key: cord-0020411-uzbdyq66
authors: Crous, P.W.; Lombard, L.; Sandoval-Denis, M.; Seifert, K.A.; Schroers, H.-J.; Chaverri, P.; Gené, J.; Guarro, J.; Hirooka, Y.; Bensch, K.; Kema, G.H.J.; Lamprecht, S.C.; Cai, L.; Rossman, A.Y.; Stadler, M.; Summerbell, R.C.; Taylor, J.W.; Ploch, S.; Visagie, C.M.; Yilmaz, N.; Frisvad, J.C.; Abdel-Azeem, A.M.; Abdollahzadeh, J.; Abdolrasouli, A.; Akulov, A.; Alberts, J.F.; Araújo, J.P.M.; Ariyawansa, H.A.; Bakhshi, M.; Bendiksby, M.; Ben Hadj Amor, A.; Bezerra, J.D.P.; Boekhout, T.; Câmara, M.P.S.; Carbia, M.; Cardinali, G.; Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F.; Celis, A.; Chaturvedi, V.; Collemare, J.; Croll, D.; Damm, U.; Decock, C.A.; de Vries, R.P.; Ezekiel, C.N.; Fan, X.L.; Fernández, N.B.; Gaya, E.; González, C.D.; Gramaje, D.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Grube, M.; Guevara-Suarez, M.; Gupta, V.K.; Guarnaccia, V.; Haddaji, A.; Hagen, F.; Haelewaters, D.; Hansen, K.; Hashimoto, A.; Hernández-Restrepo, M.; Houbraken, J.; Hubka, V.; Hyde, K.D.; Iturriaga, T.; Jeewon, R.; Johnston, P.R.; Jurjević, Ž.; Karalti, İ.; Korsten, L.; Kuramae, E.E.; Kušan, I.; Labuda, R.; Lawrence, D.P.; Lee, H.B.; Lechat, C.; Li, H.Y.; Litovka, Y.A.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Marin-Felix, Y.; Matio Kemkuignou, B.; Matočec, N.; McTaggart, A.R.; Mlčoch, P.; Mugnai, L.; Nakashima, C.; Nilsson, R.H.; Noumeur, S.R.; Pavlov, I.N.; Peralta, M.P.; Phillips, A.J.L.; Pitt, J.I.; Polizzi, G.; Quaedvlieg, W.; Rajeshkumar, K.C.; Restrepo, S.; Rhaiem, A.; Robert, J.; Robert, V.; Rodrigues, A.M.; Salgado-Salazar, C.; Samson, R.A.; Santos, A.C.S.; Shivas, R.G.; Souza-Motta, C.M.; Sun, G.Y.; Swart, W.J.; Szoke, S.; Tan, Y.P.; Taylor, J.E.; Taylor, P.W.J.; Tiago, P.V.; Váczy, K.Z.; van de Wiele, N.; van der Merwe, N.A.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Vieira, W.A.S.; Vizzini, A.; Weir, B.S.; Wijayawardene, N.N.; Xia, J.W.; Yáñez-Morales, M.J.; Yurkov, A.; Zamora, J.C.; Zare, R.; Zhang, C.L.; Thines, M.
title: Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell
date: 2021-08-17
journal: Stud Mycol
DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100116
sha: 55d97f11608ba6c36d08e976966447abd99f9d77
doc_id: 20411
cord_uid: uzbdyq66

Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).

The relevance and impact of Fusarium (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) to humankind is substantial. Over the past 100 years, it has attracted considerable attention from scientists as the extent of species diversity and the impact on agriculture and human health became clear. After an initial period of discovery and cataloguing by 19 th century naturalists, its taxonomy became the target of research from a broad range of scientists, that resulted in the emergence of distinct "schools" that promoted different taxonomic approaches to fusarium-like organisms. With the advent of an objective and reproducible framework for phylogenetic relationships inferred from molecular phylogenetics, it might have been expected that controversies would melt away, and a stable, universally accepted taxonomy of Fusarium and its species would emerge, but this does not yet appear to be the case (Fig. 1) . However, all scientists working with Fusarium desire a stable taxonomic system, and all agree that taxonomic changes should be made with the aim of promoting stability.

Recently, Geiser et al. (2021) , largely in response to papers published by Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011) , Schroers et al. (2011) , , and Sandoval-Denis et al. (2019) , proposed a cladistic solution to redelimit a generic concept for Fusarium. The generic treatment of Fusarium by Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 , produced an ill-delimited genus without clear synapomorphies, as fusarium-like macroconidia are strongly polyphyletic within Nectriaceae and also occur outside their very broadly circumscribed Fusarium concept. We argue that a narrower concept of genera with a clear, unique combination of features is needed for the majority of fusarioid species.

Dual nomenclature and consensus on the use of the generic name Fusarium

In accordance with the single-name system for fungi, that was adopted at the International Botanical Congress, Melbourne (IBCM) in 2011, we are in full agreement with Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 and O'Donnell et al. (2020) that the name Fusarium applies to any genus with a delimitation that includes the conserved lectotype of the type species, F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris), as stated by Rossman et al. (2013) . Unfortunately, a single joint paper explaining the choice of this name supported by the entire Fusarium community was planned but failed because of the insistence of a subset of authors to adopt a broad generic concept.

Taxonomy and nomenclature are different concepts, although they are frequently confused, leading to misinterpretations. Support for dual nomenclature ended at the IBCM in August 2011. The significance of 1 January 2013 was to ensure the formal nomenclatural validity of newly proposed dual names (new species or new combinations) that were in press or part of studies about to be submitted for publication. These dates have no significance for names proposed in a single name system, which can be done at any time. Despite these technicalities, virtually all members of the Fusarium community accept that Fusarium must be used over the sexually-typified name Gibberella in the single name system, a recommendation included in the proposed list of Protected Names submitted to the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi, the body with the authority to recommend its formal acceptance (Kirk et al. 2013 ). However, statements in Geiser et al. (2013) seem to reflect a confusion about how the nomenclatural decision affected taxonomic concepts.

The name Fusarium has never been at risk during the nomenclatural transition, and the community support for its use in a single name system is unanimous. We fully agree with Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 and Rossman et al. (2013) that Fusarium equals Gibberella. Fusarium will always be applied to the clade that includes the type species of Fusarium, F. sambucinum, which is the same fungus that also typifies Gibberella. In this study, we show that the clade defined as Fusarium s. str. (O'Donnell et al. 2013, as Gibberella; Geiser et al. 2013, as Clade B) combines monophyly, morphology of sexual and asexual morphs, and biochemical data in a coherent way that can logically be recognised at the generic rank. Expanding the concept of Fusarium to node F1 sensu Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 results in the combination of several distinct genera and does not resolve the issue of fusarium-like macroconidia in genera outside their broad circumscription of Fusarium. Phylogenetic structure and distribution of fusarioid asexual morphs in Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011) and Schroers et al. (2011) presented a phylogenetic overview of selected Nectriaceae based on combined analyses of two different genes, namely the commonly employed and phylogenetically informative RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and exon regions of the larger subunit of ATP citrate lyase (acl1). The two papers were the first to apply a single name system to fusarioid fungi (i.e., genera with fusarium-like macroconidia), and were written along with others (see Rossman & Seifert 2011) to promote discussions that eventually led to changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) (Turland et al. 2018) .

The main focus of the Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011) paper was to deal with extraneous elements that had long been included in Fusarium. These fungi had distinct phenotypic characters, such as thin, collapsing perithecial walls, slow growing agar colonies lacking aerial mycelium, or sparsely septate macroconidia. Users of the Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Nelson et al. (1983) identification manuals may be familiar with some of these species, then called Fusarium aquaeductuum, F. coccophilum and F. merismoides. There was evidence in the first papers on the molecular phylogeny of Fusarium that these species did not belong to Fusarium (e.g., see O'Donnell 1993). It was not until the study by Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011) that other genera in the family, such as members of the Cylindrocarpon generic complex , Calonectria , Tubercularia (Hirooka et al. 2012) , and minor genera such as Mariannaea, Pseudonectria, and Volutella (also see were adequately sampled to yield generic-level resolution. The phylograms showed the division of fusarioid taxa into two large groups, which Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011) called the Terminal Fusarium Clade (abbreviated TFC by Geiser et al. 2013 ) and the ill-delineated Basal Fusarium Clade (BFC) that contained several of the genera noted above. A single-genus recognition for the BFC was not feasible because of the great morphological, genetic, and ecological divergence among the sampled species. The BFC included seven genera, each with their monophyly strongly supported and more or less ecologically coherent. Species with fusarioid conidia were reclassified in the phylogenetically redefined but previously described genera Atractium, Cosmospora, Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Macroconia, Microcera, and Stylonectria (Gr€ afenhan et al. 2011, Schroers et al. 2011) . Geiser et al. (2013) accepted these segregate genera in the BFC as distinct from the TFC, while correctly pointing out the weak support values obtained for the phylogenetic backbone of the tree. One consequence of the widespread occurrence of macroconidia in the taxon sampling (fusarioid genera, cylindrocarpon-like genera, and Calonectria) was the suggestion that especially the fusarioid macroconidium is a plesiomorphic character (that is, an ancestral character) and had been lost in some lineages in Nectriaceae (Gr€ afenhan et al. 2011).

The second paper by Schroers et al. (2011) recovered similar phylogenies as Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011) , but focused on the TFC, supplementing this with a five-gene analysis of a particular subclade within the TFC intended to delimit phylogenetic genera and a few species. This demonstrated the monophyly of the treated genera and resulted in the acceptance of the previously described Cyanonectria (Samuels et al. 2009 ), as well as the description of the genus Geejayessia. Again, Geiser et al. (2013) correctly criticised the weakness of the backbone of the tree, especially in the BFC. About 75 % of the phylogenetic signal in the analysis came from one gene, rpb2. Schroers et al. (2011) did not discuss the taxonomic fate of Neocosmospora (the Fusarium solani species complex, FSSC), which was represented by only two species in their analysis, but was excluded from Fusarium s. str.

The call for more genetic markers and even genome analysis by Geiser et al. (2013) , to better resolve the phylogenetic backbone of the TFC was justified, but the increased number of markers should have been matched by increased taxon sampling of all known genera of Nectriaceae, as taxon sampling is equally important for inferring robust and meaningful phylogenies (Zwickl & Hillis 2002 , Heath et al. 2008 . greatly expanded both the number of genetic markers and the taxon sampling in order to explore the generic boundaries across the Nectriaceae, including all genera known from culture and many genera for which no DNA data was previously available. A 10-gene phylogeny was inferred including all the markers previously used by Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011) , Schroers et al. (2011) , Geiser et al. (2013), and O'Donnell et al. (2013) , plus nrDNA sequences and other markers of known phylogenetic utility, namely actin (act1), beta-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (CaM), histone (his3), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1). From this, a phylogeny of the TFC overall congruent to that presented by Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011) and Geiser et al. (2013) was obtained. Importantly, the monophyly of Albonectria, Cyanonectria, Geejayessia, Fusarium, and Neocosmospora was reaffirmed and a few early diverging lineages previously included in the TFC were segregated into new fusarioid genera i.e., Bisifusarium (formerly the F. dimerum species complex) and Rectifusarium (formerly the F. ventricosum species complex) .

After nearly a hundred years of quandary, a modern revision was published for Neocosmospora , In this study, many unnamed phylogenetic species were morphologically characterised and given Latin binomials, while old names were resurrected, epitypified, and linked to DNA barcodes.

Two recent publications by O'Donnell et al. (2020) and Geiser et al. (2021) argued for the broad Fusarium concept of Geiser et al. (2013) . Both papers present very similar phylogenetic analyses, relying on 19 genes, including 12 newly sampled markers, namely: cytochrome P450 reductase (cpr1), ATPdependent DNA helicase II (ku70), sphinganine palmitoyl transferase subunit 2 (lcb2), DNA replication licensing factor (mcm7), phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk1), topoisomerase (top1), two subunits each of the DNA polymerase (dpa1 and dpe1), the fatty acid synthase (fas1, fas2), alpha-tubulin (tub1), and tub2. The previously employed marker his3 was not included, nor were nrDNA markers. The results are in essence the same as those of the previously published phylogenies, but with stronger support for the backbone in the combined analyses (see Cummings & Meyer 2005) . Geiser et al. (2021) claimed that the F1 node was supported by 12, and the F2 node by 14 of the individual genes, but did not mention that all 19 genes supported the F3 node (Fusarium s. str. = the Gibberella clade).

In this study we re-investigated the Geiser et al. (2021) dataset using several different high-resolution phylogenetic approaches, and we found that their evaluations of concordance were based on an inadequate interpretation of Ultra-Fast bootstrap results (only values 95 % are to be deemed significant, see Minh et al. 2013 , Hoang et al. 2018 . In addition to the topological incongruences among six genes (act1, CaM, DNA polymerase epsilon subunit dpe1, ku70, pgk1, tef1, and tub2), only six and 11 genes actually support the F1 and F2 nodes, respectively, while all 19 genes support the F3 node. The low internode certainty (IC) and IC All (ICA) values obtained for F1 (0.19 and 0.33, respectively) were misinterpreted by Geiser et al. (2021) as IC values close to 0 indicate conflict between the partitions (Salichos et al. 2014) . The F3 node was well supported with IC and ICA values at 1 (Geiser et al. 2021, Supplementary Table. S1), which indicates the absence of conflict.

While the effort by O'Donnell et al. (2020) and Geiser et al. (2021) to include a high diversity of DNA markers is commendable, it is undermined by an imbalanced selection of taxa for their analyses. Specifically, there is a marked overrepresentation of node F1 species, while sampling and taxon selection across the Nectriaceae is almost absent. Excluding any of the major genus-level clades, especially those relevant to the recognition of Bisifusarium, Neocosmospora and Rectifusarium, introduces taxon sampling biases in a way that reduce the reliability of phylogenetic inferences and support values with respect to the backbone of the Nectriaceae. Furthermore, neither O'Donnell et al. (2020) nor Geiser et al. (2021) give full consideration to morphological and ecological evidence. In principle, a genus should always be delimited as monophyletic, supported by derived traits. In addition, its circumscription should FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org depend on the systematic (phylogenetic and biological) structure of the family it belongs to, in this case, the Nectriaceae.

Phylogenetics has rapidly advanced from a powerful adjunct tool for understanding evolutionary relationships to the dominant principle for classification, especially for delimitation of taxa at all ranks. However, the resulting analyses and phylogenies are compromised if they are not reconciled with other biological data. The call for additional genomic data in the Fusarium clade (Geiser et al. 2013 ) may improve backbone node support values, but the phylogenetic structure is unlikely to change; it is the translation of that data into practicable taxonomy. The broad Fusarium concept of Aoki et al. (2019) , O'Donnell et al. (2020) and Geiser et al. (2021) is phylogenetically possible, but it does not offer a generic definition based on a combination of available genetic, morphological, biochemical and ecological data. It is, thus, impractical in that it is so broad that the genus would not have any synapomorphies when compared to other genera of the Nectriaceae outside their broad circumscription of Fusarium.

The arguments presented by Aoki et al. (2019) , O'Donnell et al. (2020) and Geiser et al. (2021) are centred around the phylogenetic support of some nodes, which have never been a key subject of the discussion, as the made observations generally match the interpretations made by many authors. While the very broad circumscription of Fusarium reflects as a monophyletic group in DNA phylogenetic analyses, the TFC is a conglomerate of several monophyletic genera that has a common ancestor (node F1 in Geiser et al. 2013) . Each of these genera has a distinctive combination of morphological features. An analogous situation was observed in the monophyletic sister clade that was originally classified as Cylindrocarpon s. lat., but that is currently viewed as composed of several monophyletic genera i.e., Cinnamomeonectria, Corinectria, Cylindrodendrum, Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Macronectria, Neonectria, Pleiocarpon, Rugonectria, Thelonectria and Tumenectria , Gonz alez & Chaverri 2017 .

Taxonomically, a genus is a group that is defined by a type species, and that often includes additional species considered to belong to the same group (Vellinga et al. 2015) . The observations or category of data involved in delineating genera have varied over time, and in many cases, the characters used to delimit well accepted genera have proven to be homoplasious and the genera polyphyletic (Crous et al. 2009 ). However, it is a fundamental principle that taxonomic entities should reflect evolutionary relationships.

This has led to inevitable splitting of well-known fungal taxa, both genera and species, into smaller groups, but sometimes also genera were merged with others based on the reappraisal or discovery of derived characters (e.g., Voglmayr & Thines 2007 ). This proceeds with each technological revolution providing ever deeper insight into the biological/evolutionary relationships of organisms, and has accelerated again since molecular phylogenetics came into widespread use. There is a prevailing notion that nature made species, but that humans made all other taxonomic ranks for their own convenience. However, it is increasingly recognised that all taxonomic ranks, including the species level, do not have solid boundaries but are more like a steam cloud with fuzzy margins. At the genus level, these boundaries are often even more obscure, but is a genus just an arbitrary (but statistically well-supported) monophyletic convenience, a consensus accepted by a self-appointed committee? Or is a genus a meaningful, definable unit resulting from evolutionary processes, which can be recognised by patterns of biological structure, biochemistry, behaviour, and adaptation to specific niches? We believe that the latter should be the case. While we recognise that generic delimitations will always depend on a subjective choice, we believe that generic concepts should always be guided in a phylogenetic context by morphological, biochemical, or ecological characters that can both be used for practical recognition and convey evolutionary information.

The generic concept for Fusarium proposed by Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 is a rejection of this concept, as it merges lineages with divergent characters that were accepted and applied not only throughout the family Nectriaceae for the delimitation of genera but also in other fungal families and orders. The very broad genus Fusarium that it gives rise to does not have clearcut features, as the diversity of characters shared with the rest of the Nectriaceae is so high that it could be extended almost arbitrarily to the entire family. It would, in fact be as if the concept of cryptic species was expanded to genera, that is, genera that can only be recognised as a well-supported node on a phylogram, which is, in our view, in disagreement with fundamental principles of practical classification. The node F1 selected by Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 for defining Fusarium is devoid of phenotypic support and includes several genera with distinct evolutionary traits. Indeed, the Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 concept of Fusarium is strictly phylogenetically defined and essentially amounts to a list of the species bound within a selected clade. Their morphological circumscription does not admit the existence of synapomorphies (i.e., unique diagnostic characters possessed by all included species), and it extends beyond their chosen node to other groups in Nectriaceae. In this very wide definition of Fusarium, phenotypic characters and ecological patterns that correlate with well-supported monophyletic groups within the larger, poorly supported TFC are disregarded as basis for generic delineation.

Admittedly, phenotypic characters in the TFC are tricky to interpret. The fusarioid macroconidium with or without a welldeveloped foot-shaped basal cell (i.e., basal conidial cell showing an asymmetrical papillum, delimited from the rest of the cell and forming a distinct notch) occurs in the majority but not all of the species in the traditional generic concept, but is also a feature present in a significant proportion of other members of the Nectriaceae, or even of the unrelated genus Microdochium (Amphisphaeriaceae). It is, therefore, not a unique feature for generic delineation .

Perithecial pigmentation has been used to delimit genera in Nectriaceae. The orange/red perithecium is an ancestral character in the family and common also to members of the BFC and early diverging lineages of the TFC, including all Neocosmospora species known to reproduce sexually, Setofusarium, and some species of Cyanonectria and Geejayessia. These structures are easily distinguished from the homogeneously bluish/black perithecia of true Fusarium s. str. species in the Gibberella clade sensu O' Donnell et al. (2013) . Contrary to what was suggested by Geiser et al. (2021) , it is not Neocosmospora which represents an interesting but morphologically aberrant lineage, since neither its type nor the members of its modern morphological circumscription ) exhibit aberrant characteristics. It is the dark-coloured perithecia typical of Fusarium s. str. (= Gibberella clade) that are aberrant and unusual within Nectriaceae.

The dark purple to black perithecium formerly used to characterise Fusarium s. str. (= Gibberella), represents a synapomorphic state. Ascomata with similar colours have evolved independently in some, but not all, species of Geejayessia, while heterogeneously coloured bluish black or bicoloured perithecia can be observed in several species of Cyanonectria, which often appears as a sister genus to Fusarium. However, Cyanonectria and Geejayessia differ from Fusarium and Neocosmospora by their typically well-developed stromata as well as their thinner and smooth perithecial walls. Notably, pale yellowish perithecia occur in several clades and are a derived character as well, and one genus that we accept, Albonectria, was initially defined by white perithecia . Also, in terms of its ascospores, Fusarium shows a derived state. With the exception of Albonectria, which includes species with hyaline, ellipsoidal to fusoid, 3-septate, smooth to finely striated ascospores, the genera mentioned above present mostly pale yellow-brown ascospores. Ascospores of Fusarium s. str. are more often subhyaline, ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-3-septate, and smooth-walled when viewed with light microscopy. Ascospores of Neocosmospora are easily distinguished from those of Fusarium by being ovoid to ellipsoidal, (0-)1-septate, pigmented, conspicuously striate or more rarely cerebriform or spinulose. It is worth noting that most of the above-mentioned characters and differences are the same applied to define genera across the whole Nectriaceae , where they correlate well with phylogenetic inferences. Ascospores showing similarly many septa as in Fusarium s. str. have independently evolved in Nectria diploa (now Microcera), as well as in N. glabra, and N. decora (now Flammocladiella). The fact that none of these species is a member of the TFC supports the interpretation that multiseptate ascospores might be apomorphic for Fusarium s. str., separating it clearly from other phylogenetically related genera.

Behaviour and other adaptations, determine how an organism operates and survives in nature and are the ultimate determinants and products of natural selection. They may be difficult to translate into nodes and other results of phylogenetic analyses such as phylogenetic distance. Despite this, similarities in adaptive traits are frequently used to calibrate phylogenetic delimitations of genera. For example, all known species of Microcera are pathogens of scale insects. It is easy to understand the hypothesis that the ancestor of this clade jumped to these hosts, followed by subsequent radiation and speciation (Thines 2019) . This resulted in considerable micromorphological diversity, while a core of adaptation resulting from the parasitic life style remained conserved. Similarly, several of the genuslevel clades include mostly mycoparasitic species or pathogens of plants. If we apply this kind of thinking to the well-supported clades of the TFC, as noted by Schroers et al. (2011) , species of Cyanonectria and Geejayessia occur only on woody hosts (mostly species of Buxus, Celtis and Staphylea) and would typically not occur as soil-borne plant pathogens or pathogens of grasses. They are also not known to produce trichothecene mycotoxins. This is in stark contrast with the prevailing ecological concept of Fusarium s. str. as a genus of primarily soil-borne fungi, of which many are in a firm biological association with grasses and herbs. Importantly, the vast majority of Fusarium s. str. species produce trichothecene mycotoxins as a chemical synapomorphy. Most of the strongly supported clades within the TFC can be supported by these kinds of morphological, chemical, and biological traits, allowing the possibility of non-arbitrary recognition of biologically meaningful genera. One such clade is Neocosmospora. Arguments for and the practicality of recognising Neocosmospora (the F. solani species complex) as a genus

In the days of dual nomenclature, the distinction between the red perithecia of Neocosmospora, as amended by Nalim et al. (2011) , and the typically purple or blackish perithecia of the trichothecene-producing Gibberella species was generally accepted by Fusarium taxonomists. The ecological distinctiveness of Neocosmospora as a group of soil fungi, often associated with roots and causing root rot and vascular wilt diseases, was also generally acknowledged. In addition to the dissimilar sexual characters mentioned above, the asexual morphs of this group are also distinctive. The macroconidia are usually thickwalled, with blunt, rounded apical cells, and they usually have inconspicuous foot-shaped basal cells. Microconidia are produced on very long, narrow phialides. Cultures of a vast majority of species of this group can easily be recognised morphologically, even with a dissecting microscope.

The ecological similarities of the members of Neocosmospora with F. oxysporum have to be acknowledged, as noted by Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 . However, these two groups of species are morphologically distinct, even as asexual morphs. Fusarium oxysporum produces macroconidia with acutely pointed apical cells, and microconidia from phialides that are usually 5-10 times shorter than those of Neocosmospora species. Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 have pointed out that microchromosomes or conditionally dispensable chromosomes occur in Neocosmospora and members of their F3 clade, namely F. oxysporum. Microchromosomes have been observed, however, also in phylogenetically distinct taxa such as Magnaporthe oryzae (Yoshida et al. 2009 , now Pyricularia oryzae), Mycosphaerella graminicola (Stukenbrock et al. 2010, now Zymoseptoria tritici) , and Alternaria arborescens (Hu et al. 2012 ) and might occur sporadically as a result of horizontal gene transfer. They are thought to increase the ability of a pathogen to adapt to the host's defence mechanisms. The ability to acquire conditionally dispensable chromosomes might thus be seen as a general genetic tool allowing organisms to gain ecologically advantageous genes. Similarly, they could present a general driving force in co-evolutionary processes, but the per se occurrence of conditionally dispensable chromosomes in two taxa can hardly be used as a criterion for drawing conclusions on or imply generic relatedness.

In the Nelson et al. (1983) manual and in one of the last vestiges of the ultra-reductionist Snyder & Hansen (1941) system, F. solani was recognised as the only species of section Martiella, even though the existence of several distinct mating populations was known. The European system (exemplified by Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982) accepted several more species, derived from the classic Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) treatment. When molecular phylogenetic studies of this group began in earnest, Neocosmospora included three major clades and many species (O'Donnell 1993 , O'Donnell et al. 2008a . To date, 86 species are formally described in this group (Aoki et Thus, in Neocosmospora we have a group of species that can easily be recognised morphologically by both sexual and asexual morphs, exhibit generally consistent ecological behaviour, lack trichothecene mycotoxins, and form a strongly supported monophyletic group. This sounds like a biologically meaningful calibration of a genus, but what about the practicality of doing this? Presently, the data supporting the recognition of Neocosmospora (and equally, also Fusarium s. str., the F3 clade) is stronger than the data supporting either of the nodes favoured for designating a broader concept of Fusarium. If there are 100 plus species in Neocosmospora, and hundreds of species in the trichothecene-producing, Poaceae-loving Fusarium s. str. clade, it will be useful for students, plant pathologists, clinical microbiologists, and other scientists to have different generic names for each group. Those names will convey information about relationships and behaviour that are lost in a broader definition of Fusarium with much greater diversity of ecological and biochemical behaviours. Geiser et al. (2013) raised concerns that grant evaluators, government regulators and medical practitioners who now believe they know what Fusarium means will be confused by the segregation of these fusarioid fungi into different genera, and that confusion could lead to unpredictable consequences. However, in our experience these end users continuously familiarise themselves with up-to-date, informative taxonomic and nomenclatural concepts for socio-economically important fungal groups, thus allowing them to predict the possible real-world effects of reliably identified fungi with increased precision. To them, the segregation of a heterogeneous concept of Fusarium into biologically and biochemically predictive genera will be helpful.

With Neocosmospora accepted as a different genus, Albonectria, Cyanonectria, and Geejayessia, as defined by Schroers et al. (2011) , as well as Bisifusarium and Rectifusarium as defined in must also be accepted as separate genera. As previously said, these are all monophyletic groups, also characterised by distinctive ecological and morphological traits.

The end consequence of our strategy is a series of phylogenetically well-supported genera, each with a recognisable suite of morphological characters, and ecological, pathological, and biochemical behaviour. Indeed, the results of such splitting activities applied to what we called the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium s. lat. accounts for 20 segregate genera. Most importantly, both Fusarium and Neocosmospora will have generic names to indicate their important but distinct significance. The extraneous species, with different ecology and generally much lower economic or agricultural significance can now justifiably be classified elsewhere, where they can be appreciated for their own features without the need for the uncertainty inherent in a broad concept of the generic name Fusarium.

The generic concept of Fusarium proposed by Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 functions well as a phylogenetic concept only if taxonomists turn their eyes away from all other kinds of data and observations applied to the family Nectriaceae. It is a political generic concept, meant to assuage the concerns of plant pathologists and other applied scientists, many of whom are already upset by the proliferation of cryptic phylogenetic species. Ironically, this late-blooming alleged pragmatism seems to betray the cladistic ideals that many of its authors profess to adhere to (Taylor 2014) .

All authors agree on the use of the single name Fusarium, have a common understanding of a phylogenetic structure of the family Nectriaceae, and agree that removing Neocosmospora from the main Fusarium core is the critical point of discussion. Sequencing additional markers may lead to increased phylogenetic support, but it is a false comfort if the taxon sampling does not include as many genera of Nectriaceae as possible. Expanded representation of the TFC in the dataset will not solve the controversy, and the resulting phylogenies will remain unbalanced. The segregation of Neocosmospora from Fusarium certainly needs to be done efficiently by those who have the most comprehensive expertise on the relevant species, which include several of the co-authors of the Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 and O'Donnell et al. (2020) papers as well as the present one.

Fusarium taxonomy has long been confused because of the nine-species system of , the misleading overlaps caused by convergent evolution and character loss, the difficulty in characterising perithecia, the phenomenon of cultural degeneration, and rigid opinions of the taxonomists and plant pathologists who have worked on them. To arrive at a stable taxonomy for Fusarium, the generic concept needs to be fixed in a practical and evolutionary reasonable manner so that future technologies and applications will not disrupt it.

The phylogenetic distribution of the fusarioid genera presented here is further corroborated by their ability to produce genusspecific secondary metabolites. The commercial database Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP; http://dnp.chemnetbase.com), was used to search for secondary metabolites produced by the genera and species treated here. The database contained (as of March 6, 2021) over 720 entries on metabolites from Fusarium s. lat., even though some plant metabolites, discovered during studies on the elicitation of phytoalexins by challenging plant cells with a Fusarium strain, are included. The number of metabolites from Fusarium s. lat. is therefore estimated to be around 680, which is still behind Aspergillus s. lat. (over 3 000 entries) and Penicillium s. lat. (over 2 700 entries). Hits that were retrieved were confirmed by consulting the original literature. The reported structures were corroborated, with a selection of these compounds presented here (Figs 2-4) .

It remains uncertain if the reported taxonomy is reliable, since the producer strains may have been misidentified or determined using one of many outdated taxonomic concepts. However, several compound classes have been encountered multiple times from the same species or species complex, and in some instances, the strains were identified by experts and/or sequenced later in phylogenetic studies ). The situation is further complicated by the fact that certain secondary metabolites have been given similar names, but represent different molecules. The name solaniol has been given to both a trichothecene (Fusarium s. str.) and a naphthoquinone (Neocosmospora) , and the fusariumins represent four different secondary metabolites.

Typical metabolites of Fusarium s. str.

Fusarium sambucinum, the type species of the genus, has not been studied in much detail, but among the 20 metabolites known from this species, several metabolites are ranked in the classes trichothecenes and enniatins. The trichothecenes represents a well-known and notoriously dangerous class of mycotoxins belonging to the scirpene terpenoid type. These compounds are widely distributed within the genus Fusarium s. str., including familiar plant pathogenic species such as, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides and F. tricinctum (Bamburg et al. 1968 , Tatsuno et al. 1968 , Yoshizawa & Morooka, 1973 , Jim enez et al. 1997 . The enniatins, known from 17 Fusarium s. str. species (Munkvold 2017 , are cyclic depsipeptides that have strong antibiotic activities (Plattner et al. 1948 , German-Fattal 2001, FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org Bills & Gloer 2017) . Similar to trichothecenes, they are only known from Fusarium s. str. in the current taxonomic concept, although Trichoderma and Beauveria, which belong to different families of the Hypocreales, also produce trichothecenes or enniatin-like beauvericins, respectively. However, trichothecenes have not been reported from Neocosmospora or "F. solani" except from two isolates misidentified as "F. solani" (Ueno et al. 1972 , Sugimoto et al. 2002 (Supplementary Table S2) Two other well-known classes of mycotoxins, the fumonisins (Bezuidenhout et al. 1988 ) and zearalenone (Urry et al. 1966) , are also found frequently among species of Fusarium s. str. Similarly, equisetin, also considered a "mycotoxin" and originally found from a Fusarium sp. strain (NRRL 5537) in the FIESC (Vesonder et al. 1979 ) is actually a strong antibiotic. A more complex derivative known as fusarisetin A was reported from an unidentified Fusarium sp. (Jang et al. 2011) . Some rather unique compounds only known from Fusarium s. str., include wortmannin (Abbas & Mirocha, 1988 ) and oxysporizoline (Nenkep et al. 2016) , which have interesting biological activities and may be species or even strain-specific.

Among the compounds that are not regarded as mycotoxins, the antimicrobial sesquiterpenes of the fusarielin type (Sørensen et al. 2013 ) and the antiparasitic and cytostatic cyclopeptides of the apicidin type (Jiang et al. 2002 , Von Bargen et al. 2013 ) have been respectively isolated from Fusarium s. str. Additionally, aurofusarin (Munkvold 2017 , chlamydosporol (Munkvold 2017 , fusapyrone (Evidente et al. 1994) , fusaric acid (Munkvold 2017 , fusoxysporone (Abraham & Hannsen 1992) , fusaproliferin, moniliformin (Munkvold 2017 ) and the terpestacins ) are other examples of secondary metabolites found only in Fusarium s. str. Thus far, only one report has indicated that a Neocosmospora species can produce fusaric acid (Zhou et al. 2019) . Both aurofusarin and bikaverin produced by Fusarium s. str. and other bis-naphthoquinone and bis-naphthopyrone pigments protect fungi from predation (Xu et al., 2019) , while Neocosmospora species produce other naphthoquinones such as javanicin (Arnstein & Cook 1947 , Kimura et al. 1981 as potential predator protectors. Some unique compounds have been reported from marine strains of certain Fusarium species, which include the mangicols, rare sesterterpenes produced by a strain tentatively classified as F. heterosporum (Renner et al. 2000) .

Neocosmospora species and other fusarioid genera apparently have a different secondary metabolism, or have not been intensively studied in the past. A striking example are the cyclosporins, which are immunosuppressive peptides. Originally, these were obtained from Tolypocladium inflatum, but later also found to be produced by species of Neocosmospora (Sawai et al. 1981 , Nakajima et al. 1989 . However, they have not been reported from Fusarium s. str. Other unique compounds only known from Neocosmospora species, include dihydrofusarin (Kurobane et al. 1980 , Kyekyeku et al. 2017 , the polyketides neovasipyrones , Nakajima et al. 1995 and vasinfectin A (Furumoto et al. 1997) . The rare cyclopeptides of the neosansalvamide type (Lee & Lee 2012) and the resorcylic acid lactones of the monorden/monocillin type (Cutler et al. 1987 , Gao et al. 2013 ) are also known from Neocosmospora and other fungi, but not from Fusarium s. str., even though the latter compounds bear a high structural resemblance to zearalenone. Several Neoscomospora species produce a range of naphthoquinones that are members of a widespread class of polyketides (Roos 1977) .

The fusarioid genus Bisifusarium is known to produce the PKS/NRPS hybrid siderophore, dimerumic acid (= dimerum acid) (Diekmann 1970) , and indole acetic acid (Reddy & Reddy 1992 , Kulkarni et al. 2011 . The parnafungins, which are under development as antimycotics, are only known from Microcera larvarum (Parish et al. 2008) . Additionally, Microcera larvarum is also known to produce monocerin and fusarentins, which are not known from any other fungi (Grove & Pople 1979) , except a Colletotrichum species (Tianpanich et al. 2011) . The anticancer agent balanol (azepinostatin) (Ohshima et al. 1994) is known to be produced by two Fusicolla species, which might be applied as a taxonomic marker for this genus, although it has also been found in species of the Ophiocordycipitaceae. Unfortunately, there is no available information on secondary metabolites for the other fusarioid genera treated here. However, secondary metabolite studies of these missing genera will facilitate for the discovery of novel molecules and help to elucidate the functional biodiversity of these fungi. 

The following part of this study presents an overview of the morphological and phylogenetic characters of Fusarium and related genera as well as an account of recommended methods for the identification and characterisation of these taxa. In addition, novel genera and species are described and, in view of the recent taxonomic data, a list of names that are applied to the genus Fusarium s. lat. with their current scientific names is presented.

Current Fusarium taxonomy is dominated by molecular phylogenetic studies. Nonetheless, morphology is a fundamental component of the generic and species concepts of fungi and must not be overlooked. Key morphological features for generic circumscription include characteristics of sexual morphs such as perithecial colour, wall thickness and anatomy, surface structures and the presence and nature of a basal stroma, ascospore shape, septation, colour and surface ornamentation . Classification of taxa solely based on their asexual morphs can be trickier than integrated systems using sexual and asexual characters. However, the general shapes, different types and combinations of conidiogenous structures and conidia present in culture can be sufficient to allow a preliminary identification (Fig. 5) , especially if host data are also available (Leslie & Summerell 2006) . For species-level characterisation, a number of morphological traits must be carefully studied, particularly those of the asexual morph, while sexual morphs are generally less suitable, especially as they are typically not produced in culture. Diagnostic characters for species identification include colony characters such as colony morphology, pigmentation, and type of aerial mycelium. Also included are the dimensions and characteristics of aerial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells (mono-vs polyphialides), presence/absence and characteristics of sporodochia, the types of conidia produced, e.g., aerial microconidia, mesoconidia, and aerial and sporodochial macroconidia. In examining conidia themselves, consideration is given to the overall shape, septation and curvature of the macroconidia, as well as characteristics of their apical and basal cells; with aerial microconidia, their dimensions, shape, septation and spatial organisation (forming slimy heads, chains or a combination of both) are noted. Finally, the presence or absence of chlamydospores may be important.

Vigorous growth, sporulation, and pigment production of fusarioid fungi can be achieved on numerous agar formulations. The morphology of fungal structures will vary dramatically depending on the selection of media and growth conditions which may compromise the identification process. In addition, it is also common for fusaria to degenerate and lose viability in culture, particularly when they are grown on nutrient-rich media , Nirenberg 1990 , Leslie & Summerell 2006 . Culture conditions and media have been extensively summarised in the literature (Booth 1971 , Nirenberg 1990 , Nelson et al. 1994 , Leslie & Summerell 2006 . Consequently, we recommend the agar formulations listed in Table 1 to be employed for the isolation and description of fusaria. A summary of the procedures and conditions suitable for work with fusarioid fungi is shown in Fig. 6 .

An important condition that must be stressed is that the identification must always be made on the basis of a monosporic culture (a culture produced from a single sporulating conidium, ascospore, or hyphal tip), as multiple species are commonly found to co-occur in the same substrate tissue. A freshly isolated fusarioid strain should be sub-cultured onto at least two different culture media, a relatively rich one suitable for examination of gross morphology, and a nutrient-poor one for micromorphological examination and for further culture propagation. The standard culture setup for initial assessment of growth rates and colony characters i.e., colony pigmentation, diffusible pigments, and colour of sporodochia, is to use potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated for 1-2 wk. Fusarium and related genera will also grow and sporulate well on malt extract agar (MEA, recipe in Crous et al. 2019a) , which can be a suitable alternative for initial isolation and monosporic cultivation. However, MEA should not be used to assess colony or morphological characters. Standard incubation is commonly made in total darkness; however, exposure to light will normally result in a faster and more intense pigmentation. We have observed better colour formation using in-house prepared media rather than commercial formulae. While colony colour cannot be employed as a primary criterion for species identification, it can provide useful means to grossly distinguish related groups and to direct the identification process towards determining genera or species complexes. The high nutrient content of these agar media strongly affects sporulation, commonly resulting in the development of atypical structures. Therefore, we strongly discourage the use of PDA for micromorphological assessment or culture propagation of Fusarium spp. (Nelson et al. 1994 . Oatmeal agar (OA) is a suitable alternative for strain sub-culturing, allowing for good sporulation with reduced strain degeneration; however, it is not recommended for micromorphological studies.

Carnation leaf agar (CLA), synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA), and water agar (WA) are the standard culture media for micromorphological analyses. Also, by reducing culture degeneration, they allow for prolonged storage of actively growing cultures (Nirenberg 1976 , Leslie & Summerell 2006 . Subcultures on CLA will normally produce abundant sporodochia and macroconidia on the surface or around the carnation leaf pieces with consistent morphological features. Incubation at room temperature (20-25°C) for 1-2 wk under a 12/12 h near-UV light (wavelength 320-400 nm)/dark or near-UV light/cool fluorescent light cycles results in stronger sporulation and good development of sporodochial pigmentation (Nirenberg 1990 , Seifert 1996 , Leslie & Summerell 2006 . The use of continuous near-UV light (also commonly termed "blacklight" or UV-A light) is also suitable although it often results in the formation of unusually long macroconidia (Nirenberg 1990) , and it can suppress the development of useful morphological characters such as the globose microconidia of Fusarium globosum. Nevertheless, incubation under near-UV light is fundamental since isolates of some species such as Fusarium poae and F. sacchari are known to lack macroconidia or to produce them in only small quantities unless they are stimulated by incubation under a near-UV light source , Leslie & Summerell 2006 FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org adequate aeration to produce conidia reliably and to attain stable growth rates, and hence we discourage the incubation of sealed plates. Carnation leaf agar, SNA, and WA are also suitable for the observation of conidiophore disposition and microconidial arrangements such as the formation of false heads, chains or both. These structures can easily be examined under a dissecting microscope or at low magnification under a compound light microscope (Leslie & Summerell 2006) . Examination of micromorphological characters must be carried out using slide preparations mounted in water. Lactic acid, lactophenol and Shear's mounting media can cause considerable shrinking of the structures and can alter the appearance of the cell surface; hence we advise against the use of these mountants for examination of morphological characters in Fusarium and related genera. Additional culture media, incubation conditions, and protocols are available for induction of sexual characters in Fusarium and related genera (Klittich & Leslie 1988 , Leslie & Summerell 2006 , Guo et al. 2018 , Kim et al. 2019 , Santos et al. 2019 . Carrot agar (CA) and half-strength CA are the most commonly used media.

The crossing procedures are often variations from the protocol of Klittich & Leslie (1988) , in which strains of opposite mating types are paired in all possible combinations as male and female parents, together with crosses made against tester strains from known mating populations (Leslie & Summerell 2006) . The process can be shortened by reducing the number of combinations to be crossed by first determining the MAT gene alleles carried by each strain by means of specific mating type idiomorph PCR primers (Ker enyi et al. 1999 , 2004 , Steenkamp et al. 2000 .

Several genes, primer combinations and PCR conditions have been listed in the Fusarium literature (O'Donnell et al. 1998a , b, 2000a , b, 2007 , 2010 , including whole-genome sequencing to mine for the desired genes (O'Donnell et al. 2020 , Geiser et al. 2021 ). Here we detail those DNA markers that have shown the best results in routine diagnosis (Table 2, Fig. 6 ). Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), including the internal transcribed spacer region cistron (ITS) and the 28S large subunit nrDNA (LSU), are nearly useless for species recognition in Fusarium and related genera. Nevertheless, given the ease of amplification and the extensive data available for comparison in public databases (Schoch et al. 2012) , these markers are useful in the discrimination between the multiple species complexes of Fusarium, and for obtaining a confident genus-level identification for Fusarium and related genera, allowing further DNA markers to be incorporated in the analyses. The ITS region can still provide valuable information at species level for related genera containing species formerly included in Fusarium (Bisifusarium, Cosmosporella, Fusicolla, Macroconia, Microcera, and Stylonectria).

Many protein-coding genes have been explored for identification and taxonomic purposes in Fusarium and fusarioid fungi. The two main genes used for identification are tef1 and rpb2. Both offer high discriminatory power and are well represented in public databases. Translation elongation factor 1-α is commonly the first-choice identification marker as it has very good resolution power for most species in all the genera treated here, while rpb2 allows for enhanced discrimination between closely related species. For example, some species in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and in Neocosmospora that are not easily separated by using tef1 alone (O'Donnell 2000 , can be resolved with rpb2. On the other hand, PCR amplification and sequencing success are often better for tef1 than for rpb2. When used for phylogenetic analyses, sequence alignments of rpb2 sequences are much more robust and less ambiguous than tef1 data, given the former gene's advantageously low proportion of introns. An analogous situation has been shown in Aspergillus (Samson et al. 2014) and Penicillium .

Additional genetic markers, often employed in association with the previously mentioned genes in multigene phylogenetic analyses include acl1, tub2, CaM, and rpb1. These markers have variable resolution or applicability depending on the genus or species complex. For example, use of CaM data may yield conflicting clade resolutions in the FFSC (O'Donnell 2000, Al-Hatmi et al. 2019) , while paralogous or xenologous gene copies have been demonstrated for tub2 in the F. chlamydosporum and F. incarnatum-equiseti species complexes ) as well as in Neocosmospora (O'Donnell 2000 , O'Donnell et al. 2008a .

The most widely used algorithm for fungal identification by means of DNA markers is the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), available at the NCBI's GenBank website. This is a quick and useful method that can convey a great deal of information, but its results must be analysed with care given the presence of a high proportion of misidentified strains and lowquality sequences that must be filtered out (Vilgalys 2003 , Nilsson et al. 2012 . Sequences from type material are present in the GenBank nucleotide database for most fusarioid species known from culture, especially for rpb2 and tef1 barcodes, but the ex-type status of these sequences is not always explicitly mentioned. In many cases the names listed do not reflect the current taxonomy, even for sequences derived from ex-type cultures. GCRTGGATCTTRTCRTCSACC Liu et al. (1999) Translation elongation factor 1-alpha tef1 et al. (1998b) Some sequences used in past phylogenetic analyses of O'Donnell et al. (2020) and Geiser et al. (2021) appear to be linked to incorrect Fusarium names, likely due to errors in the database used. For this reason, we recommend the use of our curated database: Fusarioid-ID (https://www.fusarium.org). It can also be used for sequence similarity-based analysis of routine isolations and for identifications within several related genera.

A number of studies have thus far demonstrated the utility of mass spectrometry (MS) for species determination of subgroups of Fusarium, particularly members of the FFSC (Al-Hatmi et al. 2015 , Wigmann et al. 2019 . It is also useful for clinically relevant subgroups within several Fusarium species complexes (Marinach-Patrice et al. 2009 , Triest et al. 2015 , Sleiman et al. 2016 , Paziani et al. 2020 and clinically relevant Bisifusarium (Triest et al. 2015 , Paziani et al. 2020 and Neocosmospora species (Marinach-Patrice et al. 2009 , Triest et al. 2015 , Sleiman et al. 2016 , Paziani et al. 2020 . These techniques show highly accurate discriminative power, comparable to what has been shown with bacteria and yeasts. Only a limited number of taxa have thus far been evaluated, and a genus-wide evaluation of applicability of MALDI-TOF to Fusarium and related taxa is pending. The main limiting factor is, as usual, the current lack of representation of these taxa in commercial spectrum databases, a matter that can be resolved by constructing in-house, curated reference databases of spectra. Online availability and comparison of MS spectra of Fusarium has been proposed by Triest et al. (2015) . 

Total genomic DNA was extracted from isolates grown for 7 d on PDA or MEA (recipes in Crous et al. 2019a ; Table 1 ) incubated at 24°C under a 12/12 h photoperiod using the Wizard® Genomic DNA purification Kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA), following the manufacturer's instructions. Partial gene sequences were determined for eight DNA markers, i.e., acl1, CaM, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 using PCR protocols described elsewhere (O'Donnell et al. 1998b , 2007 , 2010 . Primer pairs used for amplification and sequencing of the respective gene regions are summarised in Table 2 . Consensus sequences for each marker were assembled in Geneious R11 (Kearse et al. 2012) or SeqMan Pro v. 15.3.0 (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA). All sequences generated in this study were deposited in GenBank (Table 3 ; also see Diagnostic DNA Barcodes in list of Fusarium names). The multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees were deposited in TreeBASE (study ID 28093).

Sequences of the individual markers, including introns, were aligned using MAFFT v. 7.110 (Katoh et al. 2019) using default parameters and manually corrected where necessary. Seven multimarker datasets (Table 4) were assembled and analysed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). For the ML analyses, concatenated phylogenies, where each marker was treated as a separate partition, were determined using IQ-TREE v. 2.1.2 (Nguyen et al. 2015 , Minh et al. 2020b with ultrafast bootstrapping (UFBoot2; Hoang et al. 2018 ) for estimation of branch support. The most suitable evolutionary model for each partition was estimated using ModelFinder (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017; Minh et al. 2020b ) as implemented in IQ-TREE. To assess whether the individual markers were compatible, genealogical concordance factors (gCF) were calculated using IQ-TREE (Minh et al. 2020a, b) . Additional ML analyses were performed using RAxML v. 8.2.12 (randomised accelerated (sic) maximum likelihood for high performance computing; Stamatakis 2014) with the system's default modelling options. The robustness of the analysis was evaluated by bootstrap support (BS) with the number of bootstrap replicates automatically determined by the software. The BI analyses were carried out through the CIPRES website (http://www.phylo.org) using MrBayes v. 3.2.7a (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) incorporating the best evolutionary models for each marker as determined by MrModeltest v. 2.3 (Nylander 2004) . Two parallel Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) runs of four incrementally heated chains (temp parameter = 0.2) were run starting from a random tree topology. The MCMC analyses lasted for 5M generations, and convergence of the runs was checked by average standard deviation of split frequencies below 0.01. Trees were saved every 1 000 generations and the first 25 % of saved trees were discarded as the "burn-in" phase. Posterior probabilities (PP) were determined from the remaining trees. Proper mixing of the MCMC runs was further confirmed by checking that all chains converged (minimum and average Estimated Sampled Size [ESS >200], Potential Scale Reduction Factor [PSRF = 1.0]) and by plotting and analysing trace file results using Tracer v.1.7.1 (Rambaut et al. 2018) .

The phylogenetic re-analysis of the dataset presented by Geiser et al. (2021) was first made according to the original exons-only alignment file and procedures as indicated in Geiser et al. (2021) (Supplementary Table S1 ). Additionally, the dataset was split into the 19 genes according to the original partitioning file, and every gene was realigned using the MAFFT webserver (v. 7, Katoh et al. 2019) applying the G-INSi algorithm. All other parameters were set to default. Six of the 19 genes exhibited a diverging alignment length. No subsequent changes were done to the alignments. The sequences were merged using BioEdit (v. 7.2.5, Hall 1999) , and the phylogenetic trees were calculated using Minimum evolution (ME) and ML algorithms, and BI. The ME tree was calculated using FastTree 2 (Price et al. 2010) using standard settings and 1 000 bootstraps (Felsenstein 1985) . The ML analysis was done using RAxML (v. 8.2.12, Stamatakis 2014) with the (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003) with the partitioned dataset. The Gamma-shape parameter and proportion of invariable sites were estimated independently for each partition. MrBayes was run for 5 M generations with every 500 th tree sampled and a burn-in of 30 % of the sampled trees to ensure sampling from the stationary phase. All other parameters were set to default.

Morphological characterisation followed standard procedures as described by Leslie & Summerell (2006) using PDA, SNA (Nirenberg 1976) , and CLA (Fisher et al. 1982) . Colony morphology and pigmentation were evaluated on PDA after 7 to 14 d at 25°C in darkness. Colour notation was based on the colour charts of Rayner (1970) . Fungarium specimens were rehydrated in 3 % aqueous KOH for a few minutes and then rinsed by replacing the KOH solution with sterile distilled water or 100 % lactic acid (Samuels 1976a , b, Samuels et al. 1990 ). Unless otherwise mentioned, micromorphological characters were examined using water as mounting medium on a Zeiss Axioskop 2 plus or a Nikon Eclipse 80i, both equipped with Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) optics and a Nikon AZ100 dissecting microscope all fitted with Nikon DS-Ri2 highdefinition colour digital cameras to photo-document fungal structures. Measurements were taken using the Nikon software NIS-elements D v. 4.50. The dimensions of at least 30 randomly selected elements were recorded for every fungal structure. Average, standard deviation, and maximumminimum values were determined for elements using five or more individual measurements. To facilitate the comparison of relevant micro-and macroconidial features, composite photo plates were assembled from separate photo micrographs using Adobe Photoshop CC.

The results of DNA evolutionary model selection, alignment length, and composition as well as tree statistics for all the multimarker datasets included in this study are summarised in Table 4 . Re-analysis of the dataset of Geiser et al. (2021) : A reanalysis of the dataset of Geiser et al. (2021) revealed no major differences in the ML analysis. However, in ME analysis ( Supplementary Fig. S3 ), we found that the backbone architecture is less solid than previously thought and a large monophyletic clade containing Neocosmospora, Albonectria, and several other genera formed as sister group to Fusarium s. str. with strong support.

Generic delimitation of fusarioid taxa in Nectriaceae: The analyses included nectriaceous taxa historically ascribed to Fusarium s. lat., including several recently segregated fusarioid genera , cylindrocarpon-like taxa , and the closely relatedalthough morphologically distinctphylogenetic relatives Cosmospora and Mariannaea. Analyses using ML and BI of the individual genes and combined datasets resulted in phylogenies with congruent topologies. Therefore, only IQ-TREE-ML topologies are presented with RAxML-BS, UFboot2-BS, BI-PP and gCF support values superimposed (Fig. 7) .

The combined alignment of ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2 and tef1 comprised 100 strains representing 92 species, including the outgroup Nectria cinnabarina (CBS 125165). Phylogenetic analyses resolved 27 monophyletic genera, of which 19 contain taxa with fusarioid asexual morphs and nectria-or cosmospora-like sexual morphs. Of these, 15 clades represent currently described genera, namely Albonectria, Atractium, Bisifusarium, Cosmosporella, Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusarium, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Neocosmospora, Pseudofusicolla, Rectifusarium, and Stylonectria. The fusarioid genera Cosmosporella and Dialonectria, both of which have cosmospora-like sexual morphs, clustered as sister clades to Cosmospora; the latter, however, differ by having acremoniumlike asexual morphs. The remaining four clades with fusarioid morphology represent undescribed taxa, formally described here as the new genera Luteonectria, Nothofusarium, Scolecofusarium, and Setofusarium. A strongly supported clade comprising six cylindrocarpon-like genera (Corinectria, Ilyonectria, Neonectria, Rugonectria, Thelonectria, and Tumenectria) and the genus Mariannaea resolved as successive sister groups to the F1 node.

Twenty-four out of the 27 genera included in the analysis resolved as fully supported clades, including all but one (Nothofusarium with RAxML-BS = 99 % / UFboot-BS = 92 % / PP = 1) of the fusarioid genera (Fig. 7) . The two remaining clades (Cosmospora and Neonectria), however, received high statistical support (RAxML-BS = 99 % / UFboot-BS = 100 % / PP = 1 and RAxML-BS = 92 % / UFboot-BS = 95 % / PP = 1, respectively). Similarly, the combined phylogeny resolved most of the internal nodes with high to full bootstrap and Bayesian PP support including the nodes F1, F2, and F3 sensu Geiser et al. (2013 Geiser et al. ( , 2021 and O'Donnell et al. (2013 O'Donnell et al. ( , 2020 . Nevertheless, only F3 was resolved with confidence by all the individual marker phylogenies ( Supplementary Fig. S4 ). Node F2 was resolved with high statistical support in the ITS, rpb1, and tef1 phylogenies, but unsupported in the LSU and rpb2 trees, while node F1 resolved without bootstrap and PP support in the ITS, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1 phylogenies and was not recovered in the LSU tree.

To illustrate shared and differential morphological characters among the different genera recognised here, a tree was constructed based on the phylogeny presented in Fig. 7 , and the main morphological features were plotted for each clade/genus (Fig. 8 ).

In addition to the genera recognised above, the recently described aquatic fusarioid genus Varicosporella is not included in the phylogenetic analyses due to lack of available sequences; however, is accepted here based on its distinct morphology. Non-molecular character variation supports the phylogenetic relationship of fusarioid taxa in Nectriaceae. The 20 fusarioid genera in Nectriaceae are characterised by phialidic asexual morphs with variously septate, falcate conidia with diverse degrees of foot-shaped basal cell development, formed on aerial or sporodochial conidiophores, with or without additional production of microconidia. Characteristic macroconidial foot-shaped basal cells are found most of the time, but not always (e.g., Fusarium caeruleum) in clade F1, i.e., Albonectria, Bisifusarium, Cyanonectria, Fusarium, Geejayessia, Luteonectria, Neocosmospora, Nothofusarium, Rectifusarium, and Setofusarium, but are also present in distantly related genera such as Cosmosporella, Dialonectria, Macroconia, and Microcera. Setofusarium is clearly recognisable by the formation of thick-walled, slightly rugose setae on its sporodochia.

With the exception of Atractium, Bisifusarium, Nothofusarium, and Pseudofusicolla, most fusarioid genera have sexual morphs, usually seen as nectria-like or cosmospora-like perithecial ascomata. The ascomata show various colour reactions or no reaction in KOH; the colour reaction correlates with the phylogenetic distribution. Apart from Albonectria, with white to pale yellow perithecia, Luteonectria, with white to buff coloured perithecia and Fusarium, with dark blue-violet to black perithecia, Fusicolla, with yellow-orange perithecia and Varicosporella, with yellow perithecia, the rest of fusarioid genera all present orange to red perithecial ascomata. Going beyond this prototypical group, perithecia of Cyanonectria species are often unequally red to dark blue, while those of Geejayessia can be bright red or black. Anatomically, two types of perithecial walls can be distinguished among the known fusarioid genera, based on wall thickness: thin-walled perithecia, in which a single region can be identified, and thick-walled perithecia, on which distinctive inner and outer regions can be recognised (but see Schroers et al. 2011 for differing interpretations). The former is seen in Cosmosporella, Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org Luteonectria, Macroconia, Microcera, Scolecofusarium, and Varicosporella; and the latter is found in Albonectria, Fusarium, Neocosmospora, Rectifusarium, Setofusarium and Stylonectria. With the exception of Rectifusarium and Stylonectria, the perithecial surface of the thick-walled genera is typically warted; nevertheless, those of Setofusarium often present additional scaly protrusions, while smooth perithecia can be rarely found in Neocosmospora (i.e., N. vasinfecta) . Additionally, both Cyanonectria and Geejayessia most commonly have smooth perithecial walls. The remaining genera, that is Cosmosporella, Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Luteonectria, Macroconia, Microcera, Rectifusarium, Scolecofusarium, Stylonectria, and Varicosporella, all form smooth-walled perithecia.

Significant variation also exists among fusarioid genera regarding ascospore characteristics. Most genera consistently form 1-septate ascospores. These are seen in Cosmosporella, Cyanonectria, Dialonectria, Fusicolla, Geejayessia, Macroconia, Microcera, Rectifusarium, Scolecofusarium, Setofusarium, Stylonectria, and Varicosporella. Except for Cyanonectria, in which the ascospores remain hyaline and smooth; Setofusarium, in which the ascospores surface is finely striated, and Varicosporella, in which the ascospore surface is ribbed, ascospores of the above-mentioned genera are often pale yellow to pale brown and smooth at first, becoming finely spinulose or tuberculate. The genus Neocosmospora forms (0-)1-septate, yellow-brown ascospores, which are often markedly striate, or more rarely cerebriform (i.e., N. vasinfecta) or spiny (i.e., N. spinulosa). Albonectria and Luteonectria form characteristic 3-septate, pale yellow-brown, faintly striate ascospores, while Fusarium produces 1-3-septate, hyaline to pale yellow-brown and smooth ascospores.

Based on the morphological variation observed in these taxa, an identification scheme is presented for fusarioid genera of the Nectriaceae (Fig. 9) .

Ex-type strain phylogeny: The analyses included partial rpb1, rpb2 and tef1 sequences of only the ex-, epi-and neotype strains as indicated in the nomenclator list of all the names that have been introduced in Fusarium. The analyses used both ML inferences and BI of the individual genes and combined datasets, and they resulted in phylogenies with congruent topologies. Therefore, the RAxML topology is presented with RAxML-BS, UFboot2-BS, BI-PP and gCF support values superimposed (Fig. 10) .

The combined alignment comprised 325 strains from 309 species of 14 fusarioid genera including Atractium stilbaster (CBS 410.67) as the outgroup. A total of 14 fusarioid genera were resolved of which six (Cosmosporella, Microcera, Nothofusarium, Rectifusarium, Scolecofusarium, and Setofusarium) were represented by single lineages, mostly due to a lack of living isolates directly linked to type material available for other species recognised within these genera at present. The genera Fusarium (224 strains; 220 accepted species) and Neocosmospora (83 strains; 71 accepted species) both represented the largest sampling of living isolates directly linked to type material available. The remaining five genera were represented by two or more strains and include Bisifusarium (five species and strains), Cyanonectria (two species and strains), Fusicolla (three species and strains), Geejayessia (two species and strains), and Luteonectria (two species and strains).

In order to describe novel species found for the genera treated in this study, additional phylogenies were constructed for the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC), Fusicolla, Macroconia, Neocosmospora, and Stylonectria.

Fusarium fujikuroi SC phylogeny: The analyses included partial sequences of five genes (CaM, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2) from 52 strains representing 46 species of the FFSC, and two outgroup taxa (F. curvatum CBS 744.97 and F. inflexum CBS 716.74) (Fig. 11 ). The analysis of the combined dataset fully supported five main clades corresponding to the African, American and Asian clades sensu O' Donnell et al. (2000b) , plus the African B-clade (Sandoval-Denis et al. 2018b ) and a fifth, monotypic clade, which formed the sister clade to the joint American and African B clades and which is here termed African C. The latter clade included two strains showing a clear genealogical and morphological separation from their closest phylogenetic relatives; both came from an unknown tree species in South Africa. This clade is here described as the novel species F. echinatum. Another fully supported novel monophyletic group was found within the main African clade, related to but distinct from F. brevicatenulatum and F. pseudonygamai. This novel group, represented by isolates of South African origin isolated from Prunus spinosa and from the South African indigenous species Aloidendron dichotomum, is here recognised as the novel species F. prieskaense.

Fusicolla phylogeny: The alignment consisted of partial acl1, ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1, and tub2 sequences from 20 type or reference strains, representing 17 species of Fusicolla (Fu.) plus one outgroup taxon (Macroconia leptosphaeriae CBS 100001). The analysis confidently resolved 11 ingroup taxa (Fig. 12) , including three novel monotypic lineages, represented by strains URM 8367, CBS 110189, and CBS 110191, described here as the new species Fu. quarantenae, Fu. meniscoidea and Fu. sporellula. Due to a partial lack of sequence data, six species could not be clearly resolved. Fusicolla cassiae-fistulae and Fu. siamensis did not receive statistical support in the combined analysis but are well-resolved using nrDNA sequence data (data not shown). Fusicolla acetilerea and Fu. bharatavarshae, while well-delimited in the individual ITS, LSU and rpb2 analyses (data not shown), were ill-supported in the 6-marker combined analysis. Similarly, Fu. epistroma and Fu. ossicola were not differentiated in either the multimarker analysis, or in the individual rpb2 analysis. The lack of sequences available to allow comparison with Fu. epistroma, for which only LSU and rpb2 sequences are available, prevented further analysis, as did a similar problem with Fu. bharatavarshae, for which only nrDNA and rpb2 are available.

Macroconia phylogeny: The analysis consisted of partial acl1, CaM, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, and tub2 sequences from 12 strains representing seven lineages of Macroconia (Ma.) plus one outgroup taxon (Microcera rubra CBS 638.76) (Fig. 13 ). Four out of FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org the five Macroconia spp. previously known from culture, Ma. gigas, Ma. leptosphaeriae, Ma. papilionacearum, and Ma. sphaeriae, resolved as highly to fully-supported lineages. The poorly resolved position of the ex-type isolate of Ma. cupularis (HMAS 173240) should be interpreted in light of the fact that only nrDNA sequences were available for analysis. However, separate ITS and LSU comparisons demonstrated it as distinct (data not shown). Two distinct and highly supported novel lineages of South African origin were determined and are described here as the novel species, Ma. bulbipes and Ma. phlogioides.

Neocosmospora phylogeny: The alignment consisted of partial acl1, CaM, ITS, LSU, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1 sequences of 107 ex-type and reference strains, including two outgroup taxa (Geejayessia atrofusca NRRL 22316 and G. cicatricum CBS 125552). The analysis resolved 76 terminal clades, of which 71 correspond to known species of Neocosmospora (Fig. 14) .

Seventy of these clades resolved with high support from two or more independent algorithms (RAxML, IQ-TREE-ML, and BI). The position of the ex-type of N. crassa (CBS 144386) is poorly resolved and only partially supported by BI. Similarly, except for the types of N. ambrosia (CBS 571.94), N. obliquiseptata (NRRL 62611), N. rekana (CMW 52862), and the reference strain of N. pseudensiformis (CBS 130.78), the position of most members of the well-delimited Ambrosia-clade of Neocosmospora were only partially supported by the individual analyses (only BI in N. kuroshio, N. oligoseptata, and N. tuaranensis, and only IQ-TREE-ML-BS for N. euwallaceae and N. floridana). All these lineages were represented by single isolates in these analyses. Of the five unnamed phylogenetic clades, one corresponded to a species previously known from phylogenetic analyses (FSSC 41, Cardoso 2015) , for which a Latin binomial is lacking; this species is here formally described as N. merkxiana. The four additional FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org novel lineages discovered here are proposed as the novel species N. neerlandica, N. nelsonii, N. pseudopisi, and N. epipeda.

Stylonectria phylogeny: The alignment consisted of partial acl1, ITS and rpb2 sequences of 11 strains, including the outgroup (Nectria cinnabarina CBS 125165 Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, superficial on a sparse to well-developed, pseudoparenchymatous stroma, globose to subglobose to ellipsoidal or ovoid to obovoid, not collapsing or laterally pinched when dry, off-white to pale yellow to pale ochraceous, not changing in KOH, strongly tuberculate and thick-walled, with or without a small, pointed papilla, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of three regions: outer region of thick-walled, textura angularis to textura globulosa; middle region of elongate thick-walled cells; inner region with thin-walled, hyaline elongated cells. Asci narrowly to broadly clavate or ellipsoidal, 4-8-spored, ascospores obliquely uniseriate or biseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to long-ellipsoidal or fusoid to long-fusoid, 3-to multiseptate, hyaline to yellow-brown, smooth to striate, not to slightly constricted at the septum. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia; aerial conidiophores unbranched or irregularly branched, bearing terminal or lateral phialides, often reduced to single phialides; conidiogenouhs cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent, producing arial micro-and macroconidia. Microconidia hyaline, thin-walled, 0-or 1-septate, ovoid to obovoid, with or without a flattened basal papilla, borne in dry chains or small slimy heads. Macroconidia falcate, multiseptate, thick-walled, with a blunt to hooked apical cell and well-developed foot-shaped basal cell or distinctly beaked at both ends. Sporodochia cream to yellow; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth-and thin-walled stipes bearing apical whorls of 2-4 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, smooth-and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette. Sporodochial macroconidia formed in off-white or creamy slimy masses, falcate, 5-9-septate, thick-walled, gently curved to straight, with a blunt to hooked apical cell and distinct welldeveloped foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores absent.

[Description adapted from Rossman et al. (1999) , Booth (1971) and ].

Diagnostic features: Off-white to pale yellow to pale ochraceous perithecia producing narrowly or broadly clavate to ellipsoidal asci containing (long) ellipsoidal to fusoid, 3-to multiseptate ascospores; fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing distinctly long, robust, slightly curved to straight multiseptate macroconidia and dry chains or small slimy heads of ovoid microconidia. Chlamydospores absent. Ascomata unknown. Conidiophores aggregated into sporodochia or synnemata, non-stromatic; synnemata determinate, pale brown, composed of a stipe of parallel hyphae and a divergent capitulum of conidiophores giving rise to a slimy conidial mass; conidiophore branching once or twice monochasial, 2-level verticillate, monoverticillate or irregularly biverticillate. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, hyaline, subulate with conspicuous periclinal thickening, producing micro-and macroconidia. Microconidia hyaline, thin-walled, 0-or 1-septate, ellipsoidal, allantoid, broadly lunate to reniform, straight or slightly curved, tapering towards both apices with rounded base. Macroconidia 3-5-septate, falcate, gently curved, with a rounded to blunt apical cell, and obtuse, non foot-shaped basal cell, forming yellow to orange masses. Ascomata unknown. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia; aerial conidiophores simple, unbranched or irregularly branched, mostly reduced to terminal or single lateral conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells often formed as (i) lateral phialidic pegs arising from superficial or submerged intercalary hyphal cells or, (ii) cylindrical and slightly tapering towards apex or ampulliform, smooth-and thin-walled monophialides, rarely polyphialides, with inconspicuous or absent periclinal thickening, solitary or aggregated to represent a poorly developed pionnotal sporodochial-like structure, producing micro-and macroconidia. Microconidia hyaline, thin-walled, 0-or 1-septate, ellipsoidal, allantoid, broadly lunate to reniform, straight or curved, tapering towards both ends. Macroconidia falcate, (0-)1-2(-3)-septate, thick-walled, curved to lunate, with a blunt to hooked apical cell and obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped basal cell, typically formed on sporodochia. Sporodochia pale yellow to orange; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth-and thin-walled stipes bearing an apical whorl of 2-3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, smooth-and thinwalled, with reduced or flared collarette. Chlamydospores, if present, globose to subglobose to ellipsoidal, solitary or in chains, sometimes aggregated in sclerotia. Diagnostic features: Fusarioid asexual morph characterised by lateral phialidic pegs arising from superficial or submerged intercalary hyphal cells or solitarily formed monophialides producing microconidia; distinctly short (< 30 μm long), curved to lunate, (0-)1-2(-3)-septate macroconidia typically formed on sporodochia on plant tissue such as carnation leaf pieces. Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, seated on an erumpent stroma, superficial, globose to subglobose, orange, red to dark red darkening around ostiolar region, turning black in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, not collapsing when dry, slightly papillate to papillate, smooth-walled, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of 2-3 regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura epidermoidea; middle and inner regions of globose to elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner toward the centrum. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, with an apical ring, uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1- . Characters for morphological identification of fusarioid genera in Nectriaceae. The rings show, from inside to outside: conidial morphology; ascospore morphology, septation and surface; colour reaction of ascomata in 3 % KOH/lactic acid (nr = no reaction); ascomata wall thickness; and general colour, appearance and wall surface of ascomata.

FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiophores mononematous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or sparsely branched, terminating in 1-2 phialides or reduced to lateral phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, with inconspicuous periclinal thickening and collarettes. Sporodochia not formed. Microconidia ellipsoidal to obovoid, hyaline, aseptate, sometimes forming false heads on phialides. Macroconidia cylindrical, mostly straight, (3-)5-7-septate, with rounded ends. Chlamydospores unknown.

[Description adapted from Gonz alez & Chaverri (2017)].

Diagnostic features: Orange to dark red, smooth-walled perithecia with papilla producing cylindrical asci bearing ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-septate ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph characterised by (3-)5-7-septate macroconidia.

Cosmospora Rabenh., Hedwigia 2: 59. 1862. Fig. 8 Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, with inconspicuous or absent stroma, obpyriform with an acute or papillate apex, orange red or bright red, turning dark red in KOH, smooth walled. Asci narrowly clavate to cylindrical, with an apical ring, 8spored. Ascospores initially hyaline, becoming yellow brown to reddish brown, 1-septate, becoming tuberculate when mature. Conidiophores acremonium-like, consisting of lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, or with one or two levels of monochasial branching, or verticillate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate to subclavate, hyaline. Microconidia ellipsoidal, oblong or clavate or slightly allantoid, aseptate, hyaline, forming slimy heads. Macroconidia absent or rare, subcylindrical, curved, slightly narrowing towards each end, apical cell often slightly hooked with a more or less pointed apex, basal cell obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped, 3-5-septate, hyaline.

[Description adapted from Rossman et al. (1999) and Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011)].

Diagnostic features: Orange-red to bright red perithecia with an acute or papillate apex producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci, yellow brown to reddish brown, 1-septate, tuberculate ascospores and acremonium-like asexual morph. Type species: Cosmosporella olivacea S.K. Huang et al., Cryptog. Mycol. 39: 181. 2018 .

Ascomata perithecial, solitary to gregarious, superficial, on immersed to erumpent stroma, ovoid, globose to obpyriform, collapsing laterally when dry, orange red, red to pale yellow, not reacting in KOH, with a central ostiole, with hyaline periphyses. Ascomatal wall membranous, composed of orange to hyaline cells of textura angularis, with septate paraphyses. Asci cylindrical to slightly clavate, apically rounded, with evanescent wall, pedicel combined with paraphyses, 8-spored, unitunicate. Ascospores hyaline to pale brown, ellipsoidal to ovoid, 0-or 1-septate. Conidiophores acremonium-like, mononematous, hyaline, septate, consisting of lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, or with one or two levels of monochasial branching, or irregularly branched. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, producing micro-and macroconidia. Microconidia ellipsoidal to obovoid, 0-or 1-septate, hyaline, forming a false head on phialides. Macroconidia falcate, almost straight to curved, 1-3-septate, with a blunt to hooked apical cell and poorly to welldeveloped foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores unknown.

[Description adapted from Huang et al. (2018) ].

Diagnostic features: Pale yellow to orange-red perithecia lacking a papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci, pale brown, 1-septate ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by overly long, 1-3-septate macroconidia. Notes: The genus Cosmosporella was erected by Huang et al. (2018) to accommodate Cm. olivacea and the superfluous taxon Cm. obscura, shown to cluster within a subset of taxa pertaining to Cosmospora s. lat. , former members of the Nectria episphaeria group sensu Booth (1959) and Nectria subgenus Dialonectria (Samuels et al. 1991 ) characterised by cosmospora-like sexual morphs and fusarioid asexual morphs. More recently, this monophyletic clade had been ascribed to the Fusarium cavispermum species complex (O'Donnell et al. 2013 ) and, separated from any of the polyphyletic taxa formerly classified in Fusarium section Eupionnotes (O'Donnell 1993, Schroers et al. 2009 . "Fusarium" melanochlorum, its purposed sexual morph "Nectria" flavoviridis (Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982) , and "Fusarium" cavispermum have also been resolved as members of this clade , O'Donnell et al. 2013 , Huang et al. 2018 in this paper). Here, the new combination Cm. cavisperma is proposed, lectotypified, and an epitype is designated to stabilise the application of the name based on material studied by Wollenweber [number 849 in Wollenweber (1916 and Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) ]. The suggested conspecificity of "F". melanochlorum and "N". flavoviridis, however, is questioned given the large phylogenetic distance between the currently available strains. Fresh isolations and a thorough phylogenetic revision of the entire group including additional Cosmospora s. lat. taxa having fusarioid asexual morphs are necessary. Ascomata perithecial, gregarious or caespitose, with a reduced or well-developed prosenchymatous stroma, smooth-and thinwalled, ampulliform to obpyriform to pyriform, apex dark bluish purple to bluish black and body less intensely dark bluish or red or reddish brown, turning darker in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid to become red to yellow, non-papillate, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall consisting of a single region, comprising several layers of morphologically similar cells. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with rounded to flattened thickened apex, with or without refractive ring, 8-spored, ascospores overlapping uniseriate or biseriate above and uniseriate below. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, not or slightly constricted at septum, pale yellow-brown, smooth-walled or finely verrucose. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia; aerial conidiophores unbranched or rarely branched, bearing terminal or lateral phialides, often reduced to single phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent. Sporodochia white to bluish; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth-and thin-walled stipes bearing apical whorls of 2-3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, smooth-and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette. Macroconidia formed in off-white or creamy or greyish blue slimy masses, falcate, straight to gently curved, with inequilateral fusoid or hooked apical cell and well-developed, foot-shaped basal cell. Microconidia unknown. Chlamydospores absent or rarely formed from cells of the macroconidia, subglobose. Diagnostic features: Bicoloured or dark bluish purple to bluish black perithecia producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci containing ellipsoidal, 1-septate ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing long, narrow, almost straight macroconidia, lacking microconidia and hyphal-borne chlamydospores. Macroconidia if present subcylindrical, moderately curved, slightly narrowing towards each end, apical cell often slightly hooked with a more or less pointed tip, basal cell obtuse to poorly developed, footshaped, predominantly 3-5-septate, hyaline. Chlamydospores unknown.

[Description adapted from Rossman et al. (1999) and Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011)].

Diagnostic features: Orange-red to carmine-red perithecia with an acute or round papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci, pale brown, 1-septate, tuberculate ascospores and asexual morph that rarely produces macroconidia. Ascomata perithecial, mostly gregarious, non-stromatic or on a thin stroma erumpent through the epidermis, superficial, subglobose to globose to broadly pyriform, not collapsing or laterally pinched when dry, bluish purple to black, turning dark purple in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, non-papillate, slightly rugose to tuberculate, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis or textura globulosa; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci clavate, apex simple, 8-spored often with an apical ring, biseriate to pluriseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 1-3septate, not or slightly constricted at the septa, pale tan, smoothwalled. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia; aerial conidiophores, if consistenly formed, unbranched, sympodial or irregularly branched, bearing terminal or lateral phialides, often reduced to single phialides. Conidiogenous cells mono-or polyphialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, sometimes proliferating percurrently, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent. Aerial conidia hyaline, smooth-and thin-walled, of three types: microconidia ellipsoidal to fusoid to ovoid to obovoid to reniform to allantoid to clavate to napiform to pyriform to limoniform, 0-5septate, borne in false heads or chains on the phialides; mesoconidia (occurring in some species or species complexes) falcate, slender with no significant curvature to curved with parallel walls, 1-5-septate, tapering towards both ends, with a pointed to blunt apical cell and obtuse to flattened basal cell; macroconidia, typically formed on sporodochia, falcate, slightly to strongly curved dorsiventrally, 1-septate to multiseptate, with a curved, long and tapering, pointed, blunt, hooked or elongated apical cell and obtuse, poorly developed, well-developed, to elongate, foot-shaped basal cell. Sporodochia cream to pale tan to orange to saffron to blue; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth-and thin-walled stipes bearing an apical whorl of 2-4 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells subulate to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette; sporodochial (macro)conidia falcate, smooth-and thin-walled, distinctly curved to curved with parallel walls to unequally curved, tapering towards both ends, with pointed, blunt, papillate, hooked, or elongate apical cell and obtuse, poorly developed, well-developed, to elongate, foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose to ovoid to obovoid, hyaline to subhyaline, smooth-walled to slightly verrucose, terminal or intercalary, solitary or in pairs or forming chains or aggregating to form microsclerotia.

[Description adapted from Rossman et al. (1999) and ].

Diagnostic features: Dark blue to black perithecia producing clavate asci bearing ellipsoidal to cylindrical 1-to multiseptate ascospores and asexual morphs producing micro-and macroconidia, and sometimes mesoconidia on aerial conidiophores with mono-and/or polyphialides or only macroconidia in sporodochia. Chlamydospores form in hyphae, rarely in macroconidia. Etymology: From the Latin echinatus, prickly, referring to the spiny appearance of its multiloculate, often swollen and rather deformed conidiogenous cells.

Typus: South Africa, unidentified tree species, 2010, A. Lubben (holotype CBS H-24658, culture ex-type CBS 146497 = CPC 30815 = CAMS 000733).

Conidiophores on aerial mycelium 10-120 μm tall, unbranched or irregularly laterally branched, bearing lateral and terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells polyphialidic, subulate, subcylindrical or more commonly irregularly shaped, curved, swollen and distorted due to abundant conidiogenous loci, smooth-and thin-walled, 6.5-36.5 × 2-3.5 μm, polyphialides with 2-3 or more commonly 10-18 conidiogenous openings, with inconspicuous to absent periclinal thickening and collarettes. Aerial microconidia forming small false heads on tips of phialides, hyaline, smooth, and thin-walled, commonly ovoid to ellipsoidal, 0-or 1-septate, 4-11(-19) × 2-3.5(-4.5) μm (av. 7.5 × 2.7 μm), and more rarely napiform, smooth and thin-walled, 0-septate, (5-)5.5-7 × (3.5-)4.5-5.5 μm (av. 6.4 × 4.5 μm). Sporodochial conidiophores 28.5-60(-68.5) μm tall, irregularly branched, bearing terminal solitary monophialides or whorls of up to three monophialides. Sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth-and thinwalled, (8.5-)11.5-16(-17.5) × (1.5-)2.5-3.5 μm. Sporodochial macroconidia moderately curved to wedge-shaped, slender, tapering towards the basal part, apical cell of equal size than the adjacent cell, blunt to slightly hooked; basal cell poorly to well-developed, foot-shaped, (1-)2-3(-4)-septate, hyaline, thin-and smooth-walled: 1-septate conidia: (16.5-) 19.5-32.5(-36) × 2.5-3.5 μm (av. 26.1 × 2.9 μm); 2-septate conidia: (19.5-)25-36(-37.5) × 2.5-3.5 μm (av. 30.5 × 3.1 μm); 3-septate conidia: (20.5-)28.5-36(-40) × (2.5-) 3-3.5(-4.5) μm (av. 32.5 × 3.2 μm); 4-septate conidia: (27-) 30.5-39(-40.5) × 3-4 μm (av. 35.4 × 3.6 μm); overall: (19.5-) 28.6-36.5(-40.5) × (2.5-)3-3.5(-4.5) μm (av. 32.4 × 3.2 μm).

Chlamydospores not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 31-63 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface white, pale luteus to sulphur yellow, flat, woolly to cottony with radial patches of white aerial mycelium, margin regular and filiform. Reverse white, sulphur yellow to pure yellow at centre. On OA pale luteus to sulphur yellow, flat, membranous at first, quickly becoming velvety to dusty, margin regular. Reverse sulphur yellow. Notes: Yilmaz et al. (2021) recently revised the FFSC, including formal descriptions for several species, while fixing the typification of relevant plant pathogenic and toxigenic species. Species in this complex have been traditionally organised according to their biogeographic patterns, which roughly match their phylogenetic distribution. Apart from the monophyletic American and Asian clades, the complex contains a non-monophyletic African clade, which is currently known to cluster into two distinct clades: the speciose core African clade and the African "B" clade encompassing F. dlaminii and F. fredkrugeri (O'Donnell et al. 2000b , Sandoval-Denis et al. 2018b . The novel South African species F. echinatum, however, formed a fully-supported single lineage that did not belong to any of the currently known biogeographically defined clades (Fig. 11 ). The most noticeable morphological feature that distinguishes F. echinatum is the presence of well-developed polyphialides bearing multiple conidiogenous openings that are often concentrated in large numbers and that cause a deformation of the apical region. Somewhat similar, conspicuous polyphialides can be found in Fusarium chlamydosporum and F. concolor (syn. F. polyphialidicum); however, these species are not directly related, in that they belong to two different species complexes, the F. chlamydosporum and F. concolor species complexes, respectively (Fig. 10 ). The polyphialides formed by these two species do not show as many conidiogenous loci as do those of F. echinatum. Conidiophores on aerial mycelium 12.5-43.5 μm tall, unbranched or rarely irregularly or sympodially branched and proliferating, bearing terminal single phialides or whorls of 2-3 phialides, commonly reduced to solitary conidiogenous cells borne laterally on hyphae; aerial conidiogenous cells mono-and polyphialides, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, 8-29.5 × 2-5 μm, polyphialides often with 2-3 conidiogenous openings, periclinal thickening and collarettes often inconspicuous or absent. Aerial microconidia forming small false heads and short chains on phialide tips, hyaline, obovoid to short clavate, smooth and thin-walled, 0-septate, (4.5-) 6-9(-13) × 2-3(-4) μm (av. 7.4 × 2.6 ìm). Sporodochial conidiophores 24.5-39(-45) μm tall, irregularly branched, bearing terminal solitary or whorls of 2-3 phialides. Sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, (8.5-) 10-14(-15) × 2-4.5 μm. Sporodochial conidia straight to moderately curved and slender, tapering towards the basal part, apical cell more or less equally sized as the adjacent cell, blunt to slightly hooked; basal cell well-developed, foot-shaped, rarely papillate, (1-)3-4-septate, hyaline, thin-and smooth-walled: 1septate conidia: 23.5 × 3.5 μm; 3-septate conidia: (33.5-) 44.5-58(-68.5) × (3-)3.5-4.5(-5) μm (av. 51.1 × 4 μm); 4septate conidia: (52.5-)55.5-67.5(-71) × 3.5-4.5 μm (av. 61.3 × 4.1 μm); overall: (23-)44-59(-71) × 3-4(-5) μm (av. 51.3 × 4 μm). Chlamydospores not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 42-68 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface pale luteous, luteous to pale sienna, flat, velvety to felty, sometimes with small white patches of aerial mycelium, margin filiform and regular. Reverse sulphur yellow to amber, pale orange at centre. On OA, sienna to pale umber, flat, membranous to dusty, margin entire and regular; reverse sienna to pale umber. Notes: Fusarium prieskaense is nested within the core African clade of the FFSC (Fig. 11 ). Similar to most members of this clade, this species is characterised by forming mostly monophialides and occasional to frequent polyphialides, sometimes proliferating and producing aerial conidia typically organised in a combination of false heads and short to long chains. Fusarium prieskaense is morphologically and phylogenetically related to Fusarium brevicatenulatum and F. pseudonygamai from which it can be differentiated by its pale luteus to yellow colony pigmentation on PDA, versus the orange to dark blue or violet pigments produced by the two latter species (Leslie & Summerell 2006) . Additionally, sporodochia and macroconidia are commonly and abundantly produced by F. prieskaense, whereas these structures are relatively rare in the two aforementioned species. Moreover, the obovoid to short clavate microconidia of F. prieskaense also distinguishes this species from F. brevicatenulatum, which is characterised by long oval to obovoid microconidia . Ascomata perithecial, solitary, rarely gregarious, with erumpent stroma, fully or partially immersed in a slimy, pale orange sheet of hyphae over the substrate, globose to pyriform with a short acute or disk-like papilla, not collapsing when dry, yellow, pale buff to orange, not changing colour in KOH, smooth-walled, rarely tuberculate, generally lacking hairs or with short, thick-walled hyphae-like structures. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with an apical ring, 8spored. Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, verrucose, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiophores initially as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, sometimes monochasial, verticillate or penicillate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, hyaline. Microconidia absent or sparse, ellipsoidal to allantoid, aseptate, hyaline. Macroconidia falcate, straight to curved, narrowing towards the ends, apical cell often hooked with a pointed tip, basal cell poorly developed, foot-shaped, 1-3-septate or 3-5-septate or up to 10septate, hyaline. Chlamydospores absent to abundant, globose, single, in pairs or chains, sometimes formed in macroconidia.

[Description adapted from Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Gr€ afenhan et al. Diagnostic features: Yellow to orange, mostly smooth-walled perithecia with a short acute or disk-like papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing broadly ellipsoidal, 1septate, verrucose ascospores and fusarioid asexual conidia. Etymology: The epithet refers to the quarantine period during the 2020-2021 coronavirus pandemic, which killed thousands of people on five continents, and during which this species was described. Conidiophores arising laterally from somatic hyphae, simple, straight, hyaline, thin-and smooth-walled, septate, 25-116 × 1.5-2.5 μm, or reduced to solitary conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, arising laterally from hyphae, cylindrical to subulate, straight, hyaline, thin-and smooth-walled, 1-22 × 0.5-2 μm, or as short lateral pegs. Macroconidia falcate, more or less straight, slightly narrowing towards the ends, apical cell often hooked with a more or less pointed tip, basal cell poorly developed, foot-shaped, hyaline, thin-and smooth-walled, 3-septate, (21-) 27-35(-38.5) × 2-2.5(-3) μm (av. 29.5 × 2.5 μm, n = 30). Microconidia, chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 15 mm diam after at 25°C after 7 d. Surface yellow to apricot in centre, peach to brick in middle, and salmon at margin, flat, aerial mycelium absent, slimy, with entire margin; reverse yellow to brick.

Notes: Fusicolla quarantenae, an endophyte of Melocactus zehntneri, is morphologically reminiscent of Fu. betae, Fu. epistroma, and Fu. septimanifiniscientiae, all of which produce mainly 3-septate macroconidia. Fusicolla betae and Fu. epistroma differ by having larger conidia (50-60 μm and 19-45 μm long, respectively, Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982) . The absence of chlamydospores in Fu. quarantenae further differentiates this species from Fu. epistroma and Fu. septimanifiniscientiae (Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982 . Etymology: From Greek m eniskos, crescent, in reference to the shape of its conidia.

Typus: Australia, from soil, unknown collection date (before 1978), unknown collector (holotype CBS H-24662, culture extype CBS 110189 = FRC E-0086).1

Conidiophores arising laterally or terminally from somatic hyphae 50-70 μm long, simple or sparingly branched laterally, straight, hyaline, smooth-and thin-walled, bearing terminal and lateral conidiogenous cells, or more commonly reduced to single conidiogenous cells borne laterally on the substrate and aerial hyphae. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical, cylindrical to slightly subulate, 10.5-35 × 2-3.5 μm, smooth-and thin-walled, without noticeable periclinal thickening, a minute apical collarette can be present. Macroconidia falcate, tapering gently towards both ends, apical cell often hooked with a blunt to pointy apex, basal cell obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped, 0-2(-3)-septate, predominantly 1-septate, hyaline, smooth-and thin-walled; 0-septate (8-)9-13(-15) × 2-3.5 μm (av. 11.1 × 2.9 μm); 1-septate, (9-) 11.5-15(-17.5) × 2.5-3.5 μm (av. 13.1 × 2.9 μm); 2-septate, 13-17.5(-18) × 2.5-4 μm (av. 15.4 × 3 μm); 3-septate, 20-24.5(-25.5) × 3-3.5 μm (av. 22.6 × 3.3 μm). Microconidia, chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 21-30 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface white to pale luteus at periphery, centre salmon to pale orange, flat to slightly radially folded, membranous to slimy, margin entire to slightly undulate; reverse luteous to pale salmon at centre. On OA, pale luteous to pale salmon, flat, membranous, margin entire; reverse pale luteous.

Notes: Fusicolla meniscoidea is here introduced based on an isolate originally misidentified as Bisifusarium dimerum. Despite the great genetic differences and phylogenetic distance, the two taxa share similar morphological traits, particularly regarding macroscopic aspects of colonial growth, and the shape and size of conidiophores and conidia. However, unlike in B. dimerum, conidia of Fu. meniscoidea present a much more pronounced curvature involving both conidial planes (somewhat parallel walls), while foot-shaped basal cells are less evident or absent. Fusicolla aqueductuum, Fu. betae, Fu. quarantenae, and Fu. violacea are all morphologically related to Fu. meniscoidea by showing similar conidial septation ranges and lacking chlamydospores. Conidial size in Fu. meniscoidea is, however, markedly reduced and often closer to the lower limits of the conidial size of all the aforementioned species. Another species also described here, Fusicolla sporellula, lacks chlamydospores but has similar, although smaller, conidia with a reduced range of septa (0-or 1-septate). It furthermore differs from Fu. meniscoidea by its shorter and doliiform conidiogenous cells. Etymology: From Latin, very small spores, in reference to its very small conidia. Typus: South Africa, Transkei, from soil, unknown collection date (before 1983), unknown collector (holotype CBS H-24663, culture ex-type CBS 110191 = FRC E-0139).

Conidiophores arising laterally from substrate and aerial hyphae 14-35 μm long, simple or laterally and verticillately branched, straight, hyaline, smooth-and thin-walled, or reduced to single conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, short lageniform to subulate 7.5-20 × 2.5-4 μm, smooth-and thin-walled, with or without inconspicuous periclinal thickening, collarettes absent; or reduced to short phialidic pegs emerging laterally from hyphae, 1-5 × 1-2.5 μm, smooth-and thin-walled, with inconspicuous periclinal thickening and an often conspicuously flared collarette. Macroconidia lunate to falcate, moderately to strongly dorsiventrally curved, slightly narrowing towards both ends, apical cell blunt, more or less hooked, basal cell obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped, hyaline, thin-and smoothwalled, 0-or 1-septate, predominantly 1-septate, 0-septate: (11-)12-14(-15) × 2-3(-3.5) μm (av. 13.2 × 2.7 μm), 1-septate: (11.5-)13-16.5(-20) × 2.5-3.5 μm (av. 14.6 × 2.8 μm). Microconidia, chlamydospores, and sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 24-31 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface white, luteous to orange, flat to slightly radially folded, membranous to slimy, margin entire; reverse pale luteous to saffron, peach at centre. On OA, pale luteous to peach, flat, membranous with filiform to undulate margins; reverse pale peach to saffron. Notes: Fusicolla sporellula presents the smallest conidia described to date for any species in this genus. This taxon is phylogenetically and morphologically related to Fu. meniscoidea, from which it can be differentiated by its smaller and less septate conidia, and by the characteristic doliiform shape of its conidiogenous cells. Ascomata perithecial, caespitose, with erumpent, byssoid or densely prosenchymatous stroma, superficial, broadly ampulliform with short ostiolar neck to broadly ellipsoidal, not collapsing when dry, pale orange, brownish to reddish orange, bright, reddish black or black, changing colour in KOH if not black and becoming purple in lactic acid, mostly smooth-walled, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall consists of a single region, comprising several layers of morphologically similar cells. Asci cylindrical to clavate, with a broadly rounded or flattened apex, with or without a minute refractive ring, 8-spored, mostly overlapping, uniseriate or biseriate above and uniseriate below. Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, verrucose, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores unbranched, sympodial or irregularly branched, bearing terminal or lateral phialides, often reduced to single phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent. Aerial conidia hyaline, smooth-and thin-walled, of two types: microconidia, present in some species, ellipsoidal to fusoid, 0-or 1-septate, with rounded ends, straight to slightly curved; macroconidia typically formed on sporodochia, falcate, straight to gently curved dorsiventrally, 3-8-septate, with a blunt apical cell and well-developed footshaped basal cell. Sporodochia cream to pale yellow; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth-and thin-walled stipes bearing an apical whorl of 2-3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette. Chlamydospores unknown.

[Description adapted from Schroers et al. (2011) and ].

Diagnostic features: Pale orange, brownish to reddish orange, bright red, reddish black to black, mostly smooth-walled perithecia with short ostiolar neck producing clavate to cylindrical asci bearing ellipsoidal, 1-septate, verrucose ascospores and asexual morphs producing only macroconidia on sporodochia or micro-and macroconidia on elongate subulate to subcylindrical aerial conidiophores with monophialides. Chlamydospores absent. Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, non-stromatic, superficial, globose to subglobose or ovoid to obpyriform, red, turning purple to dark purple in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, not collapsing when dry, with broadly conical papilla or flattened apex, smooth to slightly rugulose, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thickwalled, pigmented cells forming a textura globosa; inner region of compressed, flattened cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci narrowly clavate to cylindrical, 8-spored, apex subtruncate, with inconspicuous apical ring, uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth. Conidiophores simple or complex or sporodochial; simple conidiophores arising laterally or terminally from aerial mycelium, solitary or loosely aggregated, unbranched or sparsely branched, bearing up to three phialides; complex conidiophores solitary or aggregated in small sporodochia, repeatedly and irregularly branched. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex. Microconidia 0-or 1-septate, ovoid to fusoid to ellipsoidal, with a minutely or clearly laterally displaced hilum, formed in heads on solitary conidiophores or as masses on sporodochia. Macroconidia straight, cylindrical, 1-3(-4)-septate, with both ends obtusely rounded, base sometimes with a visible, centrally located to laterally displaced hilum, forming flat domes of slimy masses. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose, thick-walled, intercalary or solitary, initially hyaline, becoming brown with age.

[Description adapted from Chaverri et al. (2011) ].

Diagnostic features: Red, mostly smooth-walled perithecia with conical papilla or flattened apex producing cylindrical asci bearing ellipsoidal, 1-septate ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph characterised by 1-3(-4)-septate macroconidia with centrally located to laterally displaced hilum. Etymology: Name refers to the luteous coloured, nectria-like ascomata characteristic of these fungi. Ascomata perithecial, gregarious on a well-developed stroma composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, covered with loose, white hyphae, smooth and thin-walled, globose to pyriform, offwhite to pale luteous, becoming ochraceous when dry, with a broadly rounded and papillate apical region, not changing colour in KOH or lactic acid, short setae-like hairs sometimes emerging from perithecial wall. Asci clavate with simple apex, 8-spored, ascospores overlapping irregularly uniseriate to biseriate. Ascospores fusiform with rounded ends, 3-septate, slightly constricted at septum, hyaline, becoming pale yellow-brown, smooth-walled to finely striate. Conidiophores mononematous, FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org septate and irregularly branched, bearing terminal phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous to absent. Macroconidia fusoid and multiseptate, 1-7-septate, curved, hyaline, with a wide, blunt apical cell and a poorly-to well-developed, foot-shaped basal cell. Micro-and mesoconidia unknown. Chlamydospores unknown.

[Description adapted from Rossman (1983) and Schroers et al. (2011) ].

Diagnostic features: Off-white to pale luteous perithecia that do not change colour on KOH or lactic acid, formed on welldeveloped stroma producing clavate asci containing fusiform, 3septate, finely striate ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing robust multiseptate conidia from aerial conidiophores, lacking micro-and mesoconidia, and chlamydospores. Ascomata perithecial, solitary, with stroma inconspicuous or absent, subglobose with or without a small apical papilla, orange to carmine red, turning dark red to violet in KOH, sometimes with hyphal hairs arising from the outer wall. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with a simple apex, 8-spored, uniseriate or partially biseriate. Ascospores yellowish, 1-septate, smooth, sometimes becoming striate when mature. Conidiophores initially as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, later monochasial to verticillate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, hyaline. Microconidia rare or absent, ellipsoidal to allantoid, hyaline. Macroconidia subcylindrical to curved, apical cell conical or hooked, basal cell poorly-to well-developed, footshaped, 3-7(-14)-septate, hyaline. Chlamydospores absent to rare, globose, single, in pairs or chains in hyphae.

[Description adapted from Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011)].

Diagnostic features: Orange-red to carmine-red perithecia with or without a small papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing 1-septate ascospores that sometimes become striate when mature, and asexual morphs characterised by verticillate conidiophores producing large, multiseptate fusarioid macroconidia. Conidiophores commonly aggregated into sporodochia, more rarely simple (aerial). Aerial conidiophores borne laterally on hyphae and commonly reduced to single conidiogenous cells, hyaline, thin-and smooth-walled, 23.5-39.6 μm long; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical, hyaline, (23-) 24-25(-26.5) × 3-4 μm, without discernible periclinal thickening or collarettes. Sporodochia abundantly formed on carnation leaves and on the agar surface, pink to pink-brown coloured. Sporodochia light orange-peach, turning dark brick coloured in old cultures; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly or verticillately branched, 40-55.5 μm long, irregularly branched, bearing lateral and terminal solitary monophialides. Sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical to subulate, (8-) 14.5-26.5(-30.5) × 3.5-5.5 μm with inconspicuous periclinal thickening, flared collarettes absent. Microconidia absent. Macroconidia straight to moderately dorsiventrally curved, tapering toward the apex, apical cell conical or hooked, and slightly extended, basal cell well-developed, foot shaped, commonly irregularly swollen at bottom, (2-)3-5(-6)-septate, predominantly 4-septate, hyaline, thick-and smooth-walled: 2-septate conidia: 43-45.5 × 5-5.5 μm (av. 44.2 × 5.1 μm); 3-septate conidia: (38.5-) 41-53(-55) × 5-6 μm (av. 48.1 × 5.4 μm); 4-septate conidia: (45.5-)50-62(-67.5) × 5-6(-7) μm (av. 56.1 × 5.8 μm); 5-septate conidia: (58-)61-77(-80.5) × 5-6.5 μm (av. 68.9 × 5.8 μm); 6septate conidia: (70-)71-74 × 5.5-6.5(-7) μm (av. 72.1 × 6.4 μm); overall: (38.5-)48-68(-80.5) × 5-6(-7) μm (av. 58 × 5.7 μm). Chlamydospores commonly formed in the substrate mycelium and conidia, spherical to subspherical, 8.5-11(-12.5) μm diam, hyaline and smooth-walled. Sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 21-24 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface salmon to buff, flat, membranous to velvety, with scant aerial mycelium and pionnotal, margin white and regular; reverse pale salmon with radial white to pale yellow patches. On OA, salmon to buff, flat, membranous and pionnotal, with regular margin; reverse pale pink to salmon. Notes: Macroconia bulbipes resolved as the closest phylogenetic relative to Ma. gigas and Ma. papilionacearum (Fig. 13) . The former is, however, clearly distinguished morphologically by its FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org smaller and less septate conidia (rarely up to 80.5 μm long and up to 6-septate vs longer than 100 μm and more than 10-septate in the latter two species). On the contrary, the asexual morph of Ma. bulbipes is closer to that of Ma. leptosphaeriae and Ma. sphaeriae (recognised as two distinct species in Gr€ afenhan et al. Conidiophores simple (aerial) or aggregated into sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores often borne laterally on hyphae and reduced to single conidiogenous cells, rarely 1-septate, hyaline, thin-and smooth-walled, 13-17 × 26-32 μm; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical to cylindrical, hyaline, (13-) 16-24(-27.5) × (3.5-)4-5 μm conidiogenous opening rather wide, with inconspicuous periclinal thickening and no discernible apical collarettes. Sporodochia orange-pink to pink-brown coloured, often acquiring a flame-like, somewhat pointy macroscopic appearance and later merging into pionnotal crusts; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly or verticillately branched, 37.5-46 μm long, often bearing groups of 2-3 conidiogenous cells; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical to subulate, (10-)18.5-26(-30) × (2.5-)3.5-5 μm with inconspicuous periclinal thickening, collarettes absent. Microconidia absent. Macroconidia robust, often with a nearly straight central portion and markedly curved and tapering towards both ends, apical cell conical to hooked, basal cell welldeveloped, foot-shaped, (1-)9-15(-19)-septate, predominantly 11-septate, hyaline, thick-and smooth-walled: 9-septate conidia: (106.5-)119.5-140(-143.5) × 7.5-8.5(-9) μm (av. 129 × 8 μm); 10-septate conidia: (116-)120-144.5(-164) × (7-)7.5-9 μm (av. 132 × 8 μm); 11-septate conidia: (122-)127-140 (-153.5) × 7.5-9(-9.5) μm (av. 134 × 8.5 μm); 12-septate conidia: (119-)127.5-146.5(-153) × 7.5-9.5(-10) μm (av. 137 × 8.5 μm); 13-septate conidia: (128-)132-155 (-172) × (7-)8-9(-10) μm (av. 143.5 × 8.5 μm); 14-septate conidia: (133.5-)136-157(-168) × 8-9.5 μm (av. 146.5 × 9 μm); 15-septate conidia: 147-163.5(-173.5) × 8.5-9.5(-10) μm (av. 155 × 9 μm); overall: (86-) 123.5-150(-175) × (7-)8-9(-10) μm (av. 137 × 8.5 μm). Chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 17-25 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface salmon, buff to rosy buff, flat to slightly raised at centre, glabrous or with central patches of white, dense aerial mycelium; membranous to dusty with regular margin; reverse pale luteous to sulphur yellow, with salmon patches. On OA, salmon, flat, membranous, inconspicuously radially folded with regular margin; reverse pale pink to luteous with more intense salmon-coloured patches. Notes: Macroconia phlogioides is morphologically related to Ma. papilionacearum and Ma. gigas. These three species are characterised by producing robust and large (often above 100 μm long) macroconidia. Unlike the above-mentioned species, however, conidia of Ma. phlogioides tend to present a higher number of septa (up to 19 vs up to 12 and 14, for Ma. papilionacearum and Ma. gigas, respectively), with rounder and less tapered apical cells, contrasting with the elongated conidial apices of Ma. gigas. Conidia of Ma. phlogioides also differ by having a more pronounced and continuous curvature compared to Ma. gigas and Ma. papilionacearum. These three species are clearly different phylogenetically, clustering in distant monophyletic lineages of the genus (Fig. 13 ).

Mariannaea G. Arnaud ex Samson, Stud. Mycol. 6: 74. 1974 Ascomata perithecial, solitary, non-stromatic or on inconspicuous stroma, superficial, globose with flat apex, not collapsing or laterally pinched when dry, pale yellow, orange or brown, not reacting in KOH, smooth-walled to slightly rugose, lacking hairs or appendages. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, 8-spored sometimes with inconspicuous apical ring, uniseriate to apically biseriate. Ascospores 1-septate, hyaline, smooth-walled to spinulose. Conidiophores verticillate to penicillate, hyaline, with phialides arising directly from the stipe or forming whorls of metulae on lower parts of stipe; stipe hyaline, becoming yellow-brown at the base. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, ampulliform, hyaline, usually with obvious periclinal thickening and inconspicuous collarettes. Conidia limoniform, aseptate, hyaline, in chains that collapse to form slimy heads. Chlamydospores globose to ellipsoidal, hyaline, formed in intercalary chains.

[Description adapted from Samson (1974) , Gr€ afenhan et al. Diagnostic features: Pale yellow, orange to brown perithecia with flattened apex producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing 1-septate ascospores and asexual morphs characterised by verticillate to penicillate conidiophores producing small, aseptate, limoniform conidia in chains that collapse into slimy heads. Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, with stroma and/or byssus covering host, globose, with a blunt papilla, orange to dark red, turning dark red or violet in KOH, finely roughened. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, with an apical ring, 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline to pale yellow-brown, 1(-3)-septate, smooth, sometimes becoming tuberculate when mature. Conidiophores as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, becoming monochasial, verticillate to penicillate, hyaline, forming discrete sporodochia or synnemata on the host. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate to subclavate, hyaline. Macroconidia pale, orange, pink or bright red in mass, subcylindrical, moderately or conspicuously curved, apical cell often Diagnostic features: Orange to dark red perithecia with a blunt papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing yellow-brown, 1(-3)-septate ascospores; asexual morphs characterised by verticillate to penicillate conidiophores producing small macroconidia; species typically associated with scale insects. Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, non-stromatic or with reduced basal stroma, superficial, globose to pyriform, not collapsing when dry, orange-brown to bright red, darkening or becoming purple in KOH, papillate or with short ostiolar neck, commonly tuberculate, rarely smooth-walled, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thickwalled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci saccate, clavate to cylindrical, unitunicate, apex simple, rounded or flattened, 8-spored, uniseriate to irregularly biseriate. Ascospores globose to ellipsoidal, with or without slightly truncate ends, typically 1-septate, hyaline when young becoming yellow golden-brown at maturity, thick-walled, longitudinally striate; ascospores in some species 0-septate, cerebriform or spinulose. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial) or grouped on sporodochia, or somewhat erect, loosely branched sporodochial pustules. Aerial conidiophores simple, sparsely to highly branched; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, elongate subulate to subcylindrical. Aerial conidia hyaline, smooth-and thick-walled, of two types: microconidia subglobose, ellipsoidal to somewhat clavate, 0-2(-4)-septate, borne in false heads on phialides; macroconidia falcate, slightly to strongly curved dorsiventrally, 1-septate to multiseptate, with blunt to hooked to slightly pointed apical cell and papillate to welldeveloped foot-shaped basal cell. Sporodochia cream, pale luteous, light green, olivaceous, bluish, hazel to greyish sepia; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately or sympodially branched or sparingly branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth-and thin-walled stipes bearing apical whorl of 2-4 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, short subcylindrical to subulate, smooth-and thinwalled, periclinal thickening and collarettes inconspicuous or absent. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, smooth-and thickwalled, straight or curved with parallel walls to unequally curved, in some species clavate and asymmetrical, tapering towards both ends, with a pointed to blunt to hooked apical cell and papillate to well-developed foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose to ovoid to obovoid, hyaline to pale golden brown, smooth-walled to slightly verrucose, terminal or intercalary, solitary or in pairs or forming chains or aggregating in some species to form buff, olive aeruginous or bluish microsclerotia.

[Description adapted from Rossman et al. (1999) and Sandoval-Denis et al. (2019)].

Diagnostic features: Orange-brown to frequently bright, blood red warted perithecia with papillate or short ostiolar neck producing saccate, clavate to cylindrical asci bearing globose to ellipsoidal, 0or 1-septate, longitudinally striate, cerebriform or spinulose ascospores and asexual morphs producing micro-and macroconidia on elongate subulate to subcylindrical aerial conidiophores with monophialides or only macroconidia in sporodochia. Chlamydospores formed in hyphae, rarely observed in macroconidia. Conidiophores borne on the agar substrate and aerial mycelium, 78-230 μm tall, unbranched or more commonly sympodially branched at various levels, bearing terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate, subcylindrical to acicular, smooth-and thin-walled, 27.5-62 × 2-3.5 μm, short apical collarettes and periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent. Aerial conidia microconidial, arranged in false heads on phialide tips, hyaline, broadly ellipsoidal, ellipsoidal to short clavate, commonly asymmetrical with a somewhat flattened side, smooth-and thin-walled, aseptate, (4.5-)6-10(-13.5) × (2-) 3-5 μm (av. 8 × 3.5 μm). Sporodochia pale luteous to orange, formed abundantly on the surface of carnation leaves; FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org sporodochial conidiophores laterally and irregularly branched bearing apical groups of 2-3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, 11-19.5 × 3-4.5 μm, smooth and thin-walled, with short, nonflared collarettes and inconspicuous or absent periclinal thickening. Sporodochial conidia falcate, almost straight to slightly curved dorsoventrally, broadest near the half portion or the upper third, tapering towards both ends, with a blunt to somewhat pointy and slightly curved apical cell and an often welldeveloped foot-shaped basal cell, (3-)4-7(-8)-septate, predominantly 5-septate, hyaline, smooth-and thick-walled; 3septate conidia: 42.5 × 4.4 μm; 4-septate conidia: (41.5-) 44-58(-60) × 4-5 μm (av. 51.1 × 4.4 μm); 5-septate conidia: (53.5-)59-69.5(-76) × 4-6 μm (av. 64.3 × 5 μm); 6-septate conidia: 68-75.5(-79.5) × 4.5-6 μm (av. 71.7 × 5.3 μm); 7-septate conidia: (68-)69-74.5(-77) × 5-6 μm (av. 71.7 × 5.5 μm); 8-septate conidia: 74-75.5 × 5-6 μm (av. 74.7 × 5.3 μm); overall: (42.5-)59-73.5(-79.5) × (4-)5-6 μm (av. 66.3 × 5.1 μm). Chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 38-53 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface white to sulphur yellow with scarce pale ochreous to pale rust patches, flat to slightly raised with abundant white aerial mycelium, cottony to woolly, margin filiform; reverse pale luteous to sulphur yellow, pale apricot to pale rust at centre. On OA, pale luteous, flat, membranous with entire margin; reverse pale luteous.

Additional material examined: Netherlands, from Bouvardia sp. imported from Uganda, 2019, W. Quaedvlieg, culture CBS 146524 = CPC 38311.

Notes: The name N. epipeda is coined here for a novel phylogenetic lineage discovered on a Bouvardia sp. imported from Uganda. The new species clusters as the closest phylogenetic relative of N. catenata (Fig. 14) , an opportunistic animal-pathogenic species characterised by abundant production of catenate to clustered, pigmented chlamydospores, and by the absence (as far as known) of macroconidia . These characters form the most notable differences with respect to N. epipeda. Additionally, N. epipeda can be differentiated from N. catenata by its less septate and shorter microconidia (aseptate and up to 13.5 μm vs up to 1-septate and 11 μm in N. catenata). Other species producing macroconidia of similar size and shape to those of N. epipeda include N. quercicola, N. robusta, and N. silvicola; however, the three latter species are genetically distant in that they belong to monophyletic lineages of clade 3 (N. quercicola and N. silvicola) and clade 1 (N. robusta) of Neocosmospora sensu O' Donnell et al. (2008a) . Neocosmospora epipeda can be distinguished morphologically from N. robusta by the production of microconidia with absence of aerial macroconidia in the former species. Morphological differentiation of the novel species from N. quercicola and N. silvicola is difficult because of overlapping features; nevertheless, subtle differences exist in the size and morphology of the microconidia (aseptate in N. epipeda vs up to 1-septate in both N. quercicola and N. silvicola, being also reniform and longer in the latter species) and sporodochial colour (pale luteous to orange in N. epipeda vs greenish to citrine in N. quercicola and N. silvicola, respectively). Conidiophores borne on the agar substrate and aerial mycelium, 99-205 μm tall, unbranched or rarely laterally branched, bearing terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, 41.5-77 × 2.5-4.5 μm, with short and flared apical collarettes and inconspicuous periclinal thickening. Aerial conidia of two types: microconidia oval to broadly ellipsoidal, straight to slightly curved and asymmetrical, smooth-and thin-walled, 0(-1)-aseptate, (8.5-)9-15.5(-18.5) × 3-5.5 μm (av. 12.4 × 4.3 ìm), arranged in false heads on phialide tips; macroconidia falcate to navicular, smooth-and thin-walled, almost straight to slightly dorsiventrally curved, ventral face almost straight, with a blunt apical cell, basal cell obtuse to poorly-developed, footshaped, 1-3-septate, predominantly 1-septate, 1-septate conidia: (17.5-)20.5-27(-30.5) × (4.5-)5-6.5(-7.5) μm (av. 23.8 × 5.8 μm); 2-septate conidia: (25.5-) 27-30(-32) × 5.5-7 μm (av. 28.4 × 6 μm); 3-septate conidia: (27-)28.5-33.5(-35.5) × 5-7.5 μm (av. 31.1 × 6.3 μm); overall: (17.5-)22-31(-35.5) × (4.5-)5-6.5(-7.5) μm (av. 26.4 × 6 μm), arranged in false heads at the tip of monophialides and produced intermixed with microconidia. Sporodochia pale luteous, formed on aerial and substrate mycelium, uncommon on carnation leaves. Sporodochial conidiophores laterally and irregularly branched bearing apical groups of 2-3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, (13.5-) 15-21.5(-27) × 2.5-5.5 μm, smooth and thin-walled, lacking apical collarettes and with inconspicuous periclinal thickening. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, straight to slightly dorsiventrally curved, broadest at the half portion and tapering towards both ends, apical cell blunt and slightly curved, basal cell poorlyto well-developed, foot-shaped, (1-)3-5-septate, predominantly 4-septate, hyaline, smooth-and thick-walled; 1-septate conidia:

(23.5-)24.5-28.5 × 5-6.5 μm (av. 25.8 × 5.6 μm); 2-septate conidia: 27-29 × 5.5-6.5 μm (av. 28 × 6 μm); 3-septate conidia: (29-)35-45 × (4.5-)5-6 μm (av. 40.1 × 5.3 μm); 4-septate conidia: (41-)44.5-49.5(-51.5) × 4.5-6.5 μm (av. 47 × 5.6 μm); 5-septate conidia: (42-)45.5-51.5(-52.5) × 5-6 μm (av. 48.5 × 5.6 μm); overall: (24.5-)39-51.5(-52.5) × 4.5-6(-6.5) μm (av. 45.2 × 5.6 μm). Chlamydospores obovoidal, subspherical to spherical, hyaline to pale yellow brown, smooth-walled to slightly roughened, thick-walled, 5-13.5 μm, single or in chains, terminal, intercalary or produced on short lateral stipes.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 45-56 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface pale luteus to sulphur yellow, becoming buff to honey, flat with abundant aerial mycelium, cottony to woolly with entire to filiform margin; reverse luteous to buff, pale scarlet to bay at centre. On OA pale luteous to peach with sparse white cushions of aerial mycelium, flat, velvety to cottony; reverse pale luteous, peach to pale scarlet. Notes: Neocosmospora merkxiana represents the phylogenetic species formerly known as "FSSC 41", one of the few previously known clades lacking a Latin binomial, originally reported as an agent of collar rot on Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa in Brazil (Cardoso 2015 ). Here, this species is reported causing collar and stem rot symptoms in Chrysanthemum imported from Uganda.

In the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 14) , N. merkxiana resolved as the most basal taxon within a lineage containing the morphologically similar species N. ipomoeae, N. martii, and N. noneumartii, all characterised by producing both aerial microconidia and macroconidia, in addition to relatively long sporodochial conidia. Differing from the aforementioned species, N. merkxiana can be differentiated by its fewer septate and shorter aerial and sporodochial macroconidia formed on pale luteous sporodochia, and its pale luteous colonies on PDA, thus contrasting with the greenish sporodochial colouration observed in both N. ipomoeae and N. noneumartii, and the red pigmentation on PDA typical of N. martii. Sexual morphs were not observed in the isolates studied here; however, this lineage was reported as heterothallic, and fertile perithecial ascomata have been induced in vitro (Cardoso 2015) , characterised by ascomata measuring 230-355 × 175-290 μm, 57.5-75 × 5 μm asci producing 1septate, 10-12.5 × 5 μm ascospores. Conidiophores borne on agar substrate and aerial mycelium up to 290 μm tall, unbranched or irregularly laterally branched, bearing terminal single monophialides, commonly proliferating percurrently; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, commonly extended percurrently, smooth-and thin-walled, 21-87 × 1.5-3.5 μm, with short and flared apical FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org collarettes and rather evident periclinal thickening. Aerial conidia of two types: microconidia oval to broadly ellipsoidal, smoothand thin-walled, 0-or 1-septate, (5.5-)8-14(-30) × (2-) 3-4.5(-5.5) μm (av. 11 × 3.8 μm), arranged in false heads on phialide tips; macroconidia fusiform to falcate, smooth-and thick-walled, straight to slightly curved, with a blunt apical cell, basal cell often flattened to obtuse, (1-)2-3-septate, predominantly 3-septate, 1-septate conidia: 22.5-26 × 4.5-6 μm (av. 24.4 × 5.1 μm); 2-septate conidia: (22.5-) 23.5-32 × 3.5-5 μm (av. 27 × 4.3 μm); 3-septate conidia: (24-) 25-32.5(-38.5) × (3.5-)4.5-5.5(-6) μm (av. 28.7 × 4.8 μm); overall: (22.5-)24-31.5(-38.5) × (3.5-)4.5-6 μm (av. 27.7 × 4.8 μm), arranged in false heads at the tip of monophialides and produced intermixed with microconidia. Chlamydospores subspherical to spherical, pale golden brown, smooth-and thick-walled, 6-8 μm, single or in pairs, terminal or more often formed intercalary on hyphae. Sexual morph and sporodochia unknown. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 42-51 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface white to pale luteous, flat with abundant dense aerial mycelium, velvety to cottony, margin regular and filiform; reverse pale luteous to sulphur yellow. On OA white to pale luteous, flat to slightly raised, velvety to cottony, margin regular and filiform; reverse pale luteous.

Notes: The type of N. neerlandica was originally deposited as N. pisi, an important root pathogen of Pisum sativum. Besides sharing the same host association, both species are genetically related, but cluster in distinct phylogenetic lineages and have a different morphology. Although N. pisi produces typical wedgeshaped, larger macroconidia (up to 46 um long) on abundant sporodochia ( Si si c et al. 2018b), N. neerlandica is characterised by short falcate macroconidia (up to 38.5 um long) produced on aerial conidiophores, while sporodochia are not formed. The latter features relate N. neerlandica to N. diminuta, a phylogenetically distant species that produces the shortest falcate conidia known in Neocosmospora (Sandoval-Denis et al. 2019). Nevertheless, N. diminuta is a homothallic species that conspicuously produces sexual structures, while a sexual morph is not known for N. neerlandica. Additionally, macroconidia of N. neerlandica differ from those of N. diminuta by having less curved apices and poorly developed or non foot-shaped basal cells. Conidiophores borne on agar substrate and aerial mycelium, 59-330 μm tall, often simple and reduced to solitary phialides borne laterally from hyphae, or laterally irregularly and sympodially branching one or two times, bearing terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, 21-57.5 × 2-5 μm, flared apical collarettes and periclinal thickening present. Aerial microconidia arranged in false heads on phialide tips, hyaline, broadly ellipsoidal, obovate to broadly clavate, smooth-and thinwalled, 0(-1)-septate, (5-)7-13(-17) × 2.5-5 μm (av. 10.1 × 3.7 μm). Sporodochia (from holotype specimen) pale citrine to olivaceous; sporodochial conidiophores copiously branched, laterally, verticillate and irregularly, bearing apical groups of 2-3 monophialides and lateral solitary phialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, 6-21.5 × 3-4.5 μm, smooth and thinwalled, with short, conspicuously flared collarettes and conspicuous periclinal thickening, profusely proliferating percurrently. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, gently and regularly curved dorsoventrally or with an almost straight ventral line, broadest at the middle portion, apical cell blunt and slightly hooked, basal cell papillate to well-developed, foot-shaped, 1-3(-4)-septate, predominantly 3-septate, hyaline, smooth-and thick-walled; 1-septate conidia: (17.5-)19-26(-29.5) × 4-5 μm Chlamydospores subspherical to spherical, pale golden brown, smooth-and thick-walled, 4-11.5 μm, formed singly and terminally on hyphae. Sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 35-49 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface pale luteous, pale saffron to sulphur yellow, flat with abundant dense and short aerial mycelium, velvety to woolly, margin filiform; reverse sulphur yellow. On OA pale luteous, flat, membranous to dusty with filiform margin; reverse pale luteous.

Notes: The ex-type of N. nelsonii, originally determined as "F." solani, currently presents a very simple microconidial morphology with a rather acremonioid touch given its slender, generally simple conidiophores and mostly aseptate FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org microconidia. Hence, there are no clear phenotypic characters to differentiate the species. Failed attempts to induce formation of sporodochia indicate that the ex-type strain may have lost the ability to produce macroconidia in vitro. The holotype material, is, however, a dried subculture from the type strain dated from 1982. It still contains a large amount of well-preserved sporodochia and sporodochial conidia, which we describe here. These macroconidia are comparable in size to those observed in closely related species such as N. brevis, N. pisi, and N. neerlandica. However, macroconidia in N. brevis and N. neerlandica are produced only in the aerial mycelium, while N. nelsonii produces only a single type of aerial conidia (microconidia), which also differ from those observed in the aforementioned species by their reduced size. In addition, sporodochial conidia in N. nelsonii are shorter and stout, with shorter and rounder apices compared to those of N. pisi. Etymology: Named after its morphological, phylogenetic and host affinity with Neocosmospora pisi.

Typus: Unknown country, from Pisum sativum, unknown date and collector (holotype CBS H-24668, culture ex-type CBS 266.50).

Conidiophores borne on agar substrate and aerial mycelium, erect and prostrate, up to 340 μm tall, unbranched or irregularly laterally branched, bearing terminal single phialides, rarely proliferating percurrently; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, rarely extended percurrently, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, 24.5-74 × 2-4 μm, with cup-shaped, elongated, and flared apical collarettes and conspicuous periclinal thickening. Aerial microconidia arranged in false heads on phialide tips, hyaline, broadly ellipsoidal to clavate, often lightly curved and asymmetrical, smooth-and thin-walled, 0(-1)-septate, (4.5-)6.5-11(-17.5) × (2-) 3-4(-5) μm (av. 8.6 × 3.2 μm). Sporodochia pale luteous to pale sienna coloured, rarely formed on the surface of carnation leaves, agar surface or on aerial mycelium; sporodochial conidiophores unbranched or laterally and irregularly branched bearing single monophialides or groups of groups of up to three monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, 10-25 × 2-5 μm, smooth and thinwalled, collarettes and periclinal thickening present. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, gently tapering towards both ends, slightly curved dorsoventrally to almost straight, apical cell blunt to inconspicuously papillate, basal cell obtuse to poorly-developed, foot-shaped, 1-4(-5)-septate, predominantly 4-septate, hyaline, smooth-and thick-walled; 1-septate conidia: 21.5-26(-27.5) × 4-5 μm (av. 24.7 × 4.3 μm); 2-septate conidia: 28-30 × 4.5-5 μm; 3-septate conidia: (28.5-) 34-46.5(-50) × 4-5.5 μm (av. 40.1 × 4.7 μm); 4-septate conidia: (36-)42.5-54(-56) × 4-5.5 μm (av. 48 × 4.9 μm); 5septate conidia: 50.5 × 5 μm; overall: (21.5-) 34.5-51.5(-56) × 4-5.5 μm (av. 42.9 × 4.8 μm). Chlamydospores subspherical to spherical, hyaline to pale yellow, smoothwalled, thick-walled, 5.5-10.5 μm, single or in pairs, terminal or intercalary. Sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 35-48 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface pale luteous to pale sulphur yellow, flat with abundant short aerial mycelium, velvety to dusty, margin regular entire to filiform; reverse pale luteous to sulphur yellow. On OA pale luteous to pale sulphur yellow, flat, velvety to dusty, margin entire to filiform; reverse pale luteous.

Notes: The type of N. pseudopisi was determined as pathogenic to Pisum sativum and deposited in WI by W.C. Snyder. It is phylogenetically and morphologically related to N. pisi, a major pathogen of Pisum sativum ( Si si c et al. 2018b). However, both species resolved as very closely related lineages in the sevenmarker phylogeny (Fig. 14) , as well as on the individual CaM, ITS, rpb1, and rpb2 phylogenies (data not shown). Morphologically, N. pseudopisi can be differentiated from N. pisi by its longer sporodochial conidia (up to 56 μm long vs up to 46 μm long in N. pisi, Si si c et al. 2018b). Based on the features of its macroconidia, N. pseudopisi resembles N. crassa and N. pseudotonkinensis; the two latter species, though, are phylogenetically well-separated. Neocosmospora pseudopisi, however, differs from N. crassa and N. pseudotonkinensis by the absence of aerial macroconidia in the former species, while unlike N. crassa, the sporodochial conidia of N. pseudopisi are often wider on its apical third (vs wider at its basal part in N. crassa). Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, seated on an erumpent stroma, superficial, subglobose to broadly obpyriform, red, turning dark red in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, not collapsing when dry, with blunt to acute apex, rarely papillate, smooth to slightly rugulose, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura epidermoidea; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner toward the centrum. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, without an apical ring, uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-septate, hyaline, smooth or finely spinulose. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores mononematous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or irregularly branched, terminating in 1-3 phialides or reduced to lateral phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, with inconspicuous periclinal thickening and collarettes. Microconidia abundant, ellipsoidal to obovoid, hyaline, aseptate, sometimes forming false heads on phialides. Macroconidia cylindrical, mostly straight, 3-7(-9)septate, with rounded ends. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose, hyaline to subhyaline, smooth-walled to slightly verrucose, terminal or intercalary, solitary or in pairs or forming chains.

[Description adapted from Chaverri et al. (2011) ].

Diagnostic features: Red, mostly smooth-walled perithecia lacking papilla producing cylindrical asci bearing ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1septate ascospores and Cylindrocarpon asexual morph. 

unknown.

Conidiophores mononematous (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores simple, unbranched or irregularly branched, sometimes reduced to single lateral phialides or phialidic pegs on the hyphae; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards apex, smooth-and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous or absent, solitary. Microconidia not formed. Aerial macroconidia falcate, 1-5(-6)-septate, thick-walled, curved to lunate, with a blunt apical cell and often obtuse, poorly-to welldeveloped foot-shaped basal cell. Sporodochia white, pale luteous to pale citrine. Sporodochial conidiophores irregularly FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org and verticillately branched, consisting of short, smooth-and thinto thick-walled stipes bearing apical whorls of mono-and polyphialides. Sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic and polyphialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with reduced apical collarette. Sporodochial macroconidia similar to aerial macroconidia. Chlamydospores subglobose to ellipsoidal, solitary or most commonly in chains.

Diagnostic features: Fusarioid asexual morph characterised by aerial monophialides and sporodochial mono-and polyphialides producing slightly curved and slender, mostly 3-septate macroconidia. Conidiophores borne on substrate mycelium, prostrate or erect and quickly collapsing to the agar surface, 70-240 μm tall, unbranched or less commonly irregularly laterally branched, bearing terminal single phialides; aerial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to cylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, 9-34 μm long, 2-5 μm at the widest part, or reduced to short phialidic pegs, 3-6 × 2-3.5 μm, formed laterally on aerial hyphae, apical collarettes short or lacking, periclinal thickening absent. Aerial macroconidia borne on tips of conidiogenous cells on aerial conidiophores, almost straight or slightly curved, falcate, 1-5(-6)-septate, predominantly 3-septate, hyaline, smooth-and thick-walled, with a blunt apical cell and obtuse, sometimes papillate to poorly-developed, foot-shaped basal cell, 1-septate conidia: (15.5-)19-28(-32) × 2.5-4 μm (av. 23.5 × 4.3 μm); 2-septate conidia: (25.5-)27-31 × 2.5-4 μm (av. 28.8 × 3.2 μm); 3-septate conidia: (13-) 41-57(-63.5) × 3-4(-4.5) μm (av. 49 × 3.6 μm); 4-septate conidia: (48.5-)50-60(-61.5) × 3-4.5 μm (av. 55.1 × 3.8 μm); 5-septate conidia: (47-)50-64(-71) × 3.5-4.5 μm (av. 56.9 × 3.9 μm); 6-septate conidia: (54-)55-71.5 × 3.5-4 μm (av. 62.3 × 3.8 μm); overall: (13-)35.5-59(-71.5) × 2.5-4.5 μm (av. 47.2 × 3.6 μm). Sporodochia pale luteous to pale citrine coloured, small, formed abundantly on the agar surface and less regularly on the surface of carnation leaves; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly verticillately branched bearing solitary lateral and terminal phialides or apical groups of 2-3 phialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells mono-and polyphialidic, doliiform, subulate to subcylindrical, 3-25.5 × 2.5-5 μm, smooth and thin-walled, commonly proliferating sympodially, collarettes and periclinal thickening absent or inconspicuous. Sporodochial conidia undifferentiable from aerial conidia. Chlamydospores subglobose to ellipsoidal, solitary or most commonly in chains. Sexual morph unknown.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 23-27 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface straw-coloured, pale luteous to pale ochreous, flat, dusty to velvety; reverse white to pale luteous without diffusible pigments. On OA, grey-white to pale luteous, flat, membranous to dusty, with irregular velvety peripheral patches cottony; reverse pale luteous.

Notes: The type of No. devonianum was erroneously assigned to Trichofusarium rusci (Sutton, 1986) and recombined in Fusarium (Fusarium rusci, Geiser et al. 2013) . Nevertheless, the morphology exhibited by this strain does not match in respect with the original description of the supposed basionym nor its purported synonym Pycnofusarium rusci, as confirmed also by examination of authentic material of T. rusci (BPI 453152A and IMI 291476). The latter taxon is characterised by a setose sporodochial asexual morph with small, fusoid, aseptate conidia, more reminiscent of the genus Alfaria (Stachybotryaceae, Crous et al. 2014) . Ascomata unknown. Conidiophores initially as lateral phialides on somatic hyphae, sometimes monochasial, verticillate or penicillate, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, hyaline, producing micro-and macroconidia. Microconidia strongly falcate, 0-or 1-septate, hyaline. Macroconidia strongly falcate, narrowing towards the ends, apical cell hooked with a pointed tip, basal cell papillate to poorly-developed, foot-shaped, 0-3-septate, hyaline. Chlamydospores globose, in terminal pairs or intercalary chains. Ascomata perithecial, mostly gregarious, non-stromatic or on a thin stroma erumpent through the epidermis, superficial, subglobose to globose, laterally pinched when dry, dark red, with short ostiolar neck, smooth-walled, lacking hairs and appendages. >Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis or textura globulosa; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci clavate, apex rounded with distinct pore, 8-spored often with an apical ring, uniseriate to biseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, pale tan, verrucose. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores simple, mononematous, straight to flexuous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or rarely branched, terminating in single phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, with periclinal thickening and flared collarettes, usually producing macroconidia. Microconidia rarely formed, ellipsoidal to fusoid, 0-or 1-septate, hyaline. Macroconidia falcate, straight to slightly curved dorsiventrally, 3-septate, with blunt to slightly pointed apical cell and poorly-developed foot-shaped basal cell. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose to ovoid, hyaline to subhyaline, verrucose, terminal or intercalary, solitary or in pairs or forming chains or developing directly from macroconidia.

[Description adapted from Booth (1971) , Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and ].

Diagnostic features: Dark red, smooth-walled perithecia with short ostiolar neck producing clavate asci bearing ellipsoidal, 1septate ascospores and asexual morphs producing micro-and macroconidia on elongate cylindrical aerial conidiophores with monophialides, and not forming sporodochia. Chlamydospores formed in hyphae and macroconidia.

Rugonectria P. Chaverri & Samuels, Stud. Mycol. 68: 73. 2011 . Fig. 8 . Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, stromatic, superficial or partly immersed in stroma, subglobose to globose, orange to red, turning dark red in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, non-papillate, rugose to tuberculate, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci clavate, apex simple, 8-spored. Ascospores ellipsoidal to oblong, 1-septate, not to slightly constricted at the septum, pale yellow, striate. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores simple, mononematous, straight to flexuous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or rarely to irregularly branched, terminating in single phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, with periclinal thickening and flared collarettes, producing micro-and macroconidia. Microconidia ovoid to cylindrical, 0-or 1-septate, hyaline. Macroconidia fusoid, curved, (3-)5-7(-9)-septate, tapering to both ends, basal cell obtuse with inconspicuous hilum. Chlamydospores not observed.

[Description adapted from Samuels et al. (1990) , Samuels & Brayford (1994) and Chaverri et al. (2011) ].

Diagnostic features: Orange to red, rugose to tuberculate, partially immersed perithecia producing clavate asci bearing fusoid, 1-septate yellowish, striate ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph characterised by curved, multiseptate macroconidia with inconspicuous hilum. Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious, partially immersed on a stroma, smooth-and thin-walled, globose to broadly pyriform, red, with a broad, discoid apical region, turning darker in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid to become yellow, lacking hairs and warts. Ascomatal wall of a single region composed of unevenly thickened cells of textura epidermoidea. Asci cylindrical, apex with an obscure refractive ring, 8-spored, ascospores uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform-ellipsoidal, 1septate, not constricted at septum, yellow-brown, finely spinulose. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial) or grouped on sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores unbranched to loosely irregularly branched, bearing terminal phialides; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with evident periclinal thickening and a non-flared collarette, producing only macroconidia. Sporodochia pink, orange to salmon coloured; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly and verticillately branched, consisting of short, often swollen, smooth-and thinwalled stipes bearing single terminal monophialides or apical whorls of 2-3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth-and thinwalled, with evident periclinal thickening. Macroconidia formed in pink to salmon slimy masses, subcylindrical, (0-)3-7(-10)septate, straight or slightly curved, with blunt apical cell and obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped basal cell. Microconidia unknown. Chlamydospores unknown.

[Description adapted from Samuels et al. (1991) & Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) ].

Diagnostic features: Red perithecia producing cylindrical asci containing ellipsoidal, 1-septate, finely spinulose ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing slender and delicate, almost cylindrical macroconidia from aerial conidiophores and pink to salmon coloured sporodochia, lacking microconidia as well as chlamydospores.

Scolecofusarium ciliatum (Link) L. Lombard Notes: No existent holotype material was located for At. ciliatum. Therefore, a neotype is designated here. The neotype specimen originates from a representative isolate studied by Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982 Ascomata perithecial, solitary or gregarious on a well-developed immersed stroma composed of pseudoparenchymatous to hyphal cells, scaly to warty and thick-walled, pyriform, dark red with an often darker red-coloured, flattened and non-papillate apical region, turning darker in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid to become yellow, lacking hairs. >Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells of textura angularis to textura globulosa at warts cells; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci cylindrical to clavate, with rounded to flattened simple apex, 8spored, ascospores overlapping uniseriate to biseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, not constricted at septum, pale yellow-brown, smooth-walled to finely striate. Conidiophores mononematous (aerial) or grouped on sporodochia. Aerial conidiophores unbranched or rarely branched, bearing terminal phialides; conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with periclinal thickening inconspicuous to evident, producing only macroconidia. Sporodochia grey; setae arising between and around sporodochia, stiff, erect, thick-walled with acute tip, at first hyaline later becoming pale golden brown; sporodochial conidiophores irregularly and verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, often swollen, smooth-and thin-walled stipes bearing apical whorl of 2-3 monophialides or single, terminal monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, smooth-and thin-walled, with inconspicuous to evident periclinal thickening. Macroconidia formed in off-white or grey slimy masses, cylindrical, (0-)3-5(-7)-septate, gently curved, with a blunt apical cell and an obtuse to poorly developed foot-shaped basal cell. Microconidia unknown. Chlamydospores unknown.

[Description adapted from Samuels & Nirenberg (1989) ].

Diagnostic features: Dark red perithecia producing cylindrical to clavate asci containing ellipsoidal, 1-septate, finely striate ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by monophialides producing robust, almost cylindrical macroconidia from Notes: The monotypic, former Fusarium section Setofusarium is here elevated to generic rank to accommodate "Fusarium setosum", a genetically and morphologically divergent taxon easily differentiated from any known fusarioid taxa by the production of setose sporodochia (Samuels & Nirenberg 1989) . No living ex-type culture could be located for this taxon. Isolate CBS 635.92 (as G.J.S. 88-12) is an authentic strain of Fusarium setosum (Samuels & Nirenberg 1989) . Therefore, a dried culture from this strain is designated as epitype here. Ascomata perithecial, gregarious in groups of up to 20, on a thin, white to yellow hyphal or subiculum-like stroma, superficial, subglobose, pyriform to subcylindrical, pale yellow, orange-red, orange-brown, or pale to dark red, becoming dark red to purple in KOH, with a rounded or broad, circular, flat disc on a venter-like neck, smooth to slightly rugulose, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall consisting of two layers; inner layer of hyaline, thin-walled, compressed, elongated cells and outer layer of distinct, isodiametric to oblong, angular or globose, thick-walled cells. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 8-spored, with simple apex or apical ring. Ascospores cylindrical to allantoid to ellipsoidal, 1septate, hyaline or yellow to pale brown, smooth or tuberculate. Conidiophores initially formed as unbranched phialides on somatic hyphae, sometimes loosely branched, sometimes forming small sporodochia. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subcylindrical, with a distinct collarette. Microconidia sparse, allantoid to lunulate, slightly or strongly curved, aseptate, in slimy heads. Macroconidia orange in mass, subcylindrical or moderately to strongly curved, falcate, 0-or 1-septate, apex narrower than base, apical cell blunt or hooked, basal cell not or scarcely foot-shaped. Diagnostic features: Pale yellow to dark red, mostly smoothwalled perithecia with rounded or broad, circular, flat disc on a venter-like neck, producing cylindrical to clavate asci bearing cylindrical to allantoid to ellipsoidal, 1-septate hyaline or yellow to pale brown ascospores and fusarioid asexual morph characterised by 0-or 1-septate macroconidia with blunt or hooked apical cell, lacking a foot-shaped basal cell. Conidiophores often as single phialides borne laterally on substrate and aerial hyphae, or irregularly branched and crowded with phialides produced laterally and terminally, hyaline, thin-and smooth-walled, 24-89 μm long. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, short doliiform, subcylindrical to subulate, 6-28.5 × 2-3.5 μm, often with a conspicuous flared collarette, periclinal thickening absent, producing micro-and macroconidia. Microconidia cylindrical to allantoid, hyaline, thin-and smoothwalled, 0(-1)-septate, (4.5-)6-13.5(-21) × (1.5-)2-3 μm (av. 9.7 × 2.1 μm). Macroconidia falcate, almost straight or gently dorsiventrally curved, tapering toward the basal portion, (0-)1septate, with a blunt apical cell and obtuse basal cell, (20-) 28-47(-56) × 2-3.5 μm (av. 37.6 × 2.5 μm). Chlamydospores and sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 16-20 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface at first white and membranous, becoming slimy, saffron to orange, to bright orange at the centre, flat, aerial mycelium absent, moisty at the centre, velvety at the margin, margin regular, filiform to undulate; reverse white, pale saffron to orange at centre. On OA, white to pale orange, flat, membranous to slimy, with regular and undulate margin; reverse pale luteous to pale saffron.

Notes: The species is here described based on its morphology in vitro, where only the asexual morph was obtained. This prevents further comparisons with known species of this genus. The only known collection, CBS 125491, has been shown to represent the most basal lineage in Stylonectria in previous phylogenetic studies , which was confirmed here (Fig. 15) . Although with neither a clear host associationan important character for species recognition in Stylonectrianor any known sexual morphology, St. corniculata shows a distinctive morphology when it comes to its asexual morph, especially regarding the branching pattern and the shape of its mature conidiophores, which can be very elaborate and largely resemble antlers (Fig. 47) . Ascomata perithecial, gregarious or solitary, broadly pyriform, 220-310 μm wide, with a distinctive flat and discoid papilla, 130-225 μm wide, dark red, becoming darker in 3 % KOH and light yellow in lactic acid. Ascomatal wall smooth, 30-45 um thick, composed of two regions: outer region 25-40 μm thick, of irregularly shaped cells of textura intricata to textura epidermoidea; inner region 5-10 μm thick of thin-walled, flattened cells of textura prismatica to textura angularis. Asci subcylindrical, 45-72 × 4-8 μm, 8-spored, apices rounded and simple, uniseriate or irregularly biseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, often constricted at septum, (7.5-) 8.5-11(-12.5) × 3-4.5(-5.5) μm, smooth to finely spinulose, thick-walled, hyaline at first, becoming pale golden brown at maturity. Conidiophores often as single phialides or short phialidic pegs borne laterally on the substrate and aerial hyphae, rarely irregularly to verticillately branched. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, short doliiform, subcylindrical to subulate, 4-21(-27.5) × 2-3.5 μm, often with a conspicuous flared collarette, periclinal thickening absent, producing micro-and macroconidia. Microconidia allantoid, hyaline, smooth-and thinwalled, 0(-1)-septate, (9-)10.5-13.5(-15) × 2-3 μm (av. 12 × 2.4 μm). Macroconidia subcylindrical to falcate, almost straight or moderately dorsiventrally curved, tapering towards both ends, 0-1(-2)-septate, apical cell blunt to slightly hooked, basal cell obtuse to poorly-developed, foot-shaped (11.5-) 16.5-28(-34) × 2-3 μm (av. 22.2 × 2.5 μm). Chlamydospores not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA reaching 2.5-3 mm diam at 25°C after 7 d. Surface straw-coloured to luteous, pale orange at centre, flat or radially folded, membranous to slimy, margin filiform to undulate; reverse pale luteous to pale orange. On OA orange to pale apricot, flat, membranous to slimy, margin filiform with abundant submerged mycelium; reverse pale orange. Ascomata perithecial, solitary to gregarious, non-stromatic or sometimes seated on an immersed inconspicuous stroma, superficial, globose to subglobose or pyriform to elongated, orange to red, with prominent areolate papilla or darkly pigmented apex, smooth to slightly rugulose, lacking hairs or appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura epidermoidea; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci cylindrical to narrowly clavate, 8-spored, with an apical ring, uniseriate. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1septate, hyaline, smooth or finely spinulose or striate. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores mononematous, hyaline, septate, irregularly branched, terminating in 1-3 phialides or reduced to lateral phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical or slightly swollen, tapering towards the apex, with periclinal thickening and flared collarettes, producing usually macroconidia. Microconidia rarely formed, globose to ovoid, hyaline, aseptate, with displaced inconspicuous hilum. Macroconidia subcylindrical to slightly fusoid, curved, broadest at upper third, (3-)5-7(-9)-septate, with rounded ends or flattened at the basal cell. Chlamydospores unknown. Diagnostic features: Orange to red, mostly smooth-walled perithecia with prominent darkened papilla producing cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci bearing ellipsoidal to fusoid, 1-septate ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph. Ascomata perithecial, mostly solitary to gregarious, non-stromatic, superficial, broadly pyriform, not collapsing when dry, orange to sienna, turning blood red in KOH, pigment dissolving in lactic acid, broadly rounded to flattened papilla, smooth-walled, lacking hairs and appendages. Ascomatal wall of two regions: outer region of thick-walled, pigmented cells forming a textura angularis; inner region of elongate, hyaline, thin-walled cells, becoming thinner towards the centrum. Asci narrowly clavate, apex simple, 8-spored, lacking an apical ring, irregularly multiseriate. Ascospores fusoid, 3-septate, hyaline, smooth or finely spinulose. Sporodochia not formed. Conidiophores simple, mononematous, straight to flexuous, hyaline, septate, unbranched or rarely branched, terminating in a single phialide or reduced to lateral phialides. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical or slightly swollen, tapering towards the apex, with periclinal thickening and flared collarettes. Microconidia not formed. Macroconidia cylindrical to slightly fusoid, straight to slightly curved, 3-6-septate, with rounded ends. Chlamydospores unknown. Diagnostic features: Orange to sienna, smooth-walled perithecia with broadly rounded to flattened papilla producing narrowly clavate asci bearing fusoid, 3-septate phragmo-ascospores and cylindrocarpon-like asexual morph.

The following nomenclator lists names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021, as well as their current status (with accepted names indicated in bold and underlined for easier recognition). Where type specimens have been located, these details, as well as any ex-type cultures and diagnostic DNA barcode data are provided, along with notes regarding potential synonymy. This list will be updated and republished at regular intervals, and will form the basis for a monograph of Fusarium and allied genera that will be freely available on www. Fusarium Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) , and Leslie & Summerell (2006) . Notes: Fusarium acuminatum is an established name in the Fusarium literature, but it lacks living type material to confirm its taxonomic position. Although an older epithet, based on Selenosporium hippocastani, could be used, we refrain from providing a new combination for this well-known species due to a lack of DNA-based evidence to support this combination. Moreover, Holubov a-Jechov a et al. (1994) could not locate any holotype material for S. hippocastani, abstaining from introducing a neotype, which they argued would cause nomenclatural instability, a view we fully support. Wollenweber (1916 Wollenweber ( -1935 . Booth (1971) indicated that F. affine might be a possible synonym of F. tabacinum, which is now regarded as Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Palm et al. 1995 , Giraldo & Crous 2019 ). However, both Gams & Gerlach (1968) and Palm et al. (1995) considered F. affine as a misapplied synonym of P. cucumerina. Sherbakoff (1915) also treated the fungus as F. affine, which was later reinterpreted as Septomyxa affine by Wollenweber (1916 Wollenweber ( -1935 . Therefore, the current status of F. affine is uncertain and requires further investigation. fig. 15 . Notes: Wollenweber (1916 Wollenweber ( -1935 Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 361) indicated that the living ex-type culture was lodged in the laboratory of W.C. Scholten in Amsterdam, which in turn has been accessioned into the CBS. However, no record or culture can be located in the CBS collection. Therefore, an illustration accompanying the original protologue is designated as lectotype here. fig. 12 . Notes: Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) considered this species as a synonym of F. scirpi. However, based on the descriptions and illustrations provided by Fawcett (1908) and Petch (1920) , this species belongs to the genus Microcera, which is also in agreement with its aetiology. Therefore, a new combination will presumably be required after further investigation. Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Nelson et al. (1995) . Notes: Nelson et al. (1995) designated BPI 72044 as neotype of F. anguioides, erroneously stating that no materials were available for epi-and lectotypification. However, Sherbakoff (1915) did provide an illustration with the original protologue of F. anguioides and placed material in CUP, as CUP-007479. Furthermore, the neotype (BPI 72044) of Nelson et al. (1995) originated from China and was isolated from soil in a bamboo grove. An isolate from the original locality (USA) and host (Solanum tuberosum) needs to be selected. Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP. Nirenberg (1976) , Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) , Nelson et al. (1983) and Leslie & Summerell (2006) . (2000) and Leslie & Summerell (2006) . Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KT597715; rpb2: GQ915485; tef1: GQ915501. Notes: When proposing F. armeniacum, cited the basionym as F. acuminatum subsp. armeniacum with reference to the entire pagination of Burgess et al.'s (1993) paper, rather than the intended basionym alone, rendering the combination invalid (Art. 41.5, Ex. 15 Booth (1971) , Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) , Nelson et al. (1983) and Leslie & Summerell (2006) . Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MG282372; rpb2: MG282401; tef1: MW928836. Notes: No type material could be located for this species. Therefore, to provide taxonomic stability to this important cereal-associated Fusarium species, CBS 408.86 is designated here as exneotype of Fusisporium avenaceum (= Fusarium avenaceum). Sangalang et al. (1995) , Benyon et al. (2000) and Leslie & Summerell (2006 Summerell et al. (1995) and Leslie & Summerell (2006) . Diagnostic DNA barcode: rpb2: MN534245; tef1: AF160305. Note: The Fusarium babinda species complex encompassed strains incorrectly assigned to this taxon, based on reference strains of F. babinda, plus one unnamed Fusarium species (O'Donnell et al. 2013 , Jacobs-Venter et al. 2019 , Geiser et al. 2021 . However, DNA sequences from diverse gene regions and phylogenetic analyses made by several authors place the ex-type of F. babinda (NRRL 25807) within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex, as confirmed here (Fig. 8) (O'Donnell et al. 2000b , Lima et al. 2012 , Crous et al. 2019b . Hence, the species in FBSC need to be reassessed and the species complex renamed accordingly. Sherbakoff, in Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 166, fig. 17 (1915) . Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . As no holotype specimen could be located, an illustration accompanying the original protologue is designated here as lectotype. Fusarium Schroers et al., Mycologia 101: 59. 2009 . (non Fusarium biseptatum Sawada 1959 Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) . Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KX302920; rpb2: KX302928; tef1: KX302912. Notes: Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) designated CBS 178.35 as neotype of F. buharicum as they were unable to locate the type specimen. However, A. Jaczweski did place a specimen in LEP. Therefore, the neotype designation is superseded here (Art. 9.13) and CBS 178.35 is retained as epitype for this species.

bulbicola Fusarium Nirenberg & O'Donnell, Mycologia 90: 452. 1998 and Leslie & Summerell (2006 (1899); Hymenula by Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) ; and Aschersonia by Walker (1962) , who examined the type specimen and found that the fungus occurred in association with a scale insect on Desmodium. It is likely that this species belongs in Microcera, which are usually parasites of scale insects. Pasinetti & Buzzati-Traverso (1935) , this species could be a synonym of Neocosmospora solani but requires further investigation. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

cacti-maxonii Fusarium Pasin. & Buzz.-Trav., Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 42: 120. 1935 . Notes: Based on illustrations by Pasinetti & Buzzati-Traverso (1935) , this species could be a synonym of Fusarium oxysporum but requires further investigation. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . Several names that include Fusidium candidum (1809), Fusisporium cylindricum (1842) and Fusarium fissum (1858) should take preference for this taxon. However, the epithet "candidum" is already occupied in the genus Neonectria and cannot be used. Furthermore, the link between Fusisporium cylindricum and Fusarium fissum with Neonectria ditissima still needs to be established. Therefore, we choose to retain the name Neonectria ditissima for this taxon.

candidum Fusarium Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. Fung. 18: 674. 1906, nom. illegit., Art. 53 Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) , Booth (1971 ), or Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982 Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. fig. 1 . Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. Plantenziektenk. Dienst 1989 Dienst /1990 Dienst , no. 168: 135. 1991 inval., Art. 41.4. Gliomastix cerealis (P. Karst.) C.H. Dickinson, Mycol. Pap. 115: 19. 1968 considered it as a variety of F. sambucinum. Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) applied a broader concept to F. culmorum that did not separate this variety in F. culmorum. Nirenberg (1990) recognised F. cerealis as a species and considered F. crookwellense as a synonym of F. cerealis. However, Leslie & Summerell (2006) recommend the use of the name F. crookwellense over F. cerealis, indicating that no type material is available for F. cerealis. We choose to follow Nirenberg (1990) to consider F. crookwellense a synonym under F. cerealis. The material lodged in K(M) requires further investigation to determine whether epi-or neotypification is required. Booth (1971) , Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Leslie & Summerell (2006 Schroers et al. (2011) was not Code compliant as neither a supporting holo-, lecto-nor epitype was cited. The specimen in the Kew herbarium was cited as isotype. In the protologue a single gathering is mentioned, but an illustration is also cited so a lectotypification is necessary. The epitypification is validated herein. Rhen. Exs. Cent. 16, no. 1529 (1865 . ?Hymenopsis ellipsospora (as 'ellipsosporum') (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 745. 1886 . Myrothecium striatisporum N.C. Preston, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 31: 275. 1948 . Myrothecium longistriatisporum Matsush., Microfungi Solomon Isl. Papua-New Guinea: 39. 1971 . Lectotypus: PR 155489, designated in Tulloch (1972 fig. 8h . Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. fig. 40 . Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . Wollenweber (1916 Wollenweber ( -1935 indicated that cultures and specimens of Spicaria colorans (basionym of F. colorans) were deposited in the Willie Commelin Scholten collection in Amsterdam. This collection has been accessioned into the CBS collection (CBS & CBS H). However, no cultures and specimens or records could be located at CBS. Wollenweber (1916 Wollenweber ( -1935 , , Gordon (1952) , Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Leslie & Summerell (2006 Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Marasas et al. (1986 Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) , , Bilaĭ (1955) , Booth (1971) , Joffe (1974 ), or Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982 . Furthermore, no additional records could be located. fig. 8j . 1920. Notes: Based on the description and illustrations provided by Taubenhaus (1920) , this species could represent F. oxysporum. However, recollection and epitypification are required to confirm this. No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. cucurbitariae Fusarium Peyronel, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s. 25: 436. 1918, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Holotypus: ?ROPV. Type locality: Italy, Piemonte, Riclaretto. Type substrate: Parasitic on perithecia of Camarosporidiella laburni (≡ Cucurbitaria laburni). Notes: Status unclear. Not treated by any of Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) , Booth (1971 ), or Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982 . Booth (1971) , Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Leslie & Summerell (2006) . Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171515; rpb2: JX171628; tef1: MW233082. Notes: No holotype specimen could be located. Therefore, an illustration is designated as lectotype and CBS 417.86 is designated as epitype as this isolate is commonly used as an authentic strain for F. culmorum in literature (Ward et al. 2002 , O'Donnell et al. 2013 , 2020 , Geiser et al. 2021 Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . Based on the substrate, this species could belong to the genus Bisifusarium. However, the protologue is not definitive, and recollection from type substrate is needed to confirm its taxonomic position. (1984) and Zoutman & Sigler (1991 Chaverri, Mycol. Progr. 8: 56. 2009 . Basionym: Nectria cyanostoma Sacc. & Flageolet, Rendiconti Congr. Bot. Palermo 1902 : 53. 1902 . Lectotypus: BPI 551652, designated in Samuels et al. (2009 Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 51: 112. 1957, nom. inval., Art. 36.2 (Melbourne) . Sirogloea orbicularis (Berk.) Arx, Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Sect. 2, 51: 113. 1957, nom. inval., Art. 36.2 (Melbourne) . Syntypes: In BPI & S. Type locality: Italy, Treviso, Selva. Type substrate: Citrullus sp. Note: Cytospora orbicularis is not a Colletotrichum nor a Fusarium (small ellipsoidal conidia discharged in tendrils) as outlined in Damm et al. (2013) . Gloeosporium deformans (J. Schröt.) Lind, Ann. Bot. 7: 19. 1908 . Synonyms: Fusamen deformans (J. Schröt.) P. Karst., Bidrag K€ annedom Finlands Natur Folk 51: 485. 1892. Calogloeum deformans (J. Schröt.) Nannf., Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 25: 25. 1931 . Platycarpium deformans (J. Schröt.) Petr., Sydowia 7: 296. 1953 . Holotypus: In B fide Wollenweber (1916 Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype material is available for the replaced synonym F. asparagi Delacr. and therefore, an illustration from the original protologue is designated as lectotype.

delphinoides Fusarium Schroers et al., Mycologia 101: 57. 2009 . Bisifusarium delphinoides (Schroers et al.) L. Lombard & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 80: 224. 2015 and Leslie & Summerell (2006 ? Fusarium pusillum Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 550. 1924 . ?Fusarium dimerum var. pusillum (Wollenw.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 851. 1930 . Fusarium dimerum var. violaceum Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 854. 1930 . Lectotypus: Fig. 1212 in Penzig (1882 , designated in Schroers et al. (2009) Sherbakoff (1915) and Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) . Notes: This species is recognised by Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) who considered isolate CBS 795.70 as authentic for F. diversisporum. However, typification of F. diversisporum first requires study of the specimen lodged in CUP.

dlaminii Fusarium Marasas et al., Mycologia 77: 971. 1986 . Marasas et al. (1985) and Leslie & Summerell (2006 (1955) . Notes: Ciferri (1955) considered this a 'conventional' species as the author indicated that more information based on culture characteristics is required. No living material of this species could be located and recollection from the type locality is required. fig. 13 . Notes: Synonyms fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype.

FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org elegans Fusarium Appel & Wollenw., Arbeiten Kaiserl. Biol. Anst. Land-Forstw. 8: 94. 1913, nom. inval., Art. 36.1(a & Matuo, Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Japan 26: 117. 1961 , nom. inval., Art. 39.1. Fusarium yamamotoi O'Donnell et al., Index Fungorum 440: 5. 2020 . Lectotypus: figs 1-9, p. 16, in Yamamoto et al. (1957 Snyder & H.N. Hansen, Amer. J. Bot. 32: 662. 1945 . Dialonectria episphaeria (Tode) Cooke (as 'episphaerica'), Grevillea 12: 82. 1884.

Descriptions and illustrations: See Wollenweber & Reinking (1935 ), Booth (1971 ), Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982 , Holubov a-Jechov a et al. (1994) and Leslie & Summerell (2006) . Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: GQ505777; tef1: GQ505599. Notes: Holubov a-Jechov a et al. (1994) incorrectly designated CBS 307.94 (CBS H-5570) as neotype for Selenosporium equiseti even though original material was available in PRM as well as an illustration provided in the protologue. A lectotypification rather than a neotypification was required. Therefore, the original illustration is selected as lectotype and CBS H-5570 (= CBS 307.94) is designated as epitype here, superseding the neotype designation. Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . eucalypticola Fusarium Henn., Hedwigia 40: 355. 1901 . Holotypus: In B fide Hein (1988 Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. Fusarium cirrosum Höhn., Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1., 116: 153. 1907 . Fusarium macounii Dearn., Mycologia 9: 363. 1917 Wollenweber (1916 Wollenweber ( -1935 and Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) . Notes: Both Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) and Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) recognised this species. This species requires epitypification from the type locality. Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP.

ficicrescens Fusarium Al-Hatmi et al., Fungal Biol. 120: 274. 2015 fig. 17 . Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. fig. 3 . Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. Herron et al. (2015) . Notes: Comparisons of recently generated sequences for the living ex-type (CBS 137233 = CMW 25245) of F. fracticaudum indicate a strain transposition or contamination by another Fusarium species. Therefore, this species needs to be recollected from the type locality and substrate or sequences need to be generated from the holotype specimen. Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Leslie & Summerell (2006 (1994) . Type locality: Germany. Type substrate: Bark. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) .

gaditjirrii Fusarium Phan et al., Stud. Mycol. 50: 265. 2004 . Synonym: Gibberella gaditjirrii Phan et al., Stud. Mycol. 50: 264. 2004 Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. Land-Forstw. 8: 190. 1910 . Booth (1971) and Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) .

Notes: This species requires epitypification. Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) , Booth (1971) , and Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) accepted this species, although limited information is available. Booth (1971) , Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Leslie & Summerell (2006) .

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928811; rpb2: MW928827; tef1: MW928839.

Notes: This species is recognised by Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) , Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) , Booth (1971) , and Leslie & Summerell (2006) . Index Fungorum indicates that the correct name for this species is F. lolii. However, this name is not commonly used and considered as a synonym of F. heterosporum. Additionally, the epithet 'heterosporum' is older than the epithet 'lolii' and should have priority. No holotype specimen is available and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. fig. 31 . Notes: According to Pilat (1938) and Holubov a-Jechov a et al. (1994) , no material was preserved in PRM. Therefore, an illustration is selected as lectotype. Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. (1982), Nelson et al. (1983) . Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW233244; rpb2: GQ915493; tef1: GQ915509. Notes: This species is recognised by Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) , Nelson et al. (1983) , and Leslie & Summerell (2006) . No holotype specimen could be located and no illustration accompanied the original protologue. Although an illustration of the original culture (O.A. Reinking no. R34) is provided in Wollenweber's Fusaria Autogr. Delin. no. 937 (1924) , this cannot be used to designate a lectotype as it does not form part of the original protologue. Therefore, isolate CBS 476.77 is designated as neotype here to provide taxonomic stability to this species, as it appears to have a paraphyletic phylogenetic structure (O'Donnell et al. 2013 Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and Nelson et al. (1983 Etymology. 'Lyarnte', meaning circle in eastern and central Arrernte Aboriginal language (Henderson & Dobson 1994) , in reference to the conspicuous globose microconidia. For diagnosis see Walsh et al., Fungal Diversity 44: 153. 2010 Wollenweber & Reinking (1925 and Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) . Notes: Phylogenetic inference (not shown) revealed that the extype culture housed at CBS clustered within the N. petroliphila clade, indicating a possible strain transposition or contamination of the culture in the past. These species are not morphologically FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org conspecific based on the original protologue (Wollenweber & Reinking 1925) fig. 8g . Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration was designated as lectotype. Herron et al. (2015) . Notes: Comparisons of recently generated sequences for the living ex-type (CBS 137238 = CMW 25261) of F. marasasianum indicate a strain transposition or contamination by another Fusarium species. Therefore, this species needs to be recollected from the type locality and substrate or sequences need to be generated from the holotype specimen. & Reinking (1935) . mindoanum Fusarium Petr., Sydowia 4: 576. 1950. Holotypus: In W as no. 03550 (Petrak, Pilzherbarium no. 32229 Lectotypus: Desm., Pl. Crypt. France, Fasc. X, no. 456 in PC fide Braun (1998 Notes: Comparisons of recently generated sequences for the living ex-type (CBS 137236 = CMW 25267) of F. parvisorum indicate a strain transposition or contamination by another Fusarium species. Therefore, this species needs to be recollected from the type locality and substrate or sequences need to be generated from the holotype specimen to confirm that it is indeed distinct.

paspali Fusarium Henn., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38: 129. 1905 Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) or Booth (1971 Type locality: Germany Type substrate: Sporocarps of Phragmidium subcorticium (= Phragmidium mucronatum) and on the uredo-and teliospores of Phragmidium rubi (= Phragmidium barclayi). Notes: Wollenweber (1916) provided a new combination for F. spermogoniopsis in the genus Hymenula. However, the generic name Hymenella (1822) predates the generic name Hymenula (1828) and therefore we provide a new combination in the latter genus.

sphaeriae Fusarium Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Exs., Fasc. 3, no. 212 fig. 4 . Notes: Synonym fide Booth (1971) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration was designated as lectotype.

spinosum Fusarium L. Lombard et al., Fungal Syst. Evol. 4: 195. 2019 (1960) and Hosoya & Tubaki (2004) . isolate conidia or obtain cultures from vegetative mycelium that inhabits their specimens. Also, Wollenweber and his successors may have primarily worked with vegetatively proliferating materials, although it was also Wollenweber (1924 Wollenweber ( , 1926 who produced the first general synopsis of holomorphs in the Hypocreales. However, mainly Joan M. Dingley (1951 Dingley ( , 1957 , Colin Booth (1959) , and especially Gary J. Samuels (Samuels 1976a , b, 1978 , Samuels et al. 1991 significantly changed our points of view by systematically isolating ascospores obtained from ascomata, of which a vast majority were not gathered in agricultural fields but from woody or herbaceous substrata in forests of pantropical, species-rich regions. The result of their taxonomic considerations was an infrageneric subgrouping system in Nectria that was based on sexual and asexual connections. The classification of species according to morphological similarities in sexual morphs allowed understanding patterns of asexual characteristics that are unique for the sexually defined subgroups and eventually correlating sexual groupings with Wollenweber's section system. The diversity of nectria-like species Samuels looked at is huge and was eventually interpreted on the level of families, within which numerous genera were recognised or newly described with infrageneric, informal species groups of Nectria accepted at the genus level (e.g., see Chaverri et al. 2011 and subsequent studies) . Applying the generic level to the numerous nectria-like subgroups producing fusarioid conidia is therefore another small but unavoidable step towards a taxonomic system that allows distinguishing natural diversity above the species level based on morphologically and phylogenetically well-defined units.

When Colin Booth delivered his Presidential address to the British Mycological Society in 1977, he chose the title "Do you believe in genera?". He addressed this topic based on his interpretation of Nectriaceae (Booth 1978) . Booth subsequently showed that several "groups" of species formed fusarioid asexual morphs, namely Gibberella (now Fusarium s. str.), Haematonectria (now Neocosmospora), Nectria episphaeria (now Cosmosporella and Dialonectria), and Calonectria rigidiuscula (now Albonectria). Booth concluded that the "fusarium morphs" reflected "terms of convenience" rather than genealogical relationships. In moving to the one fungus = one name nomenclature (Hawksworth et al. 2011 , Wingfield et al. 2012 ), Fusarium s. str. was chosen over Gibberella (Gr€ afenhan et al. 2011 . As the genus Fusarium was thus clearly well-defined, other Nectriaceae lineages with a fusarium-like morphology were recognised . As we have shown here, taxa are constantly being newly collected and added to the phylogeny of Nectriaceae. The only stable option forward is to apply and use the genus name Fusarium (= Gibberella) as more precisely defined based on its own monophyletic node as presented here (F3), supported by morphology, biochemistry, and biology.

The present paper represents a separate initiative to Geiser et al. (NSF 1655980) : A phylogenetic revisionary monograph of the genus Fusarium.

Basionym: Sphaeria episphaeria Tode, Fung. Mecklenb. Sel. 2: 21. 1791. Synonyms: Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 388. 1849. Cucurbitaria episphaeria (Tode) Kuntze

Hypoxylon phoeniceum Bull., Hist. Champ. France 1: 171. 1791. Sphaeria sanguinea var. media Fr., Syst. Mycol. 2: 453. 1823. Nectria episphaeria var. media (Fr.) Sacc

Lectotypus: L 0112704 (Herb. Lugd. Bat. 910267659 ex Herb. Persoon), selected in Booth

Schmidt's Grund" near Tamsel. Lectotype substrate: Old stromata of Diatrypella favacea

ATCC 24369 = BBA 62201 = NRRL 20439 = NRRL 20461. Epitype locality: UK, Yorkshire. Epitype substrate: Diatrypella on Betula. Diagnostic DNA barcode: rpb2: HQ897765

Fungus Diseases of Citrus trees in Australia: 80. 1899. (See Fusarium reticulatum) Holotypus: VPRI 2563. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales. Type substrate: Rotten fruit of Citrus x limon. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Based on the original substrate, this species might belong to the medically important genus Neocosmospora. However, recollection is required to confirm its taxonomic affiliation

Gibberella saubinetii var. pachyspora (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 555. 1883. Fusarium caricis Oudem

Siena 3: 131. 1900. Gibberella saubinetii f. acuum Feltgen, Vorstud. Pilzfl. Luxemburg

Fusarium bufonicola (Speg.) Sacc. & Trotter, Syll. Fung. 22: 1486. 1913. Fusarium rostratum Appel & Wollenw

Berlin) 3: 433. 1931. Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000689): Germany, inflorescence of Triticum sp

MBT 10000690): Germany, Hordeum vulgare, 1988, L. Niessen, CBS 136009 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture)

CBS 136009. Descriptions and illustrations: See Booth

Notes: This well-known and economically important pathogen of gramineous hosts has a global distribution and is accepted as originally circumscribed. However, no type material is available for taxonomic reference. Therefore, a lectotype based on an illustration from the original protologue and an epitype is desig

Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000691): Germany, gramineous plant, 1837, A

14: 116. 1875. Synonyms: Dialonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Cooke, Grevillea 12: 110. 1884. Cucurbitaria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Kuntze

Nectria bogoriensis C. Bernard, Bull. D ep. Agric. Indes N eerl

Lectotype locality: Sri Lanka. Lectotype substrate: Unknown Epitypus: BPI 871363

Epitype locality: Sri Lanka, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sinharaja Man and Biosphere Reserve, Morningside, vicinity Bungalow in forested slope. Epitype substrate: Dying tree. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LT960561

13: 87, fig. 2. Notes: Synonyms fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Type substrate: Ribes sp

Neotypus: PAD S00012, designated in Forin et al. (2020) Neotype locality: New Zealand. Neotype substrate: Bark of unknown host plant

Cent. 14: no. 1383, 1850. The description was repeated in Bot. Zeitung 8: 439, 1850 and Flora 33: 283, 1850 (in the latter publication also under Fusidium), so that in the simultaneous publication in "Botanische Zeitung" the "F." was undoubtedly also meant to be Fusidium and not Fusarium. Syntype material deposited at HAL has recently been examined

incarcerans Fusarium (Berk.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 713. 1886. Basionym: Fusisporium incarcerans Berk., Intellectual Observ. 2: 11. 1863. (See Fusarium avenaceum) Holotypus: ?K(M). Type locality: UK

119. 1975. Fusarium pallens Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 99. 1875, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium pallens Nees & T. Nees 1818. Fusarium glumarum Sacc

Fusarium juglandinum Peck

ATCC 24387 = CBS 132.73 = IMI 128222 = NRRL 25478. Descriptions and illustrations: See Booth

Note: The epitypification of Fusarium incarnatum by Xia et al. (2019) was not effective as the holo-or lectotype was not correctly indicated (Art

Synonyms: Fusarium nivale var. larvarum (Fuckel) Bilaĭ, Fusarii (Biologija i sistematika

Tokyo) 28: 312. 1914. Fusarium laboulbeniae C ep ede

Epitype substrate: Parasitic on Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (scale) on Prunus domestica

2: 838. 1833. Gibbera baccata (Wallr.) Fuckel, Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins Naturk. 23-24: 167. 1870. Gibberella pulicaris subsp

Toulouse) 14: 170. 1892, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Fusarium salicis Fuckel, Fungi Rhen

no. 1379. 1879. Fusarium azedarachinum (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung

Toulouse) 12: 131. 1890. Fusarium discoideum Fautrey & Roum., Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 13: 173. 1891. Fusarium cydoniae Allesch., Ber. Bot

Armenii 22: 87. 1969, nom. inval., Art. 39.1. Authentic material: Not located. Original locality: Armenia. Original substrate: Soil of wheatfield. Notes: Published without Latin diagnosis fide Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982)

Neocosmospora martii

Lectotypus: BPI 452385

Epitypus: CBS H-23986

CBS 115659 = FRC S-0679 = MRC 2198. Lecto-and epitype locality: Germany, Berlin. Lecto-and epitype substrate: Solanum tuberosum. Descriptions and illustrations

Pedra Talhada Biological Reserve. Type substrate: Handroanthus chrysotrichus. Descriptions and illustrations

Fusicolla matuoi (Hosoya & Tubaki) Gr€ afenhan & Seifert

Ex-type culture: MAFF 410976. Type locality: Japan, Honshu. Type substrate: Twigs of Albizia julibrissin. Descriptions and illustrations: See Hosoya & Tubaki

Basionym: Nectria jungneri Henn

Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Brazil. Type substrate: Caconema radicicola

merismoides Fusarium Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 4. 1838. Fusicolla merismoides (Corda)

25: 979. 1931, nom. inval., Art. 36.1. Fusisporium foeni Berk. & Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 7: 179. 1851. Fusarium foeni (Berk. & Broome) Sacc

Type substrate: Plant debris in Triticum soil. Descriptions and illustrations: See Marasas et

Luteonectria nematophila (Nirenberg & Hagedorn) Sand.-Den

Holotypus: BBA 72279 in B. Ex-type culture: BBA 72279 = NRRL 54600. Type locality: Germany, Berlin. Type substrate: Isolated from soil with roots of Hedera helix

See Fusarium sacchari) Holotypus: CBS 147.25 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture)

BBA 69863 = CBS 147.25 = DAOM 225410 = IMI 375345= NRRL 20471. Type locality: Honduras. Type substrate: Rotting Musa sapientum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Gerlach & Nirenberg

44: 190. 1896, nom. inval. fide Cannon & Hawksworth 1984. Neocosmospora vasinfecta var

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora vasinfecta f. conidiifera Kamyschko

Lectotype locality: USA. Lectotype substrate: Gossypium sp. Epitypus: BPI 910920

Epitype substrate: A cyst of Heterodera glycines in a soil sample from soybean field. Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: SSHR01002742

Ex-type culture: CBS 610.95 = NRRL 26861 = NRRL 26922. Type locality: France. Type substrate: Soil. Descriptions and illustrations: See Xia et

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: GQ505779

Type locality: Democratic Republic of the Congo. Type substrate: Musa sapientum. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170422

Holotypus: BPI 881006. Ex-type culture: CBS 127503 = NRRL 54222. Type locality: Nepal. Type substrate: Oryza sativa. Descriptions and illustrations

Synonyms: Fusarium platani (L ev.) Mont

Apiosporopsis veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Traverso, Syll. Fung. 22: 78

Epitype locality: Switzerland, Geneva. Epitype substrate: Plantanus orientalis. Notes: Based on priority and synonymies proposed by

NRRL 66241 = RBG 610. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Newnes State Forest. Type substrate: Soil. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JABCJW010000176; rpb2: JABCJW010000963

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora longissima Sand.-Den. & Crous

Type locality: New Zealand, Russell State Forest, Ngaiotonga Scenic Reserve. Type substrate: From tree bark. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834230; rpb2: LR583846

Type substrate: Nicotiana tabacum. nigrum Fusarium O.A. Pratt

As the holotype specimen was not located

Type substrate: Dianthus caryophyllus. Descriptions and illustrations

Holotypus: BBA 69015 in B. Ex-type culture: BBA 69015 = CBS 456.97 = MAFF 237506 = NRRL 25205 = NRRL 25308. Type locality: Japan, Oita, Hita. Type substrate: Triticum aestivum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Nirenberg & Aoki

Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania, Michener. Type substrate: Aralia spinosa

Basionym: Lanosa nivalis Fr

Calonectria graminicola F. Stevens

Monographella nivalis var. neglecta (Krampe) Gerlach

Type locality: Italy. Type substrate: Poaceae

See Fusarium oxysporum) Authentic material: Not located. Original locality: USA. Original substrate: Citrullus vulgaris. niveum Fusarium McAlpine

Type locality: Portugal, Lisbon. Type substrate: Seed of Arachis hypogaea. Descriptions and illustrations

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora noneumartii Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 145. 2019. Holotypus: CBS H-23989. Ex-type culture: CBS 115658 = FRC S-0661. Type locality: Israel, Palestine. Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218129; rpb2: MW446618

See Fusarium lateritium) Holotypus: ?UPS fide Wollenweber, Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 236. 1916. Type locality: France. Type substrate: Epicarp of nut. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Ex-type culture: CBS 393.96 = DAR 69501 = F10108 = F11121. Type locality: Australia

Holotypus: FRC-M-1375

ATCC 58555 = BBA 69862 = CBS 749.97 = FRC M-1375 = IMI 375354 = NRRL 13448. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Narrabri. Type substrate: Necrotic roots of Sorghum sp. Descriptions and illustrations: See Burgess & Trimboli

Type substrate: A gallery wall of an ambrosia beetle (Euwallacea sp.) infecting Persea americana. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KC691606; rpb2: KC691637, KC691666; tef1: KC691535. Note: A new combination is provided in the genus Neocosmospora based on the phylogenetic relationship (Aoki et al. 2019) and morphology

dex Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora oblonga Sand.-Den. & Crous

Ex-type culture: CBS 130325 = CDC B-4701= NRRL 28008

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LR583901; tef1: DQ247606. Note: Synonym fide

Ezhegodnik Svedeniy Boleznykh i Povrezhdeniyakh Kult'turnykh i Dikorastushchikh Poleznykh Rasteniy

Type locality: Russia, Saratov. Type substrate: Orobanche sp. Notes: Status unclear

Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum. Note: Typification pending further study of the syntypes in B. orthoconium Fusarium Wollenw

Basionym: Microcera orthospora Syd

Notes: The epithet of Fusarium orthosporum Sacc. & P. Syd (1902) predates that of Neonectria hubeiensis

Holotypus: ?PC. Type locality: Vietnam. Type substrate: Oryza sativa. Notes: Status unclear

Septogloeum oxysporum Sacc

Syll. Fung. 4: 714. 1886. Basionym: Fusisporium ossicola Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 147. 1875. (See Fusarium equiseti) Holotypus: ?K(M). Type locality: USA. Type substrate: Old decaying bones. Note: Synonyms fide Wollenweber & Reinking

See Fusarium scirpi) Holotypus: In LPS (Fungi Argent

Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: China, Beijing. Type substrate: Ear of Homo sapiens

Type substrate: Oxydendrum arboreum. Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

oxysporum Fusarium Schltdl., Fl. Berol. 2: 139. 1824. Synonyms: Fusisporium aurantiacum Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 19. 1809. Fusarium aurantiacum (Link) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 720. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Fusarium aurantiacum Corda

Syll. Fung. 4: 722. 1886. Fusisporium calcareum Thüm., Inst. Coimbra 28: 262. 1881. Fusarium calcareum (Thüm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 712. 1886. Fusarium eucalyptorum Cooke & Harkn

Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 705. 1886. Fusarium lycopersici (Sacc.) Mussat

Fusarium cuticola (R. Blanch.) Gu eg., Champ. Paras. Homme: 262. 1904. Fusarium sclerodermatis Peck, Rep. (Annual) Regents Univ. State New York New York State Mus. 43: 77. 1890, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Fusarium peckii Sacc

14: 1128. 1899. Fusarium vasinfectum G.F. Atk., Bull. Alabama Agric. Exp. Sta. 41: 28. 1892. Fusarium cordae Massee, Brit. Fung.-Fl. 3: 481. 1893. Fusarium niveum E.F. Sm

Fusarien: 117. 1931. Fusarium blasticola Rostr. (as 'blasticolum'), Gartn.-Tidende 1895: 122. 1895. Fusoma blasticola (Rostr.) Sacc. & Traverso, Syll. Fung. 20: 1241. 1911. Fusarium bulbigenum var. blasticola (Rostr.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 412. 1931. Fusarium beticola A.B. Frank, Kampfbuch gegen die Sch€ adlinge unserer Feldfrüchte: 137. 1897. Fusarium dianthi Prill. & Delacr., Compt. Rend. Hebd. S eances Acad. Sci. 129: 745. 1899. Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi

Fusarium cubense E.F. Sm., Science, N.Y. 31: 754. 1910. Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense (E.F. Sm.) Wollenw., Fusarien: 119. 1935. Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense

27: 66. 1940. Fusarium oxysporum var. cepae (Hanzawa) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 253. 1950. Fusarium hyperoxysporum Wollenw

VII-VIII: Abt. 6. 1917. Fusarium citrulli Taubenh

Bull. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. 260: 27. 1920. Fusarium poolense Taubenh., Bull. Texas Agric. Exp. Sta. 260: 27. 1920. Fusarium macroxysporum Lindf., Meddel. Centralanst. För-söksv€ as. Jordbruksomr. Avd. Lantbruksbot. 25: 8. 1922. Fusarium spinaciae Hungerf

Fusarium loncheceras var. microsporon Sideris

Fusarium zonatum f. 1 Link & Bailey

Fusarium zonatum f. 2 Link & Bailey

Fusarium oxysporum f. 7 Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin

66. 1940. Fusarium apii var. pallidum R. Nelson & Sherb., Techn. Bull. Michigan Agric. Exp. Sta. 155: 42. 1937. Fusarium bulbigenum var. apii (R. Nelson & Sherb.) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 251. 1950. Cylindrophora albedinis Kill. & Maire

& Maire ex Malençon

Fusarium perniciosum Hepting

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MH484953; tef1: MH485044. palczewskii Fusarium Jacz

As no holotype specimen could be located

Grevillea 3: 99. 1875, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Replacing synonym: Fusarium glumarum Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 706. 1886. (See Fusarium incarnatum) Authentic material: Car. Inf. no. 3799, in K(M). Original locality: USA. Original substrate: Juncus sp. Note: Synonyms fide Wollenweber & Reinking

237. 1818. Synonyms: Volutella pallens (Nees & T. Nees) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3: 468. 1832. Selenosporium pallens (Nees & T. Nees) Corda, Icon. Fung. 1: 7. 1837. Holotypus: In B. Type locality: Germany. Type substrate: Fallen branch. Notes: The type material of Atractium pallens is deposited at B and examined by Gr€ afenhan et al. (2011), identifying it as a coelomycete. pallidoroseum Fusarium (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 720. 1886. Basionym: Fusisporium pallidoroseum Cooke, Grevillea 6: 139. 1878. (See Fusarium incarnatum) Holotypus: S. Car. no. 2279 in ?K(M). Type locality

As no holotype specimen could be located

359. 1869. Holotypus: In K(M). Type locality: Cuba. Type substrate: Dead twigs. Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Art. 40.7. Etymology. 'palustre', from Latin palus, referring to marsh habitat in which this fungus is found. For diagnosis see Elmer & Marra

CBS 126796 = NRRL 54056. Type locality: USA, Connecticut, Madison, Hammonasset Beach State Park. Type substrate: Spartina alterniflora. Descriptions and illustrations: See Elmer & Marra

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KT597718; rpb2: KT597731; tef1: GQ856941. Notes: Elmer & Marra (2011) failed to indicate the holotype for F. palustre, rendering the species name invalid

Gloeosporium physalosporae Cavara

As no holotype specimen could be located

See Fusarium sambucinum) Holotypus: K(M) 191093. Type locality: India, Punjab. Type substrate: Cornus macrophylla. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora paraeumartii Sand.-Den. & Crous

Type locality: Argentina. Type substrate: Decaying stem base of Solanum tuberosum. Descriptions and illustrations

Ex-type culture: CBS 141593 = CML 1830. Type locality: Brazil, Goi as State, Cristalina. Type substrate: Diseased tissue of Glycine max. Descriptions and illustrations

See Fusarium ciliatum) Holotypus: BR5020140791441. Type locality: Belgium, Louette-Saint-Pierre. Type substrate: Sphaeria gigaspora. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

See Fusarium oxysporum) Authentic material: Not located. Original locality: Russia, Orenburg. Original substrate: Betula pendula

See Fusarium heterosporum) Authentic material: Kellerman & Swingle 1104 in NY. Original locality: USA, Manhattan. Original substrate: Parasitic on Puccinia seymeriae on Swietenia macrophylla

Toulouse) 11: 153. 1889, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Replacing synonym: Fusarium fautreyi Sacc

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora parceramosa Sand.-Den. & Crous

CBS 115695 = CPC 1246. Type locality: South Africa. Type substrate: Soil. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: JX435249

Holotypus: PREM 60897. Ex-type culture: CBS 137236 = CMW 25267. Type locality: Colombia, Vivero, Peñas Negra, Valle del Cauca. Type substrate: Pinus patula. Descriptions and illustrations

Miuraea persicae (Sacc.) Hara, Byogaichu-Hoten (Manual of Pests and Diseases): 224. 1948. Mycosphaerella persicae B.B. Higgins & F.A. Wolf (as 'persica')

Holotypus: CBS H-24068

Ex-type culture: CBS 479.83. Type locality: Unknown. Type substrate: Unknown. Descriptions and illustrations: See Xia et

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170428; tef1: MN170495

Type locality: USA, California. Type substrate: Oreodaphne californica

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora perseae Sand

Type substrate: Trunk canker lesions on Persea americana. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218130; rpb2: LT991909

Type locality: Peru. Type substrate: Seedlings of Gossypium sp. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MN120728; rpb2: MN120746

pestis Fusarium Sorauer, Atlas Pfl.-Krankh. 4: 19, pl. XXV. 1890. (See Fusarium azukiicola) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Germany. Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Ex-type culture: CBS 143231. Type locality: Netherlands, Gelderland Province, Arnhem. Type substrate: Soil. Descriptions and illustrations: See Crous et al

Basionym: Fusarium solani var

Ex-type culture: FRC S-2176 = NF4475 = NRRL 22268. Type locality: China, Beijing. Type substrate: Deteriorated petroleum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Sandoval-Denis & Crous

Holotypus: In K(M). Type locality: Cuba. Type substrate: Poaceae. Note: Not Fusarium fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Sphaeria punctiformis var. hederae Pers

Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania. Type substrate: Stems of herbaceous plants

Type substrate: Dead branches of Pseudotsuga taxifolia. FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org Note: Status unclear; requires recollection from type locality and substrate

CBS 144751 = CPC 30824. Type locality: South Africa. Type substrate: Aloidendron dichotomum. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928815; rpb2: MH484952

MBT 10000721): USA, New York, roots of Phaseolus vulgaris

Although Burkholder deposited several specimens in CUP

Holotypus: InaCC F971 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture)

Ex-type culture: InaCC F971. Type locality: Indonesia, South Kalimantan, Tanah Bumbu, Kampung Betung. Type substrate: Musa var. Pisang Awak. Descriptions and illustrations: See Maryani et

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479545; rpb2: LS479292

Synonym: Gloeosporium phormii (Henn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. No. 498. 1916, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Gloeosporium phormii Sacc. 1915. Holotypus: B 70 0005220. Epitypus: CBS H-20720

Type locality: Germany, Berlin. Type substrate: Phormium tenax

34: 183. 1936, nom. inval., Art. 39.1. Authentic material: B 70 0100199, B 70 0100200, B 70010020. Original locality: Germany

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo, between Kinshasa and Kwamouth

Notes: This species requires recollection from the type host and locality. As no holotype specimen could be located

CMWF 1183 = NRRL 29124 = NY007.H7. Type locality: USA, Florida. Type substrate: Bidens pilosa. Descriptions and illustrations: See Yilmaz et

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN534248

Notes: Comparisons of recently generated sequences from the living ex-type (CBS 137240 = CMW 25243) of F. pininemorale indicate a strain transposition or contamination by another Fusarium species. Therefore, this species needs to be recollected from the type locality and substrate or sequences

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora piperis (F.C. Albuq.) Sand.-Den. & Crous

89-14 = NRRL 22570. Type locality: Brazil. Type substrate: Piper nigrum. Descriptions and illustrations

nom. inval., Art. F.5.1. Neocosmospora pisi (F.R. Jones) Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 154. 2019. Basionym: Fusarium martii var. pisi F.R. Jones

Berlin) 3: 290. 1931. Hypomyces solani f. sp. pisi Reichle, W.C. Snyder & Matuo

Epitypus: CBS H-23994

ATCC MYA-4622 = CBS 123669 = NRRL 45880 = Vanetten 77-13-4. Type locality: USA. Type substrate: Sexual cross of parents from Pisum sativum and soil from a potato field. Descriptions and illustrations: See Si si c

Holotypus: PDD 10916. Type locality: New Zealand, Fiordland, Hollyford Valley. Type substrate: Plagianthus betulinus. Descriptions and illustrations: See Dingley (1951) and Samuels &

s er. 3, 11: 55. 1849. Basionym: Hymenula platani L ev

s er. 3, 2: 1131

poae Fusarium (Peck) Wollenw

Basionym: Sporotrichum poae Peck, Bull

Fusarium sporotrichiella var. poae (Peck) Bilaĭ, Yadovitye griby na zerne khlebnykh zlakov (Poisonous fungi on cereal seed): 86. 1953, nom. inval., Art. 39.1. Fusarium sporotrichiella var. poae (Peck) Bilaĭ

NRRL 26941. Descriptions and illustrations: See Wollenweber & Reinking

Note: No living material linked to the holotype is available for this important mycotoxin producing species, and therefore, an epitype is designated here to provide taxonomic stability for this species

Rendiconti Cl. Sci. Fis., s er. 4, 4: 105. 1888. Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Italy, Parma. Type substrate: Poinciana gilliesii. Note: Not Fusarium fide Wollenweber & Reinking

As no holotype specimen could be located

Belgique 34: 145. 1895, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. (See Fusarium aderholdii) Authentic material: Not located

See Fusarium concolor) Holotypus: DAOM 192986

Type substrate: Plant debris in soil. Descriptions and illustrations

Authentic material: Not located. Original locality: ?France. Original substrate: Homo sapiens granuloma teleangiectaticum. Notes: Status unclear

poolense Fusarium (as 'poolensis') Taubenh

As no holotype specimen could be located

Type substrate: Litter in maize paddock. Descriptions and illustrations: See Gr€ afenhan

Type locality: South Africa, Northern Cape Province, Prieska. Type substrate: Prunus spinosa. Descriptions and illustrations: See this study. Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834190

Lectotype locality: Papua New Guinea. Lectotype substrate: Forest soil. Epitypus: CBS 480.96 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture), designated by

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN534272

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora protoensiformis Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 156. 2019. Holotypus: CBS H-23995

90-168 = NRRL 22178. Type locality: Venezuela. Type substrate: Bark of dicot tree. Descriptions and illustrations

Type substrate: Dead shoots of Solanum dulcamara

Fungus Diseases of stone-fruit trees in Australia: 91. 1902. (See Fusarium candidum (Link) Sacc

As no holotype specimen could be located

See Fusarium lateritium) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Hungary, Debrecen. Type substrate: Robinia pseudoacaciae. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Neocosmospora pseudensiformis Samuels et

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora pseudoradicicola Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 157. 2019. Holotypus: CBS H-23996

ARSEF 2313 = CBS 145472 = NRRL 25137. Type locality: Papua New Guinea, East New Britain, Keravat, Lowlands Agricultural Experiment Station. Type substrate: Diseased pods of Theobroma cacao. Descriptions and illustrations

Index Fungorum 440: 3. 2020. Neocosmospora pseudotonkinensis Sand.-Den. & Crous

Type substrate: Cornea of Homo sapiens. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LR583867

Type substrate: Parasitic on Puccinia seymeriae on leaves of Solidago macrophylla

pulvinatum Fusarium (Link) Nees, Syst. Pilze: 32. 1817. Basionym: Atractium pulvinatum Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 8: 32. 1816. Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Poland, Wrocław. Type substrate: Hanging scrub branches. Notes: Status unclear. Not treated by any of Wollenweber & Reinking

Syll. Fung. 4: 699. 1886, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Basionym: Fusisporium pulvinatum Berk

See Fusarium sambucinum) Holotypus: In K(M)

Bot., s er. 3, 14: 111. 1850. Synonyms: Nectria pyrochroa Desm

Type substrate: Quercus rubra. Note: Not Fusarium fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Index Fungorum 440: 4. 2020. Neocosmospora quercicola Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 159. 2019. Holotypus: CBS H-23998

CBS 141.90 = NRRL 22652. Type locality: Italy. Type substrate: Quercus cerris. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834247

Lectotype locality: USA, Washington. Lectotype substrate: Solanum tuberosum

Holotypus: B 70 0001687. Ex-type culture: BBA 68592 = CBS 418.97 = DAOM 225137 = IMI 375343 = NRRL 25208. Type locality: USA, California. Type substrate: Ficus carica. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KF466401; rpb2: KF466412

Synonyms: Neocosmospora ramosa (Bat. & H. Maia) L

See Fusarium lichenicola C. Massal.) Holotypus: IMUR 410

Ex-type culture: CBS 509.63 = IMUR 410 = MUCL 8050. Type locality: Brazil

Type substrate: Air. Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LR583843; tef1: LR583618. Note: Synonymies fide Sandoval-Denis & Crous

8: 228. 1959, nom. inval., Art. 39.1. Authentic material: Not located. Original locality: Taiwan. Original substrate: Branches of Citrus tankan f

Mycologia 103: 1324

Type locality: Sri Lanka, Wagamba Province, vic. Kurunegala, Arangakele. Type substrate: Bark. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834249; rpb2: LR583871

238. 1952. Fusarium solani var. redolens (Wollenw.) Bilaĭ, Fusarii (Biologija i sistematika): 288. 1955. ?Fusarium retusum Wellman

Phytopathology 3: 31, fig. E. Epitypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000730

ATCC 16067 = BBA 9526 = CBS

DSM 62390 = NRRL 20426 = NRRL 25600. Descriptions and illustrations: See Gerlach & Pag

Notes: As both protologue publications occurred more or less simultaneously for F. redolens, we select the illustration provided in Phytopathology as lectotype, since no holotype material could be located. Gerlach & Nirenberg (1983) considered CBS 248.61 (= CBS 360.87) a good representative of F. redolens, which was initially designated by Gerlach & Pag (1961) as representative of F

Index Fungorum 440: 4. 2020. Neocosmospora regularis Sand.-Den. & Crous

Ex-type culture: CBS 230.34 Type locality: Netherlands, Zeeland Province, Zuid Beveland, near Kloetinge. Type substrate: Pisum sativum. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LR583873

Type substrate: Acacia crassicarpa infested with Euwallacea perbrevis. Descriptions and illustrations

Note: Based on the phylogenetic position of this species related to the 'ambrosia' clade as illustrated by

Berlin) 3: 351. 1931. Fusarium heterosporum var. negundinis (Sherb.) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 217. 1950. Fusarium reticulatum var. medium Wollenw

BBA 63657 = CBS 473.76 = NRRL 20684. Descriptions and illustrations: See Gerlach & Nirenberg

As no holotype specimen could be located, an illustration is designated as lectotype here and an epitype is designated to provide taxonomic stability for this species

Cephalosporiumartige Schimmelpilze: 218

BBA 63340 = CBS 223.76 = DAOM 225138 = IMI 202881 = NRRL 13999. Lectotype and epitype locality: India. Lectotype and epitype substrate: Saccharum officinarum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Butler & Khan (1913)

Type substrate: Dead branch of Salix caprea

Type locality: Czech Republic, near Prague. Type substrate: Thin branches of Salix sp

Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in PRM

See Fusarium lateritium) Syntype: S-F267709 (Fungi Rhen. Exs. no. 2110). Type locality: Germany, Hessen, Münchau, near Hattenheim Type substrate: Dry branches of Salix triandra. Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Type substrate: Twigs of Citrus sinensis. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT746286; rpb2: LT746306

Synonym: Fusidium salmonicolor (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Wollenw

sambucinum Fusarium Fuckel, Fungi Rhen. Exs., Fasc. 3, no. 211. 1863, nom. cons. Synonyms: Fusarium roseum Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 3: 10. 1809, nom. rej. Fusidium roseum (Link) Link, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde

Michelia 1: 43. 1877. Fusarium sulphureum Schltdl., Fl. Berol. 2: 139. 1824, nom. rej. Fusidium sulphureum (Schltdl.) Link, in Willdenow, Sp. Pl. ed. 4, 6: 98. 1825. Fusarium discolor var. sulphureum

Gibberella cyanogena (Desm.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 2: 555. 1883. Calonectria cyanogena (Desm.) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Nizshie Rasteniya, Griby i Mokhoobraznye Dalnego Vostoka Rossii, Griby. Tom 4. Pirenomitsety i Lokuloaskomitsety: 169

Michelia 2: 294. 1881. Fusarium granulare Kalchbr., Crypt. Austro-Afric., no. 1068. 1874. Fusarium roseum var. dracaenae Roum., Fungi Sel. Gall. Exs., Cent. 19: 1869. 1882. Fusisporium tenuissimum Peck, Rep. (Annual) New York State Mus

Notes: The taxonomy of F. sambucinum, the type species of the genus Fusarium, is confusing. Divergent species concepts have been derived from multiple taxonomic systems and the conflicting application of the older name F. roseum (Gams et al

notably Sphaeria pulicaris and Sphaeria cyanogena

MBT 10000740): Samoa, cortex of Theobroma cacao, 1913, K. Gehrmann, in Arbeiten Kaiserl

Synonym: Illosporium corallinum Roberge

Type substrate: Lichen thallus (on Lasallia pustulata, Parmelia saxatilis, P. soredians and P. exasperata; Physcia semipinnata, P. tenella, Phaeophyscia orbicularis and Physconia grisea). Notes: Hawksworth (1979), after examination of a syntype, concluded that the Fusarium name should be rejected since the studied material was based on discordant elements. Nevertheless

Index Fungorum 440: 4. 2020. Neocosmospora samuelsii Sand.-Den. & Crous

Type locality: Guyana, Mount Wokomung, on ridge leading NW toward summit, 0.5-1 h walk from Base Camp. Type substrate: Bark. Descriptions and illustrations

Holotypus: InaCC F960 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture)

Type substrate: Pseudostem of Musa var. Pisang Kepok. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479537; rpb2: LS479283

Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP. sapindophilum Fusarium Speg

Type locality: Argentina, near Tucum an. Type substrate: Living leaves of unknown climbing Sapindaceae

Synonyms: Fusarium diplosporum Cooke & Ellis, Grevillea 7: 38. 1878. Fusarium desciscens Oudem., Ned. Kruidk. Arch., s er. 2, 5: 515. 1889. Fusarium robiniae Pass., Atti Reale Accad. Lincei, Rendiconti Cl. Sci. Fis., s er. 4, 7: 51. 1891. Fusarium sarcochroum var. robiniae (Pass.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 388. 1931.Fusarium sarcochroum f. polygalaemyrtifoliae Henn., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov

Berlin) 3: 387. 1931. Neotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000741): Switzerland, Viscum album

BBA 63714 = CBS 745.79 = NRRL 20472. Descriptions and illustrations: See Wollenweber & Reinking

Basionym: Gloeosporium crassipes Speg

Fusarium mucophytum (W.G. Sm.) Massee, Brit. Fung.-Fl. 3: 483. 1893. Fusarium equiseticola Allesch., Hedwigia 34: 289. 1895. Fusarium sclerotium Wollenw., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 31: 301. 1913. Fusarium caudatum Wollenw

MBT 10000743): Australia, New South Wales, near Broken Hill, pasture soil

CBS 447.84 = FRC R-6252 = NRRL 36478. Descriptions and illustrations: See Wollenweber

Notes: The epitypification of Fusarium scirpi by Xia et al. (2019) was not Code compliant as the holo-or lectotype was not correctly indicated (Art. 9.9). Here, the lectotype is clearly indicated, making the epitypification valid

Type substrate: Grain of Avena sativa. Descriptions and illustrations: See Yli-Mattila

Type locality: Italy, Sicily, Catania, Patern o. Type substrate: Citrus sinensis. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT746299; rpb2: LT746327

Index Fungorum 440: 4. 2020. Neocosmospora silvicola Sand.-Den. & Crous

Type locality: USA, Tennessee, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Type substrate: Fallen trunk of Liriodendron tulipifera. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834254; rpb2: LR583876

Holotypus: IBE 000007. Ex-type culture: CBS 122710. Type locality: China

Arti, s er. 6, 2: 450. 1884. (See Fusarium expansum) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: France, Troyes. Type substrate: Cortex of Carpinus sp. in association with Stilbospora sp. and Nectria stilbosporae

Basionym: Fusisporium solani Mart., Die Kartoffel-Epidemie der letzten Jahre oder die Stockf€ aule und R€ aude der Kartoffeln: 20. 1842. Synonyms: Fusisporium solani-tuberosi Desm

Hymenula affinis (Fautrey & Lambotte) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr

Lectotypus: Illustration tab. III, fig. 29 in von Martius (1842)

CBS 140079 = FRC S-2364 = NRRL 66304. Epitype locality: Slovenia, Doljenska, Radohova. Epitype substrate: Rotten tuber of Solanum tuberosum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Wollenweber & Reinking

281. 1891. Synonyms: Cucurbitaria ipomoeae (Halst.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 461. 1898. Creonectria ipomoeae (Halst.) Seaver, N. Amer. Fl. 3: 22. 1910. Hypomyces ipomoeae

Type substrate: Solanum melongena. Note: This species requires epitypification from the type locality and host

1897. (See Fusarium lateritium) Holotypus: In M. Type locality: Germany, Berlin, Sp€ ath'sche Baumschulen. Type substrate: Sophora japonica. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Type locality: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kisantu. Type substrate: Spikelet of Sorghum vulgare (= Sorghum bicolor). Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

146. 2015. Holotypus: PREM 60903

Notes: Comparisons of recently generated sequences from the living ex-type culture (CBS 137242 = CMW 40578) of F. sororula indicate a strain transposition or contamination by another Fusarium species. Therefore, this species needs to be recollected from the type locality and substrate or sequences

Type substrate: Leaves of Spartina stricta

Type substrate: Rhizosphere of Macrochloa tenacissima. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MT409439; rpb2: MT409449

Index Fungorum 440: 4. 2020. Neocosmospora spathulata Sand.-Den. & Crous, Persoonia 43: 171. 2019. Holotypus: CBS H-24003

CBS 145474 = NRRL 28541 = UTHSC 98-1305. Type locality: USA, New England. Type substrate: Synovial fluid from Homo sapiens. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218137

Type locality: Germany, Berlin, botanical garden. Type substrate: Leaves of Speirantha convallarioides. Notes: Wollenweber (1916) studied and illustrated authentic material of this species, recombining it in Gloeosporium. The shape of the conidia is similar to species in the Colletotrichum dematium species complex. However, the conidia are slightly broader than those of the ex-type strain of C

580. 1909. (See Fusarium avenaceum). Holotypus: B 70 0100195. Type locality: Poland, Karthaus, Nýdek. Type substrate: Dead Auchenorrhyncha (cicada). Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Ges. 3: 394. 1885. Hymenella spermogoniopsis (Jul. Müll.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den., comb. nov. MycoBank MB 837721. Basionym: Fusarium spermogoniopsis Jul. Müll., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 3: 394. 1885. Synonym: Hymenula spermogoniopsis (Jul. Müll.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 483. 1916. Syntypes: ?B 70 0100196, B 70 0100197 & B 700100198

Synonyms: Valsaria atrofusca (Schwein.) Cooke ex Sacc

Creonectria atrofusca (Schwein.) Seaver, Mycologia 1: 186. 1909. Holotypus: In NY

Ex-type culture: ATCC 66906 = CBS 502.94 = IMI

Bartholomew's Cobble. Type substrate: Branches of Staphylea trifolia. Descriptions and illustrations: See Samuels & Rogerson (1984) and Schroers

Berlin) 3: 290. 1931. Fusarium witzenhausenense Si si c et al., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 111: 1795

Type substrate: Compost yard waste plant debris. Descriptions and illustrations: See Si si c

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW834255; rpb2: LR583887

Type substrate: Dung of Rangifer tarandus (reindeer)

See Fusarium avenaceum)

soil next to Peziza stercoraria, date unknown

Letsitele area. Type substrate: Malformed inflorescence of Mangifera indica. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MN193925; rpb2: MN193897

Type locality: USA, South Carolina. Type substrate: Twigs of Prunus persica

Alg erie 1: 334. 1848. (See Fusarium graminearum) Holotypus: ?PC. Type locality: Algeria. Type substrate: Branch of flowering Agave sp

Atractium flavoviride Sacc

Epitype locality: Germany, Bayerischer Wald, Rachelseewand. Epitype substrate: Bark. Descriptions and illustrations: See Seifert (1985)

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KM232206; tef1: KM231920

Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 615. 1924. Synonyms: Fusarium lateritium var. stilboides (Wollenw.) Bilaĭ, Fusarii (Biologija i sistematika): 266. 1955, nom. inval., Art. 41.5. Fusarium lateritium var. stilboides (Wollenw.) Bilaĭ, Mikrobiol. Zhurn. 49: 6. 1987. Fusarium lateritium var. longum Wollenw

Berlin) 3: 386. 1931. Fusarium stilboides var. minus (Wollenw.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 333. 1931. Fusarium stilboides 'f. 1' Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 271. 1950. Gibberella stilboides W.L. Gordon ex C. Booth, The Genus Fusarium: 119. 1971. Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000747): Philippines, Los Baños, living twigs of Citrus sp

MBT 10000748): Cook Islands, Citrus sp

BBA 63887 = CBS 746.79 = ICMP 10624 = NRRL 25485. Descriptions and illustrations: See Wollenweber

Note: No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration was designated as lectotype

Berlese & Voglino, Syll. Fung., Addit. I-IV: 390. 1886. Myxosporium stillatum (De Not. ex Sacc.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 490. 1916. Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000749): Italy, Valle Intrasca, at the bridge on Possaccio, dried stems of Genista tinctoria

Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Microdochium stoveri (C. Booth) Samuels & I.C. Hallett

Soc. 81: 473. 1983. Holotypus: IMI 92905. Type locality: Honduras. Type substrate: Leaf of Musa sp. Descriptions and illustrations: See Booth

Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP

Basionym: Hysterium conigenum Pers

Toulouse) 7: 106. 1885. Septoria parasitica R. Hartig, Z. Forst-Jagdwesen 1890: 1. 1890. Diplodina parasitica (R. Hartig) Prill., Maladies des Plantes Agricoles 2: fig. 365. 1897. Ascochyta parasitica Fautrey

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 43: 93. 1891. Synonyms: Fusarium aquaeductuum var. medium Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 3: 844. 1930. Fusarium aquaeductuum subsp. medium (Wollenw.) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 278. 1950. Dialonectria ullevolea Seifert & Gr€ afenhan, Stud. Mycol. 68: 97. 2011. Holotypus: In B fide Hein

186. 1893. (See Fusarium heterosporum) Holotypus: ?PC. Type locality: France, overseas department of Mayotte

Seeds of unknown Poaceae (= Gramineae). Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Finist ere: 14. 1867, nom. rej. (See Fusarium sambucinum) Authentic material: ?PC. Original locality: France, Brittany, Finist ere, marshes. Original substrate: Twigs and dead leaves of Ulex sp

See Fusarium buxicola) Holotypus: ?L. Type locality: Netherlands, Zuid-Holland Province, Zorgvliet. Type substrate: Buxus sempervirens. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

) 17: 23. 1952. Fusarium sacchari var. subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) Nirenberg, Mitt

Fusarium species. An illustrated manual for identification

Neotype substrate: Zea mays. Descriptions and illustrations

Abt. 2, 89: 511. 1934, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Fusarium sambucinum var. sublunatum (Reinking) Bilaĭ, Mikrobiol

BBA 62431 = CBS 189.34 = DSM 62431 = NRRL 13384 = NRRL 20840. Descriptions and illustrations: See Gerlach & Nirenberg

Notes: No holotype specimen could be located for F. sublunatum and therefore the metabolically inactive culture CBS 189.34 (= IMB 5238), which represents the ex-type culture

369. 1905. (See Fusarium dimerum) Holotypus: FH00965354. Type locality: Turkey, Anatolia. Type substrate: Stems and leaves of decayed Astragalus sp. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Lectotypification pending study of material lodged in CUP

Rhodesia subtecta (Roberge ex Desm.) Grove, British Stemand Leaf-Fungi (Coelomycetes) 2: 205

Syntypes: Pl. Crypt. N. France no. 1428 in ?BRU, PC & PH. Type locality: France. Type substrate: Dead leaves of Arundo arenaria

Holotypus: BPI 910644

Type locality: Brazil, Paran a State, Guarapuava. Type substrate: Hordeum vulgare. Descriptions and illustrations

Replaced synonym: Fusarium roseum var. lupini-albi Sacc

Type locality: France, Jardin de Noidan. Type substrate: Dry stems of Asparagus officinalis

10: 724. 1892. Synonym: Fusisporium succisae

Lectotype locality: Germany, Bavaria, Borussia. Lectotype substrate: Succisa pratensis. Epitypus: IMI 202876

BBA 12287 = BBA 63627 = CBS

= DAOM 225142 = IMI 202876 = IMI 375347 = NRRL 13613. Epitype locality: Germany. Epitype substrate: Succisa pratensis. Descriptions and illustrations: See Nirenberg

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT996207

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 110: 826. 2017. Holotypus: CBS H-22547

Type locality: Sudan. Type substrate: Plant debris of Striga hermonthica. Descriptions and illustrations: See Moussa et al

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT996208; rpb2: LT996155

as 'sulawense')

Type substrate: Infected pseudostem of Musa acuminata var. Pisang Cere (AAA). Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LS479855

sulphureum Fusarium Schltdl., Fl. Berol. 2: 139. 1824, nom. rej. (See Fusarium sambucinum) Holotypus: HAL 1613 F. Type locality: Germany, Berlin. Type substrate: Rotting tuber of Solanum tuberosum. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Index Fungorum 440: 4. 2020. Neocosmospora suttoniana Sand.-Den. & Crous

CBS 143214 = FRC S-1423 = NRRL 32858. Type locality: USA, Louisiana. Type substrate: Homo sapiens. Descriptions and illustrations: See Sandoval-Denis & Crous

Micronectriella cucumeris (Kleb.) C. Booth, The Genus Fusarium: 39. 1971. Cephalosporium ciferrii Verona, Studio sulle cause microbiche che danneggiano la carta ed i libri: 30

Neotype substrate: Stems of Nicotiana tabacum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Domsch et al

Type substrate: Nicotiana tabacum. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Holotypus: InaCC F965

Type substrate: Pseudostem of Musa var. Pisang Hawa. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479877; rpb2: LS479863

Holotypus: InaCC F958 (preserved as metabolically inactive culture)

Desa Kota Uneng Kecamatan Alok. Type substrate: Pseudostem of Musa acuminata var. Pisang Barangan. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479534; rpb2: LS479280

Synonym: Fusarium tardicrescens Maryani

CBS 102024 = NRRL 36113. Type locality: Malawi, Karonga, Misuku Hills. Type substrate: Musa sapientum cv. Harare. Descriptions and illustrations: See Maryani et

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LS479474; rpb2: LS479217

7: 143, 165. 1921. Microcera myrtilaspis McAlpine

Notes: Status unclear. Rossman (1983) studied the specimen in K(M) and recombined the asexual morph name in Fusarium, which is not supported by the features of the sexual-morph

temperatum Fusarium Scaufl. & Munaut, Mycologia 103: 593. 2011. Holotypus: MUCL 52463-H. Ex-type culture: MUCL 52463. Type locality: Belgium, Waals-Brabant Province, Chastre. Type substrate: Zea mays. Descriptions and illustrations: See Scauflaire et

Toulouse) 7: 212. 1885. (See Fusarium sambucinum) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: France, Troyes. Type substrate: Rotten stem of Brassica oleracea

Type substrate: Rotting stem of an unidentified host. Notes: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935)

Type substrate: Dead stem of unidentified host

See Fusarium incarnatum) Holotypus: In PAD. Type locality: Unknown. Type substrate: Pennisetum spicatum. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

no. 259. 1932. (See Fusarium equiseti) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: USA, North Dakota. Type substrate: Soil

Ex-type culture: CBS 483.94. Type locality: Australia, Queensland. Type substrate: Desert soil. Descriptions and illustrations: See Moussa et al

Synonym: Gibberella thapsina Klittich

ATCC 200522 = CBS 777.96 = FRC M-6564. Type locality: USA, Kansas. Type substrate: Stalk of Sorghum sp. Descriptions and illustrations: See Klittich et

Type locality: Cameroon, Victoria. Type substrate: Fruits and seeds of Theobroma cacao. Descriptions and illustrations

DNA barcodes were generated from the neotype specimen; however, fresh collections are needed for epitypification

Authentic material: Not located. Original locality: Democratic Republic of São Tom e and Príncipe. Original substrate: Fermented beans of Theobroma cacao

Atti Reale Accad. Fisiocrit. Siena, s er. 4, 8: 238. 1897. Holotypus: ?SIENA. Type locality: India. Type substrate: Thevetia venenifera. Notes: Status unclear. A doubtful species fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Syll. Fung. 4: 722. 1886. Replaced synonym: Fusarium parasiticum Thüm

12: 198. 1880, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. (See Fusarium oxysporum) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Russia, Orenburg. Type substrate: Rotten branches of Betula verrucosa (= Betula pendula)

Holotypus: RBG 5361

Ex-type culture: FRL14350 = NRRL 66243 = RBG 5361. Type locality: Australia

Type substrate: Triodia microstachya. Descriptions and illustrations

Holotypus: In K(M). Type locality: Cuba. Type substrate: Dead sticks. Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Basionym: Cylindrocarpon tonkinense Bugnic

Type locality: USA, Florida, Liberty County, Torreya State Park, Aspalaga Tract. Type substrate: Stem tissue of diseased Torreya taxifolia. Descriptions and illustrations

3. 1837. Fusarium bipunctatum Preuss, Linnaea 25: 741. 1852. Lituaria riessii Schulzer

Art. 41.4. Basionym: Fusidium torulosum Berk. & M.A. Curtis, Grevillea 3: 112. 1875. (See Fusarium torulosum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Nirenberg)

Syntype: ?Car Inf. no. 6034. in K(M). Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania, Michener. Type substrate: Decaying Brassica stalks or Pinus. Descriptions and illustrations: See Nirenberg

Ex-type culture: CBS 406.86 = FRC R-8507 = IMI

Type locality: Germany, Berlin. Type substrate: Soil. Descriptions and illustrations: See Xia

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MN170441; tef1: MN170508

Type substrate: Dead stem of Vigna sinensis

Holotypus: CBS H-23497

Ex-type culture: CBS 144211. Type locality: South Africa, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, Granite Supersite. Type substrate: Rhizosphere of Sida cordifolia. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: LT996210; rpb2: LT996157

As the epithet of F. tremelloides (1822) takes priority above the epithet of C. neglecta (1830), a new combination is introduced here. trichothecioides Fusarium Wollenw

tricinctum Fusarium (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 700. 1886. Basionym: Selenosporium tricinctum Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 7. 1838. Synonyms: Fusarium sporotrichioides var. tricinctum (Corda) Raillo, Fungi of the Genus Fusarium: 197

Fusarium sporotrichiella var. tricinctum (Corda) Bilaĭ, Yadovitye griby na zerne khlebnykh zlakov. Kiev: 87. 1953, nom. inval., Art. 39.1. Fusarium sporotrichiella var. tricinctum (Corda) Bilaĭ, Mikrobiol. Zhurn. 49: 7. 1987, nom. inval., Art. 35.1. ?Vermicularia subeffigurata γ helianthi Schwein

?Fusarium helianthi (Schwein.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 555. 1924. Fusarium muentzii Delacr. (as 'müntzii')

Type substrate: Stem of Umbelliferae

Epitype substrate: Culm base of Triticum aestivum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Holubov a-Jechov a

Type substrate: Root crown of Trifolium sp

Ex-type culture: CBS 258.50 = NRRL 36389. Type locality: USA. Type substrate: Ipomoea batatas. Descriptions and illustrations

MBT 10000752): Denmark, Triticum sp., in Tidsskr. Landoekon., n.s., 2: figs B, 1, 2. Notes: Synonymy fide Rostrup (1894). No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype

tritici Fusarium Erikss., Fungi Paras. Scand. Exs. no. 400. 1891, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. (See Fusarium nivale) Authentic material: CHRB-F-0007556. Original locality: Sweden, Stockholm. Original substrate: Triticum durum. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Lectotypification pending study of the material lodged in CUP

ATCC 16563 = MAFF 246842 = NRRL 22231. Type locality: Malaysia, Sabah State, Tuaran. Type substrate: Hevea brasiliensis damaged by an unknown ambrosia beetle. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KC691600; rpb2: KC691660, KC691631; tef1: KC691542. Note: A new combination is provided in the genus Neocosmospora based on the phylogenetic relationship and morphology of this species

Type substrate: Dead branches of Rubus idaeus. Descriptions and illustrations: See Holubov a-Jechov a

Type locality: Germany, Hoyerswerda. Type substrate: Tuber of Dahlia sp

No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype

See Fusarium azukiicola) Holotypus: BPI 841955

Type substrate: Glycine max. Descriptions and illustrations

Synonym: Gibberella tumida

Type substrate: Diseased tissue of Mangifera indica. Descriptions and illustrations

Synonyms: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum

nom. illegit., Art. 52.1. Fusarium lateritium var. uncinatum (Wollenw.) Wollenw., Z. Parasitenk. (Berlin) 3: 375. 1931. Fusarium vasinfectum var. crotalariae Kulkarni, Indian J. Agric. Sci. 4: 994. 1934. Fusarium udum f. sp. crotalariae (Kulkarni) Subram., The Genus Fusarium: 114. 1971. Fusarium udum var. cajani Padwick

Fusarium lateritium f. crotalariae (Padwick)

Epitypus: UB23905

BBA 65058 = CML 3238 = NRRL 25199. Type locality: India. Type substrate: Cajanus cajan. Descriptions and illustrations: See Wollenweber & Reinking

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: KY498875

Type locality: UK, King's Cliffe. Type substrate: Unidentified tree

Finist ere: 14. 1867. (See Fusarium candidum (Link) Sacc.) Holotypus: ?PC. Type locality: France, Finist ere, edge of a stream. Type substrate: Roots of Ulmus sp

24: 60. 1940, nom. inval., Art. 39.1. Authentic material: NYSf3256. Original locality: USA

See Fusarium udum) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: India, Dehli, Pusa. Type substrate: Dried stem of Cajanus indicus

Ann. Mycol. 1: 409. 1903. Synonyms: Cylindrocarpon uniseptatum (Höhn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 646. 1924. Ramularia uniseptata (Höhn.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 2: 646. 1924. Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Austria, Vienna. Type substrate: Rotten Gleditsia triacanthos. Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) and not Ramularia fide Braun

See Fusarium avenaceum) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Germany. Type substrate: Aecidium of Phragmidium subcorticium (= Phragmidium mucronatum) and Phragmidium rubi (= Phragmidium barclayi). Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Authentic material: Not located. Original locality: Venezuela, Caracas. Original substrate: Parasitic on the bottom of spots of Puccinia pallidissima, between the perithecia of Darluca filum parasitised by the Puccinia sp. Notes: Status unclear

Peradeniya) 6: 256. 1917, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Authentic material: PDA 4731. Original locality: Sri Lanka, Hakgala. Original substrate: Parasitic on Uredo microglossa on leaves of Microglossa zeylanica. Notes: Status unclear. A probable synonym of F. solani var. minus (syn

uredinophilum Fusarium Speg. (as 'urediniphilum')

Type locality: Paraguay, near Puerto Sajonia. Type substrate: Parasitic on the acervuli of Uredo cyclotrauma, on leaving leaves of Pithecellobium cauliflorum. Notes: Status unclear

Ramularia uredinis (W. Voss) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 199. 1886. Basionym: Cylindrosporium uredinis W. Voss, Verh. Zool

Original substrate: Parasitic on uredinia of Melampsora salicina, on leaf of Salix sp. Notes: Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) considered F. uredinum a synonym of Cladosporium herbarum. It is quite possible that this common saprobic Cladosporium species also occurred on uredinia in N. Am. Fungi 2799, but it can be ruled out that Ellis & Everhard confused this dematiaceous hyphomycete characterised by having long conidiophores with thickened and darkened conidiogeneous loci and large catenate conidia with a colourless Fusarium. Davis (1915) found Ramularia uredinis, a common mucedinacous hyphomycete on Melampsora spp. on Populus and Salix

urticearum Fusarium (Corda) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 698. 1886. Basionym: Selenosporium urticearum Corda, Icon. Fung. 2: 7. 1838. (See Fusarium lateritium

Czech Republic, Prague, dead branches of Ficus elastica and Morus nigra, 1838. A.C.J. Corda, in Icon. Fung. 2, Tab. 9, fig. 30

Far East territory), agricultural field near the city Ussuriysk. Type substrate: Seed of Avena sativa. Descriptions and illustrations

See Fusarium avenaceum)

MBT 10000755

Rep. (Annual) Kansas Agric. Exp. Sta. 2, pl. IX, figs 1-13. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

54: 137. 1890, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. (See Fusarium nivale) Authentic material: C-F-125286

Type substrate: Gossypium herbaceum. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Misapplied names: Fusarium sambucinum var. coeruleum Wollenw. sensu Booth, The Genus Fusarium

BBA 64537 = CBS 458.93 = NRRL 26228. Type locality: Austria. Type substrate: Culm of Triticum aestivum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Nirenberg

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: KM232382

See Fusarium avenaceum) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Unknown. Type substrate: Unknown. Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Index Fungorum 440: 5. 2020. Neocosmospora robusta Sand.-Den. & Crous

Ex-type culture: BBA 65682 = CBS 145473 = NRRL 22395. Type locality: Venezuela. Type substrate: Bark. Descriptions and illustrations

Rectifusarium ventricosum (Appel & Wollenw.) L. Lombard & Crous

Hyponectria solani (Reinke & Berth.) Petch, J. Bot. 75. 220. 1937. Nectriopsis solani

The Genus Fusarium: 55. 1971. Holotypus: B 70 0021849. Epitypus: CBS H-21947

BBA 62452 = CBS 748.79 = NRRL 20846 = NRRL 22113. Type locality: Germany, Berlin. Type substrate: Tuber of Solanum tuberosum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Wollenweber

Booth (1971) considered this species as different from F. argillaceum, which was later confirmed by

Type substrate: Leaves of Veratrum lobelianum. Notes: This species produces acervuli and 1-septate conidia with truncate basal cells. Therefore

Notes: Although recently recombined in Fusarium (Geiser et al. 2013), the taxonomy of this species is uncertain. With 5-9(-13)-septate ascospores, this species cannot be a member of Fusarium s. str., and the identity of the isolates included in recent phylogenetic estimates (CBS 102163

Type substrate: Cortex of Cucurbita sp

Type substrate: Living leaves of Hosta sieboldii (syn. Hosta albomarginata). Notes: Status unclear

17-28: pl. 879. 1881. Synonyms: Alysidium verticillioides (Sacc.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 442. 1898. Fusarium moniliforme

BBA 11782 = CBS 218.76 = DSM 62264 = IMI 202875 = NRRL 13993. Epitype locality: Germany. Epitype substrate: Zea mays. Descriptions and illustrations: See Nirenberg

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW402638; rpb2: MW928835

Type locality: Netherlands. Type substrate: Peritoneum of Selachimorpha (shark). Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: MH484899

22: 75. 1895. Synonyms: Nectria eustoma Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11: 509. 1898. Nectria leucocoma Starb€ ack

479. 1893. (See Fusarium flocciferum) Holotypus: ?K(M). Type locality: UK

Type substrate: Decaying mast manufactured from Fagus sylvatica

Origine des Tumeurs (Etiologie du Cancer. etc.) et Observations de Mycoses (Blastomycoses

670. 1916, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. Authentic material: Not located. Original locality: Argentina. Original substrate: Homo sapiens. Note: A late homonym of F

Finist ere: 14. 1867, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1. (See Fusarium sambucinum) Authentic material: ?PC. Original locality: France, Brittany, Finist ere, marshes. Original substrate: Bark of unknown tree

Type locality: Germany, Hessen, Oestrich. Type substrate: Solanum tuberosum

Mycologia 2: 21. 1910. (See Fusarium oxysporum) Holotypus: Not located

See Fusarium azukicola) Holotypus: BPI 841956

Type locality: USA, Illinois. Type substrate: Glycine max. Descriptions and illustrations

178. 1912. (See Fusarium solani) Holotypus: Not located. Type locality: Ivory Coast. Type substrate: Undetermined wood. Note: Synonyms fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Pilze Weinst.: 52. 1878. Synonym: Fusarium herbarum var. viticola (Thüm.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr

dry twigs of Vitis vinifera

Septoria curvata (Rabenh. & A. Braun) Sacc

Fungal Syst. Evol. 4: 174. 2019. Holotypus: CBS H-24004

Ex-type culture: CBS 143874. Type locality: French Guiana, Cayenne. Type substrate: Bronchoalveolar lavage effusion from Homo sapiens with lung infection. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: LR596006

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 43: 93. 1891. (See Fusarium stromaticum) Holotypus: Langlois 1505 in NY fide Index Fungorum. Type locality

Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking (1935)

Holotypus: BPI 871658. Ex-type culture: NRRL 37605. Type locality: Hungary, Pest, Ipolydam asd. Type substrate: Spikelet of Triticum aestivum. Descriptions and illustrations

Index Fungorum 440: 5. 2020. Neocosmospora gamsii Sand.-Den. & Crous

CBS 143207 = NRRL 32323 = UTHSC 99-250. Type locality: USA, Pennsylvania. Type substrate: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from Homo sapiens. Descriptions and illustrations: See Sandoval-Denis & Crous

sp. nov. MycoBank MB 837725. FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org Synonym: Fusarium werrikimbe

Fungal Diversity 44: 155. 2010, nom. inval., Art. 40.7. Etymology: In reference to Werrikimbe National Park, the geographic origin of the isolates first recognised as belonging to this species. For diagnosis see Walsh et al

CBS 125535 = F19350 = RBG 5332. Type locality: Australia, New South Wales, Werrikimbe National Park. Type substrate: Sorghum leiocladum. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW928821; rpb2: MN534304; tef1: MW928846. Notes: Walsh et al. (2010) did not indicate the holotype for F. werrikimbe, rendering the name invalid

18: 674. 1906, nom. illegit., Art. 53.1, non Fusarium candidum Ehrenb. 1818. Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000757): Germany, Saxony, Fagus sylvatica, 1866, M. Willkomm, in Die mikroskopischen Feinde des Waldes 1, Tab. VI, figs 11-12. Notes: Lindau's description of F. willkommii was based on Willkomm's (1866: 103) description and illustration under the name Fusidium candidum Link as well as Saccardo's (l.c.) description under Fusarium candidum. Therefore, the illustration by Willkomm (1866) is designated as lectotype. witzenhausenense Fusarium Si si c

Type substrate: Branch of Hibiscus sp. Descriptions and illustrations: See Si si c

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MG237865; rpb2: LR583886

101. 1942. Holotypus: Not located. Type locality

Notes: Status unclear. Not treated by either of Booth (1971) and Gerlach & Nirenberg

See Fusarium anthophilum) Authentic material: Not located. Original locality: Azerbaijan. Original substrate: Seeds and stems of Gossypium sp. Descriptions and illustrations: See Raillo

Authentic culture: CGMCC 3.19676. Original locality: China, Yunnan, Xiangyun, Dali, Da-bo-na hotspring. Original substrate: Waterlogged soil. Descriptions and illustrations

Lectotypus (hic designatus, MBT 10000758): Central African Republic, Bangui, trunk of Coffea excelsa, 1939, H. Fr ed eric, in Steyaert

CBS 258.52 = NRRL 25486. Descriptions and illustrations: See Steyaert

Notes: A lectotype is designated here based on an illustration provided by Steyaert (1948) accompanying the original protologue. All attempts to locate the holotype specimen lodged at the Universit e de Bangui (BANG), Central African Republic, as indicated by Steyaert (1948), failed

Type substrate: Xyris surinamensis. Descriptions and illustrations

Replaced synonym: Nectria elegans W. Yamam. & Maeda

Epitypus: CBS H-23980

ATCC 42366 = CBS 144396 = MAFF 238541 = NRRL 22277 = SUF XV-1. Type locality: Japan. Type substrate: Twigs and trunks of Zanthoxylum piperitum. Descriptions and illustrations

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: MW218113; rpb2: FJ240380

See Fusarium lateritium) Authentic material: BPI 453149. Original locality: USA, South Carolina, Aiken. Original substrate: Yucca aloifolia

Holotypus: HMNWAFU XZ-Fyzs133-20130408

CBS 140838 = NRRL 66285. Type locality: China, Shaanxi, Tongchuan, Yaozhou, Sunyuan. Type substrate: Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Descriptions and illustrations: See Zhou et

zavianum Fusarium (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 709. 1886. Basionym: Fusisporium zavianum Sacc., Michelia 1: 83. 1877. (See Fusarium lateritium) Holotypus: In PAD. Type locality: Italy, Vittorio. Type substrate: Vitis vinifera. Note: Synonyms fide Wollenweber & Reinking

zeae Fusarium (Westend.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 713. 1886. Basionym: Fusisporium zeae Westend

See Fusarium avenaceum) Holotypus: BR5020141668483. Type locality: Belgium, Kortrijk railway station. Type substrate: Rotting stalks of Zea mays. Note: Synonyms fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Basionym: Nectria zealandica Cooke, Grevillea 8: 65. 1879. Synonyms: Cucurbitaria zelandica (Cooke) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3: 462. 1898. Cosmospora zealandica (Cooke) Samuels & Nirenberg

Type substrate: Bark of Hoheria populnea

Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb2: HM626684; tef1: HQ728148

ziziphinum Fusarium Pass., Erb. Critt. Ital. ser. 2 no. 1084. 1881. (See Fusarium lateritium) Syntype: F 982523 ( Erb. Critt. Ital. no. 1048). Type locality: Italy. Type substrate: Twigs of Ziziphus sinensis (syn. Ziziphus jujuba). Note: Synonym fide Wollenweber & Reinking

zonatum Fusarium (Sherb.) Wollenw., Fusaria Autogr. Delin. 1: 392. 1916. Basionym: Fusarium lutulatum var. zonatum Sherb., Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 6: 214. 1915. (See Fusarium oxysporum) Typus: ?CUP-007453. Type locality: USA

Holotypus: ?PC. Type locality: France, Paris, Luxembourg gardens. Type substrate: Leaves of Zygopetalum maculatum (syn. Zygopetalum mackayi). Notes: Status unclear. Not Fusarium fide Wollenweber & Reinking

Isolation and purification of a hemorrhagic factor (wortmannin) from Fusarium oxysporum (N17B)

Fusoxysporone-a new type of diterpene from Fusarium oxysporum

Fusarium metavorans sp. nov.: The frequent opportunist 'FSSC6'

DNA barcoding, MALDI-TOF, and AFLP data support Fusarium ficicrescens as a distinct species within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex

Rapid identification of clinical members of Fusarium fujikuroi complex using MALDI-TOF MS

Fusarium volatile: a new potential pathogen from a human respiratory sample

Fusarium oligoseptatum sp. nov., a mycosymbiont of the ambrosia beetle Euwallacea validus in the Eastern U.S. and typification of F. ambrosium

Fusarium kyushuense sp

Morphological and molecular characterization of Fusarium pseudograminearum sp. nov., formerly recognized as the Group 1 population of F. graminearum

Fusarium fractiflexum sp. nov. and two other species within the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex recently discovered in Japan that form aerial conidia in false heads

Sudden death syndrome of soybean in South America is caused by four species of Fusarium: Fusarium brasiliense sp. nov., F. cuneirostrum sp. nov., F. tucumaniae, and F. virguliforme

Phenotypic, molecular phylogenetic, and pathogenetic characterization of Fusarium crassistipitatum sp. nov., a novel soybean sudden death syndrome pathogen from Argentina and Brazil

Three novel Ambrosia Fusarium Clade species producing clavate macroconidia known (F. floridanum and F. obliquiseptatum) or predicted (F. tuaranense) to be farmed by Euwallacea spp

Fusarium torreyae sp. nov., a pathogen causing canker disease of Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia), a critically endangered conifer restricted to northern Florida and southwestern Georgia

Fusarium azukicola sp. nov., an exotic azuki bean root-rot pathogen in Hokkaido

Fusarium dactylidis sp. nov., a novel nivalenol toxin-producing species sister to F. pseudograminearum isolated from orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) in Oregon and New Zealand

Fusarium dactylidis sp. nov., a novel nivalenol toxin-producing species sister to F. pseudograminearum isolated from orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) in Oregon and New Zealand

Nomenclatural novelties. Index Fungorum

Sudden-death syndrome of soybean is caused by two morphologically and phylogenetically distinct species within the Fusarium solani species complex-F. virguliforme in North America and F. tucumaniae in South America

Production of antibiotics by fungi. 3. Javanicinan antibacterial pigment from Fusarium javanicum

Fusarium wilt of Eucalyptus

Occurrence and significance of Fusarium domesticum alias Anticollanti on smear-ripened cheeses

The structures of toxins from two strains of Fusarium tricinctum

Molecular genetic investigations and reclassification of Fusarium species in sections Fusarium and Roseum

Notices of British fungi (1501-1630)

Structure elucidation of the fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme

Fusarii (Biologija i sistematika)

Biologically active secondary metabolites from the fungi

Studies of Pyrenomycetes: IV. Nectria (part 1)

The genus Fusarium

Presidential address: Do you believe in genera?

A monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and allied genera

Fusarium bugnicourtii sp. nov., and its relationship to F. tumidum and F. tumidum var. coeruleum

Two new species of Fusarium section Liseola associated with mango malformation

Studies in the genus Fusarium. VI. General description of strains, together with a discussion of the principles at present adopted in the classification of Fusarium

Une esp ece fusarienne nouvelle

Characterization and distribution of Fusarium acuminatum subsp. armeniacum subsp

Characterization, geographic distribution and ecology of Fusarium crookwellense sp

Fusarium scirpi: emended description and notes on geographic distribution

Taxonomy of Fusarium: Fusarium armeniacum stat. & comb. nov

Characterization and distribution of Fusarium nygamai, sp. nov

The dry root rot of bean

Some new sugarcane diseases. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India

The wilt disease of pigeon pea and the parasitism of Neocosmospora vasinfecta Smith. Memoirs of the Department of

A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes

Caracterização filogen etica, biol ogica e patogênica de esp ecies do complexo Fusarium solani associadas a podridão do colo do maracujazeiro. MSc. dissertation. Departamento de Fitopatologia

Plectosphaerella species associated with root and collar rots of horticultural crops in Southern Italy

Malachite green agar, a new selective medium for Fusarium

Fusarium massalimae sp. nov. (F. lateritium species complex) occurs endophytically in leaves of Handroanthus chrysotrichus

Delimitation of Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and related genera with cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs

Fusarium catenulatum sp. nov. from China

Two petroliphilous taxa of Fusarium

A monograph of the fungus genus Cercospora

Observations on meliolicolous Hyphales from Santo Domingo

Fusarium species from tropical grasses in Brazil and description of two new taxa

Fusarium paranaense sp. nov., a member of the Fusarium solani species complex causes root rot on soybean in Brazil

Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs: 1. Names published in Cercospora and Passalora

Fungal Planet description sheets

Fungal Planet description sheets

Fungal Planet description sheets: 214-280

Unravelling Mycosphaerella: do you believe in genera

Fungal Biodiversity

Fungal Planet description sheets

Fungal Planet description sheets

Magic bullets and golden rules: Data sampling in molecular phylogenetics

Monorden from a novel source, Neocosmospora tenuicristata: Stereochemistry and plant growth regulatory properties

Fusarium riograndense sp. nov., a new species in the Fusarium solani species complex causing fungal rhinosinusitis

The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex

The Colletotrichum orbiculare species complex: important plant pathogens and mycoherbicides

Colletotrichum species with curved conidia from herbaceous hosts

Notes on parasitic fungi in Wisconsin -I

Morphomolecular characterization of microfungi associated with marine based habitats

Molecular diagnostics of clinical strains of filamentous Basidiomycetes

Metabolic products of microorganisms. 81. Occurrence and structures of coprogen B and dimerum acid

Phialophora cyanescens sp. nov. with Phaeosclera-like synanamorph, causing white-grain mycetoma in man

Gliomastix Gu eguen

New or interesting lichenicolous fungi 1. Species from Luxembourg

The Hypocreales of New Zealand II. The genus Nectria

Life-history studies of New Zealand species of Nectria Fr

Some South African fusaria

Compendium of soil fungi

Fusarium agapanthi sp. nov., a novel bikaverin and fusarubin-producing leaf and stem spot pathogen of Agapanthus praecox (African lily) from Australia and Italy

New species of Fusarium associated with dieback of Spartina alterniflora in Atlantic salt marshes

Fusapyrone and deoxyfusapyrone, two antifungal α-pyrones from Fusarium semitectum

Diversity and toxigenicity of fungi and description of Fusarium madaense sp. nov. from cereals, legumes and soils in north-central Nigeria

An annotated list of Spegazzini's fungus taxa

Fungi parastic upon Aleyrodes citri

Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap

Carnation leaves as a substrate and for preserving cultures of Fusarium species

Illuminating type collections of the "nectriaceous" fungi in Saccardo's fungarium

Fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov. -a symbiotic fungus of Euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in Israel and California

Fungi Rhenanae Exsiccatae, Fasc. I-VIII

Neovasipyrones and neovasifuranones: Four new metabolites related to neovasinin, a phytotoxin of the fungus, Neocosmospora vasinfecta

Vasinfectins A and B: new phytotoxins from Neocosmospora vasinfecta

An endophyte of Macrochloa tenacissima (esparto or needle grass) from Tunisia is a novel species in the Fusarium redolens species complex

Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze

Report of the Committee for Fungi: 8

Beitr€ age zur Systematic und Biologie von Plectosphaerella cucumeris und der zugehörigen Konidienform

Fusarium miscanthi sp. nov. from Miscanthus litter

Proposal to conserve the name Fusarium sambucinum (Hyphomycetes)

Neocosmospora sp.-derived resorcylic acid lactones with in vitro binding affinity for human opioid and cannabinoid receptors

Phylogenomic analysis of a 55.1 kb 19-gene dataset resolves a monophyletic Fusarium that includes the Fusarium solani species complex

One fungus, one name: Defining the genus Fusarium in a scientifically robust way that preserves longstanding use

Fusarium hostae sp. nov., a relative of F. redolens with a Gibberella teleomorph

Gibberella xylarioides (anamorph: Fusarium xylarioides), a causative agent of coffee wilt disease in Africa, is a previously unrecognized member of the G. fujikuroi species complex

Drei neue Variet€ aten von Fusarium merismoides, F. larvarum und F. chlamydosporum

Fusarium lunulosporum spec. nov. von Grapefruit aus Südafrika, ein Fruchtf€ auleerreger

Fusarium robustum spec. nov., der Erreger einer Stammf€ aule an Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze in Argentinien?

The genus Fusarium -a pictorial atlas. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land-und Forstwirtschaft

Fusarium redolens Wr., seine phytopathologische Bedeutung und eine an Dianthus-Arten gef€ aßparasit€ are Form (F. redolens Wr. f. dianthi Gerlach)

Fusafungine, an antimicrobial with anti-inflammatory properties in respiratory tract infections

Inside Plectosphaerellaceae

Corinectria, a new genus to accommodate Neonectria fuckeliana and C. constricta sp. nov. from Pinus radiata in Chile

The occurrence of Fusarium species in Canada. II. Prevalence and taxonomy of Fusarium species in cereal seeds

The occurrence of Fusarium species in Canada. VI. Taxonomy and geographic distribution of Fusarium species in plants, insects, and fungi

Fusarium praegraminearum sp. nov., a novel nivalenol mycotoxin-producing pathogen from New Zealand can induce head blight on wheat

An overview of the taxonomy, phylogeny, and typification of nectriaceous fungi in Cosmospora, Acremonium, Fusarium, Stilbella and Volutella

Metabolic products of Fusarium larvarum Fuckel. The fusarentins and the absolute configuration of monocerin

Neocosmospora perseae sp. nov., causing trunk cankers on avocado in Italy

Neocosmospora spp. associated with dry root rot of citrus in South Africa

Fusarium graminearum double (triple) mutants generation using sexual crosses

Nectriaceous fungi collected from forests in Taiwan

BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT

The lichenicolous Hyphomycetes

The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature

Taxon sampling and the accuracy of phylogenetic analyses

Liste der Arten und infraspecifischen Taxa von P. Hennings mit Angabe der Typen in den Herbarien des Botanischen Museums Berlin-Dahlem und des Instituts für

Eastern & Central Arrernte to English dictionary

Novel taxa in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex from Pinus spp

A monograph of Allantonectria, Nectria, and Pleonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and their pycnidial, sporodochial, and synnematous anamorphs

UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation

Revisiones Generum Obscurorum Hyphomycetum: a revision of the Selenosporium species described by A.C

Fusarium matuoi sp. nov. and its teleomorph Cosmospora matuoi sp

Genomic characterization of the conditionally dispensable chromosome in Alternaria arborescens provides evidence for horizontal gene transfer

Novel taxa within Nectriaceae: Cosmosporella gen. nov. and Aquanectria sp. nov. from freshwater habitats in China

Fusarium ananatum sp. nov. in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex from pineapples with fruit rot in South Africa

Molecular systematics of two sister clades, the Fusarium concolor and F. babinda species complexes, and the discovery of a novel microcycle macroconidium-producing species from South Africa

Über die fusarien Finnlands II

Fusarisetin A, an acinar morphogenesis inhibitor from a soil fungus, Fusarium sp. FN080326

JM47, a cyclic tetrapeptide HC-toxin analogue from a marine Fusarium species

Mycotoxin production by Fusarium species isolated from bananas

A modern system of Fusarium taxonomy

Phylogeny of new marine Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes from mangroves and deepsea sediments

ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates

MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization

Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data

Mating type sequences in asexually reproducing Fusarium species

Standardization of mating type terminology in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex

Comparative genomics and transcriptomics during sexual development gives insight into the life history of the cosmopolitan fungus Fusarium neocosmosporiellum

Isolation, identification and biological activities of 8-O-methyl-javanicin produced by Fusarium solani

A without-prejudice list of generic names of fungi for protection under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

Nitrate reduction mutants of Fusarium moniliforme

Fusarium thapsinum (Gibberella thapsina): a new species in section Liseola from sorghum

Development of a selective medium for quantitative isolation of Fusarium oxysporum from natural soil

Pathogenicity of indole-acetic acid producing fungus Fusarium delphinoides strain GPK towards chick pea and pigeon pea

Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in Fusarium delphinoides strain GBK, a causal agent of wilt in chick pea

Metabolites of Fusarium solani related to dihydrofusarubin

Identification of clinically important ascomycetous yeasts based on nucleotide divergence in the 5' end of the largesubunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene

Antibacterial secondary metabolites from an endophytic fungus. Fusarium solani JK10

Fusarium algeriense, sp. nov., a novel toxigenic crown rot pathogen of durum wheat from Algeria is nested in the Fusarium burgessii species complex

Fusarium xyrophilum, sp. nov., a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex recovered from pseudoflowers on yellow-eyed grass (Xyris spp.) from Guyana

Fusarium burgessii sp. nov. representing a novel lineage in the genus Fusarium

Six novel species of Fusarium from natural ecosystems in Australia

Varicosporella, a new aquatic genus in the Nectriaceae from France

Stylonectria norvegica (Nectriaceae), a new species from Norway

Structural analysis of a new cytotoxic demethylated analogue of neo-n-methylsansalvamide with a different peptide sequence produced by Fusarium solani isolated from potato

The Fusarium laboratory manual

Description of Gibberella sacchari and neotypification of its anamorph Fusarium sacchari

Fusarium tupiense sp. nov., a member of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex that causes mango malformation in Brazil

Cancro picciolare dell'acanto "Acanthus mollis

Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales

Sesterterpenes and 2H-pyran-2-ones (= α-pyrones) from the mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Fusarium proliferatum MA-84

Reconsideration of species boundaries and proposed DNA barcodes for Calonectria

Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerase II subunit

Generic hyper-diversity in Stachybotriaceae

Epitypification of Fusarium oxysporum -clearing the taxonomic chaos

Lineages in Nectriaceae: re-evaluating the generic status of Ilyonectria and allied genera

Generic concepts in Nectriaceae

Neotypification of Fusarium chlamydosporum -a reappraisal of a clinically important species complex

Two new species of Cosmospora (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales) from China

Euwallacea perbrevis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), a confirmed pest on Acacia crassicarpa in Riau, Indonesia, and a new fungal symbiont; Fusarium rekanum sp

Trichothecium acridiorum (Trabut) comb. nov. on red locusts

Fusarium dlaminii, a new species from Southern Africa

Fusarium polyphialidicum, a new species from South Africa

Fusarium napiforme, a new species from millet and sorghum in Southern Africa

Fusarium andiyazi sp. nov., a new species from sorghum

Fusarium nelsonii and F. musarum: two new species in section Arthrosporiella related to F. camptoceras

Ecophysiological responses of a new Fusarium grown in non-aromatic hydrocarbon media ƞ-C 12

Use of mass spectrometry to identify clinical Fusarium isolates

Phylogeny and genetic diversity of the banana Fusarium wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in the Indonesian centre of origin

New endemic Fusarium species hitch-hiking with pathogenic Fusarium strains causing Panama disease in small-holder banana plots in Indonesia

Microfungi of the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea

A new Fusarium, the conidial stage of Hypocrea splendens Phil

Two new fungi parasitic on scale insects

Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap

New methods to calculate concordance factors for phylogenomic datasets

IQ-TREE2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era

Two new species of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex isolated from the natural environment

Fusarium species and their associated mycotoxins

Two novel fungal symbionts Fusarium kuroshium sp. nov. and Graphium kuroshium sp. nov. of Kuroshio shot hole borer (Euwallaceae sp. nr. fornicatus) cause fusarium dieback on woody host species in California

Production of cyclosporin by fungi belonging to the genus Neocosmospora

Neovasipyridones A, B and C: Metabolites related to neovasinin, a phytotoxin of the fungus, Neocosmospora vasinfecta

New species from the Fusarium solani species complex derived from perithecia and soil in the Old-World tropics

Quantitative estimations by plate counts of propagules of the bean root rot Fusarium in field soils

Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects of Fusarium species

Characterization of Fusarium beomiforme sp

Neotypification and emended description of Fusarium anguioides

Oxysporizoline, an antibacterial polycyclic quinazoline alkaloid from the marine-mudflat-derived fungus Fusarium oxysporum

IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies

Five simple guidelines for establishing basic authenticity and reliability of newly generated fungal ITS sequences

Untersuchungen über die morphologische und biologische Differenzierung in der Fusarium-Sektion Liseola

A simplified method for identifying Fusarium spp. occurring on wheat

Recent advances in the taxonomy of Fusarium

Morphological differentiation of Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel sensu stricto, F. torulosum (Berk. & Curt.) Nirenberg comb. nov. and F. venenatum Nirenberg comb. nov

Fusarium nisikadoi, a new species from Japan

Nectria ipomoeae Halst., anamorph: Fusarium striatum Sherb. on Passiflora edulis Sims

Fusarium nematophilum spec. nov. -ein neuer Nematoden-assoziierter Pilz

New Fusarium species and combinations within the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex

Nectria and Fusarium. II. Cosmospora zealandica comb. nov. and its anamorph, Fusarium zealandicum sp. nov

Two new species of Fusarium: Fusarium brevicatenulatum from the noxious weed Striga asiatica and Fusarium pseudoanthophilum from Zea mays in Zimbabwe

MrModeltest v. 2. Evolutionary Biology Centre. Uppsala University. Programme distributed by the author

Fusarium and its near relatives

Molecular phylogeny of the Nectria haematococca-Fusarium solani species complex

No to Neocosmospora: Phylogenomic and practical reasons for continued inclusion of the Fusarium solani species complex in the genus Fusarium

Two divergent intragenomic rDNA ITS2 types within a monophyletic lineage of the fungus Fusarium are nonorthologous

Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex

Multiple evolutionary origins of the fungus causing Panama disease of banana: Concordant evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies

Gene genealogies reveal global phylogeographic structure and reproductive isolation among lineages of Fusarium graminearum, the fungus causing wheat scab

Toxigenic Fusarium species: Identity and mycotoxicology" revisited

A multigene phylogeny of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex: detection of additional phylogenetically distinct species

Phylogenetic analyses of RPB1 and RPB2 support a middle Cretaceous origin for a clade comprising all agriculturally and medically important fusaria

Phylogenetic diversity and microsphere array-based genotyping of human pathogenic fusaria, including isolates from the multistate contact lens-associated U.S. keratitis outbreak of

Molecular phylogenetic diversity, multilocus haplotype nomenclature, and in vitro antifungal resistance within the Fusarium solani species complex

Novel multilocus sequence typing scheme reveals high genetic diversity of human pathogenic members of the Fusarium incarnatum-F. equiseti and F. chlamydosporum species complexes within the United States

Internet-accessible DNA sequence database for identifying fusaria from human and animal infections

Veterinary fusarioses within the United States

Multilocus genotyping and molecular phylogenetics resolve a novel head blight pathogen within the Fusarium graminearum species complex from Ethiopia

Genealogical concordance between the mating type locus and seven other nuclear genes supports formal recognition of nine phylogenetically distinct species within the Fusarium graminearum clade

Fusarium merismoides CORDA NR 6356, the source of the protein kinase C inhibitor, azepinostatin. Taxonomy, yield improvement, fermentation and biological activity

Identification and characterization of a novel etiological agent of mango malformation disease in Mexico, Fusarium mexicanum sp

Plectosporium, a new genus for Fusarium tabacinum, the anamorph of Plectosphaerella cucumerina

Isolation and structure elucidation of parnafungins, antifungal natural products that inhibit mRNA polyadenylation

Fusarium morphology I: Identification and characterization of a third conidial type, the mesoconidium

Su alcune forme di cancrena delle cactacee dovute a nuovi micromiceti e ad un batterio

First comprehensive report of clinical Fusarium strains isolated in the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil) and identified by MALDI-TOF MS and molecular biology

Funghi agrumicoli: contribuzione allo studio dei funghi parassiti degli agrumi

Fusarium subtropicale, sp. nov., a novel nivalenol mycotoxin-producing species isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Brazil and sister to F. praegraminearum

Fungi on wild seeds and fruits

Studies in entomogenous fungi. The Nectriae parasitic on scale insects

A new species of Neocosmospora from Brazil

Fusarium udum revisited: a common, but poorly understood member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex

Gibberella gaditjirrii (Fusarium gaditjirrii) sp. nov., a new species from tropical grasses in Australia

Liste der von A. C. J. Corda beschriebenen Pilzarten, mit Angabe der Originalexemplare, die im Herbarium des Nationalmuseums in Prag aufbewahrt sind. Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae

Welkstoffe und Antibiotika. 7. Mitteilung. Über die Isolierung neuartiger Antibiotika aus Fusarien

FastTree 2 -approximately maximumlikelihood trees for large alignments

Zymoseptoria gen. nov.: a new genus to accommodate Septoria-like species occurring on graminicolous hosts

Griby roda Fusarium

Posterior summarization in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7

A mycological colour chart

Contribution of RPB2 to multilocus phylogenetic studies of the euascomycetes (Pezizomycotina, Fungi) with special emphasis on the lichen-forming Acarosporaceae and evolution of polyspory

Production of IAA by some species of Fusarium

Mangicols: structures and biosynthesis of a new class of sesterterpene polyols from a marine fungus of the genus Fusarium

Fusarium globosum, a new species from corn in southern Africa

MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models

Physiology and pathogenicity of Neocosmospora vasinfecta EF Smith

A preliminary account of the taxa described in Calonectria

The phragmosporous species of Nectria and related genera

Overlooked competing asexual and sexually typified generic names of Ascomycota with recommendations for their use or protection

Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes)

Phylogenetic revision of taxonomic concepts in the Hypocreales and other Ascomycota. A tribute to Gary J. Samuels

Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) proposed for acceptance and rejection

Sygdomme hos Landbrugsplanter foraarsagede af Snyltesvampe

Supplementum Universale, Pars II. Discomyceteae-Hyphomyceteae

Sylloge fungorum

Notae mycologicae. Series VII

The genus Thelonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states

Novel information theory-based measures for quantifying incongruence among phylogenetic trees

Paecilomyces and some allied hyphomycetes

Phylogeny, identification and nomenclature of the genus Aspergillus

A revision of the fungi formerly classified in Nectria subg

Perfect states of Acremonium the genera Nectria, Actiniopsis, Ijuhya, Neohenningsia, Ophiodictyon, and Peristomialis

Some species of Nectria having Cylindrocarpon imperfect states

Fungicolous, Lichenicolous, and Myxomyceticolous Species of Hypocreopsis, Nectriopsis, Nectria, Peristomialis, and Trichonectria

Species of Nectria (sensu lato) with red perithecia and striate ascospores

Nectria atrofusca and its anamorph, Fusarium staphyleae, a parasite of Staphylea trifolia in eastern North America

Hypocreales. In: Contributions toward a mycobiota of Indonesia: Hypocreales, synnematous Hyphomycetes, Aphyllophorales, Phragmobasidiomycetes, and Myxomycetes (Samuels GJ

Microdochium stoveri and Monographella stoveri new combinations for Fusarium stoveri and Micronectriella stoveri

Cyanonectria, a new genus for Nectria cyanostoma and its Fusarium anamorph

Nectria and Fusarium. I. Nectria setofusariae and its anamorph Fusarium setosum

A synopsis of Nectria subgen

Removing chaos from confusion: assigning names to common human and animal pathogens in Neocosmospora

Symptomatic Citrus trees reveal a new pathogenic lineage in Fusarium and two new Neocosmospora species

Back to the roots: a reappraisal of Neocosmospora

New Fusarium species from the Kruger National Park

Taxonomy of Fusarium: characterization of Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte and Fusarium avenaceum subsp. nurragi

Morphology, phylogeny, and sexual stage of Fusarium caatingaense and Fusarium pernambucanum, new species of the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex associated with insects in Brazil

Novel Fusarium head blight pathogens from Nepal and Louisiana revealed by multilocus genealogical concordance

Isolation and properties of two antifungal substances from Fusarium solani

Fusarium temperatum sp. nov. from maize, an emergent species closely related to Fusarium subglutinans

Fusarium inflexum spec. nov., als Erreger einer Welkekrankheit an Vicia faba L. in Deutschland

Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi

Fusarium foetens, a new species pathogenic to begonia elatior hybrids (Begonia x hiemalis) and the sister taxon of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex

A revision of Cyanonectria and Geejayessis gen. nov., and related species with fusarium-like anamorphs

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Fusarium dimerum species group

Epitypification of Fusisporium (Fusarium) solani and its assignment to a common phylogenetic species in the Fusarium solani species complex

Characterization of Fusarium secorum, a new species causing Fusarium yellowing decline of sugar beet in north central USA

A monograph of Stilbella and some allied Hyphomycetes

FusKey: Fusarium interactive key. Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada

Pionnotes, a synonym of Dacrymyces rather than Fusarium

Lectotypification and characterization of the natural phenotype of Fusarium bactridioides

The holomorph of Fusarium celtidicola sp. nov. from Celtis australis

Fusaria of potatoes

Due specie di Fusarium parasite di piantine di Conifere: Fusarium fuliginosporum n. sp. e F. echinosporum n. sp

Two new species of the Fusarium solani species complex isolated from compost and hibiscus (Hibiscus sp

Fusarium commune is a new species identified by morphological and molecular phylogenetic data

Performance of matrixassisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of Aspergillus, Scedosporium, and Fusarium spp. in the Australian clinical setting

The species concept in Fusarium

The species concept in Fusarium with reference to section Martiella

The type species of Apiognomonia, A. veneta, with its Discula anamorph is distinct from A. errabunda

Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Verlagbuchhandlung Paul Parey

Production of fusarielins by Fusarium

RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies

Global molecular surveillance reveals novel Fusarium head blight species and trichothecene toxin diversity

PCR-based identification of MAT-1 and MAT-2 in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex

Contribution a l' etude des parasites des v eg etaux du Congo Belge

Fünfter Nachtrag zur Pilzflora des Sonntagberges

Whole-genome and chromosome evolution associated with host adaptation and speciation of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola

Fusarium laceratum

Hyphomycetes. An account of Indian species, except Cercosporae. Indian Council of Agricultural Research

Trichothecene inhibitors of Striga hermonthica germination produced by Fusarium solani

Characterization of Fusarium babinda sp

A utilitarian approach to Fusarium identification

Presidential address: Improvizations on conidial themes

Fungi aequatorienses

Nivalenol, a toxic principle of Fusarium nivale

Wilts of the watermelon and related crops (Fusarium wilts of cucurbits

Appropriately sized genera and appropriately ranked higher taxa

Phylogenetic species recognition and species concepts in fungi

An evolutionary framework for host shifts-jumping ships for survival

Radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of isocoumarins and a phthalide from the endophyte fungus Colletotrichum sp

Techniques for the isolation, culture, and preservation of the Fusaria

Multigene phylogeny reveals new fungicolous species in the Fusarium tricinctum species complex and novel hosts in the genus Fusarium from Iran

Fusarium langsethiae sp. nov. on cereals in Europe

Unique phylogenetic lineage found in the Fusarium-like clade after re-examining BCCM/IHEM fungal culture collection material

Use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of molds of the Fusarium genus

The genus Myrothecium Tode ex Fr

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). Regnum Vegetabile 159

A new Japanese species of Neocosmospora from marine sludges

Toxicological approaches to the metabolites of fusaria. IV. Microbial survey on "bean hulls poisoning of horses" with the isolation of toxic trichothecenes, neosolaniol and T-2 toxin of Fusarium solani M-1-1

The structure of zearalenone

Gibberella musae (Fusarium musae) sp. nov., a recently discovered species from banana is sister to F. verticillioides

A selective medium for the isolation of Fusarium spp. from soil debris

Six simple guidelines for introducing new genera of fungi

Equisetin, an antibiotic from Fusarium equiseti NRRL 5537, identified as a derivative of n-methyl-2,4-pyrollidone

Taxonomic misidentification in public DNA databases

Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species

Ancient and recent patterns of geographic speciation in the oyster mushroom Pleurotus revealed by phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences

Deux champignons entomophytes sur L epidopt eres, r ecolt es au nord du Br esil

Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium

Phylogenetic relationships and nomenclature of Bremiella sphaerosperma (Chromista, Peronosporales)

Structure elucidation and antimalarial activity of apicidin F: an apicidin-like compound produced by Fusarium fujikuroi

Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften

Notes on plant parasitic fungi. I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of

Fusarium: two endophytic novel species from tropical grasses of northern Australia

Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti complex from China

Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium

Handbook of Ascomycota. Vol. Ib. Pyrenomycetes s.l. mit zweifach septierten bis mauerförmigen Sporen. Funghiparadise Productions

Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics

MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting for identification and differentiation of species within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex

Die mikroskopischen Feinde des Waldes: Naturwissenschaftliche Beitr€ age zur Kenntniss der Baum-und Holzkrankheiten, für Forstm€ anner und Botaniker, bearbeitet und in zwanglosen Heften herausgegeben. G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung

One fungus, one name promotes progressive plant pathology

Identification of species of Fusarium occurring on the sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas

Fusaria autographice delineata. Selbstverlag

Pyrenomyceten-Studien. I

Pyrenomyceten-Studien. II

Fusarium bactridioides sp. nov., associated with Cronartium

Fusarium-Monographie. II. Fungi parasitici et saprophytici

Aliquot Fusaria tropicalia nova vel revisa

Die Fusarien. Verlagsbuchandlung Paul Parey

Multiple Didymella teleomorphs are linked to the Phoma clematidina morphotype

Numbers to namesreappraisal of the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex

Bis-naphthopyrone pigments protect filamentous ascomycetes from a wide range of predators

Some Nectriaceae and Elsinoe species from Japan

Redefining species limits in the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex

Fusarium sibiricum sp. nov, a novel type A trichothecene-producing Fusarium from northern Asia closely related to F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae

A novel Asian clade within the Fusarium graminearum species complex includes a newly discovered cereal head blight pathogen from the Far East of Russia

Association genetics reveals three novel avirulence genes from the rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae

Deoxynivalenol and its monoacetate: new mycotoxins from Fusarium roseum and moldy barley

Gibberella konza (Fusarium konzum) sp. nov. from prairie grasses, a new species in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex

Eight new combinations of Bionectriaceae and Nectriaceae

Two new species of Neocosmospora from China

Ascomycetes from the Qilian Mountains

Fusarium xiangyunensis (Nectriaceae), a remarkable new species of the Nematophagus fungi from Yunnan

Re-examinations of Bionectriaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) from temperate China on deposit in HMAS

Fusarium sinensis sp. nov., a new species from wheat in China

Fusaricates H-K and fusalanones A-B from a mangrove endophytic fungus Fusarium solani HDN15-410

Two novel Fusarium species that cause canker disease of prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) in northern China form a novel clade with Fusarium torreyae

New species and new Chinese records of Bionectriaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes) from Hubei

Mycetoma on the foot caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans

Increased taxon sampling greatly reduces phylogenetic error

setosum Fusarium Nirenberg & Samuels, Canad. J. Bot. 67: 3372. 1989. Setofusarium setosum (Samuels & Nirenberg) (1955) . Notes: This taxon was published as a new name for all the taxa in section Sporotrichiella. However, it is invalid as no type and Latin diagnosis were provided. Synonym fide Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982 

Descriptions and illustrations: See Nalim et al. (2011) . Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: KC691615; rpb2: KC691645; tef1: KC691555.pseudoanthophilum Fusarium Nirenberg et al., Mycologia 90: 461. 1998 Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) , Booth (1971 ), or Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982 . Gams et al. (1997) . Type locality: Germany. Type substrate: Malvaceae. Notes: Gams et al. (1997) proposed that the name, F. roseum be rejected due to ambiguity surrounding the type of this species, with F. sambucinum taking preference. This proposal was accepted in 1999 (see Gams 1999) . Wollenweber & Reinking (1935) . No holotype specimen could be located and therefore an illustration is designated as lectotype. rubrum Fusarium Parav., Ann. Mycol. 16: 311. 1918 Diagnostic DNA barcodes: rpb1: JX171472; rpb2: JX171586; tef1: JABEXW010000634. Notes: No type material could be located. Therefore, CBS 745.79 is designated as neotype here. Both Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982) and O'Donnell et al. (2013) 

The present study is the first to provide an up-to-date morphological, biochemical, and phylogenetic overview of the 20 fusarioid genera that are presently recognised in Nectriaceae. Morphological species recognition frequently fails to distinguish fusarioid taxa that have been described based on genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR sensu Taylor et al. 2000) . To address this issue, we have established a new database, Fusarioid-ID, with accurate names for species and genera of fusarioid taxa. Although the phylogenetically most informative genes remain tef1, rpb1 and rpb2, additional markers such as act1, CaM, tub2, ITS and LSU are also incorporated. These genetic fragments can be amplified by PCR and sequenced using the primers indicated in Table 2 . In the future, new species and other phylogenetically informative orthologous genes, will be added to resolve isolates at species and genus level. Researchers interested in obtaining reference strains should contact the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (https://wi.knaw.nl/page/Collection), which houses a large collection of phylogenetically diverse fusarioid taxa.As we have shown here, the phylogenetically derived argument that species under the node F1 should be considered members of "Fusarium" is not practical, as this circumscription would lead to a genus without apparent synapomorphies, as lineages outside the genus would also share its characteristics. However, the F3 node (corresponding to Fusarium s. str.) is resolved by all genetic markers so far analysed (e.g., see Geiser et al. 2021 ) and delineates the morphologically, ecologically, and biochemically well-delineated genus Fusarium. Fusarium s. str. does not have different sexual morphs, other than Gibberella. Fusarioid genera are not only morphologically distinct, but as we have shown in this study, correlate to different monophyletic groups and also differ in their biology and mycotoxin profiles.One of the reasons for the desire to classify any species producing conidia with foot-shaped basal cells into a single genus could be that plant pathologists and clinicians typically FUSARIUM REDELIMITED www.studiesinmycology.org