffe themfelves whither + they will. Hence it isthat one Angell was able to flay a whole army in a night; and alfo to {mite the firft born of the -#- gyptians, throughout all the Kingdom, J/as. 37+ 36. Exod. 12.23. and 2 Sam. 24.6. XIV The ksowledge of Angels ss far more fublime then mans. And that 1 becaufe of the clearneffe of their underftanding, which nothing ob- _ umbrates. 2 by reafon of their power to | penetrate any whither, and fee things plain- Sy. 3 becanfe of their long experience for __ fo many ages. (Whereas we are but of : . yefterday (238) yefterday, fob 8.9.) and yet they are not omnifcious:. For they know not the decrees of God, before they be revealed. 2 future contingents. 3 the thoughts of mans heatt. (fer.17. 9.10.) thatis: fo long as they are concealed in the heart. For whenthey are ' difcovered by geftures & effeéts,they difcern them.’ For if we by the effets, are not altogether ignorant of their thoughts (2 Cor. 2.11.) wherefore fhiould not they be athoufand times more quick fighted upon us. N. Ww. How that part of the Angels fal- ling into evill, exercife perpetuall hoftility With mankind : and God makes ufe of them to-be as it were executioners to wicked Men: but hereafter he will condemne them both ; in like manner, as good men are to Enjoy the affociation of good Angels: and laitly, how the frauds of thofe are to be avoided, but the prefence of thefe to be Procured, to teaach that belongs to fa- cred Divinity. THE EPILOUWGE. Hus we have feen that the created World is.a meer harmony. All things rr a eal a (239) by one, all thingsto one; the higheft and Ve ‘the loweft, the firft and the laft, moft . | ftraightly cleaving together, being -conca- tenated by the intermediate things, and 14 > perpetual! ties, and mutual adtions and " paffions inevitable, fo that the world be- iy ing made up of a thoufand thoufand parts, / and particles of parts, is nevertheleffe one, ' and undivided in it felfe ; even as God the | ' Creatour thereof, is one from eternity to . | | eternity, nor ever was there, is there, or foal _ Me shere be any other God, ( I[at.43.10. Ge.) And we have feen that allthefe vifible | things are made out of three principles, — | Matter, Spirit,and Light: becaufehe who — | is the beginning and theend of allthings. | J eand ow, that thrice blefled and omnipo- ~ ‘tent God three inone, ishe of whom, and through whom, and in whom are all things, Rom.11. 36. _ We have feen alfo that admirable — | {cale‘of creatures, arifing out of the prin- | ciples, and ‘afcending by a feptenary gra- dation. For. we have underftood, that whatfoever there is befides God, it is ei- ther an Element, ora Vapour, ora Con- "crete, or a Plant, or an Animall, or a Man, » or an Angell; and’that the whole multi- | oy tude) jam | e ie i adit. Baily (249) | | eude of creatures, is ranked into thefe f{e- jJ -ven Claffes, or great TribesIn every of P which there is fome eminent virtue flow- |” ing from the eflence of the Creatour (yet , ‘ : . p gO every latter including the former.) For Elements, Being ‘ Vapours, Motion . = }\ Concretes, Figure, of In /Plants,Life. (Quality \is eminent. - Living creatures, Senfe. Men, Reafon. Angels, Underftanding. See the houfe which wifdome hath built her, | ; havin, hewn out her feven pillars! (Prov. 9- i. 1.) See the even Stairs which the King of Heaven hath placed in the entry of his inner 1 houfe! Ezek, 40.22. The fix firft degrees are of vifible creatures, the feventh of in- 4: vifible Angels: After the fame manner, | as there were nine dayes wherein God jf wrought, and refted the feventh ; fix Pla- |, nets in heaven of inferiour light, the fe- |, venth of extraordinary brightnefle,the Sun; }1 fix bafer metals on earth. The feventh ex- |, ceeding all in perfection, gold,&c. Andas.. Sulomons Throne had fix inferiour fteps to. , every of which there were fix inferiour . | Leoxc'es f 24t ; | Leoncéls adjoyned : after all inthe feventh place ftood the Throne, and by it two Li- ons (1 King. 10. 19,20.) So the King of e- ternity, when he built him a vifible chrone Of glory, erected fix vifible degrees of cor- 9reous creatures, to every of which he p.wided their Leoncels, that is, their virtues, vind their powers, and laft of all; about the throne onhigh, he placed the ftrong- elt of the creatures, the Angels mighty in bower, (Pfal.103. 19,20.) But now what mean the feven planets in aeaven ? what mean the feven continents mearth ? the feven kinds of meteors, fe- en kinds of metal{s, feven kinds of ftones, Jige? the feven combinations of tangible (qualities? the feven differences: of tafte ? the feven vitall members in man? the fe- Ven tones in mufick? and other things which we meet with throughout all nature? jyea, and in the Scripture the number of 'feyen is every where very much celebrated, 4 and facred : For what dothe feven dayes of the week point at 2 what are the feven weeks ‘betwixt the Paffeover and Pentecoft?, what phe feventh year of reft 2 what the feven } mes feventh of Pubilee ? what do all thefe cWortend I fay, but charicis, the expreffe E E mage of that God, whofe feven eyes pale Pe < ) I _ throw gh Hallelujah.(Pfal.1 50-) And thon (Mai.6.2) Hallelujah. (242) through the whet earth ?.(Zach. 4.103) ana whofe feven fpirits are before his T hrone, (Apoc.1.4.) yea; who doth himfelfe make a myfticall eighth with evety degree of his creatures. For in him: ail things lives aud aaa move; and have their being 3 which live and yer move, and havea being ( As. 17:28.) and Bis 3 he worketh all in all, (1 -Cor.t3.6: ) and al® thefe are asit were him himfelfe; (Eeclef: 43: 2~.) and yet none of them is-he himfelfe,} (fob 12.9.10.) but becaufe all théfe Have fome effigies of the divine effence, and 0-4 perate that which they operate by virtue” thereof ; hence it is, that he being above all; withoucall,and beneathall, is the trae myfticall eighth of all. Of whom (chat S7- | vacides may conclude our meditation, : though wefay much; wefhall wor yet attain © thereto. The {um of the dottrineis, thathe is all. For what ability have we to praifehim? For he is greater then all his works. The Lord ts ter- rible and very great,ce marvellous is bis ‘power. F Extol the Lord in praife as much as youtan: For yet he wil be greater then all praife,(Eccl.42.20.9 Xe.) Theretore /et every [Perit praife the Lord, © OF 4 foul praife™ | the Lord (Pfal.103.1.) Holy, holy, holy, Lord of Hofts ! Heaven and earth are full of bis glory, A 243 goneoeionsees | Rabnknknks Eotobetnbobotakatabstetotatatotndak ik | A Sbort APPENDIX PHY SICKS. Touching the Difeafes of the Bo- dy, Mind, and Soul, and their serierall Remedies. ae & Difeafe us the corruption of an En. ONS tity in fome part thereof, and a dif- FOSS pofitton of # to total perifhing (chat is death.) Therefore both the Body, Mind, and | Soul, hath its difeafes. | II The difeafes of the body are various, [earce tobe numbreds aid oft-tirhes mixt. 3 A difeafe added. to a difeafe iscalleda i carne of a difeafe. beak’ Ro IIIA (244) III A dsfeafe of thebodyis either by fon lution of that which is continued, or by difteme per of bumours. IV Solution of that which is continued, és either by arupture, or a wound. A rupture i prevented by bewaring falls, and violent mo- tion. eA wound ts avoided by founning of thofe things, which can cleave, cut, prich, rent, tear or braife, or hurt anyway: and both aré tobe cured by the Chirurgion. N. w. The cure of a Wound, is def perate, if any vitall member be hurt: as the heart, the brain, the liver,the entralt, &c. For then the vitall a@ions are hindred, and foon after ceafe. 2 1f any member be quite loft, it cannot be fet on again : becaufe. the fpirit hath not wherewithall to paffe into the part that is fevered. ; V The diftempers of the humours and the. difeafes that come from thence, always proceed from foue of thefe 6 caufes:namely,either from 1 Crudity 2 Inflation 3 Diftillation 4 Obftruttion 5 Putrefattion 6 Inflammation | ( 245) Pe VI Crudity in the body is nutriment net _ fafficiently concotted: namely either Chyle, or | bloud, which comes 1 from the quality of Meat and drink; when they are taken too taw, flegmatick, unwholefome, which the concoctive faculty cannot well fubdue. 2 from the quantity :when more meat and drink Isput in, then it is able to alter and affimi- late unto the body. For hence undigefted and not affimilated humours, burthen the body, like ftrangers, and not pertaining thereunto. 3 For want of exercife: when the naturall heat is not ftirred up, nor ftrengthened to perform its office luftily in the concoction of meats. From {uch like crudities diverfe inconveni- ences follow. For 1 if the crudity be inthe ftomack, it caufes loathing of food: for fo long as the firftfood is not digefted, there can be no appetite to any other. Again, children have an appetite to eat earth, | Chalk, coales, &c. according as the crudi- | ties are turned into the likeneffe of any Matter. For like defireth like. 2 If there be avifcous crudity adhering inthe ventricle Orin the guts, being warmed it takes fpi- "it, and is turned into wormes ; which gnaw- | ing the bowels ftir up evill vapours by he. R 4 their | (246) their motion: whence affo come phaxtafes, very hurtfull to che head. Laftly, crudity under the skin, (in the bloud and flefh) be: gets paleneffe: and whenitis collected and putrified ; cabs, ulcers, &c- Crudity is prevented by a temperate ditt, as to Food, Sleep, and daily exercifes: and cured x by violent expurgation.” 2 by {trong exercifes. 3 by the ufe of tart meats and drinks. 4 by comforting the ftomack with fuch things, as heat, both within and withoug. 3 VII Inflation is much and groffe vapour, exhaling from the cruditées that are gathered together, and ftretching the members. And that either without pain as when it caufeth yex- ing or belching inthe ventricle ; panting in the heart; giddineffe in the head (when being prohibited to goany further it is care riedina round) Jaziseffe and ftretchiag in | the whole body ; or elfe with pain, as when it caufeth aches in the bowels (ftraightning the {pirits that lie between in the Fibres) and fharp or elfe blunt prickings in the mufcles, according as it is more grofle of fubtile. | It % cured 1 by ttrong exercife, that the) vapour being attenuated, may go out at thé pores; (247) pores opened. 2 by expurgation ofthe bu- mours by which they are generated. VIIE Diftillation is’ the condenf ation. of crude vapour's into rheame, which vs the canfe of many evils. For crude vapours gettting up tothe head, when as by reafon of the-abundance and _ gtoffeneffe of them, they cannot be expur- gated by the ordinary paflage, they become theume flowing feverall wayes, and caufing diverfe difeafes. For 1 If they 'rnn abun- dantly, ‘and run at the nofe, they caufe the CMurre or Pofe, 2 If the. diftillation fallinto'the jawes, it caufes the Catarrhe. > If into the kernels of the jawes, the Ouinge. 4 Vfinto the lungs difficulty of brea thing, and the e4/thma. 5 If the diftillation be fale and fharp, ulcerating the lungs, it caufes the Cough. 6 Whichif it be done oft, and the lungsbe filled with apoftemes, it caufes the confumption. For when the ulcerous lungs cannot with dexterity e- nough perform their office of cooling the - heart, the vitall {pirit is generated more hot then it fhould be, which doth. not cherifh, . | but feed uponthe flefh and blond, and at length burns out the very workhoufe it felf of the bloud, which is, the liver: whence R4 : for \ (248) for want of: bloud, which is asit were the food, followes the confumption of the Awhole body. 7 If the diftillation flow in abundance, and groffe down the marrow of the back, itcaufeth the Palfie, (by hin- _dring the animal {pirit, that it cannot be diftributed by the nerves {pringing from the back bone.) 8 If it fill the nerves of the mufcles onely, it becomes the Spa/ma, or Convubfons (that is when the nerveiscon- tracted, like as a chord being wet and dried again, is wont to be contracted, and become fhorter.) 9 If it How fubtle, and penetra- ting the nerves, it is at length gathered to- Sether inthe extremities of the members, and there raifes fharp pains ; Which inthe feet are called the Gout ; inthe hands, Chi- ragra,or the Hand-gout; in any of the joynts of the bones Erthritica,the running gout; in the hip,‘it is called I{chias, or the Hip-gout, commonly the Sciatica. 10 Lattly, if thofe Kind of runnings {tay in the head, they pro- cure divers difeafes: as when they are fub- _Ule, the Head-ach. 11 Tooraw and flegma- tick, the Lethargie. 12 Salt, and cholerick, the Phrenfie. 12 Groffe and mixt with a me- lancholy humour, the Epilepfie, or Falling- licknefs, (when as the {piritsdiffufed through the Pes % —— ( 249) - thewhole body, making hafte to'relieve the fpirits befieged in the brain, make moft ve- hement ftirs, and fight, till they either o- - . vercome and repell the difeafe, or elfe faint andare extinguifhed. 14 Butif the groffe phlegmatick humours have occupied all the ‘veflels of the brain at once, it becomes the apoplexie, that is, a privation of all fenfe and motion: whence alfo the vitall fire in the heart is foon after extinguifhed, er All thefe difeafes. are both prevented, and alfo (if they go not toofarre) cured 1 by exercife. 2 by rectification of the brain by ' good fmels. 3 by a thin, hot, and fulphury air. 4 by thin, light meat and drink. But the peculiar cure of every difeafe is commit- to the phyficiaus. 1X Obftru tion is a feopping of the bowels by thickned flegme, whence st comes to paffe that they cannot execute their office. For example, when the entrals are ftopt, that they can- not void, it is the Volvuli, or wringing of the guts: when the liver is ftopt, the dropfie; (For the Chylus being not turned into bloud, flowes through the veins and members, and is not turned into members.) When the “bladder of gall is ftopt, the Yelluw faundife 5 _ whenthe Spleen, the Black fanndife ; (Fo in \ U Zs sews: = whe — er (25¢) inthe firft the choler, in the other the me- lancholy, when it cannot be voided; diffu- fethit felfe through the bloud. But when the urine pipes, of the veins, or the bladder are ftopped, that is by reafon of the breed- ing of Zartar, which they call the Stone: which ftopping the paffages, by its fharp- — reffe painsthe Veins and Nerves. Fhe cure is 1 by purgations. 2 by medi- cimes attenuating, or breaking, cutting, and driving out the groffe humours which Phy- | ficians know. X: Putrefattion is the corruption of fome hu- mour inthe body: namely, either of flegme, or of choler, or of melancholy ; which putrifying either in or owt of their velfels, produce feavers or ulcers. The cere ws 1 Expurgation of the place affected. 2 A good diet. 3 Motion. XI /uflamation is a burning of the vitall fpsrit (N. vitall) or of the bloud caufed by too much motion (either of the body by weary- ing it, or of the mind, by mufing and an- ger,) or elfe by putrefattion, or elfe by obftru- étion. For itis known out of the phyficks, that motion doth heat even unto firing, and that by obftruction doth by an Antiperiftafis ex- afperate ‘| 20a “ (251 ) | afperate the heat included (even in thoft - things that are watry and putrid) fo that at length it breaks out violently, hay laid upwer, (when it cannot gst tranfpiration) doth thew. When the bloud js kindled with in, it becomes a feaver: when under th skin, S. Anthenics fire- The generall cure is the opening of 2 vein, and cooling. But of feavers «(being that it is amoft common difeate, and of di- vers kinds) fomething more 4s to be faid. X11 The feaver Jo called, from its fer- vency or beat, 1 of three kinds. x The Ephe- mera. 2 The Putrid. 3 Fhe Hedick. The firft buens the [prrits 5 the fecond the humours 5 the thirdthe-folid parts. The firft like a ra- ging hot wind fcorching all it meets with : the fecond like boiling water poured into avelfell, which it heats with it felfe. The third like unto a hot veffell, heating the water poured into it with it felfe. For the Heétick, occupies the bones and membranes, and eats and confumes them with anunnaturall heat, by degrees almioft infenfibly, till ac length it cauieth death. It is very like the Confumption. But the pu- trid or xotten feaver occupies the bloud and humours; by which the whole body Srows ( 252) stows hot. The Ephemera isa more fub- le flame, feeding upon the fpirits only :and Gerefore it {carce endures one or two days, the peccant caufe be confumed by the {pi- rit felf. Hence either health or death ufu- aly follows within two or three dayes ; and therefore it is called the Ephemera or dia- ry Feaver: alfo the Maligne feaver. Of which fort alfo is the peftilentiall infe@ion : for it comes after the fame manner. Putrid feavers are moft xfuall, but with very much difference: for when the hu- mours putrifie within their veflels, (or workhoufes) efpecially near the heart, (in the fiver or the gall,) the {pirit rifes againft them, and kindles them: and ceafes not to affault them, tillit either expell the rotten- nefle being turned into foot, or be extin- Suithed it felfe; and therefore this feaver is often deadly, it is called the Continuall Feaver. : But if the humours rot out of their vef- fels, thatis, inthe veins or members, it is an Intermitting Feaver. For the {pirit ri- feth up at certain times, and oppofeth that rottenneff> with heat: but becaufe this battle is made further off from its Caftle, the heart, when the fight is ended, it re- turns (253) | turns home. And éf the petrifying gemnenr be flegme, it till returns to oppofe it the next day: hence the Quotidian Feaver. Jf # | be yellow, choler; then every third day.Hence the Zertian. If black, choler, the fourth day. Hence the Quartan: the caufe of the in- equality, is becaufe the flegme recollects it felfe fooneft, and makes new bufinefle for the fpirits: but is withall fooner, diffipae | ted: Hence the Quotidian lafts not long. | Melancholy being that it is a dreggy hu- | mour, doth not fo foon recruit it felfes | but becaufe it isfoft and vifcous, it is not | fo eafily overcome: hence thelong conti. | nuance of Quartans, In the Tertian, be-. | caufe the {piric oppofeth yellow. choler, | which is hot of it felfe, is made the hotteft | fight : hence Tertians are called burning | feavers. They are fometimes changed one | into another, or one joyned with another, | according as one while one putrified hu- | mour, another while another isto be op- | pofed. Hence it appears. 1 Why a feaver begins | With cold? becaufe the vitall fpirit being to oppofe the rottenneffe, gathers heat as it| Were its aid from every part, the outward) members in the mean time being benummed; and - 3 (254') and quaking with cold: (For even iff toe muchrfear, when the fpitit gathers it felfe into the inward partsthere is wont to follow a chilneffe of the outward members; aid a quaking with cold.) 2 whince afterwards heat? becauife the {piritsy after they are Hot- ter with fight afid motion; return again to thé membets; which, being cold before, dofo much the worfe endure the heat, r& turning now hotterthen ordinary. 3 why the feaver leaves faininefe belind ix? be- caufe the fpirit wearied with fight; betakes it felfe to reft; ledving the members defti- tute.. 4 phy food a hurtfull at the beginning of 4 feaver? becaufe when the fpiricis pre- Paring: it felfe for the battell; it hath ano- ther bufineffe put upon it, (toconcodé the food:) But feeing that itis not able to do both; it either affaults the difeafe more weakly, or elfe leaves the food unconcocted: or at Jeaft; if it do both, it weakens and \tires out it felfe too much. 5 Why it ws daa- \gerous to expell the feaver over (oon? becaufe the feaver is of itfelfe: a: benefit to nature, driving away the rortenneffe in time} left it fhould at length prevaile. and oppreffe the heart. Therefore that is no good cure of feavers which ftayes the fits, but that which a mS (255) \ tipens the rottenneffe for expulfi And ftrengthens nature to oppofe them, which I leave to Phyficians. Let this be the fum. of that which hath been | aid, Crudity is the feed of all difeafes. For thence grofs vapours arifing, caufe Inflation, — & the fame condenfed inthe head can? Difti- of lation : inthe other members, Obftru@ion: whence flowes either Rottenneffe or Infla- mation, Therefore let him that prevents cru- dities, bclizve this; that he takes the beft courf that may be for his whole body. Now the way | to prevent them is a temperate diet and daily le exercifes. O the fivange virtue of labour, | whereby we get both our bread and health! | which muftery of the flochfull under ftood, they | would vot wafte ther hves with sdleneffe. Of the Difeafes of the Mind. | I The Difeafes of the mind are vices, procuring either ) db /iquiet, ov Zriefe thereto, II Difeafes difquieting the mind, are evill defiress | that is,t00 much ardenty. 1 Of Living. 2 Of Eate | ing avd Diizking. 3 Of Multiplying it felfe. 4 OF | Knowing. § Of Having. 6 Of Excelling, " : N.w. Thefe are thus exprefled by their proper ( mames, 1 Selfe-love. 2 Intemperancy. 3 Salacity. 1 | 4 Curiofity, § Covetoufaele. 6 Ambition. Forthe ‘ | that are given to thefé,itch and are difquieted con , tinually. IIL The difeafes that caxfe cricfe to the mind, are immoderatcafeclions; shat x vielent alterati- NB ta a¢# “ ; al (256) gue fone things which befall ws according te oxy | defiress-at contrary thereto: but efpécially Sadneffe, Angor, and at Irkfomnefle of life. EP Theremedtesof the mind are beld forth in the Ethicks. The Sum whereof comes tothis. Love she Golden Mean, (hun extreams like unto precipices, Ne ver defire todo more then thou canft: Remember that thow artatan. For that may befall every one that befalls any one. There is a viciffitude of all things, an xiconquered mind overcomes all things, crc. Cf the Difeafes of the Soule. I The Difeafes of the Soule are, Forgetfulneffe of God, Torment of Confcience, and Defpair of Mercy. II Forgetfulneffe of God ts cured by the Fear 6f God. OF 7,1 fay,chat God,who {ceth all, judgeth all,reward- eth all, to every one according to his works; to a- void whofe hand, it is impoffible. (For in him, we move, liye, and have our being,) burtto endure itis imolerable, (Forheisa confuming fire, Sc.) 111 Torment of confcience is bealed by prayers, and and fiudy of innocency, Pfal.26.6,Eccl.12.13,14.For if our heart condemn us nor, we have full aflurance,&c. x Joba 3.21. 17 Defpair is bealed by the bloud of that onely Lamb of God, which purgeth us from all fin, 1 Fob. X.7. and reconciles us to his Father, Rem,3.2§. and faves us, Rom.s.9. and givesus eternall life, 70b.6.54 . t sal R Inbodyfound, amind as found, O Godwe pray thes eive, That here in perce, in’ after bliffe; for ever we may live. &y FINTS. ‘ik = yd eee ‘ al