(iff ^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 ft*- ,* 
 
 Illy 
 
 
 fc 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 
 1: 
 
 *:'Vv'v 
 
 
 
 ^:* 
 
 
 
 •• ' * 
 
 Jfeifc 
 
 : I \ 
 
 mm 
 
T5r>TivTm?rn/^Tvr "NT T <vf> 
 
 PRINCETON, N. J. 
 
 Shelf. 
 
 see 
 
 Division....... ±rS. 
 
 •&**» i;.... f Z./..fe ^ 
 
 Number Y..'.. 4r>- 
 
 
 ' 
 
,# : m i 
 
 yk I ■ W '- ! 
 
 M 
 
 
 H*v 
 
 
 
 (i 
 
 
 <^. ^ 
 
 r'. 
 

A 
 
 DISSERTATION 
 
 ON 
 
 THE MYSTERIES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE CABIRI; 
 
 OR THE 
 
 GREAT GODS OF PHENICIA, SAMOTHRACE, EGYPT, 
 TROAS, GREECE, ITALY, AND CRETE ; 
 
 BEING 
 An Attempt to deduce the feveral Orgies of 
 
 ISIS, CERES, MITHRAS, BACCHUS, RHEA, ADONIS, 
 AND HECATE, 
 
 FROM AN 
 
 Union sf the Rites commemorative of the Deluge with the 
 Adoration of the Host of Heaven. 
 
 By GEORGE STANLEY FABER, A. M. 
 
 FELLOW OF LINCOLN COLLEGE. 
 
 H yug icv vpxvov 'mpoeroc^uv, r) roc apvnroc rrx I^t^o? gx^aveiv, v> 
 to ev a&vaau cvrro^nrov &i|eiv, v> r*)<ruv tw Bap, jj roc piXr) ra Ocn- 
 ftaog #iccffx.i$oca£iv ra> Tv(pun 3 v) aAAo rt rotovrov a9m*ei tro»*}<rm. 
 Jamb, de Myft. feet, vi. cap. 51. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 OXFORD: 
 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR THE AUTHOR 
 And fold by F. and C. Rivington London, and 
 W. Hanwell and J. Parker Oxford. 
 
 1803. 
 
;;ologic:.i 
 
 CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 
 
 Chap. VII. 
 
 Concerning the facred terms Hiph or Sipb, and 
 Cut or Col ; and the various traditions founded upon 
 them. 
 
 Chap. VIII. 
 
 The connexion of the Argonautic voyage with the 
 helio-arkite fuperftition. 
 
 Chap. IX. 
 
 The war of the Titans. 
 
 Chap. X. 
 
 The identity and import of the feveral Myfteries of 
 Ifis, Ceres, Mithras, Bacchus, Rhea, Adonis, and the 
 Cabiri.— A differtation on the Mithratic cavern. 
 
SOLOGIC 
 
 A 
 
 DISSERTATION 
 
 ON THE 
 
 MYSTERIES 
 
 OF, 
 
 THE CABIRI. . 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
CHAP. VII. 
 
 CONCERNING THE SACRED TERMS HIPH OR 
 SIPH, AND CUL OR COL; AND THE VA- 
 RIOUS TRADITIONS FOUNDED UPON THEM. 
 
 1 SHALL now proceed to offer a few ob- 
 fervations upon the facred terms Hipb or 
 Siphy and Cul or CoL 
 
 The oriental mythologifts feem, from the 
 moft remote periods, to have particularly de- 
 lighted in the wild luxuriance of metaphori- 
 cal language ; and confequently in, what is 
 very nearly related to it, fymbolical imagery. 
 This imagery, though frequently but ill un- 
 derstood, was early carried into the weftern 
 world ; the whole religion of Greece having 
 been borrowed from the theology of Egypt, 
 Chaldea, and Phenicia. Hence we find, that 
 the Ark was reprefented by a variety of em- 
 blematical animals, one of the principal of 
 which was a Mare ; w T hile Noah, who w T as 
 ufually confidered as the allegorical confort of 
 the Ark, was venerated under the iymbol of 
 a. Horfe \ By the Greeks however a mare 
 
 a This hieroglyphic has been noticed by Mr. Bryant j but 
 b 2 he 
 
4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 was denominated Hippa : and I am inclined 
 to conjecture, that this animal was fo called 
 by them, not arbitrarily, but defignedly, and 
 in confcquence of its being an emblem of the 
 Ark ; the Chaldeans and Phenicians terming 
 that immenfe veiTel, in oppofition to fmall 
 open boats, Hipha or Siphina, which fignifies 
 a decked ox covered Jhip b . From this root the 
 Greeks formed their word Hippa, a mare, be- 
 caufe a mare was the fvmbol of Hipha, the 
 Ark ; and hence, although in their vulgar 
 dialed: the meaning of the mafculine term 
 Hippos was fimply a horfe, yet they ftill re- 
 tained, even in that vulgar dialed, fome re- 
 membrance of the primitive fenfe of Hipha. 
 Accordingly, Hippos fignifies a pip c ; Hip- 
 
 be has neither attempted to afcertain the precife meaning of 
 term Hippa or Hippos, nor has he puriued the fubjeil 
 
 through all its various ramifications. 
 
 b HDn Texit, Occultavit, Operuit. Buxt. Lex. nTZV Na- 
 
 vis, propria magna, quae fuperne tecla eft. Ibid. ~: s DD in 
 
 reality fprings from the primitive root HDrr, or, in its molt 
 le (hape, ?)n ; being formed by the addition of the prefix 
 
 >S: and it is one of the many inftances, which might be brought 
 
 to fhew, that the Hebrew is by no means fo uncompounded a 
 
 language, as it is generally fuppofed to be. 
 
 c I?TTrr; yx: I ttoivjtv;? ra; iscvq i\Tti, y.cci tycei; tov Y\o7H^cova. I7r- 
 
 mov y.cc\ovf*sv. Artem. lib. i. cap. 58. Thus alio Plautus : 
 Nempe 1 per vias creruleas 
 
 Litis vectae. Ruden. Act i. Sc. 5. 
 
 In a fimilar manner, Sophocles ufes the phrafe va.iu.yiu, iTnriv.a, 
 
 when 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 5 
 
 parchus, a commander of flips d ; Hippion, a 
 mariner e ; Ibenus, a flip f ; and Hipos g , or 
 Hipnos h , a particular part (poffibly the deck) 
 of a JJoip. A large fiih being an emblem of 
 the Ark, no lcfs than a mare, the term, ap- 
 propriated by the Greeks to the latter, was 
 fometimes transferred to the former. Hence 
 Hippidion fignifies a fifh l ; and Hippos, a 
 
 when defcribing a chariot race 5 (Elecl:. ver. 732.) and Strabo 
 fpeaks of fmall fhips denominated H'ippi. (Strab. Geog. lib. ii.) 
 Thefe remarks may perhaps account for the nautical phrafes of 
 " a fhip riding at anchor," and " a fhip riding out a ftorm." 
 They may alio explain the idea of the word Ivfevcvcrat, which 
 is ufed by Nonnus to exprefs the floating of the iiland Delos 
 or Afteria. 
 
 KvfAewtt ccrv$E\iy.-rov tviPJi^w&iv AkoKKuv. 
 
 Nonni Dionyf. lib. xxxiii. p. 552. 
 They may likewife mew us the realbn, why Aftrampfychus 
 affirms a horfe at full fpeed to be fomething myftical. 
 
 Aftramp. Oniroc. p. 98. 
 A horfe at full fpeed fymbolized a lhip running before the 
 wind. 
 
 iTTTrap^og, o rut viuv £7mts?^rv5j 'utupx Auy.ucnv. Hefych, 
 c I'mrciuv, mXswr, Surd. 
 l&r,\i<u, xtborof. Heiych. 
 
 S Itto?, y.tfoq Tt TVS VSUC. Etym. Mag. 
 
 lnvosy pifos r» mu$. Hefych. 
 IftTnoiov, ip^-St's 9Tcio?. Ibid. 
 
 b 3 large 
 
6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 large fea-Jift k . Laflly, fince the original im- 
 port of the verb Hipba is to cover, the Punic 
 word Hopb x , and the Greek word Hippos™, 
 equally fignify a harbour ; and Hippoporis, 
 either a honfe, or a valley n , from the idea of 
 their being covered and protected. 
 
 Hipba then being equivalent to a decked 
 Jloip, Argos, or the city of the Ark, was per- 
 petually by the old mythologifts ftyled Hip- 
 plan ; and that, not from any connection with 
 horfes, except indeed fymbolically, but, as we 
 are informed by Heiychius, from Hippa the 
 allegorical daughter of Danaus, or Da-Nau °. 
 This Hippa was the nurfe of Bacchus or Noah, 
 and me is feigned to have received him at his 
 fecond birth from the thigh of Jupiter p . Ac- 
 
 ^ lirirov top ynyixv SaXuc-o-iov iy§vv. Hefych. 
 
 1 f]ir7 Portus, quafi navium proteclio. Buxt. Lex. It is 
 remarkable, that in the Greek language Siphia is the name of 
 a particular kind of flirt. 2»<pva ttojo? i^vg. Hefyeh. 
 
 m 'Itttto?, A»/xevo;, Ibid. 
 
 n l7T7ro7rop?j xo»^a?, ccvXr,, oauct. Ibid. 
 
 • lmreiov, to A§yoc, ano Itttty^ . t*jj Auvotov. Ibid. DanauS, 
 or Noah, is faid to have nrft introduced into Argos the ufe of 
 aquatic initruments. Strab. Geog. lib. i. p. 23. The city 
 Argos-Hippion in Italy, which was feigned to have been built 
 by Diomede, and which was afterwards corrupted into Argi- 
 ripa, owed its name, like the celebrated town of Greece, to the 
 Arca-Hipha, or decked ark. Serv. in iEneid. lib. i. p. 632. 
 
 P KAv$( irxriPy Kgovov vU ffaJcaQe, avh^i Scupov, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 7 
 
 cording to the author of the Orphic hymns, 
 flie was the fame as Proferpine or Cybele q ; 
 and fhe was fometimes called Mifa, which 
 appears to be M'Ifa, or M'lfis, the great Ifis r : 
 hence Ino, or Ifis, is faid to have been the 
 nurfe of Bacchus, no lefs than Hippa s . Hefy- 
 chius fuppofes, that fhe was Juno l ; and Pro- 
 clus ftyles her the life of the world, and re- 
 prefents her as being, like Ceres Cabiria u , 
 begirt with a ferpent, at the time that fhe 
 
 0$ Botx^ov AiQvveov ££»Cfo/xcv tigatpiarw 
 Tpuhw a rtycStoi/f >noc£ ^lifnoLv xa?^i7rccfVjov. 
 
 Orph. Hymn. 47. 
 * Iwctv xixtoiffy.u Bax^a rfo(po», tvadsc xtfpjr, 
 MtrmotAv tiXttotiaiv uyuKhopivw SaCtf ayvov, 
 Nt-'XTE^iojo-i ^ofoifftp irvgiGgeptrois »»%o»^i* 
 
 E»T£ av y. vj Qpvyw xccrt)(jnq I^jjj o^oq ctyvor, 
 H TpuTioq rtgirei at, xa7\av At>2W» Socw/ko.' 
 EfX £0 v £°f 7(Mra<; Ufa yifcovaot vcfocrtiiru. 
 
 Orph. Hymn. 48, 
 
 T 0£^o^opo» xa.\w vufiyxatpcfov Aicvfcrov, 
 S7r?p^i« TroKi'iAVivrov vroKva*V(Aov TLt,Gts?woc, 
 Ayvqv Eiuspo* T£ Miaw, ager,TQi/ utacraxii. 
 
 Orph. Hymn. 41. 
 
 8 Pauf. Lacon. p. 271. 
 
 x 'innec, — huu* xoi 'Hpa. This is a remarkable inflance of 
 the convertibility of the heathen goddeffes. Juno is properly 
 fpeaking the arkite dove, yet here (he is faid to be Hippa, of 
 the Ark. 
 
 u Minuc. Fel. O&av. p. 168. 
 
 b 4 re- 
 
« A DISSERTATION 
 
 received Bacchus from his father \ She was 
 in fliort the Hipha, or covered Ark, of Noah ; 
 and her reception of Bacchus, and his inclo- 
 fnre in the thigh of Jupiter, both relate to the 
 entrance of that patriarch into his divinely 
 conftructed veilel. Noah was defcribed by 
 the orientalifts, as being fhut up in an Arech, 
 or ark ; fome of their fucceflbrs corrupted 
 Arech into Yarech y , which fignifies a thigh ; 
 and the Greeks completed the corruption, by 
 thence feigning, that Bacchus w r as inclofed 
 in the thigh of Jupiter z . 
 
 In confequence of Hipha or Siphina figni- 
 fying a decked Jhip, the title of Hippian or 
 maritime, which we have already feen applied 
 to Argos, was beftowed like wife upon nearly 
 all the arkite gods. Paufanias accordingly, 
 
 * H /xev yap 'inna. ts kuvto; ovjcc ^/vp^r,, xou »7&> kskXtj/aevj) vro&gct, 
 Tv SaoXoyw — Kmov tirt vr}<; xeQahw Bs^bwi, ««/ ^focttotri afro tts^i- 
 r££x[/a,<ra. to xpcto'icuov, viroh^tToci Ajowctov, — o be octto rov pypov tqv 
 Ato; itpuavi et? cevryv. — ho y.cc\ crvKKupGecvsaScif y.ctf 'lirnra. XeyHTai 
 tiktoitj t« AiV. Proc. in Tim. apud Orph. p. 401. Edit. 
 Gefn. 
 
 * TV. 
 
 z It maybe proper however to obferve, that this fable might 
 Ttombly originate from the tradition, that Bacchus was born in 
 the Indian mountain Meros, or Meru. See Afiat. Ref. vol. i. 
 p. 25S. If fuch mould be the cafe, the younger Bacchus or 
 Raamah muil, in this inftance, have been confounded with the 
 elder, or Noah. 
 
 in 
 
ON THE CABIRT. * 
 
 in a fingle paflage, mentions a Hippian Nep- 
 tune, a Hippian Juno, a Hippian Mars, and 
 a Hippian Minerva ; connecting them at the 
 fame time with the Diofcori, or Cabin a : 
 and Artemidorus affures us, that Neptune 
 was called Hippius, not from Hippos, a horfe, 
 but from Hippos, a Jhip b . 
 
 The hiftory of Neptune is replete with le- 
 gends refpecting horfes, all of which, I appre- 
 hend, are to be interpreted fymbolically. In 
 his conteft with Minerva for the territory of 
 Athens, he is faid to have produced the horfe 
 Scypbitis c ; while the goddefs caufed to fpring 
 from, the earth the propitious diluvian olive d . 
 He is reported like wife to have brought the 
 firft horfe Sijypbus out of a rock in Theflaly, 
 by a ftroke of his trident e ; and he is even 
 
 k Ev (jam tv V7rcti§{u Tr,q uCeseuk; xxra, fiBtrov 773 fjuO^fU) Tiocnou- 
 
 Tv;? a tS£o$ T0^ B^CoXoy yaMvun-cv s-yocov, 7*3 y.zv Acs/j Irrvrif , t 
 ASwste 'iwmat @ap.Qi. Paiif. i Eliac. p. 414. 
 
 b Vide fupra p. 4. note c. 
 
 c Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 766. 
 
 d See Gen. viii. 11. 
 
 e Ittttio^ I Ho<?u8ut, o~t loy.ii VfUTQ* ivwo* yeysnpi nan S»o"f^o> tv 
 QzujaXicf. T33 Tf.scipri wETpcw vroacrag. Etym. Magn. The Theffalian 
 horfe Sijypbus is the fame as the Attic horfe Stypbius, which 
 fhall be more particularly noticed in the courfe of the prefent 
 chapter. The names of both are equally derived from the ra- 
 dical Sipb. 
 
 feigned 
 
io A DISSERTATION 
 
 feigned to have metamorphofed himfelf into 
 a horfe, and thus to have enjoyed the em- 
 braces of Ceres, or Hippa. It is obfervable, that 
 this allegorical amour, which fignifies nothing 
 more than the marriage of Noah and the Ark, 
 is immediately connected with the waters of 
 Styx, or the deluge. According to Ptolemy 
 Hepheftion, the deity of the ocean folicited 
 Ceres in the neighbourhood of the Arcadian 
 Styx, when fhe was in fearch of her daughter 
 Proferpine. The reluctant goddefs, vainly 
 wifhing to efcape from him, changed herfelf 
 into a Hippa, or mare ; and afterwards, be- 
 holding her new form in the Stygian foun- 
 tain, fhe in difguft miraculoufly tinged the 
 w^ater with black f . Tl\e fruit of this her 
 intercourfe with Neptune was fuppofed to be 
 the horfe Arion, which faved the life of 
 Adraftus at the imaginary fiege of Thebes & : 
 the fabulous Hippos-Arion however was 
 merely the Hiph-Aron, or decked Ark, while 
 his rider Adraftus was Adar-As-Theus, the 
 illujlrious folar Noah k - y and the whole ftory 
 
 f Ptol. Hephaeft. Nov. Hill. lib. iii. 
 
 £ A^a-ov cfs [aovov iTriroq htaucrtv Aptwv* 78rov ex Tloeuwvoq tyzv- 
 mere A*!^>jT»i§ ew.cccrSsicrci Egwv'i y.ocrsc ryv avvtJtrtuv. Apollod. Bibl. 
 lib. iii. cap. 6. 
 
 h Adraftus, mounted upon Arion, is the fame as Bellero- 
 phon, mounted upon Pegafus : accordingly Neptune is equally 
 faid to have been the father of both thofe horfes, 
 
 of 
 
ON THE CABIRI. n 
 
 of the fiege of Thebes feems to have been 
 founded upon the war between the votaries 
 of the two fuperftitions *. The Arcadians of 
 
 1 I have ventured to adopt this explanation., partly from the 
 connection of the horfe Arion with Neptune and Ceres, and 
 partly from the undoubted circumftance, that what the Greeks 
 called the early hiftory of Thebes was purely fabulous. When 
 we find the ftory of Edipus and Jocafta, the parents of Eteo- 
 cles and Polynices, accurately preferved in the ancient books of 
 the Hindoos, we iball not be eafily perfuaded to believe, that 
 their tragical adventures ever really took place in Beotia. For, 
 as it is not very credible, that the early occurrences, which 
 happened in a petty barbarous ftate of Greece, could ever have 
 attracted the notice of a great and polifhed empire, fuch as 
 Hindoftan ; fo it is furely much more probable, that the 
 Greeks, through the medium of Egypt, borrowed the fable 
 from the Hindoos, and adapted it to their own country, than 
 that the Hindoos borrowed it from the Greeks. 
 
 According to Captain Wilford, one of the defcendants of 
 Palli " was Lubdhaca ; — and from Lubdhaca defcended the 
 " unfortunate Linafu, — whofe tragical adventures are told in 
 " the Rajaniti, and whofe death was lamented annually by the 
 *' people of Egypt. All his misfortunes arofe from the incon- 
 " tinence of his wife Yoga, Bhralta, or Yogacaihta ; and his 
 " fon Mahafura, having by miftake committed inceit with her., 
 c< put himfelf to death, when he difcovered his crime, leaving 
 n iflue by his lawful wife. May we not reafonably conjecture, 
 <c that Lubdhaca was the Lahdacus, -Linafu the Lams, and 
 fr Yogacaihta the Jocafta, of the Greeks ? The word Yadupa, 
 " from which Edipus may be derived, fignifies king of the Yadu 
 "family, and might have been a title of the unhappy Maha- 
 a fura." (Afiat. Ref. vol. iii. p. 75.) 
 
 I have little doubt, but that this ftory, like many others of 
 inceiluous connections which-I have already noticed, (vide fupra 
 
 vol. i. 
 
12 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Phigalea had a tradition, that Ceres-Hippa, 
 or the Ark, being diftra&ed with forrow on 
 
 vol. i. p. io;.) was founded upon the mythological character 
 of the Ark. This veffel was at once confidered as the mother, 
 the daughter, the fifter, and the wife of Noah 5 and from fuch 
 different relations, mifunderftood by the poets, naturally arofe 
 a variety of wild legends refpecting inceft. Jocafta in fhort is 
 Oc-Afta, the oceanic Vejla ; and Mahafura is Maha-Surya, the 
 great Noetic Sun: while Linafu, or Laius, the imaginary father 
 of Edipus, whofe death was yearly lamented by the people of 
 Egypt, is evidently no other than Ofiris. 
 
 Linafu is alfo the fame as Linus, who was the reputed fon 
 of Apollo, and the brother of Orpheus. Accordingly, the fup- 
 pofed death of this Linus was lamented, in a manner precifely 
 fimilar to that of Ofiris, by women and virgins ; and his rites 
 became fo famous, that the name of Linus was ufually inferted 
 by the Argive poets in ever}'' funereal dirge. It is remarkable, 
 that he was feigned to have been brought up during his infan- 
 cy in the midft of a flock of lambs ; whence the month in 
 which his feftival was celebrated was denominated Arneus, and 
 the feftival itfelf Amis. Much the fame ftory, as I have al- 
 ready obferved, (vide fupra vol. i. p. 304.) is told refpecting 
 Neptune, and for the very fame reafon. The Greeks con- 
 founded Am, the Ark, with Arnos the genitive of Ars, a lamb; 
 hence the month Arneus, and the feftival Arms, were fo called, 
 not from their having any connection with lambs, but becaufe 
 Linus, Linafu, Laius, or Ofiris,»were preferved, or, in the lan- 
 guage of the Myfteries, buried, in Arn, an ark or coffin. 
 (Apollod. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. 3. — Conon. Narrat. 19.) Some 
 fuppofed Linus to be the fon of a certain gegenes, named Phrus, 
 and not of Apollo. (Tzet. in Hef. Open et Dier. ver. i.) 
 Pierus however was in fact the fame as Apollo, being Pi-Ur, 
 the oracular Sun. It is not unworthy of obfervation, that Non- 
 nus bellows upon Linus the titles of Area-, or the arkite, and 
 cf i/t'to. or the god of fire. 
 
 Kcu 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 13 
 
 account of the rape of Proferpine, long con T 
 cealed herfelf within the dark recefies of a 
 
 Kai Aivog siewm <J>ot£ijVos A^y.ctq A^tyis. 
 
 Dionyf. lib. xll. p. 707. 
 The reader will recollect, that the fame perfons, who were 
 called Titans, were alio called Alette. 
 
 Linus moreover, as we are plainly informed by Herodotus, 
 was the fame as the Egyptian Maneros, whom I take to be 
 no other than Ofiris ; for, like him, he was yearly bewailed by 
 the Egyptians on account of his fuppofed death. (Herod, lib. ii. 
 cap. 79.) The Greeks indeed metamorphofed Maneros into 
 the god of love, and denominated him Eros, which the Latins 
 conceived to be equivalent to Cupido ; but the whole of this 
 miftake arofe from a circumftance in the Myfteries, which I 
 have already hinted at. Noah's egrefs from the Ark was re- 
 prefented as his fecond birth : hence he was fometimes natu- 
 rally enough defcribed as a child ; and hence we are told by 
 Plutarch, that the Sun (viz. the Noetic Sun) was depicted by 
 the Egyptians as an infant fitting upon the fymbolical lotus. 
 (Flut. de Ifid. p. 3S5-) This infant Eros, or Cupid, is laid to 
 have been the fon of Venus : but Venus was a pcrfoniiication 
 of the Ark ; and was efteemed, in confequence of the intro- 
 duction of the phallic worth ip, the goddefs of love. Such be- 
 ing the cafe, her allegorical fon Noah, who, as I have juft ob- 
 ferved, was fometimes reprefented as an infant, was -by clalli- 
 cal writers transformed into the boy Cupid, and fuppofed to 
 be the god of love. The Egyptians called him Maneros, or 
 Man-Eres, the Noetic Sun : the Greeks denominated him Eros, 
 or Eres, the Sun ; and, efteeming him the god of love, derived 
 from that appellation their verb Erao, to love : but the Latins, 
 totally lofmg fight of his original character, and confidering 
 him only as an amatory deity, termed him Cupido, or defire. 
 The ancient author of the ineftimably valuable Orphic writings 
 very juftly aflbciates him with Chaos, and Cronus ; intitling 
 him the double god, the father of night, and Phones, which Phanes 
 
 I have 
 
i 4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 rocky cavern. In confequence of her ab- 
 fence, the earth ceafed to yield its increafe, 
 and the human race was vifited by a dreadful 
 peftilential diforder. To perpetuate the me- 
 mory of this event, the Phigalenfians con- 
 ftruded an artificial grotto, and placed with- 
 
 I have already fhewn to be the fame as Bacchus, Noah, or the 
 Sun. (Orph. Argon, ver. 12. et infra.) 
 
 As for the word Li?ius, I am much inclined to derive it from 
 the old Celtic radical Lin, a lake. According to this deriva- 
 tion, Linus will be Lin-Nus, Noah the god of the lake ; that 
 patriarch being lb called from the circumflance of his being 
 worshipped in an artificial floating ifland in the midft of a 
 lake, iuch as thofe of Cotylc, Buto, and Bambyce. 
 
 I am further inclined to conjecture, that Linus is the very 
 fame perfon as the famous Britifh enchanter Merlin, or Mer- 
 lin : but the hiftory of this fingular character muft be referved 
 for future conilderation. (Vide infra chap, x.) 
 
 Linus, Maneros, or Cupid, then, being equally the folar 
 Noah, we mall perceive the realbn why the imaginary god of 
 love, no lefs than his arkite mother Venus, was frequently re- 
 presented as a marine deity. Montfaucon has prefented us 
 1 a variety of engravings, in which Cupid appears fome- 
 times riding upon the back of a full ; fometimes driving over 
 the waves a chariot drawn by two fifhes 5 fometimes hovering 
 in the air, while he holds the reins, by which he directs a va- 
 riety of fea-monfters, compounded either of a horfe and a fifti, 
 a ram and a fifh, a lion and a fifh, or a griffin and a nlh ; 
 fometimes floating upon the ocean in a Ihell ; and fometimes 
 gliding over the waters, as he fits upon a fort of pitcher, and 
 expands his fail to the wind. (See Mont. Ant. Expl. vol. i. 
 p. in. et infra.) This pitcher I apprehend is much the fame 
 fymbol as the cup, of which I (hall treat at the end of the pre- 
 fent chapter. 
 
 in 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 15 
 
 in it a ftatue of Ceres of a very remarkable 
 form. The goddefs was reprefented in a fit- 
 ting pofture, having a horfe's head k , the hair 
 of which was intermingled with ferpents ; a 
 long robe reached down to her ancles ; and 
 in one hand flie held a dolphin, and in the 
 other a dove 1 . It is almoft fuperfluous to 
 obferve, that the horfe's head was given to 
 Ceres, on account of her fuppofed amour 
 with Neptune ; and that the dolphin, and 
 the dove, equally relate to the hiftory of the 
 deluge. As for the grotto within which {he 
 was placed, I apprehend that it was con- 
 ftru&ed for the purpofe of initiating afpirants 
 into the Myfteries of the Cabiri, one of 
 whom, as we are informed by Mnafeas, w T as 
 Ceres ™. By the epoptae a cavern was 
 efteemed the moft proper fymbol of Hades, 
 or the vaft central cavity of the earth : hence 
 we almoft invariably find, that the rites of 
 the Cabiri w T ere celebrated in caves, either 
 
 k One of the three heads of Hecate or Diana, who was the 
 fame as Ceres, was that of a horfe. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 281. 
 
 1 Pauf. Arcad. p. 686. — Coel. Rhodig. Lea. Ant. lib. xv. 
 cap. 31. 
 
 m The reafon, why Ceres, or the Ark, was placed within 
 this cavern, is the very fame as that, why the principal arkite 
 god was fuppofed to have defcended into the infernal regions. 
 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 230. 
 
 natural, 
 
16 A DISSEKTATIOx^ 
 
 natural, or artificial". There is one curious 
 particular, which muft not be left unnoticed 
 in confidering the fabulous loves of Neptune 
 and Ceres. Apollodorus mentions, that fhe 
 received his embraces in the fliape of an 
 Erinnus, or Fury ° ; and Tzetzes adds, that 
 Ceres-Erinnus was highly venerated at Ong- 
 cae, a city of Arcadia p . The reader will re- 
 coiled:, that I attempted in a former chapter* 1 
 to fhew, that the whole fiction of the infernal 
 regions was built entirely upon the helio- 
 arkite Myfteries: owing to this circumflance, 
 Ceres- Hippa is faid to have become an Erin- 
 mis, which the Greeks metamorphofed into 
 a Fury, and placed in Hell ; but which is 
 limply, when ftripped of its poetical terrors, 
 Aren-Nus, the Ark of Noah, Hence me was 
 
 n This fubje6fc will be refumed at large hereafter. Vide in- 
 fra chap. x. The Phigalenfian cavern of Ceres-Cabiria was 
 one of the fame nature as the fubterraneous vault, in which 
 Acrifius confined his daughter Danae, whom I have already 
 lhewn to be Da-Naue, or the Noetic Ark. Vide fupra vol. i. 
 p. 200. It was likewife of the fame nature as the cave of the 
 Nymphs, the cave of Chiron, the cave of Trophonius., and the 
 cave of Zerinthus in Samothrace. 
 
 ° Apollod. Bibl. lib. iii. cap. 6. 
 
 p Epim/; 7) Ar^ojTrjp, ev Oyy.xK; <croAsi XW Afv.ctt?ia<; T^arai. Tzet. 
 
 in Lycoph. ver. 1225. For the teftimony of Apollodorus fee 
 the laft citation. 
 
 1 Vide fupra chap. v. 
 
 wx>r- 
 
ON THE CABIRL 17 
 
 worfhipped in Arcadia at Ongca?, or Ong-Ai, 
 the region f acred to the ocean. With the fame 
 allufion to the arkite Hippa, Neptune is 
 feigned alfo to have ravifhed Hippothoe r , and 
 Medufa ; the latter of whom bore to him 
 the horfe Pegafus 8 . This Hippothoe is mere- 
 ly Hippo-Thea, the divine Ark ; while her 
 father Meftor, who was the reputed offspring 
 of Perfeus, is M'Es-Tor, the great folar bull : 
 and as for Pegafus, Palephatus does not fcru* 
 pie to declare, that he was not a horfe, but 
 a long fhip, or, as the Phenicians would have 
 exprefTed it, ArcaSiphina l . 
 
 I have obferved, that Juno was the dove, 
 that Mars w T as the Noetic Sun, and that Mi- 
 nerva was the divine wifdom, which preferved 
 the Ark ; we fhall not be furprifed therefore 
 to find, that they were all denominated Hip- 
 plan deities. Hence, on account of the con- 
 nection of Minerva u with the hiftory of the 
 
 r Apollod. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. 4. 
 
 s Ex Medufa Gorgonis fiTia et Neptuno nati lunt Chryfaor, 
 et equus Pegafus. Hyg. Fab. 151. For an account of Me- 
 dufa, vide fupra vol. i. p. 266. 
 
 Otofxa de >;v ru 'SjXoko Ylr,yacro<;, w; x.ui vvv ly.ctfov rvv fthavv ovo- 
 pcc tyi? pcc>Xov h Sbxe* trXow, v\ Imru cvopa, uyzu Tltyacrc^ Palaeph. 
 de Incred. Hift. cap. 29. 
 
 u The following fables, refpecting the birth of Minerva, evi- 
 dently originated from a mifprifion of the term Hipfa. 'lirina.' 
 
 VOL. II. C us 
 
x8 A DISSERTATION 
 
 deluge, Thebes was efteemed facred to her x ; 
 hence alfo fhe was reported to have affifted 
 Mercury in purifying the daughters of Da- 
 naus, after the murder of their hufbands y ; 
 hence flie was faid to have built the fhip of 
 Danaus, in which he efcaped the machina- 
 tions of his brother Egyptus z , that fhip, which 
 was the very fame as the celebrated Argo a ; 
 and hence, as we have already feen, fhe was 
 fabled to have preferved in an ark the femi- 
 dracontian form of Erichthonius. By the 
 advice of Minerva alfo, the wooden horfe of 
 Troy was conftrucled ; the hiftory of which 
 feems to be nothing more, than a corrupted 
 tradition of the facred Hippa b . Servius evi- 
 dently gives no credit to the vulgar fable re- 
 fpe&ing it ; and indeed few perfons will be 
 inclined to believe, that any fortified town 
 could ever have been really taken by fo ftrange 
 a contrivance. He mentions, that fome wri- 
 
 ii I C7T avTrs vy.vG<; £r,?\<n' »j ct» Hoat^wtoe ucra Svyc&TiQ yiat Kcp^»jj 
 Tjjf nxtavx t'/naa dgfxa, uru<; tytv»n$r,' Etym. Magn. 
 
 x Apoll. Argon, lib. iv. ver. 260. 
 
 y Apollod. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. I. 
 
 2 Minerva prima navem biproram Danao aedificavit, in qua 
 ^Egyptum fratrem profugit. Hyg. Fab. 277. 
 
 Afyv— ee.h\oi $t heywa A&raot huKopevot v7ro AijwTiTti, WfiuTor 
 
 KOLTutrKtvetaoci, b$sr xen AanxV? tx*T : %, Schol. in ApolL Argon. 
 lib. i. ver. 4. 
 
 b Hyg. Fab. 108. 
 
 ters 
 
ON THE CABIRI. i 9 
 
 ters fuppofed it to have been an engine of 
 
 war ; and others, the gate, by which Ante- 
 
 nor admitted the Greeks, and over which was 
 
 placed the figure of a horfe : while others 
 
 again were of opinion, that it related only to 
 
 an equeftrian battle, in which the Trojans 
 
 were completely routed by the Greeks ; and 
 
 others referred it to a mountain called Hip- 
 
 pius, behind which the Greeks placed them- 
 
 felves in ambufcade c . The defcription, given 
 
 by Virgil of the mode in which this horfe was 
 
 conftrucfled, Angularly refembles the procefs 
 
 of naval architecture ; 
 
 Fracli bello, fatifque repulfi, 
 
 Dudtores Danaum, tot jam labentibus annis, 
 Inftar montis equum, divina Palladis arte, 
 jEdificant : feftaque intexunt abiete coftas d . 
 
 And Tryphiodorus direclly compares its bulk 
 to that of a (hip. 
 
 HJV ya,(> (ixM<ri S^r uTroepyo? Eve tot 
 
 c De hoc equo varia in hiftoriis ledta funt : ut Hyginus di- 
 cit, machinamentum bellicum fuit. — Ut alii, porta quam eis 
 Antenor opetuit, equum pi&um habuiffe memoratur : vel certe 
 Antenoris domus, quo poflet agnofci. Aut equeftri praelio vic- 
 ta eft Troja. Aut a monte Hippio, poft quern fe abfconderant 
 Graeci. Serv. in JEneid. lib. ii. p. 233. 
 
 d JEne'id. lib, ii. ver. 13. 
 
 C % Uoi^i 
 
so A DISSERTATION 
 
 CcQpgv €7rt qah^nv j&sysQoz rcpiwo-alo tskIcov e . 
 
 In confequence of the radical Hipb enter- 
 ing into the epithets of nearly all the arkite 
 gods, Venus, whofe ordinary employment is 
 certainly not fuppofed by any of the poets to 
 confift in taming horfes, is neverthelefs called 
 Hippodamia f . This title is in fact Hippa-da- 
 Maia, the great arkite mother ; and it was be- 
 llowed upon Venus in the fame fenfe, as that 
 of De meter or Da- Mater, and that of Damia 
 or Da-Maia g , were upon Ceres. 
 
 I apprehend, that Venus-Hippodamia was 
 the fame mythological character as Hippoda- 
 mia the wife of Pelops. This Hippodamia 
 was the daughter of Enomaiis by Euarete, 
 the filter of Danae. Terrified by an oracle, 
 which predicted his death from his future 
 fon-in-law, Enomaiis refufcd to give his 
 daughter to any perfon, except the man who 
 (hould firft conquer him in a chariot-race. 
 Pelops accepted the challenge ; and, by means 
 of a ftratagem, obtained the victory h . Pa- 
 lephatus relates, that the horfes of Pelops were 
 
 e Tryph. de Ilii Capt. ver. 56. 
 
 l7T7rch.utia, 3 ACp^ohryi. Hefych. 
 
 £ Herod, lib. v. cao. S2. 
 * Hyg. Fab, 84. * 
 
 winged ; 
 
ON THE CABIRI. zi 
 
 winged ; but he concludes with obferving, 
 that they were nothing more than a fhip, 
 upon the head of which two winged horfes 
 were reprefcnted ' : and Cicero, in perfect con- 
 formity with this explanation of Palephatus, 
 fuppofes him to have received his chariot and 
 horfes as a gift from Neptune, and defcribes 
 them as lightly fkimming over the Surface of 
 the Ocean k . Enomaiis himfelf was the fon 
 of Mars ; and his mother was fabled to be 
 either Arpina the daughter of Afopus, or 
 Eurythoe the daughter of Danaus : while 
 his charioteer Myrtilus was the offspring of 
 Mercury, and Phaethuia another of the fa- 
 mily of Danaus *. As for Pelops, he is limply 
 P'El-Op, the divine folar Jerpent™ \ and I hare 
 
 1 Eyco as ra. avrx "htyu y.ai irtpi rov TIs^ottoi;, cento xat irtfi rov 
 Ylr.ya.CQV — pjrsoy tjv, hr\ TliXu^ r)\§iv t%u» ttAo»o>* tyty^ctirro h ixi 
 rov ttXoiov, ittttoj yTTOTTTtpoi' ag7racrst<; &s ryv Hoor,v t o/xero $tvyvv m 
 
 Palasph. de Incred. Hilt. cap. 30. The fame aflertion is made 
 by Tzetzes. Schol. in Lycoph. Caflan. ver. 156. 
 
 k Equi Pelopis ill i Neptunii, qui per undas currus fufpenfos 
 rapuiffe dicuntur. Cic. Tufc. Pifp. lib. ii. cap. 26. 
 
 1 Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 752. 
 
 m It is a remarkable circumftance, and what ferves addition- 
 ally to fhew the connection of Pelops with the arkite worfhip, 
 that the Trojan Palladium was fuppofed to have been formed 
 out of the bones of that Hero. Arnob. adv. Gent. lib. iv. — Clem, 
 Alex. Strom, lib. vi. — Jul. Firm, de Err. Prof. Rel. Hippoda- 
 mia, in gratitude for her marriage with Pelops, built a temple 
 to Juno, the Noetic dove. Pauf. i. Eliac. p. 417. 
 
 c 3 little 
 
22 A DISSERTATION 
 
 little doubt of his being the fame perfon as 
 Bacchus, or Ofiris. Hence, like thofe deities, 
 he is feigned to have been torn limb from 
 limb, and afterwards to have had his fcat- 
 tered members joined together again m ; and 
 hence, in allufion to the fecond or mytholo- 
 gical birth of the patriarch, he is defcribed by 
 Lycophron as reftored to life, and enjoying 
 the pleafures of a fecond youth n . 
 
 'Ov Stj £i? i/oa/rcLvrcb, x.cq (s&pvv 7ro9ov 
 QvycvTct Nctujjt.eoovTos' ap-TraxTvjpiGV, 
 E<r«A' Epex&ev? eg AeutTpcuvaufs yvict$°. 
 
 Another of the Hippian or arkite gods was 
 Hercules : whence we find, that the title of 
 Hippcdites was given to him ; that he was 
 worshipped both at Oncheftus and Thebes p ; 
 
 m Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 152. 
 
 n The fable of the dilaceration of Bacchus, as I mall here- 
 after (hew, is a corruption of the primitive allegory j which 
 reprefented, not the god of the Ark, but the Ark itfelf, as torn 
 afunder, and as having its limbs fcattered over the face of the 
 whole world. Vide infra chap. viii. 
 
 Lye. Calf. ver. 156. 
 
 Kefych. Apollodorus has given us a catalogue of the fons of 
 Hercules, among whom we find Hippeus, Tripfippas (Tor« 
 Ip-Sip), Onefippus (On-Es-Ip), Menippides (Men-Hippa- 
 Dus), Hippodromes (Hip-Adar-Am-Es), Hippotus, Argelas 
 (Arg-El-As), Archedices (Arca-dag), Alopius (Al-Op), Afo 
 
 pides 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 23 
 
 and that a variety of traditions refpecting 
 horfes occur in his fabulous hiftory. He is 
 laid for inftance to have driven away the 
 Thracian mares of Diomede, the fon of Mars 
 and Cyrene, which fed upon human flefti ; 
 a circumftance, I apprehend, allufive to the 
 cruel rites, with which the joint worfliip of 
 the Ark and the Sun were anciently cele- 
 brated q : and he is fuppofed to have under- 
 taken the deliverance of the Trojan Hefione 
 from the Cetus, upon condition that Lao- 
 medon mould give him the mares, which he 
 had received from Jupiter in recompenfe for 
 the rape of Ganymede r . He is further re- 
 ported to have flain Hippolyta, the imaginary 
 queen of the Amazons, or fire-worfhippers, 
 Juno having inftigated their army to attack 
 him s ; which fable, like many others of the 
 fame nature, apparently relates to the war 
 between the two great feels of the Ark and 
 the Sun \ 
 
 With regard to the Amazons, whom the 
 
 pides (As-Op), Mentor (Menah-Tor), Hippocrates, and Hip- 
 pozygus. Apollod. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. 7. 
 
 1 Apollod. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. 4. 
 
 r Ibid. cap. 5. 
 
 5 Ibid. cap. 4. 
 
 1 Or, as the Hindoos term them, in their account of this 
 war, the wormippers of the Yoni and the Lingam. 
 
 c 4 Greeks, 
 
24 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Greeks, by deriving that appellation from a 
 word in their own language, converted into a 
 nation of female warriors u , they feem to have 
 been fo called from the adoration of Am- 
 Azon, the blazing Sun x . Hence they are faid 
 to have been the children of Mars by Har- 
 monia y . The fcholiafl however upon Efchy- 
 lus defcribes Harmonia, not as the confort of 
 Mars, but as his offspring by Venus z ; while 
 the fcholiafl: upon Apollonius reprefents her 
 as the fifter of Dardanus and Jafion, and as 
 the daughter of ElecT:ra a . Both thefe gene- 
 alogies of Harmonia are equally mythologi- 
 cal : for Dardanus-Poiyarches, as I have al» 
 
 u See a diflert. on this fubjec~t in Bryant's Anal. vol. 3. 
 
 x Palephatus does not fcruple to declare, that the Amazons 
 were not women, but a nation of barbarians. lisp* Apafytuv roc 
 h Xiyvo-iv, ot» t> yitsny.s; ncuv, ot'hX uvogig fiacQaPoi. Palaeph. de In* 
 cred. Hift. cap. 33. 
 
 y Apoll. Argon, lib. ii. ver. 992. 
 
 z Affjionav rr ; v Afpp^iTvj? xai Apzug u%vj 5 Ketones' Schol. in 
 Sept. con. Theb. ver. [40. 
 
 a Ex£t yap (ek tt) Ha.fAoSpa.y.'T)) uysi HAexrpat v) ATXavrog, xa» uvo- 
 f/.tzfyro v7ro rug tyxuciuv "Zrpxr^yig, yv tyncw 'EXXa.ny.oq HXanavwr,* 
 xccXtiojcct. TLyivr/)os oe toejj i ma.\§a.<; i Aaqbxvov rov tg Tpoixv xarojv.jj- 
 cccvra, bv xai UoXvap^Y) (paat ^syscrSa* v7ro tuv sy^upujv' xcu HgTt- 
 
 uvu, oj> Icccnwcc ovopccQjai' rpnvi> h tvyiv Apfiovtav, rjv yyaytro- 
 
 Kadpotf xai anra rr,<; [/.Yirpog avrng HXmrp^ccg <7rvXa$ Ty<; ©»jC»j; ovo- 
 pacrui t<-cffi EXhctvwfiq tv i&ptora T 'pw'ixuv , y.ea Icou.sv£Vq sv irpuru 
 
 TfutKaf. Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 916. 
 
 ready 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 25 
 
 ready obferved b , is Dar-da-Nus-Bol-Arca, the 
 illujlrions Noah, the lord of the Ark ; his bro- 
 ther Jafion is As-On, the blazing folar orh; 
 Mars is the Sun ; and Venus, the Ark. The 
 amours therefore of Mars and Venus, which 
 are celebrated fo continually by the poets, 
 relate only to the allegorical marriage of the 
 folar Noah and the lunar Ark. Harmonia 
 is ufually fuppofed to have been the wife of 
 the Phenician Cadmus, the founder of Thebes; 
 but Palephatus makes the Sphinx to be his 
 confort, and adds, that fhe was an Amazon 
 and an Argive c . The Sphinx feems to have 
 been nothing more, than an hieroglyphical re- 
 prefentation of the two united fuperftitions, 
 by means of their fymbols, the woman, the 
 lion, and the ferpent ; and the whole fable 
 refpecling her was mod probably ingrafted 
 upon the emblematical theology of the Cuth- 
 ites, whom the Greeks denominated Ethio- 
 pians : accordingly, we learn from Pifander, 
 that the Sphinx was fent by Juno out of 
 Ethiopia, for the punifhment of Laius and 
 the Thebans d . Since Cadmus then is gene- 
 rally reprefented as a Phenician e , we have 
 
 b Videfupra vol. i. p. 344. 
 c Palseph. cap. 7. 
 
 d Pif. apud fchol. in Eurip. Phcen. vcn 1789. 
 * ^le is fometimes however faid to have come -from Thebes 
 
 in 
 
26 A DISSERTATION 
 
 every reafon to believe, that from him the 
 Canaanitiih Cadmonites f derived their appel- 
 lation, as the Hermonites g did theirs from his 
 wife Harmonia. Not that there were ever 
 really fuch perfons as Cadmus and Harmonia, 
 for, Cadmus, or Cadm-On h , the oriental Sun y 
 
 in Egypt. Diod. Bibl. lib. i. p. 20. — Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 1206. 
 The fa6t is, that the fame helio-arkite worfhip was equally ef- 
 tablifhed in Greece, in Egypt, and in Phenicia. 
 
 f Gen. xv. 19. 
 
 * Pfalm xlii. 6. Mount Hermon was called Svrion by the 
 Tynans. Deut. iii. 9. The reafon of this is obvious : Sirion 
 is the Jolar deity Noah, and thence naturally connected with 
 Har-Mon, the bill of the Ark. 
 
 h Cadmus is actually denominated Cadmon by Stephanus of 
 Byzantium. DeUrb. p. 415. The editor has indeed corrected 
 Cadmon to Cadmus ; but he acknowledges, that it is contrary 
 to the reading of every copy, both printed and manufcript. The 
 various travels of Cadmus feem to relate to the migrations of 
 his wormippers, who were originally Phenicians or Egyptians, 
 and who carried with them, wherever they went, the rites of 
 the Cabiri. Hence we find that Cadmus is fuppofed to have 
 been in Rhodes, in Thera, in Thafus, in Eubea, and in Samo- 
 thrace \ all which places, as we have feen, were famed for the 
 worfhip of the Cabiric deities. Accordingly in Samothrace, 
 he is faid to have been initiated into the Myfteries. Diod. Bibl. 
 Ub. v. p. 329, 323. — Herod, lib. iv. cap. 147. — Euftath. in 
 Dionyf. Perieg. ver. 517. — Strab. Geog. lib. x. p. 6S5. It is 
 remarkable, that Nonnus beftows upon him the appellation of 
 Aletes or Titan. Nonni Dionyf. lib. xiii. p. 242. In (hort, as 
 I have already obferved, that Cadmus was the fame perfon as 
 Hercules, or the folar Noah ; fo Tzetzes informs us, that he was 
 likewife the fame as the Cabiric Cadmilus, or Hermes. Jtao- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 37 
 
 was a title of the great Noetic god of the 
 eaftern world ; while the term Harmonia re- 
 lates, not to a woman, but a country. It 
 alludes to the joint worfhip of the Moon and 
 the Ark ; and, like Armenia, is Ar-Mon- Aia, 
 the mountainous country of the ariite crefcent. 
 From thefe remarks on the genealogy of the 
 Amazons, it is chronologically evident, that, 
 if we fuppofe them to be literally the children 
 of Harmonia, the niece of Dardanus, they ne- 
 ver could have been a powerful nation at war 
 with Hercules, in the age immediately pre- 
 ceding that of the fiege of Troy. Equally ir- 
 reconcileable with the common courfe of na- 
 ture will be the other fuppofition, that they 
 were the defendants of the Phenician Har- 
 monia. They were in facl: a nation, addicted 
 to the prevailing fuperftition, and deriving 
 their name from it ; while their mythologi- 
 cal genealogy, when analyfed, ferves only to 
 fhew, that, like all other pagan nations, they 
 deduced their origin from the folar Noah, and 
 the lunar Ark. 
 
 I have obferved in a preceding page, (to 
 return from this digreffion refpecling the Ama- 
 zons,) that Mercury is M'Erech-Ur, the great 
 
 pfoa teat Kafyti, y,toi *E^y. Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 219. "O 
 KaJtcof, r,roi *Eppj$, tiru ^tyofAtvoi tra^x Bimtqh. Ibid. 
 
 fire- 
 
28 A DISSERTATION 
 
 fire-deity of the Ark ; and have offered a vari- 
 ety of reafons to fnew that this title is ftrictly 
 applicable to his character. Coniidered then 
 as an arkite God, he bears the name of Hip- 
 par cheus \ or the deity of the Hippian Ark k ; 
 and is feigned, under the appellation of Odin, 
 (as he was denominated by the northern na- 
 tions,) to have pofieiTed a wonderful horfe, 
 with eight legs, called Sleipner l . This animal 
 was produced at a time when the gods were 
 in great danger from the incurfions of the gi- 
 ants ; who are equally, in the Gothic, the 
 Grecian, the Egyptian, and the Hindoo my- 
 thology, fuppofed to have exifted at the era 
 of the deluge. They w r ere in fhort the irre- 
 claimable antediluvians ; and, as fach, are 
 faid in the Edda to have been fwept away by 
 the waters of a flood m . Upon the horfe 
 Sleipner, or, in other words, in the Ark, 
 Odin, the father of inchantments, defcended 
 into the infernal regions ; thofe regions by 
 
 1 'lTrnugyjios, *E(3^tr?' Hefych. 
 
 * The fable of Mercury being changed into an Ibis, when 
 the gods affumed the forms of different animals through fear of 
 Typhon, may perhaps relate only to the arkite Hippa ; the P 
 paffing into B. *Zppw h id*. Ant. lib. Metam. cap. 28. Cyi- 
 lenius Jbidis alis. Ovid. Metam. lib. v. ver. 331. 
 
 1 Edda, Fab. 21. 
 
 » Ibid. Fab. 4. 
 
 which 
 
ON THE CABIRL 29 
 
 which the ancients fymbolically defcribed the 
 central cavity of the earth, the vaft recepta- 
 cle of the diluvian waters n . If from Scan- 
 dinavia we extend our refearches into the 
 Eaft, we fhall find, that the Japanefe Budfdo- 
 Siaka, who is the fame as Buddha, Odin, Fo- 
 hi, and Hermes, is no lefs connected with the 
 arkite horfe, than the great deity of the Goths. 
 According to Kaempfer, the firft, that taught 
 the religion of Budfdo in China, iC came over 
 4C thither about the year of Chrift fety-three, 
 V and obtained leave to build a temple, which 
 €t is flill called Fakubafi, that is, the temple, of 
 *' the white horfe 9 becaufe the Kio, or holy 
 " book of Siaka, was brought over on a 
 " white horfe p ." 
 
 * " Odin, the fovereign of men ariies : he faddles his borfif 
 " Sleipner; he mounts, and is conveyed to the fubterraneous 
 " abode of Hela." Bartholin, lib. iii. cap. 2. apud Mallet, 
 vol. 2. p. 220. It is poffible, that the word Shhfner may be a 
 variation of Sip-Ner, the Hip or ark ofthefea. Perhaps alfo the 
 precife number of his legs may allude to the arkite ogdoad. 
 
 Mr. Maurice thinks, that Kaempfer has erronecvjly gives* 
 to Budfdo the white horfe of the tenth Avatar : (Hift. of Hind, 
 ver. i. p. 481.) but I am by no means inclined to aflent to his 
 fuppofition, both becaufe Kaempfer relates the tradition upon 
 the authority of the Japanefe hiflorians ; becaufe a Budfdoin. 
 temple was actually built in honour of this white horfe ; and 
 becaufe the horfe in the Avatar is reprefented with wings, no 
 mention of which is made by Kaempfer in fpeaking of the horie 
 of Budfdo. 
 
 p Kaemp. Japan, p. 247. The holy book Kio is probably 
 
 the 
 
3© A DISSERTATION 
 
 The emblematical horfe is introduced alio 
 into the hiftory of Saturn. This deity is faid 
 to have metamorphofed himfelf into one of 
 thofe animals, and in that form to have en- 
 joyed Philyra the daughter of Oceanus. The 
 fruit of their loves was the centaur Chiron ; 
 who is clofely connected with the Argonautic 
 expedition, and who was the preceptor of the 
 renowned Achilles q . The daughter of Chi- 
 ron (for the whole of his genealogy is entire- 
 ly mythological) was called Hippa, or Mena- 
 
 the fame as the holy book, which the Hindoos believe to have 
 been recovered by Vifhnou from the demon Hyagriva when the 
 waters of the deluge abated. (Afiat. Ref. vol. i. p. 233.) It is 
 not unworthy of obfervation, that in the third Avatar, which 
 manifeftly relates to the hiftory of the flood, two of the arkite 
 iymbols, the cow and the horfe, are very confpicuoufly intro- 
 duced. (See the print in Maur. Hift. of Hind. vol. i. p. 5S1.) 
 They are depicted ftanding upon the neighbouring fhore, while 
 the Soors and AfToors, or the good and evil genii, violently 
 churn the ocean with the mountain Mandar, on the top of 
 which is feated Vifhnou, and round which is twilled a huge 
 ferpent. (Maur. Hift. of Hind. vol. i. p. 584.) Mandar feems 
 to be the Ark, the word iti'elf being perhaps a contraction of 
 Manah-Adar, the illujlrious Noetic Ark ; the ferpent relates to 
 the folar woiihip ; and the bow, which appears beneath the 
 tortoife, brings to our remembrance the propitious rainbow, the 
 %n of God's clemency towards the renovated world. As for 
 the cow, it is denominated by the Hindoos the cow of plenty ; 
 and that with perfect: propriety, for it was a fymbol of the Ark, 
 the Ceres or Magna Mater of claflical antiquity. 
 « Hyg. Fab. 138.— Schol. in Pind. Pyth. 3. vol. i. 
 
 lippa ; 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 31 
 
 Uppa ; and (he was feigned by fome to have 
 been changed into a mare, and placed among 
 the conftellations r : but others fuppofed, that 
 the catafterifm of the horfe was not Hippa, 
 but Pegafus 8 . The import of both thefe tra- 
 ditions however is precifely the fame; for as 
 Pegafus is the Hippo-P'Aga, or diluvian Ark, 
 fo Hippa, or Menalippa, is Men-El-Hippa, 
 the divine Noetic Hippa. Although Saturn, 
 when confidered with a reference to the ark- 
 ite worfhip, be the fcriptural Noah ; yet in 
 another point of view, like moft of the prin- 
 cipal heathen deities, he is the Sun 1 . Hence 
 his fabulous confort, Rhea, or Cybele, was 
 frequently termed Ops, or the ophite goddefs u ; 
 notwithftanding the circumftance of her be- 
 ing, like Venus, both the lunar Ark in the 
 diluvian myfteries, and the globe of the Earth 
 emerging from the bofom of the waters \ In 
 
 r Hyg. Poet. Aftron. lib. ii. cap. 18. 
 
 * Ibid. 
 
 x Saturnus ipfe, qui auctor eft temporum, et ideo a Grsecis 
 immutata litera Kpvo; quali Xpo^o? vocatur, quid aliud nifi Sol 
 intelligendus eft? Macrob. Saturn, lib. i. cap. 22. 
 
 u Idem (Saturnus) fororem fuamRheam, quam Latine Opem 
 dicimus. Lact. de Fal. Rel. lib. i. cap. 13. Hanc deam Opem 
 Saturni conjugem crediderunt. Macrob. Saturn, lib. i. cap. 10. 
 
 x Terram Opem.— — Huic deaefedentes vota concipiunt, ter- 
 ramque de induftria tangunt ; demonftrantes et ipfam matrem 
 «fle terram mortalibus appetendam. Ibid. 
 
 this 
 
:: A DISSERTATION 
 
 this laft capacity, me had an oracle in com- 
 mon with Neptune, which was attended by 
 a prieft: denominated v Purcon, or P'Ur-Chon, 
 the priejl of fire ^ in allufion to the folar devo- 
 tion *. 
 
 Having now confidered the hiftories of the 
 feveral Hippian or ark ire deities, I fnall pro- 
 ceed to analyfe fome of the many gentile tra- 
 ditions, which are founded upon the fymbo- 
 lical Hippa. 
 
 The city of Oncheftus, celebrated for the 
 worlhip both of Neptune and Hercules, re- 
 ceived its name from One, or Ogc, the Ocean ; 
 and as fuch was the iuppofed residence of 
 Hippomenes. According to Ovid, the father 
 of this hero was Megareus ; his grandfather, 
 Oncheftius and his great-grandfather, Nep- 
 tune z . He was the lover of the beautiful 
 Atalanta ; who was by fome believed to be 
 the child of Scheneus, and by others, of Ia- 
 fus and Clymene the daughter of Minyas, 
 from whom the Argonauts were called Mi- 
 nyas a . Atalanta, when an infant, was ex- 
 
 7 Tloo-tiSccvos iv nohvu x.cti Vy; won to fACLVTaov' xcci ?yiv pit X$? v 
 avTcv, IlocrH^covi ^g i/nyigtTYiv sj rcc {AcivrivpccTu, uvcti Tlufxana.' Paul* 
 Phoc. p. 309. 
 
 z Ovid. Metam. lib. x. ver. 605. 
 
 * Thefe two Atalantae are fpoken of as different perfons, but 
 I apprehend them to have been originally the fame. 
 
 pofed 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 33 
 
 pofed by her father, and fuckled by a bear : 
 afterwards, when arrived at years of maturity, 
 me became the wife of Hippomenes, who had 
 conquered her in the race by the artifice of the 
 golden apples b . Hyginus fays, that both fhe 
 and her hufband were at length changed into 
 lions by Jupiter, in the neighbourhood of 
 ParnafTus c ; but Ovid afcribes their meta- 
 morphofis to Cybele, the mother of the 
 gods d . 
 
 Hippomenes is Hippo-Menes, the a?* kite 
 Menes, or Noah-, and his confort^ Atalanta is 
 At-Al-An-Ta, the divine JJoip of the Sun. e . 
 Minyas, as we fhall fee more at large here- 
 after, is Menu, or Noah ; and Megareus, the 
 father of Hippomenes, is Ma-Car, the illuftri- 
 ous Sun. The circumflance of Atalanta's be- 
 ing nurfed by a bear is a ftory of much the 
 fame import, as the metamorphofis of Callif- 
 to into one of thofe animals, and the unnatu- 
 ral palTion of Polyphonte for another of them. 
 The Greek word, which fignifies a bear, hap- 
 pens to be Arffios, and the Noetic veffel was 
 worfhipped under the name of Arc-Do, or 
 
 b Apollod. Bibl. lib. iii. cap. ix. 
 c Or the arkite mountain. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 255. 
 d Hyg. Fab. 185.— Ovid. Metam. lib. x. ver. 686. 
 e I have already obferved, that many of the goddeiTes derived 
 their titles from folar appellations. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 178. 
 
 VOL. II. D tii 
 
34 A DISSERTATION 
 
 the divine Ark ; hence they were confounded 
 together, and hence originated the wild fables 
 of bears being in fome manner connected 
 with perfons denominated Areas, Bootes, Hip- 
 pomenes, or Hipponus. Thus Areas, or Boo- 
 tes, was the reputed fon of Callifto ; Hippo- 
 menes, the reputed hufband of Atalanta ; and 
 Hipponus, or Hippo-Nus, the Hippian Noah, 
 the reputed father of Polyphonte f . The li- 
 ons, into which Hippomenes and his confort 
 were fuppofed to have been changed, are only, 
 as we have repeatedly feen, the ufual folar 
 emblems 5 . 
 
 As for Minyas, or Menu, the fon of Orcho- 
 menus, and the grandfather of Atalanta, he is 
 faid by Antoninus Liberalis to have had three 
 daughters, Leucippa, Arfippa, and Alcathoe. 
 Thefe were driven to madnefs by Bacchus, 
 and compelled to ramble wildly through the 
 mountains, till Leucippa, in her diftraclion, 
 tore her fon Hippafus in pieces h . 
 
 f Anton. Liber. Metam. cap. 21. 
 
 £ This huntrefs Atalanta is enumerated by Apollodorus 
 among the Argonauts j (Bibl. lib. i. cap. 9.) but Apolloniu3 
 only makes her exprefs a wifh to accompany them, on account 
 of her affection for Jafon. (Argon, lib. i. ver. 771.) At any 
 rate (he was immediately connected with the Minyae or Noa- 
 chidae, being, as I have juft remarked, the grand-daughter of 
 Minyas. 
 
 h Anton. Liber, Metam. cap. 10. 
 
 The 
 
ON THE CABIRL 35 
 
 The wanderings of Leucippa and her fitters 
 are of the fame nature as thofe of Io and Ce- 
 res ; and allude only to the unfettled ftate of 
 the Ark upon the furface of the waters. 
 Hence, as Bacchus or Noah is faid to have 
 driven the daughters of Minyas to madnefs, fo 
 the fame calamity is fuppofed to have been 
 brought upon Io by Juno, or the dove. Leu- 
 cippa accordingly is Luc-Hippa ; and Arfip- 
 pa, Ares-Hippa, the Ark of the folar Noah : 
 while Hippafus is Hippa-Zeus, the god of the 
 Hippa. Hence w 7 e find, that the legend of 
 the death of Hippafus is nearly related to the 
 misfortunes of Bacchus and Ofiris ; the for- 
 mer of whom was feigned to have been torn 
 by the Titans, and the latter by Typhon. 
 
 The ftory of Hippolytus is another tradition 
 founded upon the term Hiph. Hippolytus 
 was the fon of Thefeus, and was faid to have 
 been accidentally killed in confequence of his 
 horfes taking fright at a fea-monfter. Diana, 
 by the affiftance of Efculapius, brought him 
 back from the infernal regions, and conveyed 
 him to the grove Aricia in Italy. Here he 
 was worfhipped under the name of Virbius 1 , 
 
 1 Quatuor millibus ab urbe eft Virbii clivus, qua iter eft ad 
 Ariciam, et ad nemus Dianae, ubi Virbius colftur, id eft Hip- 
 polytus, quod bis in vitam prolapfus fit. Schol. in Peri". Sat. 6. 
 ver. 56. 
 
 d 2 or 
 
3 6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 or the twice-born ; and was feigned to have 
 become the confort of the nymph Aricia, and 
 the father of a fecond Virbius. 
 
 Ibat et Hippolyti proles pulcherrima bello, 
 Virbius : infignem quern mater Aricia mifit, 
 Eductum Egeriaa lucis humentia circum 
 Littora, pinguis ubi et placabilis ara Dianas. 
 Namque ferunt fama Hippolytum, poflquam ar- 
 te novercas 
 Occiderit, patriafque explerit fanguine pcenas, 
 Turbatis diftractus equis, ad fidera rurfus 
 iEtherea, et fuperas coeli venifTe fub auras, 
 Paeoniis revocatum herbis, et amore Dianae. 
 Turn pater omnipotens, aliquem indignatus ab 
 
 umbris 
 Mortalem infernis ad lumina furgere vitas, 
 Ipfe repertorem medicine talis et artis 
 Fulmine Phcebigenam Stygias detrufit ad undas. 
 At Trivia Hippolytum fecretis alma recondit 
 Sedibus, et nymphae Egeriae nemorique relegat : 
 Solus ubi in fylvis Italis ignobilis asvum 
 Exigeret, verfoque ubi nomine Virbius efTet. 
 Unde etiam Triviae templo lucifque facratis 
 Cornipedes arcentur equi, quod littore currum 
 Et juvenem monftris pavidi efTudere marinis k . 
 
 The fon of fam'd Hippolytus was there ; 
 Fam'd as his fire, and as his mother fair. 
 
 k JEndd. lib. \ii. ver. 761, 
 
 Whom 
 
1 
 
 ON THE CABIRI. 37 
 
 Whom in Egerian groves Aricia bore, 
 
 And nurs'd his youth along the marfhy more : 
 
 Where great Diana's peaceful altars flame 
 
 In fruitful fields, and Virbius was his name. 
 
 Hippolytus, as old records have faid, 
 
 Was by his Stepdame fought to fhare her bed : 
 
 But when no female arts his mind could move, 
 
 She turn'd to furious hate her impious love. 
 
 Torn by wild horfes on the fandy more, 
 
 Another's crimes th'unhappy hunter bore ; 
 
 Glutting his father's eyes with guiltlefs gore. 
 
 But chafte Diana, who his death deplor'd, 
 
 With Efculapian herbs his life reftor'd. 
 
 When Jove, who law from high, with juft dif- 
 
 dain 
 The dead inpfir'd with vital breath again, 
 Struck to the centre with his flaming dart, 
 Th' unhappy founder of the godlike art. 
 But Trivia kept in fecret (hades alone, 
 Her care, Hippolytus, to fate unknown ; 
 And call'd him Virbius in th* Egerian grove : 
 Where then he liv'd obfeure, but fafe from Jove. 
 For this, from Trivia's temple and her wood, 
 Are courfers driven, who fhed their matter's 
 
 blood, 
 Affrighted by the monfters of the flood. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 Servius, in his commentary upon the Ene- 
 id, very juftly remarks, that Virbius, or Hip- 
 polytus, was worfhipped in conjunction with 
 
 d 3 Diana, 
 
Si A DISSERTATION 
 
 Diana, precifely in the fame manner as Attis 
 was joined to the mother of the Gods, Erich- 
 thonius to Minerva, and Adonis to Venus *. 
 He was, in fa&, like each of thofe deities, no 
 other than the principal god of the Hippa, or 
 Ark m . Hence, as Hercules, Bacchus, Ofiris, 
 Adonis, and Mercury, are all feigned to have 
 returned from the fabulous regions of Hades ; 
 fo we find Hippolytus, by the favour of the 
 Tauric Diana n , and the medicines of the Ca- 
 
 1 Re vera autem, et ut fupra diximus, Virbius eft numen 
 conjunctum Dianae, ut matri Deum Attis, Minervae Erichtho- 
 nius, Veneri Adonis. Serv. in loc. 
 
 m One of the wives of Thefeus was called Hippa, whom I 
 take to be the fame mythological perfonage as Hippolyta, the 
 fuppofed mother of Hippolytus. Athen. DeipnOf. lib. xiii. 
 P-557- Thefeus himfelf is enumerated by Apollonius among the 
 fabulous Argonauts j and is faid, like his fon Hippolytus, to 
 have defcended into Hades, and afterwards to have been reftored 
 to the light of day. Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 101. — Schol. 
 in loc. He is alfo reprefented as being contemporary with the 
 Cretan Minos or Menu. 
 
 n It is plain that this Diana is the Tauric Diana, fo called 
 from Taurus, the arklte bull, becaufe Virgil applies to her 
 the epithet placabilis. Upon which Servius remarks : Placabi~ 
 lis, ac (i diceret, non qualis ante fuit, vel illic vel apud Centau- 
 ro.% hurriano gaudens cruore ; quam hiftoriam plene in fecundo 
 diximus, cum Iphigenise incidit commemoratio. Iphigenia, 
 the daughter of Agamemnon, was the prieftefs of the Tauric 
 Diana. See Eurip. Iphig. in Taur. Iphigenia is Ipha-Chenah, 
 the prieftefs of the Ipha or Ark. She was, moreover, not only a 
 prieftefs of Diana, but alfo Diana herfelf ; the miniiters of the 
 heathen gods, as we have repeatedly obferved, bearing frequent- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 39 
 
 bir Efculapius, reftored to the light of day, 
 after his confinement in the gloom of Hell. 
 The ftory of his death being occafioned by 
 his horfes taking fright at a fea-monfter is a 
 mere perverfion of two of the arkite iymbols ° ; 
 and his allegorical confort Aricia p is nothing 
 more than the Ark. 
 
 It is worthy of obfervation, that, according 
 to the text of Servius, Efculapius, who re- 
 ftored Hippolytus to life, is by Virgil ftyled 
 a Pbenician. 
 Fulmine Pcenigenam Stygias detrufit ad undas. 
 
 This circumftance naturally reminds us of the 
 
 \y the names of the deities, whom they' ferved. Thus the Tau- 
 rians themfelves afferted, that their goddefs was, Iphigenia, the 
 daughter of Agamemnon. Tjjv h ^x^ovx rxvrr,v r-p Bvea-^ Xeyea-i 
 xvroi Tavfcn Kpiyevnuv n:r,v AyotfjLS(/,vovo<; zivxi. Herod, lib. iv. cap. 
 103. 
 
 Ovid fays, that the fea-monfter, which frightened the horfes 
 of Hippolytus, was a bull, that emerged from the waves, like 
 the Cretan bull of Minos. 
 
 Mare furrexit, cumulufque immanis aquarum 
 
 In montis fpeciem curvari, et crefcere vifus, 
 Et dare mugitus, fummoque cacumine findi. 
 Corniger hinc taurus ruptis expellitur undis, 
 Pectoribufque tenus molles e rectus in auras, 
 Naribus et patulo partem maris evomit ore. 
 
 Metam. lib. xv. ver. 508. 
 p From this Aricia, the Arician grove, where Numa held his 
 no6lurnal conferences with the goddefs Egeria, was fuppoled to 
 have derived its name. 
 
 d 4 P£e- 
 
4 o A DISSERTATION 
 
 Phenician Cabir Efculapius of Sanchoniatho ; 
 and refers us not to Greece, but to the Eaft, 
 for the fable of Hippolytus. The ancient 
 commentator upon Horace introduces Juno, 
 or the Jove, into this mythological hiftory, 
 which I do not recollecl to have feen done by 
 any other writer. He .mentions, that, although 
 Diana had once brought her favourite hero 
 from the fhades below, yet Juno was not able 
 to fave him from a fecond, that is a natural 
 death <». 
 
 The fame allufion to the facred Hippa maybe 
 traced in the fabulous hiftory of Alope. Alope 
 was the daughter of Cercyon, the fon of Vul- 
 can ; and, by a fecret intercourfe with ]Nep- 
 tune, fhe became the mother of Hippothoiis. 
 Unwilling that her fhame mould be difco- 
 vered by her father, ihe expofed her infant ; 
 but it was fuckled by a mare, and thus pre- 
 fer ved from death r . 
 
 Alope, like Europa, was fo denominated 
 in honour of Al-Op, the divine ferpent s ; and 
 
 Q Revocare quidem ilium potuit (Diana ab inferis), at im- 
 mortalem facere non potuit : quia licet dicatur Hippolytus re- 
 vocatus, non potuit tamen a Junone in hac luce teneri. Vet. 
 Commen. in Horat. lib. iv. Od. 7. cum emend. Jacobi Cruquii 
 MefTenii, 4to. 
 
 ■ Hyg. Fab. 187. 
 
 9 I have already attempted to account for the application of 
 
 folar 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 41 
 
 her father Cercyon is Cer-Chon, the prieji of 
 the Sun. Hence, in reference to the folar 
 worfhip, he is made the offspring of Vulcan. 
 The imaginary amour therefore of Neptune 
 and Alope, and the fable of the mare acting 
 as a nurfe to their offspring, are founded en- 
 tirely upon a mifunderftanding of the mytho- 
 logical term Hippa f . 
 
 Nearly the fame ftory is told of Neptune, 
 and Menalippa u ; whofe infants were, in a 
 fimilar manner, expofed, and fuckled by the 
 other arkite emblem, the cow x . The name of 
 one of thefe children was Beotus, from whom 
 Beotia was fuppofed to have received its ap- 
 pellation. Beotus however was the fame as 
 Butes, Bootes, Buddha, and Budfdo ; in other 
 words, he was the god of the fymbolical hei- 
 fer : whence Thebes, the capital of Beotia, 
 was fo called, as we have already feen, from 
 Theba, the Ark. 
 
 I am much inclined to think likewife, that 
 
 folar titles to the heathen goddeffes. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 178. 
 note p. 
 
 1 Hippothoiis afterwards became king of Arcadia, or the land 
 of the divine Ark, Pauf. Arcad. p. 607. 
 
 u We have already feen, that Menalippa was the daughter 
 of Chiron, and that the was feigned to have been changed into 
 a mare. 
 
 * Hyg. Fab. 186. 
 
 the 
 
4Z A DISSERTATION 
 
 the mythological Hippa is purpofely intro- 
 duced by Virgil into his epifode reflecting 
 Camilla. Servius, his commentator, fcruples 
 not to affert, that the word Camilla is derived 
 from Cafmilus or Camillas, the title of the 
 Samothracian Cabir Mercury : and it abun- 
 dantly appears, that the Eneid is peculiarly a 
 theological poem, both from the obfervations 
 which have already been made upon the 
 myftic Hades, and from the criticifms of Ma- 
 crobius. Thefe conilderations render it by 
 no means improbable, that the romantic fable 
 of Camilla having been fuckled by a mare is 
 built upon Virgil's acquaintance with the 
 Myfteries of the Hippio-Cabiric Ceres z . 
 
 I have already noticed Abas, as being con- 
 nected with the Abantes ; and Perfeus, as 
 being Peres-Zeus, or the folar deity. They 
 were both efteemed Argives or arkites ; 
 whence we may naturally expect to meet 
 with fome allufions to the fymbolical Hippa 
 in the courfe of their fabulous genealogy. 
 Abas was the fon of Hypermneftra, by Lyn- 
 ceus, the fucceflbr of Danaus at Argos. He 
 efpoufed Ocalea, the daughter of Mantineus, 
 and became the father of Acrifius and Pre- 
 tus ; who are faid to have quarrelled even in 
 
 * iEneid. Servii, lib. xi. p. 6jo. 
 
 their 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 43 
 
 their mother's womb, and afterwards, when 
 arrived at man's eftate, to have contended for 
 the kingdom. In this ftruggle, Acrifius 
 proved victorious ; and Pretus was forced to 
 retire to Tiryns. Here he begot Lyfippa, 
 Iphinoe, and [phianafla; who were driven to 
 madnefs, and compelled to ramble through 
 the whole country of the Argives, for having 
 flighted, according to Hefiod, the Myfteries 
 of Bacchus, but, according to Acufilaus, for 
 defpifmg the ftatue of Juno \ 
 
 The genealogy of the line of Danaus, like 
 moft others of the fabulous ages, is entirely 
 mythological ; confiding only of varied repe- 
 titions of the diluvian hiftory b . Thus, while 
 Danaus himfelf is the great patriarch, his re- 
 
 * Apollod. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. 2. 
 
 b Hence we find, that the radicals Hiph and Arg perpetu- 
 ally occur in the genealogies of Danaus and Egyptus. The 
 wife of the latter of thefe brothers was Argyphia ( Arg-Hipha) ; 
 and among his fons we meet with Eufiris (Bu-Sir), Dai'phron. 
 (Da-Hiph-Aron), Alcmenon (Al-Oc-Men-On), Hippothoiis 
 (Hippo-Thus), Menalcas (Men-Al-Oc-As), Argius (Arghi), 
 Archelaus (Arc-El), ar.d Hippocoryftes (Hippo-Cor). Moft 
 alfo of the names, which the daughters of Danaus bear, arc 
 words of a fimilar origin. Thus we have Hippodamia (Hippa- 
 Da-Maia), Hippomedufa (Hippa-Ma-Dufa), Iphimedufa (Hi- 
 pha-Ma-Dula), Pirene (P' Arena), Euhippa {the beautiful Hip- 
 pa), Chryfippa {the golden Hippa), Glaucippa {the Jea- green 
 Hippa), Dioxippa (Di-Og-Hippa), Pylarge (Bala-Arga), and 
 Podarce (Baud-Area). See Apollod. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. 1. 
 
 mote 
 
44 A DISSERTATION 
 
 mote defcendant Perfeus, from the circum- 
 ftance of his having been expofed in an ark, 
 is evidently the fame. In a fimilar manner, 
 Hypermneftra the wife of Lynceus, and Oca- 
 lea the mother of Acrifius and Pretus, are 
 equally a perfonification of the Ark. Hy- 
 permneftra is Hip-Or-Menes-Tora, the hippo* 
 iauriform Ark of the folar Meties ; and Oca- 
 lea, the allegorical daughter of Mantineus, or 
 Man-Tin-Nus, the arkite Cetus Noah, is Oc- 
 Alla, the goddefs of the Ocean. The conteft 
 between the two brothers, like that of the 
 Theban Eteocles and Polynices c , relates to 
 the ftruggle between the votaries of the two 
 fuperftitions ; and as for the ftory of the 
 madnefs of Lyfippa, Iphinoe, and IphianafTa, 
 it is a mere repetition of the fable of Leu- 
 cippa, Arfippa, and Alcathoe, the daughters 
 of Minyas d . They both relate to the wan- 
 derings of the Hippa or Ark ; whence w r e 
 find Bacchus and Juno, or Noah and the 
 dove, introduced as principal adtors. Ly- 
 fippa is the fame title as Leucippa ; Iphinoe 
 is Ipha-Noe, the Ark of Noah \ and IphianafTa 
 is the royal Ipha. It is remarkable, that one 
 of thefe virgins is allegorically faid by Apol- 
 lodorus to have efpoufed Melampus, the fon 
 
 c Vide fupra p. it. d Vide fupra p. 34. 
 
 of 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 45 
 
 of Amythaon by Idomcne the daughter of 
 Abas ; the fame Melampus, who, according 
 to Herodotus, learned from Cadmus the ne- 
 farious rites of Bacchus, the Cabiri, and the 
 Phallus, and firft introduced them among the 
 Hellenes e . I have little doubt, but that 
 Melampus is juft as fabulous a character as 
 Cadmus, Abas, or Acrifius : the word is pro- 
 perly an arkite title, M'El-Am-Bus, the di- 
 vine helio-arkite bull, which the Greeks, as 
 they were wont, perverted into Melampus, 
 a per/on with black feet. Hence we find, that 
 Melampus is faid by Cicero to have been one 
 of the Cabiri, or Diofcori f . 
 
 It has been obferved, upon the authority 
 of Palephatus, that Pegafus, the winged horfe 
 cf Bellerophon, was nothing more than an 
 ark, or long mip s . If Pegafus then be the 
 Ark, Bellerophon rnuil of courfe be the god 
 of the Ark, or Noah. Accordingly he is faid 
 by Tzetzes to have been like wife called Hip- 
 
 c Herod, lib. ii. cap. 49, 50, 51. The ancient Pelafgi were 
 already in pofleffion of thole Myfteries. 
 
 f Cicer. de Nat. Deor. lib. iii. cap. 21. 
 
 s From this Hippc-Pegafus the celebrated fountain Hippo- 
 crene received its name. It was fituated in Beotia, and was 
 fuppoied to have been produced by a ftroke of his hoof. Hyg. 
 Poet. Aftron. lib. ii. cap. 18. 
 
 ponus, 
 
46 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ponus, or Hippo -Nus, the Hippian Noah h ; 
 and he is reprefented by Hyginus as the bro- 
 ther of the Phenician Agenor, as the fbn of 
 Neptune, and as the grandfon of Nufus '. It 
 is almoft fuperfluous to remark, that this ge- 
 nealogy is purely mythological, and that Nu- 
 fus and Hipponus are one and the fame per- 
 fon. Tzetzes mentions, that Bellerophon ac- 
 quired his name from his having involuntarily 
 flain Bellerus k , This is a ftory of precifely 
 the fame nature as that of the murder of Ar- 
 gus by- Mercury- Argiphontes. Bellerophon, 
 Belleropho?2teSy or Bel-Ur-Oph-Phont, was 
 merely a title of the folar deity Noah l ; and 
 it will be evident how very little dependence 
 can be placed upon the fable of this imagi- 
 nary hero having killed Bellerus, when we 
 find, that fome mythologifts fuppofe him to 
 have flain, not Bellerus, but Deliades, Piren, 
 or Alcimenes m . The fact is, that no mur- 
 
 h BeXhepotyoyrw, o xai 'ivvoviis xa>»tf/KEvo?, Tzet. in Lycoph„ 
 ver. 17. 
 
 " Hyg. Fab. 157. 
 
 k Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 17. 
 
 1 The fcholiaft upon Hefiod accordingly informs lis, that 
 Bellerophon was only a title of the Sun. BsX^opomj? ru Ylyyx- 
 cu BTroy^f/Avo?, *H?t»o$. Schol. Alleg. in Hefiod, Theog, 
 ver. 3 19. 
 
 m Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 17. 
 
 der 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 47 
 
 der was ever really committed, the fable 
 having entirely originated from a mifconcep- 
 tion of the title Bel-Ur-Opb-Phont. Belle- 
 rophon is further faid to have efpoufed Phi- 
 lonoe or Bala-Noa, the princely Noetic Ark n ; 
 and his horfe Pegafus is declared by Tzetzes, 
 in perfect conformity with Palephatus, to be 
 merely a fhip °. 
 
 The hiftory of the city Tarfus in Cilicia is 
 clofely connected with the legend of Bellero- 
 phon. Various accounts are given of its ori- 
 ginal foundation. According to Euftathius, 
 it was a colony of thofe Argives, who were 
 fent in fearch of Io, the daughter of Inachus; 
 but Solinus p , and Antipater q , make Perfeus 
 to have been its founder. The difference 
 however between thefe fables is more appa- 
 rent than real, for they are both of the very 
 fame import, and merely ferve to point out 
 to us, that Tarfus w T as an arkite city : hence 
 we find, that a tradition of the deluge pre- 
 vailed there. In the account, w T hich the 
 Tarfians gave of this cataftrophe, they af- 
 
 n Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 17. 
 
 • Kaxmo? <5e ovx. w lir , 7ro<; t a yap £r»f otth th; tirrt^uijavov ittttov 
 it^ijc-fiv, aMa. trXoia */xCa?> a mt^cc, Tvy^ccv%\ ra. KcuG>r l} Ur/yaaog h 
 « x\D<nf. Ibid. 
 
 * Solin. Polyhift. cap. 38. 
 
 ' ntfJt* ffot K7WV, Tagcrt Ki"\i<r<7a. nro?u. Antip. Epig. 
 
 ferted, 
 
4$ A DISSERTATION 
 
 ferted, that, when the waters began to retire, 
 the tops of the Tauric mountains firft ap- 
 peared ; at the feet of which flood Tarfus. 
 From this circumftance it acquired the name 
 of Polis Terjia, or the city of drynefs, which 
 was afterwards changed into tarfus r ; but 
 feme mythologifts fuppofed it to have been 
 lb called cciro rccotrov rov nyjycccrov, from the hoof 
 of PegafuSy Bellerophon having been there 
 difmounted, and doomed to linger out the 
 reft of his days in the Aleian plains s . Into 
 this fame country of Cilicia, as the Argives 
 of Inachus had done before him, came Cilix 
 alfo the fon of Agenor, while employed in 
 feeking for his fifter Europa \ Thus at length 
 we perceive, that the two fables of Io, and 
 Europa, meet in one point. They both al- 
 lude to the fame circumftance, the voyage of 
 the Ark ; and confequently the emblematical 
 bull makes a confpicuous appearance in them 
 
 r AMo* (Atvrot to ovo/xa T/5S irdhiuq vTrofAvypu ry$ ru B£i\AEgo£o>Tou 
 
 %w7\llU,q ElVUh <PCCC71 rr,V TToXlV, OiX TO fl£T« TOf V.CC7a,K?*VO-[JL0V } 7} [A.ITCI 
 
 VM irgarrtv crvrxcriv ruv v$cc7a>v Tr^oap^pyi/ToJv £K t^k Scthac-aav, to, 
 ty.n uvtx.£ ) r l (>a.v§Y)Vtt.i wpvrov Tctvcuxa, o^'/i' ho xa.i t>jv tto/W Ttp&iuv tots 
 h"Ky$yivou, u>; cctco rou Ttptrv ro ^^xivco' vrt^uv di Tapaov. .Euftath. 
 in Dion. Perieg. ver. 870. This paiTage appears to have fuf- 
 fered fome corruption. 
 
 s Or the plain of the Titanic Aletae, Euftath. in Dion, 
 Ferieg. ver. 8 70. 
 
 * Ibid. ver. 874. 
 
 both. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 49 
 
 Loth. From Tor, a bull, therefore I equally 
 derive the name of mount Taurus, and of the 
 city Tarfus, being naturally led to fuch an 
 etymology by the hiitory of the place u . Bo- 
 chart indeed x , and after him Dr. Wells y , 
 fuppofe Tarfus to have been one of the fet- 
 tlements of Tarfhifli, the fon of Japhet : but 
 this I very much doubt, notwithstanding 
 fome words of Euftathius, which certainly 
 appear to favour their iyftem, though neither 
 of thofe authors have noticed them. In the 
 neighbourhood of Tarfus, for inftance, flood 
 Anchiale, which, according to Euftathius, 
 received its appellation from Anchiale, the 
 daughter of Iapetus z . I queftion however, 
 whether this a'lone be fufflcient to induce us 
 to believe, that a city like Tarfus, confeffedly 
 founded by a colony of Hammonian Argives a 
 and Phenicians, could ever have borrowed its 
 name from a Ion of "Japhet. 
 
 Tarfus then being thus devoted to the helio- 
 
 u Tarfus was {o called in honour of Tar- Zeus, the bdio-arkiu 
 lull. 
 
 x Boch. Phaleg. lib. iii. cap. 7. 
 
 y Wells's Geog. vol. i. p. 65. 
 
 2 Euitath. in Dion. ver. 875. 
 
 * The Argives were Dorians, who came originally from 
 Egypt, and confequently were of the line of Ham. Herod. 
 lib, vi. cap. 53. 
 
 vol. II. E arkite 
 
So A DISSERTATION 
 
 arkite Myfteries, we inall not be furprifed to 
 find prevalent, in its immediate vicinity, a 
 tradition, apparently founded upon the ac- 
 count given by Mofes of the Noetic raven. 
 A neighbouring city, denominated Mallus, 
 was fuppofed to have derived its appellation 
 from the circurnftance of a raven's having 
 brought a lock of wool there b . 
 
 From Tarfus let us proceed to Carthage. 
 With regard to this famous city, the moft 
 powerful of all the Phenician colonies, evident 
 traces of the two principal arkite fymbols, the 
 bull and the horfe, occur in the very uncer- 
 tain hiftory of its foundation. According to 
 fome, it was built by Dido upon as much 
 
 b Euftath. in Dionyf. Perieg. ver. 875. Celenderis, another 
 Cilician city, is faid by Apollodorus to have been built by San- 
 docus, who came out of Syria. Sandocus was defcended from 
 Mercury and Herse, through the line of Cephalus, Tithonus, 
 Phaethon, and Aftynous ; and he was the parent of Cinyras, 
 the father of Adonis. Apollod. Bibl. lib. iii. cap. 13. This 
 is one of thofe fabulous genealogies fo common in the mytho- 
 logy of the ancients. At the head of it ftands the arkite Mer- 
 cury : and in the courfe of it we find enumerated Tithonus, 
 or Tithon-Nus, the Titanic Noah ; Phaethon, or Ph'Aith-On, 
 the burning Sun ; and Sandocus, or San-Dag, the folar Jijh-god. 
 In a fimilar manner Adonis, who is here reprefented as the 
 grandfon of Sandocus, and the remote defcendant of Mercury, 
 is neverthelefs, if taken in one point of view, the Sun, and, if 
 in another, the patriarch Noah ; being the fame mythological 
 character as Bacchus, Attis, or Onris. 
 
 ground 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 51 
 
 ground as fhe could inclofe with a bull's hide, 
 purfuant to her agreement with Iarbas the 
 king of the Libyans ; whence the citadel after- 
 wards bore the name of Barf a : but according 
 to others, it was founded by Carchedon, a 
 Phenician, and was called the new city c , or 
 Cadmia d , or Caccabe ; which laft name, as we 
 are told byEuftathius, fignifies, in the language 
 of the country, a horfes head*. This title 
 originated from the following wild fable. 
 When the Phenician colonifts began to lay 
 the foundations of their future city, they dug 
 up the head of an ox ; and, terrified with the 
 prefage, which they thought portended fervi- 
 tude, they haftily relinquimed the work. 
 Commencing however afrefh in the neigh- 
 
 c Bochart has very juftly obferved, that fuch is the literal 
 fignification of Carthage, or Nmn-WHp Gartha-Hadtha, c'wi- 
 tas nova. 
 
 d The name of Cadmia was given to Carthage in honour of 
 Cadmus, or Cadm-On, the oriental Sun. Cadmia alio in Ar- 
 menia, into which country Cadmus is faid to have travelled, 
 and Cadmia in Cilicia, molt probably received their refpective 
 appellations from the worfhip of the lame deity. Mof. Cho- 
 ren. Hift. Armen. lib. i. cap. 9, 10. — Eufeb. Chron. p. 30. 
 
 e This word is derived" by Bochart from X. TVQ. Car ("1") 
 is a leader, and thence analogically a head • from it the Greeks 
 appear to have borrowed their term y.ap or xocpa. Carthage, 
 according to Stephanus of Byzantium, was alio called Enujfa, 
 which feems to be Ai-Nutfa, the territory faered to the Ark. Steph, 
 Byzan. de Urb. p. 454. 
 
 e 2, bour- 
 
$% A DISSERTATION 
 
 bourhood of a palm tree, they next found a 
 horfe's head ; and, conceiving it to be an 
 omen of liberty and empire, they joyfully pur- 
 fued their undertaking f . Virgil mentions, 
 that this prodigy was fent by Juno, or the 
 dove, the guardian deity of Carthage. 
 
 Lucus in urbe fuit media, lastiffimus umbra ; 
 Quo primum jactati undis, et turbine Pceni 
 Effodere loco fignum, quod regia Juno 
 ■Monftrarat, caput acris equi ; fie nam fore bello 
 Egregiam, et facilem victu per fscula gentems. 
 
 Full in the centre of the town there flood, 
 Thick fet with trees, a venerable wood : 
 The Tyrians landed near this holy ground, 
 And digging here, a profperous omen found : 
 From under earth a couifer's head they drew, 
 Their growth and future fortune to forefhew : 
 This fated lign their foundrefs Juno gave, 
 Of a foil fruitful, and a people brave. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 From an expreffion of Eufebius, Carthage 
 appears to have been twice founded by the 
 Tyrians. The firft colony bore the name of 
 Origo, and was moft probably deftroyed by the 
 native Africans : the fecond was the mighty 
 
 f Euftath. in Dionyf. Perieg, ver. 195. 
 s -iEneid. i. ver. 445. 
 
 rival 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 53 
 
 rival of Rome h . Since the Cabiric Myfteries 
 were fo well known in Phenicia, as we have 
 abundantly feen from Sanchoniatho, it is not 
 very likely, that the Tynans of Carthage 
 could have been ignorant of them. Hence 
 I conjecture, that Origo is derived from Orech, 
 or Arech, the Ark ' ; a term, which fuffici- 
 ently points out the nature of the Carthagi- 
 nian worfhip. 
 
 If we coaft along the fhore of the Mediter- 
 ranean weftward from Carthage, we fhall find 
 tw T o cities, each called Hippo, and diftin- 
 guifhed from one another by the epithets re- 
 gius, and Zaritus k . One of them, in fuc- 
 ceeding ages, was rendered juftly famous on 
 account of its eminently pious bifTiop Auguf- 
 
 h Kccfyj,$u)v £7r£y.T»cr$7j viro Kctfxr^ovos th Tvpe, »( at ccXKch, lira 
 AiiV? Tr? txtivti QvyctTfoq — ey.a.}>nro $i tt^o ram O^ya. . Eufeb. 
 Chron. lib. i. p. 34. This citation is brought forward by Bo- 
 chart ; but I cannot affent to his criticifm upon the word Origo, 
 which he fuppofes to have been the name of Dido, and not of 
 the town. The compound ttltxrwSn certainly implies a fecond 
 foundation ; and in that cafe, as well as from the conftruction 
 of the Greek, it is much more natural to refer Origo to the 
 city, than to the queen. 
 
 1 The Latin word Origo, whence the Engliih Origin, feems 
 in a fimilar manner to be deducible from Oreg, the Ark ; that 
 veflel being the origin of all things in the renovated world. 
 From the fame root, and with much the fame idea, the Greek 
 term Arche, the beginning, is alio derived. 
 
 k Zar-Ait, the burning Sun. 
 
 e 3 tine. 
 
54 A DISSERTATION 
 
 tine. Salluft informs us, that Hippo, along 
 with Adrumetum, Leptis, and feveral other 
 feaports, was founded by the Phenicians l ; 
 whence we may reafonably conclude their 
 names to be Punic. Hippo accordingly feems 
 to have been fo called from Hippa, the Ark ; 
 Adrumetum, from Adar-Am-Ait, the illuftri- 
 ous fiery Sun ; and Leptis, from Lepd-Es m , 
 the burning lamp of day. 
 
 I fhall conclude this chapter with a few 
 remarks upon the cups of the ancients, which 
 will be found nearly connected with the pre- 
 ceding difcuffion of the radical Hiph or Siph. 
 
 It is a curious circumftance, that moft of 
 the Greek appellations, by which drinking 
 veffels were defignated, are terms properly and 
 primarily applicable to fhips n . The reafon of 
 this, according to Macrobius, was their re- 
 iemblance to them in point of form °. Some 
 
 1 Poftea Phcenices, alii multitudinis domi minuendae gratia, 
 pars imperii c'upidine, follicitata plebe aliifque novarum rerum 
 avidis, Hipponem, Hadmmetnm, Leptim, aliafque urbes in 
 ora maritima condidere. Salluft. Jugur. cap. 19. 
 
 m m-nth. 
 
 n Kandaco^' oti y.tv TrXoiu ovoucc xoivo*' In as v.xi TrnTYicn* ri yTW 
 x&Xsncci, Apneas $•»*»' Atben. Deipnof. lib. xi. p. 475. 
 llt.oiov vi nvfjihn y-i'jji^a, Trorr^iov' Ibid. p. 4S2. 
 
 Cymbia autem h;rc, ut ipfius nominis figura indicat, di- 
 minutive a cymba dicta : quod et apud Graecos, et apud nos 
 illis trahentes navigii genus eft. Ac fane animadverti ego apud 
 Graecos multa poculorum genera are navali cognominata; ut 
 
 carchefia 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 5S 
 
 of thefe ancient cups were called Carchejia* 
 which feems to be a contraction of Ga-Arc, 
 the illujirious Ark-, others were known by the 
 name of Manes p , a title, as we have repeat- 
 edly feen, of the great patriarch ; others were 
 denominated Scyphi ; and others, Gauli^. 
 They were frequently adorned with figures 
 of doves perched upon them, in reference to 
 the conftellation of the Pleiades 1 ", whofe hif- 
 tory I have fhewn to be connected with that 
 of the. Noetic dove and the deluge. They 
 were fometimes dedicated to Bacchus, or 
 Noah, and fometimes to Venus, or the Ark ; 
 and it was ufual to make libations out of 
 them to the Ocean. 
 
 carchefia fupra docui, ut hsec cymbia pocula procera ac navibus 
 fimilia. Meminit hujus poculi Eratofthenes vir longe doctilli- 
 mus in epiftola ad Hagetorem Lacedaemonium his verbis : K^a- 
 
 vripa yap t^riuav roij Seo»?j hk apyvgsov, 8i5e ^aSoxoM^rov, aMa Tr>q 
 Kv?<iu$og' txtov $ bacons i r K\ r rr}\f\^UQa\iv ) a.7rocT7r£KravTE<; ron; Seo»? ex 
 
 Trig (piochris, uvoyjjHv e£s|>5? @<z<ittovti<; too kv^ioj. Macrob. Saturn, 
 lib. v. cap. 21. See alfo Athen. Deipnof. lib. xi. p. 482. In 
 a fimilar manner, at our own entertainments, thofe veiTels, 
 which contain fauces, are from their fhape ufually denominated 
 boats. 
 
 P Mamt' Trorypie eiSog. Athen. Deipnof. lib. xi. p. 487. 
 
 TavK&s ohoffivc-ug TrAoia* Tac xada? /xtv ev 
 
 Ka^ac^^ yxvXxg Trams ol Tr^oyxTipn;. Antiph. apud Athen. 
 Deipnof. lib. xi. p. 500. 
 
 r Athen, Deipnof. lib. xi. p. 487, 490. 
 
 e 4 — Cape 
 
$6 A DISSERTATION-. 
 
 Cape Mseonii carchefia Bacchi, 
 
 Oceano libemus, ait 5 .— 
 
 It may perhaps be faid, that a cup is afcribed 
 to Bacchus, only in his capacity of the god of 
 wine. However this may have been done by 
 the poets, Macrobius plainly informs us, that 
 a goblet was affigned to Bacchus in the lame 
 fenfe, as it was to Hercules ; and that this 
 goblet was in reality no other than a fliip '. 
 In proof of his affertion he cites a pafTage from 
 a comedy of Menander, wherein a perfon, 
 glad of the return of his friend Theophilus 
 from a voyage, offers to treat his neighbour 
 with a cup of wine upon the occafion ; and 
 then laughs at his fimplicity, becaufe he did 
 
 1 Virg. apud Macrob. Saturn, lib. v. cap. 21. Bacchus- 
 Meonius is the fame, I apprehend, as Baal-Meon, (Numb, 
 xxxii. 37. — Jolh. xiii. 17) or Meni j for Menu, Mlnyas, Me- 
 nesj Mams, Meon, and Meni are all mere variations of the fcrip- 
 tural appellation Noah. The idol Meni is mentioned by Jfai- 
 ah -j (Iiaiah lv. 11) but in our verfion the name is loft by. an 
 improper translation of the pafTage, which I conceive mould be 
 rendered as follows. " But ye are they, that — prepare a table 
 " unto Gad, and that furnim a drink-offering unto Menu* 
 
 1 Scyphus Herculis pocalum eft, ita ut Liberi patris cantha- 
 rus — Antiqua hiltoria eft Herculem poculo tanquam navigio 
 ventis immenfa maria tranfiffe — Ego tamen arbitror non po- 
 culoHcrculem maria tranfvecl:um,fed navigio cui fcypho nomen 
 fuitj ita ut iupra canthar,um et carchefium et a cymbis deri- 
 vata cymbia, omnia haec afleruimus efle navigiorum vocabula. 
 Macrob. Saturn, lib. v. cap. 21. See alio Athen. Deipnof. 
 lib. xi. p. 469. 
 
 not 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 57 
 
 not difcover, that he meant only the veffel, 
 in which his friend had arrived. 
 
 JiKSl Al7T00V AiycUGV CtAjbiVpCV (Za$~os 
 OsotplAcf YjfJLtV 00 %7TCtPT00V y 00$ £$ KCtXoV 
 
 Tov viov £vtv%xvtcl xcci osraa'ftevov, 
 Ylooorog £ eyoo croi rove? exp va ~xv H.ccvB'ctpov^ 
 TloiGV ; To 7tXolov, #JV fj£ oicS'cif, ctBrhis - r 
 
 As for the word Scypbus, by which one fort 
 of the ancient cups was dcfignated, it is evi- 
 dently the fame as Hiph, or Siph, a decked 
 fhip ; whence alfo our Englifh terms Ship and 
 Skiff', as well as the Dutch appellation Skip- 
 per n , and the Greek Scaphe, names of the 
 fame import, are plainly deducible. This 
 derivation of Scyphus will fatisfactorily account 
 for the name both of the horfe, which Nep- 
 tune was faid to have produced at the hill Co- 
 lonus, in his conteft with Minerva ; and like- 
 wife of the horfe, which he was reported to 
 have brought out of a rock in Theilaly by a 
 ftroke of his trident. The nrlt of thefe ima- 
 ginary animals was called Scyphius, Acironetes, 
 or Scyromtes x ; the fecond w 7 as denominated 
 
 u From Skipper we ftill retain in our own language Skipper, 
 as the title of a particular naval officer. 
 
 x A?Aov <5s (pxvtv, or* xai Kepi Ta? "jrsTpa? ta ev Av^vaK Ko^i'ctf 
 wmaTri^yL-nn (o Yloiraouv), v.ui l-TTTroq Y,x.'j(pto; t£n>$iv, b kcu Axucuw 
 T>3? >.syo^svo? } — o kcci r*U£<yjjTi;s ?>Eyofj(,ti/o<;. Tzet. in Lycoph. 
 
 ver. 766. 
 
 Si- 
 
58 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Sfypbus y . The term Scypbius, if literally 
 tranflated, will be equivalent to the cup borfe; 
 an appellation, to which it is not eafy to an- 
 nex any very definite idea : we muft there- 
 fore conclude it to be a mere modification of 
 Hippos or Sippos, the covered Ark, Sijypbus is 
 in fact the fame title as Scypbius, being formed 
 from the fame radical Sipb, by the redupli- 
 cation of the firft letter. Acironetes and Scy- 
 ronites are words of fimilar import, being 
 equally compounded of Ac-Aron-Ait-Es, the 
 oceanic Ark of the folar Noah. 
 
 Another name, which the ancients, as I 
 hayejuftobferved, bellowed upon the navicular 
 cup, was Carchefium ; and the criticifm of 
 Macrobius, upon a curious tradition refpect- 
 ing it, will throw yet more light upon the no- 
 tion, that Hercules traverfed the fea in a gol- 
 den goblet. According to Pherecydes, Jupi- 
 ter gave to Alcmena, the mother of the arkite 
 Hercules, a Car chef urn, or cup formed like a 
 flip. The meaning however of this primitive 
 fable Plautus has entirely perverted, as Ma- 
 crobius at leaft afferts, by fubftituting Pa- 
 tera, which is a fiat open cup z , for the navi- 
 
 y Vide fupra p. 9. note e. 
 
 z I do not perfectly affent to. this obfervation of Macrobius . 
 upon the word Patera, for Patera itfelf, no lefs than Carche- 
 fium, was a name of the Ark. Vide infra chap. viii. 
 
 cular 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 59 
 
 cular Carchcfium z . The whole tradition in 
 fad relates to the hiftory of the deluge ; for 
 Hercules, as we have already feen, is Erech- 
 El-Es, the filar god of the Ark, while his fup- 
 pofed mother Alcmena is Al-Oc-Mena, the 
 divine Noetic Ark of the Ocean. 
 
 A third fpecies of cup was the Gau/us, and 
 this alfo, like the Carchejium, was moil: pro- 
 bably made in the form of a fhip. So, I 
 think, w x e may reafonably conjecture, from 
 the circumftance of the word Gaulus fignify- 
 ing a Jhip in the Phenician language; whence 
 it was transferred in the fame fenfe into the 
 Greek % and whence we alfo have borrowed 
 our Englifh term Galley. It is remarkable, 
 
 % Eft carchefmm poculum Graecis tantummodo notum : me- 
 minit ejus Pherecydes in libris biftoriarum ; aitque Jovem Alc- 
 menae pretium concubitus carchefmm aureum dono dedifle : 
 fed Plautus infuetum nomen reliquit; aitque in fabula Am- 
 phitryone pateram datam, cum longe utriufque poculi figura 
 diverfa fit. Patera enim, ut et ipium nomen indicio eft, pla- 
 num ac patens eft : — Afclepiades autem carchefia a navali re 
 exiftimat dicta. Macrob. Sat. lib. v. cap. 21. See alfo Athen. 
 Deipnof. lib. xi. p. 474. 
 
 a TafAoi,— tos <t>omxa Tr>.oia. Hefych. Kl>9rfo$£ Xt&mo? y.i not," 
 
 §nyaytt «$«& Tav*o<;. Fragm. Callim. apud Schol. in Ariftoph. 
 Aves, ver. 599. TccvMv xtw^«i, x«i vxvx>.vfa;. A rift. Aves, Ibid. 
 Tavhoig — srXeiov Tt tyigrwyov <J>om*»xoi>. Suid. KaraioaiTc? xtoi 
 t$ Qomxinv, y.cu <J>omxr,? e; 'L^avoi Tro'Kiv, avny.ee (xbv rpmceecc, ovo ewXij- 
 cuaav, z,jxst $s avroici nui TctvXov fisysc, hwxmuv xyocduv. Herod. 
 
 lib. iii. cap. 136. 
 
 that 
 
60 A DISSERTATION 
 
 that the mod ancient Ogyges or Noah was 
 denominated by the Babylonians Gallus, on 
 account of his having been the means of pre- 
 ferring his family from the waters of the de- 
 luge. Hence, as we are informed by Xeno- 
 phon, the Sagas, or Scythian Arameans, in 
 whole country Noah quitted the Ark, called 
 a mip Gallen's h ; hence alfo the Cabiric priefts 
 of Cybele were fometimes termed Galli, or 
 arkltes c \ and hence, in confequence of their 
 devotion to the rites of the deluge, a nation, 
 that once overfpread nearly the whole of Eu- 
 rope, was intitled Celtce, Galatce, Galli, Gauls, 
 or Gaels, all which names are only different 
 
 b Ogyges plures fuere. Primus fupradiclus attavus Nini, 
 quern Babylonii Galium cognominant, quod in inundatione 
 etiam fuperftes alios eripuerit et genuerit. Hinc Sagae, apud 
 quos navigio falvatus eft et ereptus, ratem vocant Gallcrim, 
 quod undis fervet. Xenoph. de iEquiv. fol. 113. 
 
 c Phaed. lib. iii. fab. 20. — Herodian. lib. i. p. 30. — Catull. 
 Eleg. Ixi. ver. 12. According to Ovid, the priefts of Cybele 
 were called Galli from Gallus, a river in Phrygia, and not from 
 Gallia the country, as fome appear to have ridiculoufly fan- 
 cied. 
 
 Cur igitur Gallos, qui fe excidere, vocamus ? 
 Cum tanto Phrygia Gallica diftet humus. 
 Inter, ait, viridem Cybelen altafque Celcenas, 
 Anrnis et infana, nomine Gallus, aqua. 
 
 Qui bibit inde, furit. Fair, lib. iv. ver. 361. 
 
 The river Gallus itfelf received its name from the fame fuper- 
 ftition, as the. Galli did theirs. 
 
 in- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 61 
 
 inflexions of the fame original word d . This 
 word I apprehend to be Cul or Col, to con- 
 tain as in a cavity*. From it the Greeks 
 
 d Col. Vallancey atlerts, that Gael ought properly to be 
 written Gaedal, a. name aiTumed, as he fuppofes, by the Mago- 
 gians, in token of their defcent from Japhet-Gadul, Japhet the 
 great, or, as our tranflators render it, Japhet the elder. (Gen. 
 x. 21.) Hence he cenfures the Scots for making a diftinction 
 between the titles Gael and Gaedal ; and maintains, that the 
 d, in the latter -of thefe words, " was afpirated, and loft its 
 " found, by a vicious pronunciation, not long introduced? (Ef- 
 fay towards illuftrating the ancient Hift. of the Britannic Ifles, 
 p. 21.) I cannot help fufpecting however, that the Scots are 
 accurate in the diftinction, which they make between the two 
 words ; and confequently,-that Gael and Gaedal, however they 
 may have been afterwards confounded, were originally entirely 
 different appellations. With regard to the d being loft by a 
 vicious pronunciation, not long introduced, Col. Vallancey feems 
 to have forgotten, that in the year of Rome 363, the Gall'i, 
 not the Gadalli, were conquered by Camillus ; and that thefe 
 fame Gall'i were, many years afterwards, finally fubdued by 
 Cefar. In a iimilar manner, the Hyperboreans were termed 
 Celt a, not Cedelta: ; the Gallic colony of Galatians, Galaite, 
 not Gadalata 5 and the Spanifh Gaels, Celtlberians, not Cedcl- 
 tiberians. It is fufficiently evident therefore,. that, if Gael be 
 only a corruption of Gaedal, (which I much doubt) it is a cor- 
 ruption of very remote antiquity, fo far from being a mifpronun- 
 ciation not long introduced. 
 
 e b)2, capcrc, continere, complecli. Buxt. Heb. Lex. It is 
 poffible however that both Gallus and Galleris may be derived 
 from Galim (CD S /^), the waves ofthefea. I fufpect, that Ner- 
 gal, the idol of the Cuthites, (fee 2 Kings xvii. 50.) was in 
 reality Ner-Gal, the oceanic Gallus or Noah. Selden fuppofes, 
 that he was the facred fire, which was kept continually burning 
 
62 A DISSERTATION 
 
 borrowed their terms Coilos, hollow ; and 
 Coilia, and Colon, the belly: the Latins, Ca- 
 lix, a cup ; and Collum, the neck, from its 
 perforation : and the Englifh, Gullet, the 
 throat ; Gully, a hollow gltn formed by a win- 
 ter s torrent ; Caul, the integument inclojing 
 the entrails ; Gill, a fmall drinking ve/Jel ; and 
 Cell or Cellar, a fubterraneous cavity. 
 
 The radical Cul thus conveying the idea of 
 hollownefs, the Ark was thence denominated 
 Cula, Cola, or Gaulus, as being the hollow 
 womb of the Magna Mater of paganifm, in 
 which the rudiments of the new world were 
 comprehended. Accordingly Venus, or the 
 Ark, was fome times ftyled Colias f , under 
 which name we read of a navicular goblet 
 
 in the oriental pyratheia, as a fymbol of the Sun j (Seld. de 
 Diis Syris, Synt. ii. cap. 8 ) and the Rabbins aifert, that he- 
 was worfhipped under the form of a cock. (Ibid.) Both thefe 
 opinions are perfectly compatible with the fuppofition, that he 
 was Noah. That patriarch was adored in conjunction with 
 the Sun ; and the cock, as it is well known, was efteemed a 
 facred folar bird. Hence he was termed by (he Latins Gallus, 
 from the great helio-arkite' deity Gal, or Ner-Gal. Mercury 
 accordingly is very often reprefented attended by a cock ; (fee 
 Montfaucon's Ant. vol. i. p. 78. et infra) a circumftance, at 
 which we fhall not be much furprifed, when we confider, that 
 Mercury, Ner-Gal, and Noah, were all one and the fame per- 
 fon. 
 
 Kiclixs Atppihrvq eTixuXiocfrci Hffy *s°ov e» Tr Arm*}. Hefych. 
 
 being 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 63 
 
 being dedicated to her s ; while, as we have 
 feen, with the fame allufion to the arkite 
 Cola, the Syrian Atargatis is intitled by Sim- 
 plicius the receptacle of the gods h . This will 
 mew us the reafon, why Argos, or the city of 
 the Ark, is fo perpetually celebrated by the 
 poets as being Coilon, or hollow ' ; and it may 
 perhaps alfo favour the conjecture, that the 
 fmall Scottifh iile of Coll was fo denominated 
 in honour of Cola, as Bute was in honour of 
 Buto, and Arran of Aran. 
 
 Nearly connected with Venus-Colias was 
 
 § Vide fupra p. 54. note o. 
 
 h Simp, in Arift. Aufc. Phyf. lib. iv. 
 
 1 To yc.Xov Agyos (2x; <pvya,<; } 'OT^o^Xayi.Qavii 
 K.r d Qo$ te xuivov, y.ui %vvcta7rirctq (piXovq. 
 
 Oedip. Colon, ver. 391. 
 The Tame epithet Coile is beftowed by Homer upon Lacede- 
 mon or Sparta, the fiiter city of Argos ; and, I apprehend, for 
 the very fame realbn. He ftyles it likewife Cetoejfa, a title de- 
 rived from Cetus, a fea-monjler . 
 
 Qi l%ov x.0i^r,v Aotv.iSouy.ova, y.r,TuJS<T(70tv. 
 
 Odyff. lib. iv. ver. I. 
 This lad appellation, according to Elian, alluded to the large 
 times of the Laconian fea: (iElian. de Anim. lib. xvii. cap. 6.) 
 but fuch a fuppofition is furely not very probable, when we 
 confider, that Lacedemon was an inland, not a maritime city. 
 I am rather inclined to think, that, as Argos was called Hip- 
 pan from the fymbolical arkite Hippa, fo Lacedemon was 
 called Cetoejfa from the arkite Cetus. The name Lacedemon 
 may poflibly be Laca-da-Mon, the place of Meon or Xoah. For 
 this fignirication of Laca, fee Afiat. Ref. vol. vi. p. 4S2. 
 
 the 
 
64 A DISSERTATION . 
 
 the ancient Athenian goddefs Colenis, who is 
 faid to have received her name from Colenus, 
 a king of Attica prior even to Cecrops k . 
 Colenis is merely a perfonification of the 
 Ark ; and Colenus is Cola-Nus, the arkite 
 Noah. From the fame diluvian worfhip the 
 hill of Colonus-Hippotes near Athens re- 
 ceived its appellation : accordingly we find, 
 that the arkite gods, Neptune, Prometheus, 
 and the Erinnues, w T ere there adored with a 
 variety of myfterious rites. 
 
 Xoopq? f&sv ispof Tool? od s<r , ex 61 ^ £ VIV 
 ^zy.vog JJocei^av' sv ^ o mvptpopos 3~eof 
 
 TiTCLV npO^Ssv^. *Ov ^ £7ri<?£lQeif T07TO\l 
 X&OVO? Xa,\ZlTOL\ T'/jf Jg %CLkK07T%S oJfif , 
 
 'Epc-tcrf/J A&viyw a,i Jg zsXv^lol yvccf 
 TovJ* \7r7roTY\v KoXmvov $v%ovtcu o-tyurw 
 Apxvyw eivai, xai tpspxo-t txvojulol 
 To tx£s xoivov ToavTSf avojLLarf&evovK 
 
 This place is facred all : great Neptune here 
 Prefldes, and he who bears the living fire 
 Titan Prometheus -, where thou tread'ft, is calFd 
 The brazen wax. the bulwark of our ftate : 
 From this equeftrian hill, their fafeft guard, 
 The neighbouring villagers their general name 
 Derive, thence call'd Colonians all. Francklin. 
 
 k Pauf. Attic, p. 78. 
 1 Oedip. Colon, ver. 54. 
 
 A&iHTOf, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 65 
 
 AS'iktos, a^ cixYfros' ou yap e/jutpoGoi 
 Secy <r(p £xx< ri > ¥ y i£ Te KAl <tx,qtx i kopcii" 1 . 
 
 'Tis a place, 
 
 Where but to tread is impious, and to dwell 
 Forbidden ; where the dreadful goddefles, 
 Daughters of earth and night, alone inhabit. 
 
 At the brazen way near the hill Colonus, 
 there was fuppofed to be a defcent into the 
 infernal regions n . The whole however of 
 the terrific machinery of the myftic Hades 
 I have already fhewn to be allufive partly to 
 the hiftory of the deluge, and partly to the 
 folar iuperftition fo early ingrafted upon the 
 commemorative rites of the Ark. This hill 
 was alfo the fcene of the imaginary con t eft 
 between Neptune and Minerva ; and Paufa- 
 nias informs us, that that goddefs was wor- 
 fhipped there under the name of Hippia °. 
 
 There was a hill Colon'a moreover in La- 
 conia, upon which ftood a temple of Bac- 
 chus-Colonates p ; and a town in Troas de- 
 
 m Oedip. Colon, ver. 39. 
 
 n Schol. in ibid. ver. 58, 1661. 
 
 Aeiy.WTctf ^e xcu %wpo? xaA^evof KcAwvof Ittttio? — - Avyovei o 
 ovv xcu fivjAov TloauSavos l7nnot>, y.ccf ASr.vuq 'inirictq. Paul. Attic. 
 p. 76. 
 
 p Airavrutpv $e i) tj oiOfAU^opzy/) Y*,0Mvx t y.ou &iqvv<7gv Ko^.uvxrx 
 ttcoq. Ibid. Lacon. p. %$9> 
 
 vol. 11. F nominated 
 
66 A DISSERTATION 
 
 nominated Colona^ where Cycnus, the fon of 
 Neptune, and the father of that Tennes, 
 who was expofed at fea in an ark, formerly 
 reigned q . Laftly, the principal fcene of the 
 exploits of Jafon and his Argonauts was Col- 
 chi. All thefe places feem to have received 
 their refpeclive names in honour of Cola, the 
 Ark\ 
 
 It appears then, that a cup was one of the 
 many iymbols, under which the Noetic Ark 
 was reprefented by the ancient mythologifts. 
 Hence Hercules, as we have feen, was fup- 
 pofed to have failed over the Ocean in a 
 goblet, which was prefented to him by the 
 Sun ; and hence the Sun himfelf, who was 
 in facT: the fame as Hercules or Noah, was 
 believed alfo to have performed the fame 
 myftic voyage. 
 
 A<QlK*l3r ISP&S TJQTS (ZzvSscL VVXTGS £P£fA,VCLS, 
 TIOTl [AATSPCl, XXfi^iCLV T Ct,\o%QV, 
 
 TLcti^ccg re (piAxf. O ^ sf &\(ro$ e£a 
 
 ( i Kvy.vov 'E-cc.^a, uvai TloiTii^aivc:, acn @tzai\eiBiv (paviv iv Kohuvotu;' 
 at $e ukovvto 11 ty) yv) Ti, '1 juah al" Yio^uvcu. Pauf. Attic. Phoc. 
 p, 83 I . 
 
 r The Greek word Colonus, and the Latin Collis, both which 
 fignify a bill, appear to fpring from the fame root Col, h\ the 
 idea of hills comprehending and furrounding a valley. 
 
 Aebtyvdtw 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 67 
 
 ActtyvcLKTl XCLTCMTXiOV 
 
 Tlotrcri zicur Aic? s . 
 
 O'er the broad furface of the troubled main 
 Safe in his golden cup bright Phebus fail'd, 
 And fought the weftern realms of evening grey; 
 Eager to fee his venerable mother, 
 His beauteous confort, and his infant children. 
 Arriv'd at length, the fair-hair'd fon of Jove 
 Hid his fierce beams within his grove of laurels. 
 
 The facred Beotian cups, mentioned by 
 Bacchylides, out of which they were ac- 
 cuftomed to make libations to the Diofcori 
 or Cabiri, the guardian deities of navigation, 
 feem alfo to be nearly allied to the fymboli- 
 cal goblet of Hercules \ 
 
 8 Fragm: Stefichori apud A then. Deipnof. lib. xi. p. 469. 
 
 t "Mvr,^.ovivu h tuv Bomtmuv o-kvQuv Eocy.^v^i^ ev Tovroig, croict;- 
 utvGi Toy hoyov <nrpo? rovg Aiocry.ot^ov?, kxKuv ocvtov; e77» fc»a. 
 Ov pout <&a,ft<ri cru^ocT s o*j<5e yjvao<; t 
 
 Movaot te yhvy.Hst, xon Boiwtoktiv w ffy.v$oi~ 
 criv oipo; ijoyy. 
 
 Fragm. Bacchyl. apud Athen. Deipnof. lib. xi. p. 500. 
 
 F 2 CHAP. 
 
68 A DISSERTATION 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 THE CONNECTION OF THE ARGONAUTIC VOY- 
 AGE WITH THE HELIO-ARKITE SUPERSTI- 
 TION. 
 
 JL HE beautiful legend of the Argo was firft, 
 I believe, by Mr. Bryant referred to the hif- 
 tory of the deluge : I fhall therefore endea- 
 vour, in the following difquifition, to avoid, 
 as much as poffible, encroaching upon what 
 he has already faid upon the fubjecl. That 
 part of it, with which I am more particularly 
 concerned, its connection with the worfhip 
 of the Cabiri and with the folar mperftition, 
 he has, to the beffc of my recollection, left 
 totally unnoticed. In this point of view then 
 I purpofe to confider it ; and I truft, that it 
 will be found to throw additional light upon 
 the preceding obfervations. 
 
 The poetical account of the Argoan voy- 
 age is briefly as follows. Pelias, king of 
 lolcus, fearing that his kinfman Jafon might 
 fupplant him in his empire, commanded him 
 to fail to Colchi, upon the dangerous enter- 
 prife of fetching the golden fleece, which 
 was hung up in the grove of Mars, and was 
 
 watched 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 69 
 
 watched by a never-fleeping dragon a . Thus 
 circumftanced, Jafon invited Argus, the fon 
 of Phrixus, to accompany him ; who, by the 
 inftruclion of Minerva, built the veflel, which 
 from him was denominated the Argo. The 
 boldeft of the Grecian youths engaged in the 
 expedition ; and the neceiTary preparations 
 being completed, they failed w 7 ith a profper- 
 ous wind from Pagafas. After fpending fome 
 time at Lemnos, and touching upon the 
 coafts of Samothrace, Cyzicus, Myfia, Bithy- 
 nia, and Thrace, they found themfelves in 
 the dreadful neighbourhood of the Svmple- 
 gades. Thefe w 7 ere rocks, which, dafhing 
 againfr, each other w r ith a tremendous con- 
 cuffion, rendered it almoft impoffible for any 
 fhip to fail between them. In this difficul- 
 ty, purfuant to the advice of Phineus, they 
 fent out a dove, which flew 7 between the 
 Symplegades with fuch rapidity, that the fea- 
 
 a The ram, from which thcfleece was taken, is laid to have 
 been the offspring of Neptune and Theophane ; and it had 
 previouily carried Phrixus acrofs the Heliefpont, when on his 
 journey to Colchi. Hyg. Fab 188 — A poll. Argon, lib. i\ 
 ver. 256. The reader will recollect, that this ram is laid by 
 the fcholiatt upon Apollonius to have be j n nothing more than 
 a (hip. Schol. in ibid.- It was in fa6t one of the animals, 
 which were ufed to fymbolize the Ark. 
 
 f 3 thers 
 
;o A DISSERTATION 
 
 thers of its tail alone were brufhed by the 
 collifion of the rocks. Encouraged by the 
 efcape of the dove, they ventured to fteer 
 their veffel through the paflage ; which they . 
 happily effe&ed, without any other damage, 
 than fome trifling injury to the ftern and the 
 rudder. At length they arrived in fafety at 
 Colchi, and communicated the purpofe of 
 their voyage to Eetes ; who promifed, that 
 Jafon fhould have the golden fleece, provided 
 he could tame to the plough the brazen- 
 hoofed fiery bulls, and would venture to fow 
 the ground with the remaining teeth of the 
 ferpent, which Cadmus flew at Thebes. 
 Meanwhile Medea, the daughter of Eetes, 
 having conceived a paffion for Jafon, gave 
 him fome magical potions, by which the 
 fury of the bulls might be fubdued ; and 
 inftrucled him how to efcape the fwords 
 of the armed men, who were about to 
 be generated from the teeth of the dra- 
 gon. Thus, by her affiftance, Jafon per- 
 formed the prefcribed conditions, and de- 
 manded the fleece j but Eetes, fo far from 
 complying, threatened to burn his fhip, and 
 to deftroy his whole company. Medea how- 
 ever again affifted him, by laying afleep the 
 dragon with her incantations, till he had 
 
 car- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 71 
 
 carried off the fleece, and along with it the 
 princefs b . 
 
 Such were the adventures of the Argo- 
 nauts in the firft part of their voyage : but 
 w r riters are by no means agreed as to the par- 
 ticular route, which they took on their paf- 
 fage homeward. The author of the Orphic 
 Argonautics brings them to the Britifh ifles, 
 by way of the Baltic; and afterwards, through 
 the ftraits of Gibraltar, into the Mediterra- 
 nean c . Herodotus makes them return by 
 the way which they went. Hecateus the 
 Milefian fays, that they pafTed from the river 
 Phafis into the Ocean, and thence to the 
 Nile, from which they returned to the Gre- 
 cian feas : but Artemidorus and Eratoflhenes 
 
 b Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 9. — Apoll. Argon. — Val. Flac. 
 Argon . 
 
 c This poet beftows upon the Britifh ifles the appellation of 
 Erinnues, becauie the Erinnus, or avenging fury, of Abfyrtus 
 purfued the Argoon her return home. Orph. Argon, ver. 1160. 
 Erinnus however is manifeitly no other than Erin, the title, by 
 which the native Irifh ftill continue to defignate their iiland , 
 and I am ftrongly inclined to fufpeel, that, in confequence of 
 the introduction of the diluvian Myfteries into the Celtico-Bri- 
 tifh territories, Erinnus, or Ireland, was fo called in honour of 
 Aran-Nus, the Ark of Noah. The Erinnues of the fabulous 
 Hades, as I have already obferved, received their name, in a 
 fimilar manner, from Aran-Nus. Hence, the Erinnus of Ab- 
 fvrtus, who, as we (hall hereafter fee, was the fame mythologi- 
 cal character as Apis, or Qfiris, is fimply the Ark. 
 
 f 4 juftly 
 
7* A DISSERTATION 
 
 juftly affert the phyfical impoffibility of fuch 
 a courfe. Timagetus brings them along the 
 river Ifter into the Celtic fea ; and thence to 
 Tyrrhenia : while Hefiod, Pindar, and Anti- 
 machus, concur in maintaining, that they 
 failed through the ocean to Libya ; and then, 
 carrying their fhip by land upon their fhoul- 
 ders, launched her again into the Mediterra- 
 nean d . 
 
 As for Apollonius, he fuppofes the Argo- 
 
 d *Hfo5i>fo? sv roiq AgyovctvTxig <pr,G-i ha, Tng ocvTr,g QctXctacTng tttoiv 
 i>§i\v Si rig xat i Trope v^vjcrotv tig KoX^iig' 'Exa-Tcuog h o MiXricrio;, 
 ex TV <&ci<T^og hehSew eig tov Qxexvov, zitol sxe&ev ug tov Nefoov' o§ev 
 US tyiv rijxtrepxv ^ccKoco-c-ocv. raro h o Etyeo-wg Apreyuoupos -^evoog 
 tyriciv uvea' tov yap <pacnv fxv) cvyi.Qa.7<hiiv tu Slx.eot.vo}, a^A e| opeuv 
 X.O.T a,<pepea§Gu' to avTo xoa EgaToa-Sevvg ev y. yeuyputpw-wv (pricrw. 
 TijJLCcyr)Tog h ev a. vrtpt Kipevav, tov Irpov (pyo-i xxTocQEgecrSou tx tvv 
 Ke^Tuajv o$uv' htcc, txhbovxi ng KeXtixyiv hipvriv' ft£T« oe tuvtoi eig 
 $vo cyyticr^u.i to vtup, xai to [aev eig tov Jivi-ewov wovtov sierGaXXew, to 
 h eig tviv KeXTixnv S 'echoic cretv. hoc. <5e TtfTtf T8 ro/xatTo? nthevercci Tag 
 ApyovavTocg, xon eX^eiv ng Tv^viav. xotTccxoXaBa be ccvtoj xou AttoX- 
 Xvviog. 'l\a\o§og h, xcn Yliv^a^og iv HvSioviKxig, xou A»Ti/xa%o$ ev 
 Avot), hoc th Q.y.ia,va <pr>civ e\§uv uvtvs etg A&vyv, xet\ (3ecra.croc.vTatg 
 TYtv A^ya, ag to ^//.stejjov ittKayog yeveaSou. Schol. in Apollon. 
 Argon, lib. iv. ver. 259. Cato mentions fome writers who 
 fuppofed the Argo to have been carried from the Ifter or Da- 
 nube, on the moulders of the crew, and afterwards to have been 
 launched in the Adriatic. Fingunt alii Argo navim in Hif- 
 triam primum ab Iftro e montibus humeris ve&am, et in 
 Adriaticum demiflam. M. Caton. Fragm. de Orig. fol. 170. 
 He afterwards very juftly ridicules thofe, who could believe fo 
 improbable a ftory. 
 
 nauts 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 73 
 
 nauts to have proceeded along the Ifter, till 
 they came to a mouth of that river in the 
 Adriatic. They next failed into the Sardi- 
 nian fea by. way of the Po and the Rhone ; 
 when, landing upon the ifland of Circe, they 
 were purified by her from the murder of Ab- 
 iyrtus, whom Jafon, or, as fome fay, Medea, 
 had ilain in order to flop the purfuit of Eetes. 
 Afterwards they encountered the dangers of 
 Scylla and Charybdis, from which they were 
 delivered by the kind mediation of their 
 guardian deity Juno. Next they coafted the 
 ifland of the Syrens ; and then, having firfl: 
 touched at Corcyra, were driven on fhore 
 upon the quickfands of Africa. From this, 
 perplexing difficulty they were relieved by a 
 vifion of three nymphs, who appeared to Ja- 
 fon, and commanded, that he and his com- 
 rades ihould forthwith prepare to carry that 
 mother, who had fo long borne them all in 
 her womb. This was interpreted by Peleus 
 to fignify their fhip ; and, while they were 
 preparing to put the plan in execution, a horfe 
 fent by Neptune fprung from the foaming 
 billows, and preceded them to the lake Tri- 
 tonis. 
 
 Ev&a, to fwjxicrov tsqclmv Miweovtv eruxS'fj. 
 E| dM? fjTst^ov^e ttsXooploc av&cpev i7T7ro^, 
 
?4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 A/x^ActS-^, xoytrzYiTL /niryjo^of &»%&& %olitciis. 
 r PifA,pa, ds (rti<r&fjLivos yv'iav vttq vyi%vtov aXjuyv, 
 SIpto Sseiv, 7rvoivi ikzXos 7tc£<x,?' ai^cc Jg lltiAevz 
 
 HJ^ vvv aXoyjio <p/A^ xjtto %ty<n AeAuo-itar 
 
 MyjTSPCt & UK CtAAvjV 7rp0Tl0O"(T0jULOit YfiTTSP OLVTV]V 
 
 N>yot 7rsAeiv vj yap k&tol w\$vos AfjLfjue (pzp%<ra 
 NcdXe/LLSf apyaheotcriv c'i^vei xafxctTGiO'iv. 
 AAAct fJAV ct,<?S{j,(psi re Qin\ xcu ccrsipscriv ajucoif 
 w Y\|/cS-£i/ ctv&SfA,evoi, yscLfjLa&a&or ev^o&t ycui]$ 
 
 Oi<70jLL$V, y, 7rfOTSfCOTc TOsypS 7TQ$CLS Y\\cL<TZV l7T7rOf. 
 
 Ou yctp o ye tyjpriv v7roovtro m ST&i. i%vi& a r^iv 
 Xriftcivesiv rtv zoA7Tcl [AWXfiv KO&vTrz&t 3-ctActasr,f e ' 
 
 A portent greater far appears : 
 
 Fierce from the foamy deep, of wondrous fize, 
 Springs a huge horie ; his mane expanded flies. 
 From his ftrong fides he makes th' adherent 
 
 fpray, 
 Then towards the coaft directs his rapid way. 
 SkuTd in whate'er this prodigy portends, 
 With pleafure Peleus thus confoles his friends. 
 
 Now by his confort's hand releas'd I fee 
 The car of Neptune, and his horfes free. 
 A mother's name, or I predict in vain, 
 Argo may boaft ; fhe feels a mother's pain. 
 Her pregnant womb a troop of heroes be^ars, 
 And endlefs perils for their fafety (hares. ' v 
 
 * 
 c Apollon. Argon, lib. iv. ver. 1564. 
 
 Come, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 75 
 
 Come, let us now our boafted ftrength difplay, 
 And on our moulders bear our (hip away. 
 Steer we through depths of fand our dangerous 
 
 courfe, 
 Led by the Heps of this portentous horfe. 
 His fteps reluctant preis the dufly plain, 
 But rapid bear him to his kindred main ; 
 Thither attend his flight.—— Fawkes. 
 
 Here we again find the arkite fymbol, the 
 horfe ; and, what is very well worth our no- 
 tice, we may obferve the Argo perfonified, 
 like the Ark, under the character of a fruit- 
 ful and beneficent female. 
 
 After quitting Tritonis f the Argonauts touch- 
 ed upon the fhore of Crete, where they were 
 furioufly attacked by the brazen Talus ; but 
 that gigantic monfter was foon overcome by 
 
 f It is a curious circum fiance, that Cadmus or Cadm-On, 
 whofe connection with the Cabiric Myfteries I have already 
 fhewn, is faid by Nonnus to have efpoufed Harmonia at this 
 lake Tritonis. 
 
 Trance Tfirumci Tu/jlhj 
 *A(>fjt.oviyi Tra^-gAEJcro poSumh KuS/Aoq AXr,Tr,?. 
 
 Dionyf. lib. xiii. p. 242. 
 Near the fame lake was a port denominated Argous, which, 
 according to Apollonius, was fo called from the Argo j but I 
 apprehend, that, like a variety of other memorials of this fa~ 
 mous voyage, the name is rather to be afcribed to the wide 
 diffuiion of the arkite Myfteries. Apoll. Argon, lib. iv. 
 ver, j 620. 
 
 the 
 
;5 A DISSERTATION 
 
 the incantations of Medea, and the Argo faved 
 from impending danger. They next landed 
 upon a fmall ifland, which lay oppofite to 
 Hippuris ; where they reared an altar, and 
 facrificed to Apollo s . At length, having pre- 
 vioufly coafted the mores of Eubea, and Lo- 
 cris, they returned in fafety to Pagafae, where 
 their voyage had originally commenced 11 . 
 
 The firft matter to be obferved refpecling 
 the Argonautic expedition is, that, although 
 the Greeks have laid the fcene of it in their 
 own part of the world, and have arbitrarily 
 embellifhed it with a variety of fiditious cir- 
 cumftances, yet they certainly were not the 
 original inventors of the fable. The fcholiaft 
 upon Apollonius allows, that the Argo was 
 the (hip of Danaus, in which he made his ef- 
 cape from Egypt ; and obferves, that from 
 him it was fometimes called Danais ■ : while 
 Plutarch direclly afferts, that it was the fhip 
 of Ofiris k . Ofiris however, and Danaus, as 
 I have already fhewn, were equally the patri- 
 arch Noah : hence it will follow, that the 
 
 s Hippuris feems to have been fo called in honour of Hiph- 
 Ur, the blazing deity of the Hipp a. 
 h Apoll. Argon. life. iv. 
 1 Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. rer. 4. 
 
 T«p» v.cvxwti2\apiM. Plut. de Ifid. et Ofir. p. 359, 
 
 Argo 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 77 
 
 Argo is the Ark -, and hence Mr. Bryant has 
 with great probability conjectured, that the 
 ftory of the Argonauts carrying their vcffel 
 from the coaft of Africa to the lake Tritonis 
 originated from the facred proceffions of Egypt, 
 in which the Baris of Ifis was folemnly borne 
 upon the moulders of the priefts l . 
 
 Notwithstanding the circumftance of the 
 Argo being the fhip both of Danaus and Ofi- 
 ris, I know not, that we have any right to 
 conclude, that its legend was invented even 
 by the Egyptian mythologifts. We find traces 
 of it in almoft every quarter of the globe ; 
 and nations widely feparated from each other 
 concur in bearing their refpective teftimonies 
 to its celebrated voyage. This will be rea- 
 dily accounted for upon the fuppofition, that 
 the Argo was the Ark ; but, if the expedition 
 
 1 Col. Vallancey informs us, that in the old Celtico-Irifh 
 language Arg fignifies a naval commander ', Eifs a Jhip, and Ca- 
 ras a Jbip of war. He farther adds, that Eifs- Aire, like Arg, 
 is a commander of a Jbip. Hence he concludes, that Ofiris, the 
 captain of the Argo, is Eifs-Aire j that Ifis, whofe well known 
 lymbol was a (hip, is Eifs; and that Ceres, the Grecian llis, is 
 Caras. (Collect, de Reb. Hibern. vol. iv. p. 157. Pref.) He 
 likewife mentions, that Arg fignifies a naval commander in the 
 Arabic. This I can eafily conceive from the affinity of that 
 language to the Hebrew 3 for, if the feminine Area or Arga is 
 a long Jbip, the mafculine Arg or Arghi will of courfe be the 
 commander of that fhip. It is fome\vh:it curious to arrive at 
 the fame conclusion through fuch very different channels. 
 
 to 
 
7§ A DISSERTATION 
 
 to Colchi be admitted as a portion of authen- 
 tic hiftory, it will be no eafy matter to give 
 a fatisfaclory reafon for its fame being fo very 
 generally diffufed. It is incredible, that an 
 obfcure marauding party, in a bark fo fmall 
 that it could be carried feveral miles upon 
 their moulders, mould ever have fignalized 
 themfelves in fuch a manner, as to become 
 celebrated throughout the whole world. At 
 the imaginary epoch of the Argoan voyage, 
 Greece was, comparatively fpeaking, in a ftate 
 of barbarifm ; while Afia, as is evident from 
 Holy Scripture, was the feat of large and po- 
 lifhed kingdoms : we may therefore w 7 ith juft 
 as much reafon believe, that a handful of 
 Scandinavian pirates in a {Ingle veflel could 
 make themfelves known throughout the Ro- 
 man empire, as that Jafon and his comrades 
 could attract the notice of the Hindoos, the 
 Medes, the Perfians, and the Egyptians m . 
 
 m I have frequently, in the courfe of the prefent work, had 
 occasion to notice a practice very common in the ancient world ; 
 I mean that of incorporating into a local hiftory a variety of 
 fads, which equally concern the whole univerfe. Of this the 
 legend of the Argo, or, in other words, of the Noetic Ark, af- 
 fords a remarkable inftance. Thel'e local appropriations feem, 
 in a great meafure, to have arifen naturally out of the gradu- 
 ally extended migrations of the pofterity of Noah. Each fa- 
 mily carried along with them a body of traditions founded upon 
 real matter of fact j but, by snaking their new, inftead of their 
 
 old 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 79 
 
 We have juft feen, that Pindar brings the 
 Argonauts to Libya by way of the Ocean. 
 This Ocean is that, which laves the fhores of 
 Hindoftan, as the poet himfelf plainly declares 
 by giving it the title of Erytbrns ; a title, not 
 confined by the ancient geographers to the 
 
 old fettlement, the fcene of thofe ancient tran factions, they have 
 ftrangely involved in confufion the primitive hiftory of man- 
 kind. Owing to this circumftance, Atlas, as we have feen, 
 was fuppofed to have been a king of Arcadia ; and the tragi- 
 cal adventures of Edipus and Jocafta were believed to have li- 
 terally taken place at Thebes in Beotia. M. Bailly has fo very 
 pertinent a remark upon this fubject, that I cannot refrain 
 from tranfcribing his words. Speaking of the infant age of 
 fociety, before the introduction of regular hiftory, he oblerves j 
 " Chaque pere a raconte fa vie a fes enfans, et de ces recits fuc- 
 " ceffifs a ete formee la vie de la nation entiere, ou l'hiftoire de 
 " fa duree. Mais lorfqu'une nation en corps, ou feulement 
 Cf par des colonies, a change d'habitation, elle a tout tranfportc 
 " avec elle, dans ce voyage paifible, fes intlitutions, fes con- 
 " naiflances, le fouvenir des grands faits pafles, et la memoire 
 " de fes ancetres. L'hiftoire de ion premier etat a toujour* 
 " precede l'hiftoire du fecond. A la longue les traditions fe 
 " font alterees par leur vieilleflfe ; le terns a tout confondu, et 
 " les deux hiftoires n'en ont plus fait qu'une. Voikl comment 
 M des faits, vrais en eux-memes, deviennent faux relativement 
 u aux lieux ou on fuppofe qu'ils font arrives. Cette obiervation 
 " peut repandre un grand jour fur l'obfcurite de l'hiftoire. 
 " Acccutumons-nous a penfer que les terns heroi'ques de la 
 " Grece, ces terns dont elle fe gloririe, ne lui appartiennent pas, 
 " et font la premiere hiftoire du peuple qui eft venu r*hahiter." 
 Bailly fur l'Atlantide, p. 28. 
 
 nar- 
 
So A DISSERTATION 
 
 narrow arm of the Red- Sea, but extending to 
 the whole Indian Ocean. 
 
 KAs^pev n Myihctv crvv ct,v- 
 
 Ei/ t Qxsclvx 7rsAayB<ro"iv j&iyev, 
 TlQVTCt) T Y.PuB'qco n . 
 
 Accordingly we find fuch a tradition of the 
 Argo (till preferred among the Hindoos, as 
 indifputably proves it to have been the Ark 
 of Noah. 
 
 " The fummit of C'haifa-ghar/'fays Captain 
 Wilford, u is always covered with fnow ; in 
 iC the midft of which are feen feveral ftreaks 
 " of a reddifh hue, fuppofed by pilgrims to be 
 " the mark or impreffion made by the feet 
 tc of the dove, which Noah let out of the 
 " Ark. For it is the general and uniform 
 cc tradition of that country, that Noah built 
 " the Ark on the fummit of this mountain, 
 " and there embarked : that, w T hen the flood 
 " afluaged, the fummit of it firft appeared 
 " above the waters, and was the refting place 
 u of the dove, Which left the impreffion of 
 ** her feet in the mud, which with time was 
 M hardened into a rock. The Ark itfelf 
 
 Pind. Od. Pyth. 4. 
 
 . " refted 
 
ON THE CABIRI, 81 
 
 c refted about half way up the mountain, on 
 i a projecting plain of a very fmall extent. — 
 c With refpecl to the footfteps of the dove, 
 c they are known only by tradition ; for the 
 1 inhabitants of that country affert, that they 
 1 have never heard of any body going up fo 
 c high, on account of the ruggednefs of the 
 ' mountain, and of the mow. The Bhaud- 
 ' dhifts , who were the firft inhabitants of 
 1 that country, are, I am told, of the fame 
 c opinion, as to the place where the Ark 
 ' refted; but hitherto I have been able to 
 ( procure a {ingle paflage only, from the 
 i Buddha-dharma-charya-Sindhu, in which it 
 c is declared, that Shama or Shem travelled 
 ■ firft to the north- eaft, and then turning to 
 
 * the north-weft, he arrived on the {pot, 
 e where he built afterwards the town of Ba- 
 ' miyan p . Shama, they fay, having de- 
 ' fcended from the mountain of C'haifa-ghar, 
 ' travelled north- eaft, as far as the confluence 
 ' of the Attock with the Indus ; where he 
 
 * made Tapafya q ; he then proceeded north- 
 ' weft to Bamiyan. 
 
 ° Followers of the religion of Buddha, the Hindoo Mercury, 
 whom I have attempted to prove to be the Patriarch Noah, 
 the real Bu-Deva, or god of the tauriform Ark. 
 
 P Probably Bama-Ianah, the high place of the dt : . 
 
 s Did penance. 
 
 vol. II. G " The 
 
8s A DISSERTATION 
 
 " The Pauranics infill, that, as it is de~ 
 " clared in their facred books, that Satyavrata 
 " made faft the Ark to the famous peak, 
 ft called from that circumftance Naa-Bandha, 
 " with a cable of a prodigious length, he mull 
 <c have built it in the adjacent country. Nau, 
 u a Jlrip r , and bandha, to make fq/l, is the 
 " name of a famous peak fituated in Cafh- 
 " mir, three days journey to the north-north- 
 u eaft of the Purganah of Lar. This place 
 " is reforted to by pilgrims, from all parts of 
 " India, who fcramble up among the rocks 
 " toa cavern, beyond which they never go. 
 " A few doves, frightened with the noife, 
 " fly from rock to rock ; thefe the pilgrims 
 " fancy to be their guides to the holy place, 
 *' and believe, that they are the genuine orT- 
 <c fpring of the dove, which Noah let out of 
 " the Ark. At all events, in the numerous 
 " legends, which I have extracted from the 
 " Puranas, relating to Satyavrata and the Ark, 
 " no mention is made of his letting out the 
 (< dove. The whole ftory I fhall give in ab- 
 " ftraft. 
 
 " Satyavrata having built the Ark ; and, 
 " the flood increafmg, it was made faft to the 
 
 r Nau, like its Greek derivation Naus f comes originally from 
 Nau or Noab> 
 
 i( peak 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 83 
 
 " peak of Nau-bandha, with a cable of pro- 
 " digious length. During the flood, Brahma, 
 u or the creating power, was afleep at the 
 " bottom of the abyfs ; the generative pow- 
 " ers of nature, both male and female, were 
 <f reduced to their fimpleft elements, the 
 " Linga s and the Yoni l ; the latter of which 
 " aflumed the fhape of the hull of a fhip fince 
 " typified by the Argha, whilft the Linga 
 " became the maft. Maha-deva is fometimes 
 " reprefented flanding erecl in the middle of 
 " the Argha in the room of the maft. In 
 " this manner they were wafted over the 
 " deep, under the care and protection of ViftV 
 " nou. When the waters had retired, the 
 €t female power of nature appeared immedi- 
 " ately in the character of Capotefwari, or 
 " the dove; and me was foon ioined by her 
 <€ confort, in the fhape of Capotefwara. 
 
 " The mountains of Coh-Suleiman are 
 " fometimes called by the natives the moim- 
 " tains of the dove. The whole range as far 
 " as Gazni is called by Ptolemy the Paruetoi 
 " mountains, probably from Parvata, or Para- 
 " vat, which fignifies a dove. 
 
 u According to the Pauranics, and the fol- 
 
 g z " lowers 
 
84 A DISSERTATION 
 
 " lowers of Buddha, the Ark refted on the 
 " mountain of Aryavarta, Aryans) art, or India, 
 " an appellation, which has no fmall affinity 
 <' with the Araraut of Scripture 11 ." 
 
 In a former chapter I obferved, that the 
 Ark was frequently fymbolized by a cup fhaped 
 like a boat ; and thence accounted for the fa- 
 ble of Hercules failing over the Ocean in a 
 navicular goblet. It is remarkable, that this 
 mode of reprefentation w r as known in Hin- 
 doftan, no lefs than in Greece ; and, what is 
 particularly worthy of our attention, we find 
 it fpecially introduced into the legend of the 
 Argha. 
 
 " Another of their emblems," fays the fame 
 valuable author, whom I laft cited, " is called 
 " Argha, which means a cup or dijh, or any 
 *' other veffely in which fruit and flowers are 
 " offered to the deities ; and which ought al- 
 " ways to be fhaped like a boat, though we 
 " now fee Arghas of many different forms, 
 u oval, circular, or fquare ; and hence it is, 
 " that Ifwara has the title of Arghanatha, or 
 "■ the lord of the boat-Jhaped veffel. A rim 
 " round the Argha reprefents the myfterious 
 " Yoni, and the navel of Vifhnou is com- 
 " monly denoted by a convexity in the cen- 
 
 u Wilford on Mount Caucafus; Afiat. Ref. vol. vi. p. 521. 
 
 " tre, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 85 
 
 €< tre, while the contents of the veffel are fym- 
 ** bols of the Linga. This Argha, as a type 
 " of the adhara-JaBi, or power of conception, 
 u excited, and vivified by the Linga, or Phal- 
 " lus, I cannot but fuppofe to be one and the 
 " fame with the {hip Argo ; which was built, 
 " according to Orpheus, by Juno and Pallas, 
 " or according to Apollonius, by Pallas and 
 " Argus at the inftance of Juno. The word 
 " Toni, as it is ufually pronounced, nearly re- 
 ** fembles the name of the principal Etrufcan 
 " goddefs x ; and the Sanfcrit phrafe Argha- 
 " natha Ijwara feems accurately rendered by 
 " Plutarch, when he aflerts, that Ofiris was 
 " commander of the Argo y .' J 
 
 From thefe very curious palTages, feveral 
 interefting particulars may be deduced. The 
 fhip Argha is evidently the Argo of the Greeks, 
 whom the Hindoos call Vonijas 2 , or worffjip- 
 pers of the Tojii, efteeming them the fubjects 
 of Deo-Cal-Yun a ; and Deo-Cal-Yun is no 
 lefs evidently the Hellenic Deucalion, the 
 hufband of Pyrrha, in whofe time the deluge 
 is laid to have happened b . As for Maha-De- 
 
 x Namely, Juno. 
 
 ? Wilford on Egypt y Afiat. Ref. vol. iii, p. 134. 
 z Yonijas is the fame word as Ioniam. 
 
 a Wilford on Mount Caucafusj Afiat. Ref. vol. vi. p. 534. 
 
 b Deucalion, or Deo-Cal-Yun, feems to be Du-Cal-Yoni, 
 
 g 3 the 
 
86 A DISSERTATION 
 
 va, or Ifwara, he is the fame perfon as Ofiris 
 or Bacchus \ and accordingly we find the Lin- 
 ga or Phallus equally facred to them all. 
 Weftern mythologifts however have precifely 
 inverted the hiftory of this deity > by afcrib- 
 ing to Bacchus or Ofiris the calamity, which 
 the Hindoos feign to have befallen Sita or 
 Parvata c , the confort of Maha-Deva. Thus, 
 as Bacchus was fuppofed to have been torn 
 in pieces by the Titans, and to have had his 
 limbs joined together again by Rhea d ; and 
 as Ofiris, in a fimilar manner, was murdered 
 by Typhon, and his fcattered limbs fought for 
 over the whole world by Ifis, on which ac- 
 count Diodorus Siculus derives the phallic 
 W T orfhip of Bacchus from Ofiris e : fo the very 
 fame ftory is related by the Hindoos of Maha- 
 Deva, and Sita, excepting only, that Sita is 
 torn in pieces, and fought for by Maha-Deva, 
 inftead of the reverfe. 
 
 " Maha-Deva took up the body of his 
 
 the god of the arklte dove, worshipped under its fymbol, the myo- 
 tic Yoni. 
 
 c Anglice, the dove. Vide fupra p. 83. 
 
 d Phorn.de Nat. Deor. cap. 50. 
 
 c Diod. Sic. Bibl. lib. i. p. 19. Maha-Deva, or Ifwara, was 
 fuppofed by the Hindoo mythologifts to have been mutilated, 
 like the Bacchus of the weftern nations. Afiat. Refearch. 
 vol. iii. p. 130. 
 
 " be- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 
 " beloved Sita on his moulders, and went fe- 
 M ven times round the world, bewailing his 
 " misfortune : but the gods, whom Sita con- 
 " tained in her womb, burft out ; her limbs 
 " were {battered all over the world : and the 
 " places, where they fell, are become fa- 
 M cred f . 
 
 I am fully perfuaded., that fuch was the 
 original tradition ; and that it w^as corrupted 
 firft in Egypt, and afterwards in Greece, by 
 an abfurd inverfion of perfons. Sita is mani- 
 feftly the fame as Atargatis, whom Simplicius 
 ftyles the receptacle of the gods s ; and the burn- 
 ing forth of the deities is the egrefs of the 
 Noachidae from the Ark. Noah certainly 
 cannot, with any degree of propriety, be faid 
 to have experienced fuch a calamity ; but the 
 circumftance is perfectly applicable to his 
 mythological confort. The Greeks and Egyp- 
 tians feem, in fad, to have blended together 
 
 to one legend two entirely different mat- 
 ters ; the myflic death of Bacchus or Ofiris, 
 
 f A(iat. Ref. vol. vi. p. 477. Much the fame remark is made 
 by Plutarch reipedting Ofiris. Oi/* wra. h n ran Qjngni» &>£«, 
 ffo^avs y.ucStxt ?\iyou.iv8 ts a-cvfxa.ro;. Plut. de I (id. p. ,359* 
 
 8 She is likewife the fame as the Japanefe goddefs Quanwon, 
 who is fuppofed to be a the happy mother of many a deitied 
 '* hero, and an emblematical reprefentatiun of the birth of he 
 iC gods in general.'' Vide fupra vol. i. p. 314. 
 
 g 4 and 
 
88 A DISSERTATION 
 
 and the egrefs of the hero-gods from the 
 womb of the Magna Mater. The former of 
 thefe, as I have already obferved, fignifles 
 nothing more than the entrance of Noah into 
 the Ark : and the latter^ his quitting it along 
 with his family, which, afterwards fpreading 
 itfelf in every direction, replenifhed the earth 
 with inhabitants ; a circumftance defcribed, 
 in the language of the Myfteries, by the great 
 goddefs burfting afunder, by her limbs being 
 fcattered over the whole world, and bv the 
 gods iiTuing from her womb. This fable 
 moreover affords another proof of the conver- 
 tibility of the heathen goddeffes ; for we be- 
 hold Sita at once the Argha, or Ark, and the 
 Yoni metamorphofed into the dove. As for 
 the title Sita, it is merely the feminine of 
 Siton, which Sanchoniatho aflerts to be a name 
 of the Phenician Dagon h . The patriarch was 
 reprefented under^the figure of a man ifTuing 
 out of the mouth of a fifh, and thus confti- 
 tuted a mafculine idol, called Vifhnou, Siton, 
 or Dagon ; while the Ark was fymbolized by 
 the image of a woman united with a cetus, 
 and worshipped as Sita, Venus-Colias, IJis, 
 Rhea, or Atargatis. 
 
 As Sita, confidered as the Ark, is the weft- 
 
 h Eufeb. Pra?p. Evan. lip. i. cap. io» 
 
 em 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 89 
 
 ern Venus, or Rhea ; fo, confidered as the 
 dove, fhe is the weftern Juno l , as will abun- 
 dantly appear from the following circumftance 
 common to them both. Paufanias mentions 
 a temple of Juno near Mycense, in which 
 there was a ftatue of the goddefs, holding 
 in one hand a pomegranate, and in the other 
 a fceptre. Upon the top of the fceptre was 
 a fmall figure of a cuckoo, in allufion to the 
 fable of Jupiter's having affumed the form of 
 that bird, when he w r as attempting to gain 
 the affections of Juno k ; a metamorphofis, 
 which, according to the fcholiait upon Theo- 
 critus, took place on mount Thronax l in the 
 midft of a violent tempeft of rain, which Ju- 
 piter had purpofely raifed m . In a fimilar 
 
 ' The reader will recollect the obfervation of Captain Wil- 
 fordj that the word Yoni, as it is ufually pronounced, approxi- 
 mates in found very near to Jimo. 
 
 To h ay struct Tr.g Hpa'c s^n $cov& y.a^rai, (AsysQsi pisya XZ vl7,t 
 puiv y.ui t?.s<puvTc<;, rioXixXurov &s spyov. ETTEn te °» re$avoq Xupirae 
 tyuv xa\ Slga-f ziriicyx.crpt.svxq' v.u\ ruv £«fW» tjj psv xapncv ^££ii |o»- 
 as, T15 os axY,7rr^ov. Ta pt.iv ovv sq rr,v po\av (a<7ropfrtTopo$ yag £p* o 
 hoyog) atpucvu) [xa' xcy.xvyx os sm ru cy.Y,7rrpuj xaSyaSai tyacx, to» 
 yoi~sq ro\> Ata, ore vpcc napSstov Tyg 'Hpu?, s<; tovrcv tov optSa aXKcf 
 yyivai" rr.v <5s ats iraiyviov S^pacrai. Pauf. Corin. p. 1 48. 
 
 1 Thronax was perhaps fo called in honour of Tor-Anax, 
 the royal bull. 
 
 m Schol. in Theoc. Idyll. 15. ver. 64. When engaged in 
 profecuting another amour, Jupiter is faid to have changed 
 (iimfclf into a dove. Athen. Deipnof. lib. ix. p. 395. 
 
 manner 
 
9 o A DISSERTATION 
 
 manner Maha-Deva, to pleafe Sita, changed 
 himfelf into a Pica, or cuckoo ; and was there- 
 fore worfhipped under the appellation of Pi- 
 cefwara or Pice/a-Maba-deva. But he was 
 more generally known by the title of Cocilef- 
 wara-Maba-deva ; Cocila n being another name 
 for the bird Pica or Picas °. 
 
 Since then the fable of Bacchus or Ofiris 
 being torn afunder is apparently a perverfion 
 of the flory of Maha-Deva and Sita, and fince 
 the Hellenic Argo is manifeftly the Hindoo 
 Argha ; I am much inclined to conjecture, 
 that the Greeks have metamorphofed the 
 god Maha-Deva into the heroine Medea p , 
 and that her cruelty to her brother Abfyrtus 
 is nothing but a frefh. corruption of the ori- 
 ginal Hindoo allegory : and I am the more 
 confirmed in this opinion by the declaration 
 of Tzetzes, that the Colchians were a tribe 
 of Indo-Scythians q . Medea, finding herfelf 
 purfued by her father Eetes, flew Abfyrtus, 
 
 R Whence the Latin word Cucuhs. 
 
 ° Afiat. Ref. vol. vi. p. 476. Picefa-Maha-deva is evidently 
 the prototype of the Jupiter Picus of the ancient Latins. 
 
 p Mah-Deva is the great god \ Ma-Dea is the great goddefs. 
 In corrupting the tradition, the Greeks have changed the fex 
 of Mah-Deva, in the fame manner as they fuppofe Bacchus to 
 have been torn afunder, inftead of Rhea. 
 
 <1 Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 174. 
 
 and 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 9 i 
 
 and fcattered his limbs over the furface of 
 the waves ; which horrid deed, by delaying 
 the fhips of the Colchians till they had col- 
 lected together the different parts of the la- 
 cerated body, enabled Jafon to effecT: his 
 cfcape 1 ". Dreadful as this circumftance ap- 
 pears, I apprehend, that it will be found, 
 when analyfed, to be purely mythological. 
 The title Abfyrtus feems to be only a con- 
 traction of Apis-Soros, the bull Apis 5 ; and it 
 is worthy of obfervation, that the territory of 
 Apfarus, or, as Hyginus calls it, Abforis*, 
 which Arrian informs us received its name 
 from the dilaceration of Abfyrtus by his filler 
 Medea u , approaches yet more nearly to Apt" 
 Soros, or, as it would be expreffed contracted-* 
 
 r Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 9. — Orph. Argon, ver. 1029.— 
 Ovid. Trift. lib. iii. Eleg. 9. — Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 175. 
 
 s From Sor ("rtil')> a bull, is derived Soros, an ark or coffin, 
 in confequence of a heifer being fymbolical of the Ark. Hence 
 the coffin, in which the bull Apis was folemnly placed after 
 his death, was denominated Soros. His return to life gave 
 occaiion to one of the principal feftivals of Egypt. The en- 
 trance of Apis into the facred Soros related to the entrance 
 into the Ark, and his revivification to the quitting it. 
 
 1 Hyg. Fab. 23. 
 
 u O $t A-vJ/a^o? to xafiov XtyaiTiv, on Ai]/t/pTof exateiro <ctote' tv 
 rat-Sat ycc% tov A\J/v§/rov Itiq t«5 Mijc««; wKoSaveiv. Arr. Perip. 
 Pont. Eux, p. 117. 
 
 1* 
 
9% A DISSERTATION 
 
 ly, Ap- Soros. Abfyrtus or Apis, in fhort, was 
 no other than Ofiris, or the folar Noah. 
 Hence, though I think erroneoufly, he is 
 feigned, like Ofiris, to have been torn limb 
 from limb ; and hence, while he is fuppofed 
 by Sophocles to be the offspring of the Ne- 
 reid Neera x , he is faid by Apollonius to have 
 been called by the Colchians Phaethon, or 
 the Sun *. 
 
 The Hindoos, like the weftern mytholo- 
 gifts, feem to have confidered the Ark in the 
 light of an univerfal mother to the renovated 
 human fpecies : hence they reprefented it, as 
 appears from the preceding citations, under 
 the difgraceful fymbol of the Toni \ while 
 Maha-Deva, or Noah z , was typified by the 
 Linga or Phallus, From this idea of the pa- 
 triarch being the father, and the Ark the mo- 
 ther of mankind, united perhaps with fome 
 traditional remembrance of the crime of 
 Ham, I doubt not but that the whole of the 
 
 * Soph, apud Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. iii. ver. 242. 
 Neera is Nera, the oceanic Ark. I have already noticed the fi- 
 milar fable of Felops. Vide fupra p. 22. 
 
 y Apoll. Argon, lib. iii. ver. 245. 
 
 z Maha-Deva feems alfo to be Ham. There is precifely the 
 fame confufion in the character of Maha-Deva, as in that of the 
 claffical Jupiter : he fometimes appears to be Ham, and fome- 
 times Noah. 
 
 de- 
 
ON THE CABTRI. 93 
 
 deteftable Phallic orgies derived their exift- 
 ence a . They were early introduced into the 
 Cabiric or diluvian Myfteries b ; and the abo- 
 minations, which accompanied them, called 
 forth the loudeft and moft pointed invectives, 
 from Arnobius, and Clemens Alexandrinus c . 
 The Ionim, or Yonijas, of Deucalion brought 
 them to the temple of the Syrian goddefs 
 Atargatis ; and erected a number of phalli in 
 the area before the veftibule, for the fpecial 
 purpofe of commemorating the events of the 
 deluge. Twice each year, in allufion to that 
 dreadful cataftrophe, a perfon climbed to the 
 top of one of the phalli, where he remained 
 feven days ; the precife period, which elapfed 
 between each time of Noah's fending forth 
 the dove d . Laftly, the fame indecencies 
 were praclifed in the rites of the Cabiric Ce- 
 res, as in thofe of Bacchus, Ofiris, and Maha- 
 Deva. Her deluded votaries vied with each 
 
 a Vide fupra vol. i p. 364. note d. The prevalence of this 
 notion occafioned the following feemingly difcordant fignifica- 
 tions to be afcribed to the word Hippon. \nnov, to po^ov, xa* 
 to 77iq yvvxMos, x«> tov avdjpos' x.ul tov [Aiyav Scc'KuacTiQv iySvv* 
 
 Hefych. 
 
 b Herod, lib. ii. cap. 51. 
 
 c Arnob. adv. Gent. lib. v. p. 174. — Clern. Alex. Cohort, 
 ad Gent. p. 17. 
 
 d Lucian. de Dea Syra,, feci, 28, 
 
 other 
 
94 A DISSERTATION 
 
 other in a ftudied obfcenity of language*; 
 and her nocturnal orgies were contaminated 
 with the groffeft lafcivioufnefs f . 
 
 We have juft {ecn how clofely Satyavrata, 
 who was faved in an Ark from the waters of 
 the deluge, is connected with the Argha of 
 Maha-Deva, or, in other words, with the Argo 
 of Ofiris : before his hiilory be entirely dif- 
 miffed, it will be proper to notice two parti- 
 culars, one of which remarkably confirms the 
 opinion which forms the bafis of the prefent 
 diflertation ; and the other ferves to fhew the 
 very general adoption of the fea-monfter, as 
 an emblem of the Ark. 
 
 In a preceding chapter I obferved, that 
 Bacchus, Ofiris, Hercules, Adonis, Perfeus, 
 and moll: of the principal heathen gods, are 
 at once the folar orb, and the patriarch Noah ; 
 while Ifis, Venus, or Cybele, with their kin- 
 dred deities, were adored both as the Ark, 
 and the Moon : and I Hated, that the reafon 
 of this apparent confufion was to be deduced 
 
 e E$of y £$*»* auTOK tv TctvTctH t«»? Vfjufctit; a\<?yjo'hcytiv xtzla, rag 
 -srpos uKhrfavq o^»Ai«?, hot to rr,v Ssav itc\ ry tijj Kop»55 apvayn ?w- 
 ■nnfjLtvw yikcta*] ha rv)v aiax%o\oytav, Diod. Sic. Bibl. lib. V. 
 p. 289. The caufe cf the goddefs's laughter is detailed with 
 a molt difgufting particular!';-' by more than one ancient au- 
 thor. 
 
 f Arnob. et Clem: Alex, ut ibpra. 
 
 from 
 
ON THE CABIRL gj 
 
 from the union of the Sabian and arkite fu- 
 perftitions ; when the hero-gods were placed 
 in the fphere, and worfhipped in conjunction 
 w T ith the hoft of heaven. " Whenever the 
 " deity condefcends to be born of woman," 
 fays Captain Wilford, fpeaking of the Indian 
 Avatars, " the perfon is one, but there are 
 " two natures. To this diftin&ion we muft 
 u carefully attend, in order to reconcile many 
 f f feeming contradictions in the Puranas; and 
 " more particularly fo, with refpect to Vai- 
 " vafwata and Satyavrata, who are acknow- 
 " ledged to be but one perfon. The divine 
 u nature is an emanation of Vifhnou in his 
 " character of the Sun ; and Satyavrata is the 
 " human nature : thefe two natures often act 
 *' independently of each other, and may exift 
 U at the fame time in different places s ." 
 
 The fecond particular in the hiftory of Sa- 
 tyavrata, which I purpofed to notice, was the 
 introduction of the emblematical fea-mon- 
 fter. A tomb is {hewn "at Naukkhi, which, 
 according to the Baudhifts, contains the 
 bones of Buddha-Narayana, or Buddha dwell- 
 ing in the waters ; but the Hindoos denomi- 
 nate the perfon, who is fuppofed to be in- 
 terred there, Macb'bodar-Natb, or the five- 
 
 s Afiat, Ref. vol. vi. p. 479. 
 
 reign 
 
$6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 reign prince in the belly of tbejijh h . This dis- 
 crepancy however is more apparent than real ; 
 fb* Buddha, as we have already feen, is the 
 great patriarch, no lefs than Satyavrata. The 
 Mahometans indeed abfurdly imagine, that 
 the tomb is the fepulchre of Lamech, the 
 father of Noah ; but, as Captain Wilford 
 juftly obferves, the preceding titles are by no 
 means applicable to Lamech, but to Noah 
 alone. '-' By the belly of the fifh," fays that 
 gentleman, " they underftand the cavity, or 
 " infide of the Ark. There is a place under 
 " ground at Banares, which they call Mach'bo- 
 " dara. , The centrical and moft elevated 
 " part of Banares is alfo called Macb'hodarai 
 " becaufe when the lower parts of the city 
 " are laid under water by fome unufual over- 
 " flowing of the Ganges, this part remains 
 " free from water like the belly of a fim. 
 " The city alfo is fometimes thus called ; be- 
 " caufe, during the general floods, the waters 
 " rife like a circular wall round the holy city. 
 " In Ihort, any place in the middle of wa- 
 " ters, either natural or artificial, which can 
 " afford fhelter to living beings, is called 
 " Mac F bo dara, 
 
 <( The place, where Lamech is fuppofed 
 
 h Afiat, Ref. vol. vi. p, 479. 
 
 to 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 97 
 
 i to lie entombed, is called Naulakhi, a word 
 i which fignifies nine laks ; becaufe, it is 
 ' faid, Sultan Mahmood granted to this holy 
 ' place a yearly revenue of nine lakhs of ru- 
 ' pees. Be this as it may, the foundation 
 ' no longer exifts, and I believe it never did. 
 ' The real name is probably Nau-Laca, or 
 € Nub-Laca, which in the language of that 
 ' country implies the place of Nub or Noah. 
 ' — Mach'hodara-Natha is not unknown in 
 1 China ; at leaft there is an idol near Pekin, 
 ' which is fuppofed by pilgrims from India 
 i and Tibet to reprefent Mach'hodara, or 
 c Maitre-Burghan. This account I received 
 ( from a famous traveller called Arcefwara, 
 1 who was introduced to my acquaintance 
 ' by Mr. Duncan three years ago. He faid, 
 c that the Myau, or temple, is at a fmall dif- 
 : tance from the north-weft corner of the 
 ' wall of Pekin, and is called Maba-Cala- 
 ' MyaUy from its chief deity Maha-Cala*; 
 ' who is worfhipped there, and whole ftatue 
 ' is on one fide of the river, and the Myau 
 e on the other. That in one part of the 
 i Myau is a gilt ftatue of Mach'hodara-Nath, 
 1 about eighteen feet high : in another part 
 ' is the Charan-Pad, or the impreffion of the 
 
 1 Maha-Cala is the gnat arkite cavity, from the radical Col. 
 
 vol. 11. h " feet 
 
9 8 a dissertation 
 
 u feet of Dattatreya or Datta, called Toth by 
 ** the Egyptians k ." 
 
 The voyage of Jafon then being in reality 
 that of the patriarch Noah, we (hall not be 
 furprifed to find a variety of traditions re- 
 fpe&ing it in feveral other quarters of the 
 globe, as well as in Greece, in Egypt, and 
 in Hindoftan ; a circumftance utterly unac- 
 countable upon the fuppofition, that an Ar- 
 gonautic expedition, fuch as it is defcribed by 
 the poets, ever literally took place from Pa- 
 gafas to Colchi upon the Euxine. Strabo in- 
 forms us, that there were many Ja/bma, or 
 high places of Ja/bn, in Armenia, in Media, 
 and in the neighbouring countries ; that they 
 abounded on the coaft of Sinope, the Propon- 
 tis, and the Hellefpont as far as Lemnos ; 
 and that the fabulous hiftory of Phrixus was 
 likewife well known in thofe diftricts. He 
 notices alfo a lofty mountain near the Cafpice 
 Pylce l , denominated Jafonium ; and further 
 
 k Afiat. Ref. vol. vi. p. 4S1. 
 
 1 Strabo mentions, that a report prevailed in Armenia, that 
 Jafon dug the channel, through which the river Araxes at pre- 
 fent empties itfelf into the Caipian fea. Strab. Geog. lib. xi. 
 p. 531. Armenia being the country where the Ark firft 
 landed, and Jafon being Noah, it will be almoft fuperfluous to 
 ^bferve, that Araxes received its name in honour of Arach, 
 the Ark. » 
 
 men- 
 
ON THE CABIRL 
 
 99 
 
 mentions, that there were traces of Jafon in 
 Crete, in Italy, and round the Adriatic. He 
 adds, that he had a temple at Abdera ; and 
 that many perfons fuppofed him to have 
 failed up the Ifter or Danube m . In a fimi- 
 lar manner, while Arrian obferves, that there 
 was a promontory in the Euxine fea near 
 Polemonium, which bore the fame facred 
 name of Jafoniwn*, Homer denominates one 
 of the principal towns of Greece 'Jafonian 
 Argos°; and that with great propriety, for 
 Argos was peculiarly the city of the Ark, and 
 thence fuppofed to be under the immediate 
 protection of Juno, or the dove. Thefe Ja- 
 fonia were greatly reverenced by the Aiiatics; 
 
 ™ Toe, laeovEKZ 'SroXXocyov r.ou rr,t; Acptnccq, xai Tr>q M^ocs, xou 
 tuv 'mTtfio-nyjUQUv ocvran; tottm ^axwrut. Kca y.r,v y.ca tsio\ SimMTOP, 
 xxi tr,¥ ruvTr,<; Grccfoitjctv, xcu ryv U^o7rovT^a, xot\ rov EXKyrrirovTov 
 f^PCf* ruv xaTa T1 J" Aypvov rcnuV) XiyzTca iro^oc, Te%[j.r J pia rr,g te Ia«- 
 few; rf«T£taj, xoti ?%$ <J>p|t:' tyis & lotaovo;, xcti tuv E-jn^iw^avTw* 
 KoXyuv, [/.t^i rr t q Karris, xoti rr,<; IrccXixg, y.xi rs A^h«.— Tives ds 
 xoti rov It^ov uva.'rr'htvtTa.i (pacri, y- £ Xr l t°^> ou tow? moi rov locaova. 
 Strab. Geog. lib. i. p. 45 • — ~w bv aCoVj^ok hem ra Ixaovog. Ibid. 
 lib. xi. p. 53 I. T« utv Ixaovoq lTVQpvny.u\x ui/xjTct lcccroveict, Hgaot, 
 
 TifJLV fAlUCX. Vipoma V<7T0 TUV ficCfQxCUV' £fi ^£ XXI, O^oq fAiyOC VTTSp TUV 
 
 K.ctff7nuv YlvXuv iv xpiftpx, y.ocKov^DKtv luaofnov. Ibid. lib. XL 
 
 p. 526. 
 
 * A7!0 JloXiUUmOV £1? OCXDCtV \ot70ViOV KCcXoV pEVOff retort TglXXOVT* 
 
 xcci Ixcctov. Arrian. Perip. Pont. Eux. p. 128. 
 
 Ei TrzvTis en t$6nv at' luo-ov Apyoq A^«io». OdyrT. lib. xviii. 
 ver. 245, 
 
 h 2 nor 
 
too A DISSERTATION 
 
 nor was it without reafon, inafmuch as the 
 god there worfhipped was in reality their 
 principal deity. Jafon himfelf is faid to 
 have been accompanied in his voyage by Ar- 
 menius, and to have penetrated as far as the 
 Cafpian fea, Iberia, and Albania, as well as 
 Media, and Armenia p . Both this imaginary 
 Armenius however, and the country Arme- 
 nia, equally derived their refpective names 
 from Ar-Menah, the mountain of the Noetic 
 Ark ; and as for the word Albania, it appears 
 to be compounded of Alban'Aia q , the land of 
 the Moon, which planet, upon the introduction 
 of Sabianifm, was worfhipped conjointly with 
 the Ark. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of the Euxine Jafo- 
 nium, mentioned by Arrian, we find another 
 
 p AzyETcif o' Ixjovtz jL«Ta A^.ivia r& 0£t7«aoi; y.arcc rov tfXovv 
 
 7s l£r,puxv v.gu iv\v A^Canxv bttb?^biv, y.ect TroAAa Tr,q Agpsviu<;, y.cu T>j? 
 M»j^a?. Strab. Geog. lib. i. p. 503. 
 
 1 Heb. W^n'/H. Lebanah, or Albanah, properly fignines 
 the Moon; but, in confequence of the Ark being worfhipped in 
 conjunction with that planet, the Armenian Scythians deno- 
 minated a fhip Leaban, and Leabarn. Vallancey's Elfay to- 
 wards illustrating the ancient hiftory of the Britifh ides, p. 33. 
 Leaban, ftrictly fpeaking, is the Moon; Leabarn is the compound 
 term Leaban- Arn, the lunar Ark. Albany in Scotland, like Al- 
 bania in Ana, was fo called from the prevailing arheo-lunar 
 fuperftition. The fame remark may be applied to Albion, the 
 ancient name of Britain. 
 
 pro- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 101 
 
 promontory denominated Heraclius from the 
 arkite Hercules, a place called Genetes, and 
 two cities intitled Cuturus and Pharnacia r . 
 All thefe are names allufive either to the fo- 
 lar or the arkite worfhip. Genetes received 
 its appellation from Chen-Ait-Es, the prieji of 
 the burning Sun; Pharnacia, from Ph'Arn-Ac, 
 the oceanic Ark ; and Cuturus, from Cuth- 
 Ur, the folar deity CuJJd, The pofterity of this 
 patriarch appear to have been of a very bold 
 and enterprifing difpofition, and to have 
 planted colonies in regions widely feparated 
 from each other s . One of their tribes, I 
 apprehend, was feated at Colchi, the inha- 
 bitants of which are faid by Tzetzes to be 
 Indo-Scythians, and to have been likewife 
 called Lazi 1 . They were probably a branch 
 of the Cuttree or war tribe of the Hindoos ; 
 
 r E» ($£ ty) zrcifzXia, rccvTr) Afjuae ii'htQvcTw, r, Hpax*£»o? ay.cx npu- 
 tov Efiv' uTct cchXvi ay.poc lctaoviov, y.x\ o T£vbty)<;' e»t« KouTct'^c^ <co- 
 ^ l X vr » s % w <7vt/u»iicr§Y) h Qupvccxix. Strab. Geog. lib. xii. p. 548. 
 There was alfo a place in Pontus named Tbiba, from Theba, 
 the Arl. .Stephanus of Byzantium fays, that it received its 
 appellation from one of the Amazons, fuppofed to have been 
 (lain there by Hercules. Steph. Byzant. de Urb. p. 397. I 
 have already noticed the fabulous hiftory of the Amazons, 
 
 s See Bryant's Anal. vol. iii. 
 
 1 0» It KoAp^ot, Ivhy.M Ty.vSaf i\a\v, d xui Aufyi, y.xXiifjLivoi. Tzet. 
 
 in Lycoph. ver. 174. Perhaps we may trace the appellative 
 Lazus in the modern term Lafcar, which is applied to fome 
 battalions of the native Indian troops. 
 
 H 3 who 
 
io» A DISSERTATION 
 
 who feem, in a fimilar manner, to have de- 
 rived both their name and their origin from 
 Cum, or, as it is pronounced in the Chaldean 
 dialect, Cuth u . Herodotus however is of 
 opinion, that the Colchians came from Egypt; 
 and mentions an affertion of the Egyptians, 
 that they were the remains of the army of 
 king Sefoftris x . It is evident therefore, whe- 
 
 u If we allow the Colchians to be of Hindoo extraction, we 
 fhall be able to account very fatisfactorily for the aiTertion of 
 Arrian, that there was a city denominated Colchi, not far from 
 Comara, in the modern territory of Carnata ; and that near it 
 was a tract of land, which bore the name of Ar gains, Airo h 
 Toy Kopupn wvihwccl %&>p« /as%£t YLohyott, tv y noTtVfJov&if rov <sjmxu 
 ir^j ctwo $* xarewgio-ifA.uv xars^ycc^rat. — MtTet h KoXyn^ exhxerui 
 veoTigo? aiytaAo? iv xoKixa xiifxivoc, lyuv X CL 'f a,v H* s ?°y' icv } t^yopuoq 
 AfyaXov. Arrian. Perip. Mar. Eryth. p. 175 Both the Hin- 
 doo and the Euxine Colchi feem to be equally Col-Och-Ai, the 
 country of the oceanic Ark; while Argalus was fo called, I ap- 
 prehend, in honour of Argh'Al, the god of the Argha. Argh'Al, 
 or Argalus, was the Arcles of the Phenicians, and the Hercules 
 of claffical writers. 1 fufpect, that Argyle in Scotland received 
 its name from this fame Argalus or Argh'Al. The Scots have 
 a wild tradition, that they are defcended from Ere, the fon of 
 Scota, whom they fancy to have been the daughter of Pharaoh, 
 king of Egypt. Scota however is nothing more than the Ark, 
 as is evident from the circumftance of Scuth, Scudb, or (when 
 latinized) Scota, fignifying, in the Celtic dialects, ajhip j and 
 Ere, or Erchi, is the arkite, for fo the great arkite Noah was 
 denominated xa-v e|o^*j». Vallancey's Elfay, p. 22, 16. 
 
 x fyoLvivnoa (Aiv yap fern? ol KoAp^ot Aiywrflioh'-— vo^Cf-iv etpccazv 
 AiyvKTi'-A t>js Ssfrwr/MO* rfxrws uvea, rovg Ko\%ov<;. Herod, lib. ii. 
 cap. 104. 
 
 ther 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 103 
 
 the^* we fuppofe them to be of Hindoo, or of 
 E. : tian extraction y , that they were of the 
 line of Ham, and I think moil probably 
 through the patriarch Cum. Hence we find 
 in the diftricl of Colchis two cities denomi- 
 nated Cuturus -and Cutea z ; and hence Lyco- 
 phron, when fpeaking of Achilles, who was 
 feigned to have efpoufed Medea in the infer- 
 nal regions, ftyles that princefs a Cuthean a . 
 
 y The Hindoos and Egyptians feem to have been very 
 clofely connected in the earlieft ages, and to have very nearly 
 refembled each other both in manners, polity, and religion. 
 
 z Kvra.icc h tto^i? Ko^^o?. Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 174. 
 There was a harbour near mount Dindymus, which in a fimi- 
 lar manner was called Cuius, moil probably from the fame pa- 
 triarch. Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 987. 
 
 TvsZivoGxy.xr,;. Lycoph. CalTan. ver. 174. 
 
 Tov AyiXKictj rov iv Ai^v? yquat y.i'Xhdi'rot rr,v Myhixv' ^uSftoWai 
 ycc^y St* tv Aify pay.ujwv vr,j<n$ iyr,<j.iv. Tzet. in loc. Maha- 
 Deva being the great arkite god, and Mah-Dea, the great ark- 
 ite goddefs, the two names were eafily confounded together ; 
 which circumftance, I apprehend, will account for this part of 
 the hiftory of Medea, as well as for her fabulous marriage 
 with Jafon. Hence her imaginary nuptials in the myftic Ha- 
 des with Achilles relate only to the allegorical marriage of 
 Noah and the Ark. Achilles, as I have already obferved, is Ac- 
 El-Es, the burning deity of the Ocean: accordingly he is defcribed 
 as the ion of Thetis or Tethys, and is faid to have been immeried 
 in the waters of Styx, or the deluge, by which he was rendered 
 invulnerable in every part of his body lave his heel. Achilles 
 feems to be the fame mythological character as the Cretan Ta- 
 lus, who is reprefented, in a fimilar manner, as invulnerable in 
 
 h 4 every 
 
104 A DISSERTATION 
 
 As the Eaft was filled with the high places 
 of Jafon, and with traditions of his voyage, fo 
 the Greeks afferted, that from the heroine 
 Medea the kingdom of Media borrowed its 
 name. Finding herfelf flighted by Jafon, 
 fhe murdered the two children, whom fhe 
 had had by him b ; and, mounting the chariot 
 of the Sun drawn by w 7 inged dragons, me 
 flew away into Media . Herodotus mentions, 
 that the inhabitants of that country were called 
 Arii, before they affumed the name of Medes ; 
 and, what is very remarkable, he afferts, that 
 they themfelves deduced the origin of their 
 fecond appellation from the Argonautic he- 
 roine d . In one fenfe I believe this opinion 
 to have been founded on truth : for, as the 
 Perfians are feigned to have received their 
 
 every part, except his ancle. Though I believe, that there 
 may have been a fiege of Troy, yet Homer's heroes feem to 
 be entirely fictitious, as I mall attempt to mew in the courfe 
 of the preient chapter. 
 
 b The names of thefe children were Mermerus, and Pberes : 
 the firft of which appellations feems to be equivalent to thefca- 
 god, the word Mer or Mare fignifying, equally in the Celtic 
 and Latin dialects, the fea ; while the fecond is Ph'Eres, the 
 Sun. 
 
 c Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 9. 
 
 fAr^itr^ T'/;; KoAp^td'o? i% A§r,vcnu)v i; t«<t Aguss tut«?, //STaCa^ov xa» 
 «rot to ovofxa.. Avroi Treft c§iwv <y<^ Xeyuvi Mr,$oi. Herod, lib. Vll. 
 
 cap. 62. 
 
 name 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 105 
 
 name from Perfes, the imaginary fon of Per- 
 feus e or P'Eres-Zeus, the Sun ; fo the Medes, 
 who were originally denominated Arii\ from 
 Ar, the folar light > afterwards exchanged that 
 title for Medi 9 in honour of Medea, or Mah- 
 Deva, the great god of the Hindoos. This fup- 
 pofition is confirmed both by the vicinity of 
 Media to Hindoftan, and by the tradition of 
 a battle between the inhabitants of the two 
 countries, in which, according to Apollodo- 
 rus, Medus, the fon of Medea, loft his life f . 
 
 e Ol Trtpi KXsmav iropixoi (pac-iv,— 1% A^yag si? A&iomctv ira.pu.yi- 
 yovoTu £7n Xvcru T-nq Kv)(pEw$ SvyuT^cq tov ilt^c-zu, ixuStv <5e tiq Tlsp- 
 cuq fA.tTura.vTa,, Tlsgo-ai; fjt.iv wrro two; toov tyycvuv rxq xAwews fj.iTu- 
 Suvat. Agatharchid. apud Phot. Bibl. p. 1324. The fame 
 account is given by Herodotus, who adds, that Cepheus, the 
 father of Andromeda, was the fon of Belus or Baal. Ettej 
 Tlipcsv; Aa»ur)<; re xui Aio; u7ny.tTo Trapa Krtfsu ~ov Br/Xy, x.at ttrp^e 
 aVTB tnv §vya.Tt(>ct Avcfou-i^w , y\vtTU\ avry 7r«»? tw ovvofxu sSeto 
 Iligcrriv. Tourer at UMTatemti, — tin tovtqv $e ty,v itcu)vvmy,v eo^o*. 
 Herod, lib. vii. cap. 61. It is remarkable, that the llory of 
 Perfeus and Andromeda is well known to the Hindoos. Fer- 
 feus they call Parafica, and Andromeda Antarmada j while to 
 Cafliopea they afTign the name of Cafyapi, and to Cepheus that 
 of Capeya. We are further told, that a Pundit, being requelted 
 to point out in the heavens the Hindoo conftellation of Para- 
 fica and Antarmada, immediately pitched upon that of Per- 
 feus and Andromeda. See Afiat. Ref. vol. iii. p. 222. As 
 for Perfes, the fictitious fon of Perfeus, he was, like his father, 
 no other than the Sun. Tltpcw rov yXiov Xtyu. Schol. in Hef. 
 Theog. p. 269. 
 
 f Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 9. — Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 175. 
 I much doubt whether the Medes were fo called from Madai 
 
 the 
 
io$ A DISSERTATION 
 
 Since then the voyage of the Argonauts is 
 in fact the voyage of the Noachidas, we may 
 naturally expect to find them clofely con- 
 nected with Cybele or the Ark. Accordingly 
 they are reported to have built a temple to 
 the Idean mother at Cyzicus in Phrygia, near 
 the mountains Dindymum and Ar6ion*\ where 
 
 the ion of Japhet, as Bochart fuppofes, both becaufe the Greek 
 hiftorians fo pofitively affert that their original name was Ar'ii ; 
 becaufe they are mentioned as a nation for the firft time fo late 
 as 2 Kings xvii. 6. and becaufe their cufloms and inflitutes are 
 totally diffimilar to thofe of the Japhetic or Tartarian tribes. 
 The word Arms is no feigned appellation, but a name actually 
 exifting among the Medes. Uapayivo^BW) (h Myiohci) eg tt,v keyo- 
 (jlzvw tote Apixv, ron; ocv^yujiroiq eouizs to ovopa, xa.\zi7§xi MySovg oc7T 
 u.vty,<;. Pauf. Conn. p. Il8. Apiava. £$vo? ^oae^e? Tot; Ku^uv- 
 tnou;. Steph. Byzan. de Urb. ©apv^tot t*?; Mvluuq, tyyve Ka£- 
 Sovo-iuv. Xenoph. Rer. Grsec. lib. ii. The Thamnerii are, as 
 Bochart juftly obferves, the Theman-Arii, or fouthern Arii, 
 tZ) s **)lN-?n s n. Thefe three citations are given by Bochart him- 
 felf. Phaleg. lib. iii. cap. 14. 
 
 8 Ol A^yovocvrca <nXsovT£<; us Qcccrw ifyvaccvro to, Tviq l&cuc&c [jwrgoq 
 Ufa sin KvQy.ov. Strab. Geog. lib. i. p. 45. See alfo Conon. 
 Narrat. cap. 41. KuXsiTat h Aqktuv to opoq' vnigv.siTai os a?J>o 
 Aivovpov (jLovotpVE*;, U^ov s)(cv rrig bivovf/wv; M^rpoi; tuv Sc«i>, iopv[xot7Uv 
 A^yovetvTuv. Strab. Geog. lib. xii. p. 575. Dindymum appears 
 to have been fo denominated in honour of Tin-da-Mu, {Mu'C, 
 to i/$up. Hefych.) the arkite fijh of the waters ; while Arclon re- 
 ceived its appellation from Arc-To, the divine Ark, of which 
 the mighty mother Rhea, or Cybele, was a perfonification. 
 Arcton, according to the Greeks, was the hill of hears -, and tra- 
 dition afTerted, that the nurfes of Jupiter were there changed 
 into animals of that fpecies. Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. 
 wer. 936. This fable is in iubftance the fame as that of Cal- 
 
 lifto, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 107 
 
 Apollonius, with the ftrifteft mythological 
 propriety, reprefents them as performing the 
 facred dance Betarmusy'm honour of that god- 
 defs. 
 
 HoXXdo as tvv ye XiTv\<riv ct7ro^p£^/ui epyooXct? 
 Ai(rovidr}f y uvaser £7n\£&oov iepoitriv 
 Ai3~OfA,evoif' cL^v^ig Se veci Optpyo? Avooyr, 
 
 %KCUP0VT6f fiyiTCLPjUOV £V07rXlOV topXYjITGLVTOy 
 
 Kcci a-ccKSct jritysecro-iv STrexrvTrov, cos xw icotj 
 Avtr(pyjju>of ttXclColto JV vjspcz, v\v £ti \otoi 
 Kyi$ziv\ (ZcuriArjof avewov ev&ev £$ oust 
 ^VofiQc*) X.CU TV7TCCVC0 c P«»yv $pvye? LAoKntoncii. 
 H Jf 7rx £voLye£o~<riv stti QptvcL B'yjas 3~vrjAct,is- 
 
 AVTOLIV} £cllf/,6t)V' TCC O SOlKOTd ai\fJL&T SySVTO. 
 
 Aevfysa, fjuev k-clpttov %£ov oLo~7r£Tov, ajutpi Jk 7rQ<roriv 
 Avro/btctTfj <pvs ycucL reosivyjf civSrect ttoiv\s. 
 Qyjpsf a eiAuXf re xcltcl fyXo-xJdg re Xi7tovt£s, 
 Ovpy\<riv irony one? £7n>}Av3'ov' v\ Ss x,ai #AAo 
 Qyjxe TSfiaf €7rsi xti rtctpoiTspov vSari vcciev 
 AivovfjLov, ciAXcc <rtf)tv toT ctveGpcoxe $r*l/a,£os clvtoo? 
 Ex xopvtpyjf ct\Xy\KTCv. Ivjo-qviclv ^ evz7rxtriv 
 Keivo ttotov Kpyji/yjv 7T€pivcu£tcu avS'pss 07rtiro m a>. 
 Kou tots jbiev $clit a[A(pi 3~ea,£ &so-piv btp£o~iv ApxIoov, 
 'MeA7rovT£? 'Per/jv 7rdXv7rorvtuv m ccvtcvp £<; YjU 
 
 AvfectVTGdV Ct,V£jA&)V 3 VV}(rQV \l7T0V £LP£(TIWIV^. 
 
 While on the burning victims Jafon pours 
 Libations due, the goddefs he implores 
 
 lifto, and Polyphonte ; they all equally arofe from a mifpriiion 
 of the term Arflos. The hiftory of the birth of Jupiter will be 
 confidered at large hereafter. Vide infra chap. ix. 
 h Apollon. Argon, lib. i. ven 1132. 
 
 To 
 
ioS A DISSERTATION 
 
 To fmile propitious on the Grecian train, 
 And ftill the tempefts of the roaring main. 
 Then Orpheus call'd, and youthful chiefs ad- 
 vance, 
 All clad in arms, to lead the martial dance ; 
 With flaming fwords they clatter'd on their 
 
 fhields, 
 And fill'd with feftive founds th' aerial fields. 
 Loft: in thefe founds was every doleful ftrain, 
 And their loud wailings for their monarch ilain. 
 The Phrygians ftill their goddefs' favour win, 
 By the revolving wheel and timbrirs din. 
 Of thefe pure rites the mighty mother fhew'd 
 Her mind approving, by thefe ftgns beftow'd : 
 Boughs bend with fruit, earth from her bofom 
 
 pours 
 Herbs ever green, and voluntary flowers., 
 Fierce foreft beafts forfake the lonely den, 
 Approach with gentlenefs, and fawn on men. 
 A pleafing omen, and more wondrous ftill 
 The goddefs gave : the Dindymean hill, 
 That ne'er knew water on its airy brow, 
 Burfts into ftreams, and founts perennial flow. 
 This wonder ftill the Phrygian fhepherds fing, 
 And give the name oijajon to the fpring. 
 Then on the mount l the chiefs the feaft prolong, 
 And praife the venerable queen in fong. 
 But when the morning rofe they plied their oars, 
 And the wind ceafing, left the Phrygian fhores. 
 
 Fawkes. 
 1 Ar6lon. 
 
 The 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 109 
 
 The fupernatural tamenefs of the beafts, 
 and the burfting forth of the fountain, which 
 are mentioned in this curious paffage, feem 
 both to allude to the events of the deluge ; 
 and the dance Betarmas, from the descrip- 
 tion given of it by Apollonius, is evidently 
 the fame as the Pyrrhic dance of the Cabiric 
 Corybantes. Mr. Bryant fuppofes, and I think 
 very juftly, that this frantic dance was infti- 
 tuted to commemorate the hurry and confu- 
 fion of quitting the Ark ; but I doubt the 
 propriety of his deriving the term Betarmus 
 from Bet-Armon, the temple of Baal-Hermon. 
 I am rather inclined to deduce it from Petar, 
 to difmifsy to open, or to let oat k , the name be- 
 
 k Animadverfione dignum eft, ut vox IIDD fubftantivum 
 prsecipue valeat aperfw vulva : vulva autem, uti jam antea nota- 
 vimus, Arcae fuit fymbolum, cum apud Indos, turn etiam apud 
 Graecos. Quoniam igitur Area fuit Magna Mater five Cybele, 
 egreflus Noachidarum parturitio quaedam haud inepte eft habi- 
 tus. Hinc even it, Arcam, five Juno, five Diana, five Lucina, 
 five Protbyraa, five Mylitta> five Venus, five Luna fit nuncupata, 
 velut praefidem generationis et parturitionis elle excultam; patri- 
 archa interim nomen Baal-Peor y feu Dom'mus apertionis (fcilicet 
 Vulvae), rite fibi vindieante. Bene igitur notat Kircherus, (Obel. 
 p. 531.) ut " Hebraei Baal-Phegor colerent ad fterilitatem aver- 
 iC tendam." Hifce praecipuede caufis, ficut Arcae vulva, itaNoaci 
 phallus erat fymbolum ; amboque, in nefandis Cabiraeorum myf- 
 teriis, arcanam Bacchi, five Ofiridis, regenerationern more quo- 
 dam umbratili exhibuerunt. Kat ya.% ui Tehsrai, tefte Theodoreto, 
 xou rot, 0/pncc, ra tovtuv ti%iv A1NITMATA, tov ktivo, //§e h ETitvtrif, 
 
no A DISSERTATION 
 
 ing given to the dance in allufion to the egrefs 
 from the Ark ; and I think it not improbable, 
 that for the fame reafon the Greek word 
 Qrcheomai, to dance, may be ultimately traced 
 to Orcha, the Ark. 
 
 Such was the original deflgn, with which 
 the dance Betarmus was inftituted ; but, in 
 procefs of time, when the Sabian worfhip was 
 ingrafted upon the rites of the Ark, its influ- 
 ence extended alfo to the facred commemo- 
 rative dance. Though the wildnefs of the 
 primitive Betarmus was fcrupuloufly retained 
 by the Cabiric priefts, as far as their own gef- 
 ticulations were concerned, yet its general ir- 
 
 v) (paMctyuyia, & toi/ (pccXKcv. Theod. Therap. lib. vii. In epi- 
 itola Pfeudo-Jeremiae ad Baruchum, confuetudo Babyloniorum 
 foediffima, ab Herodoto commemorata, (Herod, lib. i. cap. 199.) 
 hifce verbis notatur. Aih yt/rawees Trtftizpivca cryoma. ev rat? o&>k 
 eyxaSrivTui SvfAMacu rcc niTYPA' hrxv h T»$ avrm aQefo.vSiiora vvo 
 Tivoq ruv •nu.pu.'iropivop.s.vuv y.oiy,r$r,, rr,v irTwaiw ovzioiQi, or* ovk sjfW/ar; 
 wfffrep uvty,, ert to <7%omQv ccvrns hifpuyv). Haec 7riry^a, fecundum 
 virum doctirlimum Jacobum Bryant, liba erant facra dei Pator, 
 quern conjicit effe Solem. Pator procul dubio fuit Sol Noeti- 
 cus j vocula autem ipfa mihi fane videtur non vale re Periphe- 
 ral, fed potius Prcthyrceus five Patukius. llirv^et nempe ifta 
 puellarum meritoriarum, ficuti ab ipfo probe liquet Jeremiae fer- 
 mone, revera erant liba divi illius architae, qui generationi feu 
 vulvas apertioni prsefidet. 
 
 From this word Patar, in allufion to the egrefs from the Ark, 
 the Cabiric gods were ibmetimes denominated Diipatro'i, or D;i 
 patriot. 
 
 regu- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. m 
 
 regularity in point of figure was now fyftema- 
 tically exchanged for order ; till at length it 
 became the circular dance, and as fuch was 
 devoutly performed in honour of the Sun, 
 and the revolving hoft of heaven. Accord- 
 ingly, in this its laft modification, it received 
 the name of Pyrrhic, like Pyrrha the confort 
 of Deucalion, from P'Ur, the folar fire. Thefe 
 martial dances were ufed by the priefts of the 
 Corybantes, when they were about to initiate 
 any perfon into their Myfteries l ; and the 
 Curetic deities themfelves are faid by Nonnus 
 to have clamed their fwords upon the birth 
 of Bacchus, in the fame manner as they did 
 upon that of Jupiter. 
 
 Kat tqqx&Xoi KoPvSctneg- ecru B'eoS'ey^ovog cvuTtyf 
 Ylai&oKOfjLco Aiovvcrov ejuciTPCtxravTo %opeiYC 
 Kcti fytpsct ZTV7res(nio]/' apoiQcLivicri JV pi7rai? 
 AtrTri^ccf exPXO'avTo xv£i<ri > jpi£i cnfypu), 
 Kxfoovvnv Kte7TT0VTer aePojuLeva Aicvvcrx m . 
 
 1 TloUlTQV OB T6LVT0V OTTtp ot tV Tf). TeXsTIJ TUIV K.Q(>i/Ga.VTVVf OTCIV Tf t 1 
 VpOtVaW TTOiUilxi 7T££» TQVlov, OV O.V ^iWuCTi TihUV, XCU yotp EX£t %9pEiSt TK 
 
 ifi, xxi Traihx, £t af» y.cti rtTiXiacci. Plat. Euthyd. p. 1 93. 
 
 m Nonni Dionyf. lib. ix. p. 167. This poet particularly 
 notices the frantic mode, in which the rites of the Cabiri were 
 celebrated. 
 
 MwruroKuv uXcc'KuyiA.oy E/xi i a>jcr«i'To K.a.Quou» 
 
 Eutyovx "kixnj-oLM e^;o>Ta.— Dionyf. lib. iii. p. 54- 
 
 The 
 
m A DISSERTATION 
 
 The Cabiric gods and their priefts being 
 frequently confounded, and often defignated 
 by the very fame appellation, we find the 
 dancing minifters of Cybele indifferently called 
 Idei Datfyli n , Curetes °, and Cory bant es p . 
 They were alfo denominated Gal/i q 9 and Me- 
 nades : the former of which titles, as I have 
 already obferved, is derived from Cal, or Gal, 
 the cavity of the Ark ; and the latter, from 
 Mena, the Ark of Noah. Hence, in reference 
 to the diluvian voyage, Catullus defcribes their 
 leader Attis, or Atys, as failing over the fea 
 in a fwift mip, before he took up his abode 
 in Phrygia r . 
 
 Super alta vectus Atys celeri rate maria 
 Phrygium nemus citato cupide pede tetigit, 
 Adiitque opaca fylvis redimita loca dea? ; 
 Stimulatus ubi furenti rabie, vagus animi 
 Devolvit ilia acuta fibi pondera filice. 
 Itaque ut relicla fcnfit fibi membra line viro.. 
 
 n Solin. Polyhift. cap. 17. 
 • Claudian. in Eutrop. lib. ii. ver. 28 1. 
 p Val. Flac. Argon, lib. vii. ver. 935. 
 
 Q Ev h r&) 7rpn^7iy.BVco YlecrawiivTt, TraXou vcev &pvyc<; ugyiaCpv sv ru 
 7rcTcc(j.a) Txh?M TrupetpfnovTi, otip « r%v eiruvvuiuv (pe^aaiv oi TV vsut To- 
 picti is^vpsMi. Herodian. lib. i. cap. II. p. 35. 
 r Catullus makes Atys call himfelf a Menus : 
 
 Egone deum miniftra, et Cybeles famula ferar ? 
 Ego Maenas, ego mei pars, ego vir fterilis ero ? 
 
 Catull. Eleg. 60. 
 
 Et 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 113 
 
 Et jam recente teme fola fanguine maculans, 
 Niveis citata cepit manibus leve tympanum, 
 Tympanum tubam Cybelles ; tua, mater, initia : 
 Quatienfque terga tauri teneris cava digitis, 
 Canere haec fuis adorta eft tremibunda comiti- 
 
 bus j 
 Agite, ite ad alta, Gallse, Cybeles nemora 
 
 fimul, 
 
 duce me, mihi comites 
 
 Rapidum falum tuliftis, truculentaque pelagi. 
 
 Mora tarda mente cedat ; fimul ite -, fequimeni 
 Phrygiam ad domum, Cybelles Phrygia ad ne- 
 mora Dese : 
 Ubi cymbalum fonat vox, ubi tympana reboant, 
 Tibicen ubi canit Phryx curvo grave calamo, 
 Ubi capita Maenades vi jaciunt ederigerae s . 
 
 < 
 As the frantic dances, performed by the 
 
 Cabiric priefts, were contrived, after the in- 
 troduction of Sabianifm, to imitate the orbits 
 of the heavenly bodies ; fo the flower, and 
 more (lately movements of the chorus in the 
 Greek drama had the very fame myftic allu- 
 fion\ " In the Strophe, they danced from 
 
 s Catull. Eleg. 60. 
 
 t Antiqui deorum laudes cafminibus comprehenfas circum 
 aras eorum euntes canebant : cujus primum ambitum quem in- 
 grediebantur ex parte dextra rpop*?* vocabant : reverlionem au- 
 tem finiftrorfum faftam completo priore orbe asmcrrpop*;* appel- 
 
 vol. 11. 1 labant 
 
H4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 " the right hand to the left, by which motion^ 
 " Plutarch is of opinion, they meant to indi- 
 <c cate the apparent motion of the heavens, 
 " from eaft to weft : in the Antiftrophe, they 
 " moved from the left to the right, in allu- 
 " fion to the motion of the planets, from weft 
 " to eaft ; and by the flow, or ftationary mo- 
 " tion, before the altar, the permanent ftabi- 
 " lity of the earth V It is remarkable, that 
 the fame kind of aftronomical dance was ufed 
 by the Hindoos in their religious ceremonies, 
 and called the Raas Jattra, or dance of the cir- 
 cle. Vifhnou, who, confidered in one point 
 of view, is the Sun, and in another, the pa- 
 triarch Noah iiluing from the arkite cetus, is 
 fuppofed to have originally performed it with 
 /even beautiful virgins, the number equally of 
 the planets, and of the Cabirides x . This cir- 
 cular dance, in honour of the heavenly bodies, 
 was in ufe among a variety of ancient nations. 
 The Romans, during their public w 7 orlhip, 
 were accuftomed to turn themfelves round 
 from left to right, fometimes in larger, and 
 fometimes in fmaller circles ; and they derived 
 
 labant. Dein in confpe&u deorum foliti confiftere, cantici reli* 
 qua confequebantur, appellantes id epodon. Mar. Victor, lib. i, 
 p. 74. apud Maurice's Ind. Antiq. vol. v. p. 920. 
 
 u Ibid. p. 921. 
 
 K Ibid. p. 922. 
 
 this 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 115 
 
 this practice, according to Plutarch, from their 
 religious monarch Numa y , who was deeply 
 fkilled in the Myfteries of the Samothracian 
 Cabiri. The Gauls, on the contrary, as we 
 learn from Pliny, turned from right to left 2 ; 
 a ceremony, which was carefully obferved 
 likewife by the Druids a . The very great an- 
 tiquity of fuch dances appears from the ac- 
 count, which the facred hiftorian gives us of 
 the idolatrous worfhip paid by the Ifraelites to 
 the molten calf. Defpairing of their leader's 
 return from amidfl: the fmoke and fire of Si- 
 nai, his rebellious followers fpeedily polluted 
 themfelves with the licentious rites of paga- 
 nifm, and performed the circular dance round 
 the image of the helio-arkite bull of Ofiris. 
 " They rofe up early on the morrow, and 
 
 >' Plut. in Vita Numae. 
 
 * In adorando dextram ad ofculum referimus, totumque cor- 
 pus circumagimus, quod in lsevum fecifie Galli religion us cre- 
 dunt. Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. xxviii. cap. 2. This practice of kill- 
 ing the hand to the Sun reminds us of a palfage in the very 
 ancient book of Job. " If I beheld the fun when it mined, or 
 " the moon walking in brightnefsj and my heart hath been 
 ** fecretly enticed, or my mouth hath killed my hand : this alfo 
 " were an iniquity to be punilhed by the judge, for I mould 
 u have denied the God, that is above.'' Job. xxxi. 26. 
 
 a Toland's Hift. of the Druids, p. 108. For thefe three laft 
 citations I am indebted to Dr. Borlafe's Cornwall, p. 127, 
 where the reader will find many curious particulars relative .to 
 this mode of worihip. 
 
 I 2, " 9*"- 
 
n6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 " offered burnt offerings, and brought peace 
 " offerings ; and the people fat down to eat 
 " and to drink, and rofe up to play. And 
 " the Lord faid unto Mofes, Go, get thee 
 u down: for the people, which thou brought- 
 " eft out of the land of Egypt, have cor- 
 (i rupted themfelves. — And it came to pafs 
 <£ as foon as he came nigh unto the camp, 
 rc that he faw the calf, and the dancing: and 
 " Mofes' anger waxed hot, and he call: the 
 66 tables out of his hands, and brake them be- 
 " neath the mount V 
 
 With the fame propriety, that Apollonius 
 connects his band of heroes with the Phry- 
 gian Cybele, he brings them like wife to the 
 Samothracian ifle of the Cabiri, in order that> 
 being initiated into the Myfteries, they might 
 navigate the tempeftuous main with fearlefs 
 fecurity. 
 
 t Ea m 7rspioi J'' QptyrjO? stpyif&oovyyprtv sxeAcrav 
 ~Hv\(roy zs HXeKTpvif AtAolvti^' oCpPcc SazvTsg 
 Apfaxrxr ay&wyri TeAscr<po()iY)0"i ^efxi^ct^, 
 'S&oTepoi KPvoecrcroLV vtt&ip k\a> vcurrifikoivTo. 
 Tgov fjwv £T a TSPCTSQoo f^vB'>](rofioLf' ctTkct kouj curry 
 NrtTOf hpoos xex&poiTOy xcu ol Xct&w opytou xstm 
 AcLipovsf svvcteTUj' tcl [azv a &efuf o,{a[juv &si$zw c * 
 
 b Exod. xxxii. 6, ), 19. 
 
 c Apollon. Argon, lib. i. ver. 915. 
 
 As 
 
ON THE CAEIRL 217 
 
 As Orpheus counfell'd, and mild evening near, 
 To Samothrace, Electra's ifle, they fleer, 
 That there initiated in rites divine, 
 Safe they might fail the navigable brine. 
 But, mufe, prefume not of thefe rites to tell : 
 Farewell, dread ifle! dire deities, farewell! 
 Let not my verfe thefe Myfleries explain ; 
 To name is impious, to reveal profane. 
 
 Fawkes. 
 
 The Myfleries of the Cabiri are flyled by 
 Apollonius Orgies, a name, which is ufually 
 applied alfo to the frantic rites of Bacchus d . 
 His fcholiafl derives the term, either from 
 the exclufion of the uninitiated, or from the 
 circumflance of the Myfleries being ufually 
 celebrated in places abounding with wood 
 and water, which were called Orgades*: and 
 Helladius informs us, that the Athenians ap- 
 plied the word Orgas, in a peculiar manner, 
 to the confecrated inclofure of the temple of 
 the great goddelTes, Ceres and Proferpine \ 
 the reafon of which was obvioufiy the con- 
 nection of thofe deities with the Cabiri f . I 
 
 d The Myfleries of Bacchus, Ceres, Ills, Rhea, and the Ca- 
 biri, were all the fame, and allufive to the fame events, as Inali 
 be fhewn at large hereafter. Vide infra chap. x. 
 
 c Ofy>x, ra pvrygia,' zvctpa. to n^ynv raq a/*wjT»5 ecv.vv' % roc. tv 
 c^yucn ywc^ivci' opya^eq $s ol a-vptyiioi T07ro» y.aj vypoi. Schol. in 
 Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 920. 
 
 Ofyca;, (j.w xc»i.'5 <p>?c-j ^aaot. y yr l} ojr) t^nr^-ta -cr^o? xttfirw yt- 
 I 3 W6' 
 
ti8 A DISSERTATION 
 
 have little doubt, however, but that both Or- 
 gia, Orgas, and Ergo*, are ultimately deduci- 
 ble from the fame root as the fhip Argo, or, 
 as the Hindoos call it, Argha ; namely, Area- 
 Siphinah, a long Hippa or decked Jhip h . Ac- 
 cordingly Herodotus '\ Phjloftephanus k , and 
 the fcholiaft upon Apollonius 1 , all concur in 
 declaring, that the Argo was the firft long 
 fhip. 
 
 vat;* opyaaa h thv$ sy.atev ol A^vivxtoi T»v rxm $s«»v etvu^t'^v tr k s 
 
 Arltx);? fj-erot^v v.sc\ ms Mtyotphg. Hellad. apud Phot. BibI, 
 
 S Epyv. 
 
 h With all the deference, which the fuperior judgment of 
 Mr. Bryant has a right to expect, I cannot help doubting the 
 propriety of his deriving Argo, and Argos, from the Hebrew 
 word m«, Argaz. The word occurs in the account of the 
 return of the ark from the land of the Philiftines. " Take the 
 *' ark of the Lord, and lay it upon the cart : and put the 
 "jewels of gold, which ye return him for a trefpafs offering, 
 '* in a coffer (Argaz) by the fide thereof j and fend it away, 
 " that it may go." 1 Sam. vi. 8. Argaz, according to Bux- 
 torf, is derived from Arag, to weave ; hence, both from its 
 etymology, and from the context of the preceding paftage, it 
 appears to fignify a /mail wicker or woven hajket, rather than an 
 ark. 
 
 1 K.oiiet'jrhuo-MTccs yctf V-^ZV wV is Aiav ri ryv KoAj^tao, yuf iitl 
 Quam 'mora/Aon — x. r. X. Herod, lib. i. cap. 2. 
 
 k Longa nave Jafonem primum navigafle" Philoftephanus 
 auc"lor eft. Plin. lib. vii. cap. 56. 
 
 1 Tolvtxv $i {ir,v Afyu) Qa.ffi 7rpwrr,v vuvv yivs&at yLCty.^etv^ Schol. 
 
 in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver, 4. 
 
 I ihall ' 
 
ON THE CABIRL 119 
 
 I fhall now proceed to confider the genea- 
 logies, and mythological hiftory of Medea and 
 Jafon. 
 
 Medea was faid by the poets to be the off- 
 fpring of Eetes, whofe father was the Sun, 
 and of Iduia, who was the daughter of 
 Oceanus m . The mother of Eetes was Perse, 
 who was another daughter of Oceanus. Ac- 
 cording to Tzetzes, the Sun gave the king- 
 dom of Arcadia to Aloeus, and that of Co- 
 rinth to his brother Eetes ; but the latter, 
 being diffatisfied with his portion, committed 
 the care of it to Bunus the fon of Mercury, 
 and migrated to Colchi. There he efpoufed 
 Iduia in the city Cutea, and became the fa- 
 ther of Medea and Abfyrtus. The filters of 
 Eetes were Circe, Pafiphae, and Calypfo n . 
 
 The whole of this genealogy is purely my- 
 thological . Eetes, or, as the Greeks called 
 him, Aietes, is Ait-Es, the filar fire ; his fup- 
 pofed mother Perse is P'Erefa, the goddefs of 
 the Sun ; Iduia, the allegorical daughter of 
 Oceanus, is, like Ida the parent of the Idei 
 
 m Mrj^Eiav — SvyatTtpa, titrav Anjra xa» Ei5y»«? rn Qxiutov Svyx- 
 Tfos — Atvjlrj? xaf Ahwcvs *HAi» nonets unci n«p<773? rr t ; Clr.$avQV Bvyotlfos, 
 Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 174. 
 
 n Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 174, 
 
 The application of iblar titles to goddeftes has been al* 
 ready confidered. Vide fupra vol, i. p, 178. note p. 
 
 i 4 Dae- 
 
A DISSERTATION 
 
 Daclyli, and Nephele the mother of the Cen«* 
 taurs, Aida, a cloud; Bunus, the fon of the ark-? 
 ite Mercury, is Bu-Nus, the t auric Noah ; and 
 Abfyrtus is Ap-Soros, the bull Apis. The gene- 
 alogy of Medea thus relating partly to the ark-r 
 ite, and partly to the folar fuperftition, we mall 
 not be furprifed to find, that the Corybantes, or 
 Cabiri, were fuppofed by fome to have come 
 from Colchi upon the Phafis p ; that the rites 
 of Cybele, or the Ark, were celebrated in 
 that city, as well as in Phenicia, Troas, and 
 Phrygia ; and that the pretended anchor of 
 the Argo was fhewn in her temple q . Thefe 
 
 p Ol £ ik KoTk^v tpcitTiv (t«? KopvQa.vla.<; a^ypivai), StraK 
 Geog. lib. x. p. 472. 
 
 q EicrQccXXovluv h ek tov Qoccriv, ev apirecix. I^cvtoci y QacriavY) C£oj. 
 'Ei-n if civ uno yi m a-yY^o^o; TsxpettcofAtva:, y Psx. Ka; yccp x.vfx.- 
 £a,?.cv fxfia. yeiqaq e^e», v.cc.\ "hiwrct,$ v7ro ru S^ovo;, xa» xaSvjrat uaitip 
 v> ru palcuco A^-nvycriv h rtf $s^y. Arr. Perip. Pont. Eux. p. 12c 
 
 ErauSa y.at v ayy.vpa. Ssiy.vvlou T'/x Apy8<;. Ibid. The newnefs of 
 
 this anchor in the days of Arrian mewed clearly, that the ftory 
 was a mere fiction of the priefts. Ovx, t$o%e pen u\>u\ >uja.y.uix. 
 Ibid. Thofe impoftors do not feem to have confidered, that 
 fuch pretenfions involved a direct anachronifm. Anchors are 
 never once mentioned by Homer, the remarkable exactnefs of 
 whofe deferiptions is well known : hence we may reafonably 
 conclude, that they were a fubfequent invention. How then 
 could the Argo have had an anchor, when its imaginary voy- 
 age is unanimoully fuppofed to have been nrior to the fiege of 
 Troy ? Apollonius with great propriety gives his heroes a 
 large {lone for an anchor. Argon, lib. i. ver. 955. 
 
 fame 
 
ON THE CABIRI. m 
 
 fame myfteries, as we have already feen, were 
 afterwards introduced into Italy ; and the 
 banks of the Almo, like thofe of the Phafis, 
 refounded with the wild fhrieks of the frantic 
 Corybantes r . 
 
 The genealogy and hiftory of Jafon, the 
 hero of the Argonautic expedition, is no lefs 
 mythological, than that of his confort Medea. 
 All ancient authors agree, that his father was 
 Efon, the fon of Cretheus ; but, with regard 
 to his maternal defcent, there are confiderable 
 difcrepancies of opinion. Apollodorus fup- 
 pofes, that Polymede, the daughter of Auto- 
 lycus, was his mother s ; Hyginus, Alcimede, 
 the daughter of Clymenus ' ; Apollonius, Al- 
 cimede, the daughter of Phylacus u ; Herodo- 
 rus, Polypheme, the daughter of Autolycus x ; 
 and Andron, Theognete, the daughter of 
 Laodicus y . Pherecydes afTents to the opinion 
 of Apollonius z ; while Tzetzes mentions, that 
 
 r Sic ubi Mygdonios planftus facer abluit Almo, 
 
 Laetaque jam Cybele. 
 
 Val. Flacc. Argon, lib. viii. ver. 239. 
 Almo received its name from Al-Mon, the arklte lunar deity. 
 s Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 9. 
 
 * Hyg. Fab. 9. 
 
 u Apollon. Argon, lib. i. ver. 45. 
 
 x Schol. in ibid. 
 
 7 Ibid. 
 
 * Ibid. 
 
 fome 
 
HZ A DISSERTATION 
 
 ibme efteemed him the fon of Arne, and 
 others of Scaphe a . Moft of thefe names are 
 fignificant. Thus, Efon is Es-On, the blazing 
 Sun ; Clymenus is Cula-Menus, the arkite 
 Noah b ; Cretheus is Cur-Aith-Theus, the di- 
 vine folar fire -, and Arne, and Scaphe, equally 
 ilgnify an ark c . 
 
 As for Jafon himfelf, he was, like Bacchus, 
 Hercules, or Ofiris, the patriarch Noah wor- 
 fliipped in conjunction with the Sun. Hence 
 we meet with a curious tradition, preferved 
 by Tzetzes, of his being inclofed in an ark, 
 like one dead, in order that he might efcape 
 the fury of Pelias ; and of his being delivered 
 
 a Schol. in Lycoph. ver. 872. 
 
 b Clymenus was the fame perfon as Pluto or Adoneus. 
 Phorn. de Nat. Deor. cap. 35. 
 
 c In a fimilar manner Pheres, the fuppofed fon of Cretheus, 
 and uncle of Jafon, (Apoliod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 9. — Schol. in 
 Pind. Pyth. iv. ver. 124.) is Ph'Eres, the Sun. By this Pheres, 
 Pherae in Theffaly was thought to have been built, (Apoliod. 
 Bibl. lib. i. cap. 9. — Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 49.) 
 as Pharse in Achaia was by Phares, the grandfon of Danaus. 
 (Pauf. Achaic. p. 580.) Both Pheres and Phares however are 
 equally the folar Noah, although the flrft occurs in the genea- 
 logy of Jafon, and the fecond in that of Danaus. This plainly 
 appears from the circumftance of the Argo being fometimes 
 efteemed the fhip of Jafon, and fometimes of Danaus. (Schol. in 
 Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 4.) That the Cabiric worlhip was 
 eftablifhed at Pharae, is evident, from there being in its neigh- 
 bourhood a grove of the Diofcori. (Pauf. Achaic. p, §79.) 
 
 in 
 
ONTHECABIRT. 1*3 
 
 in this fituation to the centaur Chiron, who 
 carefully educated him in his cave, from the 
 obfcurity of which he at length emerged, and 
 immortalized his name by the Argonautic ex- 
 pedition. 
 
 TUfay Jk (povevovTos ttglvtcis txs AtoXi^at,?, 
 X&l<rfA# $Y\Ximos vtt ccvtuv rtvog avaiPsB-wcu , 
 TexS-QYTct, tov Icktovcl poety? ev&uf avrtKct, 
 (dctvetv ccvtqv Thcwc-ctfisvoi (poGto TOO tx TIeAiX, 
 'O 7r(i7rirog yctP Icta-ovof Kprj&evf, AioAx yovos> 
 Ej> Actpvaxi too XeiP&vi xofjcifxviv, 00s vexvv d . 
 
 This tradition is noticed alfo by Pindar 5 
 who adds, that Jafon was placed in the ark 
 during the night, and that his fuppofed death 
 w r as loudly lamented by the women of his 
 family, precifely in the fame manner as the 
 women of Byblos bewailed the untimely fate 
 of Adonis, or Thammuz. 
 
 Tot fJO 3 €7T£l 7rOL^L7TP60T0V Si^OV 
 
 Qeyyoz, vireotyioite dyepovo? 
 Aei<rctvTe? vZ^iv, xctooz oo<t- 
 
 Zl TS {p&if&SlrX <$VQ<p£GCV 
 
 Ev £cti t ucccri S'/jxa^uevoi jucsta hoc- 
 
 KVTOO yWCLlKOOV, KPvQ^GL TTSfis- 
 
 7rov a-7rcLcycLvoi$ ev 7reopuP€oi>. 
 
 d Tzet. Chil. vii. Hlft. 96.— See alfo Schol. in Lycoph. 
 ver. 175. - 
 
 NMCft 
 
?24 A DISSERTATION 
 
 'Nvx.re xoivcwavref o£ov, Kpovwa, 
 As Tpcttpev Xei^avi dooKciv e . 
 
 Now, when we recoiled:, that the Argo was 
 the ihip of Ofiris or Danaus, and confequent- 
 ly, that the legend of its fuppofed voyage was 
 borrowed by the Greeks from the Egyptians ; 
 we can fcarcely doubt, that Jafon and Ofiris 
 were one and the fame mythological charac- 
 ter, and that the preceding tradition refpecl:- 
 ing the former was entirely founded upon the 
 hiflory of the latter. In fhort, the inclofure 
 of Jafon within an ark is the inclofure of 
 Ofiris within an ark ; the fictitious death of 
 Jafon is the allegorical death of Ofiris : and 
 his emerging to life and light from the obfcu- 
 rity of the cave of Chiron, which, like that 
 of Ceres, Anius, Bacchus, and Hecate, was 
 fymbolical of the central abyfs, is equivalent 
 to the imaginary revivification of Ofiris. 
 
 If then we fuppofe Jafon to be the fcriptu- 
 ral Noah, we mall immediately perceive the 
 reafon, why Juno, or the dove, is invariably 
 defcribed as being fo peculiarly propitious to 
 him. Thus, when he is firfl commanded by 
 Pelias to undertake the hazardous enterprize 
 of bringing off the golden fleece from Colchi, 
 
 c Find. Pyth. iv. ver. 197. 
 
 he 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 135 
 
 he is reprefcnted by the author of the Orphic 
 Argonautics as invoking the aid of his tute- 
 lary goddefs ; who, ever attentive to the pray- 
 er of her favourite hero, immediately com- 
 mands Minerva to affift him, in the tafk of 
 conftrufting his veflel. 
 
 0e<r(pciTcc yap TlzXicts ^si^ico-sto, fur\ ol o7no-§-£v 
 Xeipo? V7r Aio-ovic^a x,a3~£M fZatriAyiGV ap%v\v. 
 Kat ol i)7ro 7rf}ct7Ti£ecr(ri S'oXov tpiGov jprepowevS' 
 Ta<ro~£ yap £x KoAx&v %pvg~£iqv xooas evsacai 
 0sa-<ruXiyjv swrcoAov. 'O J'' cos xXvev exvopov avo. 
 X£ipa$ e7ra,vT6iva,z £7T£x,£>cX£ro TroTViav 'Hoctv 
 Tyv £e yap sk MaKapav 7r£Piuo~i,a xv^divso-xev* 
 
 'H Jf 7TCCP SVXCdMvtV €<p£0"7r£TO KYl&QfA,£VY] 7T£Q' 
 
 E?ox& yap jUL£PG7rct)v qyoL^sro xai <piA££<r>c£v 
 
 A£ivoSir t v ypcdct 7T£PikAvtqv Kio-ovog via, 
 
 Kai pa Ka,X£(TG~afA£VYi £tt£teAA£to TfiiTGyemy. 
 
 Kctl ol <pYiyiV£Y\V 7TP00TQV T£KTAVCtTO VfjO,, 
 
 'H KCtt V7T £l\0LTlVQl$ £P£TfA0l$ cLAlfLLVPSO, @£V&r} 
 
 TIq&tyi v7r£^ > £7r£pyi(T£ y rpi£x$ 3* rjvv<ro-£ fyctAatrrr;? £» 
 
 With terror ftruck, left by young Jalbn's hand 
 His crown fhould be rent from him, Pelias 
 
 fought 
 By machinations dark to flay his foe. 
 From Colchian realms to bring the golden fleece 
 He charg'd the youth ; who flraight with up- 
 
 rais'd hands 
 Invok'd the mighty emprefs of the fkies, 
 
 f Orph. Argon, ver. $$, 
 
 The 
 
izS A DISSERTATION 
 
 The white-arm'd Juno, his peculiar guardian. 
 Forthwith a ready ear the goddefs lent 
 To favour' d Jafon, whom above the tribes 
 Of mortal men (lie lov'd -, and to Minerva 
 Affign'd the tafk of building for her hero 
 A ftately fhip, the firft that ploughed the main. 
 
 According to Apollonius, Jafon procured 
 the favour of Juno by a fomewhat fingular 
 acT: of piety towards her ; the ftory of which 
 feems to have originated from the circum- 
 ftance of Noah's readmitting the dove into 
 the Ark, when it fled from the horrors of the 
 yet unabated deluge. While Juno was prov- 
 ing in difguife the religion of his contempo- 
 raries, Jafon bore her in fafety over a winter's 
 torrent, which impeded her progrefs f . 
 
 Kdi S* aAXcof m kcLi 7r{>iv spot ftsya Qikcat 
 
 £r or tin 7rfo%w<rw a\i$ ttXy&qvtqs Avavpx, 
 Qyj^f efcaviav. Ni(per&j J' sTraAvvsro ttolvTcl, 
 
 OvPSCt, KAL CTKOTTlCLl 7T£f>i^KS£^' 01 OS XCiT ClVTuv 
 
 XeifActppoi jccLifctx^oi xvAivo^opevoL (po^sovro. 
 Tffj'i JV fju eio-&p,evviv cAotpvpero, act', p amstpet? 
 
 f This fable is precifely the fame, as that related by Tzetzes 
 -of Areas, or the arfcte deity. He is faid to have preferred the 
 nymph Chryibpeleia, or the golden do-ve y from the fury of a win- 
 tery torrent, and afterwards to have efpoufed her. Tzet. in 
 Lycoph. ver. 480. 
 
 Avror 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 127 
 
 Avtw sot? apouri &sK7r^oettes Cpeqev l)JW 
 
 Nay more, young Jafon claims my love and 
 
 grace, 
 Whom late I met returning from the chafe. 
 Returning met, as o'er the world I flray'd, 
 And human kind, and human works furvey'd : 
 Hard by Anaurus I beheld the man, 
 Wide o'er its banks the rapid currents ran, 
 From fnow-clad hills, in torrents loud and 
 
 ftrong, 
 Roar'd the fwoln flreams the rugged rocks 
 
 among. 
 He, on his back, though like a crone I flood, 
 Securely brought me o'er the foaming flood ; 
 This won my love h . Fawkes* 
 
 With the fame traditional allufion to the 
 Noetic dove, Apollonius defcribes one of thole 
 birds as flying into the bofbm of Jafon during 
 the courfe of his voyage ; while Theocritus 
 
 s Apollon. Argon, lib. iii. ver. 66. 
 
 h In confequence of Juno being the reputed patronefs of Ja- 
 fon, we find a temple of the Argive Juno in Lucania, a pro- 
 vince of Italy, laid to have been built by that hero ; and ano- 
 ther at Sam os of the fame goddefs, fuppofed to have been con- 
 secrated by the Argonauts. Met* os to ro/ua t« 7.Axs^q<; Aettea- 
 na f y.cci to xv.q 'Hj>cc<; lean tjj? Aoyetx^, loc&otoq lofvu.se. Strab. Geog» 
 lib. VI. p. 2^2, To £e lepov to £» Sa/Afc 1 t*;$ H^af, tiaiv ol lo^vaacrScti 
 
 $XCT<, T«f Ef T5J A(*yoi 7T*£0*T«?, CZTTUysoSxi 02 CCVTU£ to ayuXfAX j| 
 
 Afytst. Pauf, Achaic. p. 530. 
 
 aiTerts, 
 
128 A DISSERTATION 
 
 afferts, that the Argonauts commenced their 
 voyage at the time of the rifing of the Plei- 
 ades \ 
 
 c £l? (poLTo, tout i Jg anjfjLCL 8-eoi ^ocretv svfieveovrss' 
 Tmwv fjusv Cpevyzca, fitrjv xifiKoio 7reXeictf 
 'T-^oSsv Atdrovtfow 7re(pcQy}^€vy] i^TriTi x,oA7roif k * 
 
 He faid ; when lo ! the fignal of their love 
 Was kindly given them by the powers above <, 
 For, by a falcon chas'd, a trembling dove 
 Par from his foe to Jafon's bofom flies. 
 
 Pawkest 
 
 kftos a cLvrsXXom He Asians? , vryjuricu Ss 
 Apvcc veov (Zo(rx,QVTi, TSTpoLfAfAWX eiupof fjotj, 
 Tct/Lioz vavTiXidf ^i^vdcnceTQ 3~eiof acorog 
 'Hpsoav xoiAcw Jg jca&ityuS'evTes' sf A^y^j 
 'EAheWTrovrov IkovtoK — 
 
 When firft the pleafing Pleiades appear, 
 
 And grafs-green meads pronounc'd the ftimmer 
 
 near, 
 Of chiefs a valiant band, the flower of Greece, 
 Had planned the emprife of the golden fleece, 
 In Argo lodg'd they fpread their fwelling fails. 
 And foon pafs'd Hellespont with fouthern gales,, 
 
 Fazvkes. 
 
 1 The hiftory of the Pleiades, their connection with the rites 
 of Samothrace, and their metamorphofis into doves, have been 
 already confidered. Vide fupra vol. i. p. $$6, 
 
 k Apoll. Argon, lib. iii. ver. 540. 
 
 1 Theoc. Idyll, xiii, ver. 25 = 
 
 Thefe 
 
ON THE GABIRI. 129 
 
 Thefe remarks on the mythological charac- 
 ter of Jafon, as connected with Juno, will 
 prepare the way for an examination of the 
 w 7 ild fable of the Symplegades. 
 
 Oi a ore S'4 (rxoAiOio gopx ^sivaTrov Ixovro, 
 Tpffxsir,? <r7nXa$e(xriv sspyftsvov af&QGTepad'ev, 
 AtvyjHf <F vTrevepS'ev avctxAvQcrxev txo-a,v 
 N>7# poor, zvo?)Kov S'e cpoSco vrparsoaas vsovto' 
 H$y] ae <r<pi<ri JWcr AQdwa-opsvuv zaerpctov 
 NooXtfASS hat eGctTkt, (Zoav ^ aAi/nvpseg c&xTcq 
 Ay tot &re&' ftev ooplo &£ Aetata, x*W [A,£fA,ap7rc*)$ 
 JLvtpyjfAof TZpcdP'/i? eTTiQr^usvpcf' 01 £ wr apooyvi 
 •Tt(pvof Ayviaao S'eXyjj^ovcc zjoivja-avro 
 "Eiqeriqv, W S7TSITO, £t ex zseTpas eAa<reiav , 
 Kctfle'i co z3t<rvvoi. Tag S" cwTixa AoiS-iov a)Aojv 
 Oiycpevag, ayxoova Xue^yvafju^aneg , i$ovto. 
 St/f as a-^iv xvro B'vjicog. 'O £' cci^aj zvlepvyeoTiY 
 Yjotyr^og zypsrjxs Z3s Aetata' rot a* a/u,a zsavreg 
 HeipcLv xeOaAag e<ropco/u,evor i\ &s J*' cuurcdv 
 
 E.7TTOT0' TOif CtfAVOl? ToaAlV CCVTiOLf CL)^.Y\AV[TIV 
 
 Afityoo opx fcyviXcraj £7rsKTV7rov' oopto Jk izofatj 
 'AA^jy avaGpao'S'sica vetyog cog' ouue £e zsonog 
 ^^zpoaAeor zsavrv] £s zzspi peyag eGpepev cu&W 
 KoiActf or} 0"7ryjAvyfeg v7ro o~7nAa^ag TPYixei&g 
 KAv£xo-*jg aAog sv^ov eGopGeov' vypo&t £' ox&rjf 
 Asvxv, xayx^&fyvTog avs7trve xv^arog a,x vY l- 
 N*7<£ a e7r&iTct, TZeptP eiAei poos' axoa ^ exo\L/av 
 Ovpata zJTSPct to] ye KJeAeiacfog' y\ a^ a7rcpxo~ev 
 ATxy]S-yjg m eperai £e /u,ey iaxov' eGpaxs £ avrog 
 Ti(pvg epejospeva} xpare^oog' oiyovrc yap av&ig 
 
 VOL. II. K Ay- 
 
i 3 o A DISSERTATION 
 
 Av&xjci' tx$ £ sXetonag b%bv TPcpog, odppct fjuiv 
 casus 
 
 Yl\Y\fJL^VDlS ZaCLXlVOpCOg CLVSp%0{JLBVV\ KCtTBVBlKBV 
 
 TLia-oo W€T^ace)V tots ^ cuvotcctov Seog slXs 
 HetvTctg' V7TSP kzQclXyis yap cL^yj^vog r t sv oXs6pog. 
 HJ*7 S' evS'ci Keu svS~et Sta ZuXetTug siSbto TZonog. 
 Keu <r<pi<riv ci7rPo(pal&)g ctveefv {A,eycc kv[a& zsolooiQsv. 
 
 K'JPTOV, CtTrCTjJLYiyi (TKOTTl'/l IV GV' CI O BO~tdCVTSg 
 
 Vl^jou-clv Xoroici Keipr t ouTtv' eicelTO yap pet 
 
 l\VlOg V7TBP ZuCLG-tlf V.aT B7T aX^SV GV aptylKaXw^SlV. 
 
 A?Xet, fJAv e<p&q Ti(pvf. xjtt sipsctw (iapv&xcav 
 
 KyXj&XcLlTClS' TO Jf TZcXXoV V7T0 TfOTTiV S^SKvXic3"/i. 
 
 Y.K ^ cwryjv z3Pvf,ivvjS~ev avsipvcrs T'/iXo3~t vv\ct 
 TlsTpcitoV v\js% JV jJLtTci%PoviYi TSetpoMTo. 
 HLvCpyifACf $ ava TZavTag icov fioaao-KSV sraipzg 
 ~E/u,£aXssiv Kd)7TYi(rLv o<rov cSsvGg. Ol 3* aXaXrjTu 
 
 K07TT0l> VdCOp' 00~0~QV O av V7TBiKCtB'S pr,Vf SPSTYpi, 
 Aig TOTQV City Ct,7rOPblC~eV' S7rSyVa^7rTOv\o $S KtiTTCtl, 
 HvTS KCL(JL7TVXCL T0%CL, fZia^OjUSVCrlV VjfWaV. 
 Ev&SV J* CWTIK £7TSlTa KCLT'/jpStpSZ S(TO~\JT0 XAJfJLOL. 
 
 'H £ a(pap, Idqz KvXivS'pog, 67rfipex e xvfi&li Xcwpcp 
 YlpC7T-eoKcLTce'iy$YiV K0iXy\g a>^g' ev d etpet ftso-o-aig 
 UXyiyettri in^us si%sv poog' eel a skatb^ts 
 ^siC[A,evcq (Zpcjusov' tzsttz$y\to Js vq'id, oxpa. 
 Key tot AS"/jvctifi ^iQaprjg avTso~7ra(rs ZjStm\<; 
 'Sxatq, c^s^iTSP'/i Ss £ia[A7rspsg acre (QspscrS'aL ■ 
 
 'H J* iKeX'/l TZT£poei/Tl jbLSTViOpOf BOVVT Oi^OJ. 
 
 EjuvTrr,? d" a(pXa^oio izapeS'pto-av axpa kopvjlcQcc, 
 NaXejuisg Sf^TrXyi^ctcrctj svavnaj' cwtccp A&riv/i 
 OvXvjuL7rovd* avopxosv, ot aa-Kv\$rsig vTraXv^av. 
 TleTJcq d" Big sva %odPO\> S7n%sdov a?Xr,Xy i (Ti 
 
 !n«- 
 
ON THE CABIIU. i 3I 
 
 EK MctSCCtpuV, SVT OLV Tlf l$C*)V SlO, VYj'i Z3SQCl<7'/\ 
 O; JV 7TX OXpvOSVTO? CLVS7TV60V OL^Tl <PoQoiO, 
 
 Hspa T3amTa,ivovT£f bftx, mzXccyos re &oL\cL<r<TYis 
 T>/A' ava,7re7TTct,[s,evov' Sq ycc^ (^aa-ctv e% Ki^ao 
 
 5&;£fl9". 
 
 *1 
 
 m 
 
 When now the heroes through the vaft pro- 
 found 
 Reach the dire ftraights with rocks encompafs'd 
 
 round, 
 Though boiling gulphs the failing pine detain'd, 
 Still on their way the labouring Grecians gain'd; 
 When the loud juftling rocks increas'd their 
 
 fears, 
 The fhores refoundins; thunder'd in their ears. 
 High on the prow Euphemus took his ftand, 
 And held the dove that trembled in his hand. 
 The reft with Tiphys on their ftrength relied, 
 To fhun the rocks, and ftem the roaring; tide. 
 Soon, one (harp angle pafs'd, the joyful train 
 Saw the cleft crags wide opening to the main,. 
 Euphemus loos'd the dove, the heroes flood 
 Erect to fee her fkim the foaming flood. 
 She through the rocks a ready pailage found : 
 The dire rocks meet, and give a dreadful found. 
 The fait fea fpray in clouds began to rife; 
 Old ocean thunder'd ; the cerulian fkies 
 Rebellow'd loudly with the fearful din ; 
 The caves below remurmur'd from within. 
 
 m Apollon. Argon, lib. ii, ver. 551. 
 
 k 2 O'er 
 
133 A DISSERTATION 
 
 O'er wave worn cliffs, the coafl's high margin 
 
 o'er, 
 Boird the light foam, and whiten'd all the more. 
 Round whirl' d the fhip ; the rocks, with rapid 
 
 fway, 
 Lopp'd from the dove her fleering tail away ; 
 Yet flill fecurely through the ftraights (he flew : 
 Loud joy infpir'd the circumfpective crew. 
 But Tiphys urg'd the chiefs their oars to ply, 
 For the rocks yawn'd tremendous to the eye. 
 Then terror feiz'd them, when with iudden 
 
 (hock 
 The refluent billows forc'd them on the rock : 
 With chilling fears was every nerve unflrung, 
 While o'er their heads impending ruin hung. 
 Before, behind, they faw the fpacious deep ; 
 - When inftant, lo ! a billow, vafl, and deep, 
 Still rifes higher, and flill wider fpreads, 
 And hangs, a watery mountain, o'er their heads. 
 The heroes floop'd, expecting by its fall 
 That mighty billow would o'erwhelm them all ; 
 But Tiphys' art reliev'd the labouring oars : 
 On Argo's keel th' impetuous torrent pours, 
 Which rais'd the fhip above the rocks fo high, 
 She feem'd fublimely failing in the iky. 
 Euphemus haflening urg'd the valiant crew 
 Their courfe with all their vigour to purfue. 
 Shouting they plied their oars, but plied in 
 
 vain ; 
 
 For the rough billows beat them back again, 
 
 And 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 133 
 
 And as the heroes unremitting row, 
 Their labouring oars were bent into a bow. 
 Swift down the mountainous billows Argo 
 
 glides, 
 Like a huge cylinder along the tides, 
 Entangled with thick, craggy, rocks around, 
 Her Teams all burfling, and her planks unbound. 
 In that nice moment, the Tritonian maid 
 To facred Argo lent the timely aid. 
 Her left hand heav'd her from the craggy deep, 
 Her right diimiiVd her gently to the deep : 
 Then, like an arrow from th' elaftic yew, 
 Swift o'er the foaming waves the veiTel flew. 
 Yet had the clafhing rocks, with adverfe fway, 
 Torn the tall poop's embellifhments away. 
 When thus the Greeks had fafely reach'd the 
 
 main, 
 To heav'n Minerva wing'd her flight again. 
 The parting rocks at once concurrent flood, 
 Fix'd on one firm foundation in the flood. 
 This had been long determined by the fates, 
 If mortal ever pafs'd thofe dang'rous ftraights. 
 Now freed from fears, the Greeks with eager 
 
 eyes 
 View the broad ocean and ferener fkies : 
 Their anxious doubts for Argo they difpel, 
 And deem her refcued from the jaws of hell. 
 
 Fawkes, 
 
 Such is the defcription, which Apollonius 
 Rhodius gives of the paiTage of Jafon and 
 
 k 3 his 
 
i 3 4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 his affociates through the Symplegades. Thefe 
 conflicting rocks are fuppofed to have been 
 Situated at the entrance of the Euxine fea ; 
 but this I conceive to be a mere local appro- 
 priation, precifely refembling that, which 
 fixes Styx and Acheron in Arcadia, in Arabia, 
 in Egypt, in Epirus, in Italy, in Laconia, or 
 in Mariandynia n . Hence I conjecture, that, 
 fince the Argonautic chieftain is the fame 
 perfon as Ofiris, or the folar Noah, the paf- 
 fage of his vefiel between the Symplegades, 
 in the legendary account of which the propi- 
 tious dove makes fo confpicuous a figure, re- 
 lates merely to the prefervation of the Ark 
 amidft the dreadful convulfions of an expir- 
 ing world ; while the circumftance of the 
 rocks remaining fixed for ever after leads us 
 to remember the promife of God, that he 
 would no more deftroy the world by the wa- 
 ters of a deluge. I cannot think it probable, 
 that the flood was only a ftill and tranquil 
 increafe of the Ocean ; on the contrary, the 
 whole procefs of that cataftrophe appears to 
 have exhibited a moil: terrific fcene of uproar 
 and confuiion. The atmofpherical air, forced 
 by a fupernatural preflure into the cavity of 
 the great abyfs, would compel it to difgorge 
 
 n Vide fupra vol. i. p. 2 6j, 264, 274. 
 
 its 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 135 
 
 its contents in violent cataracts ; which being 
 driven to an immenfe height in the air, and 
 thence falling back in torrents, would agitate 
 the Ocean with a tempeft, of which we per- 
 haps can fcarcel y form an idea °. To this cir- 
 cumftance the Hindoos feem to allude in 
 their account of the third incarnation of 
 Vifhnou, when the Soors and the AiToors 
 churn the waters of the troubled fea with 
 the huge mountain Mandar p . In fhort, hu- 
 manly fpeaking, it feems neccjjary, that fome 
 fuch diforder fhould have taken place, in the 
 midft of which the Ark was miraculoufly 
 preferved, while every attempt of the w r icked 
 inhabitants of the earth to fave themfelves 
 was fruftrated, and their veffels either dafhed 
 to pieces, or overwhelmed by the violence of 
 the ftorm. It is very remarkable, that, ac- 
 cording to Caryftius of Pergamus, the Sym- 
 plegades were termed, in the language of 
 men, the Cyanean rocks, but, in the language 
 of the gods, the gates of the oath q . This fin- 
 
 See Catcott on the Deluge. Should the theory of Mr. 
 Whifton be preferred, that a cornet was the natural caufe of 
 the flood, the efieits of the tou near approach of fuch a body 
 would be equally tremendous. 
 
 p Maur. Hift of Hind. vol. i. p. 581. 
 
 1 KupVfioq 6 Yiipya.uw,g (pr.c-i, KvanEaj ls.bv vtto ct&pvTnov, lira <5e 
 
 $su» of/.a Tri^aj xiKKvo-Sai. Schol. in Theoc. Idyll, xiii. ver. 22. 
 Should the reader choofe rather to conhder opx« a pxoper name, 
 
 k 4 and 
 
136 A DISSERTATION 
 
 gular mode of expreffion, fo perpetually ufed 
 by Homer, can only refer to the ordinary di- 
 alect of Greece on the one hand, and to the 
 ancient oriental language of the Myfteries on 
 the other ; that language, which was ufed in 
 the facred ifle of Samothrace, and which en- 
 ters into the compofition of moft of the old 
 mythological appellations. The oath there- 
 fore, here connected with the Symplegades, 
 muft relate, like that by the waters of Styx, 
 to the oath of God after the cataftrophe of 
 the deluge. 
 
 With regard to the cave of Chiron, in 
 which Jafon was concealed during his boy- 
 hood, it was, as I have juft obferved, nearly 
 allied to that of the Cabirian Ceres of the Phi- 
 galenfians, and to that of Zerinthus in the 
 ifle of Samothrace: it was, in fhort, the iym- 
 bol conftantly ufed in the Myfteries to de- 
 fcribe the infernal regions, or in other words 
 the vaft central abyfs. Hence we find, that 
 rocky cavities were efteemed peculiarly facred 
 
 and thence conclude that the title of the Symplegades, in the 
 language of the gods, was the gates of Orcus, or the infernal re- 
 gions 5 the expreffion would be even more applicable to the 
 events of the deluge. For, as I have already obferved, the myf- 
 tic Hades was nothing more than the central abyfs ; whence 
 the apertures, through which the waters milled, might even 
 with literal propriety be ftyled the gates of Orcus. 
 
 bv 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 ?37 
 
 by the ancient idolaters, and that they were 
 conftantly ufed in the celebration of their 
 moft fecret rites r . The fame idea prevailed 
 among the Druidical priefts of Britain ; and 
 was alio the caufe of thofe immenfe artificial 
 excavations, which abound in Periia and Hin- 
 doftan. In places of fuch a nature the he- 
 lio-arkite gods were worfhipped under the 
 titles of Dii Patrol, and Dii Petrei ; appella- 
 tions equally borne by the Penates or Cabiri s , 
 and by Neptune, Jupiter, Apollo, Diana, 
 Vefta, Aglibaal, and Meledibaal \ Neptune 
 was fuppofed to have been fo called from 
 his having produced out of a rock the horfe 
 Scyphius u ; and Mithras, or Apollo, was him- 
 felf believed to have iffued from a rock x . 
 
 Such was the cave of Chiron : as for the 
 centaur himfelf, he was the ion of the Hip- 
 pian Saturn by Phillyra one of the daughters 
 
 r Porph. de Antro Nymph, parlim. Upon this fubject more 
 will be faid hereafter. Vide infra chap. x. 
 
 s Dion. Halic. Ant. Rom. lib. i. cap. 67. 
 
 1 See Bryant's Anal. vol. i. p. 295. Mr. Bryant thinks, 
 that the title Patroiis, or Pctreus, is a corruption of Petah-Phe- 
 rah, a priejl of the Sun; but I am rather inclined to derive it, 
 like the dance Betarmus, from Patar. Vide fupra p. 109. From 
 the facred Patarae, rocks in general were at length denominated 
 Pctrce. 
 
 u Schol. in Pind. Pyth. iv. ver. 246. 
 
 x juft. Martyr. Dial, cum Tryph. p. 2p<5. 
 
 of 
 
J38 A DISSERTATION 
 
 of Oceanus y ; and he is faid to have efpoufed 
 Chariclo the daughter of Apollo, or, accord- 
 ing to fome, of Perfes, or of the Ocean. The 
 offspring of this marriage was Caryftus. He- 
 fiod however iuppofes, that the confort of 
 Chiron was a Naiad 2 . 
 
 We have here another of thofe fabulous 
 genealogies ib common in ancient mythology. 
 Chiron is the folar Noah, and accordingly his 
 defcent, and his nuptial connection, compre- 
 hend both the Sun, and the Ocean. His fi- 
 gure, compounded of a horfe and a man, is 
 iymbolical of the great Hippian patriarch ; 
 and his name, like that of the ferryman of 
 hell, is Car-On, the folar orb. He is repre- 
 fented by the Orphic poet, as hofpitably en- 
 tertaining the Argonauts, in the courfe of 
 their expedition to Colchi a ; and he is feigned 
 moreover to have conftrucled a fphere for 
 their ufe. In the celeftial globe he is placed 
 near the Argo ; and is defcribed as bearing 
 upon the point of his lance fome kind of ani- 
 mal to an altar, the fmoke of which afcends 
 
 y Tot- o- Xupvvx, <bi7.7x-(>'jt.c, (Alois run Sly.zunowv, xa.\ K^cm ytvix- 
 Xoyacnv. Schol. in Pind. Pyth. iii. ver. I. 
 
 7 H 3e Xx^v.hv, yvvr,, Bvyxrr.p AvoKXaivog, %■> uq nvsq, Yli^aov •») 
 rix.Ea.Kiv, e| *,<; y.ou Xtip&jvo;, Ka^fo;. O ot 'Haiohg NaV^a Qri7i roi 
 Xiifwa yvpcu. Schol. in Pind. Pyth. iv. ver. 181. 
 
 * Orph. Argon, ver. 3]$. 
 
 to- 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 139 
 
 towards a triangle. Near the fhip is a dove, 
 and at a fmall diftance from it a raven, 
 perched upon the back of a fea ferpent. In 
 this laft group is depicted a cup, proper for 
 facrificial libations. Of thefe feveral catafte- 
 rifms the fcriptural hiftory of the deluge af- 
 fords the molt fatisfactory explanation. 
 
 " And he fent forth a raven ; alfo he 
 
 " fent forth a dove from him. And Noah 
 
 " went forth — out of the Ark. And Noah 
 " builded an altar unto the Lord (Jehovah 
 " the tri-une Elohim) ; and took of every 
 <e clean bead, — and offered burnt offerings 
 « on the altar V 
 
 The firfl: centaur is fometimes faid, like 
 Phrixus, to have fprung from Nephele, or a 
 cloud ; a fiction, which ftrongly reminds us 
 of the fecond birth of the patriarch, his de- 
 fcent from the Ark, furrounded as it had 
 been during the prevalence of the flood with 
 fogs and mifts : and, as for the term Centaur 
 itfclf, it appears to be compounded of Chen- 
 Tor, the tauric prlejl, a title, according to the 
 prevailing ideas of paganifm, peculiarly appli- 
 cable to Noah. 
 
 I have hitherto confidered the Argonautic 
 hero as the fcriptural Noah ; but his charac- 
 
 b Gen. viii. f Hyg. Fab. 62. 
 
 ter 
 
J40 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ter fhall now be taken in a different point of 
 view, and his identity with the great folar 
 god of the Perfians, and other eaftern nations, 
 pointed out. 
 
 Jafon, as I have before obTerved, is not 
 merely the patriarch without any further al- 
 lufion, but the patriarch worfhipped con- 
 jointly with As-On, or the Sun. Hence, as 
 w r e have already feen, his high places in the 
 oriental world were termed Jafonia, or .Afo- 
 7iia ; and himfelf, Jafon, or Afon. This folar 
 title Afon was frequently contracted into Son 
 or Zon, precifely in the fame manner as Tal 
 is the abbreviated form of Altai ; and it was 
 indifferently written A zon and Azan, Zon 
 and Zan. From it the Greeks derived their 
 name Zan, an appellative of Jupiter consi- 
 dered as the Sun; and to it may be evident- 
 ly traced the Englifh word Sun. Pfellus in- 
 deed, in the true fpirit of a Greek, reiblves 
 thefe facred titles into his own language, 
 though profefledly treating of the theology of 
 the Chaldeans ; and has confequently in- 
 volved them in the ftrangeft confufion ima- 
 ginable : but I apprehend, that the whole of 
 this dark theology, when thoroughly exa- 
 mined, will be found to conilft of nothing 
 more than the arkite worfhip united with 
 the wild reveries of the Sabian aftronomy. 
 
 The 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 141 
 
 The Chaldeans firft enumerate fcvcn 
 worlds ; a number peculiarly dear to the an- 
 cient mythologifts, becaufe it happens to be 
 at once that of the planets, and of the Cabiri, 
 or in other words of the diluvian family ex- 
 clufive of Noah; who, being the head of the 
 Cabiri, as the Sun is of the planets, was 
 thence adored in conjunction with the Sun d . 
 Next they notice a holy perfonage, the be- 
 ginning of all things; and after him three 
 others, each of whom, with a whimfical and 
 abfurd refinement, is triplicated into another 
 triad. Thefe are the patriarch, and his three 
 fons, who conftitute the grand trinity of the 
 Gentile's % and of whom fome traces may be 
 difcovered throughout the whole world. Ac- 
 cordingly w r e find them clofely connected 
 with the Noete Iunx, as it is termed by Pfel- 
 lus ; or the Noetic dove, as I cannot refrain 
 from interpreting the words, for lunx feems 
 
 d In perfect conformity with the principles of the Chaldean 
 theology, the vaft tower of Babylon, which was dedicated to 
 Belus or the folar Noah, confifted, as we are informed by He- 
 rodotus, of eight towers gradually diminishing in area, placed 
 one upon the other. Herod, lib. i. cap. 181. 
 
 e Mr. Maurice has given a very different interpretation of 
 thefe Oracles : the reafon, why I cannot afTent to it, has been 
 already ftated. Vide fupra vol. i. p. .313. note f. 
 
 to 
 
i 4 » A DISSERTATION 
 
 to be a mere corruption of luneh f . This 
 Iunx is defcribed as a bird of love, and is faid 
 to have been ufed by magicians in the prepa- 
 ration of philtres. It was no lefs facred to 
 Venus, than her favourite dove ; and, ac- 
 cording to Pindar, it conftituted the valuable 
 prefent of that goddefs to Jafon, for the pur- 
 pofe of ftealing the affections of Medea. 
 
 TIoTVia, o o^yrcutav (isXecov, 
 TloiKihcLV ivy yet, re- 
 
 TDCDCVCtfJLOV OvKv^TToB'SV, 
 
 Y.V a?wTco ?£v?a<rct kvkXco, 
 
 ft ' ' 
 
 Mctivaa gqviv Kv7rooyeveici (^spsv 
 Iloarov ctv3~pct)7roitri' Xtrcif r £7rctoi- 
 
 oag ex&oowxqo'sv (ro(pov Ai<rovi£ar 
 Otppa, M'/j^eia? tqxswv aCpehoi- 
 
 r ou^od, zyoSsivct £ E#^ CWTCtV 
 Ev tppetri xaiofASvctv 
 Aoveoi pas-iyi YlsiS-^g- g. 
 
 The wily queen of love 
 Sent from Olympus her Noetic h Iunx, 
 
 f Some reafons will be given for this translation of Noete in 
 the courfe of a few pages. 
 
 g Pind. Pyth. iv. ver. 380. 
 
 h So I tranflate, and I think properly, pewx? Opviv, which is 
 exactly equivalent to No^th I5y|. The epithet y.ouva.<;, here be- 
 llowed upon the Iunx. is the very fame as that by which Atys, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 143 
 
 Which, fix'd upon the forcerer's wheel, 
 With maddening paffion fires the human bread. 
 By the dread potency of this dire bird, 
 
 Was fair Medea taught 
 To flight her parents, country, virgin honour ; 
 And with Efonides to feek the realms 
 
 Of diftant Hellas. 
 
 The ancient fcholiaft upon Pindar informs 
 us, that Iunx was the daughter either of Echo, 
 or of Pitho ; and that, by her incantations, 
 fhe excited in Jupiter a paffion for Io, who 
 was afterwards changed by Juno into a heifer. 
 Iunx herfelf, by way of punifhment for the 
 mifchief which fhe had occasioned, w r as meta- 
 morphofed into the bird of that name \ It 
 is obfervable, that, in this tradition, the Iunx 
 is immediately connected with the hiftory of 
 the deluge ; for the heifer Io, or Ills, as w r e 
 have already feen, is no other than the tau- 
 riform lunar Ark of Noah. Accordingly we 
 
 or Noah, is designated ; and I have already obierved, that, as 
 the lunar Ark was termed Mena, fo Menas, Menu, or Minyas t 
 were only variations of the icriptural name of the patriarch. 
 From the frantic dances of the Menades, the Greeks ieeni to 
 have derived their word //.an<o//.a», to be mad. 
 
 1 VOyq sioo? og»E8 Ef&mx8' TrwEf ob % Ivy% ; xv cl fxrj (peczw Hy8:, 
 o* d£ n^Sy? yEyivtirjj-Scci Bvyareoei, »)T»S (^xpuccj-ff-aa-tx ron Six tic to* 
 Ttq lee <rtg$o» accra, yjhw 'H^a?, u; opttat f*6T*«Ar,Sn. Schol. in Pind. 
 Nem. iv. ver. 56. 
 
 find, 
 
144 A DISSERTATION 
 
 find, that one of the titles of the arkite god 
 Bacchus was lungias, an appellation evi- 
 dently derived from the bird Iunx k ; and 
 that Serapis or Ofiris, the Bacchus of Egypt, 
 was fbmetimes reprefented with eight of thefe 
 myftic lunges depicted upon his bofom \ 
 
 After the Noete Iunx, Pfellus mentions 
 the three governors of the empyreum, the 
 ether, and the material world ; and, next to 
 them, the princes of the Myfteries. He then 
 proceeds to notice the fathers of fountains ; 
 with whom he joins Hecate, the great god- 
 defs of the Zerinthian cave in Samothrace, 
 Thefe Pegean fathers conftitute alfo a fort of 
 triad, known by the names of Faith, 'Truth, 
 and Love. Apollo, Oliris, and Mercury, ap- 
 pear to be of their number, if we may argue 
 from the very obfcure title of Pegean extre- 
 mities bellowed upon them by Pfellus. As for 
 the Sun, the Chaldeans gave it the epithet of 
 
 1 Kircher has given a curious print of the deity thus adorned. 
 Oedip. ./Egypt, vol. iii. p. 479. The Egyptians fancied, that 
 the Iunx was an emblem of the divine wifdom and love; (Ibid.) 
 and it is fomewhat remarkable, that the third perfon of the 
 bieiTed Trinity fhould have chofen to manifeii himfelf under the 
 fame appearance of a dove. With regard to the eight lunges, 
 attached to Serapis, or Noah, I apprehend, that that precife 
 number was pitched upon, in allufion to the arkite ogdoad. 
 
 Archicus ; 
 
ON THE CABIRI, 145 
 
 Archicus ; and fuppofed, that certain Archce 
 fucceeded next in order to the fountains. 
 Along with them, they worfhipped gods, who 
 were denominated Zoni and Azoni, from their 
 influence, as Pfellus thinks, over the zones ci 
 the globe. But the names of Chaldaic dei- 
 ties certainly cannot originate from Greek 
 roots ; their fignification mull be fought for 
 in the oriental, not in the weftern languages. 
 Azon and Zon then, as I have obferved, are 
 titles of the Sun ; and accordingly Pfellus in- 
 forms us, that the Azonic gods were Serapis, 
 Bacchus, and, what is perfectly unintelligible 
 if the word be Greek, the chain of Ofiris and 
 Apollo. The radical Sir, Sar, Cir, Cur, or 
 Cor, as it was varioufly pronounced, fignifies 
 in the eaftern dialects, the bright orb of the 
 Sun ; and, at the fame time, the Greek term 
 Sir a happens to mean a chain : hence it is 
 evident, that what Pfellus denominates the 
 chain of Ofiris and Apollo, is, in reality, the Sir, 
 or orb, of thofe kindred deities. Both Sera- 
 pis however and Bacchus, Ofiris and Apollo, 
 as we have repeatedly feen, are the Sun wor- 
 ihipped in conjunction with the patriarch 
 Noah ; and this univerfal great god of the 
 Gentiles, as I have juft ftated, was termed 
 Azon 9 or the fiery Jblar circle, and was adored 
 throughout the Eaft, in high places called 
 vol. 11. l A-onia. 
 
146 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Azonia. He was, in fhort, the Jajbn of the 
 Greeks, the fabulous hero of the fabulous 
 Argonautlc expedition ; and thus at length, 
 following another train of reafoning, w r e a 
 fecond time come to the conclufion, that 
 Jafon and Ofiris were the fame mythological 
 character m . Hecate alfo, according to Pfellus, 
 was efteemed one of the Azoni, and that 
 with good reafon ; for fhe was the fame as 
 the Egyptian Ifis, or the Ark worftipped along 
 with the Moon, as the god of the Ark, the 
 Noah of fcripture, was with the Sun n . What 
 Servius fays upon this fubjecT: is exactly to the 
 fame purpofe : he reprefents the Mother of 
 the gods, the Sun, the Moon, Pluto, and 
 Mars, as being thofe myfterious deities, who 
 w^ere termed Azoni . In a fimilar man- 
 ner, Proclus declares, that the facred names 
 of the gods, among the Affyrians, were Zoni 
 and Azoni v. 
 
 I have ventured, in the preceding remarks 
 upon the commentary of Pfellus, to fuppofe 
 Noete lunx equivalent to the Noetic dove, 
 inftead of translating it, the intellectual lunx, 
 
 ta Vide fupra p. 124. 
 n Pfelli Schol. in Orac. Chald. p. 112. 
 Serv. in JEneid. lib. xii. p. 672, 
 p Proc, Prooem, Parmen, 
 
 being 
 
ON THE CABIR1. 147 
 
 being utterly unable to difcover what mean- 
 ing can be annexed to the latter explication. 
 It will be proper for me now to offer fome 
 obfervations on the Nus^, ib highly celebrated 
 both in the Myfteries and in the philofophy 
 of the Platonifts, in order that the propriety 
 of fuch an expofition of Noete lunx may be 
 more clearly perceived. 
 
 I ftrongly fufpecl, that this Nus, who, like 
 the Perfian Mithras, was fuppofed to have 
 triplicated himfelf, has not the flighted con- 
 nection with the fimilar Greek word which 
 fignifies Mind or Intelligence, but that he w T as 
 limply the great patriarch ; the original fcrip- 
 tural apellation Nuh being varioufly corrupted 
 into Noah, Noas, Nus, Nuch, Menuh, Menes, 
 Manes, or Minos: and I further conjeclure, 
 that the Platonic trinity, from which fome 
 have perverfely fuppofed that the early fa- 
 thers borrowed the mylterious dogma which 
 is the very corner-Hone of Chriftianity, how- 
 ever varied and refined upon by the philofo- 
 phizing Greeks, was originally compofed ot 
 Shem, Ham, and Japhet. Proclus plainly 
 declares, that Plato borrowed the whole of his 
 theology from Orpheus ; and Amelius does 
 not fcruple to affert, that the three kings of 
 
 « Gr. Ny;, 
 
 7, % Plate 
 
148 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Plato were the fame as the Phanes, Uranus, 
 and Cronus, of the Orphic writings r . Hence 
 it is evident, that whatever Phanes, Uranus, 
 and , Cronus, relate to, the Platonic trinity 
 muft relate to the very fame ; and confe- 
 quently, from the obfervations which have 
 already been made upon the mythological 
 character of thofe deities s , it will neceffarily 
 follow, that the Platonic trinity relates en- 
 tirely to the folar Noah and his triple off- 
 spring. Accordingly Plotinus, following the 
 ftream of an ancient tradition, the import of 
 which he did not underftand, denominates 
 the three moft ancient deities archie (or ark- 
 he) perfons *. 
 
 In the Chaldaic oracles Nus has the epithet 
 Patricus affigned to him u , which is a term 
 of precifely the fame import as Patrous, one 
 of the titles of the Cabiric deities. They 
 are both equally derived from Patar, to dif- 
 mifs, or, to let out* ; and they both equally al- 
 lude to the egrefs of the Noachidas from the 
 Ark. 
 
 As Nus is by the Oracles ftyled Patricus, fo 
 
 r Cudworth's Intell. Syft. p. 547. 
 8 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 68, 194. 
 1 Cudworth's Intell. Syft. p. 546. 
 ■ Chal. Orac. p. 106. 
 x Vide fupra p. 109. 
 
 that 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 149 
 
 that ancient perfonage, who was fuppofed to 
 have triplicated himfclf y , is denominated by 
 Pfellus Patriots By thus, or the Pataric Abyfs 7 \ 
 Here the patriarch is confounded with the 
 diluvian Chaos, which Epiphanius informs us 
 w 7 as nothing more than the great deep a ; a cir- 
 cumfiance by no means unprecedented in the 
 mythology of the pagans, for we find, that 
 Ovid reprefents Janus, or Noah, as bellowing 
 upon himfelf the very fame appellation. 
 
 Me Chaos antiqui, nam res fum prifca, vocabant b . 
 
 Thefe remarks upon the word Patricus, or 
 Pataricus, as applied to Nus, w 7 ill lead us to 
 the meaning of a very curious, but difficult 
 pafTage in the Chaldaic Oracles ; in which, 
 among other matters, a ftone, fuppofed to 
 poffefs the power of defeating the machina- 
 tions of a terreftial demon, is celebrated under 
 the name of Mnizur.' 
 
 Ov yct() CL7T0 7TCCTpiKri$- Ct^X^ CLTtXi? Ti TfOX^t' 
 
 AAA ovx etr&xercu, xeivyj? 7ra,Tpixo$- vxr f&expt* AV 
 
 y Vide fupra p. 141. 
 
 z Pfell. Schol. in Orac. Chal. p. 113. It is not improbable, 
 that the Pitris of Hindoftan, who are defcribed as the progeni- 
 tors of mankind, may have derived their name from the lame 
 root as the Cabiric Patroi", Patrici, or Patari, 
 
 a Epiph. adv. Haer. vol. i. p. 164. 
 
 b Ovid. Faft. lib. i. ver. 103. 
 
 L 3 Hwx* 
 
150 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Hvixct e0%oju,evGV dctipovct 7rPco-yeicv c£rm<r/$ 
 Que Al&ov Mvi£xpiv stt&v&oov — 
 At tvyyzs vxpzvat, 7rctrpoS-ev v§€Wi' xat avrctt 
 BtfA^v cL<Q&£yYjrc*)v Kivxpeveu use vottfou c . 
 
 In conformity with the preceding obferva- 
 tions upon the terms Nus, and Patricks, I 
 tranflate this parTage in the following man- 
 ner. 
 
 Now from the Pataric Axk the tribes of beafts, 
 Reptiles, and birds, each perfect in its kind, 
 
 L Orac. Chal. p. 106. et deinceps. The literal tranflation of 
 this patTage is as follows : 
 
 f Nothing imperfect iiTues from the Area Patrica ; nothing 
 *'' however waits till Nus Patricus hath come forth from it. When 
 " thou fhalt fee the earthly demon coming, facrirlce the ftone 
 " Mnizuris, invocating. The intelligent lunges receive their 
 tl intelligence from the father," (or, as I venture to tranflate it, 
 the Noetic dove iiTues forth from Nus Patricus) " and moving 
 " themfelves, underftand" (or bring to Nus) " mute counfel." 
 
 Thus the paffage (lands in that tranfeript of the Oracles, to 
 h the commentary of Pfellus is annexed ; but in the copy, 
 which Pletho has ufed, there is fome variation, yet not fuch as 
 to affect the fenfe. As for inttance, the creatures are reprefented 
 as not awaiting the will of the arkite goddefs, but impetuoufly 
 ruihing forth ; while Patricus Nus is faid to have hTued from 
 Lethe, or death-like oblivion. This latter part of the fentence 
 obvioufly relates to the allegorical death, and revivification of 
 atriarch. 
 
 0v yug octto sraTgtxqc oc^r^ an>.-; n tco^x^h' 
 
 Mtx'p? w e|ea3ij to%K Orac Magic, p. 17. 
 
 Impatient 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 151 
 
 Impatient ilTued ; nor would any wait, 
 Till their dread lord, thePataric Nus, came forth. 
 But, when the evil demon thou fhalt fee, 
 Terrific rifing from the earth's dark entrails, 
 Then facrifice the Mnizur, potent flone, 
 And invocate the Lord. Now had the dove d , 
 Sent forth by Nus, its anfwer faithful brought, 
 Though mute, yet fure in its intelligence. 
 
 The word Mnizur is a contraction of Me- 
 nah-Tzur e , the /tone of the Ark, and it ap- 
 parently alludes to the altar built by Noah 
 after the flood ; while the earthly demon of 
 the Chaldeans, like the Hindoo Hayagriva t 
 and the Egyptian Typhon, feems to be a per- 
 fonification of the waters of the deluge, which 
 principally hTued from the great central 
 abyfs. 
 
 Should the reader be inclined to queftion 
 the propriety of thefe remarks upon the 
 Chaldaic Oracles, let me recall his attention 
 to a pafTage already cited from thofe very ora- 
 cles, in which the tranflation of barbarous 
 
 d The oracles fpeak of lunges, or doves, in the plural, 
 much in the fame manner as Hygirnis makes the AlTyrian 
 Venus to be attended by two of thofe birds, inftead of one. 
 
 e "H3HT0O- The Chaldean Mnizur feems to be the fame as 
 the rock Agdus, facred to the Phrygian mother of the gods. 
 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 364. note d. 
 
 f Afiatic Ref. vol. i. p. 233. 
 
 L 4 names 
 
153 A DISSERTATION 
 
 names into another language is ftri&ly pro- 
 hibited. 
 
 OvOfAClTO, (ZcLp&CLQCL fJLJJ 7T0T CCXXctP^ £. 
 
 Relying upon the authority of this injunc- 
 tion, I have thought myfelf juftined in con- 
 cluding, that, when the Oracles were tranflat- 
 ed into Greek, the proper names were care- 
 fully retained, and expreffed in thofe Greek 
 characters, w T hich approximated moft nearly 
 in found to the original Chaldean letters. 
 Some of thefe words, thus expreffed, happened 
 unfortunately to coincide with Hellenic ap- 
 pellations, and hence had a meaning annexed 
 to them totally foreign to their real import ; 
 while others, being utterly irreconcileable to 
 the dialect of Greece, were merely explained, 
 and then left uncorrupted. Thus Nuh-Pa- 
 tur h , the liberated Noah, was written, upon 
 the tranflation of the Oracles, Nus-Patricus, 
 
 8 Orac. Chald. p. 70. 
 
 h Patara, a town in Lycia, where there was a celebrated ora« 
 cle of Apollo, feems to have derived its name from the fame 
 root Patar. (Herod, lib. i. cap. 182.) The god himfelf was 
 fometimes denominated Patar eus, (Hor. Od. lib. iii. od. iv. ver. 
 04.) which is a word precifely equivalent to his other title 
 Tbyfeus. (Macrob. Saturn, lib. i. cap. 9.) Both thefe terms 
 equally allude to the circumftance of Noah's having come forth 
 from the door of the Ark. 
 
 whicl} 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 153 
 
 which accidentally fignifies in Greek the pa- 
 ternal ?nind ; Arca-Putarah, the liberating Ark, 
 was exprefled Archa-Patrica, the paternal be- 
 ginning; and Nuachah- Iuneh, the Noetic 
 dove, Noete-Iunx, the intelligent Iunx. In a 
 fimilar manner Seir, the Sun, became Seira, a 
 chain ; and As- On, the folar orb, Azonus, a 
 deity without a belt. On the other hand, 
 Mnah-Tzur, the Jlone of the Ark, not coincid- 
 ing with any Greek word, was expreffed 
 Mnizur ; and, to render fuch a term intelligi- 
 ble, lithos, a Jlone, was added to it by way of 
 explanation. 
 
 I fhall now return to the confideration of 
 the title As-On, Azon, or Jafon. 
 
 It was the cuftom of the eaftern nations, 
 to confer upon their princes, and other great 
 men, the names of their idols. Of this we 
 have many examples, both in Holy Scripture, 
 and in profane authors. Thus Belfhazzar is 
 compounded of Bel-Afh-Azar 1 ; Ezar-Haddon 
 of Azar-Haddon k ; and Sardanapalus, ofSar- 
 Adon-Aph-Al. In the fame manner we find, 
 that the facred title Azon was frequently be- 
 flowed upon the mighty men of the Eaft, 
 
 1 Azar is the fame as Azon in point of figoification, being 
 £ compound of As-Aur, tbefery §un, 
 k The lord Sun. 
 
 TUus 
 
1^4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Thus Herodotus, in his catalogue of the 
 forces of Xerxes, mentions Azan the fon of 
 Arteus l ; and thus Pliny aflerts, that the pre- 
 ceptor of Zoroafter, who was fuppofed to be 
 the author of the Chaldaic or Magic Oracles, 
 was intitled Azonac m . This ancient perfon- 
 age is mod probably the patriarch Noah, re- 
 vered under the appellation of Azon-Ac, or 
 the folar deiiy of the Ocean ; while his pupil 
 Zoroafter feems to be Ham n , who is gene- 
 
 1 Herod, lib. vii. cap. 66. 
 
 m Hermippus, qui de tota ea arte (Magica) diligentimine 
 fcripfit, et vicies centum millia verfuum a Zoroaftre condita, 
 indicibus quoque voluminum ejus pofitis explanavit, praecep- 
 torem, a quo inftitutum diceret, tradidit Azonacem. Plin, 
 Nat. Hift. lib. xxx. c. I. 
 
 n Such at leaft is the opinion of Pfeudo-Berofus. Primus 
 tamen omnium (Noa) invenit vites atque plantavit, et vinum 
 conficere docuit, cujus vim inexpertus et vaporem, ebrius efFec- 
 tus, minus pudice in terram cecidit. Erat illi, ut diximus, rlli- 
 us ex tribus primis adolefcentior Chem, qui femper magicae et 
 veneficae ftudens, Zoroajl nomen confequutus eft. Is patrem 
 Noam odio habebat, quia alios ultimo genitos ardentius ama- 
 bat, fe vero defpici videbat. Potiffime vero idem infenfus erat 
 patri ob vitia. Itaque nactus opportunitatem, cum Noa pater 
 madidus jaceret, illius virilia comprehendens, taciteque fubmur- 
 murans, carmine magico patri illuiit, fimul et ilium fterilem 
 perinde atque caftratum effecit, neque deinceps Noa fcemellam 
 aliquam fcecundare potuit. Berof. Ant. lib. ii. fol. 25. The 
 Zoroafter, whom Dr. PrideauX fuppofes to have been a Jew, or 
 at lead a fervant of one of the Jewifh prophets, feems to have 
 been a totally different character from the moft ancient Zo- 
 roafter. 
 
 rally 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 155 
 
 rally reputed to have been the inventor of 
 magic °. 
 
 If we next extend our inquiries into Greece, 
 we fhall find, that one of the three fons of 
 Areas, the father of the Arcadians, whofe 
 hiftory has been already confidered p , bore the 
 name of Azan. In honour of him, funeral 
 games w r ere annually celebrated q , at which 
 Apis, the fon of Jafon, is faid once to have 
 been prefent r P This circumftance affords an 
 additional proof of what has been advanced 
 refpecting Apis. Apis is the arkite bull of 
 Egypt ; and therefore, in reference to the 
 union of the two fuperftitions, he was reckon- 
 ed the offspring of Jafon, or the Sun. He 
 w r as fometimes alfo efteemed the fon of Pho- 
 roneus, or Ph'Aron-Nus, the arkite Noah; 
 and yet, while we are affured by Apollodorus, 
 that he was worfhipped by the Egyptians 
 
 Mr. Bryant fuppofes Zoroafler to be nothing more than 
 the facred bull of Ofiris, which was reprefented with a ftar be- 
 tween his horns, and accordingly derives his name from Sor- 
 After, the butt-ftar j but, with all deference to his authority, I 
 conceive this to be a miftake, for in fact the name of the Per- 
 fian prophet is not Zoroqfter, as he was called by the Greeks, 
 but Zeradujbt. 
 
 P Vide fupra vol. i. p. 202, 284, 
 
 * Pauf. Arcad. p. 605. 
 
 r Pauf. i. Eliac. p. 376. 
 
 under 
 
156 A DISSERTATION 
 
 under the name of Se?~apis % we are informed 
 by Paufanius, that he came from the city 
 Pallantium l , the name of which town, as 
 well as that of Pallas, I have already difcuff- 
 ed, when treating of the hiftory of Dardanus. 
 From Azan a part of Arcadia was called 
 Azania u ; and the Myfteries of the Idei Dac- 
 tyli, or Cabiri, feem to have been celebrated 
 there, in the fame frantic manner, as they 
 w 7 ere in other countries x . 
 
 The title of the folar deity Azon occurs 
 alfo in feveral different parts of the world, no 
 lefs than in Perfia, and in the diftricl of Ar- 
 cadia, w T hich has been laft noticed. A tract 
 of land, which lay weftward of Ethiopia, was 
 called Azania 7 ; and the fea, which flows be- 
 tween that country and India, was ancient- 
 ly diftinguifhed by the epithet Azanian z . 
 Part of the Athenian tribe of Hippothoon, 
 who was the reputed fon of Neptune, was 
 likewife denominated Azenia ; and clofely 
 connected with it were the Erchians, or Ar- 
 
 5 Apollod. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. I. 
 
 * Pauf. i. Eliac. p. ^6. 
 
 u Pauf. Arcad. p. 605. 
 
 y Venit et Idae.is ululatibus aemulus Azan. 
 
 Statu Thebaid. lib. iv. ver. 293. 
 y Ptol. Geog. lib. 4. cap. 8. 
 1 Plin. Nat. Hift. lib. vi. cap. 24. 
 
 chians. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. i 57 
 
 chians a . We find alfo a river Afmes near 
 Tauromenium in Sicily b ; and a city called 
 Afine, and a diftricl named from it AJineum, 
 in Peloponnefus c . There was moreover in 
 Phrygia a city denominated Azani, which 
 was fuppofed to have derived its name from 
 Azan, the fon of Tantalus d . This Tantalus 
 was the offspring of Jupiter by the nymph 
 Pluto, and was feigned to have revealed the 
 fecrets of the gods ; for which crime he was 
 placed in the infernal regions up to his neck 
 in water, but was unable to plunge himfelf 
 beneath the furface e . Tantalus was the fa- 
 ther of Pelops and Niobe f , by Dione one of 
 the Titanides s ; but according to Clemens 
 Alexandrinus h , and Dionyfius of HalicarnafTus' 1 , 
 Niobe was the daughter of Phoroneus, and 
 
 a Steph. Byzan. de Urb. p. 40. — Suid. Lex. Vox A^pio* — 
 
 Hefych. Lex. Vox , I<jrwe§o&;m»o»'. 
 
 b Boch. Can. p. 525. 
 
 c Pomp. Mel. de fitu orbis, lib. ii. cap. 3. 
 
 d Steph. Byzan. de Urb. p. 40. 
 
 e Hyg. Fab. 82. 
 
 f Ibid. Fab. 9. 
 
 8 C:ph. ap. Proc. in Tim. lib. v. p. 295. 
 
 Kat tote TTfcuyayztv @a\ $a$ avrtsq 7rap ruy Oc^yaxm ejj Aoys* 
 ruv Tyh tji zzoXst, Ttx cc.pxaiola.Tcx. hsytiv eth^e^ej, <ar£ft Qogcovsus te tx 
 WftfTs Ae^evtoc, y.xi Njo&jj, xa» rcc pnx tov z*?ax}*!ffpjn. Strom. 
 lib. i. p. 580. 
 
 1 Qocunws -yag Nf&C-/? ymrui. Ant. Rom." lib. i. 
 
 flou- 
 
158 A DISSERTATION 
 
 flourifhed immediately after the deluge. She 
 was fuppofed to have been changed into a 
 Hone, which perpetually flowed with water k . 
 The uncertainty of the preceding genealogy 
 is by no means an unufual cafe in ancient 
 mythology, and it decidedly ferves to fliew 
 the near relationfhip of Tantalus to Phoro- 
 neus. They were in fact one and the fame 
 perfon ; for, fmce the fabulous infernal re- 
 gions relate only to the helio-arkite Mylie- 
 ries, I am much inclined to think that Tan- 
 talus in the midft of the waters is Tan-Talus, 
 the folar jifo-god : hence therefore he is 
 feigned to be the father of Pelops, or P'El- 
 Op, the ferpent deity. As for Niobe, placed 
 as lhe is immediately after the deluge, I am 
 perfuaded, that her metamorphofis is near 
 akin to the ftone Mnizur, and the hiftory of 
 Pyrrha and Deucalion. 
 
 I mall now proceed to offer a few obferva- 
 tions upon Zon or Zan, the contracted form 
 of Azon. 
 
 The Telchines are faid by Strabo to have 
 been the firft workers in iron, and to have 
 made a fickle for Saturn, with which he mu- 
 tilated his father Celus ! . He was afterwards 
 
 k Hyg. Fab. 9. 
 
 1 Strab, Geog. lib. xiv. p. 6$±, 
 
 fuppofed 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 159 
 
 fuppofed to hav^ hid the fickle at MeSTene in 
 Sicily ; in confequence of which the place was 
 formerly called Z ancle, the name it feems of 
 a Jickle in the old Sicanian language. This 
 fable arofe, like feveral others which I have 
 mentioned, from a mifconception, and confe- 
 quent perverfion, of an oriental appellation. 
 The whole ifland of Sicily was filled with 
 Phenician or Carthagian colonies ; whence it 
 is not unreasonable to conclude, that Zancll 
 is a Phenician word. It appears to be com- 
 pounded of Zan-Col-Ai, the land of the helio- 
 arkite deity m ; and accordingly we find, that 
 all recollection of its original import was not 
 entirely loft, notwithstanding the abfurd legend 
 of the fickle. Stephanus of Byzantium men- 
 tions, that fome derived the name from a cer- 
 tain gegenes, or earth-born prince, called Zan- 
 clus, and others from the fountain Za?2cle n . 
 The title of gegenis, it is well known, was 
 conftantly applied to the whole Titanic, or 
 diluvian race ; and the reafon feems to have 
 been, becaufe the records of the Gentiles pre- 
 ferved no authentic genealogies of their hero- 
 gods beyond the time of the flood. Hence 
 
 m In a fimilar manner Meflene is Ma-Sen-Ai,*& land of the 
 gnat Sun. 
 
 n Za.yx7\r,, 7ro\i$ TuisTnetq" of y.ev awo Zxyxte To» yr.y^e:, r, core 
 upwn ZuyHhw* Steph. Byzan. de Urb. p. 370. 
 
 the 
 
i5o A DISSERTATION 
 
 the Titans were fometimes efteemed the chiU 
 dren of the earth ; and hence Saturn him- 
 felf was fuppofed to be the offspring of Ce- 
 lus and Terra. Some further light is thrown 
 upon the fabulous hiftory of Zancle by Dio- 
 dorus Siculus. According to this writer, 
 Zanclus was an ancient king of Sicily, who 
 gave his name to the town of Zancle. He 
 was contemporary with Orion, the Nimrod 
 of Scripture, in whofe days the union be- 
 tween the two great fuperftitions appears to 
 have been affected, and concerning whom we 
 have already met with fome traditions both 
 in Crete and in Beotia ; fuch as his being 
 able to walk upon the fea, and his purfuing 
 with unwearied ardour the feven Pleiades 
 through the whole of the Theban territory. 
 Not that he was ever really in thofe countries, 
 any more than in Sicily ; but w^herever fome 
 remembrance of him was preferved, there he 
 was erroneously fuppofed to have actually flou- 
 rifhed. Thus, in the prefent cafe, he was 
 feigned to have conftrucled the harbour of 
 Acle with immenfe piers projecting into the 
 fea, out of his regard for king Zanclus. He 
 was fuppofed alfo to have built another mole 
 at cape Pelorus, and upon it a temple of 
 Neptune, which was highly venerated by the 
 inhabitants. At length he retired into Eubea, 
 
 the 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 161 
 
 the country of the Abantes and the Cabiri, 
 from whence he was tranilated into heaven n . 
 At a fmall diftance fouth of Zancle lay 
 mount Taurus, and at its foot the city Tau- 
 romenium °. It was once called Naxus p , and 
 w r as built upon a river, which Appian deno- 
 minates Onobala. Here we find a temple of 
 Venus, and another of Apollo-Archagetes q . 
 All thefe are either folar or arkite titles, and 
 ferve therefore to mew the propriety of the 
 foregoing remarks upon Zancle. Taurome- 
 nium derived its name from Tora-Menah, 
 the arkite heifer ; and Naxus was fo called 
 in honour of Nach-Zeus, Noah the Sun : 
 
 * Ilegi $e flpiavos toe, y.vSoXoyVjAsvst vjv Sui-ifxtv.— ~Kars& (jav yap 
 Tn» Yw.sTuccv y.ocrua)i£Vuffcu 'Lotyv.'hu reo tote (3xai?>.iVovTt ty,s tote pa 
 ate xvtv ZscyxXvx, vvv de Mstr&yvvif ovo[Aoc£o[Aivr,<;, a/Ma ti } y.cu tov ?u- 
 y.tvct irpoa'/ucravTcc, tjjf ovotxa^opevw AxTrjy TroiYifou.—AvctTrnrTUpivv 
 tv TtiKctyxSy Zlpiuvoc. ttgoayuaon to kutcc tyiv TlzKufHxoa xiipsvov axpo- 
 Tr,fH0Vy xai to TE/vcevo? Toy Tloanouvog x.aTa.o-x.sva.o-a.1, Tipuptvov vtto tuv 
 tyyu^uv ctufpepovTus. TctVTO, o*£ ^iU7rfa.^X[jLsvov aq EvQoiav piTavci- 
 S-r,acu t tta.H.11, KaTOHojcat. Aj« de Tr>v $o%ctv tv toij xoct ovpxvov affcis 
 y.a,Ta,f&yLn§iVTa ) tv^jhv uSxvxtov pvyfAYis. Diod. Bit>l. lib. iv 4 
 p. 284. 
 
 Diod. Bibl. lib. xvi. p. 411. 
 
 P Ibid, et lib. xiv. p. 282. 
 
 q na££7r?v« to? woTfl^uov top OvoSahctv, ««» to tepoy TO A^fooWto*; 
 v.oa u^iffUTo as tov Ap^r,yiTvv, x^uv tov Seov u% ■^jx^xkx ^r.croy.vios 
 tnuvScc, xxi wnoim^xaav tv Tu.vfoy.tvnu. Appian. apud Bochart, 
 Can. p. 525. I cannot aflent to any of the derivations, which 
 Bochart gives of thefe v names. 
 
 vol. ii. M while 
 
i6a A DISSERTATION 
 
 while Onobala is On-Ob-Al-Ai, the land of 
 the divine folar ferpent -> and Archagetes, Arca- 
 Ga-TheuS; the illujlrious god of the Ark. The 
 epithet is applied to Apollo as an arkite god ; 
 and hence he is joined with Venus, who may 
 generally be confidered as a perfonification of 
 the Ark. At Naxus, or Tauromenium, were 
 celebrated the vile rites of the Phallus, w 7 hich 
 formed an infeparable part of the Cabiric 
 worfhip r . 
 
 As in Sicily we meet with places denomi- 
 nated ZaJtcle and tauromenium ; fo in Mace- 
 don w T e find, fituated in each other's imme- 
 diate neighbourhood, the cities T! or one and 
 Sena, and the promontory Canajlreum s . In 
 a fimilar manner, Apollonius mentions a town 
 in Thrace called Zona, where Orpheus was 
 faid to have foothed even the rocks and the 
 trees with his mufic. 
 
 AvTctp tov y eve7rx<riv ctreipsas- xqeci Trerpuz 
 (deceit ctoi^ctoov svo7rv\, 7roT&jj,ddv re pee&pa,. 
 &/}yoi J" aypi&hs, newt? en cvi^ctTct poX^s, 
 
 1 Hv h sv ft) Sue&ixi} Nafa reptvoq Mr&aheurffio* AppoJiruff, ■» » 
 piycthu. cahia amtziTo. Appian. apud Bochart. Can. p. 525. 
 The origin of thefe rites has been already confidered. Vide 
 iupra vol. i. p. 364. note d. 
 
 s Urbes Toronen et Phyfcellam, atque unde ipfi nomen eft, 
 Mecybernam incingit Canaftraeo promuntorio Sena proxima 
 eft. Pomp. Mel. de Sit. Reb. lib. ii. cap. 3. 
 
 hKTHS 
 
ON THE CABIRI. J63 
 
 kKT*\s G^tfUifif ZaniS £7ri TrjAeS-Qaxrcii 
 
 OeAyofAeva? QoofAiyyi KdLTviya/yi riiepivi&ev t . 
 
 Sena, and Zona, are only varioufly inflected 
 compounds of Zon-Ai, the land of the Sim ; 
 Torone is Tor-On-Ai, the landoftbcfolar bull; 
 and Canaftreum feems to have been fo called 
 in honour of Chan-As-Tor, the priejl of the 
 fiery bull. 
 
 After the death of Pelias, Jafon is faid, in 
 an ancient epic poem intitled NaupaSlia, to 
 have gone to Corcyra u . This, I apprehend, 
 means nothing more, than that his worfliip 
 was introduced into that ifland ; for Corcyra 
 is Cor-Cur-Ai, the land of the bright Sim, and 
 its fabulous hiflory precifely anfwers to its ti- 
 tle. The Phliafian river Afopus had three 
 daughters, Egtua, Corcyra, and Theba. Egiiia 
 was ravimed by Jupiter ; and Sifyphus, king 
 of Corinth, was privy to the fact. Afopus, 
 fufpecling the criminality of his daughter, 
 bribed Sifyphus to betray the fecret, by pro- 
 mifing, that he would caufe a fountain, which 
 
 * Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 26. 
 
 * Eny 8e etui ev EAAj^j NawirxK^ict ovoua.^o[/,tvx' VtriotDTtu s=- tt 
 avToiq lctc-ovoc e| IuT^kh //st« rev Yl&m iiavxiov tq Kocv.ipxv fjLsjQtKTi- 
 <r<xi. Pauf. Cor. p. 118. Stephanus mentions a city in Egypt 
 called Corcyris, and for the very fame realbn. KooKugi?, xo'as 
 Aryans* Steph. Byzan, de Urb. p. 468. 
 
 M '2, was 
 
164 A DISSERTATION 
 
 was afterwards denominated Pirene x , to burft 
 forth in the midft of the Corinthian citadel. 
 Sifyphus accepted the conditions ; and as a 
 punifhment for his treachery, was thruft down 
 into Hell. From thefe three daughters of 
 Afopus, the iflands Corcyra and Egina, and 
 the city Thebes or Theba, received their re- 
 fpeclive appellations. The Thebans indeed 
 aflerted, that Theba was the daughter of 
 Beotius, not of Afopus y ; but between thefe 
 two genealogies there is no real difference : 
 for, as Beotius is Butes, or the god of the hei- 
 fer, fo Afopus is As-Op, or the folar ferpent 
 Noah. In a fimilar manner Sifyphus is the 
 god of the arkite Sipha ; and his city Corinth, 
 as I have already obferved, was fuppofed to 
 
 x Pirene is P'Arena, the arkite fountain. 
 
 y Pauf. Cor. p. 121, 122. Pindar mentions, that Theba was 
 the daughter of Metopa j and his fcholiaft fays, that Metopa 
 was the confort of Afopus, who was the father of the Hippian 
 Theba. 
 
 MgTgo/^g- 
 
 nACifurTrcv a. (dr&xv m- 
 
 xriv, roc; i^xravov v$u$ 
 
 n»o^a».— — Olymp. vi. ver. 143. 
 hUrtiiry §vyoAr)(> pet Aa^covoq t« tv Agxcthx Trolaym } yvvy h Acruiru 
 iov sv 0*jCaK nolctpov' ^Tf? Metwt*) sytvvviffB Triv l7riri)ir)v ©rfeviv* 
 
 (Schol. in loc.) It is almoft fuperfluous to obferve, that the 
 Hippian Tbeba is a compound term of precifely the fame im- 
 port as the Hippian Argos. 
 
 have 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 165 
 
 have been founded by the Titanic Aletae. 
 Hence, in allufion to the entrance of Noah 
 into the Ark, Sifyphus was feigned, like 
 Bacchus, Hercules, and Adonis, to have de- 
 fcended into the infernal regions. 
 
 The refult then of the whole inveftigation 
 is, that the Argonautic hero Jafon is no other 
 than the great patriarch worfhipped in con- 
 junction with the Sun, and that his real name 
 is Axon, or As- On, the blazing folar orb. 
 
 We have feen, that one of the fupppfed 
 companions of Jafon was Armenius, who is 
 faid to have travelled with him through all 
 the land of Iberia, Albania, Armenia, and 
 Media 2 . It is obfervable, that this mytholo- 
 gical hero came, according to Strabo, from 
 the city Armenium, which was fituated upon 
 the lake Boibeis, between Pherae and Lariffa a . 
 Boibeis, like the Egyptian Buto, feems to 
 have been fo called from Bo, or Bou, an ox, 
 in allufion to the accuftomed arkite iymbol ; 
 Pheraa is Ph'Ur-Ai, the country of the Sun ; 
 and LarifTa is Lares- Ai, the land of the Lares, 
 
 z The reader will recoiled, that both Armenius and Arme- 
 nia equally derived their refpective names from Ar-Menah, 
 the mountain of the Ark. 
 
 a Tov h Ap«,?v»ov sivoa «f Apuxsna <ko>^u', ruv tcc^ rw B0j&:V<$<x *»/*- 
 vw (/.trctfiv $Ef<yv, Koa Aecficrcrri$. Strab. Geog. lib. xi, p. 5°3« 
 
 M 3 or 
 
i66 A DISSERTATION 
 
 or folar Caiiri b . Accordingly we fhall rarely 
 find a town called LariJJa, (and the name has 
 been very much multiplied,) without meet- 
 ing at the fame time with fome mutilated 
 tradition of the deluge. Thus, in the prefent 
 cafe, Armenius is brought from the neigh- 
 bourhood of LarifTa; and Polyphemus, another 
 of the Argonauts, is alfo faid to have come 
 from the fame place c . This LariiTa was in 
 Theflaly, and was believed to have been built 
 by Acrifms, the grandfather of Perfeus, who 
 was expofed in an ark, and who himfelf alfo 
 was reported to have been there d . According 
 to Hellanicus, it received its name from LariiTa, 
 the daughter of Pelafgus 6 , or the diluvian 
 Noah -, and it is obfervable, that Homer be- 
 llows upon it the epithet of Argijfa f . There 
 was likewife a Lariffa in Troas, which was 
 peopled by the Pelafgi s x ; another in the neigh - 
 
 b Lar, as I have already obferved, is an abbreviation of the 
 compound El-Ar, the folar deity. 
 c Apollon. Argon, lib. i. ver. 40. 
 d Apollod. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. 4. 
 
 e Aaprcav rr,v Q zcrcrahiKriv Xiyi\ y riv wnaiv AxpHrw' r)Ti$ vvoua,?- 
 Z-r, utto AuPKT<jYjq t»k TliXaaya, aq tyyaiv EAAanxo?. Schol. in Apoll. 
 Argon, lib. i. ver. 40. — Strab. lib. ix. p. 43Q. 
 
 f AsvTspcc $e (Aa^icrcra,) , * ev ry Tli\u7ywM -nj? ©sao-aXta?, y» 
 'Op-tea; Ary.7cat £r>7». Schol. ut flip. 
 
 g Er* $z *aj TTsp Tpoiocv (Aapircra), r,q Ofxr^o; py/ipoi/sua, (pv7\oe, 
 
 IL'.ucyuy. Schol. ut liip. — Strab. lib. xiii. p, 604. 
 
 bourhood 
 
ON THE CABIRI. X 6 7 
 
 bourhood of Ofla, denominated alfo Pelafgia ; 
 a third, in Crete ; and a fourth, upon the ri- 
 ver LariJJus, which feparates the territories 
 of Elis and Dyma. We find one moreover 
 in Afia, near Apamea-Cibotus h , or the arkite 
 Apamea, in which place was ftruck the fa- 
 mous medal, commemorative of the deluge 1 . 
 We find one alfo near Cyma, which bore the 
 additional name of Pbriconis, from Phree- 
 Con, the priejl of the Sun ; and another in the 
 vicinity of Ephefus. Attica likewife, and 
 Pontus, had each its refpective LariJJa ; and 
 there was a town of the fame name upon the 
 banks of the Cayfter, near which was a tem- 
 ple of the great arkite Mother k . The moft 
 
 h Strab. lib. xvi. p. 752. Tertius Apameam vadit, ante 
 appellatam Celaenas, dein Ciboton. Plin. lib. v. cap. 29. 
 
 • On the reverfe of this medal is reprefented a kind of fquare 
 cheft floating upon the waters, out of which a man and a wo- 
 man are advancing upon the more, while two other perfons yet 
 remain within. A dove, bearing an olive branch, flutters above 
 it; another bird,, poflibly a raven, is perched upon its roof 3 
 and in one of the pannels is the word Noe in Greek characters. 
 See the print of it. Bryant's Anal. vol. ii. p. 230. 
 
 k Au^erc-a & £f* *<*» tv t*j Ojcyi yu^ov' y.cu r) y.^epotrv), vtto t»v&f 
 ^£ Tlzhoiayiu. Xeyoixmr)' y.ou tv tyi KpjT»j flroTu; ^ vv» ei$ lifQirvrvuv avv- 
 oiy.iaSetcrcc, cctp' ri? xat to VTroKitpevov we5*ok i'jv Axpicra-iov x.u'huTa.i. 
 xoci bv HcXoiroHyjco h re ruv Agynu» uv.^u, xat Tijf HXholv sctto Av- 
 [/.riq hopifyov Augicrao; trorctfAoq. ©eotto/atto? ae xa* wo?uv h.tyn tv tjj 
 uvrr, [xeBofnx xnua^v Aapicro-ut' xat sv rn Agio., 7) re <l>pxwv»$ h 9regt 
 7r t v Kvpriv,—)tcu r) E^scrja Actfijaot. er*' — x«» £r Att»x»j ^'tr* Aocgia" 
 
 M 4 ff*. 
 
168 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ancient however of the Lariffas, for it feems 
 to have been a favourite facred name among 
 the Pelafgic tribes, was the citadel of Argos, 
 which flood upon a lofty hill overhanging the 
 river Inachus 1 . 
 
 Thefe remarks on the word Larijfa will 
 prepare the way for fome obfervations on the 
 ftone worfhip of the ancients, which may 
 ferve to elucidate a pafTage in the Argonautics 
 of Apollonius relative to the monument of 
 Calais and Zetes. 
 
 In the courfe of the prefent work, I have 
 more than once had occafion to notice the 
 fuperftitious reverence, in which large ftones 
 were held by the ancient pagans. They 
 efteemed them facred to the Sun ; called them 
 by feveral different names, fuch as Mnizurim, 
 
 croc. K.UI ruv T ^xKKiuv faijQicrcc 54&/x>j rpiXKovrcx, rocom; v<7rep rv)i wo- 
 7\e&; t r n\ KccvrfU Treoja fact tyj; piaoycucts wrwv xctroc to tjjs Icro^po/^vj; 
 M^Tfo? iigov, oyjoiav lyv Sectv xat Tinv apeTW t'/nca ti? xpipctrv) Augur- 
 ca,' - — xcii tv rots ugirepoiq h tsj Ylovra, xu(j.n rt? xu'Kincn Acc^aaa, 
 7r7\yaiov Tuv ax^uv tov Ai^w. Strab. lib, ix. p. 44°* 
 
 1 Ag%cciOTa.Tr) p.£v (Auficaa), v) AcyeMT^, erw ccvtvi y ctxpo<7ro\t$. 
 Schol. ut fup. H y,tv ovv woTuj y ruv Acyauv ev yrup\o\<; bttitts^oh; 
 ifyvTcti to ttAeov* axcav a tyzi rw xccKovpivw Acc^aaxv Xo(pov evspxy 
 
 fABTplCO;, t^OVTCC IsfOV A»0£* PU CCVTYiS 7T?O}0"tOV IvX^Oq. Strab. 
 
 lib. viii. p. 370. It is remarkable, that there was another city 
 Argos, and another river Inachus, in Acarnania, the ancient 
 country of the Curetes. Strab. Qeog. lib. vii. p. 326. — 
 Steph. Byzan. p. 73. 
 
 Sar- 
 
ON THE CABTRI. 169 
 
 Sarfenitn, Beiyli, Agdi y Petra m Ambrofice, Pe- 
 tree Gigonice, Petrce Sarpedonice n , and Petra 
 Larifsea ° ; and very frequently, in allufion 
 
 m The facred Petra, or Petarah, will be considered more at 
 large hereafter. — Vide infra chap. x. 
 
 n Sarpedon, or Sar-Aph-Adon, was a name of the Sun. Ac- 
 cording to Apollonius, the Argonauts Zetes and Calais were 
 the children of Boreas by Orithuia the daughter of Erechtheus, 
 and they are feigned to have been begotten near the rock Sar- 
 pedon. (Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 211.) All this happened, we 
 are told, fome years before the (lege of Troy, and yet we find a 
 hero Sarpedon celebrated by Homer. The fcholiaft upon Apol- 
 lonius mentions, that there was another of thefe Sarpedoniae 
 Petrae in Cilicia 3 a country, as we have already feen, abound- 
 ing in helio-arkite traditions. "ETepa *ri Za^r^ona, ttet^cc t»j? 
 KtXtxue?. (Schol. in Argon, lib. i. ver. 216.) The Sarpedon of 
 the Iliad, in (hort, is a mere mythological character, as will be 
 fufficiently evident, when we recollecl:, that he is faid to have 
 been the fon of Europa, and the brother of Minos. (Hyg. Fab. 
 106, 155. — Herod, lib. i. cap. 173.) Minos however is the 
 fame as the Menu of Hindoftan, and Noah of Scripture. (Sir 
 Wm, Jones's Preface to Inftit. of Menu.) Hence it is manifelf, 
 that Sarpedon can never have literally exifted, in the manner 
 that Homer defcribes him. With regard to Boreas or Borras 
 whom the Hellenic mythology has metamorphofed into the 
 north wind, I ftrongly fufpect, that he was no other than the 
 great Scandinavian deity Bore. This Bore was the father of 
 three fons, and the fame perfon, I apprehend, as the patriarch 
 Noah. — Vide fupra vol. i. p. 16. 
 
 There was an ancient monument, known by this laft titla, 
 at Sina near Mitylene, clofe by the road, which leads to Me- 
 thymne. Kai iv 2n<a T19? Mnvhyms ctttn vitrmovrot rcchw t\ei 
 Aacicnruioci YIsTptzi, Kara. rr,v int. Mr)Bv^r,<; l$ov. Strab. lib. ix„ 
 
 p. 440. Sina is San-Ai, the land of the Sun; and the Petrae 
 JLariffeas were fo called in honour of the folar Lares. 
 
 to 
 
2 7 o A DISSERTATION 
 
 to the folar orb, contrived to fix numbers of 
 them in the ground in the form of a circle. 
 Perhaps more fpecimens of thefe rude tem- 
 ples occur in the Britifh dominions, than in 
 any quarter of the globe ; though they are by 
 no means unknown in other countries. The 
 \aft ftones, which lie fcattered upon Marl- 
 borough downs, and w T hich furnifhed materi- 
 als for building both Abury and Stonehenge, 
 are ftill called by the country people Sarfens p ; 
 a word evidently compounded of Tzar-San, 
 the rock of the Sim : and Dr. Borlafe has in- 
 formed us, that a Druidical monument yet 
 exifts in Ireland denominated Carig Crozth q , 
 or the folar rock r . 
 
 " I queftion," fays Mr. Bryant, " whether 
 " there be in the world a monument, which 
 " is much prior to the celebrated Stonehenge. 
 €t There is reafon to think, that it was erected 
 c< by a foreign colony ; one of the firft which 
 €C came into the iiland. — The ancients diftin- 
 te guiihed ftones erected with a religious view 
 " by the name of Amber : by which was fig- 
 
 P Maur. Ind. Ant. vol. vi. p. 170. 
 
 1 Croith, the Irifh word expreffive of the Sun, is evidently 
 Cur-Aith, the compound term from which Crete, Curetes &c. 
 are derived. From Carig fprings the Englifh Crag, a rocky 
 precipice. 
 
 T Borl, Cornwall; p. 224. 
 
 " nified 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 171 
 
 " nified any thing folar and divine 3 . The 
 " Greeks called them Petra Ambrojia x ; and 
 " there are reprefentations of fuch upon coins. 
 « Horapollo fpeaks of a facred book in Egypt 
 " ftyled Ambres u ; which was fo called from 
 " its fanclity ; being a medicinal book of 
 " Hermes, and intrufted folely to the care 
 " of the facred fcribes. Stonehenge is com- 
 « pofed of thefe Amber ftones : hence the 
 " next town is denominated Ambrojbury : 
 " not from a Roman AmbroJus x , for no" fuch 
 " perfon exifted ; but from the Ambrofice 
 " Petra, in whofe vicinity it ftands. Some 
 " of thefe, as I have taken notice, were rock- 
 " ing ftones : and there was a wonderful mo- 
 « nument of this fort near Penzance in Corn- 
 " wall, though, I believe, it is now in a great 
 
 5 Mr. Bryant has not given us the etymology of this word, 
 but I apprehend it to be Am-P'Ur, the burning Sun. It is the 
 very fame title as Pyramid, which is equally a Jione facred^ to 
 the Sun ; they differ only in the component radicals being in- 
 verted. Pyramis is P'Ur-Am. 
 
 * Afiptn*, $u« t —Arf(o<rnv, W. Hefych. Af*Cpi$w, V" 
 
 TTIVHV IV TO*? ȣf)0t?. Ibid. 
 
 U Eft h Ttafu rot? 'lepoypotppiiTtvtTi **i ftfoos Kg*, x«*0Vf*EWi A/x- 
 e 5 -u ? . Horap. lib. i. cap. 38. p. 52. 
 
 * Concerning this imaginary Ambrofius, as conneaed with 
 the Britim inchanter Merlin, more will be faid hereafter. Vide 
 infra chap. x. 
 
 " mea- 
 
i 7 z A DISSERTATION 
 
 4t meafure ruined. It ftill retains the name 
 u of Main- Amber y , by which is fignified the 
 " J acred Jiones. — Such a one is mentioned by 
 " Apollonius Rhodius, which was fuppofed 
 41 to have been raifed in the time of the 
 ** Argonautae. It flood in the illand "Tenos, 
 " and was the monument of Calais and Ze- 
 u tes, the two winged fons of Boreas. They 
 " are faid to have been flain by Hercules ; 
 " and, though the hiftory be a fable, yet fuch 
 " a monument, I make no doubt, exifted in 
 " that ifland, as the poet defcribes. 
 
 y " Main, from whence came mcenia, fignified, in the primi- 
 u tive language, a Jlone, or Jiones, and alfo a building. By Amber 
 " was meant any thing /acred. Chil-Minar, by which name the 
 U celebrated ruins in Perfia are diitinguifhed, feems to fignify 
 " CoJJis Petrte. The word Minaret is of the fame etymology, 
 " from Meen and Main, a Jlone" I thought it proper to add 
 this note of Mr. Bryant, though I cannot perfectly affent -to it. 
 The word Men does indeed fignify a Jlone, (Borlafe's Cornwall, 
 f>. 1 74.) but I much doubt, whether that be its primary figni- 
 fication. Menab is originally any thing of or belonging to Noah : 
 hence it was applied to the Ark ; and afterwards, upon the 
 union of the two fuperflitions, to the Moon, which was wor- 
 shipped in conjunction with the Ark. In the Sabian idolatry 
 ftones were highly venerated, and efteemed facred to the Sun 
 and Moon ; hence, laftly, the word Menab came to fignify a 
 Jlone, The term Minaret is certainly derived not from Men, 
 a Jlone, for many edifices are built of (tone befides Minarets ; 
 but from Menah, the moon, in reference to the crefcent, with 
 which the tops of the Turk i lb mofques are invariably decorated. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 173 
 
 — ^rvysffl Tin? €7tAbt 07ri(rcrco 
 
 Xeptriv v(p HqclkAvioz. 
 
 Ad"hcov yap UsAtdo ^£^7rorog- a*p cLVtovr&s 
 Tyvco sv ccpipipvTYi ireQvev, kou\ a^tclto yctiav 
 A^<p' couroif, ?v\Xa$ h iva xa3rv7rep&£v erevfyv 
 *£lv srspyjy &cLfjt&QS zsepicotriov dv^pcLTi Aevtrasiv, 
 
 KtVUTCLt J?%'/7£VTGS" V7T0 WOty Bo^ScCO. 
 
 Thefe haplefs heroes, as they bent their way 
 From the fad rites of Pelias, lately dead, 
 Alcides flew in Tenos. He then rais'd 
 An ample mound in memory of the flain, 
 And on it plac'd two ftones. One dill remains 
 Firm on its bafe : the other, lightly pois'd, 
 Is view'd by many a wondering eye, and moves 
 At the flight impulfe of the northern blaft. 
 
 ** Ptolemy Hepheftion mentions a large ftone 
 " upon the borders of the Ocean, probably 
 " near Gades in Betua, which he calls Petra 
 " Gigonia : and fays that it could be moved 
 * with a blade of grafs z . Gigon, from 
 " whence came the term Gigonia, was, ac- 
 « cording to Hefychius, a name of the Egyp- 
 H tian Hercules*. From hence we may in- 
 
 2 Apud Phot. p. 475. 
 
 a Tiyuv, nccroiUos' ol <§e rov Aiyv7rriov'H^oe.>i\ea,. Hefych. Her- 
 cules, or the Sun, when confidered as an arkite god, was a Pa- 
 ta'icus, as Hefychius juftly ftyles him. The Pataici were fmall 
 ftatues, like thofe of the Diofcori, or Cabiri, which the Pheni- 
 cians affixed to the heads of their fhips. Herod, lib. iii. cap. 37. 
 Patai'cus is Petah-Oc ; the priejl of the Ocean. 
 
 « fer, 
 
174 A DISSERTATION 
 
 u fer, that both the ftone here, and that alio 
 " in Tenos, was facred to this deity, who 
 " was called Archal, and Arcalus, by the 
 " Egyptians, Tyrians, and other nations. By 
 '* Petra Gigonia was fignified an Herculean 
 " monument, not raifed by him, but to his 
 " honour : and it was undoubtedly ereded 
 " by people of thofe colonies, who came 
 " both from Tyre and Egypt b ." The co- 
 lumns of Hercules, which were fuppofed to 
 have been placed by that hero on either fide 
 of the ftraights of Gibraltar, feem to have 
 been facred ftones of a fimilar nature. One 
 of thefe was named Abyla, and the other 
 Calpe c , in allufion, I apprehend, to the two 
 great fuperftitions : for Abyla is Ab-Bel-Ai, 
 the land of father Baal the Sun ; and Calpe, 
 Cal-Phi, the oracle of the hollow Ark. 
 
 I fhall now proceed to inveftigate more 
 minutely the hiftory of the building of the 
 Argo, concerning which point we find no 
 fmali difcrepancy in the wri tings of the an- 
 cient mythologifts. We have already feen, 
 that the fcholiaft upon Apollonius Rhodius 
 fuppofes it to be the fhip of Danaus ; and 
 
 b Bryant's Anal. vol. iii. p. 533. 
 
 c Deinde ell mens praealtus, ei, quern ex adverfo Hifpania 
 attollit, objeclus : hunc Abylam, ilium Calpen, vocant 5 co- 
 lumnas Herculis utrumque. Pomp. Mel. lib. i. cap. 5. 
 
 that 
 
ON THE CABIRT. mi 
 
 :j 
 
 that Plutarch does not hcfitate to declare its 
 identity with the facred Baris of Ofiris. This 
 laft circumftance alone feems to decide very 
 fatisfaftorily two points : that the whole Ar- 
 gonautic voyage is a mere fable ; and that 
 the heroes, who will for ever live in the im- 
 mortal poem of Homer, are not real, but 
 mythological perfons. That there was a 
 Trojan war of fome kind, I think more than 
 probable d ; but I cannot bring myfelf to be- 
 
 d It is remarkable however, as I have already obferved, that 
 the fcholiaft upon Hefiod clofely connects the war of the Ti- 
 tans or diluvians with that of Troy. He afferts, that the 
 fi-ege of that celebrated city was fuppofed to have lafted ten 
 years, beeaufe the war of the Titans lafted ten years. ScboL 
 in Hef. Theog. ver. 629. Without pretending to decide the 
 queflion reflecting the exiftence or the non-exiftence of the 
 Trojan fiege, and even admitting the probability of fuch an 
 event, I cannot refrain from obferving, that the argument in 
 favour of its exiftence, drawn from the very accurate defcrip- 
 tion which Homer gives .of the furrounding country, is furely 
 a mod inconclufive one. Were an Englilhman to write an 
 epic poem upon the wars of the Trojan Brutus, the exactnefs 
 of his local defcriptions would not prove the truth of his narra- 
 tive. Let us hear Spenfer upon this fubject . 
 
 But ere he (viz. Brutus) had eftablifhed his throne, 
 
 And fpred his empire to the utmoft more, 
 
 He fought great batteills with his falvage fone, 
 
 In which he them defeated evermore, 
 
 And many giaunts left on groning More : 
 
 That well can <ivitnes yet unto this day 
 
 The ivejlern Hogb, belprinklcd with the gore 
 
 Of 
 
i 7 6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 lieve, as literal matter of fa&, the account, 
 which Homer has written of it. If the Argo 
 be fimply a corrupted copy of the Egyptian 
 Baris, (and Plutarch declares that it is,) the 
 voyage of the Argo as detailed by the Greeks 
 mull: be a fiction, and the warriors engaged 
 in it fictitious chara&ers. And if this be the 
 cafe, the heroes and heroines of the Iliad muft 
 neceffarily be equally fictitious ; for the ima- 
 ginary Argonautic expedition preceded Ho- 
 rner's war of Troy only by a fmgle genera- 
 tion, and is fo infeparably interwoven with 
 the fabulous hiftory of the Ilienfes, that they 
 mull Hand or fall together e . If Caftor and 
 Pollux, Telamon and Peleus, Orpheus and 
 Hercules, who are all faid to have been en- 
 
 Of mighty Goemot, whome in ftout fray 
 Corineus conquered, and cruelly did flay. 
 And eke that ample pit, yet far renownd 
 For the large leape which Debon did compelt 
 Coulin to make, being eight lugs of ground, 
 Into the which retourning backe he fell. 
 But thofe three monftrous Jiones doe moft excell, 
 Which that huge fonne of hideous Albion, 
 (Whofe father Hercules in Fraunce did quell) 
 Great Godmer threw in fierce contention 
 At bold Canutus, but of him was flaine anon. 
 
 Faery Queene, b. ii. canto ia, 
 c The Abbe Banier very juftly obferves, that u all the cap- 
 " tains of the Grecian army were either fons of the Argonauts, 
 *' or of their contemporaries." Ban. Mythol. vol. iv. p. 59. 
 
 gaged 
 
ON THE CAB'IRI. i; 7 
 
 gaged in the voyage to Colchi ; if they be 
 the mere creatures of an inventive imagina- 
 tion, working however upon fome undoubted 
 facts, the deluge and the folar worfhip ; and 
 fuch is certainly the cafe if the teftimony of 
 Plutarch can be depended upon : if, I fay, all 
 thefe be fabulous characters, I cannot com- 
 prehend how Helen the lifter of the Diofcori*, 
 Ajax and Achilles the fons of Telamon and 
 Peleus, Priam and Anchifes the contempora- 
 ries of Hercules and Hefione, can be real 
 perfons. Accordingly, while Tzetzes plainly 
 declares, that the Homeric Agamemnon was 
 
 / 
 
 f It may not be improper to obferve, that, if we admit the 
 Argonautic and Ilienfian heroes to be real characters, we fhall 
 be reduced to the ludicrous neceftity of allowing, that the beau- 
 tiful and youthful Helen, whofe charms were irrefiftible even 
 by frozen old age, (fee Horn. Iliad, lib. iii. ver. 150. et infra) 
 had feen as many years as the hoary and decrepid Priam. He- 
 len is univerfally allowed to have been born exactly at the 
 fame time that her twin brothers Caftor and Pollux were. 
 Caftor and Pollux however attended Jafon in his expedition to 
 Colchi, during the courfe of which Hercules flew the Trojan 
 Cetus, delivered Hefione, and gave the kingdom of Ilium to 
 Priam, the fon of Laomedon, then a young man. (Tzet. in 
 Lycoph. ver. 34.) Hence it appears, that Priam, being much 
 about the fame age as Caftor and Pollux, mult likewife have 
 been about the fame age as their lifter Helen ; and yet, ft: 
 to tell, no lefs than ten years after the lacking of Troy, and 
 the death of Priam, the beautiful cheeks of Helen had loft none 
 of their youthful bloom. See Horn. Odyfl". lib. xv, ver. 123. 
 
 vol. II. N the 
 
178 A DISSERTATION 
 
 the fame as the Ercean or arkite Jupiter, the 
 lover of Danae, and the father of Perfeus s ; 
 Herodotus informs us, that his daughter Iphi- 
 genia was no other than the Tauric Diana h , 
 or the lunari-arkite heifer ; and Cicero af- 
 firms, that the Diofcori, or Cabiri, were 
 fometimes efteemed the fons of Atreus, and 
 confequently the brothers of Agamemnon 
 and Menelaus K For precifely the fame rea- 
 fons, the war of Thebes, upon which the 
 poem of Statius is founded, muft be replete 
 with characters equally fictitious ; and I can- 
 not help thinking, that it relates folely to the 
 conteft between the worfhippers of the dove, 
 and the worfhippers of the Sun, or, as the 
 Hindoos exprefs it, the worfhippers of the 
 Yoni, and the worfhippers of the Lingam, 
 Let it only be granted, upon the authority of 
 Plutarch, that the Argo is the Bans of Ofiris, 
 and, I may add, the Arglia of Maha-Deva \ 
 and the reft will follow of courfe. 
 
 It may perhaps be thought, that fpecula- 
 
 6 — — Aya^s/xvovoe Aug, r,roi tu Egxeui Aioc • — Ayxpepvuv at Ztv<; $» 
 Aocy.e$oii(jt.on. Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 335. In a fimilar man- 
 ner Athenagoras obferves, that Helen, Hector, Jupiter- Aga- 
 memnon, and Erechtheus, were all adored as gods along with 
 the marine deity Neptune. A then. Leg. p. 1. 
 
 h Herod, lib. iv. cap. 103. 
 
 * Cic. de Nat. Deor. lib. iii. cap. 21. 
 
 tions 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 179 
 
 tions of this nature ftrike at the certainty of 
 all hiftory, and give encouragement to the 
 wild eft licentioufnefs of fcepticifm. I am 
 confcious, that this objection has been urged, 
 but I think without the fm all eft degree of > 
 propriety. The legendary tales of fiction 
 cannot be efteemed any part of genuine and 
 authentic hiftory. Where the age of fable 
 ceafes, that of real narrative commences ; and 
 it requires no very great powers of difcrimi- 
 nation to draw the line between them. Some 
 part of hiftory may indeed be uncertain, as is 
 the cafe perhaps with feveral of the details of 
 Herodotus, who in many inftances approaches 
 very nearly to the era of fiction ; but it fure- 
 ly does not follow, that we mould impeach 
 the veracity of Thucydides, Livy, or Tacitus, 
 becaufe we cannot believe the legends of 
 Homer, Apollodorus, Tzetzes, or Apollonius. 
 The x^rgo then, to return from this digref- 
 fion, confidered as the fhip of Danaus or Ofi- 
 ris, w T as built in Egypt; as the fhip of Maha- 
 Deva, in Hindoftan ; and as the fhip of Ja- 
 fon, at Pagafas, a promontory of Magnefia k . 
 According to Hegefander, it w T as begun and 
 
 k Hayxo-ctj, oc.y.peorv)ptov MoiyvycriOK;' uvo t uctc-§y) oe ditto rov v/.ti t.i- 
 qrf\y§ot.\. rr,v Apyu* b h "Zkt^ioc, oc7to re mfyeui T7S£ifp££crSat rov; ro- 
 9r«5* en & xa* Uccyaaam A r m&>\uvo<; U^ov. Schol. in Apollon. 
 Argon, lib. i. ver. 238. 
 
 N2 fi- 
 
i8o A DISSERTATION 
 
 finifhed at Argos 1 ; according to Ptolemy He- 
 pheftion, it was constructed by Hercules in 
 mount Ofla, who gave it the name of Argo 
 out of affection for Argus the fon of Jafon m ; 
 and according to Poffis and Nicanor, it was 
 built by Glaucus, who afterwards becarrre a 
 fea-god under the title of Melicertes n . Ar- 
 gus however was generally thought to have 
 been its architect ; and there are as many dif- 
 ferent accounts of his own parentage, as of 
 the origin of his fhip. Ptolemy Hepheftion, 
 as we have juft feen, makes him the fon of 
 Jafon; Tzetzes, of Heftor, or Alector ; Apol- 
 lodorus, of Phrixus p ; Hyginus, of Poly bus 
 and Argia, or of Danaus q ; and Apollonius, of 
 
 1 Ef Apyet syctV7rr,yY}B'/) (y Agyoi), aq (pyaiv 'Hyncruvfyoq o SaAa^i- 
 noq. Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 883. Apyu-—sv Apyzi m TroAst x.«t£- 
 c-xivxffSri, uq 'Hynawxoq Ifo^y.oq. Etym. Magn. 
 
 m TV Apyu ev Ocrcrv) ir,q (dicraahiaq Hpcr/.t.viq [xev xarcccxivctQi, 
 oio>j.cl & uvTy TiSr/crtv ocwo Apyx Ttf lacrovag, bq viv spupEVoq otvru, h' 01 
 y-cti lacrovi rov btti 'Zy.vSiuq avr/jpa.70 vrtev. Ptol. Heph. lib. ii. 
 
 n Athen. Deipnof. lib. vii. p. 296. Thefe two laft tradi- 
 tions are virtually the fame, for Melicertes, as we have already 
 feen, was only the Tyrian appellation of Hercules or Noah. 
 
 Apyog avTW ivwiryy-fitjui) 6 'Eropog r> AXiy.ro^oq vioq. Tzet. in 
 Lycoph. ver. 883. 
 
 P — luauv Apyov <ira.p-v.ot.7\iijt rov $g>!;e. Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. 
 cap. 9. 
 
 q Argus Polybi et Argise filius ; alii ajunt Danai filium, 
 Hyg. Fab, 14. 
 
 Areftor. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. ^i 
 
 Areftor r . I have no doubt of the identity of 
 this Argus, and the Argus, who was ap- 
 pointed to guard the heifer Io. In reality, 
 they are both equally the god of the Ark. 
 Thus, as Apollonius fuppofes the conftrudtor 
 of the Argo to have been the fon of Areftor, 
 fo like wife does Afclepiades affign the very 
 fame father to Argus-Panoptes ; and, as Hy- 
 ginus makes the one the offspring of Danaus, 
 fo does Pherecydes pronounce the other to be 
 the child of Inachus s . The wild fable of 
 the hundred eyes of Argus arofe from a mif- 
 conception of his title Panoptes ; as the ftory 
 of his having been flain by Mercury did from 
 a fimilar mifconception of the name Argi- 
 phontes : for, as Argipbontes is Arga-Phont, 
 the priefi of the Ark l , fo Panoptes, which the 
 Greeks translated full of eyes, is the facred fo- 
 lar title P'Ain-Op-Tes, the divine fer pent the 
 fountain of heat. If we fuppofe Argus to be 
 a real hiftorical character, it will be impoffi- 
 ble to account for this ftrange variety in his 
 genealogy ; but if we adopt the opinion, that 
 he is a mere mythological perfonage, nothing 
 will be more eaiy. His parentage in fhort is 
 
 r Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 325. 
 
 s — Apyov tqk TTtzvoTTTW hv Acx^avKiot^K put, Afcfopo; feyu ito*. 
 <J>jpsxfc>»i? 3e, Ivoc^h. Apollod. Bibl. lib ii, cap, 1. 
 1 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 302. 
 
 N 3 merely 
 
i8* A DISSERTATION 
 
 merely a fet of different combinations of folar 
 and arkite terms : thus he is the offspring of 
 Jafon, the Noetic Sun ; of Es-Tor, the fiery 
 arkite bull ; of Al- Ac-Tor, the divine bull of 
 the Ocean; of Ph'Erech-Zeus, the folar god of 
 the Ark ; of Bol-Bus, the lordly bull ; of Ar- 
 gia, or Archa, the Ark\ of Inach, or Da-Nau, 
 the patriarch Noah ; and of Ares-Tor, the he- 
 lio-arkite bull. Thefe derivations fhew the 
 exact propriety, with which Apollonius u re- 
 prefents him as wearing the hide of a bull, 
 the conftant arkite emblem ; and of a black 
 bull in particular, which was the colour of 
 the Egyptian Apis x . 
 
 The general title, by which the Argonau- 
 tic heroes were diftinguifhed, was that of Mi- 
 nyce, from their common relationfhip, as we 
 are informed by Apollonius, to Minyas y . 
 This Minyas or Minuas was no other than 
 Menu or Noah, as will fufficiently appear 
 
 " Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 324. 
 
 x E%e» 61 fjLoo-%0; iiToq Awt? «a^ao/x£l'0? crjj^ojVa rotate' tuv ftt- 
 hv;, iit\, [il.iv ra ^twjtu 7^vk.ov rsTgccyvvov (poem' tni te rov vvtov, 
 aurov &iitaar[xsvov' tv <5e r-n Ufo, Tccg Tpp^a? <§W^.a$' tiri oe ry y>W7aYt t 
 aec^a^ov. Herod, lib. iii. cap. 28. Black was accounted a 
 facred colour j hence Vifhnou was ufually reprefented of a dark 
 blue. Perhaps the Latin word Ater, may for this reafon be 
 the fame as the Hebrew Ader. Ater fignifies black, and Ader, 
 tflujlrious. 
 
 y Apollon. Argon, lib. i. ver. 229. 
 
 from 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 183 
 
 from a view of his fabulous genealogy. The 
 fcholiaft upon Apollonius reprefents him as 
 being the fon of Neptune, by Hermippa the 
 daughter of Beotus; adding at the fame time, 
 that his reputed father was Orchomenus, who 
 gave his name to the city Orchomenus, the 
 metropolis of the kingdom of Minyas z : but 
 Tzetzes fuppofes him to have been the off- 
 fpring of Neptune by Callirhoe the daughter 
 of Oceanus ; and obferves, that the ancient 
 Orchomenians were believed to have been 
 excellent horfemen % a notion, which feems 
 to have originated from a mifconception of 
 the term Hiph, or Hippa, the Ark. Tzetzes 
 further adds, that the wife of Minyas w^as 
 Tritogenia ; but the fcholiaft upon Pindar 
 makes her his mother b . According to Dio- 
 nyfius, Minyas was the fon of Mars ; accord- 
 
 z Hcriov/iq 06 T»3? Aavay x.tzi Atoj ymrcii Of^outvoq' ct<p « y.oci v> 
 ttoXk; O^yoyavot; kolXsitui. Op%0f/.er6v h xcu 'Efuiirirvis t»j? Boiwtqv 
 yiVzTa.1 Mivvxg iitiKXr^iv, tyvsu $e Tlocrn^cotiot;, 0$ otnei tv Offtopsvu)' 
 a.q> h >>ao$ Miwai ivM^crxv. Schol. in Apollon. Argon, lib. i. 
 ver. 230. 
 
 * Q^XPfttvos Mwv-ioz aroj ex\i$v) onto M;vva rov Uotrti^moi; vjxioo;, 
 v.x\ KxXXi cpovs Trig Qxeocs/ov vvyxrpos, oimip Mwvcv y.ai Tpnoyv;sia<; 
 ty& AtoAot> ol 7T^s;ov? ruv Apyovxvruv. Apro* o\ (OTTtxoi ol Ofxppivm. 
 Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 874. 
 
 Mivvav <5g ruv Apyovavrcov (prpiv, ort ol 7rXeio';$ avruv Big Mwvxv 
 rov Tlos-sifruvos xai Tpttoyemots T^s Aiotou to yivo$ uvyyov. Schol. in 
 Pind. Pyth. iv. ver. 120. 
 
 N 4 ing 
 
i3 4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ing to Ariftodemus, of Aleus ; and according 
 to Pherecydes, of Orchonienus. Nor is the 
 genealogy of Orchomenus lefs confufed than 
 that of Minyas. Some fuppofed him to have 
 been not the father, but the offspring of Mi- 
 nyas ; and others reprefent both Orchomenus 
 and Minyas as the children of Eteocles c . 
 According to Apollodorus, Orchomenus was 
 the .brother of Titanas, and the fon of Lycaon 
 king of Arcadia, whofe extreme wickedneis 
 was one principal caufe of the cataftrophe of 
 the deluge d : according to the fcholiaft upon 
 Apollonius, he was not the offspring of Ly- 
 caon, but of Jupiter, and Hefione one of the 
 daughters of Danaus e : and, according to 
 Nonnus, he was a Phenician deity, coeval 
 with Oceanus and Tethys, and worfhipped in 
 the region of mount Lebanon in conjunction 
 with a ftar f . Such are the varying accounts, 
 which the Greeks give us, of the genealogy 
 
 c Tovr.ov h rov Mnivctv } ol usv Op^o^cvoy yevecchoyovo-iv, cot QtpeKV- 
 or,c' ivvoi de iyma>>w rov Op^o^evov, Mwvov' .emoi h aptyortpovs Eteo- 
 y.lv.ov; yaiaMyaai. Aiovvcrioq h, rov Mwvctv, AgcO<; avay^aQu' Apr 
 fohuos ob AUov rov M»twr. Schol. in Pind. Ifth. i. ver. 79. 
 
 d Apollod. Bibl. lib. iii. cap. 8. This Lycaon is faid to 
 have been the fori of Pelafgus, who likewife bore the name of 
 Jrgus, or the arhte deity. Apoll. Bibl. lib. ii. cap. I. 
 
 e Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 230. 
 
 f ,Ncnni Dipnyf. lib, xli. p. 698. 
 
 of 
 
ON THE CABIRI. ± s 5 
 
 of Minyas and Orchomenus; accounts, utter- 
 ly irreconcileable with each other, unlefs we 
 allow them to be entirely mythological. In 
 fact, Minyas and Orchomenus are both equal- 
 ly Menu, or Orca-Menu, the great arkite pa- 
 triarch: while Hefione, who was the daugh- 
 ter of Danaus or Da-Nau, is Es-Ionah, the 
 dove of the Noetic Sun ; Hermippa, Herm- 
 Hippa, the ark of Hermes ; Eteocles, Ait-Oc- 
 El-Es, the folar god of the Ocean ; Mars, 
 M'Ares, the great Sun ; Aleus, Al-Es, the dei- 
 ty of fire ; Beotus, Bu-Theus, the tanr'tc god ; 
 and Tritogenia, Tor-Ait-Og-Chena, the priejl- 
 efs of the helio-diluvian bull. This Trito- 
 genia, as we have feen, was fometimes rec- 
 koned the wife, and fometimes the mother 
 of Minyas. She was in reality nothing more 
 than the Ark, which was flyled the priefiefs 
 of the bull, as Noah was the prieji of the hei- 
 fer ; and which was indifferently efteemed 
 the wife, the daughter, or the mother of the 
 patriarch, according as he was immediately 
 connected with it, conftrudled it, or pro- 
 ceeded out of its womb g . 
 
 Apollonius, as we have jufl feen, mentions, 
 
 s The legend of the three daughters of Minyas, Leucippa, 
 Arfippa, and Alcathoe, has been already confidered. Vide fu- 
 pra p. J4. 
 
 that 
 
A DISSERTATT 
 
 that the Argonao re called Miny&> he- 
 
 re defcended from Mimas; but 
 Tzetze rts, that that appellation was be- 
 
 ved upon them, hecaufe they principally 
 came from . Jrchomenus*. B 
 
 thefe traditions however are virtually the 
 fame ; for it matters little, whether they re- 
 their title of Minyte from their father 
 . account of their having come 
 from the city of Orcha-Menu, the arkite 
 Noai. Orcbomenii is the very fame appella- 
 Minya ; and the only difference bc- 
 them is, that to the former the word 
 Orcia, or Archa, is prefixed. Hence Minya 
 Voacbube; while the import 
 yrcbcmenu is arkite Minyte. Pliny accord- 
 ingly inforr that the ThefTalian city Or- 
 Tienus illed Minyeus : ; and 
 ohanui of Byzantium obfervcs, that the 
 ent name of Minyc /, or Minya, v 
 AlmontOf which feems to be compounded of 
 the land r jf the divine arkite crej- 
 cen: 
 
 - 
 
 74- 
 Plin. 
 
 de 
 
OX THE CABIRI. 187 
 
 The title of M 
 primarily applicable mily 
 
 the: tnts in .:ed 
 
 from each other; while the :riarch, 
 
 under the name of Mbtyas, Menu, Mam, 
 
 uniforni red 
 
 as their progenitor. He: -.that 
 
 the Minya?, the Orchomenii ^ns, 
 
 the Arcadian Pelalgi, and tl is, were 
 
 all mingled together 1 ; whence we find, ; 
 in their different lettlements, there were no 
 lei's than tour t each denominated O-cbo- 
 
 :.s. One : theft was in Arcadia'-"; an- 
 other, in J i a third, in Eul 1 
 a fourth, in The molt ancient 
 Orchomenus, which was called _V. .;...: .. 
 laid to have been l'wallowed up by a n\\ 
 and a chafin was (hewn there, in the d 
 Strabo, which. bin the temple of the 
 
 1 v ... — 
 
iSS A DISSERTATION 
 
 Syrian Hierapolis, was fuppofed to have re- 
 ceived the retiring waters, and into which the 
 river Melas ftill continued to empty itfelf q . 
 From this Minyean Orchomenus a colony 
 of the Minyse was fuppofed to have migrated, 
 and to have fettled at Iolcus r . Another body 
 of them, along with Chloris the mother of 
 Neftor, eftablifhed themfelves in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Arene s , which was anciently 
 called Samos. At this place there was a Sa- 
 mian fortification, conjectured by Strabo to 
 have been the citadel of the town, mentioned 
 by Homer in his catalogue 1 . Arene was 
 thought by the Greeks to have borrowed its 
 name from Arene, who was the daughter of 
 Bibalus, the wife of Aphareus, and the mo- 
 ther of Lynceus and Idas. Thefe heroes were 
 educated along with the Diofcori, whom 
 they afterwards accompanied in the fabulous 
 
 ^ Strab. Geog, lib. ix. p. 407. 
 
 r KaAsi ( O/x'/jpos) Miyvvi'iov rov O^o/xevoy outiq £§»8s rav Mivvvv. 
 nrzvvev os otrTowc-ca nvaq Tccv Mtvvuv st; IwAkov (puc-VJ, cSsv T8q Af- 
 yovxvrug Mtvva; Xi^nvai. Strab. lib. ix. p. 414. 
 
 s £Iiky,cccv nspi T7,v ApnviQv. Strab. lib. viii. p. 347. 
 
 1 To /x£f sv Ta.uty.ov Eftf sgvpa,' Trporepov $i nxi woAij Xaixog v-poo"- 
 ayo^voyAvr} hoc to -j^o? k?u$, rirt^ctv Sa/^as £JcaXy« ma. i/^/y' ta.ya. h 
 x.ou T55? Ap ; «9j a^cTroAij Y)V tovIo, jjs bv tui Karochoyu pipvnixi b ntwn- 
 
 tvs. Ibid. p. 346. The reafon why Samos came to fignify 
 a high place is evident : Sames or the Sun teems to have been 
 univerfally worfhipped upon the tops of the loftieft eminences. 
 
 expe- 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 189 
 
 expedition to Colchi u . Arene however is 
 merely Aren-Ai, the land of the Ark : and, in 
 a fimilar manner, Aphareus is Aph-Ar, the 
 Hazing light ; Bibalus is the reduplicate form 
 of Baal, the Sun ; and Idas, like the Idei 
 Dadlyli, feems to have borrowed his name 
 from Aida, a vapour. The fight of Lynceus 
 is faid to have been fo piercing, that he could 
 behold things, which lay concealed even with- 
 in the bowels of the earth, or, in other words, 
 within the dark receffes of the central abyfs x . 
 This marvellous fable I apprehend means no- 
 thing more, than that he was a fpeclator of 
 the breaking up of the fountains of the great 
 deep, which I have already fliewn to be the 
 Hades of the Myfteries. Clofe to Arene was 
 fituated Pylos; from which place came the 
 Argonaut Periclymenus, w-ho was the brother 
 of Neftor, and the fon of Neleus y . If then 
 Periclymenus be a mythological character, 
 the Minyean Neftor certainly cannot be a 
 
 * Lynceus et Idas Apharei et Arenas Bibali filiae filii. Hyg. 
 
 Fab. 14. Q>epsxv$r l <; rr t v ^rM^a, ruv Trt^t I$uv Afr,vriv <P"q?iv, uty r,q fi 
 
 tto^K' — O&toj o£ cw^y.^ct^py to»j AiQo-y.e^cic. Schol. in Apoll. Ar- 
 gon, lib. i. ver. 152. 
 
 x Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 151, et infra. 
 
 Uvhov T iVBfAovlo xxi Apr,vr,v Efocltiva.it. Tlvhos dV ctvlr, r) Nsro^os, q xa« 
 
 apfuths* Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 152. 
 
 real 
 
190 A DISSERTATION 
 
 real one. Accordingly, as Pericly menus is 
 Pherah-Cula-Menu, the hello- ar kite Noah, fo 
 Neftor appears to be Nuh-Es-Tor, the tauri- 
 co-Noetic Sun. Hence he is perpetually ftyled 
 by Homer Gerenius-Hippota, which I take to 
 be G'Areni-Hippo-Dus, the ilhijlrioiis arkite 
 deity of the H/'ppa. As for his father Neleus, 
 we find a legend refpecling him, which pre- 
 cifely refembles the ftories of Hippotholis, 
 Beotus, and Camilla z ; and which, like them, 
 feems to have been founded upon a mifprifion 
 of the facred term Hippa. He is faid by Tzetzes 
 to have been the ion of Neptune and Turo a ; 
 and to have been expoied during his infancy, 
 along with his brother Pelias who was after- 
 wards king of Iolcus, in a pafture where horfes 
 were wont to graze b . The fcholiaft upon 
 Apollonius mentions, that two of the other 
 fons of Neleus were 'Taurus and AJlerius c ; a 
 circumftance, which may perhaps confirm 
 the preceding etymology of the word Neftor y 
 for the reader will recoiled;, that the brazen 
 'Talus of Crete, who was the fame as the 
 
 z Vide fupra p. 40, 41, 42. 
 
 a Turo is only a variation of Tura cr Toia, the arkite heifer. 
 
 b Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 175. 
 
 c Argon, lib. i. ver. 156. Afterius was alfo reckoned the 
 fon of Anak. Pauf. Achaic. p. 524. — Tzet. in Lycoph. 
 ver. 1301. 
 
 Mino- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 i 9 t 
 
 Minotaur, the bull of Pafiphae, and the bull 
 of Europa, was indifferently called AJierius, 
 Taurus, and Italotus d . 
 
 This laft Minyean colony, which efta- 
 blifhed itfelf at Arene, and with which Nef- 
 tor is fo clofely connected, was fuppofed to 
 have been previoufly driven out of Lemnos 
 by Pelafgus e . After remaining fome time at 
 Arene, it divided itfelf into two bodies, one 
 of which flayed at that place, while the other 
 emigrated to Thera, under the command of 
 Theras, who was a Theban or arkite. Thera 
 itfelf is faid by Herodotus to have been origi- 
 nally peopled by fome of the followers of 
 Cadmus f ; and he obferves, as we have jull 
 feen, that the Cadmeans were intermingled 
 with the Minyae, or Orchomenii. 
 
 In confequence of the wide diffufion of 
 thefe Minyean Noachidas, we find a town in 
 Arabia denominated Mannacarta g , or the 
 city of the lunar Noetic Ark ; and a tribe, 
 
 d Vide fupra vol. i. p. 404. 
 
 e Strab. Geog. lib. viii.p. 347. — Pauf. Achaic. p. 524. 
 
 f Herod, lib. iv. cap. 145 — 149. 
 
 g Mamcxa^ra, 9ro?us Apa£ia?. Steph. Byzan. p. 534. Mr. 
 Sale mentions the deity Manab as being worshipped by the 
 Arabs in the fhape of a large Hone. The reader will recollecx 
 the preceding remarks upon the Mnizur, and the Agdus of Cy- 
 bele. Prelim. Difc. to Koran, feci:, i. p. iS. He notices,, in 
 the fame page, the valley of Mina near Mecca. 
 
 which 
 
i 9 2 A DISSERTATION 
 
 which bore the appellation of Minnei h . Ste- 
 phanus of Byzantium mentions, that the prin- 
 cipal town of this people was called Car nana l ; 
 but Euftathius ftyles it Carna k , which is evi- 
 dently a mere variation of Carnana. It was 
 fo denominated from Car, the Sun, which was 
 worshipped in conjunction with Menu, or 
 Noah. Hence w 7 e meet with two cities in 
 Phrygia, one of w r hich was intitled Cans 1 , 
 and the other Minya m . In the fame country, 
 which w 7 as celebrated for the worfhip of Cy- 
 bele or the Ark, we find alfo a town called 
 Mantalus n , from its devotion to the rites of 
 Man-Tal, the folar Manes ; and a city named 
 Manefium from this fame Manes, its reputed 
 founder °. The Phrygian Manes was no 
 other than the Lydian Manes, who is faid by 
 Herodotus to have been the father of Atys p . 
 
 k Avlxp E^y^asTj? Ktevcov vamai Sachcta-avis 
 
 Mipmmoi.— Dionyf. Perieg. ver. 958. 
 
 1 Kxpvccva. ttoAjj Mivx^v zjveg, f n'hY>a\Gv efv^^ocg §u.\a,<jaYi$. Steph. 
 
 Byzan. de Urb. p. 4^1. 
 
 k — To Tuv Mivvouwv TTfog EpSpav* uv ttoAj; fcsy»r^ Kapa. 
 Euftath. in Dionyf. Perieg. ver. 959. 
 
 1 En y.cct Qpvyixs ttoXk; Kapi?. Steph. Byzan. p. 450. 
 
 m E>-» y-cn Ircfa Opyyja? (Mtvva), ev roig ogm$ Avhxs. Steph. 
 Byzan. p. 561. 
 
 * Mai/laXo?, ttgThj Qpvyias. Steph. Byzan. p. 534- 
 
 • Mxir,?i<iv } sroAij typvyiug, cnto Mava, irtpofya. zvttoqs x];r#. Steph. 
 Byzan. p. 534. 
 
 P E-ttj Ai'jci row l&dnu fSarfaas. — Herod, lib. i. cap. 94. 
 
 The 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 193 
 
 This Atys, as we have already feen q , was the 
 fame mythological character as Bacchus ; and 
 his fon Tyrfenus was feigned to have led a 
 colony of Lydians and Pelafgi into Tyrrhenia. 
 If from Lydia we pafs into Crete, we mail 
 there find Manes celebrated under the name 
 of Minos ; and, if from Crete we extend our 
 refearches into Egypt, we ihall meet with a 
 tradition, apparently relating to the deluge, 
 that Menes reigned the firjl of men, and that 
 in his days the whole of Egypt, except the 
 nome of Thebes, was one immenfe marfo r . 
 This Menes, or Manes, is faid by Diodorus to 
 have once narrowly efcaped drowning, and to 
 have been conveyed fafe to land on the back 
 of a crocodile s . Hence that animal was 
 efteemed facred. It was in facl a fymbol of 
 the Ark, as is evident from the circumftance 
 of the Egyptians denominating it Campfa \ 
 which Hefychius alfures us fignifies an ark % 
 or chejl u . Accordingly the arkite deity Anu- 
 bis, who was the fame as Cronus or Noah*, 
 was reprefented ftanding upon a croco- 
 
 *i Vide fupra vol. i. p. ,363. 
 r Herod, lib. ii. cap. 4. 
 s Diod. Bibl. lib. i. p. 80. 
 t Herod, lib. ii. cap. 69. 
 
 ■ Kcc^a, Sr.y.r,. Hefych. 
 
 x Plut. de Ifid. p. 368. 
 
 vol. 11. o dile. 
 
i 9+ A DISSERTATION 
 
 dile y . In honour, I apprehend, of this Menes z , 
 a city upon the Canobic mouth of the Nile 
 was denominated Menutbis* ; while another 
 in the fame country was called Menelaus b , an 
 appellation derived, like the name of the Ho- 
 meric hero, from Men-El, the divine Menes^ 
 This facred title feems to have been known 
 alfo among the ancient Celts, no lefs than 
 among the Greeks and the Egyptians. There 
 is yet remaining in the county of Cornwall, 
 as we are informed by Dr. Borlafe, a ftone 
 monument, which bears the name of Cam- 
 Menelez c ; and the Britilh ifland Mona, the 
 Britifh frith Menai, and the Sicilian city Me- 
 nae, which was fituated in the neighbourhood 
 of the lake of the Palici d , feem equally to be 
 
 y See the print of this deity, Mont. Ant. vol. ii. part ii. 
 p. 197. 
 
 z Since fo many ancient nations, as well as the Egyptians, 
 claim, for the founder of their refpective monarchies, a perfon 
 named Mencs, Mams, Mannus, or Menus y it appears to me ut- 
 terly incredible, that the Egyptian Menes mould be Mizraim, 
 as Bp. Cumberland fuppofes (Sanchon. p. 54.) Though Miz- 
 raim was the anceftor of the Egyptians, he certainly had no 
 connection with the Lydians, the Germans, or the Hindoos. 
 
 a MewSt?* Aiyvifiicc H.wp% irgos r&> Kavu£u>. Steph. Byzan. 
 
 P- 55 1 - 
 
 b MEFeAaof, sroXfs AiyjnTQv. Steph. Byzan. p. j5°* 
 
 c Borlafe's Cornwall, p. 200. 
 
 d Mirai ttcAk StxiXiftfe eyyvs nxXiy.vv. Steph. Byzan. p. $$o» 
 
 com- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. ig$ 
 
 compounded of Men-Ai, the land of Menes. 
 Nor were the Gothic tribes unacquainted 
 with the name and hiftory of our great com- 
 mon progenitor. We learn from Tacitus, 
 that they venerated Tuifto, who, according 
 to their tradition, fprung from the earth, and 
 along with him his fon Mannus. Thefe they 
 fuppofed to have been the anceflors of their 
 nation ; and to Mannus, the fecond of their 
 deities, they affigned three fons e . In the per- 
 fon of Tuifto w 7 e clearly recognize the primi- 
 tive father of mankind, formed by the hand 
 of God from the duft of the earth ; and Man- 
 nus is no lefs evidently Manes, Manus, or 
 Noah : while the three fons of the one are 
 the triple offspring of the other f . This fame 
 ancient deity was revered throughout Hindof- 
 tan under the name of Menu. Here he was 
 celebrated as the primeval lawgiver of the 
 country ; was attended, like the Mneues or 
 Menes of Egypt, by the fymbolical bull s > 
 
 e Tacit, de Mor. Germ. cap. 2. 
 
 f It is remarkable, that the ancient Irilh called their princi- 
 pal marine Deity Mann, and had a wild legend refpecting his 
 formerly prefiding over the iile of Man, on which he bellowed 
 his name. Collect, de Reb. Hiber. vol. v. p. 507. This Mann 
 is evidently the fame as the German Mannus. 
 
 s Sir William Jones's preface to Inft. of Menu, p. 8. It is' 
 remarkable, that this bull was efteemcd the genius of abftract 
 juftice j (Ibid.) the reafon of which feems to have been, becaufe 
 
 02 the 
 
196 A DISSERTATION 
 
 was believed, along with {even other Menus, 
 to have fucceeded " ten lords of created be- 
 i( ings, eminent in holinefs h ;" and was 
 efteemed the fame as Satyavrata-Vaivafwata, 
 or the folar Noah, who was faved along with 
 feven holy perfons from the waters of an uni- 
 verfal deluge l . He feems alfo to have been 
 known in the kingdom of Tangut. Kircher 
 mentions an idol worfhipped in that country, 
 under the name of Menipe, or Manipe k ; and 
 he prefents us with an engraving, which ex- 
 hibits two different modes of reprefenting it K 
 The firft is a buft of nine heads, the three 
 lowefl of which are adorned with crowns ; 
 and the fecond is merely a naked woman in 
 a fitting pofture. I have little doubt, but 
 that Menipe is Men-Ippa, the Ark of Menu ; 
 and the two figures of the idol perfectly agree 
 with fuch an etymology. The nine heads 
 are merely a triplication of the Noetic triad, 
 according to the prevailing ideas of the ori- 
 ental world ; and the naked woman, like Ve- 
 
 the bull was the unlverfal fymbol of the juft and upright Noah. 
 
 h Inft. of Menu, p. $. It is almoft fuperfluous to obferve, 
 that the ten predeceffors of the eight Menus are evidently the 
 ten ante-diluvian generations of the line of Seth. 
 
 * Sir Wm. Jones on the Gods of Greece. An at. Ref. vol. i. 
 
 p. 23°- 
 
 k Kirch. China, p. Ji. 
 1 Ibid. p. 72. 
 
 nus, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. j 97 
 
 nus, Ceres, and Derceto, is a perfonification 
 of the Ark. 
 
 If from this extended furvey of the fettle- 
 ments of the Minyas we once more revert to 
 Theflaly, from which country they were 
 feigned to have failed in queft of the golden 
 fleece, I apprehend, that we mall find the 
 fame race under the name of Magnetes, 
 feated in Magnefia and in the vicinity of the 
 city Thebae m . I have already obferved, that 
 the Argo was fuppofed to have been built at 
 Pagafae, a promontory of Magnefia ; and I 
 fufpect, that the appellation Magnetes is no- 
 thing more than a variation of Manetes, Me- 
 netesy or Minyce. " Magnes, from whom the 
 country is faid to have received its title, was 
 the fame perfon as Manes or Noah : hence 
 he is defcribed as the fon of Argus, the fabu- 
 lous builder of the Argo n ; the father and the 
 fon, as was ufual in the imaginary genealogies 
 of pagan mythology, being equally the great 
 
 m This Thebae was fituated on the fouthern fide of the Paga- 
 fean bay, and received its name, like the Egyptian, the Beo- 
 tian, and the Cilician Thebae, from Thebah, the Ark. Strab. 
 Geog. lib. ix. p. 433. 
 
 11 Afyx T8 Q> r r dx, y-a-i I7EgtfM}Xii$ txs Ac^th SiyctTqos, tytvzro 
 May**;?. Ovtoc antr&et tyyvs Qicrautaa:, v.a.\ txv yw tuvt/jv wtt avla 
 Mtzywo-iav •7rccar t yocevffay ol m&cwjem, Anton. l.iber. JVIetam. 
 cap. 23. 
 
 o 3 patri- 
 
i S 8 A DISSERTATION 
 
 patriarch. Magnes however was not always 
 efteemed the offspring of Argus ; he w T as 
 fometimes alfo fuppofed to be the fon of Eo- 
 lus : but this fecond genealogy, which is no 
 lefs fabulous than the former, will only ferve 
 equally to fhew his connection with the hif- 
 tory of the deluge. From Deucalion and 
 Pyrrha, according to Apollodorus, fprung Hel- 
 len, the reputed father of the Hellenes ; and 
 from Helien and the nymph Orseis, Dorus, 
 Xuthus, and Eolus°. Jamblichus varies in 
 fome meafure from this account, and afferts, 
 upon the authority of certain Babylonian re- 
 cords, that Helien was the fon of Jupiter p . 
 This difcrepancy however between the two 
 narratives is more apparent than real ; for 
 Him, w T hom I apprehend to be the fame per- 
 fon as Helien, was frequently worfhipped, no 
 lefs than his father Noah, under the name of 
 the folar Jove. Xuthus efpoufed Creufa, the 
 daughter of Erechtheus, and begot Acheus, 
 and Ion ; Dorus became the father of the 
 Dorians ; and Eolus took to wife Enarete, who 
 bore him {cy&xi fons, Critheus, Sifyphus, 
 
 Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 7. 
 
 P Ev h roiq BaJtvhcjvi'jv xy.neiv JepOt?, EK^nvoc ytyevtv&i Aios' ra £i 
 Atfpoe, v.xi H^oi/, y.a.i Aiohov. Jamb, de Vita Pythag. cap. 34. 
 Apollodorus alfo mentions, that fome efteemed Helien the fon. 
 
 of Jupiter. 
 
 Atha- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. i 99 
 
 Athamas, Salmoneus, Deiones, Magnes, and 
 Perieres q . Such was the manner, in which 
 the Greeks pretended to account for the origin 
 of their nation ; the whole however of this 
 genealogy confifts partly of mythological re- 
 petitions, and partly of corrupted traditions of 
 real events. Hellen, or Ham, feems to be 
 El-Ain, the divine jonntain of heat ; Dorus is 
 the contracted form of Ador, the illujlrious 
 one, an epithet frequently bellowed upon the 
 gods of the Gentiles r ; Xuthus is moft pro- 
 bably the Babylonian Cuth, or Cum ; and 
 Ion, from whom the Greeks fuppofed the Io- 
 nians to have received their name, is Ionah, 
 the dove. From lonah the Hindoos, upon the 
 introduction of the Phallic worfhip, derived 
 their term Tom, bellowing at the fame time 
 upon the Ionian followers of Deucalion the 
 appellation of Toni/as, or iicrfiippers of the 
 Yoni*. As for the feven fons of Eolus, they 
 appear to be the fame as the feven Cabiri or 
 Titans, though fome matters are ingrafted 
 upon their fabulous hiftory, which do not pro- 
 perly belong to the Noetic family. Critheus, 
 or Cretheus, was the reputed grandfather of 
 
 s Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 7. 
 
 T Thus Atargatis, Adrammelech, Dardarms. 
 
 8 Vide fupra p. 85. 
 
 o 4 Jafon ; 
 
200 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Jafon ; Sifyphus was fuppofed to have been 
 an ancient king of Corinth * ; Athamas was 
 the fovereign of Thebah, or the Ark, and the 
 father of the marine deity Hercules-Meli- 
 certa u ; Deiones is Da-Ionah, the dove ; and 
 Perieres is Phri-Eres, the Sun, With regard 
 to Salmoneus, he was fo inflated with pride, 
 that he imagined himfelf equal to Jupiter, 
 and attempting to imitate the dread artillery 
 of heaven was ftruck with lightning x ; a tra- 
 dition probably founded upon the crime and 
 punifhment of Nimrod. Magnes, the feventh 
 of the fons of Eolus, w~ho was fometimes, as 
 I have juft obferved, thought to be the off- 
 fpring of Argus, efpoufed the marine nymph 
 Nais, and became the father of Polydecles 
 and Dictys. Thefe fettled in the ifland 
 Seriphus, where Perfeus, and his mother Da- 
 nae, were fuppofed to have landed from the 
 ark, within which they had been inclofed by 
 Acrifius y . Both Polydectes and Diclys are 
 characters equally mythological ; the former 
 being Bola-Dag-Theus, the god of the lordly 
 arkite fijh, and the latter, Dag-Theus, the 
 ffi deity. 
 
 t Vide fupra p. 16.3. 
 u Vide fupra vol. i. p. 254. 
 x Apollud. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 9. 
 y Ibid. 
 
 The 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 201 
 
 The Magnates or Manetes then being the 
 lame as the Minyae or Noachida?, we meet 
 with them in feveral different countries be- 
 sides Theflaly. One of their colonies efta- 
 blifhed themfelves at Apamea, where they 
 religioufly preferved a traditional remem- 
 brance of the deluge. Hence we find a me- 
 dal, the exacl: counterpart of the Apamean 
 coin, reprefenting the egrefs of Noah and his 
 confbrt from the Ark, infcribed Magneton 
 Apameon z . Another body of Magnefian co- 
 lonifts fixed their residence in Lydia ; and 
 were addicted to the worfhip of a very an- 
 cient flatue of the Mother of the gods. This 
 flattie was placed upon a rock denominated 
 Coddinus, and was fuppofed to be the work- 
 manfhip of Broteas, the fon of Tantalus 3 . 
 The rock CcdJinns I apprehend to have been 
 a ftone of the fame nature as the cube of 
 Mercury, and the ftone Mnizur ; both of 
 which, as I have already obferved, were in- 
 troduced into the arkite Myfteries in allufion 
 
 z See the print of it : Bryant's Anal. vol. ii. p. 230. 
 
 a EcTEt Mayi^crt ys, ol rot, Kfoq Bogpa-v vs[xoirai TH "LinvXov, tcj- 
 Tor? im Koooivov tattoo, Mijrpo; t<ri Stuv a^caorctrov ccrrccvruv ccya.\- 
 fjLO.' 'BOtyaoa <$t ol MuytrjTii civtq Bforsav ?,sy8o-i tov Tctnccte. Pauf. 
 Lacon, p. 266. 
 
 to 
 
2oz A DISSERTATION 
 
 to the altar built by Noah b . A third colony 
 of the Magnetes migrated firft from Theflaly 
 into Crete c ; and afterwards from Crete into 
 the neighbourhood of Ephefus. Their leader 
 is faid to have been Leucippus, the fon of 
 Car ; and to the new city, which they built, 
 they gave their accuftomed name of Magne- 
 fia d . This migration is probably real ; but 
 Leucippus, the iuppofed conductor of it, is a 
 fictitious character, as will fufficiently appear, 
 when w T e confider, that he is reprefented as 
 being the fon of Car, who was the offspring 
 of Phoroneus, or the arkite Noah. From Car 
 Megara received its name ; and he is reported 
 to have firft introduced into that city the 
 Myfteries of Ceres e . Car is the Sun-, Me-. 
 
 b Coddinus may poffibly be compounded of Cod-da-Nuh, 
 (n>N"T-YO) the jire-Jione of Noah. 
 
 c Conon. Narrat. 29. 
 
 d Ert $e y.ccf hspot Maynjria -zzregi EOsaov, eirr*cr/L*EW3 vtto Aevxitttfu 
 T8 Kapoc, ^.i-roiKr^avrog ey.ei aw Mayvnai roiq ex. Kjhjttjs. Schol. in 
 Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 584. 
 
 c K^>3^'/3^a^ $e vrco rr,v ircihiv tyccavv i7t\ Ke&go; rov Qopuvsug, sv T7) 
 yr t rxvrv) fiaa&EVovroc,' tote tc^utov s\zyovaiv h^a y-viavcti ArpvTpoq 
 avToig, y.af twc, uvBfuiTrovg GvoiA.ce.acu Msyapx. Paul. Attic, p. 9^. 
 In this paffage, though it is not abfolutely faid, that Megara 
 was fo called from Car, yet, fince it received its name during 
 his imaginary reign, it is evident, that it was thus defignated 
 in honour of him. 
 
 gara 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 203 
 
 gara is Ma-Car-Ai, the land of the great Sun ; 
 and Leucippus, who is the fame mythologi- 
 cal character as his progenitors Car and Pho- 
 roneus, is Luc-Hippos, the Hippian Sun. 
 Ceres, as I have frequently obferved, is the 
 Ark; and the eftablifhment of the folar wor- 
 ship occafioned her temple at Megara to be 
 called Megaron, in honour of Ma-Car-On, the 
 great Sun f . 
 
 The king of the TheiTalian Magnetes, at 
 the time of the Argonautic expedition, is faid 
 to have been Acaftus ; and he is defcribed as 
 having embarked in that enterprife. He was 
 the fon of Pelias, and the hufband of Hippo- 
 lyte. His wife entertained an illicit paffion 
 for Peleus ; and, upon his refuling to gratify 
 her defires, me accufed him to her huftand 
 of having attempted her chaftity § . This le- 
 gend is merely a repetition of the {lories of 
 Bellerophon h , and Hippolytus ; and the ap- 
 
 TLvtccv-ccl xctf tjjs Avy^rpoq to yxtefj.svov Mfyapo*' ■moiyaa.i oe 
 Kvro fix&i'KiVoiTa. Kafa t>.iyov. Paul. Attic, p. 97. 
 
 g Schol. in A poll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 224. 
 h Hence Horace very naturally joins together the two fables 
 of Bellerophon and Peleus. 
 
 Ut Praetum mulier perfida credulum 
 Fallls impnlerit criminibus, nimis 
 Cafto Bellerophonti 
 
 Maturare necem, refert. 
 
 Navrat 
 
^04 A DISSERTATION 
 
 pellations Hippolyte, and Hippolytus, are equal- 
 ly derived from the facred title Hippa. 
 
 In this wide difperfion of the Minyae, Ma- 
 netes, or Noachidse, we may naturally expecl; 
 to meet with fome traces of them in Arme- 
 nia, where the Ark firft grounded, after the 
 diluvian waters had begun to abate ; nor 
 (hall we be difappointed. Nicolaus Dama- 
 fcenus fpeaks of a city in that country, de- 
 nominated Minyas, which was fituated at the 
 foot of a great mountain called Ban's ; and 
 he further obferves, that a conftant report 
 had prevailed, that, at the time of the flood, 
 many perfons fled there, and were preferved. 
 One, in particular, was conveyed in an ark 
 to the very fummit of the mountain \ This 
 Armenian Minyas is by the prophet Jeremiah 
 denominated Mhwi, and connected with Ara- 
 rat, where the Ark is laid by Mofes to have 
 firft landed k . I fcarcely know any teftimony 
 
 Narrat pene datum Pelea Tartaro 
 Magneffam Hippolyten dum fugit abftinens. 
 
 Hor. lib. iii. od. 7. 
 ' : Nic. Dam. apud Jofeph. Ant. Jud. lib. i. p. 12. Edit. 
 Hud. 
 
 k " Call together againft her the kingdoms of Ararat, Min- 
 " ni, and Afhchenaz." Jerem. li. 27. The Chaldee Para- 
 phraft, in his expofition of this paffage, reads Armhnii for 
 IvTinni , whence evidently is derived the word Armenia, or Ar- 
 Minni-Aia, the mountainous land of the Minya. Minnith in the 
 
 country 
 
ON THE CABIRI, 
 
 205 
 
 more deciiive than this, that the Minyae, and 
 confequently the Argonauts, are immediately 
 connected with the deluge. 
 
 Jafon, upon his arrival at Colchi, demanded 
 of Eetes the golden fleece ; and was told in 
 anfwer, that, before he could expect to re- 
 ceive fo rare a gift, he muft tame to the 
 plough the brazen-footed bulls, which breathed 
 fire and fmoke from their noftrils. Thefc 
 bulls I fufpecl to have been nearly allied to 
 the bull Moloch, within whole brazen ilatue, 
 violently heated. for the purpofe, the Canaan- 
 ites and Phenicians were accuftomed to burn 
 their children alive. The fame horrid facn- 
 fices are alluded to in the fabulous hiftcry of 
 the Cretan Minotaur, which is faid to have 
 yearly devoured feven Athenian youths. Noah 
 was ufually reprefented under the fymbol of 
 a bull, as his allegorical confort the Ark was 
 under that of a heifer ; and, when he was af- 
 terwards, in confequence of the union of the 
 two fuperftitions, adored in conjunction with 
 the folar fire, his deluded pofterity imagined, 
 that his favour was bell: acquired by devoting 
 their children to him as a burnt-offering:. 
 
 country of the Ammonites feems to have received its name 
 from the fame worfliip of Minyas, Menu, or Noah. Ji 
 xi. 33- 
 
 The 
 
soS A DISSERTATION 
 
 The Colchian bulls then I conceive to have 
 been two images of Baal-Moloch, or Ofiris, 
 for thefe deities, being all equally the great 
 helio-arkite patriarch, were all equally wor- 
 fhipped under the form of a bull ; and the 
 fable of their breathing fire from their noftrils 
 is nothing more than a literal defcription of 
 the brazen ftatue of Moloch, when heated for 
 a folemn facrifice. 
 
 Jafon, having tamed the bulls, demanded 
 of Eetes the fleece agreeably to his promife ; 
 but, inftead of fucceeding, he met with a 
 threatening refufal. Medea however afiifted 
 him with her incantations to lay afleep the 
 dragon which guarded the fleece ; and thu^ 
 at length he effected his purpofe. This dra- 
 gon is faid to have been the offspring of Ty- 
 phon and Echidna the daughter of Styx ; 
 and to have been the brother of Gorgon, Cer- 
 berus, Scylla, Chimera, the Theban Sphinx, 
 the Hydra of Lerna, and the ferpent of the 
 Hefperides K Pindar defcribes him as being 
 equal in bulk to a galley of fifty oars ; 
 
 Apctxcvrof 
 
 A' et%ero XctSpoTUTctv yivvuv, 
 
 T'/jKOVTOpOV VCOJV KPOLT& m . 
 
 1 Hyg. Fab. p. 12. 
 
 m Pind. Pyth. iv. ver. 434, 
 
 and 
 
ON THE CAJBIRI, 
 
 207 
 
 and Tzetzes mentions a wild fable of his hav- 
 ing gone in queft of the golden fleece as far 
 as the ifland of the Pheacians, where he was 
 {lain by Diomede n . He was doubtlefs the 
 grand folar fymbol, adored alike in almoft 
 every nation upon the face of the earth -, and 
 he appears to have been fo clofely connected 
 with the brazen bulls in confequence of the 
 junction of the two great primitive fuperfti- 
 tions. It is poffible, that the account given 
 of him by Pindar may not be a mere poetical 
 exaggeration. Though I do not believe, that 
 an Argonautic expedition ever literally took 
 place, yet I think it in the higheit degree 
 probable, that the ophio-arkite worihip pre- 
 vailed in the region of Colchis. Hence per- 
 haps we may venture to conjecture, that this 
 enormous dragon was a Terpentine temple, 
 like that of Abury, erected in honour of the 
 folar deity. With regard to the legend of 
 his having been flain by Diomede, it ferves 
 only to mew the propriety of the fuppofition, 
 that, though there may have been a preda- 
 tory war between the Greeks and the Ilien- 
 fes, yet all Homer's heroes are purely mytho- 
 logical. 
 
 1 
 
 n <bcuuv.i<i aQonxi rcy Atopjoj;., olriveq i\a\ >ste^ to Iomov <vrihyyoc, 
 
 OTl TOV OgCLKOVTU W!l\hVJ EX KoAp^WC iy.-AGl e^OVTO. G}C0$ tr^TjOiV TOV 
 
 Xfvca h%u$. Tzet, in Lycoph. ver. 630. 
 
 I fhall 
 
•208 A DISSERTATION 
 
 I fliall now proceed to confider the cha- 
 racters of thofe Argonauts, whofe hiftory has 
 not yet been examined along with that of 
 their leader Jafon. 
 
 The two moil remarkable perfons among 
 the followers of Jafon are Caftor and Pollux ; 
 at leaft they are the two, with which the 
 prefent Diflertation is moil particularly con- 
 cerned, becaufe they are ufually known by 
 the name of Diofcori, one of the many titles 
 of the Cabiri. This circumftance indifput- 
 ably proves the connection of the Argonautic 
 voyage with thofe deities, and confequently 
 ferves as an additional proof of its allufion to 
 the deluge. With the ufual irregularity of 
 ancient mythology, the Diofcori, like moft of 
 the other heathen gods, were varioufly mul- 
 tiplied. The three eldeft, according to Ci- 
 cero, were denominated Anaffies ; and were 
 fuppofed to be the children of the moft an- 
 cient Jupiter and Proferpine. Their names 
 were 'Tritopatreus, Eubuleus, and Dionyjius. 
 The two next were Cajior and Pollux, the 
 offspring of the third Jupiter and Leda. The 
 three laft were Alco, Melampus, and Emolus ; 
 who were the children of Atreus, the fon of 
 Pelops, and confequently the brothers of the 
 Homeric Agamemnon and Menelaus °. Ci- 
 
 ° AjocrKtfot etiam apud Graios multis modis nomlnantur. 
 
 Primi 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 209 
 
 ccro calls only the three firft of thefe deities 
 Anacles y but Plutarch gives the fame title to 
 Caftor and Pollux p . Paufanias likewife ftyles 
 them Anadles ; and affigns to them two fons, 
 Anaxis, and Mnafinous^. Their Myfteries 
 were celebrated by the Amphiflentians, and 
 they were efteemed the fame as the Curetes, 
 or Cabiri r . 
 
 As for the word Anak, it is evidently not 
 a Grecian, but a Phenician term. It feems 
 to be compounded of Ain-Ac, the fountains 
 of the Ocean, as the fimilar appellation Titan 
 is of Tit-Ain, the fountains of the deluge ; and 
 it is more than probable, that the fons of 
 Anak, whofe prowefs abundantly appears 
 from Holy Scripture, were the very fame as 
 
 Primi tres, qui appellantur Anacles, Athenis ex Jove rege an- 
 tiquiffimo et Proferpina nati, Tritopatreus, Eubuleus, Diony- 
 fms. Secundi duo Jove tertio nati, et Leda, Caftor et Pollux. 
 Tertii dicuntur a nonnullis Alco, et Melampus, Emolus, Atrei 
 filii, qui Pelope natus fuit. Cic. de Nat. Deor. lib. iii. 
 cap. 21. 
 
 p Tipcts KroSeas tcr^ov Avockh; ^poa-xyofivBtvre^ . Plut. in Vita 
 Thefei. 
 
 q Mera $E totvTa, Aioctkh^uv vuqs' ayaX^u de avrot Te xat of 7ra»* 
 £sj tiaiv, Avetfa nan Mvcto-ivus, avt h etyvrvj at (/.yTepei iXunfoc aon 
 OotCr, — n\7i<Tiov h tuv Avocxrav—. Pauf. Corin. p. 161. 
 
 r Ayaa &z y.at rsApngv of AfA.(piaaen Atxxruv xotXovyAvriv ircu$u)»' 
 ohivsq 3s Stun new of Avoiktu; tscuhs, a kcltol tuvtm i$-w tipiptvoy' 
 aXha. of jtAEV eivetf Aioc-y.egov;, of h KovgyTu;, of ce Tshtov tj £7r»rao^«» 
 vopifyvTec, Ka«£^ou? Kiyuai. Pauf. Phoc. p. 896. 
 
 vol. 11. p the 
 
2io A DISSERTATION 
 
 the Titans, the Minyae 8 , or the Noachidae. 
 The author of the book of Jojhua indeed, ac- 
 cording to our prefent tranflation, apparently 
 reprefents Anak as a Canaanite, and men- 
 tions his three fons Shefhai, Ahiman, and 
 Talmai 1 ; but it is evident, that the title of 
 Anakim was not confined to thefe three alone, 
 for the fame author fpeaks of them, as Mofes 
 had done before him, as a nation \ Anak 
 in fact, like Titan, fignifies a diluvian ; and 
 the Anak jcaf b%oxw was Noah : accordingly 
 we are informed by Aufonius x , that Phanac 
 was one of the names of Bacchus; and hence 
 Beni^ Anak, or the children of the diluvian, 
 was latterly the appellation, not of a private 
 family, but of a whole people y . The verfe 
 therefore, in which Sheihai, Ahiman, and 
 Talmai, are mentioned, ought to be trans- 
 lated as follows ; " And Caleb drove thence 
 
 5 When I fpeak of the fcriptural Anakim being the fame 
 as the Titans, or Minyae, I mean, not the original Titans or 
 Minyae, but their pqflerity. Hence, the Titans, that is the Ti- 
 tanic defendants, are very properly faid by the Sibyl to have 
 been concerned in the building of Babel. 
 
 t Jofh. xv. 14. 
 
 u Jofh. xi. 22. and xiv. 12. — Numb. xiii. 28. — Deut. 
 ii. 10. 
 
 * Aufon. Epig. 30. 
 
 y The fame mode of defignating their tribes dill prevails 
 among the Arabs. See Niebuhr's Travels. 
 
 « three 
 
. ON THE CABIRI. 311 
 
 « three fons (i. e. three of the children) of 
 " Anak, (or the diluviari) even Shefhai, Ahi- 
 " man, and Talmai, children of Anak :" in- 
 ftead of, " And Caleb drove thence the three 
 " fons of Anak, — the children of Anak." Ac- 
 cordingly, if we recur to the original, we mall 
 find that it reads *» Vwhv "three fons," 
 not ^niin^n "the three fons 2 ." Mr. 
 Bryant fuppofes, and I think very juftly, that 
 the Gentile appellation Phenix is merely the 
 compound term PFAnak: but, however 
 this may be, it is at leaft evident, that the 
 Anakim were by no means confined to the 
 land of Canaan. Some of their colonies mi- 
 grated into Greece, moft probably in con- 
 junction with the Cadmonites and Hermon- 
 ites ; and their reputation for valour flood 
 fo high, that their Gentile title Anak or Anax 
 was adopted into the language of the Helle- 
 nes, and the fignification of king annexed to 
 it. Hence we find, that their name very 
 frequently occurs in the hiftory and mytho- 
 logy of Greece. Thus Paufanias mentions, 
 that the Phliafians had a temple called Anac- 
 toron, in which was kept a chariot reported 
 to have belonged to Pelops ; and that they 
 
 z The fame mode of expreflion is accurately preferved by 
 the author of the book of Judges. See Judg. i. 20. 
 
 p 2, pre- 
 
ai2 A DISSERTATION 
 
 preferved a tradition of a very ancient king 
 Aras, whom they believed to have been con- 
 temporary with Prometheus the fon of lape- 
 tus a . Anaftoron was the temple of Anak- 
 Tor, the diluvian bull; Aras is a mere per- 
 fonification of Ares, the Sun ; and Pelops, 
 who is fo confpicuoufly introduced into the 
 myftic rites of the Anacles, is a fimilar per- 
 fonification of FEl-Op, the divine ferpent. 
 Accordingly, he is reprefented as being the 
 father of Atreus, from whom fprung the 
 third race of Diofcori, confifting of Alco, Me- 
 Iampus, and Emolus. Atreus is Adar-As, 
 the illujlrioiis god of fire b ; Alco is Al-Con, 
 the divine folar priejl ; Melampus c is M'El- 
 Am-Bus, the great folar bull ; and Emolus is 
 Am -El, the burning Sun. Paufanias alfo no- 
 tices a colony from Corinth, where fo many 
 arkite memorials were preferved, which called 
 themfelves Anafforii^; and he further afferts, 
 
 a <J>?ua<7io» yccg TIfCf/.Y)§ei ysvB&§a.i, ru Iclvtztcv xxrac. tov xvrov %£o- 
 nov (pa.aiv Afavrcx,. — Toy h Avcocro^ov v.cthovp,zvov Tjpoj 7co opo^w ne- 
 ?.j7To; a.£j/.x Xeyovcriv ctva,v.eia§a.i. Pauf. Corinth, p. 143. 
 
 b Perhaps Atreus may be the Atri of the Hindoos. See In- 
 Hit, of Menu, p. 3. and Afiatic Ref. vol. iii. p. 111. in which 
 Atri is faid to have travelled into the Weft. 
 
 c Melampus was fuppofed to have firft introduced the Phal- 
 lic worlliip into Greece. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 366. note d. 
 
 d — Avxy.Tofiovq ce.<7roiy.ovq Kofu/Swv ovra? — . Pauf. i. Eliac. 
 
 p. 437. It may not b improper to obferve., that this colony 
 
 was 
 
ON THE CABIRI, 
 
 313 
 
 that, during the reign of the autochthon 
 Anak, and his fon Afterius, the whole region 
 of Miletus bore the title of Anatioria*. It is 
 obfervable, that Afterius is the very name, by 
 which the Cretan Taurus, Italus, Talus, or 
 
 was feated in Acarnania, the ancient land of the Curetes. 
 -AfaxTopov, Axapv&viug rsoXiq, k. t. A. Steph. Byzan. p. 127. 
 
 e M»A'/j3-to; be acvroi rotate ra at>%aioToila. atyiaiv etvcu Xeyovcr^' errt 
 yivictq [tev ar> Avsty.Togiuv Ka-Xetcftca t^v yr,v, Avukto; te ot,VTo^(Boi/og y.on 
 Aftpiov (za.?iX£voi/ro<; rov Avay.roi;. Paul. Achaic. p. $2J[. It * s 
 worthy of notice, that Delos, which was fuppofed to have been 
 once a floating ifland, and which was famed for the worfhip of 
 Latona, Apollo, and Diana, was formerly called Afteria. (Non- 
 ni Dionyf. lib. xxxiii. p. 552. — Anton. Liber. Met. cap. xxxv- 
 — Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 4.) According to Hyginus, Alge- 
 ria was the daughter of Titan, and was metamorphofed by Ju- 
 piter firft into a quail, and afterwards into a floating iiland. 
 (Hyg. Fab. 53.) The fame ftory is related by Tzetzes, who 
 further adds, that Afteria was the lifter of Latona. (Tzet. in 
 Lycoph. ver. 401.) This Afteria, who is defcribed as the 
 daughter of Titan, or the diluvian, and who is feigned to have 
 been metamorphofed into a floating iiland, is merely As-Tora, 
 the arli'ite heifer of the Jolar Noah. Accordingly, as the Ark was 
 denominated Afteria, fo the god of the Ark was called Afterius 
 or Taurus. Hefiod agrees with Tzetzes in making Afteria the 
 fifter of Latona ; but he fuppofes her to have efpoufed Perfes, 
 and to have received from Jupiter the higheft honours amid ft 
 the ftara of heaven. (Hef. Theog. ver. 409.) Here we find, 
 that ^Afteria is the Moon no leis than the Ark ; whence fhe is 
 reprefented as the confort of Perfes, or the Sun. Ui^nv to* >frtG» 
 foyei. Schol. in loc. Afteria in ihort is manifeftly the lame 
 as the Phenician Aftarte. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 103. 
 
 p 3 Ju- 
 
214 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Jupiter, was defignated f ; and we are in- 
 formed by Lycophron, that his temple was 
 called AnaSloron : 
 
 AlKTAlOV «5" AvcLKTOfOV, 
 
 AoijULccoTcc, KpyiTV}? A?epo) <r^Tv\Xctr^ g. 
 
 nor fhall we be furprifed at this coincidence, 
 when we find, that the Cretans were fup- 
 pofed to have eftablifhed a colony at Mile- 
 tus h . There was a town likewife called 
 Anacc in Achaia ' ; and part of the Athenian 
 tribe of Hippothoon was denominated Ana- 
 cea k . 
 
 The accounts, w^hich are given of the birth 
 of Caftor and Pollux, are by no means uni- 
 form. The moft common ftory is, that Le- 
 da, the wife of Tyndarus, was debauched by 
 Jupiter in the form of a fwan, while at the 
 fame time me cohabited with her hufband. 
 In confequence of this fhe produced two eggs ; 
 out of the firft of which proceeded Pollux 
 and Helena, who were the children of Jupi- 
 ter ; and out of the fecond, Caftor and Ciy- 
 
 f Vide fupra vol. i. p. 404. 
 
 6 Lye. Caff, ver. 1300. 
 
 h Pauf. Achaic. p. 524. 
 
 1 Avukv), tdoM A^aV«?. Steph. Byzan. p. 127. 
 
 * AtUKCWX, ^JjSAOJ T?5? 'iTTTTO^OUHTkoOS $>V>,*JJ, Ibid. 
 
 temneftra, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 215 
 
 temneftra, who were the offspring of Tynda- 
 rus K Hefiod however, according to the fcho- 
 liaft upon Pindar, makes both Caftor and 
 Pollux to be the fons of Jupiter ; and afferts, 
 that Helena was his daughter, by one of the 
 nymphs of the Ocean m ^ The fcholiaft upon 
 Aratus mentions only one egg, which pro- 
 duced the Diofcori and Helena n . This I ap- 
 prehend to have been the original number, 
 the addition of the feco?id egg being a fubfe- 
 quent corruption. But the primitive fable 
 feems to have been moft accurately preferv d 
 by Tzetzes. He informs us, that Jupiter, 
 having changed himfelf into a fwan, enjoyed, 
 in that fliape, the perfon of Nemefis, daugh- 
 ter of Oceanus °. She produced an egg, and 
 
 1 Gemino ox^dicit refpiciens ad cygnum. Duo enim ova pe- 
 periffe dicitur Leda, alterum ex Jove, fub fpecie cygni, ex quo 
 nati funt Pollux et Helena ; alterum ex Tyndaro, ex quo Caf- 
 tor et Clytemneftra. Schol. in Horat. de Art. Poet. 
 
 m O [/.iv H<r*oi5o$ «f*!poT£^«? Ato? uvoLi yiVcuXoyii. — art Ar,oa,<; «T£ 
 Nefjuo-tug okWi tt,v 'EXsvw, aKKa Svyccrsga, Qy.savs (§vyxrpo<;) v.z\ 
 Aw. Schol. in Pind. Nem. x. ver. 150, The fenfe mews, 
 that SvyxT^oq ought to be inferted between ftxean* and k«i, 
 though it does not appear in the Scholia. 
 
 n Kara. tow? tto^Xov? upitoiat Ntpecro-y, y.ara & tntvf Ar.fy tx. ot 
 t>j? AySas, TYtV 'iLtevyv yevtaSai, xat rov<; Aioa>tovgov$ ex uu Keyova. 
 
 Schol. in Arat. Phaen. p. 38. 
 
 According to the author of the Cyprian verfes, Nemefis 
 changed herfelf into a fifh, in order that {he might efcape the 
 embraces of Jupiter. — Athen. Deipnof. lib. viii. p. 334. This 
 
 p 4 fable 
 
ai6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 left it in a marfh ; where a ihepherd found 
 it, and brought it to Leda. That princefs 
 carefully preferved it in an ark ; and, in due 
 feafon, Helena, Caftor, and Pollux, iffued from 
 it p . The fame ftory is related by the fcho- 
 liaft upon Callimachus, who adds, that the 
 circumftance happened at Rhamnus in At- 
 tica q . Tzetzes alfo mentions, that fome my- 
 thologifts feigned, that Jupiter metamor- 
 phofed himfelf into a ftar ; and in that form 
 begot the Diofcori, and Helena r . 
 
 Thefe feveral fables appear to me to admit 
 of a very eafy explanation. Perhaps the bell: 
 
 fable ferves to point out to us the relation, which the hiftory 
 of Nemefis bears to the deluge. 
 
 ? Z:t;$ yu.(> o/xotwSei? zvkvcj (juywrcci Ne^ectei rr, CIkbuvov Qvya.TPi t 
 c»g %yvx w$ }.yi(>QVcnv avryq /AzraQccXovavis. 'H $b rex.ova<x. uov, bv iu 
 
 Sejaej^, eCpv^MTTe. Xeovco ds tw xo.v ...'om, EAei^ ysvvurctl bk th an, 
 %v uq i^idv iraiSa, n Ay^cc uvbt^b. Ttws <Se aon Kafopa xai FLoXv&v- 
 
 xxv ik t« olwh (p&3w uov yMr&sjiu.i. Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 88. 
 
 q Pu^vovq G/i(j.os Amur,;, evS* t» Nsfxscu o Zet'$ avuy.aBzv^c-iv' 
 
 JJTlg ETeXEV UOV, OTtiQ SVfGV&CC 7) A'/jdOt SepfAOWB, XOU B^bQ(X.7\B TOf? A(0<7- 
 
 xovpovq y.ai 'E^snv. Schol. in Call. Hymn, ad Dian. ver. 232. 
 See alfo Apollod. Bibl. lib. iii. cap. 9. and Pauf. Achaic. 
 
 P- 533- 
 
 ' Ahtoiq as rurm bvquv IrogutMSt on Zeus cctbci tiy.ucBsic, y.cti ui- 
 yi\q Ar,oc/,, Karopa xai UoXvacVy.zv ysvva.' vrepnv <5c utms, uq i<Py)u.bv 
 vw 'jEXewjr. Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 88. La&antius fays, that 
 Leda and Nemefis are the fame perfon, which I am rather in- 
 clined to doubt. Leda Nemefis. La<5t. de Fal. Rel. lib. i. 
 cap. 21. 
 
 com- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 217 
 
 commentary upon them is a tradition pre- 
 ferved by Hyginus, which has already been 
 noticed in a former part of the prefent work. 
 An egg of a vaft fize is faid to have fallen 
 from heaven into the river Euphrates, and to 
 have been rolled by fifhes to the bank. Upon 
 it perched a dove s ; and out of it at length 
 proceeded that Venus, who was afterwards 
 called the Syrian goddefs l . Mr. Bryant thinks, 
 that this egg was the Ark ; but I cannot help 
 doubting the propriety of fuch a fuppofition. 
 In almoft every oriental cofmogony, the egg 
 was a fymbol of the world ; and fuch I take 
 it to be in the prefent cafe. The circum- 
 ftance therefore of its beinsf rolled to land bv 
 
 O j 
 
 fifhes alludes to its emerging out of the dilu- 
 vian waters ; and the fable of Venus iffuing 
 from it feems only to mean, that the Ark at 
 length became vifible, after having been long 
 concealed in the midft of fogs and clouds, and 
 after having been buried as it were in the bo- 
 fom of the vaft deep u . 
 
 s So Ampelius reads, and not doves in the plural, like Hygi- 
 nus. Dicitur et in Euphrate fluvio ovum pifcis in ora flumi- 
 nis columla afledilie dies plurimos, et exclufide deam benignam 
 et mifericordem. Amp. cap. 2. 
 
 t Hyg. Fab. 197. — Vide fupra vol. i. p. 8i, S2. 
 
 u For the reafon why the Ark, and the Noetic family, were 
 placed in the fabulous Hades, though in reality they floated 
 upon the iurface of the waters,, vide fupra vol. i. p. 230, The 
 
 Cabi- 
 
ai$ A DISSERTATION 
 
 If we apply this tradition to the hiftory of 
 the Diofcori, we fhall find it a very fatisfac- 
 tory folution of their allegorical genealogy. 
 Nemefis fignifies vengeance ; and relates, I ap- 
 prehend, like the name Styx, to the vengeance 
 of God upon an impenitent w r orld. But, this 
 vengeance, while it deftroyed the ancient 
 globe of the earth, produced a fecond mun- 
 dane egg, the renovated poftdiluvian wrorld. 
 And this fecond mundane egg may be me- 
 taphorically faid to have been contained in 
 the Ark ; inafmuch as the Ark, by compre- 
 hending within its womb the Noetic family 
 and all kinds of animals, which were the ru- 
 diments of the new w ? orld, virtually compre- 
 hended the new world itfelf x . This feems 
 
 Cabiric cave of the Phigalenfian Ceres was another emblem of 
 the great central mundane cavity ; and the pofition of the god- 
 defs within it is exactly equivalent to the pofition of Venus 
 within the egg. — Vide fupra p. 14. 
 
 x Both this opinion, and the leading idea which pervades the 
 whole of the prefent work, is remarkably confirmed by the fecond 
 of the Indian Avatar, which, according to Sir Wm. Jones, re- 
 lates to the hiftory of the deluge. In this Avatar, Vifhnou ap- 
 pears incarnate in the fhape of a boar, trampling under his feet 
 the demon Hayagriva, who is finking beneath the waves of the 
 fea. Upon his tufks he fupports a lunette, within the curva- 
 ture of which is a reprefentation of the earth, embellifhed with 
 trees, mountains, and cities. (See the print, Maurice's Hift. 
 of Hind. vol. i.) This lunette, I doubt not, is the lunar Ark j 
 and the world is placed within it, for prccifely the fame reafon, 
 
 that 
 
ON THE CABIRL *ai 9 
 
 to be the whole that is meant by the fable of 
 Leda's placing the egg of Nemefis in an ark, 
 where it remained till it was hatched ; when 
 the Diofcori and their filler Helena iffued 
 from the Ark, in which they had been con- 
 fined y . As for Leda, I am perfuaded, that 
 fhe is no other than Mylitta, the Aflyrian 
 Venus z ; both their titles fpringing equally 
 from Mileda % the goddefs of generation. The 
 
 that Leda is feigned to have placed the mundane egg within 
 an ark. The fymbol of a lunette, or an ark fhaped like a 
 crefcent, was ufed in the myftical interment of Ofiris, which, 
 as I have already mewn, fignified nothing more than the en- 
 trance of Noah into his vefTel. To $e fi-Aov ev t«»j teyofxtvou; 
 Oaipt^oq Tatpxiq TtfAVovrez y.a.Toaxy.zvaQavai XctftctHct ^vo£»&rj. Plut. 
 
 de Ilid. p. 368. As for the demon Hayagriva, he is evidently 
 the fame as the Egyptian Typhoh, a mere perfonification of 
 the deluge, from the dreadful ravages of which the Ark was 
 preferved by the benign care of providence, till the earth 
 emerged from beneath the waters. 
 
 >" Neocles of Crotona afferted, that the egg, out of which 
 Helena was produced, fell from the moon. Neo^»j? 6 KpoT«w«- 
 
 7r,<; t(pr) ano tr t q (rt?w/;<; irscuv to uor, e| « vriv 'EAe^k yivr^r^Xi. 
 
 Athen. Deipnof. lib. ii. p. 57. This notion evidently arofe 
 from the joint worfhip of the moon and the Ark, when the two 
 great fuperftitions were united. 
 
 z Herod, lib. i. cap. 131. 
 
 a n*7>ft, or Krn^lD. Hercules Miletus, concerning whom 
 the old Irifh writers fay fo much, feems to be Noah the gene- 
 rator. Miletus is the mafculine of Melitta or Mileda; and 
 both terms equally allude to the phallic worfhip, 
 
 name 
 
220 A DISSERTATION 
 
 name of her hufband Tyndarus is probably a 
 contraction of Tinin-Adar, the illujirious fjh ; 
 while Rhamnus, the place where Nemefis re- 
 ceived the embraces of Jupiter, was fo called 
 from Ram-Nus, the lofty Noah h . Caftor is 
 Ga- As-Tor, the illujirious Jolar bull ; Pollux, 
 or, as the word is properly written, Polydeu- 
 ces, is Bola-Dag, the lordly fjh ; and Helena 
 feems to have derived her name from El-Ain, 
 the folar fountain of heat. The ftory of Jupi- 
 ter's changing himfelf into a ftar was probably 
 invented, after the introduction of the Sabian 
 fuperftition ; and it is evidently connected 
 with the two ftars, which are ufually depi&ed 
 over the heads of the Diofcori c . Fulgentius 
 makes even Saturn himfelf the fon of Pollux d ; 
 nor ihall we wonder at this circumftance, 
 when we confider, that Pollux, Saturn, and 
 
 b Hence Eh a mnufi 'a became a title of Rhea, Venus, Ills, Pro- 
 ferpine, or Hecate ; all of which are only different perfonifica- 
 tions of the Ark. Apul. Metam. lib. xi. cited above vol. i. 
 p. 147. 
 
 c Should the reader be difpofed to adopt the theory of Mr. 
 Whifton, that a comet was the natural caufe of the deluge, the 
 ftar of Jupiter and the Diofcori will remind him of the falling 
 ftar, which the Phenician Aftarte is faid to have beheld in the 
 courfe of her travels. — Vide lupra vol. i. p. 82. note z. 
 
 d Saturnus Pollucis rilius Opis maritus. Fulg. Mythol. 
 lib. i. cap. 2. 
 
 Jupi- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. aai 
 
 Jupiter are equally the folar Noah, and that 
 their furpofed defcent from each other is a 
 mere genealogical repetition. 
 
 The Diofcori are generally reprefented on 
 horfeback, and Caftor is fuppofed to have 
 particularly excelled in the equeftrian art. 
 This, like moft other fables of the fame na- 
 ture, is founded upon a perverfion of the 
 facred term Hiph, or Hippa. Hence it was 
 believed, that their horfes were given to them 
 by Neptune 6 . It is a curious circumftance, 
 that the worfhip of the equeftrian Diofcori is 
 not unknown in Hindoftan ; and it is parti- 
 cularly worthy of obfervation, that the gene- 
 alogy there affigned to them ferves to mew, 
 how widely the fymbol of the horfe was dif- 
 fufed, and how clofely the worfhip of the 
 Patriarch was united with that of the Sun, 
 and the worfhip of the Ark with that of the 
 Moon. 
 
 " Among the legends concerning the tranf- 
 " formation of Devi, or $>u<rig 7roXvfjtop(pog^ 
 fays Captain Wilford, " we find a wild aftro- 
 f* nomical tale in the Nafatya Sanhita, or hijlory 
 " of the Indian Caflor and Pollux. In one of 
 1* her forms, it feems, fhe appeared as Prabha, 
 
 c Neptunum autem pari confilio muneraflfe -, nam equos his, 
 quibus utuntur, donavit. Hyg. Poet. Aftron. lib. ii. cap. 22. 
 
 " or 
 
22Z A DISSERTATION 
 
 " or light, and affumed the fliape of Afwini, 
 " or a mare, which is the firfl: of the lunar 
 " manfions. The Sun approached her in 
 " the form of a horfe, and he no fooner had 
 iS touched her noftrils with his, than me con- 
 " ceived the twins, who, after their birth, 
 ({ were called Afwini- Cumarau, or the two 
 " fons of Afwini. Being left by their parents, 
 " who knew their deftiny, they were adopted 
 " by Brahma, who intruded them to the care 
 " of his fon Dacfha ; and under that fage 
 " preceptor, they learned the w T hole Ayurve- 
 ig da, oxfyftem of medicine. In their early age, 
 " they travelled over the world, performing 
 " wonderful cures on gods and men ; and 
 i( they are generally painted on horfeback, in 
 *' the forms of beautiful youths, armed with 
 " javelins. At firft, they refided on the Cula 
 «' mountains near Colchi f ; but Indra, whom 
 " they had inftrucled in the fcience of heal- 
 " m §>> S ave tnem a Nation in Egypt near the 
 " river Cali, and their new abode was from 
 " them called Afwifhan. — According to fome 
 ** authorities, one of them had the name of 
 16 Afwin> and the other of Cumar ; one of 
 " Nafatya, the other of Dafra : but, by the 
 
 f This affords another proof of the connection between the 
 Hindoos and Colchians. 
 
 " better 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 223 
 
 « better opinion, thofe appellations are to be 
 " ufed in the dual number, and applied to 
 « them both. They are alfo called Afwana- 
 « fau, becaufe their mother conceived them 
 " by her noftrils ; but they are confidered as 
 « united fo intimately, that each feems either, 
 " and they are often held to be one indivi- 
 " dual deity. As twin brothers, the two 
 « Dafras, or Cumaras, are evidently the Diof- 
 " cori of the Greeks ; but, when reprefented 
 " as an individual, they feem to be Efculapius, 
 " which my Pandit fuppofes to be Afwiculapa, 
 " or chief of the race of Afwi. That epithet 
 " might indeed be applied to the Sun ; and 
 " Efculapius, according to fome of the weft- 
 « ern mythologifts, was a form of the Sun 
 « himfelf. The adoption of the twins by 
 " Brahma, whofe favourite bird was the phe- 
 " nicopteros, which the Europeans changed 
 " into a fwan s , may have given rife to the 
 « fable of Leda ; but we cannot wonder at 
 « the many diverfities in the old mythologi- 
 * cal fyftem, when we find in the Puranas 
 
 S Both Eratofthenes and Hyginus feem uncertain whether 
 the bird of Leda was really a fwan. Ovto? sr» op* * ***»V? 
 m W*;, ov «^ i^otKn.— «. t. *. Erat. Cataf. 25. Hunc 
 Greeci ***** appellant, quern complures, propter ignotam illms 
 hiftoriam, communi genere avium opm appellaverunt. Hyg. 
 Poet. Aftron. lib. ii. cap. 8, 
 
 " them- 
 
%%4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 iC themfelves very different genealogies of the 
 " fame divinity, and very different accounts 
 (< of the fame adventure h ." 
 
 The Diofcori then, being Hippian or ark- 
 ite gods, are, like the Cabiri, invariably repre- 
 fented as favourable to navigators. According 
 to Hyginus, the privilege of faving mariners 
 from ftorms at fea was conferred upon them 
 by Neptune l ; and both Strabo and Arrian 
 agree in celebrating them as the protectors of 
 feamen k . This imaginary influence, which 
 they were fuppofed to poffefs over the tem- 
 
 h Wilford on Egypt. — Afiat. Ref. vol. iii. p. 168. Accord- 
 ing to Tacitus, the Diofcori Caftor and Pollux were worshipped 
 among the ancient Germans. He does not indeed mention 
 their connection with horfes -, but, which is a little remarkable, 
 he fpeaks of them, exactly in the Hindoo ftyle, as being fome- 
 times two, and fometimes one.. The Germans denominated 
 them Aids, which may poflibly be a contraction of Al-Ochi, 
 the gods of the ocean. Apud Naharvalos antiquae religionis lu- 
 cus oftenditur. Prseiidet facerdos muliebri ornatu, fed deos in- 
 terpretatione Romana Caftorem Pollucemque memorant. Ejus 
 nmnhns nomen Alc'is* Nulla fimulacra, nullum peregrinae fuper- 
 ftitionis veftigium. Ut fratres tamen, ut juvenes venerantur. 
 Tac. de Mor. Germ. cap. 43. 
 
 ' Neptunum autem pari confilio muneraffe ; nam dedit 
 
 potefratem naufragis faluti ene. Hyg. Poet. Aftron. lib. ii. 
 cap. 22. 
 
 Tot's oi Aiocry.ovpove E7rif/,eKr)Tu,$ t*j? ^ocXccctcty^ AH^Sfjya*, y.a.t 
 c&mrx; ruv TrhEovrav. Strab. Geog. lib. i. p. 48. Ot (jt,sv Aioa-' 
 
 vnfH yivovrxi. Arrian. Perip. Pont. £ux. p. 134. 
 
 peftuous 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 125 
 
 peftuous ocean, is beautifully defcribed by 
 Horace among the Latins, and by Homer 
 among the Greeks. 
 
 Dicam et Alciden, puerofque Ledze, 
 Hunc equis, ilium fuperare pugnis 
 Nobilem ; quorum fimul alba nautis 
 
 Stella refulfit, 
 Defluit faxis agitatus humor - 3 
 Concidunt venti ; fugiuntque nubes j 
 Et minax (fie Di voluere) ponto 
 
 Unda recumbit \ 
 
 Alcides' labours, and fair Leda's twins, 
 Fam'd for the rapid race, for wreftling fam'd, 
 Shall grace the fong ; foon as whofe ftar benign 
 
 Through the fierce tempefl fhines ferene, 
 Swift from the rocks down foams the broken 
 
 furge, 
 Hufh'd fall the winds, the driving clouds dif- 
 
 perfe, 
 And all the threatening waves, fo will the gods, 
 Smooth fink upon the peaceful deep, 
 
 Francis. 
 
 Kctfopct S"' i7T7ro^cci^ov, koli UfJucc{A>Yirov TloXvS'ivKeci, 
 
 D,kv7to(>wv T6 veoov, ore o-Trepx&xriv cteAAcu 
 XeijAeqicti kcltx, 7rovTov apeiAixw 
 
 1 Hor. lib. i. Ode 12. 
 YOL. II. Q — ot 
 
226 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ■ ■ ■■-■ 01 £ sfccM-iwif etpavricrctv 
 
 KvfAATO, £' s^opscrccv \ivw<\s cLXoz ev 7reActys(r<ri 
 
 The Hippian Caftor, and in arms renown'd 
 The blamelefs Pollux, to Olympian Jove 
 Fair Leda bore. Thefe, when the foaming waves 
 In mountains rife, urg'd by the wintery blaft, 
 Protection to the mariner afford. 
 Soon as they come, winnowing the buxom air 
 With golden pinions, ftraight the burly winds 
 Are huih'd in filence ; and the wild uproar, 
 Of breakers daiLing on the whitened beach. 
 Is heard no longer. 
 
 Montfaucon mentions a curious monu- 
 ment dug up near Efte, reprefenting a vow 
 performed to the Diofcori, by Argenidas the 
 fon of Ariftogenidas ; in confequence, as one 
 might imagine, of his having efcaped the pe- 
 rils of fhip wreck. The deities are carved 
 Handing upon a pedeftal, while Argenidas is 
 offering to them two patera? upon an altar, 
 the lower part of which exhibits a hog in 
 bafs-relief. In the back ground is a dif- 
 malied veffel floating upon the waves ; and 
 upon the land are four naked figures, which 
 
 m Horn. Hymn, ad Diofcor. 
 
 ap- 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 
 
 227 
 
 appear to have juft emerged from the water. 
 Behind them is an Anacion, or temple of the 
 Anaffes-Diofcori, as we may conclude from 
 the Greek letters KEION yet remaining ; and 
 over the head of Argenidas is a ferpent. The 
 monument has fo much fuffered by the inju- 
 ries of time, that the features both of the 
 deities and their votary are entirely oblite- 
 rated n . 
 
 The hog, which here makes its appearance, 
 is one of the arkite emblems, as is fufficiently 
 evident from the hiftories of Adonis, Ofiris, 
 and the Vara Avatar ; and the ferpent is 
 merely the accuftomed fymbol of the Sun. 
 Hence we find, that, in allufion to the folar 
 worfhip, the charioteers of Caftor and Pollux 
 were called Amphitus and < Telcbius°; the firft 
 of which names is Am-Phi, the oracular Sun; 
 while the fecond is a corruption of Tel- Chin, 
 the priejl of the folar deity. The maritime 
 Diofcori in fine were the fame as the Pheni- 
 cian Pata'ici; whence, no doubt from an idea 
 of their being propitious deities, the ihip, n 
 which St. Paul failed from Melita, was de- 
 
 n Supplem. to Montfaucon's Antiq. p. 103. 
 — Amphito et Telchio, Caftoris ac Pollucis aurigis. Plin. 
 Nat. Hift. lib. vi. cap. 5. 
 
 q 2 corated 
 
328 A DISSERTATION 
 
 corated with the figures of Caftor and Pol- 
 lux p. 
 
 I have obferved, that the ftatues of the 
 eight great Gods of Egypt were placed in a 
 fmall floating ifland, near Buto; which feems 
 to have been defigned, as a fort of reprefen- 
 tation of the Ark containing the Noetic Og- 
 doad. A fimilar cuftom prevailed with re- 
 fpecl to the Diofcori. The Thalamatians 
 maintained, that they were born in a fmall 
 ifland on the coaft of Laconia, not larger than 
 a rock, which w T as denominated Pephnus ; 
 and their brazen ftatues, each of about a foot 
 in length, were placed there in the open air q . 
 The name Pephnus, or FIph-Nus, the Hiph 
 of Noah, fufficiently points out the original 
 idea, that was attached to the ifland. 
 
 One of the moft remarkable circumftances 
 in the mythological hiftory of Caftor and Pol- 
 lux is their alternate death and revivification. 
 According to the fcholiaft upon Pindar, they 
 carried off by force Hilaira and Phebe, who 
 
 * A<ffcs xxviii. ii. 
 
 q Titties et* SaAacroV ngOKHTcu ds vriai$ WfTpa; rvv pzyetktov ov 
 y.u£uv, UtQvog kcu Ta,vTj) to ovofjiu. Ti^S-rivou h tvravQx t«? Atocrxs- 
 pcv$ (pacriv cl @6thct[/.a.Tcu' rovlo fjav din *ou AXxfxavx ev eca^otTt oiox 
 wnrovrx. — E* ravrv) rv> i/r,aw ciyctXp.ot.Ta, Aiocy.npuv ycthLOt,, fityeSoq 
 
 crc^aja n •jTta.^pc,} Tr,z vr t ff\$Q<; en*. Pauf. Lacon. p. 276, 
 
 were 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 
 
 229 
 
 were previouily betrothed to Idas and Lyn- 
 ceus ; and whofe parents were Leucippus, 
 and Philodice the daughter of Inachus r . Idas 
 and Lynceus, refenting the injury done to 
 their brides, attacked the twin brothers ; and 
 Pollux remained the only furvivor of the bat- 
 tle s . The flory however is related fomewhat 
 differently both by Apollonius, and Pindar. 
 According to thefe writers, the quarrel arofe 
 refpecling the divifion of a booty confiding of 
 oxen ; but its confequences were equally fa- 
 tal to Caftor, Idas, and Lynceus 1 . Pollux, 
 grieved at the death of his brother, obtained 
 from Jupiter the privilege, that they fhould 
 alternately live and die. 1 
 
 MerctjLteiCoftevoi £' evvaA- 
 
 Actjr, CtfACPCtV TCCV fJiSV 7T&QCL 7T0LTPI QlAb) 
 
 r Aivwrrirov h *.ou <J>;Xo£»x>j{ rr,g Ivuyji, Siyxrsqss lyzvovro, tket- 
 ufa. H.UI tyoiGr,. TavToa apvrccfuvTet; eyyuvp Aioc-k«jjoj. Apollod. 
 Bibl. lib. iii. cap. 9. It is remarkable, that the third daugh- 
 ter of Leucippus was called Arfinoe ; a name, which was alio 
 beftowed upon the arkite Venus, (Strab. Geog. lib. xvii. 
 p. 800.) and which feems to be a corruption of Baris-Noe. 
 This Arfinoe was believed by fome to be the mother of Efcu- 
 lapius, (Apollod. Bibl. lib. iii. cap. 9.) whofe connection with 
 the Diofcori, in the mythology both of Greece and Hindoltan, 
 has been already pointed out. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 99. and 
 vol. ii. p. 223. 
 
 s Schol. in Pind. Nem. x. ver. 112. 
 
 * Apollod. Bibl. lib. iii. cap. 10, 
 
 Q 3 Aii 
 
23° 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Al'l VtJJLOVTCtl, TCtV S* WTO KEvS'StTt yat- 
 
 ctf, £v yvaXouri G)epcL7rvct,f, 
 
 [ASVCLl, CtXeiV T XQCLVCt), 
 
 ElXer aiava, tpS-ipsvx notoSkuwi? 
 
 Toy ya% iJW, cbfjifyi (ixo-iv Geo? xoXco- 
 Sw, €Tpa<rev %clXkz&<; Aoyx#>£ MXp*" 
 
 A7ro TcLvyzm m£cw- 
 
 yafyov t£ev Avyxsv? Sqvqs €v <?etex* 1 
 
 H/asw. Keivx yap S7rtx,3'QViav 
 
 Yl&VTGdV ySVBT O^VTCtTOV 
 
 Op pa, u . 
 
 With conftant interchange, the valiant pair 
 One day in high Olympus live, the next 
 In the dark realms of Hell. Fraternal love 
 Produced this wonderful viciflitude : 
 For generous Pollux willingly refign'd 
 Half of his birth-right, immortality, 
 That haplefs Caftor might again enjoy 
 The light of Phebus. Him (tern Idas flew, 
 When dire contention for the lowing herd 
 Between them rag'd, as in a hollow oak 
 Secure he fat ; but eagle-fighted Lynceus 
 Efpied the chief, and to his brother fhew'd him. 
 
 This conteft refpecting the oxen is only a re- 
 petition of the ftory of the Teleboae, and al- 
 
 u Pind. Nem. x. ver. 103, 
 
 ludes, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 231 
 
 ludes, like the rape x of Phebe and Hilaira, to 
 the war between the votaries of the two great 
 fu perflations : while the defcent of the Diof- 
 cori into the infernal regions, and their re- 
 turn from them into the realms of day, feems 
 to be a yet further corruption of the fable of 
 the death and revival of Ofiris ; cr, in other 
 words, the confinement of the patriarch with- 
 in the gloom of the Ark, and his fubfequent 
 restoration to the light of heaven. 
 
 I have mentioned a tradition, that the an- 
 cient Orchomenians were excellent horfe- 
 men y . This notion arofe from the ftory of 
 Erginus having overcome the Thebans in an 
 equeftrian battle 2 ; a legend, the whole of 
 which is apparently founded upon a mifcon- 
 ception of the terms Orcho??ie?2us, Theba, and 
 Hippa. Hence we find, that Erginus, who 
 was fuppofed to have been the fon of Nep- 
 tune, is faid to have joined the Argonautic 
 expedition, along with his two brothers An- 
 ceus, and Polyphemus, or, as he is termed by 
 Pindar, Euphemus. 
 
 x The union of the two fuperftitions, as I have already ob- 
 ferved, was frequently defcribed under the allegory of a rape. 
 
 y Vide fupra p. 183. 
 
 z Aproi h »7T9nxo» ol Opp£o^£wot. Epyjvo; ya.% Ittttcj tghfoetwv* M- 
 wcrctq, <pofi> vTron'Kni ttr^v, 'HpaxArj? h ccvtqvi; rMv^sfuosn. Tzct. 
 in Lycoph. ver. 874. 
 
 q 4 - — T««- 
 
n % A DISSERTATION 
 
 ■ Tctivagov «$■ UpcLv 
 
 Toy zsot YjooodTrcL Titvx 3-vyoLTyjp 
 Tixre Kcctpiirx zsctf! oyfrcus a . 
 
 To the laft of thefe three fons of Neptune 
 Apollonius afcribes the fame power of walk- 
 ing upon the waves, as that which Orion was 
 imagined to have poffefled. 
 
 Taivapov ou) t €7ri ToiTi hi7r&)v YlohvtyyfAos ixctve, 
 Tov pot, HoretScLavi zso^xeie^ctTov ctThw 
 ¥jutto7rv\ Tirvoio peyctS-eveo? tsks vtepv\. 
 Keivo? av/jp xcu ttovtz btti yAouuxoio &eeo'>tev 
 OifyctTOf, ov£e S"oovs (ia,7rTtv KioScis, otAA' irov 
 
 qmpois 
 Ixvecri Tsyfop,evof &iepv\ ^s^op'/jto xeXsv&a. 
 Kou ^ a,7k&t) Svo 'UJcctae Hoo-edctoovor ixovro' 
 Htoi o fjisv zsloAis&pov ctycwx MiXvitoio 
 Nocr(pio9-f^ Epy/vcr, b ^ Iju,Gpa,G-ivi£ i$os 'H^ 
 Ylap&iviv\$ Kyxcuos v7repQiof Wops £ et^(poo 
 *H fASV vcanriMyjf rft apto? svxjetooqvto b . 
 
 From Tenarus, that yawns with gulph pro- 
 found, 
 Euphemus came, for rapid race renown'd. 
 By Neptune forc'd, Europa gave him birth, 
 Daughter to Tityus, hugeft fon of earth. 
 
 a Pind. Pyth. iv. ver. 78. 
 
 b Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 179. 
 
 Whene'er 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 233 
 
 Whene'er he fkimm'd along the watery plain, 
 With feet unbath'd he fwept the (urging main, 
 Scarce brufrVd the furface of the briny dew, 
 And light along the liquid level flew. 
 Two other fons of Neptune join'd the hod, 
 This from Miletus c on the Ionian coaft 
 Erginus nanYd, but that from Samos came, 
 Juno's lov'd iile, Ancens was his name ; 
 Illuftrious chiefs, and both renown'd afar 
 For the joint arts of failing or of war. 
 
 Fawkes. 
 
 I am inclined to think, that, in this tradition 
 of Neptune and his three fons, we once more 
 recognize the great patriarch and his triple 
 offspring. Neptune accordingly is defcribed 
 as the confort of Europa d , whom we have 
 already feen to be the fame mythological 
 
 c The reader will recollect, that the whole region of Mile- 
 tus was once called Anafloria, from the helio-diluvian worfhip 
 there eftablifhed. Vide iupra p. 213. 
 
 d I have flated, that the continent of Europe did not receive 
 its name from Europa, but from the worfhip of Eur-Op, tie 
 folarferpent. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 1S0. note u. It is proper 
 however to obferve, that feveral authors; fuch as Col. Vallan- 
 cey, M. Court de Gebelin, and Signor Anton. Vieyra, fuppofe 
 Europe to have been fo called from its wettern fituation. y\y 
 fignifies the Weft 5 and it was indifferently pronounced Gbarb, 
 Gbarv, Harb, Warb, Erb, Erab, Europ. In a fimilar manner, 
 the name, by which the Irifti defignate Europe, is varioufly 
 written Aorp, Eorp, Orb, Earb, Arb, Or p. See Vallancey's Vind. 
 of Anc. Hift. of Ireland, p. 306. et infra. 
 
 cha- 
 
234 A DISSERTATION 
 
 character as Ifis, Aftarte, or the Ark. Apol- 
 Ionius and Pindar make her the daughter of 
 Tityus, who was efteemed the largeft of all 
 the progeny of the earth ; and fuch no doubt 
 he was, for, like Typhon, he is merely a per- 
 fonification of Tit-Theus, the divine deluge, 
 which, as we are informed upon infpired au- 
 thority, principally iffued from the great cen- 
 tral abyfs. Ariftotle has preferved a lingular 
 tradition refpe&ing Anceus, which may poffi- 
 bly be a mutilated corruption of a well known 
 part of the Noetic hiftory. He is faid to 
 have been a hufbandman, and to have planted 
 a vineyard ; but he was prevented from en- 
 joying the fruit of his labour, being flain, ac- 
 cording to Pherecydes, in hunting the Cale- 
 donian boar g . It is not improbable, that this 
 boar was originally the fame as that, by 
 which Adonis was killed ; as that, which 
 rent the ark of Ofiris; and as that, into which 
 Vifhnou is feigned, in the third of the Hin- 
 doo Avatars, to have transformed himfelf. 
 
 In the courfe of the prefent Dillertation I 
 have very frequently had occafion to cite the 
 poems attributed to Orpheus, in one of which 
 he is reprefented fpeaking in the firft perfon, 
 and giving an account of the various wander- 
 
 c Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 188. 
 
 ings 
 
ON THE CABIRL 235 
 
 iags of the Argonauts. Whoever was the 
 author of thefe poems, they certainly contain 
 much curious matter relative to ancient my- 
 thology ; but, as for Orpheus himfelf, Arifio- 
 tle does not icruple to aflert, that no fuch 
 perfon ever really exifted f , which I believe to 
 be true, fo far as his legendary hiftory is con- 
 cerned. Apollonius makes him the fon of 
 Eagrus and Calliope g ; but the more general 
 opinion is that maintained by Afclepiades, 
 that he was the offspring of Calliope and 
 Apollo h . Orpheus in facl is the fame per- 
 fon as his fuppofed father Apollo, or the folar 
 Noah ; and his name is nothing more than 
 the compound title Or-Phi, the oracular Sun, 
 Hence we fee the reafon, why he was fome- 
 times fuppofed to have been the offspring of 
 Menippa \ or Men-Hippa, the Noetic Ark ; 
 
 f Orpheum poctam docet Ariftoteles nunquam fuifie. Cic. 
 tie Nat. Deor. lib. i. cap. 28. Palephatus makes much the 
 fame obfervation. Yu^n y.ui ■w^i rw Otftu; //t$c$. Palaepn. 
 de Incred. Hill. cap. 34. 
 
 c Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 24. 
 
 h Eu-ai h Oftyza, accrcc ptv AcK\r l 'rr\a,$r>v AnoX^ata; hou Ka>^ue7r»}f. 
 Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 23. The fcholiaft upon 
 Pindar agrees with Afclepiades in ftating the parentage of Or- 
 pheus. AnoX7iu*os rov Oftptcc (potent won. Schol. in Pind. Pyth. iv. 
 ver. 313. But Pindar himfelf affents to Apollonius. 
 
 * Offiivq—MiiHTrnr,; Tr,<; Qctixv^o^ m'oj. Tzet. Chil. i. Hift. 12. 
 
 Menippa the mother of Orpheus was the fame as the Tangu- 
 tian idol Menipe. Vide fupra p. 196. It is not unworthy of 
 
 no- 
 
236 A DISSERTATION 
 
 why he makes fo confpicuous a figure in the 
 Argonautic expedition ; and why he is faid, 
 like Bacchus, Hercules, Adonis, and Ofiris, 
 to have defcended into the fabulous infernal 
 regions. This perilous enterprife he under- 
 took for the purpofe of bringing back his 
 wife, who had died in confequence of the 
 bite of a ferpent, as fhe w 7 as endeavouring to 
 efcape the embraces of Arifteus k . I appre- 
 hend, that the ferpent here mentioned is 
 merely the ufual folar emblem, and that Arif- 
 teus, however the original circumftances may 
 have been diftorted, is Ares-Theus, the divine 
 Sun 1 ; while Eurydice feems to be the fame 
 as Ifis, Venus, Ceres, or the Ark, and ac- 
 cordingly her name is compounded of Eurah- 
 Dagah, the helio-arkite fjh. The fable of Or- 
 pheus drawing the wild beafts after him, by 
 the fweetnefs of his mufic, is probably no- 
 thing more than a corrupted tradition of the 
 
 notice, that Apollo, or the folar Noah, was fometimes termed 
 Smlntbeus ; a title, of which Min or Menu is the bafis no lefs 
 than it is of Menippa. Smintheus is Z'Min-Theus, the great 
 Noetic god. See Horn. Iliad, lib. i. ver. 39. 
 
 k Hyg. Fab. 164. 
 
 1 Arifteus, as we have feen above, was fabled to be the fon 
 of Apollo by the nymph Cyrene. The whole of the beautiful 
 fable concerning him, which is detailed by Virgil, refers to the 
 Myfteries celebrated in the cave of the nymphs. Vide infra 
 chap, x, 
 
 animals 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 237 
 
 animals fpontaneoufly following Noah into 
 the Ark ; and the ftory of his death being 
 occafioned by the Menades, or arkite prieft- 
 effes m , is only a repetition of the fimilar le- 
 gend of Bacchus, Ofiris, and Sita. The pro- 
 bability of this fuppofition is heightened by 
 the general prevalence of the idea, that Or- 
 pheus was devoted to the abominations of 
 the Phallus n , and that he invented the Myf- 
 teries both of Hecate, Bacchus, and the in- 
 fernal Geres °. Thefe were the fame as the 
 Samothracian Myfteries of the Cabiri, and 
 related to the helio-diluvian idolatry. 
 
 As for the other Argonauts, their names 
 are for the moft part mere compounds either 
 of folar or arkite titles ; and, their feveral ge- 
 nealogies being entirely mythological, their 
 number feems to have been increafed or di- 
 minifhed, as it was moft pleafing to the hu- 
 mour of the poet. Thus, according to Vale- 
 
 m The word Menas, as I have already obferved, is derived 
 from Menu. 
 
 n Clem. Alex. Cohort, ad Gent. p. 17. — Arnob. adv. Gent, 
 lib. v. 
 
 Qtwv h AiyivTjrai ri^uaiv 'Exutw pcc?A?a, xa» T&trriv uycvcm 
 a\a vcav no; Ex.aTr)? } Op£sa a<p\c\ top Qfa.ua. x.otra.rricruo'Sa.i Tt)t Ti- 
 htlw htyovlti. Pauf. Cor. p. 180. E£pe ^i OpQevs xai roc Awnvo-ov 
 fA.vfyiDiu, y.ai rivai/lai tutoi rriv Tinfhuv, OhacnacZHs Lira ruv Moflttwfc 
 Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 3. An^r^a $$ xfionav Aax£&x»/xo»joi 
 
 (/.<.* fftfcuv (pom, vTu^ultifaf cQiffw 0$<pivs. Pauf. Lacon. p. 241. 
 
 rius 
 
a 3 S A DISSERTATION 
 
 rius Flaccus, and the author of the Orphic 
 jirgonautics, they amounted to fifty -one ; ac- 
 cording to Apollonius and Apollodorus, to 
 forty -four \ and, according to Hyginus, to 
 Jixty-nine. 
 
 Such is the mythological hifiory of the ce- 
 lebrated expedition to Colchi, the whole of 
 which feems to have been founded upon fome 
 corrupted traditions of the deluge, united 
 with the prevailing notions of the Sabian 
 idolatry. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 239 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 THE WAR OF THE TITANS. 
 
 1 SHALL now proceed to confider the fa- 
 bulous hiftory of the Titanic war. Upon 
 this point I feel myfelf obliged to differ in toto 
 from the fyftem adopted in the Analyjis of an- 
 cient Mythology a ; being perfuaded, that the 
 original Titans were not, in the flighteft de- 
 gree, engaged in the building of the Babylo- 
 nian tower. Some of their descendants no 
 doubt were ; but whenever thefe are called 
 by the defcriptive appellation of titans, we 
 muft conclude, in order to preferve confiften- 
 cy, that they bore the name only on account 
 of their devotion to the diluvian or arkite 
 worfhip b , precifely in the fame manner as we 
 meet with nations denominated, Danai, Ar- 
 cades, Argives, and Minya, many ages after 
 
 * The reader will recollect, that Mr. Bryant himfelf has 
 feen reafon to give up his firft opinion refpecting the Titanic 
 war. See Preface. 
 
 b The name appears to have been retained by the Babyloni- 
 ans, as a title of honour, a confiderable length of time after the 
 flood. Hence the younger Belus, who feems to be the fcriptu- 
 ral Nimrod, is called by Mofes Chorenenfis a Titan king. Mof. 
 Chor. Hift. Armen. cap. 9, 10. 
 
 that 
 
j 4 o A DISSERTATION 
 
 that dreadful cataftrophe, from the events of 
 which they derived their feveral titles. A 
 neglecl of this neceflary diftinction has occa- 
 fioned much confufion. The exploits of the 
 primitive Titans have been afcribed to their 
 Titanic pojlerity ; the hiftory of the Ark has 
 been transferred to Argos, Hindoftan,or Egypt; 
 and the wondrous efcape of the real Minyae, 
 the Noetic voyagers, has been corrupted into 
 an imaginary expedition from Pagafae to Col- 
 chi. In the following Analyfis of the Titanic 
 war, I mail frequently avail myfelf of Mr. 
 Bryant's citations, in order to mew how very 
 different a conclufion may be drawn from 
 them ; and every remark, which is made, 
 will be equally applicable to the work of Mr. 
 Alwood c , who has adopted the whole of 
 Mr. Bryant's theory. 
 
 It has been already obferved, that Sancho- 
 niatho makes the Aletae or Titans contempo- 
 rary with Agruerus the great god of Phenicia, 
 whom I have (hewn to be the fame as the 
 patriarch Noah d . It has moreover been in- 
 timated, that the primitive Titans, who ap- 
 pear to have derived their name from Tit- 
 Ain, the fountains of the chaotic abyfs y were 
 
 c Literary Antiquities of Greece. 
 d Vide fupra vol. i. p. 35, 43, 45. 
 
 the 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 241 
 
 the whole race of mankind, whether pious or 
 impious, that lived at the period of the de- 
 luge. Hence arifes a neceflary diftin&ion 
 between the Noetic Titans, who are de- 
 fcribed as the offspring of Rhea or the Ark, 
 and Cronus or Noah ; and that daring race, 
 who were engaged in actual rebellion againft 
 heaven e . Accordingly we find, that the for- 
 mer of thefe clafles is faid to coniift of feven 
 perfons, who, with the head of their family, 
 Agruerus or Cronus, exactly complete the ark- 
 ite ogdoad ; while the latter is reprefented as 
 a numerous and formidable affociation f . It has 
 likewife been fhewn, that Agruerus and Sy- 
 dyk are the fame g ; and confequently that 
 the feven Cabiri, the fons of Sydyk, are the 
 fame as the feven Titans. The whole of this 
 fyftem appears to be eftablifhed beyond a pof- 
 fibility of doubt, both by the circumftance of 
 Japhet being actually enumerated among the 
 Titanic brethren ; and by the affertion of 
 Diodorus, that the Titans were the children 
 of Titea h , w T hom Pfeudo-Berofus reprefents 
 as being the wife of Noah \ 
 
 e Vide fupra vol. i. p. 80. 
 
 f Hef. Theog. ver. 676. et infra. 
 
 6 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 55. 
 
 h Liod. Bibl. lib. iii. p. 190. and lib. v. p. 334. 
 
 1 Unus inter gigantes erat, deorum veneratior et prudentior 
 
 vol. 11. R cunctis, 
 
%4% A DISSERTATION 
 
 Mr. Bryant cites one of the ancient Sibyls, 
 in order to fhew that the Titans were the 
 founders of Babel : but I cannot find that fhe 
 
 cunclis, reliquus ex probis erat in Syria. Huic nomen erat 
 Noa, cum tribus filiis Samo, Iapeto, Chem ; et uxoribus Titea 
 magna, Pandora, Naela, et Naegla. Is timens, quam ex aftris 
 futuram profpeclabat cladem, anno 78. ante inundationem, na- 
 vem inftar arcae coopertam fabricari ccepit. Berof. Ant. lib. i. 
 Fol. 8. I fufpect however, that Titea, like Rhea, was not the 
 real, but the mythological wife of Noah, in other words the 
 Ark. Berofus afferts, that fhe was afterwards called Aret'ia, 
 and worfhipped in conjunction with the earth. This circum- 
 ftance ferves both to mew the convertibility of the heathen god- 
 deffes, which I have already difcuffed at large, and to point out 
 to us the reafon, why all the Titanic race are ftyled gegenis, or 
 earth-born. Aretia is evidently the Hebrew \HX Aretz, the 
 earth. The whole paffage from Berofus is very curious. Ne- 
 cefle eft igitur nos ex praemiffis contiteri, quod et Chaldaei et 
 Scythae fcribunt, ficcato ab aquis orbe, non fuhfe nifi dictos 
 ofto homines in Armenia Saga, et ab his omne hominum ge- 
 nus in terris feminatum, atque ob id Scythas refte dicere et 
 appellare Noam omnium deorum, majorum et minorum, pa- 
 trem, et humanae gentis authorem, et chaos, et femen mundi. 
 Titeam vero Aretiam, id eft, terram in quam femen chaos po- 
 fuit, et ex qua tanquam ex terra cuncli prodierunt. Berof. 
 Ant. lib. ii. fol. 11. Berofus afterwards mentions, that Titea- 
 Aretia was worfhipped under the name of Horchia, which, as 
 we have already feen, was likewife a title of Vefta. Sicanus 
 deificavit Aretiam, et nominavit earn lingua Janigena Horchiam. 
 Ibid. lib. v. fol. 64. Horchia is no other than the Ark. The 
 refult of the whole is, that, whether Titea be the literal, or al- 
 legorical confort of Noah, fince fhe is defcribed as the mother 
 of the Titans, they muft neceflarily be the fame as the Cabiri, 
 or the arkite family. 
 
 makes 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 243 
 
 makes any fuch declaration : and even if fhe 
 did, I muft doubt whether it would be fuffi- 
 cient to prove his point, becaufe, as I have 
 juft obfervcd, the pofterity of the Titans or 
 Minyae bore not unfrequently the fame name 
 as their anceftors. The Sibyl indeed very ac- 
 curately defcribes the building of the tower, 
 and the fubfequent difperfion of the Cuthites : 
 but I do not fee how a mere defcription of 
 thofe events can prove their identity with the 
 celebrated war of the Titans. It is obferv- 
 able, that flie places the era of Babel ten gene- 
 rations after the deluge ; and fuppofes Ura- 
 nus, and his three fons Cronus, Titan, and 
 Iapetus, to have all flourished at that fame 
 period. Hence I think it is evident, that fhe 
 has confounded together two entirely different 
 chronological eras. Uranus and his three 
 fons, or, in other words, Noah and his triple 
 offspring, did actually flourifh ten generations 
 after the creation : but the tower of Babel, 
 in the conftructing of which the fecond race 
 of Titans, the defcendants of the real Titans, 
 were alone concerned, was built in the fourth, 
 not the tenth generation, fubfequent to the 
 deluge. The whole paffage is as follows. 
 
 AAA' C7T0TCLV peyaAoio &ex tsXzwvt&i cl7tsi?,ca : 
 
 'Af 7T0T' £7ryi7r£iX^TS ftpOTOlf, 01 7TVPyOV €TcV^UV 
 
 R 2, Xum 
 
244 A DISSERTATION 
 
 X&)M sv K<r<rvpiv\ 3 oftotpcovoi J" ycav cLttclvts?, 
 Kat (izXovr clvclQy\v si? xpavov dsregoevTct,, 
 Airrixa, ^ ccS-ctvcCTOf psyctXrjv stts^yixsv cwcuyxv\v 
 
 HvSVj&CLCriV' CCVTCtp S7TSIT AVSfJLOl [ASyc&V t/ycJh 7TVP- 
 
 yov 
 'Pt-^/av, xcu S'vyjToicriv stt #AA*7A0/f spiv Gdcarav 
 Txvsxa. toi BaGvhava, (2potoi 7toXsi xvop sSsvto. 
 AvTdP sttsi irvpyos t e7rso~s, yXod(r<rcu r avSpumw 
 
 J£lf 7T0AXctf S~Vr}T6t)V SfJLSPiCT&'/tTCLV hateKTXs, 
 
 TLowroScwrcMs Qavewri otscrPstyov, ctvrcto cLttcktci 
 Taia, fipoT&v 7tAyipxto fASptcppsvodv (SantoiM' 
 
 Kelt TOTS &t\ ^SXCLTf} ySVS'4 fASpOWUV CLV$ 'Q&Q7J 'UV ', 
 
 E^ &7TSP X&JTCLXhUG'ftGS S7TI 7TP0TSPX? ySVST UV^pCt? , 
 
 Kcti @ct<riAsv<rs Kpovof, xcti Titolv, lci7r£To? ts, 
 
 Tcu'/\s tsxvcg fpspira, xcti Ovpcwx, sjrsxctAe<r<rctv 
 Av^poo7toi, ya,i?]f ts xcti Ovpclvx xvgju,ci 3"svts?, 
 Ovvskcc ol TrpotpePiToi scrctv fjt,epG7r&)v a,v9"PC07rav. 
 Tpi<ro~cu Jk juepidef yeu'/[s xctTd xAr/pcv sxct<?x, 
 Kelt /SdcriASvosv ixctqos sx*> v pegof* x& f&a,x oVT0 ' 
 *Opxoi yctP t sysvovTo 7rciTpor, pspioss ts £ixaicu. 
 T*\vix& Sty 7rctTpof TsAsof %povos Ixstq yr\poog 9 
 Ka,i p e&avsv xou 7ra,i£s? v7rspQu<nyiv ooxoia 
 
 AsiVljV 7TQlVl<rclVTSS y S7T CtAAtJAXf SPIV gopg-av, 
 'Of 7rciVTS<T<Tl (ZpOTOKTlV SX^V /ScLff-tAfj'i^cL Tl[A>]V 
 
 Ap^sl Kelt paxscctvTQ Kpovof Titccv ts wpos ctvlxf. 
 
 Avt^i ^ s<? cLPxy ttoasjulx 7rctvTeco"t (ipoToia'i' 
 UpaT*] yap ts {Zpotoi? clvtvi 7Toas[a,oiq xcbTctPXV' 
 K.cu tots TiTctvsro-i &SQS xaxov syyvaXi$s k . 
 
 But when the judgments of the Almighty God 
 k Sibyll. Orac. lib. iii. p. 223. 
 
 Were 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 245 
 
 Were ripe for execution ; when the tower 
 Rofe to the ikies upon AfTyria's plain, 
 And all mankind one language only knew : 
 A dread commiflion from on high was given 
 To the fell whirlwinds, which with dire alarm 
 Beat on the tower, and to its lowed bafe 
 Shook it convuls'd. And now all intercourfe, 
 By fome occult and overruling power, 
 Ceas'd among men : by utterance they drove 
 Perplex'd and anxious to difclofe their mind ; 
 But their lip fail'd them, and in lieu of words 
 Produc'd a painful babbling found : the placd 
 Was hence call'd Babel , by th' apoftate crew 
 Nam'd from th' event. Then fever'd far away 
 They fped uncertain into realms unknown : 
 Then kingdoms rofe -, and the glad world was 
 
 fill'd. 
 'Twas the tenth age fucceflive, fince the flood 
 Ruin'd the former world : when foremofl far 
 Amid the tribes of their defendants flood 
 Cronus, and Titan, and Iapetus, 
 Offspring of Heaven, and Earth : hence in re- 
 turn 
 For their fuperior excellence they fhard 
 High titles, taken both from Earth and Heaven, 
 For they were furely far fupreme ; and each 
 Rul'd o'er his portion of the vafial world, 
 Into three parts divided : for the earth 
 Into three parts had been by Heaven's decree 
 Sever'd; and each his portion held by lot. 
 No feuds as yet, no deadly fray arofe : 
 
 r 3 For 
 
a 4 6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 For the good fire with providential care 
 
 Had bound them by an oath : and each well 
 
 knew 
 That all was done in equity, and truth. 
 But foon the man of juftice left the world, 
 Matur'd by time 5 and full of years. He died : 
 And his three fons, the barrier now remov'd, 
 Rife in defiance of all human ties, 
 Nor heed their plighted faith. To arms they 
 
 fly. 
 
 Eager and fierce : and now, their bands com- 
 plete, 
 Cronus and Titan join in horrid fray ; 
 Rule the great object, and the world the prize. 
 This was the ntft fad overture to blood ; 
 When war difclos'd its horrid front ; and men 
 Inur'd their hands to flaughter. From that hour 
 The gods wrought evil to the Titan race ; 
 They never profper'd. Bryant. 
 
 In this tradition, Uranus is evidently Noah, 
 and is therefore confounded with the elder 
 Cronus of Sanchoniatho ; while his three fons, 
 Cronus, Titan, and Iapetus, are the younger 
 Cronus, the Juptter-Belus, and the Apollo, of 
 the Phenician mythologift. Mr. Bryant's 
 fyftem obliges him to declare, that Iapetus 
 had no relation to the fcriptural Japhet ; and 
 he proves it, by citing the fcholiaft upon Ho- 
 rner, who mentions- that Iapetus was one of 
 the Titans. This very citation however de- 
 cidedly 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 247 
 
 cidedly proves, to my own conviction at leaft:, 
 precifely the reverfe ; and I conclude, that 
 Iapetus was Japhet, if for no other reafons, 
 yet for this, becaufe he was a Titan or d:!u- 
 vian. 
 
 I am obliged alfo to diiTent from Mr. Bry- 
 ant's fuppofition, that Typhoeus was a per- 
 fonification of the tower l . Typhoeus is mani- 
 festly the fame as Typhon m ; but Typhon is 
 reprefented as the adverfary of Ofiris or Noah, 
 and is exprefsly declared by Plutarch to be 
 nothing more than the fea n . Hence he is 
 juftly defcribed by Antoninus Liberalis as a 
 malignant demon, the fon of the earth ° ; be- 
 caufe, as we learn from the infpired hiftorian, 
 the diluvian waters iffued principally from the 
 great central abyfs : hence alfo he is faid to 
 have waged war againft the hero-gods p , w T ho 
 
 1 A deference for the great authority of the excellent ana- 
 lyft of ancient mythology led me, in a former publication, to 
 adopt his opinion with refpect to Typhoeus 3 but I am now 
 compelled to differ from him, by what appears, to me at leaft, 
 the force of truth. See Horae Mofaicae, vol. i. p. 216. 
 
 m This appears from the circumitance of the exploits of 
 Typhon being uniformly afcribed to Typhoeus. Compare An- 
 ton. Lib. Metam. cap. 28. with Ovid. Metam. lib. v. ver. 319. 
 
 n TvQwx & tu> S»A«5-o-«v. Plut. de Ilid. et Ofir. p. 363. 
 
 TvQav lyivtTo 77;? £<oJ ef;cti?io; cfxiy.uv n^o; ijyvv, Anton. Lib, 
 Metam. cap. 28. 
 
 * Anton. Liber. Metam. cap. 28. 
 
 r 4 com- 
 
248 A DISSERTATION 
 
 compofed the arkite ogdoad of great deities 
 held in fuch high veneration by the Egyptians, 
 and who are feigned, in order to efcape his 
 rage, to have metamorphofed themfelves into 
 different animals, which were afterwards ac- 
 counted facred : and hence, when Jupiter at 
 length ftruck him with his thunderbolt, he 
 was fuppofed to have plunged into the fea, 
 and to have hid himfelf beneath the waves q . 
 Ovid accordingly defcribes him as ifluing from 
 the loweft parts of the earth, and putting all 
 the gods to flight. 
 
 Bella canit Superiim -, falfoque in honore gigan- 
 
 tas 
 Ponit, et extenuat magnorum facta deorum. 
 Emiffumque ima de fede Typhoea narrat 
 Caditibus feciffe metum ; cunctofque dediiTe 
 Terga fugse : donee feffos TEgyptia tellus 
 
 q "O Tv(pav typv-^iv locvlov, *eu n<pot.n<7t mv <pXoyec tv t>j SctXaaa?* 
 Anton. Lib. Metam. cap. 28. This author likewife mentions, 
 that Typhon fpoke with the voices of all kinds of animals : 
 Owj-a? <5e 9ravTo»«? jj^»e». Ibid. Perhaps the drowning cries of 
 men and beafts, united with the roaring of the cataracts, and 
 the pattering of the rain, may be here alluded to. It is worthy 
 of obfervation, that Cadmus, whom I have conjectured to be 
 Cadm-On, the oriental Noetic Sim, is introduced by Nonnus 
 into the battle between Jupiter and Typhon. He is faid to 
 have recovered from Typhon the thunderbolts, which he had 
 (lolen from Jupiter, and to have reftored them to their right 
 owner. Nonni Dionyf. lib, i. p. 18, 21. 
 
 Cepe- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 249 
 
 Ceperit, et feptem difcretus in oftia Nilus. 
 Hue quoque terrigenam veniffe Typhoea narrat, 
 Et fe mentitis Superos eelafle figuris. 
 Duxque gregis, dixit, fit Jupiter : unde recurvis 
 Nunc quoque formatus Libys eft cum cornibus 
 
 Ammon. 
 Delius in corvo, proles Semele'ia capro, 
 Fele foror Phoebi, nivea Saturnia vacca, 
 Pifce Venus latuit, Cyllenius Ibidis alls r . 
 
 The tower no doubt was frequently repre- 
 fented under the image of an earth-born gi- 
 ant, in allufion to the materials of which it 
 was compofed : but I do not fee, how it can 
 with any propriety be defcribed as proceeding, 
 like Typhon, from the very lowejl regions of 
 the globe, and ftill lefs how it can be faid to 
 have plunged into the Ocean. No flight 
 furely of mythological poetry could fo far de- 
 part from plain matter of fact, as to reprefent 
 an abfolute phyfical impoffibility. The wa- 
 ters of the deluge retired again within the 
 recefTes of the fea, a circumftance, w 7 hich ex- 
 actly correfponds with the fate of Typhon or 
 Typhoeus ; but the tower, which was built 
 in an inland country, long remained a monu- 
 ment of divine vengeance. Hefiod mentions, 
 that Typhoeus would infallibly have obtained 
 
 r Ovid, Metam. lib. v. ver. 319. 
 
 uni- 
 
2 5 c A DISSERTATION 
 
 univerfal empire, had not Jupiter interpofed : 
 in other words, the Noetic ogdoad muft ulti- 
 mately have periihed, no lefs than the wicked 
 antediluvians, had not the Almighty checked 
 the pride and violence of the waves. The 
 language of the poet is very remarkable ; and 
 he feems to diftinguifh between thofe that 
 fuffered, and the arkite gods that efcaped, by 
 terming the former mortals, and the latter 
 immortals. Thefe immortals are plainly no 
 other, than the eight great gods of Egypt. 
 
 KoLi vv xsv sttAsto spyov ol^xclvov fipevrt xsiva), 
 Kui jcsv oys fyvriToio-i, kcci ct3~ctvctT0i(riv avafesv, 
 E/ fjuvf etf opv vorjtrs ttcltsp ctvdptov ts Ssav ts, 
 '•Xxtypov $' sQpovTrio-e, x,at oQpipov' ctftQi $s yai& 
 ^SfLtePdctAsov xovot,Qrj<re, kcli Ovqclvos svpv? V7rsp&sv 3 
 Uovtgs t , £Iksclv% ts foct,i y Kcu Tclptclqcl ycuv\$. 
 Yloo"(ri J'' wr ct&ccvcLTCiri fxsyci? ttsKcjjllCst OAvft- 
 
 OpvvfjLevoto AvaxTo?, stts^zvclxi^s Ss ycticc. 
 
 KciVjLLCt, ^ V7T CtfJL<PoTSpSt)V %tt,TSyj.V lOSt^Sd 7TQVTQV. 
 
 TLsv? sttsi xv xoo&vvs sov ftevo?, siXsro S* c7rAcc, 
 Bpoi/TVfv ts, <?epo7rviv ts^ ytai cll&aXosvtcl xspavvov, 
 
 HXv^SV OU7T OvAvftffCIO STT&XpSVOS. 
 
 Avtclp S7rsi &i fjuv £ot,{A,curs 7rMyn<riv ifA,ci<r<rcLs, 
 Home yvi&)B'sif s . — 
 
 That day was teeming with a dire event ; 
 
 And o'er the world Typhoeus now had reign'd 
 
 s Hef. Theog. ver. 836, 
 
 With 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 251 
 
 With univerfal fway, fovereign alike 
 Of mortals and of gods * : but from on high 
 Jove view'd his purpofe, and oppos'd his power. 
 For with a ftrong and defperate aim he hurl'd 
 His dread artillery. Then the realms above, 
 The earth with all its regions, then the fea, 
 And the Tartarian caverns, dark, and drear, 
 Refounded with his thunder. Heaven was 
 
 mov'd, 
 And the ground trembled underneath his feet, 
 As the God march'd in terrible array. 
 Still with frefh vigour Jove renew'd the fight ; 
 And clad in all his bright terrific arms, 
 With lightnings keen, and fmouldering thunder- 
 bolts, 
 Prefs'd on him fore ; till by repeated wounds 
 The towering, monfter funk to endlefs night. 
 
 Bryant, 
 
 The reader will recollect, that, in treating 
 of the Argonautic expedition, I noticed the 
 remarkable affemblage of catafterifms, which 
 are placed in the neighbourhood of the fup- 
 pofed ihip of Jafon. The crow takes his 
 ftand upon the back of the fea-ferpent, and 
 clofe to him is a cup adapted for facrificial 
 
 * The words fovereign alike of mortals and of gods I have 
 taken the liberty to add to Mr. Bryant's tranflation of this paf- 
 fage. They occur in the original, and are abfolutely neceffary 
 to the fenie. 
 
 pur- 
 
25Z A DISSERTATION 
 
 purpofes ; while the fabulous centaur appears 
 to be iffuing from the Argo, and to be bear- 
 ing upon the point of his lance a victim to- 
 wards the altar, the fmoke of which is depict- 
 ed as afcending to a triangle. If the voyage 
 of the Argo relate to that of the Ark, re- 
 fpe&ing which the reader mull form his own 
 opinion from the preceding obfervations, the 
 Mofaical hiftory will beft explain the import 
 of thefe conftellations. The Centaur will be 
 the patriarch ; the altar, that upon which he 
 facrificed ; and the triangle, the emblem of 
 that Almighty Being, whom he adored. 
 Now, it is a curious circumftance, and what 
 appears to me indifputably to fix the Titanic 
 war to the era of the deluge, that the fcho- 
 liaft upon Aratus declares, that the gods of 
 the Gentiles, or in other words the Noachi- 
 da3, made ufe of that very altar for the pur- 
 pofes of devotion, after they had conquered 
 the Titans t . If the gods then be the facred 
 ogdoad of Egypt, (and that they are is evi- 
 dent from the fable of Typhoeus,) and if the 
 tdtar be the altar of Noah ; the Titans, who 
 were engaged in rebellion againft heaven, 
 rnuft undoubtedly be the wicked antedilu- 
 
 ctj raj TiTccvxs Kx.TY,yuvH7ctnQ. Schol. in Arat. Phaen. p. $2. 
 
 vians. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 233 
 
 vians. Eratofthenes and Hyginus have both 
 flightly corrupted the original tradition, which 
 the fcholiaft upon Aratus has accurately pre- 
 ferred, by making the facrifice upon the altar 
 precede, inftead oifucceed, the vidtory over the 
 Titans. The former fays, that the gods took 
 a folemn oath upon the altar, when Jupiter 
 w r as about to attack the Titans u ; the latter, 
 that they took the oath, when they them- 
 felves were about to contend with them * : 
 but, notwithftanding thefe variations, by con- 
 necting the name of this impious race with 
 the Noetic altar, they fufficiently point out 
 to us the proper explanation of their hiftory. 
 The fcholiaft upon Aratus has preferved ano- 
 
 u E^aToaSEMj; 3e $ri<7i, t«to to $vt»?£Io> ftvai, stf m to *zr§w7o» cl 
 $«o» cvvu[/.oa-iav tTroivjo-ano, ote £7r» rag Tmxvctg irfxrtvctv o Ztv;. 
 Schol. in Arat. Phaen. p. 52. Such probably was the true 
 reading of Eratofthenes, but it does not at prefent appear in his 
 book on the catafterifms. He only mentions the cup of nec- 
 tar, over which the gods fwore, when Jupiter waged war 
 againft Cronus. Nsktcsc, taro t?iv iv u iz^utov tt Btoi avvu(xoau» 
 sStvtOy otj £7r» Kgovor I Zsv; trpa-Tivatv. Catait. 39. This author 
 obferves, that the Centaur is bearing the viclim to the altar, 
 for the purpofe of facrificing it 3 and adds, that it was a great 
 proof of his piety. E$-» h to S^io* iv t«k XH Ci w^cw t» vi/i??- 
 §jou, dW« vrpoaQepHv Bvcrufv, gp ftsyifov ffr t p.nov tyi<; tva&auq avle. 
 Cataft. 40. 
 
 x Ara, in hac primum dii exiftimantur facra et conjura- 
 tionem feciffe, cum Titanas oppugnare conarentur. Hyg' 
 Poet. Aftron. lib, ii. cap. 39. 
 
 thcr 
 
<tf4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ther very curious tradition refpecling the al- 
 tar, which ferves decidedly to confirm the 
 propriety of the foregoing remarks. He af- 
 ferts, upon the authority of ancient mythic 
 writers, that gloomy night placed the altar 
 among the conflellations, in pity of the cala- 
 mities inflicted upon men by the tempeftuous 
 Ocean y . 
 
 Hefiod defcribes the Titans, previous to 
 their deftruflion, as contending in battle with 
 the giants. Thefe, no lefs than the Titans, 
 I take to be the antediluvian Nephelim of the 
 Jewifh Iegiflator z ; and the war between them 
 feems to relate to the dreadful ftate of rapine, 
 anarchy, profligacy, and lawlefs violence, in 
 which mankind were involved, previous to 
 the cataftrophe of the deluge. Hence Ly- 
 cophron very properly reprefents Jupiter as 
 attacking, at the fame time, both the giants 
 and the Titans, having firft fworn an irre- 
 verfible oath by the waters of the diluvian 
 Styx. 
 
 *%rvyos xsXcuvyjf vccrpov, zvSra, Te^isvz 
 
 ' <bacn h tu/bs, ort (jwSihuh; ti int^ccvav xxi (pvcmuq anrsTctij ore 
 
 nca m ttccSbs aypuov £-%k£v sxswq to Bvrr.^iov. Schol, in Arat. 
 Phaen. p. 53. 
 2 Gen. vi. 4, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 255 
 
 Tzetzes mentions from Kefiod, that Styx was 
 thus peculiarly honoured by Jupiter, becaufe 
 me affiftcd him, with all her children, in his 
 war againft the Titans b . This evidently 
 means nothing more, than that the great 
 abyfs poured forth all its ftreams, to execute 
 the dreadful purpofe of God againft a hard- 
 ened and impenitent world c . Tzetzes fur- 
 ther obferves, that the prince of the Titans 
 was Ophion, and that his confort was Eury- 
 nome the daughter of Oceanus. Thefe flou- 
 rifhed previous to the era of Saturn and Rhea, 
 by whom they were dethroned, and caft 
 down into Tartarus d ; whence Apollonius 
 very juftly afferts, what indeed is precifely 
 
 a Lye. CaiTan. ver. 706. 
 
 b Tzet. in loc. 
 
 c Vide fupra vol. i. p. 259. 
 
 Ugo yocp Kpo>8 y.cu Pectc, OQiuv r.cci EvfVfifii} r, m P./.zx.iv rut 
 Ziuv tGcia-tfavov, «; TiTuvxq xahuffi. Kcsios ^s Tov OQiuvx xxrctQa.- 
 7\uv, 'Psa & tw 'Evfvwfjwv y.x[xTtx'Kx\cx<Tx, y.oa BpQxXacra, ru Txfici' 
 Qu t ruv Seuv inxefrivjxv' ovs nxXiv b Zsv; Txflapvcrxg, tvy} to Kpa- 
 
 TOf, TTgU-qV (AW KfOK>5 XVTOq E»p£E KOti 'Pg«, ftpo CtvloJV OS OQlUV *** 
 
 'Ev^vvofATt. Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 1191. This tradition is not 
 to be taken in the molt literal fenfe, for the fubje&s of Ophion, 
 rather than Ophion himfelf, were overwhelmed by the waters 
 of the deluge. 
 
 equi- 
 
256 A DISSERTATION 
 
 equivalent to their being thruft down into 
 Hell c , that they were overwhelmed beneath 
 the waves of the fea. 
 
 H«JW J" 00? ZSPUTQV OtpiCOV "EvfVVOfJLfl TS 
 
 'flf TS (ZlV\ KCCf %$MTW 9 jU,€V KfOVk) StKCt&S ripy?, 
 
 l H Jk 'Vsvjj €7re<rov $' evi xvpairiv ooxectvoio' 
 Oi Jk tsu? fj,ct,xa,0S<T(rt Qeot? Tir/jcriv avcwrov*. 
 
 - He lings, 
 
 How o'er the new created world below, 
 On high Olympus' fummits crown'd with fnow, 
 Ophion, and, from Ocean fprung of old, 
 The fair Eurynome reign'd uncontroul'd : 
 How haughty Saturn, with fuperior fvvay, 
 ExiFd Ophion from the realms of day ; 
 Eurynome before proud Rhea fled, 
 And how both funk in Ocean's billowy bed. 
 Long time they rul'd the blefl Titanian gods. 
 
 Fawkes. 
 
 If Saturn then be Noah, of which there can- 
 not be much doubt, the Titans muft be the 
 antediluvians, and their overthrow the cata- 
 ftrophe of the deluge. It is worthy of ob- 
 fervation, that one part of this tradition car- 
 ries us back to a period anterior to the epoch 
 
 e Vide fupra vol. i. p. 230. 
 
 f Apoll. Argon, lib, i. ver. 503. 
 
 of 
 
ON THE CABTRI. 257 
 
 of the flood, and reprefents the whole race of 
 primitive Titans as fubjecl: to the domination 
 of the ferpent-prince Ophion. The legend 
 is faid to have been originally brought from 
 the Eaft by Pherecydes Syrius : and there is 
 fo ftrong a refemblance between the charac- 
 ter of Ophion, and that of Satan, that Celfus 
 could not avoid being ftruck with it; but his 
 hatred of Chriftianity induced him to argue 
 from it, that the Mofaical hiftory of the fall 
 w T as borrowed from Pagan traditions. He is 
 however well anfwered by Origen, who clear- 
 ly fhews the great priority of the era of Mo- 
 fes to that of either Heraclitus or Pherecy- 
 des s . Upon the whole, it is certainly not 
 improbable, that the univerfal fubjeeiion of 
 the Titans to Ophion may fignify the uni- 
 verfal corruption of the antediluvians by the 
 arts of the infernal ferpent. Hence Cronus, 
 or Noah, is faid to have fucceeded Ophion in 
 his kingdom ; as Jupiter, who in this cafe 
 appears to be Ham, though certainly in many 
 inftances he is the fame as Noah h , is fup- 
 pofed to have fucceeded Cronus. Milton 
 even ventures to conjecture, that Eurynome, 
 the confort of Ophion, is the fcriptural Eve. 
 
 s Stilling. Orig. Sacr. book 1 ii . chap, 3. 
 h Vide fupra vol. i. p. 15. 
 
 vol. ii. s How 
 
258 A DISSERTATION 
 
 However fome tradition they difpers'd 
 Among the heathen of their purchafe got, 
 And fabled how the ferpent, whom they call'd 
 Ophion, w r ith Eurynome, the wide 
 Encroaching Eve perhaps, had firft the rule 
 Of high Olympus, thence by Saturn driv'n 
 And Ops, ere yet Diclean Jove was born ». 
 
 The gradual deterioration of manners, from 
 the Paradifiacal era to that of Noah, is ufu- 
 ally exhibited by the poets in the fable of the 
 four ages -, all of which are, with the mod 
 exact propriety, placed by Ovid before the 
 flood. His account of the laft, or iron age, 
 may be confidered as a brief hiftory of thofe 
 feuds between the Titans and the giants, 
 which were filenced only by the immediate 
 vengeance of heaven ; and it is particularly 
 obfervable, that he fuppofes their mad at- 
 tempt to fcale the habitation of the gods to 
 have preceded the deluge, though it has fre- 
 quently, but erroneoufly, been thought to re- 
 late to the events of the plain of Shinar k . 
 
 1 Paradife Loft, book x. ver. 578. 
 
 k Jofephus, with great propriety, afferts, that the antedilu- 
 vian Nephelim are the fame as the giants of the Greek mytho- 
 logy. TloX?,oi yu^ ayysXoi ®m, yvvca^i trVfAfAiyerreq, iGgircts tyt\- 
 Yf,cuv naioxq, y.ca ttocvtos vniQOTrra.s xaXy, hoc rr,v s?n tv? $vmi/.H ne" 
 mo&r,<7iv' o(AOtet ya.p toh; Ltto yiya,P,vv Ttloh[/.%cSa.i hByopEvoif 0$ EX- 
 Tiwat, y.ui arc* c^ccaoa iraoa-hhylon. jofeph. Ant. Jud. lib. r. 
 
 cap* 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 259 
 
 Jamque nocens ferrunv, ferroque nocentius au- 
 
 rum 
 Prodierant : prodit bellum, quod pugnat utro- 
 
 quc; 
 Sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma. 
 Vivitur ex rapto, non hofpes ab hofpite tutu?, 
 Non focer a genero : fratrum quoque gratia 
 
 rara eft. 
 Imminet exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti : 
 Lurida terribiles mifcent aconita novercal : 
 Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in innos. 
 Victa jacet pietas : et virgo casde madentes, 
 Ultima cceleftum, terras Aftraea reliquit. 
 
 Neve foret terris fecurior arduus -aether ; 
 Adfectaffe ferunt regnum ccelefte Gigantas : 
 Altaque congeftos ftruxiffe ad fidera montes. 
 Turn pater omnipotens miflb perfregit Glym- 
 
 pum 
 Fulmine, et excuffit fubjecla Pelion OfTa *. 
 
 The iron age fucceeds, and th' love of gold 
 Cries havock, and lets flip the dogs of war. 
 Now lawlefs violence reigns, and every right 
 Of friendly hofpitality is broken. 
 
 cap. 3. Upon this point he fpeaks the fentiments of his coun- 
 trymen. " In the old time, when tbe proud giants perifhed, the 
 <c hope of the world governed by thy hand efcaped in a weak 
 " veffel, and left to all ages a feed of generation." Wifdom of 
 Solomon xiv. 6. 
 
 1 Metam. lib. i. ver. 141. 
 
 5 a , A bro- 
 
z6o A DISSERTATION 
 
 A brother's murder ftains a brother's hand ; 
 A Ton with longing eyes expects the death 
 Of his own father ; and with jealous fcowl 
 E'en thofe united in the nuptial league 
 Each other's looks furvey -, while the dire ftep- 
 
 dame 
 Infufes deadly poifon in the bowl, 
 For unfufpecling infancy prepar'd. 
 Treafon hath murder'd piety, and forc'd 
 Aftrea to relinquifh earth for heaven. 
 
 Nor were the gods themfelves fecure; forlo! 
 The giants ftrove to ftorm the lofty iky. 
 Mountain they pil'd on mountain; till at length 
 Th' Almighty Father feiz'd his fiery bolts, 
 And fudden defolation midft them hurl'd. 
 Pelion on OfTa trembled \ and Olympus, 
 With fhatter'd fummit, own'd the arm of Jove. 
 
 It may perhaps be faid, that the thunder 
 and lightning, with which the Titans were 
 attacked, are no where mentioned by the in- 
 fpired hiftorian in his account of the deluge. 
 This is undoubtedly very true, but at the 
 fame time there appears to have been an an- 
 cient tradition, that w T ater was not the only 
 inftrument of definition employed againil 
 the antediluvians. Cedrenus aflerts, that 
 God flew many of them with fiery globes, 
 and burning thunderbolts ; and finding, that 
 
 the 
 
ON THE CABIRI. %6\ 
 
 the reft remained incorrigible, fwept them 
 away at length with the waters of the flood m . 
 I know not upon what authority he men- 
 tions this circumftance ; but it is worthy of 
 obfervation, that Ovid precifely accords with 
 him. That poet defcribes the deftruclion of 
 certain of the antediluvians, who had at- 
 tempted to fcale the battlements of heaven, 
 by the thunder of Jupiter : and from their 
 blood he feigns that another race was pro- 
 duced, who, emulating the crimes of their 
 fathers, were buried beneath the waves of the 
 deluge. 
 
 Turn pater omnipotens mifTo perfregit Olym- 
 
 pum 
 Fulmine, et excuffit fubjecta Pelion OfTa. 
 Obruta mole fua cum corpora dira jacerent j 
 Perfufam multo natorum fanguine terram 
 IncaluhTe ferunt, calidumque animafTe cruorem: 
 Et, ne nulla fera? flirpis monumenta manerent, 
 In faciem vertifle hominum : fed et ilia pro- 
 
 pago 
 
 m Teluv ovk o>.jyofs ptv c<pct\%cu<; kvqqs, xa» xffavvon; £p**o9«» a 
 
 B^aq twnAtvovrois, HotiotKhvapu pilot Tafia tov$ itotyluf t^avot^O'sv 3 
 Gns. Cedr. Hift. Comp. p. 10. Should the reader be dif- 
 pofed to admit, with Mr. Whifton, that a comet was the na- 
 tural caufe of the deluge, thefe fiery globes and burning thun- 
 derbolts will be very falisfactorily accounted for. 
 
 s 2 Con- 
 
z6z A DISSERTATION 
 
 Contemtrix Superum, fevaeque avidiffima caddis, 
 Et violenta fuit : fcires e fanguine natos n . 
 
 At length 
 
 Th' Almighty Father feiz d his fiery bolts, 
 And fudden defolation midft them hurl'd. 
 Thus fell the mifcreant crew ; but from their 
 
 blood 
 Another race arofe, which, like the firft, 
 Madly defpis'd the high behefts of heav'n, 
 And bath'd their hands in flaug;hter. 
 
 Thefe remarks will prepare us for Hefiod's 
 noble defcription of the rout of the Titans ; 
 which Mr. Bryant has applied to the tower 
 of Babel, but which feems rather to allude to 
 a totally different event. 
 
 TiTrive? J* srepaBsv eKctprvvctno (pccXayfag 
 Tlpotyovecor x&tpcov ts, fii'/jf 3"' d ( ucc epyov etpctivov 
 Afj^orepoi' c^hvqv Jk z3epict%e 7rovrof a,7retpav, 
 Ty\ S's (A,sy eo-jLLcLPctyrio'ev, eireseve <¥ xpctvog evpvg 
 Xeiojbt,evof, zye^oB'ev ^ eTivao"(relo [a,&kpq$ Ohufmo?. 
 
 $C0V7j ^ CLfAstyoTSPUV IJLST OvPCLVOV Ct^epoeVTCL 
 
 KexAojaevoov' ol Jg ^vvktclv pey&Xoo &Xcl\y(toq. 
 Ov^ clp 6Ti Zev? i%ev eov (jlsvq$, ct?Xci vv tx ye 
 ~Ei3-ct,(> fA,ev /Lceveof ziXrivro <P(*eve£, ex, £e re zsctcrav 
 §cuve fir/jV a^v^tg £ ccp cm Ovpavov, v\^ cm 
 
 OAv/U,7TX, 
 
 n Metam. lib. i. ver. 154. 
 
 A^cC7TTav 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 263 
 
 A^pcC7TT£t)v s?ei%e cvmxoL&v, 01 £e xspoujvoi 
 
 l%TCtp AfjLCt ftpQVTYl TS KC^ CL^Sp07T'/\ 7T0TSGVTO 
 
 Xstpcf ct7ro <ri£a,pvi?. 
 
 ~%vv J 1 '' ctvsfjLOL evoa-iv ts kqviv 3"' kpct strtpapctyi^ov, 
 
 BpCVTVjV TS, qtP07TY\V TS, KCLf &A& ClXoSVT & KSPCWVOV' 
 
 E^ss £s x&oov Tucttra, xcq Vlxsclvgio pes^ct, 
 Uovtos t curpvysTos' tx? £ cCjbt(pS7rs Sspjbtog avrjur} 
 Tirrji/ag x&ovixf <£Ac| ^ y\spcl £ictv ixcu/sv 
 AoireTof orere ^ ctpsp^s xcq ity&tf&cov tssp sqvtoov 
 Avyyj [A,ctpfA,ctiPX<r& kspouuvx ts ^sP07rv\g ts* 
 
 Kcwjucc ts 3~S(T7rs<riQV xarexev %aog 
 
 E/tAii/3~*} Jg f^c^x/l 
 
 KoLf TXS fJLSV TiT'lVCtf V7TO %6oVOf SVpVOOSlV\S 
 UefAAj/0,V> KOU\ SsfTfJLQKTtV SV dPyciASOKTiV eoVjTUV, 
 
 NutqaroLVTer xspvw xjirsp^rv^xs TSsp sovrctf. 
 
 Ev&Cl SsOl TlTY\VSS V7TO fy(pCO ^SPOSVTl 
 KSK^V<PcCTCtf 
 
 Ev&ct Jk yyjf £vo(pspyi?, xcq Tctprctqov rjs^osvrog, 
 
 YIOVTX T CLTPVySTGlO, >iCU OvPCLVX CL^SPQSVTQS , 
 'E^Si'/jg- T3CCVTQOV T3Y\yGU XCU WeifCCT SdTtV °. 
 
 Firm to their cauie the Titans wide difplay'd 
 A well-embodied phalanx : and each fide 
 Gave proofs of noble prowefs, and great ftrength, 
 Worthy of Gods. The tumult reach'd to hea- 
 ven, 
 And high Olympus trembled as they ftrove. 
 Sea too was mov'd ; and earth aftonihYd heard 
 
 Theogon. ver. 676. 
 
 s 4 
 
 The 
 
s64 A DISSERTATION 
 
 The noife and fliouts of deities engag'd, 
 
 High vaunts, loud outcries, and the din of war. 
 
 Now Jove no longer could withhold his ire, 
 But rofe with tenfold vengeance : down he 
 
 hurl'd 
 His lightning, dreadful implement of wrath, 
 Which flafrYd incefTant : and before him mov'd 
 His awful thunder, with tremendous peal 
 Appaling, and aftounding, as it roll'd. 
 For from a mighty hand it fhap'd its courfe, 
 Loud echoing through the vaulted realms of day. 
 Meanwhile dorms rag'd ; and dufky whirlwinds 
 
 rofe. 
 Still blaz'd the lightning with continual glare, 
 Till nature languiuYd : and th' expanded deep, 
 And ev'ry flream, that lav'd the glowing earth, 
 Boil'd with redounding heat. A ruddy flame 
 Shot upwards to the fiery cope of heaven, 
 Shedding a baleful influence : and the gleam 
 Smote dreadful on the Titan bands, whofe eyes 
 Were blafted as they gaz'd ; nor could they 
 
 ftand 
 The fervour, but exhaufted funk to ground. 
 The Gods victorious feiz'd the rebel crew, 
 And fent them, bound in adamantine chains, 
 To earth's deep caverns, and the (hades of night. 
 Here dwell th' apoflate brotherhood, confign'd 
 To everlafling durance : here they fit 
 Age after age in melancholy flate, 
 Still pining in eternal gloom, and loft 
 To every comfort. Round them wide extend 
 
 The 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 365 
 
 The dreary bounds of earth, and fea, and air, 
 Of heaven above, and Tartarus below. 
 
 Bryant, 
 
 Mr. Bryant has omitted one very material 
 part of Hefiod's defcription, which it will be 
 proper therefore for me to add, becaufe it 
 points out to us very accurately the peculiar 
 mode, in which the Titans were punifhed. 
 Neptune is faid to have clofed the outlets of 
 their prifon-houfe with gates of brafs, fo that 
 all poffibility of efcape was utterly precluded, 
 
 Ei$"c& B'eot Titwss" V7T0 Zotyoo yjspcevri 
 KsxpvCpctTcy, (ixM<ri Aio? vetpeXyiyepereto, 
 Xaqa) ev evpaevTt, TSthcoMs eyy&Tct* ycurif. 
 Toi? hk s^itov e<?r whets $* €7re3'v}K£ Hoa-etScov 
 XctAxeidf, tsixo? ttpixeiTcit £ ctfAtyoTepoo&ev P. 
 
 Deep in the bowels of the yawning earth, 
 The Titan hoft, with adamantine chains, 
 Was firmly bound. All exit was denied, 
 For Ocean's lord, with folid gates of brafs, 
 Had clos'd their gloomy prifon. 
 
 In this tradition Neptune is evidently the 
 great god of the fea, or the patriarch Noah q j 
 
 * Theogon. ver. 729. 
 
 1 If the reader choofes rather to confider Neptune as the 
 personification of the fea, the import of the tradition will ftili 
 remain precifely the fame. 
 
 and 
 
266 A DISSERTATION 
 
 and the gloomy prifon, within which the Ti- 
 tans are confined, is the dark cavern of the 
 vaft central abyfs r . Hence the Orphic poet, 
 in his hymn to the Titans, terms them, with 
 great propriety, the cmceftors of our fathers, the 
 mojl remote progenitors of mankind. 
 
 TiT'/jvef, youv\s re xcti Ovpctvov ayXottt, rexvet, 
 
 'H/LLsrepcdv m^oyovoL zJctrspav, ycuys v7revefoev 
 Oixoi? TctpTccpioia-i fjuuxca y^ovos svvcuovref, 
 h^x/u xcu TZnycu ziclvtw Stvyitoov z3oAv{A,ox9~w, 
 
 r The ancient pagans invariably placed their Tartarus, or 
 infernal regions, in the very centre of the globe. To the proofs 
 of this, already adduced, (vide fupra chap, v.) the reader may 
 add the following. 
 
 H ftzv lX(cv p^co e; Ta^la-pov njspoEvla, 
 T73AS fxaX, riy\ (3a§irov vtto %§ovo<; ejs (Septvpov, 
 ExSa aior,peixi te wvXoii xai yu.'XKZ.os aao?, 
 Toaaov £><£p$ A'iSsu, oaov spavoq ir cnro yxvf,c.. 
 
 Horn. Iliad, lib. viii. ver. ij. 
 The diftinclion, which Homer here makes between Tartarus 
 and Hades,, feems to be more poetical than real. At leafl the 
 only poflible difference between them is this : Tartarus, with 
 its brazen foil and iron gates, may be the central nucleus (if 
 any fuch exift) ; and Hades may be the cavernal fpace imme- 
 diately beneath the fhell of the earth. The reader will find 
 fome curious remarks upon Tartarus and Hades in Bp. Horf- 
 ley's Tranfl. of Hofea, p. 157, 200. I fufpect however, that 
 the notion of the pagan infernal regions being a place of pu- 
 nishment arofe entirely from their being the receptacle of the 
 Titans, or that impious race which was cut off by the waters 
 of the flood. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 267 
 
 E? vfxcov yup t3cl<t& tjzXu yzvia, kccto, kot^qv s . 
 
 All. hail, ye Titans, children of the earth 
 And (tarry heaven, of our departed fires 
 Th' illuftrious progenitors ! Ye, who dwell 
 Within the deep receffes of the earth, 
 The gloomy realms of Tartarus, all hail ! 
 From you the toiling race of haplefs men 
 Deduce their anceftry ; from you the birds, 
 The fcaly tenants of the briny deep, 
 The beads of earth, and all the generations 
 Of living things, their origin derive. 
 
 I am much inclined to think, that in this 
 paffage the poet has confounded together the 
 Noetic Titans, and thofe, who perifhed in the 
 waters of the deluge. The concluding verfes, 
 though not applicable to the latter, are per- 
 fectly appropriate to the former, being an ap- 
 parent allufion to the prefervation of the birds 
 and beafts in the Ark. 
 
 From thefe general remarks, I mall pro- 
 ceed to a more particular coniideration of the 
 Titanic hiftory. 
 
 The elder Bacchus, as w r e have already 
 feen, is the patriarch Noah ; but a younger 
 Bacchus is likewife mentioned, who is cer- 
 
 8 Hymn 36, 
 
 tainly 
 
268 A DISSERTATION 
 
 tainly a very different perfon. This circum- 
 ftance has introduced much confufion, the 
 actions of the one having frequently been 
 afcribed to the other. The mythological 
 poem of Nonnus principally relates to the 
 younger or Indian Bacchus; and, although 
 he is confeious of the diftinction, which I 
 have mentioned, yet he more than once 
 falls into the error of mixing together their 
 refpective hiftories. The poem opens with 
 the war between Jupiter and Typhon ; 
 whom Nonnus defcribes as taking entire pof- 
 feffion of the fea, and ftriking terror into all 
 the inhabitants of the vaft deep. In the fe- 
 cond book the monfter is fubdued, and peace 
 reflored to the diftracled univerfe. The, 
 whole of this, as I have before obferved, re- 
 lates to the events of the deluge. The third, 
 fourth, and fifth books contain the fabulous 
 hiftory of the houfe of Cadmus. In the 
 fixth, a literal account is given of the deluge, 
 and of the prefervation of Deucalion in an 
 ark : and in the feventh are celebrated the 
 loves of Jupiter, and Semele the mother of 
 Bacchus. 
 
 With regard to the diftindlion between the 
 two Bacchi, Nonnus himfelf fpeaks of an 
 elder and a younger Bacchus : the firft of 
 whom he reprefents encountering the Titans, 
 
 and 
 
ON THE CABIRL 269 
 
 and the latter engaged in battle with the 
 giants. 
 
 
 Tcuct xoXaGftevy] eiSvptss S'apr^e Qovfia? 
 UpecGinrePHf Tn'^vctg €7ri tzpqtspco AtGvvo-a)> 
 'OTrXortpxs Jk yiyctvTO,? etr o\^iyovco Aiovvcra*. 
 
 Hence it is evident, that, if the elder Bac- 
 chus be Noah, the Titanic war muft be re- 
 ferred to the deluge. The poet however is 
 guilty of an error in diftinguifhing between 
 the giants, and the Titans ; for they were 
 one and the fame race of impious antedilu- 
 vians, and confequently the younger Bacchus 
 had not the fmalleft connection with them. 
 I know that Bochart fuppofes this deity to 
 be Nimrod, and derives his name from Bar- 
 Chus, the fon of Chus, or CufJi u ; I am confcious 
 alfo, that Mr. Bryant has in a great meafure 
 adopted this opinion throughout the third vo- 
 lume of his Analyfis, and that he refers the 
 flight and fufferings of Bacchus to the dif- 
 perfion of the builders of Babel : but 1 can- 
 not believe, that the tyrant of Shinar is ei- 
 ther the firft, or the fecond Bacchus. The 
 whole, that Mr. Bryant brings to prove his 
 point, appears to me to relate decidedly to 
 
 * Dionyf. lib. xlviii. p, 822. 
 w Boch. Phaleg. lib. i. cap. 2. 
 
 the 
 
a;o A DISSERTATION 
 
 the elder Bacchus, and to the events of the 
 deluge; hence, if this imagined fimilarity be- 
 tween their hiftories be removed, there will 
 be nothing in common between the younger 
 Bacchus, and Nimrod. It is clear, both from 
 Arrian, Nonnus, and all the ancient mytho- 
 logifts, that this laft deity is the fame as tfce 
 conqueror of India. Now, we have not the 
 leaft reafon to fuppofe, that Nimrod ever in- 
 vaded that country ; • on the contrary, tradi- 
 tion almoft univerfally defcribes him as pe- 
 rifhing beneath the ruins of the tower x : but, 
 if we turn our eyes to the theology of Hin- 
 doflan, we mall find, that Bacchus is there 
 called Rama y ; a circumftance, which feems 
 indifputably to prove, that he is Raamah, the 
 fon of Cum, mentioned by Mofes, and by no 
 means the mighty hunter Nimrod z . Upon 
 the whole then we may conclude, that the 
 poem of Nonnus relates chiefly to the fecond 
 Bacchus, or the Indian Rama ; but that he 
 has added a variety of traditions, which are 
 applicable only to theyfr/? Bacchus, or Noah. 
 
 x Syncel. Chronog. p. 42. — Cedren. Hill. Comp. p. 11. 
 
 y Maur. Hilt, of Hind. vol. ii. p. 13 r, 132. 
 
 z " And the Tons of Cufh ; Seba, and Havilah, and Sabtah, 
 " and Raamah." Gen. x. 7. The ufual claffical name of 
 Nimrod appears to be Orion, or Belus the younger, and not Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 In 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 2 ;i 
 
 In a preceding page I obferved, that the 
 fable of Bacchus being torn by the Titans 
 feems to be a corruption of the primitive tra- 
 dition. This I apprehend to have been, upon 
 the authority of the Hindoo legend of Maha- 
 Deva and Sita, that the allegorical coJifort of 
 Bacchus, or in other words the Ark, burft 
 afunder ; and that the hero gods, contained 
 within her womb, were fcattered over the 
 face of the whole earth \ Be that as it may, 
 we univerfally find, that the elder Bacchus 
 was the deity torn by the Titans ; and confe- 
 quently it muft follow, that the age of the 
 Titans is coincident with the era of the de- 
 luge. Thus Nonnus mentions, that his hero, 
 thzfecond Bacchus, ox Raamah, was a tauri- 
 form imitation of the firfl, who was the off- 
 fprin'g of the dracontine Jupiter, and Profer- 
 pine b . 
 
 a Vide fupra p. 87. 
 
 b The Dragon in this tradition relates to the fymbolical wor- 
 fhip of the Sun, which, as we have frequently feen, was adored 
 in conjunction with the great patriarch. (Vide fupra vol. i. 
 p. 190.) Hence Paufanias mentions, that, in the citadel of 
 Megara, which was built by Car the fon cf Phoroneus, was a 
 ftatue of Bacchus-Nuctelius. Paul". Attic, p. 97. When we 
 recollect; the connection between the deluge, and the hiftory of 
 Phoroneus ; we mall have little doubt, but that Nuclelius is 
 Nuch-Tel, Noah the Sun. Bacchus was alfo called Nucior, 
 which is Nuch-Tor, the tauric Noah. 
 
 NtfcTwp toc ttg^u, c-s^otjjt £^s* <7xoto?. Eurip. ap. Schol. in 
 
 Soph. 
 
%1% A DISSERTATION 
 
 HeJ>7 yct% (Ltsveccive veov Aiovva-ov ctefceiv* 
 Tcwpo(pve? fjU[A,q[AcL 7rcL\ouysveo$ Aiovv<ra y 
 AivofjLopx Za/y^os" s%c*)V wo&ov vypif&eoeov Zeus' 
 'Ov tbks Usptretpoveiet, tyajcovreiy Aiog evvv\ c . 
 
 The title of Zagreus, here applied to the elder 
 Bacchus, Bochart fuppofes to be equivalent 
 to the mighty hunter ; and therefore immediate- 
 ly concludes, that this Bacchus mud be Nim- 
 rod d . There would have been fome degree 
 of plaufibility in the notion, had the epithet 
 been given to the younger Bacchus ; but fince 
 the Jirft of thefe deities, or Noah, bears the 
 name, the whole hypothefis muft of courfe 
 fall to the ground. The word Zagreus > in 
 fact, has not the leaft reference to hunting ; 
 it is merely Z'Agreus, the great Agruerus c > or 
 hujbandman, a title ftri&ly and exclufively ap- 
 plicable to the patriarch Noah. This elder 
 Bacchus, according to Nonnus, was torn afun-* 
 
 Soph. Antig. ver. 1163. The fcholiaft upon Sophocles fup- 
 pofes, that he was fo called from the circumftance of his myf- 
 teries being celebrated in the night. I am much inclined to 
 think, that that particular time was originally devoted to the 
 Bacchic rites, in allufion to the gloom of the Ark ; and that 
 both the Greek and the Latin words, which fignify night, 
 namely Nux, and No*, are equally derived from Nucb, or Noacb. 
 
 c Dionyf. lib. v. p. no. 
 
 d Eoch. Phal. lib. i. cap. 2. 
 
 e Agrus, Agruerus, and Agroles, were all equally titles of 
 Noah. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 35, 44. 
 
 der 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 273 
 
 der by the Titans, at the inftigation of Juno ; 
 and Jupiter, to revenge his death, flew the 
 mother of the Titans, in the region of Bac- 
 triana, near the Cafpian fea f . Here we find, 
 that the legend approximates yet more nearly 
 to the original Hindoo tradition refpe&ing 
 Maha-Deva, and Sita. The mother of the 
 Titans is Sita, or the Ark ; and her allegori- 
 cal death at the hands of Jupiter is the very 
 fame circumftance as the dilaceration of Sita. 
 What further proves the truth of this fuppo- 
 fition, the Hindoos believe, though errone- 
 ously, that the Ark grounded upon the fum- 
 mit of C'haifa-Ghar in the region of Bactria- 
 na, rather than upon that of the Armenian 
 Ararat g . 
 
 The author of the poems attributed to 
 Orpheus fuppofes the body of Bacchus to 
 have been cut into [even pieces, the precife 
 number both of the Cabiri and the Titans, 
 or in other words of the Noetic family exclu- 
 five of their head h ; and this fable is clofely 
 connected with the hiftory of the Curetes, 
 from whom the Titans are faid to have ob- 
 
 f Dionyi. lib. vi. p. 121. 
 8 Vide fupra p. 80. 
 
 h 'Eirra h nccvla. pep y.ypa htpo^crxvTO. Orph. apud Proc. in 
 Tim. lib. iii. p. 184. 
 
 vol. 11. t tained 
 
274 A DISSERTATION 
 
 tained Bacchus by means of a ftratagem *. 
 The reafon is obvious ; the legend of the 
 Curetes, no lefs than that of the Titans, re- 
 lates to the events of the deluge. After Bac- 
 chus had been torn, his members were care- 
 fully collected by Rhea, and joined together 
 again k . 
 
 It is evident, that thefe traditions concern- 
 ing Bacchus are the very fame, as thofe, which 
 have been preferved refpecling Ofiris. This 
 Egyptian deity is no other than the elder Bac- 
 chus, or Noah; 
 
 -Aiyv7rTix Aicvvcrx 
 
 Euik* (pQiTy}T'/]pcf Oosipi^qs opyict Qouvav K 
 
 But he has not the ilighteft connection with 
 the younger Bacchus, or Raamah m . Hence 
 
 1 T« yct^ £uovjct3 t u.irvcioc rzhiov wrruvSpuTroi' lv aiatl* ?ra»&* o#Ja, 
 tvowAw iu wcr ei vepfyopivo tlvv KovglRwv, doAo; oe i7roovvlvvTi}xvvv,ct'7rcclr l ~ 
 'aavlzq irx&x^u&ahv a.$vpjjt,xcru vroi ee ol T»W=? $ize-7rx&xv. Clem- 
 Alex. Cohor. ad Gent. p. xv. — See alio Jul. Firm.de Err. Prof. 
 Rel. p. 13. 
 
 MvSot.oycilcci <$£, on ^aa-zraaSn; (Aioivccx;) vno ruv Tilxvuv, ovt m 
 £i§Y) wotMv vTio rys *Pix<;. Phorn. de Nat. Deor. cap. 30. 
 
 1 Non. Dion. lib. iv. p. 80. 
 
 m I lpeak of the elder Ofiris, for I am perfuaded, that there 
 were two Ofirides, as well as two Bacchi, although they have 
 not been fo accurately diftinguimed by mytholcgifts. Thus, 
 when Ofiris is faid to have made an expedition into India ; 
 (Diod. Bibl. lib. i. p. 17.) it is evident, that in this character 
 he muft be the fame peirfonas thejounger Bacchus, or Raamah: 
 
 but, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 375 
 
 Diodorus Siculus mentions, that Ofiris alfo 
 was torn afunder by the Titans n ; and that 
 his confort Ills rambled over the whole world 
 in fearch of his fcattered limbs. From this 
 circumftance he deduces the origin of the ne- 
 farious rites of the Phallus, which equally pre- 
 vailed in the myfteries both of Ofiris, and of 
 Dionufus ° ; and from the fame fource arofe 
 the difgufting fable of Priapus, w T ho is faid by 
 the fcholiaft upon Apollonius Rhodius, to have 
 been the fon of Bacchus and Venus, and to 
 have been born at the city Abarnis p . 
 
 As Ofiris was engaged with the Titans, fo 
 he is likewife faid to have been attacked by 
 Typhon, or the Ocean, and to have been in- 
 clofed in an ark. This happened on the feven- 
 teenth day of the month Athyr, when the 
 
 when he is defcribed as torn by the Titans, it is equally 
 evident, that he is then the elder Bacchus. 
 
 n Bacchus is faid to have been torn by the Titans into feven. 
 pieces, and Ofiris into fourteen. (Plut. de Ifid. p. 368.) It is 
 manifeft, 'that both thefe (lories are in fubftance the fame, for 
 the fecond number is merely the reduplicate of the firft. By 
 a variation of much the fame nature, the ancient mythologies 
 added feven Titanides, and feven Cabirae, to the feven Titans, 
 and feven Cabiri. Hence it will follow, that Plutarch's expla- 
 nation of the number fourteen upon phyfical principles refts 
 upon no folid foundation. 
 
 Diod. Bibl. lib. iv. p. 214. — lib. i. p. 19. 
 
 ? Schol. in Apoll, Arg. lib. i. ver. 932. 
 
 t 2, fun 
 
27* A DISSERTATION 
 
 funpaffes through the fign of Scorpio q ; which, 
 as Mr. Bryant juftly obferves, was the very 
 day that Noah entered into the Ark. Ofiris 
 then is evidently the patriarch ; and Typhon 
 muft neceflarily be, what Plutarch affirms 
 he is, the Ocean, not the Babylonian tower, 
 as Mr. Bryant has fuppofed. Ofiris moreover 
 is connected with the Titans ; but Ofiris is 
 Noah ; therefore the Titans muft have been 
 contemporary with Noah. With regard to 
 Horus, the imaginary fon of Ofiris, he appears 
 in fact to be the very fame perfon as his fa- 
 ther r . Hence he is faid to have been con- 
 cealed from Typhon in the ifland near Buto s ; 
 to have been torn in pieces by the Titans ; 
 to have been found dead in the midft of the 
 waters ; and to have been afterwards reftored 
 to life and immortality l . 
 
 I have obferved, that the giants, whom 
 
 •J Plut. de Rid. et Ofir. p. 356. 
 1 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 162. 
 8 Herod, lib. ii. cap. 156. 
 
 1 E^eip ^e ctvTT,v (tujh Ici^gc) xea To ryq O,^0CV0i(riXq (pUfl/.OlY.OV, h ii 
 To* vto9 ilpov, vtto toov TiTctvuv eTnGhSteiScVTcc., xat vey^ov sietScvTa. xaS 
 vaccio;, f/,y) povov avar-ric-m ohitoiv rr,v ^vy^.v, aXhct v.a.\ rr,; aBavzc-ia? 
 iro\r,<jct.\ ptrxXaSiiv. Diod. Bibl. lib. i. p. 22. This drug of 
 immortality, with which Ifis reftored her fon Horus, forcibly 
 reminds us of the Hindoo Amrecta, or water of immortality, 
 which was produced after the deluge. See Maur. Hift. of 
 Hind. vol. i p. 585. 
 
 Non- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 277 
 
 Nonnus erroneoufly oppofes to the fecond 
 Bacchus, were the fame as the antediluvian 
 Titans, or the Nephelim mentioned by Mo- 
 fes ; and that their bitter quarrels with each 
 other w 7 ere terminated only by the catallro- 
 phe of the deluge. It is remarkable, that 
 they make an equally confpicuous figure in 
 the mythology of Egypt. Diodorus Siculus 
 obferves, that in the days of Ifis, or the Ark, 
 were men of a vail llature, who by the Greeks 
 w 7 ere denominated giants u . Thefe were reck- 
 oned by fome Gegenis, or children of the earth, 
 an appellation, which is likewife bellowed 
 upon the Titans x ; and they were generally 
 fuppofed to have been all deftroyed in their 
 war againll Ofiris or Noah, and the confede- 
 rated deities y . 
 
 To the fame event mull be referred the 
 various fabulous encounters of Jupiter with 
 the giants ; though different nations frequent- 
 ly fuppofed the fcene of aclion to have lain 
 
 u Ol & uv AiyvTTTioi fjLV-Johoyticrt xol« rr,v Icn<)o<; ^Aixta* ytyanton 
 rwa.; irohvaufAoAeg tbs viro piv ruv EhXriw)/ evc t ua£o^£V£g y\ya.\>[*$. 
 Diod. Bibl. lib. i. p. 23. 
 
 x Enot (U,ev 81 ctVTtis yr,yzvi\<; <pct7\v incc^cti. Ibid. 
 y TvpCpuvHTcu d£ trafoc tojj vAlffOif, ot» rets 7rtoi tov Aux x.ai rev 
 Ocnp» $£0»j 7TcXj^,C/» £»5-ij5 - au.e»'C» TrxiTH avTjptS^j-cb. Ibid. 
 
 t 3 within 
 
■zjS A DISSERTATION 
 
 within their own refpe&ive territories. Thus, 
 Jupiter was faid to have deflroyed fome of 
 his enormous antagonifts in Crete ; and others, 
 with Typhon at their head, in Phrygia. In 
 one of thefe battles, a perfon, named Museus, 
 whom the Orphic poet ftyles the offspring of 
 the refplendent Moon z , or, in other words, of 
 the lunar Ark, was believed to have volunta- 
 rily quitted the caufe of his rebellious bre- 
 thren, and in return to have received from 
 the gods proportionable honours. I have lit- 
 tle doubt but that the virtuous fingularity of 
 Noah is here alluded to ; and this fuppofition 
 is confirmed by the figniflcation of the title 
 Museus, which feems to be derived from Mu, 
 or Mou, water*. Another battle with the 
 giants was feigned to have taken place at Pal- 
 lene in Macedonia ; and another in Italy, 
 upon the Phlegrean plains* b . The general 
 
 2 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 244. 
 
 a Maw? to b$w%. Hefych. The word Mou is properly Coptic, 
 but it feems to fpring originally from the Hebrew Mi. 
 
 <S>aciv etvTct (to? A»a) scat ry? ytyStfims avi'Kuv, ev fjusv Kpnfr, rug 
 Tn^i MfXiroy^ y.ctlx tqv typvyictv tovi; Ttipi r Tv<pct)vcc'~—a.v\Gy.o'Ky)<7a.i ynt 
 yap tK ruv TroXtuivv Movaaiov, xcct tv^hv ueiapzvuv Tif/.&i>' xaTcotoTTV 
 va\ o vtto Twit Cicjv ecrrct.vTcc$ tov<; ccvma^aiAivovs. "Zvrrjvui $e «a» ctK- 
 7<ovq TtciKi^w; teulu five? yiyaflcc<;, tyi; y.m Mcati^ovius Trspi tv)v Tla^rj- 
 uriVy T7jc 6 lra\ia<; xojbs to ireoiov to pev TraXxiov a.7ro rov xcx.T ancKCtv 
 (.itvcv T07rcv Qteygctooi wopa^-To. Diod. Bibl. lib, v. p. 338. 
 
 rea- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 279 
 
 reafon, affigned for their deftru&ion, was their 
 daring impiety towards the gods, and their 
 lawlefs excefles againft men c . 
 
 The fcholiaft upon Pindar varies fomewhat 
 from Diodorus Siculus, by placing Phlegra in 
 Thrace, and bringing the arkite gods Her- 
 cules d and Bacchus to the war againft the 
 giants e ; while the author of the Orphic 
 hymns fuppofes, that the Hippian or arkite 
 Minerva alfo contributed to their overthrow f . 
 
 c KoXacrSr^ai & rov; yiyaClcts two A»o? &a tt,v e»? tov? aTvXoy? «*- 
 vpunovs ira^avo^nzv, kou <5W to Ta»; tow cufxctlog viti^ya.^ y.ai (upcus 
 twro&oiatz, y.a.Ta$<>v7\ov(T§xi (/.ev rov$ 7r^r ; a»op^w|ot;^ a.7re&iii> oe TctJ 9T£- 
 p Toy otxaiou tiS^ievo»j vopois. Ibid. p. 339* 
 
 d We have already feen, that Hercules was the great god of 
 the Ark j and accordingly, the Orphic poet plainly calls him a 
 Titan y that is a Noetic Titan, as contradiftinguiihed from the 
 other antediluvians. 
 
 Hfecy.Xtg otp/xoSt'^E, psyot7§inq y uXy.ii/.t TtTav. Hymn. II. 
 
 e Q>\iyfcc totto? et Sc<xv.ri> ivSa. ol yiyavng avq^ZYitrar vtto Sew*— — 
 H^axXeo? Totvri/ y.ai Aiowcra avuXBovruVy tx.ftzTna-a.v ol Scot run yiya.it- 
 Tm. Schol. in Nem. i. ver. 100. Stephanus of Byzantium 
 alfo places Phlegra in Thrace. (DeUrb. p. 741.) But Vale- 
 rius Flaccus, (Arg. lib. i. ver. 564.) and Statius, (Sylv. 
 lib. iii. p. 95.) agree with Diodorus Siculus. 
 
 f There is precifely the fame uncertainty refpecting the 
 country, in which Typhon was fuppofed to have been con- 
 quered, as there is with regard to that, in which the war with 
 the giants took place. Tzetzes obferves, that fome fixed the 
 overthrow of Typhon in Sicily, fome in Lydia, fome in Cilicia, 
 fome in Phrygia, and others in Beotia. (Tzet. in Lycoph. 
 ver. 177.) To this lift he might have added, that others again 
 fixed it at Nnfa in Arabia. (Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 6.) 
 
 t 4 The 
 
sSo A DISSERTATION 
 
 TptTcyEveia, Avreipa kcdloov, vucqtpops ^ctipovS. 
 
 Apollodorus gives a very particular account of 
 this battle ; and mentions the names of feve- 
 ral of the giants, who were flain either by 
 Jupiter, Hercules, or Minerva. One of them 
 was denominated Tolybotek This monfter 
 vainly attempted to efcape the arm of Nep- 
 tune, by eroding the waters of the Ocean ; 
 but the god, feizing a fragment of the ifland 
 Cos, darted the enormous mafs at the giant, 
 and crufhed him beneath its weight 11 . It is 
 not impoffible, that the ftory of Polybotes 
 may have been invented for the purpofe of 
 defcribing the difappointed efforts, made by 
 fome of the antediluvians, to fave themfelves 
 from impending deftruction. 
 
 To the Phlegrean giants I apprehend that 
 the Phlegyae were very nearly allied, both 
 their hiftories referring alike to the events of 
 the flood. The Phlegyas are faid to have come 
 from the land of Minyas 1 , and in the pride 
 of their heart to have quitted the city of the 
 
 The fact is, that the vanity of each nation appropriated to a 
 particular diftri&, an event, in which the whole world was 
 equally concerned. 
 
 g Hymn. 31. 
 
 h Apollod. Bib!, lib. i. cap. 6. 
 
 1 Ex 7'/}? Mivvocaoc yu^a* el 4>Myvect. Pauf, Baeot. p. 728. 
 
 Orcho- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 281 
 
 Orchomenians k or arkites ; which defection 
 of theirs from the Minyse or Noachidas proved 
 eventually the caufe of their deftruclion ; for, 
 like the Phlegrean giants, they were at length 
 deftroyed by the gods with thunder and light- 
 ning. This tradition feems to have been 
 founded upon the feparation of the antedilu- 
 vian giants or Titans from the family of Noah. 
 They refufed to imitate the piety of that pa- 
 triarch, and were confequently excluded from 
 the Ark by their own wicked nefs. Nonnus 
 fomewhat varies from Paufanias in his account 
 of the deftruclion of the Phlegyae ; but the 
 variation is of fuch a nature as to give addi- 
 tional probability to the foregoing fuppofition, 
 that they were the fame as the Phlegrean gi- 
 ants and the antediluvian Titans. 
 
 Kcu QAsyvct? ots TravTcts a,vepit£a<re B'aAcanrv^ 
 ~Nr}<rov oAyv TQioS'ovTi $i&ppv$t&s EvoirixB'Cdv K 
 
 From its deep-rooted bafe the Phlegyan iile 
 Stern Neptune (hook, and plunged beneath the 
 
 waves 
 Its impious inhabitants. 
 
 About the fame period happened the Phle- 
 grean war m , which was fuppofed to have taken 
 
 * AlfiT^l^OLV TE UVCC X? " 09 a7ro rUV a,7\\UV O^XputVWV V7TQ etVOtOtq XiXt 
 
 Tc<Ap?$ 04 <$>\tyva.i. Ibid. p. 782. 
 1 Dionyf. lib. xviii. p. 319. 
 m This is evident from the following combination of cir- 
 
%%% A DISSERTATION 
 
 place during the life of Eetes, king of Colchi, 
 unci lather of Medea. Hence Apollonius de- 
 scribes that prince as wearing a breaft-plate 
 prefented to him by Mars, who had taken it 
 from the Phlegrean giant Mimas. 
 
 Kcti tot ct0 AtriT'/jf 7T6(>i jusv q-yjB'so'criP seq-o 
 
 0Cc)OyjKCC ^CLOIOV, TOV Ot 7T0P6V s£w 0,pt%0,S 
 
 ^L(puiiT£Drs $tey(*a,iov A^f vtto yjp<n Mij^ccvtcl n . 
 
 The father of the Phlegyae was fuppofed 
 to have been Phlegyas, whom Virgil places 
 in the very centre of the myftic Hades . 
 This Phlegyas was the reputed fon of Mars 
 by Chryfa the daughter of Almus p , and he 
 was clofely connected with the Periian folar 
 deity Mithras. According to Phavorinus, the 
 worfhip of the gods commenced in Ethiopia, 
 or the land of the Cuthites; and the perfons, 
 principally concerned in introducing it, were, 
 
 cumftances. The Phlegyae were contemporary with Minyas ; 
 Minyas and his children were contemporary with Eetes, and 
 Eetes was contemporary with the Phlegrean war. Hence I 
 think myfelf juftified in conjecturing, that the overthrow of 
 the Phlegyae, and the deftru&ion of the Phlegreans, were the 
 lame event. 
 
 n Argon, lib. iii. ver. 1224. 
 
 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 326. 
 
 p Xcvorr,; or t»j$ Atyi£ xctf Ag : .v; i%H §r>p,r\ yin&OLi $"hiyvot.v. Pauf. 
 
 Bo30t. p. 782. 
 
 Phle- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 283 
 
 Phlegyas and Mithras q . By this however no- 
 thing more, I conceive, is meant, than that 
 the helio-arkite Myfleries were invented by 
 Nimrod and his Cuthites. Stephanus of By- 
 zantium mentions a city of Beotia, which 
 from the above-mentioned Phlegyas w T as 
 called Phlegya r . The circumitance is per- 
 fectly in character ; for, as Beotia is fimply 
 the land of the t auriform Ark, fo both Phle- 
 gyas and Phlegya are alike derived from Pe- 
 leg, the ocean, Efculapius was of this family, 
 being the offspring of Apollo by Coronis the 
 daughter of Phlegyas 5 ; in other words, he 
 w 7 as an arkite deity, and confequently related 
 in blood to the impious, no lefs than to the 
 pious antediluvians. In a fimilar manner, 
 and for the very fame reafon, Minyas, the an- 
 ceftor of the Argonautic Minyas, was fup- 
 pofed to have been contemporary with, and 
 very nearly related to, the Phlegyse 1 . 
 
 I am perfuaded, that the tradition of the 
 finking of the Phlegyan ifle is the very fame 
 as that of the finking of the ifland Atlantis. 
 They both appear to me to allude to one 
 
 * Steph. Byzan. de Urb. p. 60. 
 
 Steph. Byzan. de Urb. p. 741. 
 s Pauf. Corinth, p. 170. 
 
 * Pauf. Bceot. p. 782, 78J. 
 
 great 
 
234 A DISSERTATION 
 
 great event, the finking of the old world be- 
 neath the waters of the deluge, or, if we fup- 
 pofe the arch of the earth to have remained 
 in its original pofition, the rifing of the cen- 
 tral waters above it. M. Bailly indeed in his 
 work upon the Atlantis of Plato, the object 
 of which is evidently to depreciate the autho- 
 rity of the fcriptural chronology, labours to 
 prove, that the Atlantians were a very an- 
 cient northern nation, long prior to the Hin- 
 doos, the Phenicians, and the Egyptians. 
 This point he endeavours to eftabliih by dif- 
 covering traces of them in the mythological 
 hiftories of Greece, Egypt, Phenicia, and Scy- 
 thia ; and by attempting to fet afide the ac- 
 count of Plato, that the ifland Atlantis was 
 overwhelmed beneath the waves of the Ocean. 
 The force of truth however leads him un- 
 guardedly to maintain, for he doubtlefs did 
 not perceive the confequences of fuch a poii- 
 tion, that the Atlantians were the fame as 
 the Titans and the giants ; and he even cites 
 an ancient tradition, preferved by Cofmas In- 
 dico-Pleuftes, that Noah formerly inhabited 
 the ifland Atlantis, but that at the time of 
 the deluge he was carried in an ark to that 
 continent, which has ever fmce been occupied 
 by his pofterity u . Thefe particulars unequi- 
 
 u Lettres fur l'Atlantide. 
 
 vocally 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 285 
 
 vocally point out to us the proper mode of 
 explaining the hiftory of the Atlantians. 
 This imaginary northern nation of M. Bailly 
 was in facl the whole body of antediluvians, 
 who were indifferently termed Atla?:tians and 
 Titans ; Atlantians, from their devotion to 
 the worfhip of At-Al-As, the divine Sun x , 
 and Titans, from Tit, the deluge. The Noe- 
 tic family alfo, confidered in the' light of an- 
 tediluvians, bore the very fame appellation* 
 of Atlantians and Titans ; and the great pa- 
 triarch himfelf was called, by way of emi- 
 nence, Atlas and Titan. Accordingly, as the 
 deluge was univerfal, fo the legends refpect- 
 ing the Atlantians and the Titans were uni- 
 verfal likewife. Hence we find an Atlas in 
 Phenicia, an Atlas in Arcadia, and an Atlas 
 in the ifland Atlantis.. Hence alio it will 
 follow, that the widely- prevailing traditions 
 concerning the Atlantians by no means prove, 
 as M. Bailly would infinuate, that they were 
 a pojldiluvian race, which flourished before the 
 foundation of the Hindoo, the Egyptian, and 
 the Phenician empires : they merely fhew, 
 that fome knowledge of the flood was pre- 
 ferved alike in every quarter of the globe. 
 The Atlantians were celebrated throughout 
 
 x Vide fupra vol. i. p. 10. 
 
 the 
 
z%6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 the whole world ; and fo were the Titans, 
 the Minyae, and the Argonauts : the caufe 
 w r as precifely the fame in all thefe apparently 
 different cafes. 
 
 M. Bailly has faithfully detailed the ac- 
 count given by Plato of the ifland Atlantis ; 
 an account, which perfectly corroborates the 
 preceding fuppofition, for it is folely applica- 
 ble to the antediluvian world. Plato de- 
 fcribes the firft couple, from whom the whole 
 ifland was afterwards peopled, as being formed 
 out of the earth ; and obferves, that the 
 country was divided into ten parts, according 
 to the number of their pofterity. M. Bailly 
 maintains, and very juftly, that the theology 
 of Sanchoniatho is' the fame as that of the 
 Atlantians : hence we may fairly conclude, 
 that the Atlantian couple, formed out of the 
 earth, are Adam and Eve ; and that the ten 
 parts, into which the country was fuppofed 
 to have been divided, allude to the ten pri- 
 mitive antediluvian generations. Plato after- 
 wards proceeds to defcribe the inhabitants of 
 this celebrated ifland. Thefe were at firft 
 remarkable for their piety ; and, in confe- 
 quence of it, were the favourites of the gods, 
 and enjoyed all the happinefs of the golden 
 age. In procefs of time however they dege- 
 nerated from their priftine integrity, and were 
 
 guilty 
 
ON THE CABIRT. fe$j 
 
 guilty of all forts of violence and impurity. 
 Jupiter at length, beholding their incorrigible 
 depravity, overwhelmed their ifland with the 
 waves of the ocean, and utterly deftroyed the 
 whole race. If to this tradition we add that 
 already mentioned from Cofmas Indico-Pleu- 
 ftes, that Noah, at the time of the immerfiort 
 of the Atlantis, made his efcape in the Ark 
 to the prefent continent, we mail then have 
 the whole both of the antediluvian and dilu- 
 vian hiftory complete. Confequently M. Bail- 
 ly's iyftem of a northern nation, long antece- 
 dent to the empires of Babylon, Egypt, and 
 Hindoftan y , appears to be built entirely upon 
 
 y The undoubted reiemblance, which exifts between the 
 Brahmins and thesDraids, moft probably originated from the 
 Afiatic extraction of the latter. The various Japhetic tribes, 
 which peopled Europe, all came out of the widely-extended re- 
 gions of Tartary; and many of them, among whom were 
 doubtlefs the Celtic Druids, from the neighbourhood of the 
 Indian Caucafus. Hence there is nothing very wonderful in 
 this mutual refemblancej nor can I comprehend how it pre/- rs 
 the exiftence of a highly polifhcd northern nation, differ^;.: 
 from, and long prior to, both the Celts, and the Hindoo?. So 
 clofe was the conne6tion formerly kept up between the Scy- 
 thians and the Hindoos, that the mixed race, which occupied 
 the fpace between Scythia proper and India proper, were deno- 
 minated Indo-Scythians. See Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 174. . As 
 for the Magogian Scythians, whom Col. Vallancey fuppofes to 
 be a branch of the ancient loft nation of M. Bailly, they were 
 evidently a mere tribe of Tartars, which, like the other tribes 
 
 of 
 
288 A DISSERTATION 
 
 this fundamental error, the placing the Atlan- 
 tians after, inftead of before, the deluge 7 . 
 
 of that great family, brought with them into the Weft the he- 
 lio-arkite traditions and idolatry of the Eaft. 
 
 z The founder of the Babylonian empire is declared in 
 Scripture to be Nimrod, who flourifhed in the fourth genera- 
 tion after the flood : hence it is fufficiently manifeft, that, ac- 
 cording to the Mofaical chronology, no poftdiluvian empire 
 can have preceded it. If indeed M. Bailly means only the 
 later Babylonian empire, namely, that of the Medes and Per- 
 fians, hiftory in that cafe is fufficiently explicit in bearing tef- 
 timony to the irruptions of the Scythians j (Herod, lib. i. 
 cap. 104.) but thefe events happened long fubfequent to the 
 foundation of the kingdom of -Egypt. M. Bailly, being per- 
 fectly aware that his hypothecs of the arts and fciences having 
 had their origin in very high northern latitudes could not be 
 admitted, according to the exifting order of things, on account 
 of the intenfe cold prevalent in thofe regions, adopts the nota- 
 ble fyftem of M. Buffon, invented, like his own, for the purpofe 
 of invalidating the Mofaical chronology. M. Buffon conjec- 
 tures, that the centre of the earth is occupied by fire ; and 
 that, in confequence of the gradual wafting of this fire, the 
 furface of the globe becomes gradually more cold. Now, as 
 no hiftory, that I ever heard of, fuppofes the earth at any pe- 
 riod of its exiftence to have been a whit more hot than what it 
 is at prefent, (for Herodotus, the oldeft pagan hiftorian, gives Ub 
 no reafon to fuppofe that it was warmer then than now 5 and 
 as for the fable of the golden age, it fpeaks not of an increafe 
 of heat, but only of an equability of temperature,) it is evi- 
 dent, that, according to this hypothecs, the cooling of the 
 earth rand have taken place fo flowly as to be abfolutely im- 
 perceptible, and confequently that a molt enormous number of 
 years muft have elapfed mice the frigid zone was the moft de- 
 lightful habitation that the world afforded. I need fcarcely ob- 
 ferve, that, if thefe fvftems be founded upon truth, the earth 
 
 muft 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 389 
 
 As the finking of the Phlegyan ifle, and 
 the fubmcrfion of the ifland Atlantis, equally 
 relate to the events of the flood a ; fo the 
 Chinefe have preferved a precifely fimilar tra- 
 dition refpecling the prefervation of the pious 
 Peiruun, and the fate of the ifland Mauriga- 
 fima, the Atlantis of the eaftern world. 
 
 " Maurigafima," fays Kasmpfer, " was an 
 i( iiland famous in former ages for the excel- 
 " lency and fruitfulnefs of its foil, which af- 
 " forded among the reft a particular clay, ex- 
 " ceedingly proper for the making of thofe 
 " veffels, which now go by the name of Por- 
 " cellane or China ware. The inhabitants 
 ie very much enriched themfelves by this ma- 
 " nufaclure ; but their increafing wealth gave 
 " birth to luxury, and contempt of religion; 
 " which incenfed the gods to that degree, 
 " that by an irrevocable decree they deter- 
 " mined to fink the whole ifland. However, 
 
 muft be many millions of years old, and therefore that the Mo- 
 faical chronology muft be falfej the point, which Voltaire and 
 his aifociates particularly laboured to prove. See Barruel'i 
 Mem. of Jacobinifm. 
 
 a The ancients appear to have confidered a fmall floating 
 iiland as a fymbol of the Ark; while, at the fame time, they 
 defcribed the cataftrophe of the deluge by the finking of a largt 
 ifland. Some obfervations have already been made upon the 
 fmall floating ifland ; and the fubject will be more fully re- 
 fumed hereafter. 
 
 vol. 11. u u the 
 
2 9 o A DISSERTATION 
 
 " the then reigning king and fovereign of 
 " the ifland, vvhofe name was Peiruitn, being 
 €i a very virtuous and religious prince, no 
 " ways guilty of the crimes of his fubjects, 
 " this decree of the gods was revealed to him 
 " in a dream ; wherein he was commanded, 
 " as he valued the fecurity of his perfon, to 
 " retire on board his mips, and to flee from 
 " the iiland, as foon as he mould obferve, 
 " that the faces of the two idols, which 
 " flood at the entry of the temple, turned 
 i( red. — So preffing a danger impending over 
 ' k the heads of his fubjecls, and the figns 
 " whereby they might know its approach, in 
 " order to fave their lives by a fpeedy flight, 
 i( he caufed forthwith to be made public; 
 " but he was only ridiculed for his zeal and 
 " care, and grew contemptible to his fub- 
 " jecls. Some time after, a loofe idle fellow, 
 " further to expofe the king's fuperftitious 
 " fears, went one night, nobody obferving 
 u him, and painted the faces of both idols 
 " red. The next morning notice was given 
 " to the king, that the idols' faces were red : 
 " upon which, little imagining it to be done 
 " by fuch wicked hands, but looking upon it 
 a asa miraculous event and undoubted fign 
 '•' of the ifland's deftruction being now at 
 " hand, he went forthwith on board his 
 
 " {hips, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 291 
 
 c fhips, with his family and all that would 
 1 follow him ; and, with crowded fails, haft- 
 ' ened from the fatal mores towards the 
 ' coafts of the province Foktsju in China. 
 ( After the kings departure the ifland funk ; 
 ( and the fcoffer with his accomplices, not 
 1 apprehenfive that their frolic would be at- 
 ' tended with fo dangerous a confequence, 
 1 were fwallowed up by the waves, with all 
 ( the unfaithful that remained in the ifland, 
 ' and an immenfe quantity of porcellane 
 1 ware. The king and his people got fate 
 6 to China, where the memory of his arrival 
 1 is ftill celebrated by a yearly feftival ; on 
 c w T hich the Chinefe, particularly the inha- 
 i bitants of the fouthern maritime provinces, 
 f divert themfelves on the water, rowing up 
 ' and down in their boats, as if they were 
 ( preparing for a flight, and fometimes cry- 
 ( ing with a loud voice Peiruun, which was 
 e the name of that prince. The fame fefti- 
 ( val hath been by the Chinefe introduced 
 c into Japan ; and is now celebrated there, 
 * chiefly upon the weftern coafts of this em- 
 < pire b : > 
 
 It is eafy to fee, that this tradition respect- 
 ing the ifland Maurigafima is a mere adapta- 
 
 b Kaempfei's Japan, Appendix, p. ij. 
 
 u 2 tion 
 
2 9 2 A DISSERTATION 
 
 tion of the fable of the Atlantis to the man- 
 ners and habits of the Chinefe. The fame 
 local appropriation, which fixed the one iiland 
 in the weftern, fixed the other in the eaftern 
 ocean ; and, while the Greeks and Phenici- 
 ans worfhipped the great folar patriarch un- 
 der the name of Atlas, the Chinefe revered 
 the common progenitor of mankind under 
 the title of Peiruun, or P'Arun, the arkite. 
 
 As for the deities engaged in the war with 
 the giants, I have repeatedly fhewn them to 
 be helio-arkite gods, and have difcuiTed at 
 large the mythological characters of Neptune, 
 Minerva, Bacchus, Mars, and Hercules : that 
 however of Jupiter has been hitherto only 
 touched upon ; here therefore will be the 
 proper place to enter into a more minute 
 confideration of it. 
 
 Under the name of "Jupiter, or Hammon, 
 the Egyptians certainly worfhipped their pro- 
 genitor Ham ; but this deity feems moreover 
 not unfrequently to be the fame as Noah 
 himfelf c . He was equally concerned in the 
 conteft with the Phlegreans, the Phlegyae, 
 the Titans, and the diluvian monfter Ty- 
 phon ; and he is generally faid to be the fbn 
 of Saturn and Rhea, and to have been born 
 
 c Vide fupra vol. i. p. 15. 
 
 in 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 293 
 
 in the Dictean cave in Crete. Here he was 
 committed to the care of the Curetes, or Ca- 
 biri ; who clamed their fwords againft their 
 fhields to prevent Saturn from hearing the 
 cries of the infant d . Other nations however 
 claimed the honour of having given birth to 
 Jupiter, as well as the Cretans. Among 
 thefe we may reckon the inhabitants of Itho- 
 me in Meffenia, who preferved alfo the fame 
 tradition refpecting the Curetes e ; and the ci- 
 tizens of the Arcadian town Parrhafia, which 
 the ancient Apidaneans ftyled the Ogygian bed 
 of Rhea f . Thefe Apidaneans, for fo the Ar- 
 cadians were formerly called g , afTumed that 
 name in honour of Api-da-Nus, the Noetic 
 bull Apis ; while their city, in confequence 
 of the introduction of the folar worfhip, was 
 denominated Parrhafia, or P'Ares-Aia, the 
 land of the Sun. As for the Ogygian or 
 oceanic bed of Rhea, it muft primarily have 
 denoted mount Ararat, where the Ark firft 
 
 d Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 1. In their time, as we have 
 feen, flourimed the Titans. Diod. Bibl. lib. v. p. 334. 
 e Pauf. MeiT. p. 361. 
 
 Ey & at Yluffucrtr, ?nn tiY.iv . 
 
 Callim. Hymn, ad Jov. ver. 10. 
 
 ■ aXha. I Peijj5 
 
 Slyvyiov Y.a,7^vda\, "Ks^u-iov Amoavnts- Ibid. ver. 13. 
 
 8 AmSxirM, oi «px at0 » A§xa&?. Schol. in Callim. Hymn, ad 
 Jov. ver. 14. 
 
 u 3 grounded 
 
394 A DISSERTATION 
 
 grounded and brought forth her mythological 
 progeny ; whence the Greeks, according to 
 their ufual cuftom of applying diluvian tradi- 
 tions to their own territory, afterwards tranf- 
 ferred the appellation to a town of Arcadia. 
 The particular place, where the Arcadians 
 maintained that Jupiter was born, was called 
 Cretea* This region, near which flowed the 
 river Nus h , or Noah, they affirmed to have 
 been the real land of his nativity, and not the 
 iiland Crete \ It is remarkable, that, as there 
 w T as a Crete in Arcadia, fo likewife there was 
 a city Arcades in Crete k , and a city Arcadia 
 in Egypt l . The fad: is, as I have frequently 
 obferved, that thefe are merely facred de- 
 fcriptive titles ; for Cretea is Cur-Ait-Aia, the 
 land of the burning Sim, and Arcadia is Arca- 
 D'Aia, the country of the divine Ark. Pau- 
 fanias informs us, that it would be almoft 
 impoffible to enumerate every nation, which 
 pretended, that Jupiter was born within their 
 particular territory m . The reafon of this is 
 
 h Pauf. Arcad. p. 680, 
 
 sriv g| ctfifcpxg ArroWuvos uhaeg tTTiK^aiv Ha^pocaiH' xai rrjv Kp^J-, 
 ek$o. h K^nruv iyi\, Xoyoq rpec<py>vxi Aicc, to xp^ov tsto tivcti, xcci ov 
 7r,v vviaov, a^icQ^THaiv ol AgauSeq. Pauf. Arcad. p. 678. 
 
 k Apta-h*;, <nso/\iq KpviTns. Steph. Byzan. p. 166. 
 
 1 Agticcha, Aiyvrrm <moKis. Ibid. p. 167. 
 
 *"■ llccvTUf yi.lv ti> Y.uTUf&n'naxuSa.t xa» 5rpo0^»j$£vr» wtropv, onoaoi 
 
 $£/\oi;crt 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 595 
 
 obvious ; wherever the Cabiric priefts were 
 fcattered, they carried along w r ith them fome 
 traditions of Jupiter, the Titans, and the de- 
 luge. Thefe, though they equally concerned 
 the whole world, the vanity of each people 
 conftantly appropriated to their own country. 
 The mode, in which the infant Jupiter re- 
 ceived his nourifhment, is variously related. 
 Agathocles affirms, that he was nurfed by a 
 fow n : Aratus, in one part of his Phenomena, 
 mentions, that he was fuckled by a flie- 
 goat ; and, in another, by fhe-bears p : Virgil 
 ailerts, that he was nouriflied by bees q : and 
 Mero afflgns that office to doves. 
 
 Zzvs $\ cc^ ivi Kpy\tv\ TpeCpeTo psycts, *J" upct, ti$ 
 
 m 
 H«dJ« Mclxclpcov , P ctefyro z3ct<ri fA,ete<r<n. 
 
 TOV jbLSV CCPCt Tff\PUV^ V7T0 £cL&S0Q TfSCpoV CLVTPCt), 
 AfAGpOFlW <QoptX<rcLt OL7T CltLiCtVOtO pQ&UV Y . 
 
 This curious fable is alluded to by Homer ; 
 
 Sshovw yivBffSat xct\ T£U<pr,vcu &ufx ctpiffi Anx. Pauf. Meffen, 
 p. 361. 
 
 n Agath. apud Athen. Deipnof. lib. ix. p. 375. 
 
 Arat. Phasn. p. 23. 
 
 P Ibid. p. 8. 
 
 * Georg. iv. ver. 149. The mythological import of bees 
 will be confidered in the next chapter, which treats of the Myf- 
 teries. 
 
 r Maero apud Athen. Deipnof. lib. xi. p. 491. 
 
 u 4 and 
 
2 9 6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 and his fcholiaft obferves, that doves were 
 feigned to carry ambrofia to Jupiter, and that 
 they flew with it between thofe tremendous 
 Planffi or Symplegades, through which the 
 Argo was barely navigated with fafety s . 
 Hence it appears, that the doves of Jupiter 
 are clofely connected w 7 ith the dove of Jafon, 
 or Noah. As for the fow, mentioned by 
 Agathocles, it was one of the arkite fymbols ; 
 whence we find it introduced into the hif- 
 tory of Venus and Adonis, and into one of 
 the three Indian Avatars, which relate to the 
 deluge : while the Arcti or bears, which were 
 fuppofed by fome to have fuckled- Jupiter, 
 were the bears of the fphere, concerning 
 which I have already obferved, that the name 
 ArSios appears to have been corrupted from 
 Arc-Theus, the divine Ark, Jupiter then 
 being an arkite god, we fhall fee the reafon, 
 why he was fometimes ftyled Erceus 1 ; and 
 why Danae, the mother of Perfeus, was 
 feigned to have been brought before his altar 
 by Acrifius, in order that fhe might be 
 obliged to confefs who was the father of her 
 
 9 Tgr,pi>vss, rat r ay&fvcw A»V vjaTpi (ptpeaw. 
 
 OdyfT. lib. xii. ver. 63. 
 
 "Hro\ ^.uSjvws (pnch ten trt^rt^oig hat tw XWecy^ruv vrtTo^tvxq cltto- 
 xopiQ-iv A»V a^Qpcnav. Schol. in loc. 
 
 1 Pauf. 1 Eliac. p. 412. . 
 
 child. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 297 
 
 child u . We mall alfo perceive, why he was 
 intitled the preferver ; why his rites were 
 clofely connected with the Myfteries of Ado- 
 nis at Argos x ; and why he is faid by Non- 
 nus, in reference to the fy mbolical Hippos 
 and Hippa, to have embraced Dia, in the 
 fhape of a horfe y , a fable, evidently the fame 
 as the Hindoo legend concerning the inter- 
 courfe of the Sun with the goddefs Devi z , of 
 which name Dia is a mere inflexion. Pau- 
 fanias in fhort exprefsly declares, that Nep- 
 tune, Jupiter, Hercules, and Minerva, were 
 all ftyled Argean, or arkite Gods z , though 
 
 u Aa.\ocr,v y.arxysi aw tio vot^i iki rov Itto Tof E^xia A*oc /SiyAoy. 
 Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. iv. ver 1091. The reader will 
 recollect that this Ercean Jupiter, and the Agamemnon of Ho- 
 mer, were one and the fame perfon. 
 
 x Ka* Aioq £r»v Evrat/Sa iefov 2ftrnw»s* xoct TrctPiecm i\$ to oixvpa, 
 evTCtvSa to* Atflww ul yvtxtxig Aeyauv obvpanai. Pauf. Corin. 
 p. 156. 
 
 y Eivccrct; lirma. Xixr^x (psrsi mepouGih Air,. Nonni Dionyf 
 lib. vii. p. 134. 
 
 z Vide fupra p. 222. 
 
 a Near Acacefmm in Arcadia was a remarkable afTemblage 
 of thefe arkite deities : Ceres with her torch ; Defpena, who 
 feems to be Proferpine, with an ark upon her knees -, Diana j 
 Anytus, one of the Titans, from whom, according to Onoma- 
 critus, all the fufferings of Bacchus originated ; and, laftly, the 
 Curetes, or Corybantes. 'h piv bv Ax^rnp £a&* ev <5e£»a <ps(u t 
 rnv St Ire^a,* x il { lCC iViQi^oXrixiv nt\ T»jv Ato-rrrcivuv. *H <$e Asctttqivx 
 crKr,'7ilfGv rt xa» xatepzvnv xifr.v tiri tok yovotaiv E%ei' rv «5e sx BTUi T ? 
 cs|ta xif>3?' re Sgci-oi/ h txcfl^uSiv AfrtpK;. — TJ^o; h tn<; Aia7rowr}S 
 
298 A DISSERTATION 
 
 their votaries were not agreed, refpeciing the 
 import of the title b . 
 
 The preceding remarks upon Bacchus and 
 the Titans will prepare us for the confidera- 
 tion of two feveral traditions refpe&ing that 
 deity, which Mr. Bryant has applied, but I 
 think erroneoufly, to the difperfion at Babel. 
 
 The firft of them apparently relates to the 
 elder Bacchus, or Noah. This hero-god is 
 faid, by Homer, and Nonnus, to have been 
 attacked, and put to flight along with his 
 
 vripi tov Ispov, rpaipyvca Tviv Aickowxv vtto tx Avvla, y.on uvou ruv Tt- 
 ravaiv xuhau.ivwv xcu rov Avvrov. — Hctfx h 'Opjpy OvopaxgiTos vtuyct- 
 y.c&u'i tuv Tiravcov to ovofxcc, Aiovvcu te avvzvyy.iv opyiu,, xcu men tqv<; 
 TiTccv&s tu) Aiovvcra) rcov TB<x$'/j(i.ot,7u)v iTTowatv uvTov^yov? ,—Tct <?e e; 
 KoupjTas (tiTot y<xp t»7W ruv ccycch^aXuv 13171 -owtuC) y.cu to, es Kofv- 
 ZavTctc a,7nifya.crfA,itcvs tvi rov |3a3pof— *. Pauf. Arcad. p. 675 • 
 This Defpena was highly revered by the Arcadians, and ac- 
 counted the daughter of Neptune. Some efteemed her the 
 fame as Ceres, but Paufanias was afraid of revealing the myf- 
 tery to the profane. Tzvt/iv ^ufaf-cc. Szvv atQacnv ot Acx.a.h<; ty,v 
 AeGmoivx,'/ St'yalrfa h uv\?,v Hoau^uvog nvxi tpxcri, kcu AyftVTpoq £7n- 
 k>>y,<ti$ £> Toy? troXXovs t?w ocvrvj Aec?roivcc.-—Tr t <; a Aeavrou'ris to ovopa. 
 eoWa is t«$ aT£^E^Ef;aJ ypcttpBiv. Ibid. p. 677. Above the grove 
 of this goddefs was the temple of her father, the Hippian Nep- 
 tune. "Ytte^ £2 to ccXa-oi; xa» 'lltmov Iloirs^uyoc, art nalfo; rr.q Ae- 
 
 <r7roiv>j?, v.cti §iuv ccKXuv nai $upo\. Ibid. The name of Defpena, 
 no lefs than her hiftory, plainly (hews, that, like Ceres, (he was 
 a perfonifkation of the Ark. Defpena is Da-Sipena, the decked 
 flip. 
 
 b Pauf. Achaic. p. 583. 
 
 nurfes, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 299 
 
 nurfes, by Lycurgus. Terrified with the im- 
 pending danger, he fled over the plains of 
 Nufa, and plunged into the waters of the 
 Erythrean fea. 
 
 Ovae yct^ x$e Apvclvtgs vio? xocirspo^ AvxGcpycg 
 Arjv yjv, hs pet 3~eoi<nv £7TX(>cLviGi<riv spi^ev. 
 
 'Of Z30TB (LCCtiVOjbLSVOlO AiCt)VV(TOiO T&Y\VCtS 
 
 Xevs xclt vjyct&sov Nv<ro~ri'iov' cu £ kpci x3U(tcli 
 Qvo'B'Act %cl^cu Kcvrs%evctv 3 V7T ctv^potyovoio Ain 
 
 xxoyx 
 Osivopevcti @X7rX?iyi' Aic*>vj<ro$ Ss cpoQyjB"sig- 
 Avo-ety aXog Kara, xvficc' (dertg <?' v7re£e£ct7o 
 
 X,Q\7TQ0 
 
 Aet&oTct . — 
 
 In a mad mood, while Bacchus blindly rag'd, 
 Lycurgus drove his trembling bands confufed 
 O'er the vaft plains of Nufa. . They in hade 
 Threw down their facred implements, and fled 
 In dreadful diflipation. Bacchus faw 
 Rout upon rout ; and loft in wild difmay 
 Plung'd in the deep : here Thetis in her arms 
 Receiv'd him, fhuddering at the dire event. 
 
 Bryant. 
 
 "EXirsro yap Kpoviuvot, i^PGUer7Ti^iv AvxoGPycv, 
 
 Al9~€()lX 7TCiTCtyoiO TV7T0V (ZpGVTOUGV UKXCtiV 
 
 TclpZclXzqis ae tzq^so-g-i Qvyoov axix r i T0 ^ o&Tijf 
 TXcwkov EovS-cctirif virsovrcLTo xvpa, S'aAuTQ-^' 
 
 c Iliad, lib. vi. ver. J30. 
 
 Tgv 
 
3 oo A DISSERTATION 
 
 Tov Je Gen? (ZvS-iy QiAia) &r)xwev etyo^a>, 
 Kcli [<uv tea £vvovTci zScXv(pXoiaSoio jueXccS-px, 
 
 From fierce Lycurgus, 
 
 Bacchus all trembling, as he fled away, 
 Caird on the mighty Erythrean deep 
 To yield him fhelter. Thetis heard his cries, 
 And as he plung'd beneath the turbid wave, 
 Receiv'd him in her arms : old Nereus too, 
 The Arabian god, ftretch'd out his friendly 
 
 hand, 
 And led him darkling through the vafl: abyfs 
 Of founding waters . Bryant, 
 
 Lycurgus is ufually thought to have been 
 a Thracian prince; but this, like the circum- 
 ftance of Bacchus plunging into the Ery- 
 threan fea, is a mere local appropriation. Ly- 
 curgus feems, in fact, to be the fame mytho- 
 logical character as Lycaon, the wicked king 
 of Arcadia ; both being equally a perfonifica- 
 tion of the great body of impious antedilu- 
 vians. The introduction indeed of the Ery- 
 threan fea fhews evidently, that the ftory is 
 of oriental extraction ; and completely proves 
 the abfurdity of fuppofing Lycurgus ever to 
 have been literally a king of Thrace. I ap- 
 
 d Dionyf. lib. xx. p. 361. 
 
 prebend 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 301 
 
 prehend in fhort, that the whole fable origi- 
 nated from the fame fource, as the legend of 
 the amphibious monfter Oannes ; who was 
 fuppofed by the Chaldeans to have afcended 
 from the waters of the Erythrean fea, and to 
 have inftructed the alTembled multitudes in 
 the hiftory of the cofmogony c . I do not 
 fee what connection it can poffibly have with 
 the events of the Babylonian tower ; nor can 
 I conceive, why either Nimrod, or his dif- 
 perfed Cuthites, fhould be reprefented as hav- 
 ing plunged into the fea, in order to avoid 
 the vengeance of heaven. But if we fuppofe 
 Lycurgus f to be a perfonification of the Ti- 
 tanic antediluvians, and Bacchus to be the 
 fcriptural Noah, the import of the tradition 
 will fcarcely require to be pointed out. The 
 friendly element, which preferved the patri- 
 arch, overwhelmed his enemies with inevi- 
 table deftruclion. 
 
 As for the nurfes of Bacchus, though 
 fpoken of in the plural number, they are all 
 equally the Ark ; and the reafon, why they 
 are defcribed as being more than one, is 
 
 e Syncel. Chronog. p. 29. 
 
 f Lycurgus, and Lycaon, are both derived from Luc, the Sun, 
 in allufion to the folar idolatry of the antediluvians, which was 
 unmixed with the later invention of h'ero-worfhip. 
 
 mere- 
 
30* A DISSERTATION 
 
 merely becaufe the fame veflel was defi£- 
 nated by a variety of different names. Hence 
 we are fometimes told, that Hippa was the 
 nurfe of Bacchus ; while at other times that 
 office is affigned to Mifa, Ino, Ifis; Nufa, or 
 the Hyades. The fables indeed both of the 
 infancy of Jupiter, and of the infancy of Bac- 
 chus, fprung from the very fame allegory. 
 As the entrance of Noah into the Ark was 
 eiteemed his death, fo his egrefs was confi- 
 de red as a fecond birth. Hence, in the my- 
 thology of paganifm, we fometimes find him 
 reprefented as an old man, and fometimes as 
 an infant. 
 
 But, what, in an efpecial manner, decides 
 the identity of Noah, and of that Bacchus, 
 who plunged into the fea, is the name of the 
 place where the event is laid to have hap- 
 pened. Nufa manifeftly received its appel- 
 lation from Nufa, the nurfe or Ark of Noah ; 
 while Dionufus, the proper diftinclive title of 
 the elder Bacchus g , is Dio-Nufus, the god 
 
 g All mythic writers allow the exigence of an elder and a 
 younger deity, both of whom they indifferently call Dionnfus 
 and Bacchus. In ftric~t propriety however the two names ought 
 always to be kept entirely diftin6l. The elder deity, or Noah, 
 is Dionufus or Dio-Nus, but not Bacchus : the younger deity, 
 or Raamah the (on of Cum, is Bacchus or Bar-Chus, but not 
 Dionufus. 
 
 Nus. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 Nus h . In a fimilar manner, and with the 
 moft exacl: propriety, Nufa is reprefented as 
 the fcene of Jupiter's triumph over Typhon. 
 The God yoked his winged fteeds to his cha- 
 riot ; and purfuing his enemy as far as mount 
 Nufa, attacked him with flaming thunder- 
 bolts 1 . We have feen a variety of places, 
 called Minoa, fituated in very different coun- 
 tries, all of which derived their names from 
 Minos or Menu, the great patriarch ; thus 
 alio, and with the very fame allufion, we find 
 a Nufa in Beotia, in Thrace, in Arabia, in In- 
 dia, in Libya, in Naxus k , in Caria, in Cau- 
 cafus, and upon the Nile l . 
 
 h In a former publication I derived the word differently; but 
 I now think, that I was miftaken. At the fame time it is not 
 improbable, that fome mutilated traditions of the fall may have 
 been blended with the hiftory of Noah. See Horae Mofaicae, 
 vol. i. p. 9$. 
 
 1 Apollod. Bibl. lib. i. cap. 6. Winged horfes are affigned 
 to Jupiter,, as being an arkite or hippian deity. For a fimilar 
 reafon, after the union of the two fuperftitions, Pelops is de- 
 fcribed as riding in a chariot drawn by winged horfes. Hence 
 alfo white horfes were deemed facred to Apollo, the Sun. He- 
 rod, lib. i. cap. 189. lib. vii. cap. 55. Thus the Scythians fa- 
 criticed horfes to the orb of day ; Herod, lib. i. cap. 216. and 
 white fteeds were highly venerated both by the Druids, and the 
 Perfians. Borlafe's Cornwall, p. 140, 144. 
 
 k Naxus received its name in honour of Nuach-Zeus, tic 
 god Noah : it was facred to Bacchus, and famed for one of hi3 
 moft celebrated exploits. Steph. Byzan. p. 5S0. — Apollod. 
 Bibl. lib. iii. cap. 5. 
 
 Alcc- 
 
304 A DISSERTATION 
 
 The weapon, with which Homer arms 
 Lycurgus, is a Bu-Plex, or ox-goad, I think 
 it probable, with Mr. Bryant, that the origi- 
 nal word was Bu-Peleg f though I cannot pre- 
 cifely aiTent to the fignification, which he af- 
 fixes to it. The inflexion of Bu-Plex, that 
 occurs in the preceding citation from Homer, 
 is Bu-Pfegi ; and the Hebrew plural of Bu- 
 Peleg will alfo be Bu-PIegi. If this com- 
 pound term be literally translated, it will be 
 the Jir earns of the ox ; or, in other words, the 
 dihroian ocean of the i 'auriform Ark. Peleg, 
 as we have feen, is the radical, which equally 
 enters into the words Phlegyce y Pe/ajgus, and 
 Pelagus ; and it appears uniformly to fignify 
 
 y.ol\ ev tw Ka,vy.<zcriy c^n' ottov h vr ; o-o$, w$ iv NeiAw rco itoTOcpco. Schol- 
 in Iliad, lib. vi. ver. 134. According to Pliny, Scythopolis 
 was once called Xufa, from the nnrfe of Bacchus. Scythopo- 
 lin, antea Nyfam a Libero patre fepulta nutrice ibi. Plin 
 Nat. Hift. lib. v. cap. 18. Hence it will follow, that Nufa is 
 the fame mythological character " as Hippa, for they are both 
 equally laid to have been the nurfe of Bacchus ; in other words, 
 they are both equally the Noetic Ark. There was moreover a 
 Nufa in Ethiopia, the land of the Cuthites, where the myfte- 
 ries of Bacchus were in former times very devoutly celebrated. 
 Herod, lib. iii. cap. 97. The Nufa, where Jupiter was fup- 
 pofed to have conquered Typhon, is faid by A.poilodorus to 
 have been the feat of Bacchus, and the Hvades. Apollod. Bibl. 
 lib. iii. cap. 4. The mythological hiftory of the Hvades has 
 been already confidered. 
 
 a drc 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 3°5 
 
 a divtjion occafioned by water™. The legend 
 therefore refpecldng the ox-goad means no- 
 thing more, than that, when Bacchus, or 
 Noah, fled from Lycurgus, he was purfued 
 by the mighty ftreams of the Ocean, which 
 bore up the Ark upon their furface. 
 
 The fecond tradition, w T hich Mr. Bryant 
 alfo applies to the difperfion of the Cuthites, 
 feems rather to allude to fome temporary re- 
 verie of fortune experienced, in the coarfe of 
 his celebrated expedition, by Raamah, the 
 younger or Indian Bacchus. Mr. Maurice 
 mentions a check received by the forces of 
 this hero-god, previous to their laft victorious 
 conflict with Ravan, king of Ceylon n , which 
 I apprehend to be the very event celebrated 
 by Nonnus. The brother of Ravan is de- 
 fcribed as a mighty giant, but pofleffing all 
 the attributes of the claffical Morpheus °. He 
 
 m A very ingenious writer, Mr. Catcott, in his treatife on 
 the deluge, annexes this fenfe to the fcriptural name Peleg, in 
 whofe days the earth was divided. He fuppofes, that this di* 
 vifion v/as not a partition of the earth into ftates and kingdoms, 
 bat the violent difruption of America from Africa. ' I will not 
 pretend to decide, how far his fyftem is tenable ; but this at 
 leaft is certain, that Peleg fignifies a divifion by means of inter- 
 vemng water. 
 
 n Hill, of Hind. vol. ii. p. 244. 
 
 Mr. Maurice does not inform us what was the name of 
 this gigantic brother of Ravan j but, mould it at all approxi- 
 
 tol. 11. x mate 
 
3o5 A DISSERTATION 
 
 took an active part in the war againft Rama ; 
 and fell at length, together with his brother 
 and fovereign, by the hand of that conqueror p . 
 If now we recur to the Dionyjiacs, we ill all 
 find, that Nonnus oppofes to his hero the 
 younger Bacchus a prince called Deriades, 
 affigning to him, as a fon-in-law and auxi- 
 liary, a perfon named Morreus ; and that, at 
 the termination of the war, Deriades is flain, 
 like Ravan, and Morreus defpei ately wounded. 
 The paffage then, which Mr. Bryant cites, 
 and applies to the difperfion of the Cuthites, 
 is a defcription of the temporary defeat of the 
 Bacchanalian army by this Deriades, which, as 
 I have juft obferved, I conjecture to be the 
 fame event as the check, that Rama experienced 
 from Ravan ; and were we poffeffed of any 
 tranflation of the Ramayan, the Sanfcreet epic 
 poem, in which are fung the exploits of Ra- 
 ma, it is not improbable, that it might be 
 found to coincide both in this, and in many 
 other points, with the Dionyjiacs of Nonnus q . 
 
 mate to that of Morreus, we certainly may, in that cafe, con- 
 fider him as the prototype of Morpheus. 
 
 P Hilt, of Hind. vol. ii. p. 246. 
 
 ^ " The tirft poet of the Hindus," fays Sir Win. Jones, 
 " cvas the great Valmic, and his Ramayan is an Epic poem on 
 " the fame fubjec~t' (viz. the war between Rama and Ravan) 
 M which, in unity of action, magnificence of imagery, and ele- 
 " gance of fryle, far furpalies the learned and elaborate work of 
 
 " Non- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 307 
 
 Could it only be fatisfactorily proved, that the 
 younger Bacchus is Nimrod, I fhould readily 
 affent to Mr. Bryant's interpretation of the 
 paiTage in queftion ; but fince he rather ap- 
 pears to be Raamah, I feel myfelf compelled 
 to reject it. The paiTage cited in th a Analy- 
 fis, with the addition only of a few verfes to 
 render the fenfe more complete, is as fallows. 
 
 Bcwo m a,Pt£&)v de QcLhayyct ai ct^eog ctopi tv7Ttpov, 
 ArjPict&Yig s&axey, ioog a"X£$ov yjXcKrs Trvpycov 
 OiyofjLSvx <?i%cl 7ra(raM era 7rvAect)vo£ eepyav 
 Tetxeo? tAp/Ao<po;o oiooKO[A,svcti JV crisped 
 A^sog euro? Ikolvov ei7ro(T7ru^sg vfta^og \jXy\s. 
 A^aSseg Js (paXctyyeg evrfrzet kvkAcc xeAevS-x 
 E^l%m ev&a xai ev&ct dictKPi^ov etg 7rrepov Evpx, 
 Eig pct,x iv Ze(pvpoio } 7ra,p €(T7rsPiov xAijiia, ydiv\g, 
 
 Al OS NOTX 7TCLP& TTSCcLV CLXY\^<jVi$ , Oil JV Bopqcf 
 
 Bao-a-apikg xXoveono r . 
 
 Now fled the Bacchic troops, while on their rear 
 I lung the fierce victor, proud Deriades. 
 
 " Nonnus, intitled Dionyfiaca, half of which, or twenty-four 
 " books, I perufed with great eagemeis, when I was very young, 
 <c and mould have travelled to the conclufion of it, if other 
 " purfuits had not engaged me. I mall never have leifure to 
 " compare the Dionyjiacs with the Ramayan ; but am confident, 
 " that an accurate comparifon of the two poems would prove 
 " Dionyfus and Rama to have been the fame perfon ; and I 
 4f incline to think, that he was Rama, the fon of Cum, who 
 " might have eftablifhed the firft regular government in this 
 " part of Afia." Afiat. Ref. vol. i. p. 258. 
 r Dionyf. lib. xxxiv. p. 568. 
 
 x 2 Part 
 
3o8 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ■Part fought the town *, part fled in deep difmay, 
 By different routs, uncertain where they pafs'd. 
 Some fought the limits of the eaftern world ; 
 Some, where the craggy weftern coafl extends, 
 Sped to the regions of the fetting Sun. 
 Sore travel others felt, and wander'd far 
 Southward ; while many fought the diftant 
 
 north, 
 All in confufiom Bryant in part. 
 
 There is yet another peculiarity, which 
 tends additionally to prove the identity of the 
 younger Bacchus, and the Hindoo Rama. 
 The latter of thefe deities is faid to have en- 
 gaged Hanumat to attend him along with an 
 army of apes, in his expedition againft the 
 gigantic tyrant of Ceylon s : the former is 
 univerfally defcribed as invading India with a 
 numerous retinue of Satyrs, Lenae, Thya3, 
 Mimallones, and Naiads \ Hanumat him- 
 felf appears to be the fame perfon as the claf- 
 fical Silenus ; who is faid by Diodorus Sicu- 
 lus to have been the firft king of Nufa, and to 
 have had a tail like an ape u . Fie was a con- 
 
 5 Maur. Hill, of Hind. vol. ii. p. 239. 
 
 * Strab. lib. x. p. 46S. 
 
 u Bibl. lib. iii. p. 205. Both Hanumat and Silenus feem 
 to be the fame as Pan, who is faid by Diodorus to have accom- 
 panied Ofiris in his expedition to India. (Diod. Bibl. lib. i. 
 p. 16.) Pan however I have already fhewn to be in fact no 
 other than Ofiris himfelf, or the Solar Noah. (Vide fupra 
 
 vol. i. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 3 c 9 
 
 ftant attendant upon Bacchus x ; whence 
 Nonnus calls the whole retinue of that deity 
 by the common name of Sileni y . In a fub- 
 fequent age, when Alexander the great invaded 
 India, he affected to imitate the manners of 
 
 vol. i. p. 1 60.) Hence it is evident, that he is erroneoufly in- 
 troduced into the hiftory of the younger Ofiris, or Raamah, 
 The fame remark will apply to Silenus, whom I fufpect to be 
 equally the patriarch Noah, worfhipped under the title of the 
 great lunar or arkite god. The Phenicians termed the Moon 
 Lcbana, or Lubana : from this word, by omitting the middle 
 fyllable, the Latins feem to have formed their term Luna ; and 
 the Greeks, by adding to it the particle Za, their appellation 
 Selene. As the feminine Selene was the great arkite Moon, fo the 
 mafculine Silenus was the god of the great arkite Moon. Silenus 
 in fhort was the fame as the Deus-Lunus, who was worfhipped, 
 according to Spartian, in Carrhae of Mefopotamia ; (Spart. 
 Comm. in Carac. cap. 7.) and, in reference I apprehend to the 
 intoxication of Noah, he was conftantly reprefented as the pa- 
 tron of drunkennefs. It is worthy of obfervation, that the ex- 
 cellent mythological poet Virgil puts into his mouth a fong 
 refpe&ing Chaos, Saturn, Pyrrha, and Deucalion,, which is evi- 
 dently borrowed from the fimilar fongs afcribed to Orpheus. 
 (Compare Virg. Bucol. vi. ver. 31. — Orph. Argon, ver. 12. — 
 Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 496.) Laftly, what feems indifputa- 
 bly to prove his identity with Noah, he is faid by Diodorus to 
 have been the firft king of Nufa, or the Noetic Ark. 
 
 x Diod. Sic. Bibl. lib. iv. p. 212. 
 
 y Dionyf. lib. xxix. p. 469. Thefe Sileni were the fame as 
 the Satyrs, (Nonni Dionyf. lib. xxix. p. 469.) whom the poet 
 reprefents with the tails of horfes. 
 
 - Itiisiw h 7 n ouvopLvri ha, vutov 
 
 O^Sjcs «^ie?.»x70? i7r i%voq i^nv ovfr). 
 
 Nonni Dionyf. lib, xiv, p. 256, 
 
 x 3 his 
 
3 io A DISSERTATION 
 
 his predeceflbr the younger Bacchus ; and the 
 march of his victorious army refembled the 
 mad proceffion of the Satyrs, and the Mimal- 
 lones. His friends were crowned with chap- 
 lets of flowers ; the fprightly notes of mufic 
 refounded in all quarters ; and during the fpace 
 of feven days, the whole army exhibited a 
 continued fcene of riot, drunkennefs, and pro- 
 fa fi on z . 
 
 I have obferved, that although Nonnus 
 diftinguimes, with fufficient accuracy, be- 
 tween the firft and the fecond Bacchus, yet he 
 frequently confounds together their refpe&ive 
 hiftories. The curious fable of Beroe is a re- 
 markable inftance of this, which, although 
 
 z iEmulatus Patris Liberi non gloriam folum, quam ex illis 
 gentibus deportaverat ; fed etiam famam (five illud trinmphus 
 fait ab eo primum inflitutus, five Bacchantium lufus ftatuit 
 imita.ri,) animo fuper humanum faftigium elato. Vicos, per 
 quos iter erat, floribus coronifque fterni jubet : liminibus sedi- 
 um crattres vino repletos, et alia eximiae magnitudinis vafa dif- 
 poni : vehicula deinde conftrata, ut plures capere milites pof- 
 fent, in tabernaculorum modum ornari, alia candidis velis, alia 
 vefte pretiofa. Primi ibant amici, et cohors regia, variis redi- 
 mita floribus coronifque : alibi tibicinum cantus ; alibi lyrae 
 fonus audiebatur ; item in vehiculis pro copia cujufque ador- 
 natisj comeilabundus exercitus, armis quae maxime decora erant 
 circumpendentibus. Ipfum convivafque currus vehebat crate- 
 ris aureis ejufdemque materiae ingentibus poculis praegravis. 
 Hoc modo per dies feptem bacchabundum agmen inceffit. 
 Quint. Curt. lib. ix. cap. 10. 
 
 intro- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 311 
 
 introduced into the Dionyfiacs, is no way con- 
 nected with the exploits of the younger Bac- 
 chus, but belongs exclusively to the era of the 
 elder, or Noah. The ftory has been very 
 much corrupted by the weftern mythologifts. 
 They ufudly defcribe Beroe, as the nurfe of 
 Semele \ and feign, that Juno, affuming her 
 fhape, malicioufly perfuaded Semele to make 
 fuch a requeft to Jupiter, as occafioned her 
 death a . That fhe was clofelv connected with 
 Bacchus, there can be no doubt ; and Nonnus 
 throws fo much light upon her mythological 
 hiftory, that we mall find but little difficulty 
 in the analysis of it. He gives her legend, 
 and that of the city, which received its name 
 from her, in the following remarkable lan- 
 guage. 
 
 '"E.^polvov 'Epfteiao, $iw\S 7reoov y aq-v S"efju<r&)v f 
 JLvhov evCppco-vvv}?, Uatytiff Sofxog, oiKog £pc*)Toov y 
 Bcckxz T€P7rvov s&S'Aov, evavAiov io%ectif)ric, 
 Nypei^&v avctS'iijULct,, Aiof $o{jlqs } Apeo? civ Ay. 
 O^XQfjLSvog x&qitcov AtSctvyfifo ct<?pov afjupfj?. 
 T'/i&vog- KTosT'/ipof ofxc^pofjuog Qksclvqio, 
 'Of Bsqqy\v etfivTSvo-ev ico 7roXv7n£a,Ki Tra-ru, 
 Ty&voz ixfAccAeoicriv o^Xy\<t^ vpevcuoif, 
 
 * Hyg. Fab, 179. Ovid. Metam. lib. iii. ver. 275, 
 
 X 4 'Hj/t^ 
 
312 A DISSERTATION 
 
 tr ¥$fflXti? QiXorrtTOf V7To£pVXW TSKSV SVVV\. 
 AAAct Tig o7rXoTepyj ttsAstcci Qcltis, otti fiiv ctvr/} 
 Av£pofA,€?if Kv&spsict xuQepwrreifcL yevs&hviz 
 Atrcrvpio) Trctvktvxov A^ccvi^i yeiTovct ^v\ty\p. 
 
 Tn £e Xo%Evopevy TTfurctyyeXog sktsti S-ao-pcov 
 
 Aeveta TeXapavi x € ® v ptT^xpevov v£oo(>. 
 
 Ken Yl&tpiYis ct)£ivct TsM(T(riyovoio f&a&oyref 
 Oyjoef sGctxxeuovTo, Xe&v Jk Tig clSpov cl&vqcov 
 XetXsi fAuXi%ico paxtyv wkolCsto Tctvpx, 
 Akpqtsqcls ^o^ccTSo-<ri <piAov (LtvxyiS" pov ictXXav, 
 Kcli TPoxctXctif $GLPy$%7rov Z7rippv\<r<rodv 7re$ov ottM 
 K \7nrog avexpoTciAiCf, ysvsS'Xtov y\x qv cLpowo'av, 
 Kcu 7ro$o$ v*yi7ropoio &opav STriSrjTOPi 7rct,A[tcp 
 Uop^ocXig cuqXovootqs e7rt<rx.i(rrv\ar£ Xaycoc*). 
 
 Kcli Bsporiv yeXGoxrctv sti (Zpztyos d^ctTt x il f uv 
 AefafASvri wctpct [A,Yjfrpos bhx koct{jloiq Tid'yjVf] 
 TlctpS'svog Aerqeuy x^ V(r£y l^ $rpnrrtip& yzv&Xv\s 
 HvvojULcc 7rcL7TTctivblcrciv a,ver(>s(pev ipfyum (^cl^o). 
 
 Keu ftepoyf psveaivsv tTrawfJuov ctqv x&p&fa- 
 
 TlpwTotyctvvi? Bepoy 7re\e crvyx^ovog r\XiKi xoo-juw, 
 Nty^'^ o-y/iyovoio (pepawj&og, r\v ju,£Td,va<?cu 
 Yieez Avrovttov v7rcLTYJict, ^eyyecc "PtofMi? 
 BqpvTov xaXexcriv, S7rsi AiQccva) were ysiruv b . 
 
 b Dionyf. lib. xli. p. 698. et infra. 
 
 Hail 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 313 
 
 Hail Beroe, faired offering of the Nereids ! 
 Beroe all hail ! thou root of life, thou boafl 
 Of kings, thou nurfe of cities, with the world 
 Coeval ; hail, thou ever-favour'd feat 
 Of Hermes, and of Venus ; lov'd abode 
 Of Bacchus, Mars, Diana, Jupiter ! 
 In the wide world of waters, Tethys thee 
 To Ocean bore ; and call'd thee Amymont ; 
 What time Orchomenus, fam'd Lebanon's ftar, 
 Rode foremoft of the heavenly hofl, Orchome- 
 nus 
 With Tethys, and Oceanus, coeval. 
 But later poets feign, that lovely Beroe 
 Deriv'd her birth from Venus and Adonis. 
 Soon as the infant faw the light, with joy 
 Old Ocean flraight receiv'd her in his arms ; 
 And e'en the brute creation fhar'd the pleafure. 
 The tawny lion for a while forgot 
 His nature, and with wanton gambols play'd 
 Around the fearlefs ox ; the generous fteed 
 In graceful curvets teflified his joy ; 
 The fpotted panther frolick'd near the hare ; 
 And clofe befide the wolf, the blithfome kid 
 Rejoic'd fecure, and gaily play'd at will 
 His wayward fancies. Now the imiling babe 
 Afirea, guardian of the golden age, 
 Took from its parent's arms, and fondly prefs'd 
 Clofe to the bofom. In fucceeding years 
 A facred town deriv'd its myflic name 
 From that fair child, whofe birth coeval was 
 
 With 
 
3 H A DISSERTATION 
 
 With the vaft globe ; but rich Aufonia's Tons 
 The city call Bent us. 
 
 This curious legend is ftyled by Nonnus the 
 hymn of Beroe-Amymone ; and he aflbciates 
 it with what he calls the marine war of the di- 
 hivian Jupiter, ajid the far -celebrated Bacchus. 
 
 AAAct B~€f>ci^07ro^ Bepcyjf 7tclpcc yeiTovt 7rs(v l3 
 
 Kui (Zv&iX c Kqcin^izo, kcu svvpvoio Avaix 
 Apect x,v[Act,Toevra &. 
 
 He mentions likewife, that the city Beroe was 
 founded by Saturn -, and repeatedly maintains, 
 that its age was equal to that of the world, 
 and that it could boaft an antiquity far fupe- 
 rior to that of Tarfus, of Thebes, or of Sar- 
 dis. 
 
 Kelt B?Q y]£ vcmtc&vto 7ToXlv 7rP6QTO(r7roPov €0C'y}v y 
 c Hi/ Kfiovaf enures e^eifte. 
 
 AAAflt 7T0Aif BSPW 7TP0TSp0V 7TSASV 3 Y\V 0,^0, ycLlV\ >m 
 
 TlftoTotpcLvus evoyosv cjiiyAixct, (rvjLt(pvTo$ glioov. 
 
 Ou tots Tapo-oz £VjV Tepypt/LtCpOTQf, % TOTS &Vj£rj y 
 Ov TOTS 2g££>JW flTCLV e . 
 
 c The reader will recollect, that Buthos, the great ahjfs, is de- 
 clared by Epiphanius to be the fame as Chaos. Vide fupra 
 vol. i. p. 247. Jupiter-Buthius therefore is the diluvian Noah. 
 
 d Dionyf. xli. p. 692. 
 
 c Ibid. p. 69$. 
 
 He 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 315 
 
 He fuppofes alfo that Beroe was beloved by 
 Bacchus f ; and concludes with celebrating 
 her marriage with Neptune. 
 
 Kcti Bepoyiz vftevcuov £7rerPS7rsv Evvoo-iyctiw, 
 Kcti fioS'ov £7rpv\vvc yci'AQ^oAov ?. 
 
 Mr. Bryant fuppofes Beroe to be a perfoni- 
 fication of the Ark h ; and I readily allow, that 
 many of the expreffions in the preceding paf- 
 fages feem to warrant fuch a fuppofition ; 
 . neverthelefs I cannot help entertaining fome 
 doubts of its propriety. The city Berytus is 
 declared by Nonnus to have received its name 
 from Beroe, and it is faid by Sanchoniatho to 
 have been given by Cronus to Neptune and 
 the Cabiri '. Berytus however, or Beroe, is 
 evidently the Berutb k of the Phenician my- 
 
 f Dionyf. lib. xlii. p. 711. 
 
 8 Ibid. lib. xliii. p. 746. 
 
 h Anal. vol. ii. p. 357. 
 
 1 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 39. 
 
 k Beruth is allegorieaily faid by Sanchoniatho to be the wife 
 of Eliun-Hypfiitus, and the mother of heaven and earth; the 
 import of which expreffions I have already pointed out. Vide 
 fupra vol. i. p. 69. Mr. Bryant fuppofes the word Bans, 
 which fignifles an ark or Jhip, to be only a variation of Berith, 
 a covenant-, hence he is neceflarily led to conjecture, that Beroe 
 or Berith is a perfoniiication of the Ark. I am not fufficiently 
 mailer of the niceties of Hebrew grammar to decide perempto- 
 rily, that fuch a derivation is not allowable; but I certainly 
 
 do 
 
• '> A DISSERTATION 
 
 thologift, and confequently the Berith of 
 Scripture, which is not the Noetic Ark, but 
 the covenant of God with Noah ; and the 
 preceding tradition prefer ved by Nonnus ex- 
 actly correfponds with this opinion. Beroe, 
 as we have juft feen, was efteemed by fome 
 the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys ; by 
 others, the offspring of Venus and Adonis. 
 The purport is much the fame, whichever of 
 thefe opinions be adopted. If the firft be pre- 
 ferred, the covenant, when perfonified, is na- 
 turally enough, in the language of allegory, 
 
 ag not recollect any inftance of a fimilar nature. The Hebrew 
 W perpetually paffes into the Babylonian n, whence the patri- 
 arch L^O was by the Chaldeans denominated JTO > but I am 
 not aware, that the n, which happens to form part of the He- 
 brew word, is ever changed into *&. Should this remark be 
 jaft, may we not derive Baris from Baris, (2*~D) ajir, rather 
 than from Berith, a covenant ? According to fuch a derivation, 
 a fnip would be metonymically termed Baris from the materi- 
 als, of which it was conftrucled. 
 
 Labitur uncta vadis abks : mirantur et undae, 
 Miratur nemus infuetum, fulgentia longe 
 Scuta virum fluvio, pictafque innare carinas. 
 
 ^Eneid. lib. viii. ver. pi. 
 It may perhaps confirm the fuppofition, that Baris is not 
 derived from Berith, if it be obferved, that the word Beritb ne- 
 ver occurs in Scripture in the fenfe of ajhip. Baris, or the 
 Ark, was worshipped as a goddefs in Armenia, not far from 
 the river Araxes ; in that country in fhort, where the Noetic 
 Ark firft landed, and where the fabulous Jafon was reported to 
 have penetrated. See Strab. Geog, lib. xi, p. 531. 
 
 feigned 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 317 
 
 feigned to be the child of the Ocean by Te- 
 thys 1 , or the deluge: if the fecond be taken, 
 Adonis being the very fame as Ofiris or the 
 elder Bacchus, and Venus being the Ark, the 
 covenant, in this cafe, will be the mythologi- 
 cal offspring of Noah, and the veifel in which 
 he was preferved. Beroe is further ftyled the 
 root of life * and is faid to be exadtly coeval with 
 the prefent world. Thefe expreffions ferve only 
 to intimate, that fafety from all apprehenfions 
 of a future deluge was promifed, and that the 
 covenant was made, at the very time when 
 the renovated world emerged from the wa- 
 ters. For the fame reafon, fhe is denominated 
 the beloved refuge of all the arkite gods, and is 
 clofely connected with the aquatic war of 
 Bacchus, and the diluvian' Jupiter. Hence 
 alfo Orchomenus, whom we have repeatedly 
 feen to be Orca-Menu, the arkite Noah, is 
 celebrated by Nonnus as the friend and con- 
 temporary of Oceanus, the fabulous parent of 
 Beroe ; and it particularly deferves our atten- 
 tion, that he is declared to be the ftarry god 
 of Lebanon, notwithftanding the pretenfions 
 of the Greeks, who reprefented him as an in- 
 habitant of their own country. Hence too, 
 the virgin Aftrea, who had long quitted the 
 
 1 Tethys feems to be Tit-Theus, the divine dilwvian chaos. 
 
 pol- 
 
318 A DISSERTATION 
 
 polluted abodes of mortals, is once more in- 
 troduced as the heavenly nurfe of the youth- 
 ful Beroe. And hence, in allufion to the fu- 
 pernatural tamenefs of the animals within the 
 Ark, a tamenefs, which in all probability con- 
 tinued fome time after their liberation in or- 
 der that the weaker forts might be preferved, 
 the lion is defcribed by Nonnus as lying down 
 with the ox, and the panther as dandling the 
 kid m . We have no particular reafon for iup- 
 pofing, that Beroe, confidered literally as a 
 city, was much prior either to Thebes, or 
 Tarfus; but, if the real Beroe, the Berith or 
 covenant of God, be fpoken of, it was necef- 
 farily "much prior to all poftdiluvian cities 
 whatsoever. It is fomewhat remarkable, that 
 Nonnus beftows upon Beroe the title of 
 Amytnone. This mythological nymph was 
 one of the fifty daughters of Danaus, whom 
 I fufpecl to be the very fame as the fifty 
 daughters of Nereus. Accordingly we find, 
 that Hyginus enumerates Beroe among the 
 
 m Clemens Romanus mentions this miraculous tamenefs, 
 which indeed was absolutely neceflary, during the confinement 
 of the animals within the Ark. Li-ccxuaiv <$»' uwe (Nwe) o Aec-tto- 
 T/iq to, siaehSovra. EN 'OMONOI^ iua. £i? xtCwTov. Epift. I. ad 
 Cor. The fame notion prevailed in the heathen world, as we 
 are informed by Lucian, in his account of the flood of Deu- 
 calion. Luc de dea Syr, 
 
 Nereids. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 319 
 
 Nereids n . Amymone was iuppofed to have 
 become the mother of the Argonaut Naupli- 
 us, in confequence of her intercourfe with 
 Neptune ; and the amour was believed to 
 have been carried on at Lerna, or El-Erin- 
 Aij the land of the divine Ark. 
 
 Upon the whole, the hiftory of Beroe* as 
 detailed by Nonnus, is a fmgular confirma- 
 tion of the remarks, made in the preceding 
 part of this work, upon Berytus and the Phe- 
 nlcian Cabiri. 
 
 n Hyg. Praef. Fab. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
Szo A DISSERTATION 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 THE IDENTITY AND IMPORT OF THE SEVE- 
 RAL MYSTERIES OF ISIS, CERES, MITHRAS, 
 BACCHUS^ RHEA, ADONIS, AND THE CABIRI 
 A DISSERTATION ON THE MITHRATIC CA- 
 VERN. 
 
 iNOTHING now remains but to offer a 
 few obfervations upon the identity and im- 
 port of the feveral Myfteries of Ills, Ceres, 
 Mithras, Bacchus, Rhea, Adonis, and the Ca- 
 bin. Thefe, as the reader indeed will have 
 perceived from what has already been faid, 
 were inftituted in commemoration of the de- 
 luge ; and they were almoft invariably cele- 
 brated in the dark receffes of the confecrated 
 oracular grotto. 
 
 The Myfteries, though frequently called 
 by the names of different deities, were in 
 fubftance all the fame. Thus Strabo afferts, 
 that the Curetic orgies, which were cele- 
 brated in memory of the birth of Jupiter, 
 very much refembled thofe of Bacchus, Ce- 
 res, and the Phrygian Cybele a : and he fur- 
 
 ■ Slrab. Geog. lib- x. p. 468, 460 
 
 ther 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 321 
 
 ther obferves, that poets and mythologifts 
 were continually accuftomed to join together 
 the orgies of Bacchus and Silenus, the rites of 
 Cybele, and the worfhip which was paid to 
 Jupiter at mount 01ympus b . Thus alfo the 
 author of the Orphic poems defcribes the 
 Myfteries of Bacchus as being immediately 
 connected with thofe of Ceres, Rhea, Venus, 
 and Ifis c ; and prefents us with the follow- 
 ing remarkable combination of Cabiric gods, 
 which additionally tends to demonftrate the 
 identity of all the ancient Orgies. 
 
 B^ifix? evivv&Toio yovaf, v\£ spy cLi$>]\a. 
 
 Tqysveuv 
 
 ®*iretobv re Ztfvos, op£FCioPO{A,x ts Xctrqetciv 
 Mf]Tpof, cur ev K.v£eAoi? c()£<nv ^tiitolto KXPyv 
 <f?ep<re(povi>]v izeot zsoltpqs cLpoufAcuisTX Kpovigovos' 
 
 *> ItiTwivov, y.a.i Mafwav, y.ca OKvpTtoy, cryiaycms w; h, y.oc. tvgt- 
 rotg avXuf ifocai/Tit;, tccjAjv x«i hnuiq to. Aiovvyia, xai ret ty^vyix i\s 
 h <rtp.ptp8(rS Tnv re I^vjy xa» tov OXvuttov avyy.B^vy.tvui; GtoXketKH *., 
 to ctvro ofo; xTvnraaw. Strab. Geog. lib. x. p. 47 0, 
 
 C QitTjAO^OOOV HX?\iU \lX^Y,KC^l0^ r jV AlOVVCTCV, 
 
 XtrepjjLst, t3ohvf/.wrov 7roXva>VjAOv E'»Qu7.r,Q$' 
 
 Eirs y.*i tv fyfvyir, <rvi pwrjpi ^ur*7To?kSVE»r, 
 
 H Kvrr^u Ttgwy avr ivrttyxta KvBtgsty, 
 
 H y.oa >g!vqq<$op<h% tte^oi? iinyaXKicti xytoi;, 
 
 Xvv cr\ l M.'/jT^i Six fja?'.xvr t (f)ofu laoi aip.rn f 
 
 AiyvTrra ixx^xyiv^x . Orph. Hymn. 41. 
 
 VOL. II. T Mix** 
 
l%% A DISSERTATION 
 
 OPKlCt, T lSoUUVy KopvQctVTGOV T CL7T?\ST0V i%W 
 
 <decrfA,o(poQQS 3"' oof yjV ^ ccyXcccc Soqpo, Ka,£ei(i&)v' 
 
 Xf>t]rfAXf T CtppVITX? VVJCTOf Hepi Bcucx* CtVAJCTOS' 
 
 Arifwov re faSsriV, r,^ eivA^trjv 'XaLftoS-oeiKfjv, 
 Ai7reivv\v ts Kv7rpov y aai A^voww AtpPG^iTqv, 
 Opyid YloafciSiMis, holj Afistwi? vvjctc? A^va,?, 
 0^W t Aiyvwlicov, Key Octipi^o? ispo, %vtX<x, d . 
 
 The birth of Brimo ; and the mighty deeds 
 Of the Titanic hoft ; the fervitude 
 Of Jove ; and the myfterious mountain rites 
 Of Cybele, when with diffracted pace fhe fought 
 Through the wide world the beauteous Profer- 
 
 pine ; 
 The far-fam'd labours of the Machian Hercules; 
 Th' Idean orgies ; and the giant force 
 Of the dread Corybantes ; and the wanderings 
 Of Ceres, and the woes of Proferpine : 
 With thefe I fung the gifts of the Cabiri ; 
 The Myfteries of Bacchus , and the praife 
 Of Lemnos, Samothrace, and lofty Cyprus e > 
 Fair Adonean Venus , and the rites 
 Of dread Ogygian Praxidice ; 
 
 d Orph. Argon, ver. 17. See alfo the introdu&ion to the 
 Orphic Hymns. 
 
 e All thefe were places celebrated for the worfhip of the 
 Cabiri, from which circumftance indeed Cyprus or Cubrus 
 feems to have derived its name. 
 
 Arinian 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 333 
 
 Arinian Minerva's nightly feftival ; 
 And Egypt's forrow for the loft Oliris. 
 
 Brimo, here celebrated by the Orphic 
 poet, is the fame as Hecate, who was wor- 
 fhipped, along with the Cabiri, in the Samo- 
 thracian cave of Zerinthus f . Confidered as 
 the Ark, fhe is properly denominated by 
 Apollonius the nurfe of youths, and reprefented 
 as the queen of the infernal regions ; while, 
 in her character of the Moon, mc is with 
 equal propriety defcribed by him as walking 
 in the gloom of the night g . The name 
 Brimo was exprefled at full length O5n'mo h , 
 which fecms to be a variation of the com- 
 pound term Ob-Rimon, the lofty ferpent- god- 
 defs. Her gloomy rites, and her appearance 
 to Jafon, are painted in a very ftriking man- 
 ner by the poet of the Argonautics. 
 
 Avtdc €7th f 'Ehucrj? evtyeyyeoz ctq-epsg- A(>xt% 
 
 Bp/*w KuiXno-Mv ~E*ctT7iv . Apoll. Argon, lib. iii 
 
 ver. 12 10. 
 
 g EnTciKt d?j Bfipu xaforpoQov ayxaXsercccra, 
 BgifAU Wy.Ti7roXoVf jfiovwv, tvzcoi&iv avoaTaav. 
 
 Apoll. Argon, lib. iii. ver. 860. 
 h — o£f»^«$ r «A<ro? xbcticts Kop/^. Lycoph. CafTan. ver. 69S. 
 
 Y 2 ' %vv 
 
3H A DISSERTATION 
 
 ^vv tSGLtri x()v}e(r<ri' ispa yctp r ctXeyvvev ixa^ct 
 HpctTiof 3~y}Xvi/ psv o'iv ya,Xct t exro&i TZoifjcvy? 
 Apyog ioov vjveixe, Tct, <^' g| ouurf\g ike vv\os. 
 AXtC ore Jty i£e xcopov o Tig zuolth exro&ev r\ev 
 Av3~P&)7ra)Vj xa,3~ccpy]<Tiv v7revatog eldf^evv^iv y 
 
 E^S"' '4T01 TJ3cLfA7rPQt>TCL XoKT(TCLTO fJLSV TSOTA^JLOIQ 
 
 Evctye&g 9-etoto Tepev ^eptig, ct,(Jttyi h Qctpog 
 'Jlotclto xvaveov* to [tev ol zzctpog eyruccki^e 
 A^victg 'T\j/i7rvky} } aaivyjg fAVfjfjifi'iov euvrjg. 
 Uri%viov £ etp eireiTd me^co en @o3~pov opvpetg, 
 Nrfltre <r%J^W* eiri £' ctpvetov Tct t ue koufAov' 
 Avrov t ev Kcc3'v7repB's Tawo-reTo' $oue Je QiTPXg 
 IIvp V7reveftev hi$T eTTi <Srj juuya^ctg %gg koiSag, 
 Bpiftco xDckfjo-xav 'ILxwrtjv, S7rctpct)yov cte&koov. 
 Key p' per ctfxcckecrctg zoctkiv e<riX £V ' % ^ etixret, 
 
 KevS'lLCUV £% V7TUTC0V StlVY\ 3"eog CLVT&oXY\<riV 
 
 'lepoig AicroviScto' zuept'^ $e juv eqeQ&voono 
 Xj&epoctkeot £pv'ivoi<ri ptTa, zulopS'oKri £p&xoneg' 
 XTpct7TT£ a UTretpertov ^etiiioov cekctg' ctfi(pi $e 
 
 Tfjv ye 
 OjreiYi vkaxy x& Q)>m xvveg etpSeyfovTo. 
 Heicrea, <¥ erpt^e tsccvrcc xcltcl ?i£ov' cti ^ 0A0- 
 
 kv^ctv 
 Ni^Cpo/ ekeiovopoi zscrrafjLyfiJeg, od TSepi xeivyv 
 §curi$og elctjusvyiv A^jlolpclvtix elki<r<rovTcu. 
 Aicrovifyv £* rjToi pev ekev hog 3 cOkct jlciv x^ oog 
 'Eirrpo7rctAi£o{u,evGv zso^eg extyepov, oQp eTctpoKri ■ 
 MlXTO xim J ■ 
 
 The northern bear was funk beneath the hills, 
 And all the air a folemn filence fills : 
 
 Apoll. Argon, lib. iii. ver. 1193. 
 
 Jafon 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 325 
 
 Jafon to lonely haunts purfu'd his way; 
 (All rites adjufted the preceding day): 
 'Twas Argus' care a lambkin to provide, 
 And milk, the reft a ready fhip fupply'd. 
 A fweet fequefter'd fpot the hero found, 
 Where filence reigns, and fwelling flreams 
 
 abound ; 
 And here, obfervant of due rites, he laves 
 His limbs, immerging in the cleanfing waves : 
 Then o'er his moulders, pledge of favours paft, 
 The gift of fair Hypfipyla he caft, 
 A fable robe : a deep round fofs he made, 
 And on the kindling wood the victim laid : 
 The mix'd libation pouring o'er the flame, 
 Loud he invok'd infernal Brimo's name ; 
 Then back retir'd : his call her ears invades, 
 And up fhe riles from the land of fliades : 
 Snakes, wreath'd in oaken boughs, curl'd round 
 
 her hair, 
 And gleaming torches caft a difmal glare. 
 To guard their queen, the hideous dogs of hell 
 Rend the dark welken with inceffant yell ; . 
 The heaving ground beneath her footfteps 
 
 fhakes ; 
 Loud fliriek the Naiads of the neighbouring 
 
 lakes, 
 And all the fountain-nymphs aftonifh'd flood 
 Where amaranthine Phafis rolls his flood. 
 Fear feiz'd the chief, yet backward he withdrew, 
 Nor, till he join'd his comrades, turn'd his view. 
 
 Fawkes. 
 y 3 Brimo 
 
3 25 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Brimo is faid by Lycophron to have been the 
 daughter of Perfeus ; 
 
 Bplf&Cti T^lflO^OS" 
 
 but his commentator Tzetzes afferts, that Ihe 
 was the offspring of the moft ancient Perfes, 
 who was the fon of Crius and Eurybia, chil- 
 dren of Uranus. The wife of this Perfes was 
 Afleria, the daughter of Ceus and Phebe ; 
 who, like Crius and Eurybia, were of the 
 race of the Titans K Both Perfes and Per- 
 feus however, as I have repeatedly obferved, 
 are P'Eres-Zeus, the folar Noah ; and Eury- 
 bia or Eura-Bea, and Afteria or As-Tora, are 
 equally the arkite heifer of the Noetic Sun. 
 Aileria is the fame as Aftarte or Afhtaroth ; 
 hence ihe was feigned to have been meta- 
 morphofed into the floating ifland Delos, the 
 whole hiftory of which relates immediately to 
 the Ark m . 
 
 With regard to the other deities connected 
 in the preceding paffage with Brimo, Jupiter 
 appears in this inftance to be the fcriptural 
 Ham; and his fervitude feems to refer to the 
 
 k Lycoph. Caffan. ver. 1176. 
 1 Tzet. in loc. 
 »Hyg • S3- 
 
 curfe 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 327 
 
 curfe pronounced by Noah upon that patri- 
 arch": while Hercules-Machius is the fame 
 as Hercules-Macufan ; and the Arinian Mi- 
 nerva is fimply the arkite Minerva. As for 
 Praxidice, we are informed by Dionyfms, that 
 it was an epithet common to the three daugh- 
 ters of Ogyges or Noah, Alcomenia, Thelxi- 
 nia, and Aulis p ; but Mnafeas makes the god- 
 defs, who bore this appellation, to be the 
 mother of Ctefius, and of two nymphs, who 
 from her received the name of the Praxidi- 
 cce q . Both Ctefius however, and Hercules- 
 Machius or Muchius, were Cabiric gods ; for 
 we are exprefsly told by Dionyfms of Hali- 
 carnafTus, that the Trojan Penates were de- 
 
 n The proper import of the word Svreict, here ufed by the 
 Orphic poet, is undoubtedly aftate offervitude. Of this Gef- 
 ner feems perfectly fenfible ; and yet, becaufe he does not find 
 the fervitude of Jupiter elfewhere mentioned, he ventures to 
 interpret the word religious fervice performed to that god, in- 
 flead oijla-vcry undergone by him. ©rmav Zwoq nondum in- 
 veni, nee memini quidquam de illo narrari fimile Apollinis illi 
 apud Admetum fervituti, quam tangit nofter, ver. 173. 
 A$f/,Y)Toq y u(piKocvt <t>£pa»o$£i', u von Ylcaav 
 
 ©HT-ETfiN V7T0UKE — . 
 
 Quid fi Svraiasi interpretemur, non quam Jupiter praeftet alii, 
 fed quae ipfi adhibeatur ? Certe hmfuuv Matris deorum fie in- 
 telligendam nemo negarit. 
 
 Vide fupra vol. i. p. 253. 
 
 p Suid. Lex. 
 
 « Ibid. 
 
 y 4 nominated 
 
3*8 A DISSERTATION 
 
 nominated Ctefii and Muchii 1 . There was a 
 temple of thefe Praxidicae at the Beotian Ha- 
 liartns on the hill TilphufTus ; and the oaths, 
 which were taken before their altar, were 
 deemed, like thofe by the river Styx, pecu- 
 liarly facred s . 
 
 As Strabo and the Orphic poet both agree 
 in clofely connecting together the various 
 Myfteries of antiquity ; fo Pindar, after cele- 
 brating Bacchus or Noah, immediately in- 
 vokes, and that with the utmoft propriety, 
 the great arkite mother of the gods. 
 
 MeyaAot poftGoi ycvfjuQctkoov' 
 Ev Jk x,cl,72kcl$c*)v xoqt&Xci, 
 
 AlS-OfASM TS Scot? V7TQ %CW&Y&L ZSSV KGUS t . 
 
 In- thy myfterious rites, dread Cybele, 
 
 Are heard the tinkling cymbals ; 
 
 While, through the awful gloom of night, 
 The blazing torches fned a ruddy light. 
 
 In a fimilar manner, Euripides unites the or- 
 gies of Cybele with the Myfteries of Dio- 
 nufus. 
 
 ' Dion. Ant. Rom. lib. i. cap. 67. 
 
 s Pauf. Bttot. p. 776. Haliartus was fuppofed to have 
 been founded by a fon of Athamas, for whofe hiftory vide fupra 
 vol. i. p. 254. 
 
 * Pind. apud Strab. Geog. lib. x. p. 46S, 469. 
 
 £1 pctxctq, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 339 
 
 Ei^cof, (iioTctv ctyi^evei, 
 To, te ftccTPo? [AsyaXcts 
 Opyux, KvQeActf BsftifevGov 
 
 Avct 3~VP(T0V T£ TlVOL(T<rCQV, 
 
 Ki<r<rct> re ^ttpcLvo&eiSj 
 Aiovvcrov S"epa,7T£vet. 
 Ire Baxxcq, 
 
 BpOfMOV TScttSct SSOV 3~£2 
 
 Aiovvtrov Kctrayovtrcif, 
 
 Qpuyiav £% opew 
 
 'E#\.#Js$- £is £vpv%oop%s etyvias u . 
 
 Happy the man, who, crown'd with ivy wreaths, 
 
 And brandiflhing his thyrfus, 
 The myftic rites of Cuba underftands, 
 And worfhips mighty Dionufus. 
 Haile, ye Bacchse ! 
 Hafte ! bring our god, Sabazian Bromius, 
 From Phrygia's mountains to the realms of 
 Greece. 
 
 To thefe deities he adds the Corybantes, or 
 Cabiri ; and at the fame time celebrates the 
 ifland of Crete, the fuppofed birth-place of 
 Jupiter. 
 
 fl &cLAa,fjL£v[A,oi, Kxptjrav, 
 
 ZctS'Hl T£ Kp*IT£? 
 At0y£V£T0P£f £VCU)X0i, 
 
 ft Eurip. apud Strab. Geag. lib. x. p. 468, 469. 
 
-o A DISSERTATION 
 
 oa 
 
 Bvpa-oTovov kvaXmjjlgl rode 
 Mot KoevGavTe? evqov. 
 Avct re JS&x,%siol o-vvtqvgo 
 Kepctcav q^vSoct, $(njyiuv 
 
 AvA&V ZSVeVfjLOLTt, fA&TfOS T6 ViCL? US 
 
 Xeeci B'riKctv kcc^Kiktv7tov evao-pa BaK%c&, 
 Tlapct re fjwuvof&evoi Xcltv^oi 
 NlcLTpof ePcLvvQ-avro Vices' 
 TLis re xo^ivfxcLTa, 
 Upocr^av TpitT'm^uv, 
 
 Ak XCUpBl &L0VVCTQS X . 
 
 Hail facred Crete ! 
 The nurfe of the Cabiric Corybantes : 
 In thy myflerious cavern's dark recefs 
 
 Young Jove firft faw the light. 
 Then the Curetes clafh'd their founding arms, 
 
 And rais'd with joyful voice the fong 
 To Bacchus ever young ; 
 While the lhrill pipe 
 Refounded to the praife of Cybele, 
 And the gay Satyrs tripp'd in jocund dance, 
 
 Such dance as Bacchus loves. 
 
 As for Bacchus, he makes him the fon of 
 Cybele y ; by which nothing more is meant, 
 
 x Eurip. apud Strab. Geog. lib. x. p. 468, 469. 
 y In this particular Euripides exaclly agrees with the Or- 
 phic poet. See Orph. Hymn. 41. cited above p. 321, 
 
 than 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 331 
 
 than that Noah was the allegorical offspring 
 of the Ark. 
 
 Ov o"vv Aiovurct) xaftav, 
 
 'Of CtV \$&V T€P7T£TCtl CVV ^CLTQl QkXcL, 
 TvfA7TCLVtoV iCtKXQl? 7 '. 
 
 On Ida's fummit, with his mighty mother, 
 
 Young Bacchus leads the frantic train, 
 And through the echoing woods the rattling 
 timbrels found. 
 
 The Myfteries of Bacchus confuted in part 
 of a fcenical exhibition of his dilaceration by 
 the Titans, and of his fubfequent reftoration 
 to life by Rhea. Upon this point I have al- 
 ready obferved, that the ftory of his dilacera- 
 tion is a corruption of the original allegory, 
 that fable being folely applicable to the burft- 
 ing afunder of the great arkite mother, and 
 to the fcattering of her limbs over the face 
 of the whole globe a ; and I have further 
 flated, that in the primitive legend, Bacchus, 
 Ofiris, or Adonis, was limply fuppofed to 
 have tafted death, and afterwards to have 
 experienced a wonderful revivification. The 
 death of thefe kindred deities is the very 
 fame circumftance as the murder of one of 
 
 z Eurip. apud Strab. Geog. lib. x, p. 470. 
 x Vide hipra p. 86. 
 
 the 
 
33 z A DISSERTATION 
 
 the Corybantes or Cabin by his two bro- 
 thers ; for Corybas was no other than Bac- 
 chus, or the folar Noah b . This death of 
 Bacchus, Ofiris, or Adonis, and this imagi- 
 nary murder of Corybas, which is noticed by 
 moil of the authors, who treat of the Cabiric 
 Myfteries c , is merely the allegorical death of 
 Noah, or his entrance into the Ark ; while 
 the revivification of thofe deities is confe- 
 quently his egrefs. 
 
 During another part of the Bacchic orgies, 
 the two grand fymbols of the arkite and folar 
 fu perdition were introduced ; and the bull 
 was celebrated as the parent of the dragon, 
 and the dragon as the parent of the bull. 
 
 A third part of the myftic worfhip of Bac- 
 chus confrfted of carrying about an ark, which 
 
 b Vide fupra vol. i. p. 163. 187. 352. 
 
 c Oblivioni etiam Corybantia facra donentur, in quibus 
 ianchim illud myfterium traditur, frater trucidatus a fratribus. 
 Arnob. adv. Gent. lib. v. p. 169. In facris Corybantium par- 
 ricidium colitur. Nam unus frater a duobus interemptus eft ; 
 et ne quod indicium necem fraternae mortis aperiret, fub radi- 
 eibus Olympi montis a parricidis fratribus confecratur. Hunc 
 eundem Macedonum colit ftulta perfuafio. Hie eft Cabirus, 
 cui ThefTalonices quondam cruento cruentis manibus fupplica- 
 bant. Jul. Firm, de Err. Prof. Rel. p. 23. E» SeXiiy y tiroiflev- 
 eon y.ai ta KocvQavruw opyia, rov Tfirov uhX(pov wiroxTuvuvrts «toj, 
 xai *i<pa.>>w ta »£xp« (poiyvuh zntxu.Xv-^aTriv. Clem. Alex. Cohort. 
 
 P. '5- 
 
 fome- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 333 
 
 fometimes contained the Phallus, and fome- 
 times the ftatue of the deity himfelf. The 
 former of thefe ceremonies was in ufe among 
 the Corybantic prieiis of Etruria d ; the latter 
 prevailed at Laphria in Achaia. Tradition 
 aflerted, that the Laphrian rite was brought 
 originally from Troy ; and the image of Bac- 
 chus in the ark was believed to have been 
 the workmanfhip of Vulcan, and the gift of 
 Jupiter to Dardanus. When the fpoils of 
 the Ilieniians were divided, it was fuppofed 
 to have fallen to the lot of Eurypylus, having 
 been left behind by Eneas. The title of this 
 arkite Bacchus was Efytnnetes, which may 
 poffibly be Efemn-Ait-Es e , the lord of fire ; 
 and, on the night of his principal feftivil, he 
 was carried by his priefts, with great folem- 
 nity, to the river Milichus f . 
 
 d Vide fupra vol.. i. p. $66. note d. 
 e BPN-nN-fbiOTT. 
 
 f It.tx os aXec-Yii;, /.cci vsfAOfxivuv ra. 7.u$tfct ru* TuXKwuv, Et;vxt : .v 3 " 
 o Ecaipskc? hcLy.Qa.vu "ha^oty.a.' Aumvay c^ aytxhya. ry sv tri Aapj-ax^ 
 
 Sea & tu tvro; ryq ha.pi/ay.oq i e my.'hr i G\q ^v. £r»" Awv^wrifc. Paul. 
 Achaic. p. 572. It may not be improper to oblerve, that Bac- 
 chus was fometimes faid to be the lbn of Dione, who, accord- 
 ing to the Orphic poet, was one of the feven Titanides. £1 *t % 
 Aiumk, tq B(pvq fjuyuq Bi6g, AtoiViri. Eurip. apud Schol. in Pind. 
 Pyth. iii. ver. 177. Dione is D'lonah, (be divine dove ; and 
 (he was fometimes feigned to have been the mother of Venus, 
 or the Ark. Ex Dione et Jove Venus. Hyg. Praef. Fab. 
 
 This 
 
334 A DISSERTATION 
 
 This lall ceremony is evidently the fame as 
 that, which was performed by the Egyptians 
 in honour of Ofiris. We are informed by 
 Plutarch, that, on the nineteenth day of the 
 month Athyr, men clad in long robes affifted 
 the priefts in bearing the facred ark of Ofiris 
 down to the fea. This ark contained within 
 it a little golden figure of a boat, into which 
 they poured water, while they made the air 
 refound with their cries, that Ofiris was found 
 again 5 . The whole indeed of the myftic rites 
 of Ofiris were the fame as thofe of Bacchus. 
 Hence w T e find, that he alfo w T as fuppofed to 
 have been torn by the Titans, and to have 
 been reftored to life again ; that he was com- 
 pelled by Typhon or the Ocean to enter into 
 an ark on the feventeenth day of the month 
 Athyr, the very day on w r hich Noah entered 
 into his veflel ; and that the Egyptians ap- 
 pointed two feftivals in memory of this event, 
 in one of wrhich they celebrated the entrance 
 of Ofiris into the ark, and in the other his 
 entrance into the moon h . 
 
 s Plut. de Ifid. p. 366. 
 
 h Vide fupra vol. i. p. 151. The Perflans have a legend re- 
 flecting one of their ancient princes, which very nearly refem- 
 bles that of the Egyptians refpefting Ofiris, and which relates, 
 I apprehend, to the fame event. u Khamani, or Icheherzad. 
 *' firnamed Homal, was a queen of the fecond Perfian dynafty, 
 
 f< Some 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 235 
 
 The Myfteries of Adonis were of precifely 
 the fame nature, and referred to the very- 
 fame event. He was firft bewailed as dead ; 
 but, in a fhort time, his votaries forgot their 
 former grief, and with loud acclamations ce- 
 lebrated his fuppofed revivification. The re- 
 femblance indeed between thefe rites and 
 
 ** Some orientalifts fufpect no fuch queen exifted, and the Ta- 
 u rikh Cozideh makes no mention of her. The oriental writers 
 <f lay, that the was a great architect, and adorned the city of 
 €t Perfepolis : to her alfo is attributed a multitude of fmall py- 
 Ci ramids, fcattered throughout Perfia, and every where over- 
 " turned by the foldiers of Alexander the Great. About five 
 " months after her acceffion to the throne, me brought forth a 
 " fon, who the aftrologers declared would bring great misfor- 
 " tunes on the country, and they advifed he mould be imme- 
 " diately deftroyed. The tendernefs of the mother would not 
 <c permit Homai to follow their counfels -, (lie therefore made a 
 " little wooden ark, and, having put the child into it, futfered 
 fe the veffel to fail down the Gihon, or Oxus. It is faid, Ho-. 
 " mai was with child by her father Bahaman. The child was 
 " found on the water by a dyer, who nurfed and educated him; 
 " and he was named Darab, which implies fojfejfed oxfou.. 
 * f <vcater.~ The (irname Homai, given to the queen, Signifies a 
 <c bird peculiar to the Eaft, which is fuppofed to fly conftantly 
 " in the air, and never to touch the ground. It is looked upon 
 ff as a bird of happy omen ; and every head it overfhades will 
 Ci in time wear a crown. It denotes a Phenix, a large royal 
 " eagle, a pelican, and a bird of Paradife." Vallancey's Vind. 
 of Anc. Hift. of Ireland, p. 226. I fufpect, that Homai is 
 the fame mythological character as Semiramis, v/ho was lup- 
 pofed to have been an ancient queen of Babylon, and to have 
 been changed into a dove. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 86, 
 
 thofe 
 
33$ A DISSERTATION 
 
 thofe of Ofiris was fo great, that many of the 
 Byblians, as we learn from Lucian, main- 
 tained, that the whole ceremony related en- 
 tirely to the latter deity l . Nor was this 
 opinion adopted by them without reason; for, 
 according to Plutarch, the ark, which con- 
 tained the body of Ofiris, drifted on more at 
 Byblos k . Adonis is evidently the fame as 
 the Thammuz of Scripture \ and probably the 
 rfhaumas of Greek mythology. His mourn- 
 ful rites were known alfo at Argos, as might 
 naturally be expected, when we confider the 
 connection of that city with the Noetic Ark m . 
 
 1 EnJbv St kch iv BvQXa) [Asya, Igov AQgohrvs BvQ^i^, £» to; x«/ t« 
 ogyicc eg A^ojviv £7nTs>.E«<7». E&as^v h kcoj roc cgyux.. Atyacri ya% $y 
 av to egyov to eg A&uviv vtco m cvog, ev t*j %wp»j t»j c^ete^*) yeveaBccf, 
 
 XX\ {AV7}(AY1V 78 TTaSeoq 7V7p,0V7SU T£ tHOtfOV ETEO?, X.O.I .^VEHCTJ, HOtl 7X 
 
 ofiyicc. tnneKiaai, zeti ffQiat (AeyccXcc. net/Sect ocvcc 7nv x eo f r,v *r a T a '- 
 
 "ETTBdV h WTTOTV^CuVTOU TE, ZCti O.1t0V.\CI.V(JUV7a.\ > IBGUTCt pev KctTctyovat 
 
 rep A^uiith, qkcix; eom viKv'i' fierce h 7y e7ep-p ^//Ep>?, fyeiv 71 /xjv pv§o- 
 boysovcrt, >ca,i eg 7ov vjspa <n7£ J a?ry£n, item 7ctg x.t<pu\a; %vgeov7cu, oytug 
 Aiyvnrlioi, a.7ro§uvGv7og Attio?. — Enr» £e evwi BvQXiuv, ol hzyoven tcch^x 
 ctyiai 7E§x<pScu 7ov Oa^iv 7ov Aiyviriiov, holi t« TrevBeat, x.cu 70c opy»a, 
 cvk s$ 7ov A^cjviv, a.'Kh eq 7ov 0<ri£w, ttolvtu. Vfr,a-aeaBcii. Luc. de 
 Dea Syr. feci. 6, 7. 
 
 k Plut.de Ifid. p. 357. 
 
 1 ff Then he brought me to the door of the gate of the Lord's 
 u houfe, which was toward the north, and behold, there fat 
 " women weeping for Thammuz." Ezek. viii. 14. 
 
 m AlO? Er»" lV7CCV§Ct legOV X&THpOfj KU.I <7rct(<\ii<7iV e\g TO OtXiJ/ita, iv- 
 
 TauSa Toy Acta.iy al yvvuiy.a- Apyeiav oovfonzi. Pauf. Corinth. 
 
 P . 6». 
 
 The 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 337 
 
 The Myfteries indeed, by the name of 
 whatever god they might be called, were in- 
 variably of a mixed nature, beginning in for- 
 row and ending in joy. They fometimes, as 
 we have juft feen, defcribed the allegorical 
 death and fubfequent revivification of the 
 principal arkite deity ; while, at other times, 
 they reprefented the wanderings of a perfon 
 in great diftrefs on account of the lofs either 
 of a hufband, a lover, a fon, or a daughter. 
 Such were the travels of Ills, in fearch of 
 Ofiris, Horus, and Harpocrates ; the two for- 
 mer of which deities are faid to have been 
 torn in pieces by the Titans, and the latter 
 to have been fought for by his mother His, 
 over the whole world, in the firft fhip that 
 was navigated with fails n . Such likevvife 
 were the wanderings of Venus in quell: of 
 Adonis, who, as we are informed by Hefiod, 
 was the fon of Phenix and Alphefibea. Ac- 
 cording to Apollodorus, Venus, being ftruck 
 with his beauty when he was only an infant, 
 concealed him from the other gods in an ark, 
 which me committed to the care of Profer- 
 pine ; but that goddefs, as foon as me had 
 feen the child , peremptorily refufed to reftore 
 
 n VeKficia primum invenit Ifis ; nam, dum quaerit Harpo- 
 cratem tilium fuum, rate velificavlt. Hyg. Fab. 277. 
 
 vol. 11. z him. 
 
338 A DISSERTATION 
 
 him . Upon this, the matter was referred 
 to Jupiter ; who decreed, that Adonis mould 
 fpend four months with him, four with Ve- 
 nus, and four with Proferpine p : whence he is 
 faid by Theocritus to have been thrice be- 
 loved q . After he had been flain by the boar, 
 he was fought for by Venus, in various coun- 
 tries, and at length was found in Argos a ci- 
 ty of Cyprus 1 . As for his fuppofed father 
 Phenix, he is the very fame perfon as his my- 
 thological fon, and his name is merely the 
 compound term Ph'Anak, the diluvian* \ 
 while the figniflcation of the word Jttphefibea, 
 
 ° The fable of the infancy of Adonis originated from the 
 fame caufe, as the Egyptian mode of reprefenting the helio- 
 arkite Noah under the hieroglyphic of a child fitting upon the 
 lotus. Vide fupra p. 13. note i. 
 
 p KvioSos h uvroi Qoiviko: x.cc\ A^eaiCoitx.; Xeyzi'——lv A^o^jtjj dW 
 Kxhhuq en mikiqv y.fv(pcc Bsuv en; Xcc^vuttot H^v-^/ocaa, Tlefaetpov/i irap\<rcc 
 to. Lx.iu>v) h uc s§ex<ra,To, an caribou' y.picreuq $e em Ajoj yevo^evr^y 
 11; T££tj [jLOipccs ow^e^r, zvictiroi;' -/.av piuv Trap eocvru peveiv tov A<^u» 
 nt' j/Adv 0= Trxfa, YliQiTiSovr, K?oaiTCt%i' ryv $e \tepa.v iroc^x AQpooiTn. 
 Apollod. Bibl. lib. iii. cap. 13. 
 
 ** O T^i^tAaTo; A^m:, y.iv A^s^ovn (piXenxi. Theoc. Idyll. I j. 
 ver. 86. 
 
 r Mstoc. y.iv AdamJo; ty^a vzvcnov ntep^yp^er^ y.ui ^tsaa, v> A(ppo- 
 ctrr ly evgev aurov ev Aeyu 7rohn r>j? Kv7rp8. Ptol. Hephaeft. Hift. 
 Nov. lib. vii. 
 
 s We are plainly informed by Aufonius, that Phanac was 
 one of the names of Adonis, or Bacchus. 
 Myfi Phanacem nominant; 
 Arabica gens Adoneum. Aufon. Epig. 30. 
 
 the 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 339 
 
 the title by which the imaginary mother of 
 Adonis was defignated, is the tauriform Ark. 
 An ox, as we have repeatedly feen, was one 
 of the moft ufual fymbols of the Noetic fliip. 
 In the Punic language, that animal was called 
 Alephy which I apprehend to have been the 
 original oriental name of this allegorical per- 
 fonage. Afterwards, by way of explanation, 
 the Greeks added to it the termination Bea, 
 which equally fignifies an ox ; and thus 
 formed the compound title Alphefibea c . The 
 Cyprian Argos, like the Peloponnefian Argos, 
 received its appellation from the arkite wor- 
 ship, which was there eftablifhed ; confe- 
 quently the fable of Adonis being found by 
 Venus in that city is built entirely upon the 
 circumftance of Noah's inclofure within the 
 Ark. 
 
 The wanderings of Rhea or Cybele pre- 
 cifely refembled thofe of Venus and Ifis u . 
 There was a hill near Tegea in Arcadia, 
 
 1 It is not impoffible to produce fimilar inftances of words 
 compounded of two different languages. Thus Melcomb-Regis 
 in our own ifland is partly Punic and partly Latin ; the latter 
 word being explanatory of the former. Thus alfo Aberford is 
 compounded of a W^elih and an Englilh word, both of which 
 equally fignify a fajfage over a river. 
 
 n Rhea, Cybele, Venus, Ifis, and Ceres, were in fa6t, as I 
 have already obferved, o..e and the fame mythological charac- 
 ter. 
 
 z % which 
 
340 A DISSERTATION 
 
 which was dedicated to her on this very ac- 
 count. Upon it was a grove facred to Ceres, 
 and at its foot was a temple of the Hippian 
 Neptune x . Her rites were equally mourn- 
 ful ; and the forrow of her votaries was after- 
 wards, in a fimilar manner, turned into joy y . 
 This alternate lamentation and rejoicing was 
 doubtlefs on account of the fuppofed death 
 and revival of Bacchus or Adonis, who by the 
 Phrygians was ftyled Attis z . 
 
 But perhaps of all the ancient Myfteries, 
 thofe known by the name of the Eleufinian 
 Ceres were the moil: celebrated. We have 
 feen, that this goddefs, as well as Bacchus, 
 was very clofely connected with the Cabiri ; 
 whence me herfelf was intitled Cabiria, and 
 her priefts Cabarni*. The orgies of Eleufis 
 
 Yfl-Ef ca Td ru>ou>, to o-oj e,-J To Ahya-iov hoc tufl a^r.v, a; £an, 
 y.uXaiJ.n/YtV T'^q Ptccs' v.ou &r,y.r,Tco<; ahaos tvmio ocu. Uafcc ci t« opyj 
 to, iayjx.ua, tov Hoaucuvos sfi tov 'lTrmov to Ufov. Paul. Arcad, 
 p. 618. 
 
 - v Both thefe ideas are briefly expreffed by Valerius Flaccus. 
 Sic ubi Mygdonios flayiBus facer abluit Almo, 
 
 hcetaque jam Cybele. Argon, lib. viii. ver. 239. 
 
 The river Almo or Almon, here mentioned, derived its name, 
 like the city Almon in ThefTaly, from the Myfteries of Al- 
 Mon, the dhn?ic lunar Ark. 
 
 z Clem. Alex. Cohort, ad Gent. p. 16. 
 
 a Ka^apoi, ot Tvs AYiiJLVTfoq Ufu;. Hefych. Cabarni Cereris 
 iunt apud Parios facerdotes. Coel. RhoJig. Le£t. Ant. lib. xvi. 
 cap. 20. 
 
 repre- 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 341 
 
 reprefented her wanderings after Proferpine 
 in the very fame manner as thofe of Egypt 
 exhibited the travels of Ifis in fearch of Ofiris. 
 This fimilarity is noticed by Lactantius b : 
 and Julius Firmicus joins together, with great 
 propriety, the Myfteries of Bacchus, Profer- 
 pine, Attis, and Ofiris ; defcribing them all 
 as equally mournful, and equally commemo- 
 rative of fome fuppofed death c . I am in- 
 clined to think, that, in one refpecl, the rites 
 of Ceres approximate more nearly to the pri- 
 mitive tradition upon which they were 
 founded, than thofe of either Ofiris, Adonis, 
 or Attis. The mythology of the Hindoos, as 
 we have feen d , reprefents the arkite goddefs 
 Sita, the mother of all the deities, torn afun- 
 der, and her limbs fcattered over the whole 
 world ; and defcribes her confort Maha-De- 
 va, the god of the Ark, as going in queft of 
 them, with lamentations fimilar to thofe 
 
 b Sacra vero Cereris Eleufinae non funt his dimmilia. Nam 
 ficut ibi Ofiris puer plan6tu matris inquiritur ; ita hie ad in- 
 certum patrui matrimonium rapta Proferpina. Lact. de Fal. 
 Rel. lib. i. cap. 21. 
 
 c Lugete mortuos veftros, et ipii fimili morte morituri. Mit- 
 tite regibus veftris, ut vultis inferias, et orbitates eorum alio 
 remediorum genere mitigate. Lugete Liberum, lugete Profer- 
 pinam, lugete Attin, lugete Cfyrin, fed fine noftrae contumelia 
 dignitatis. Jul. Firm, de Error. Prof. Rel. p. 20. 
 
 d Vide fupra p. 86. 
 
 z 3 prac- 
 
34* A DISSERTATION 
 
 pra&ifed in the Weft. In the Myfteries of 
 Attis, Ofiris, and Adonis, this fable is exactly 
 inverted ; and the allegorical death of the di- 
 luvian god is confounded with the dilacera- 
 tion of the Ark : but, in the Myfteries of 
 Ceres, the fable is only partially corrupted ; 
 and both the perfon who feeks, and the per- 
 fon. who is fought, is defcribed as a female. 
 The facT: is, both Proferpine and Ceres are 
 the fame mythological character, the lunar 
 Ark ; confequently when Bacchus, the folar 
 Noah, is added to them, the legend is com- 
 plete e . Hence w 7 e find them all joined to- 
 gether by Mnafeas, in his enumeration of the 
 Cabiri f . 
 
 e Liberum ad Solem volunt referre commenta Graecorum, 
 Proferpinam vero Liberam dicentes Lunam effe confingunt. Jul. 
 Firm, de Error. Prof. Rel. p. 19. From an ignorance of the 
 mythological union of the arkite and Sabian worfhip, Firmicus 
 very naturally afks, Quis vidit puerum Solem ? quis fefellit ? 
 quis occidit ? quis laceravit ? quis divifit ? quis membris ejus 
 epulatus eft? Quis Lunam rapuit? quis abfcondit ? quis Plu- 
 tonis conjugem fecit ? Ibid. 
 
 f In his firft lift he places Hades in the room of Bacchus, 
 but thefe two deities were one and the fame. Paufanias how- 
 ever mentions a temple, in which Bacchus, Ceres, and Profer- 
 pine, were actually worshipped together. UX^iov vuoq er» Awpj- 
 Tpo;' ayuXf/.a.ra, oe uvt/i re, koh y ttsch;, xa» oao<z tywv lax^os. Pauf. 
 Attic, p. 6. In another temple were adored the helio-arkite 
 deities, Ceres, Proferpine, Minerva, and Apollo ; E$-» & ltf°» *» 
 w xetrcti Ay (Ayr go*; xat ttj? ttaicIos ayaX^ocrccj koci A^r,vxi xcct AnoX- 
 
 Xuvog. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 343 
 
 The Myfteries of Ceres were celebrated in 
 the deep gloom of night, in allufion to the 
 darknefs, which for a feafon inveloped the 
 Noetic family, while confined within the 
 womb of the Ark ; and the wanderings of 
 the goddefs, like thofe of Rhea, Venus, Ifis, 
 and Latona, relate equally to the erratic ftate 
 of that immenfe vefTel upon the furface of 
 the waters. Ceres is faid, in the courfe of 
 her travels, to have met with Eubuleus ; 
 who, as we have feen, was the fame as Bac- 
 chus, Jupiter, or Adonis, and who was fome- 
 times feigned to be the fon of Ceres, and 
 fometimes of Proferpine 5 . This Eubuleus is 
 joined, by Clemens Alexandrinus, with Eu- 
 molpus ; and they were fuppofed to have 
 jointly received Ceres upon her arrival at 
 Eleufis h . According to Paufanias, Eumolpus 
 was the prieft of Ceres and Proferpine '• He 
 
 Kavog. Jul. Firm, de Error. Prof. Rel. p. 91. and in a third, 
 the Welt Wind, Ceres, Proferpine, Minerva, and Neptune. 
 
 Eft 5s y.oci ZiQvfU re (SupAC, y.cu AityxqTpof hfev, y.xi Tr$ 7ra»5os* ovm ot 
 c$i?iv ASr,vcc y.cc.1 TlocrnSaJv syjz'jcn Tiixau Ibid. p. 89. No perlon, 
 
 who has paid the leaft attention to the generally fyftematic ex- 
 a&nefs of ancient mythology, will deem thefe combinations 
 merely the effect of chance. 
 
 g Vide fupra vol. i. p. 194. See alio Arnob. adv, Gent, 
 lib. v. p. 174. — Clem. Alex. Cohort, ad Gent. p. 17. 
 
 h Clem. Alex. Ibid. 
 
 1 Ta, $e t?%a. Tom Seoii Ey^oATro? xat a.1 $iyan:t; ^>«?u «» Kiasw. 
 Pauf. Attic, p. 92. 
 
 Z 4 13 
 
344 A DISSERTATION 
 
 is clearly a mythological character ; inafmuch 
 as he was the reputed fon of Neptune and 
 Chione, and was believed to have come, like 
 Orpheus, out of Thrace k . His mother Chio- 
 ne is G'lonah, the ilhjlrious dove ; and his 
 grandibn Naiis is the fame as Nau or Noah. 
 Tradition afferted, that this Naiis firft intro- 
 duced the rites of the Eleufmian Ceres into 
 Pheneon \ 
 
 As for the city Eleufis, the principal feat 
 of the Myfteries of Ceres, it is faid to have 
 derived its name from the hero Eleufis. This 
 fabulous perfonage was by fome efteemed the 
 offspring of Mercury, and Daira daughter of 
 Oceanus ; while by others he was believed to 
 have been the fon of Ogyges m . Both thefe 
 genealogies manifeftly refer to the diluvian 
 idolatry, which was infeparably interwoven 
 with the orgies of the Eleufmian Ceres. 
 
 From Eleufis the Cabiric rites were thought 
 
 Txrov rov JLviAoXTrov a.'PiztjSca htyaayt tv. Qgxxyi;, Uoa-Biouvo; 
 ffciiocc gvtcc y.cci Xicir,;. Ibid. 
 
 1 tytviUTous oi y.xi Avpvrpos s$-tv Is^ov tTti-Ahriciv Y."hivaiv\ac, y.xi 
 ayacri rv> Ssu; riKirr,v rx tv TLXtvavi o^^tvx, y.ch Ttapx a(pH7i rot avrcc 
 (pctc-y.ovTss Y.a.§i.>-r,Ki\/xi. Atpiy.tvSxi yx(> avron; N«ci< xxroc. pav-viv^x, 
 gx AchQuiv' rpnov oe oaroyevov Ev(^oX7ra th~ov uva\ rov Nccov. Pauf. 
 Arcad. p. 630. 
 
 m EXivaiva, $t rjecoa, atp a r-t]V vro'hw avo^xfycrtv, ot \jliv F.£ia8 Trouda 
 i\vx\ kxi Ausifai; ZIkbxvu Svyxrpo; >.tynaiv' roi<; &s eci >rrs7roiY)jj,siiix 
 Clyvyov uvai Tsxrtpa. Pauf. Attic p. 93 > 
 
 to 
 
ON THE CABTRI. 345 
 
 to have been introduced into Meffene. To 
 this place they were brought by Caucon, the 
 fon of Celaunus, the fon oi ; Phlyus, who was 
 
 reoorted to have been one of the children of 
 
 1 
 
 the earth ; a title, as we have repeatedly feen, 
 beftowed indifcriminately upon all the Tita- 
 nic race. They were afterwards raifed to 
 yet greater repute by Lycus the fon of Pan- 
 dion ; and they were laftly fuppofed to have 
 been carried to Thebes by Mcthapus n . Moft 
 of thefe various names are derived from the 
 prevailing fuperftition. MclTene is Ma-Sen- 
 Ai, the land of the great Sun ; Caucon is Gau- 
 Chon, the illujlrious priejl ; Celaunus is Cula- 
 Nus, the arkite Noah ; Lycus is Luc, the Sun ; 
 and Pandion is Ban-d'Ion, the fon of the dove. 
 The Greeks indeed afferted, that Meffene re- 
 ceived its name from one Meffene, whom 
 they defcribe as an Argive or arkite woman °, 
 
 n TJapa, rccvrr,v rr t v M taarivr.v ret cpyicc y.o/xi£o;i> ruv Ms^aAwv Qtu* 
 K.ZVXWV rjSev s| TL\iv7ivo:, I K-Axvie re <b>\ve. <I>A'joi» <^h avrov A§r t - 
 vccioi teyeat Tax\cot, wax yvq' oyoXoyn ct atpiaiv y.ou v[xvo<; Mvaccie 
 Av/.o^t^aig TrcivjvSK *? ^r,ur,r^a. Tr ; v ct rthtr%v T«l MeyaKav ©Et'i 
 Ai*xo; TlctvoMos ttcAAgi; trtaiv iftcov Kccw.wvos TTfwyxytv tq 7tAeov 
 Ti(ji.r,$. — 'Q? $e Ylav^ao; ero$ nv Ai'y.o?, ^Aot rot. etti t»j ay.ovi nrr> rv\ 
 Ms§cc7rx. Mtrty.oa-y.riaz yap y.ca MtBa.7:oc rys teAetjj; srw a. O dV 
 Me$«7Tos ytvoq ytv r,v A$r,»-aio;, teAet>s;, y.xi opyiuv, y.a,i Travroiuiv aw 
 Set*;?. Ovrof xai 0r,oa»o;; ruv Kcccapwv ryv teAst*)!/ xartrvaxro: 
 Pauf. Meflen. p. 281. 
 
 Pauf. Meflen. p. 2°o. 
 
 and 
 
34<5 A DISSERTATION 
 
 and as the wife of Polycaon. This perfon* 
 according to Paufanias, was the youngeft fon 
 of Lelex; but the Eean verfes p make him 
 the offspring of Butus, and the hufband of 
 Evechme grand-daughter of Hercules q . His 
 pofterity poffefTed the throne of MelTene dur- 
 ing five generations, when Perieres was called 
 to the crown. Perieres efpoufed Gorgopho- 
 ne the daughter of Perfeus, and by her be- 
 came the father of Aphareus and Leucippus. 
 Aphareus built the city Arene, which, as we 
 have feen, was one of the fettlements of the 
 Minyas. Into this city the above-mentioned 
 Lycus introduced the orgies of the great gods. 
 As for the two fons of Aphareus, Idas and 
 Lynceus, they were contemporary with the 
 Diofcori, and engaged along with them in 
 the Argonautic expedition r . Hence it is ma- 
 nifeft, that the whole of the preceding hiftory 
 is entirely mythological ; inafmuch as it is 
 connected with Butus, Hercules, Perfeus, the 
 Diofcori, and the voyage of Jafon s . 
 
 P The author of this ancient poem, now no longer extant, 
 was Hefiod. See Athen. Deipnof. lib. x. p. 428. — Schol. in 
 Apoll. Argon, lib. ii. ver. 181. 
 
 1 Pauf. Meffen. p. 280, 282. 
 
 r Ibid. p. 283. 
 
 3 Thefe rites, which were afterwards brought to MeflTene, 
 are faid to have been anciently celebrated at Andania ; a place, 
 which feems to have received its name fr >m Ani-Danah, the 
 
 M 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 347 
 
 With regard to Proferpine, the imaginary 
 daughter of Ceres, fhe is celebrated in a very 
 remarkable manner by feme of the ancient 
 mythologifts. The Orphic poet ftyles her at 
 once the life and the death of mortals l ; and 
 defcribes her as being the mother of Eubu- 
 leus or Bacchus, by an ineffable intercourfe 
 with Jupiter u . Homer reprefents her fport- 
 ing with the daughters of Ocean x ; and Por- 
 phyry afferts, that the wood-pidgeon was fa- 
 cred to her. . He further obferves, that fhe 
 was the fame as Maia, or the great mother, 
 who is ufually faid to have been the parent 
 of the arkite god Mercury y . After fhe had 
 
 Jbip of Noah. *H ti'hirr, to ap^atoy w iv AvSccmu. Pauf. Meflen 
 p. 282. 
 
 * Zwn y.oci Savarog pavy Sr/iroK; ^oAt^op^So*?, 
 <i)£p<7£^0J'£^a• (pegug yuf ai\ 3 y.ai itocvtcc (povtvus. 
 
 Orph. Hymn. 28. 
 u 'Ev'ctiX ivTTQTwQu'Ki, A jo; y.ai <f>ef<?c(pOHW<; 
 
 AfpjToi? fay.rpoKTi tekw&ek< Orph. Hymn. 29. 
 
 This ineffable intercourfe relates to Jupiter's affumption of a 
 dragontine form, the import of which tradition has been fhewn 
 above. 
 
 x JLiroivie-cclo $e ( 0/^oj), tv vpva) ru eg t»jv Aij/x^a, aAAa$ te twv 
 Qy.tuvti §vyci\ty%<; y.cclufi§(/.cV[j.ivos ) us o/xou Kogv m Ar^rfyoq ircti&Hiv. 
 
 Pauf. Meffen. p. 354. 
 
 y T*j? $1 Qt^ttyocflriq, Trance to (pspbtu* ty,v (pocrlocv, (pecaiv o» flroAAct 
 7qvvg[jlcc, tuv VtoXoyuv. lifov fjLtv ccvlr,q y <pccp,u t &o y.oa ecl Tyt; Ma<aj 
 hpaui tuvIyiv ccvlv) avccl&BCtai. Mcticc &e h uvlr, tt\ TltcatQom. Porph. 
 
 de Abft. Anim. lib. iv. p. 166. Cantab. 1655. 
 
 been 
 
343 A DISSERTATION 
 
 been carried off by her uncle Pluto, her mo- 
 ther anxioufly fought her through various 
 countries, bearing a lighted torch, and begirt 
 with a ferpent 2 . 
 
 Since the Myfteries then of thefe various 
 deities were all equally commemorative of 
 the deluge, we mall perceive the reafon, why 
 a pine-tree, in the rites of Cybele and Ifis, 
 was hollowed into the fhape of a boat, and 
 why thee image of a man was placed within 
 it. We fhall alfo understand, why a wooden 
 figure of a virgin was bewailed, during the 
 fpace of precifely forty days, in the Myfteries 
 of Ceres and Proferpine a . A beautiful wo- 
 man, as I have frequently had occafion to ob- 
 Icrve, was a very common fymbol of the Ark b ; 
 
 z Ceres, facibus accenfis, et ferpente circujridata, errore fub- 
 reptam et corruptam Liberam anxia et follicita veftigat. Mi- 
 mic. Fel. Oaav. p. 1 68. 
 
 a In facris Phrygiis, quae inatris deum dicunt, per annos 
 fmgulos arbor pinea casditur, et in media arbore fimulachrum 
 juvenis fubligatur. In Ifiacis facris de pinea arbore cseditur 
 truncus, hujus trunci media pars fubtiliter excavatur. Illis de 
 fegminibus factum idolum Ofiridis fepelitur. In Proferpinae 
 facris caefa arbor in effigiem virginis formamque componitur, 
 et cum intra civitatem fuerit illata, quadraginta noclibus plan- 
 gitur. Jul. Firm, de Error. Prof. Rel.p. 53. 
 
 b The Ark was fometimes efteemed a virgin, and fometimes 
 the confort of the arkite deity ; yet, in both cafes, it was equal- 
 ly thought to have been a mother. Hence Buddha, Fohi, and 
 us, were believed to have been the fons of virgins; (Ka- 
 
 tramn. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 349 
 
 and forty days was the exact period of the in- 
 creafe of' the diltrrian waters c . 
 
 It is worthy of obfervation, that an idea 
 feems always to have prevailed among the 
 initiated, that the groundwork of their Myf- 
 teries was a fort of wonderful regeneration* 
 or new-birth. Hence were inftituted the lin- 
 gular rites of the Taurobolium, and the Crio- 
 bolium, of which the following account is 
 given us by Prudentius. 
 
 " When the day, fet apart for the confe- 
 66 cration of the high-prieft, arrived, be de- 
 (i fcended, arrayed in his pontifical rob 
 ie into a pit, which had previoufly iug 
 
 " for that purpofe. Above the pit was a kind 
 6i of floor, the boards of which were perfo- 
 " rated with an infinite number of holes- 
 " Upon this floor they led a bull crowned 
 " with chaplets of flowers, and there cut his 
 (i throat. The reeking blood, defcending 
 *' upon the boards, fell in mowers through 
 4i the holes into the pit ; and was received 
 
 tramn.de Nat. Chrifti, cap. 3. — Mart. Hill. Sin. lib. i. p, 21. — 
 Juft. Mart. dial, cum Tryph. p. 297.) and hence the Lamas 
 of Thibet aiTert, that their great god Xaca, who was the very 
 fame as Buddha, was likewife born of a virgin. (Vallancey s 
 Vind. of Anc. Hift. of Ireland, p. 451.) 
 
 c " And the ain was upon the earth forty days, and for j 
 u nights." Len. vii. 12. 
 
 « by 
 
350 A DISSERTATION 
 
 " by the prieft upon his head, his body, and 
 " his raiment. When all the blood was 
 " drained, the viflim was removed, and the 
 " high-priefl came out. It was a horrible 
 " fpeflacle to fee him in this plight, his head 
 *' covered with blood, clotted drops flicking 
 " to his beard, and all his garment diftained : 
 " and yet, as foon as he appeared, he was 
 " received with a general congratulation; 
 *' and the affembled multitudes, not daring 
 " to approach his perfon, adored him at a 
 " diflance, efteeming him a man awfully 
 " pure and holy d ." 
 
 This baptifm of blood was conceived to 
 regenerate thofe, upon whom it was con- 
 ferred ; and, in token of fuch regeneration, 
 they wore their blood-ftained clothes as long 
 as poffible. The viclim was fometimes a 
 ram inftead of a bull ; and the facrifice was 
 then ftyled Criobolium. It was ufually per- 
 formed in honour of the great mother and 
 Attis ; or, in other words, of the Ark and 
 Noah. Accordingly we find a perfon named 
 Sextilius Agefilaus, celebrating his regenera- 
 tion, by the Taurobolium and the Crioboli- 
 um, in an infcription to thefe deities. 
 
 d Prud apud Ban. Mythol. vol. i. p. 274. 
 
 DIS. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 351 
 
 DIS. MAGNIS. 
 MATRI. DEUM. ET. ATTIDI. SE- 
 XTILIUS. AGESILAUS. ^EDESIUS. 
 V. C. CAUSARUM. i\ON. IGNOBI- 
 LIS. AFRICANI. TRIBUNALIS. ORA- 
 TOR. 
 TAUROBOLIO. CRIOBOLIOQUE. IX 
 STERNUM. 
 RENATUS. ARAM. SACRA- 
 VIT. DD. NN. VALENTE. V 
 ET. VALENTINIANO. 
 JU2s T . AUGG. CONSS. e . 
 
 From a variety of paffages in the Injlitutes of 
 Menu, it is evident, that the fame idea of 
 regeneration was prevalent alfo among the 
 ancient Hindoos. 
 
 Mr. Maurice imagines, that thefe regene- 
 ratory facrifices mewed the deep and unani- 
 mous conviction of the pagan world, that 
 man had fallen from the high condition of 
 his original purity. Hence he compares them, 
 though doubtlefs with a becoming caution, 
 to the initiatory rite ordained by Chrift ; and 
 thinks, that, likebaptifm, they fymbolized the 
 neceffity of a radical converfion of the heart f . 
 
 c Infcrip. apud Annot. in Jul. Firm, de Error. Frof. Rel. 
 p. 56. 
 
 f I had once adopted the fentiments of Mr. Maurice upon 
 
 this 
 
35% A DISSERTATION 
 
 However plaufible this opinion may at 
 firft fight appear, I cannot believe, that it 
 refts upon any folid foundation. The rege- 
 neration of the Myfteries was fimply a mytho- 
 logical new-birth ; nor had it the leaft refe- 
 rence to that fpiritual change, which our 
 Lord has pronounced to be fo effential to fal- 
 vation. When Noah entered into the gloomy 
 womb of the Ark, he was faid, in the lan- 
 guage of the epoptae, to have died ; when he 
 quitted it, he was defcribed as having been 
 born again, and was accordingly reprefented 
 by the Egyptians as an infant fitting upon 
 the lotus s . Hence we find, that the diluvian 
 gods, Bacchus, Ofiris, Hercules, Adonis, Mer- 
 cury, Orpheus, Attis, and Hippolytus, were all 
 feigned either to have tafted death, and after- 
 wards to have experienced a miraculous revi- 
 vification ; or to have defcended into the in- 
 fernal regions, and afterwards to have re- 
 turned from them in fafety. This allegorical 
 revivification was brought about by means of 
 the Ark ; and accordingly the regeneration 
 of the Myfteries was fuppofed to be procured 
 by the blood either of a bull, or of a ram, 
 
 this point ; but I am now perfuaded, that I was quite miftaken. 
 See Horae Mofaicae, vol. ii. p. 107. note t, 
 s Vide fupra vol. i. p. .314. note f. 
 
 which 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 353 
 
 which were the common arkite fymbols h . 
 For the very fame reafon, I apprehend, one 
 part of the Myiteries confifted in tearing a 
 bull ' to pieces, in allufion to the mythologi- 
 cal burfting afunder of the Ark, from whofe 
 fruitful womb hTued all the hero-gods of the 
 Gentiles k ; while another part was devoted to 
 the celebration of the bull as the parent of 
 the dragon, and of the dragon as the parent 
 of the bull, in reference to the two principal 
 fvmbols of the helio-arkite fuperftition l . 
 
 That fuch is the real import of the term 
 regeneratio?!, when ufed by the epoptae, is 
 fufficiently mauifeft from a very curious paf- 
 fage in the treatife of Julius Firmicus. This 
 author obferves, that, in the nocturnal cele- 
 bration of the Myfteries, a ftatue was laid 
 out upon a couch, as if dead, and bewailed 
 with the bittereft lamentations. When a 
 fufficient fpace of time had been confumed 
 
 h It is obfervable, that a goat was fometimes the vic"lim, in- 
 ftead of a bull or a ram. I ftrongly fufpe6t, from the manner in 
 which this animal was introduced into the hiftory of Jupiter, 
 that it alio was an emblem of the Ark. 
 
 ' This ceremony experienced precilely the fame corruption, 
 as the tradition upon which it was founded. Bacchus was laid 
 to have been torn afunder inftead of the Ark ; and accordingly, 
 ?n the Myfteries, a bull was torn to pieces inftead of a heifer. 
 
 k Jul. Firm, de Error. Prof. Rel. p. 14. 
 
 1 Ibid. p. 52. 
 
 vol. 11. A a in 
 
354 A DISSERTATION 
 
 in all the mock folemnity of woe, lights were 
 introduced, and the hierophant flowly chanted 
 the following diftich. 
 
 E<rcu yct^ YjjjLLy ex 7rovnv trcoTvipta, m . 
 
 Courage, ye My (be, lo, our god is fafe, 
 And all our troubles fpeedily fhall end. 
 
 This flatue was doubtlefs that of the arkite 
 god, who is accordingly defcribed as having 
 been faved from fome great calamity. His 
 death, as I have obferved, or his entrance 
 into the fabulous Hades, was nothing more 
 than his temporary confinement within the 
 gloomy cavity of the Ark ; and the regenera- 
 tion of the Myfteries was fimply his allegori- 
 cal return to life and light. 
 
 To the fame fource, I fufpect, we may ul- 
 timately trace the wild fable of the Metem- 
 pfychofis, which prevailed fo extenfively both 
 in the eaftern and in the weftern continent. 
 It was only a corruption of the original my- 
 thic regeneration. Not content with the 
 fimple allegory of the arkite voyagers experi- 
 encing a fecond birth, the fertile genius of 
 paganifm fbon invented a fucceffion of 
 changes, and literally fuppofed the foul to pafs 
 
 m Jul. Firm, de Error. Prof. Rel. p. 45. 
 
 through 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 355 
 
 through the bodies of an infinite variety both 
 of men and of animals. Hence we may ob- 
 ferve, that the doctrine of the Metempfycho- 
 fis makes a very confpicuous appearance in 
 the Chaldean oracles, the hidden meaning of 
 which I have already attempted to dcvelope n ; 
 and hence Apollonius, with the utmoft pro- 
 priety, deduces this widely prevailing notion 
 from the Argoan or arkite voyage, and repre- 
 fents Ethalides, one of his heroes, as the head 
 of a long tranfmigratory fucceffion °. 
 
 It will not be improper to conclude thefe 
 remarks upon the ancient orgies of Bacchus, 
 Ceres, Ills, and Cybele, with pointing out 
 the manner, in which I conceive them to 
 have been celebrated at their original inftitu- 
 tion, previous to their corruption by the Hin- 
 doos, the Greeks, and the Egyptians ; a cor- 
 ruption, which confided of aicribing to the 
 Ark what belongs to Noah, and to Noah 
 what belongs to the Ark. 
 
 The primitive Myfteries commenced, I ap- 
 prehend, in allufion to the erratic ftate of the 
 Ark upon the furface of the diluvian waters, 
 
 n A»yo <rv •^v^rig op^Tov, oSev, vj Tin Tafn, 
 
 Zof yct(> ayyeiov §Y)Di<; yJSovoq oixrerxenv. Orac. Mag. p. Ij- 
 
 • Apoll. Argon, lib. i. ver. 641. — Schol. in Ibid. ver. 645. 
 
 A a z with 
 
356 A DISSERTATION 
 
 with reprefenting the great Mother as ram- 
 bling over the whole world, and as purfued by 
 the monfter Typhon. During this period, 
 the ineffable wonders of the infernal regions, 
 or in other words of the vaft central abyfs, 
 were difplayed in all their horrors before the 
 eyes of the aftonifhed afpirant ; and Ofiris, 
 Bacchus, or Maha-Deva, titles under which 
 the great patriarch was venerated by his pos- 
 terity, were bewailed as having experienced 
 an untimely death. Such was the firft or 
 mournful part of the Myfteries. The fecond 
 opened with an exhibition of the flopping of 
 the Baris, and with the indecencies of the 
 phallagogia. Thefe were followed by the 
 new-birth, or revivification, of the arkite 
 deity ; the burfting afunder of the Great 
 Mother ; the Scattering of her limbs ; and 
 the egrefs of the Noetic hero-gods. The la- 
 mentations and gloom, with which the firft 
 part of the Myfteries was celebrated, were 
 now exchanged for the moft frantic expref- 
 fions of joy, and for a general illumination of 
 the facred facellum ; and the epoptas now 
 paffed from the darknefs of Tartarus to the 
 divine fplendor ofElyfium p . 
 
 p Moft of thefe circumftances are mentioned by Jamblichus 
 in a curious paifage, which has been already cited. H yug rov 
 
 cvpxvo* TTpcjiXfa^iv, v) roc, y-fvirlct ~r,; Ic t kJo$ w.Quviw, rj to ev uQva-au 
 
 U7T0g- 
 
 i 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 357 
 
 With regard to the various corruptions of 
 thefe orgies, the Hindoo mythology properly 
 reprefents the Ark, not the arkite deity, as 
 torn to pieces ; but it erroneously defcribes 
 the latter as wandering through the world, 
 inftead of the former. On the other hand, 
 the Egyptian and Greek mythologies properly 
 reprefent Ifis, or Ceres, as the wanderer ; but 
 erroneoufly confound together the burfting 
 afunder of the Ark, and the mythological 
 death of Noah. Hence we find, that Bac- 
 chus and Ofiris are both faid to have tailed 
 death, which is right : but then, in addition 
 to this, they are further faid to have been 
 torn to pieces by the Titans or Noachidae, 
 which is wrong ; for that circumftance ought 
 to have been predicated of Ifis or Ceres only. 
 
 I fhall now proceed to examine the ac- 
 counts, which have been handed down to us 
 Gf the celebrated grotto of Mithras. 
 
 It has been obferved, in many different 
 parts of the prefent work, that, w T herever the 
 rites of the Cabiri prevailed, we always find 
 them in fome manner or other connected 
 with caverns. Thus, Rheo, who was expofed 
 
 Ta Tvtpvm, r) uKKo <n fotoulov wirtiha Troir.viiv . Jamb, dc My it. 
 Se£t. vi. cap. 51. 
 
 a a 3 at 
 
358 A DISSERTATION 
 
 at fea in an Ark, brought forth her fon Ani- 
 us in a cave : Bacchus, who was alio expofed 
 in an ark, was nurfed in a cave : Typhon, or 
 the diluvian ocean, was produced from a cave: 
 Jupiter was born in the Didlean cave of 
 Crete : the ftatue of Ceres-Hippia-Cabiria 
 was placed by the Phigalenfians in an artifi- 
 cial cave : the firft horfe Sifyphus was pro- 
 duced by Neptune out of a rock : the Argo- 
 nautic Jafon was educated in the cave of 
 Chiron : Mithras was fuppofed to have been 
 born out of a rock : and the moft myfterious 
 rites of the Samothracian Cabiri were per- 
 formed within the dark receffes of the cave 
 Zerinthus q . I have further obferved, that 
 the Cabiric cavern was fymbolical of the 
 Hades of the Epoptas, or the vaft central ca- 
 vity of the earth, out of which the waters of 
 the deluge principally iffued. 
 
 The Noetic gods, worfhipped within thefe 
 facred caverns, were termed Patari, Patrici, 
 Patrol, or Patrer, all which appellations are 
 equally derived from Patar, to difmifs or to 
 open, and equally allude to the egrefs of the 
 
 i This famous cave was fometimes alfo called Saon from the 
 worfhip of Za-On, the illujirious Sun. 
 
 Z*>gt»SoJ! ctflgov tw Kvvoatpetveq Seag 
 Aiflr$$j EgvpvQv kI^[xcc KvfQatilw, Yctov. 
 
 Lycoph. Caff, ver. 77. 
 
 Noa- 
 
ON THE CAEIRI. 359 
 
 Noachida? from the Ark. That veffel itfelf 
 was called Tatar a, or Putara r ; and the ca- 
 verns like wife, which wxre devoted to the 
 helio-arkite Myfteries, bore the fame name 
 of Patarce, Peterce, or Petrce, though, I ap- 
 prehend, with a fomewhat different idea. 
 The Ark, as I have juft obferved, was deno- 
 minated Patara, from the egrefs of the Noa- 
 chidas : but the title feems to have been be- 
 llowed upon the confecrated fymbolical ca- 
 vern, becaufe the waters of the deluge iffued 
 from the central abyfs ; or, in the language 
 of Scripture, becaufe " the fountains of the 
 " great deep were broken up" or opened. In 
 procefs of time, the word Petra, though pri- 
 marily applied to the Cabiric grotto alone to 
 the exclufion of other grottos, acquired a 
 more general fignification, and was extended 
 by the Greeks to all kinds of rocks and ca- 
 verns whatfoever. 
 
 The Mithratic cave was fometimes deno- 
 minated the cave of the Nympha. Thefe 
 imaginary females, as we learn from Homer, 
 were Naiads or Water-Nymphs ; and they 
 were the very fame mythological perfonages 
 
 T Hence Patera, a flat cpe?i cup. I have already noticed the 
 connexion between {hips and cups. In the Chaldaic oracles 
 the Ark is ft vied Arcba-Patrica. Vide fupra p. 149. 
 
 a a 4 as 
 
3 6o A DISSERTATION 
 
 as the fifty Nereids, the fifty daughters of 
 Danaus, the Titanides, or the Cabirides. The 
 name however of Nymphce feems to have been 
 given to them, in allufion to the pretended 
 oracles, which were ufually eftablifhed in the 
 Mithratic Patane ; for Numphai is Nuh-Om- 
 Phi, the oracle of the folar Noah. 
 
 AvTOiP €7Ti KQCLTOS XljLlSVO? TCLVvtyvXXoZ SXcLlV\ % 
 
 Ay%v&i o dvryjf ctnpov S7rqpctfov yeposioes' 
 l Jpov vvjul^oloov, al Nvjic&oss k&Xsovtcli. 
 
 Aciivoi, ev&ct, ^ anna, TiQ-cuGao-o-'dtrt ju,eAi(ro-ct,i. 
 Ei/ ^ Wot Xi&eot 7re0ift*!Keef' sv&ct re vvpQcu 
 §ctpi vQcuvxtriv oLAi7rop(pv0cL, B~ctvju,a, idscrS'cu' 
 
 Y.V O VOClT OLSVOLOVTOt' GVOO OS TS 01 3~vpcti S10~IV 3 
 Ai fAW Trpog fiops&o xoltcuSatcli ClV&PCt)7r0lQ-lV, 
 
 Al O CIV 7TQ0S VOTOV £10*1 &SCt)T£PCU' XOSTt XSlV'/\ 
 Avfyef eiO~SP%OVT6U, Ct?\X Ct3~CLVCt,TOV OG^O? £<?i s . 
 
 High at the head, a branching olive grows, 
 And crowns the pointed cliffs with lhady boughs. 
 Beneath, a gloomy grotto's cool recefs 
 Delights the Nereids of the neighbouring feas ; 
 Where bowls and urns were form'd of living 
 
 flone, 
 And many beams in native maible fhone ; 
 On which the labours of the Nymphs were 
 
 roll'd, 
 Their webs divine of purple mix'd with gold. 
 
 s Horn. Odj'fT. lib. xiii, ver. ic2. 
 
 Within 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 361 
 
 Within the cave the cluttering bees attend 
 Their waxen works, or from the roof depend. 
 Perpetual waters o'er the pavement glide ; 
 Two marble doors unfold on either fide ; 
 Sacred the fouth, by which the gods defcend, 
 But mortals enter at the northern end. Pope. 
 
 Such was the far-famed Homeric cave of 
 the Nymphs 1 ; upon which a confiderable 
 degree of light is thrown by the very curious 
 treatife of Porphyry, though I can not think 
 all his explanations perfectly juft. After fome 
 
 t The Print prefixed to the firft of thefe volumes is a repre- 
 fentation of a Nympheum or Mithratic cavern. The original, 
 from which it was engraved, was found in the wall of an an- 
 cient cell, that lay concealed beneath the lurface of the ground 
 in the Barberini gardens at Rome. Alexander Donatus con- 
 jectures, that it was a reprefentation of the cave of Jupiter, on 
 account of the goats, which make ib confpicuous an appearance 
 in it ; but Lucas Holftenius diiTents from him, and fuppofes it 
 to be a Nympheum. (Comment. Luc. Holften. in Tab. 
 Barb.) This difference however in their opinions is more ap- 
 parent than real ; for the Cretan cave of Jupiter, the Samo- 
 thracian cave of the Cabiri, the Homeric cave of the Nymphs, 
 and the Perfian cave of Mithras, were all equally devoted to 
 the Myfteries of the helio-arkite fuperftition. Hence we find, 
 that in a Nympheum, mentioned by Paufanias, were placed 
 the flatues of the Cabiric gods Bacchus, Ceres, and Proferpine. 
 AyahfACCTct Aiovvcn y.ol\ A^'/fl^o-- xar KofWj ret tz^jawira, (pcuvovTot, tv 
 ru) wjx(pxvi Er it, Pauf. Corinth, p. 136. In fumma parte ta- 
 bellae, apud aedes Barberinas aflervatae, Hermas videre licet 
 ithyphallos; honefti autem caufa, phallos, in noftro exemplari, 
 muTos facere fatius putavimus. 
 
A DISSERTATION 
 
 general remarks, he informs us, that, among 
 the ancient mythologiits, a cave was fymbo- 
 lical of the world ; the exterior part repre- 
 fenting the furface of the earth, and the hol- 
 low interior the great central cavity : and he 
 adds, that to the world thus iymbolized the 
 name oiPetra was enigmatically given. This 
 remarkable declaration however he nearly 
 ruins, by whimiically afTerting, that, the 
 world and the rocky cavern being equally 
 felf-exiftent, the one was therefore made an 
 emblem of the other. He afterwards obferves 
 very juftly, that ftreams of water were intro- 
 duced into the Nymphean cave, in allufion 
 to the whole body of waters, w 7 hich proceed 
 from the bowels of the earth. He further 
 informs us, that Zoroafter confecrated a na- 
 tural grotto in the mountains of Perfia, 
 decked with flowers and watered with foun- 
 tains, to Mithras the univerfal father ; and 
 that by this grotto he defigned to fy mbolize 
 the world : that from Zoroafter the cuftom 
 extended itfelf to others alfo, who, in imita- 
 tion of him, celebrated their facred myfte- 
 rious rites in caverns, fometimes natural, and 
 fometimes artificial : that hence Cronus was 
 fuppofed to have conftruded a cave in the 
 centre of the Ocean, and to have hid his 
 children within it : an4 that hence alfo Ceres 
 
 was 
 
ON THE CABIiU. 363 
 
 was believed to have educated Proferpine In 
 a cave along with the Nymphs. Porphyry 
 accordingly infers very naturally, that the 
 cave of the Curetes in Crete, where Jupiter 
 was feigned to have been born ; the cave in 
 Arcadia facred to Pan and the Moon, or, in 
 other words, to Noah and the Ark ; and the 
 cave in Naxus, which was dedicated to Bac- 
 chus ; were all equally imitations of the ori- 
 ginal Mithratic cavern. The arkite deity in 
 fhort w r as always, in fome manner or other, 
 connected with a cave : whence, as Jupiter, 
 Anius, and Bacchus, were all fuppofed to 
 have been born in caves ; fo w T e are informed 
 by Juftin Martyr, that it was a part of the 
 creed of the initiated, that Mithras was born 
 out of a Petra, or reck u . In all thefe cafes, 
 I ftrongly fufpedt, that the Patara, or fymboli- 
 cal cavern, has been confounded with Patara, 
 the Ark. The miftake was very eafy, fince 
 
 u C* rcc t» Mi-Spa (j.vr%pct ■Era^ac.dGi'Tc? Xsys&iv iy. "mr^ag yiyinrr 
 <r$at uvtov. Dial, cum Tryph. p. 296. I am much furprifed, 
 that fo able a mythologift as Mr. Maurice mould fuppofe., that 
 the fable of Mithras being born out of a rock means nothing 
 more than the production of tire by the collifion of two flints. 
 Ind. Ant. vol. ii. p. 202. Upon fuch principles how are we 
 to account for the birth of the horfe Sifyphus from a rock, and 
 for the circumftance of the title Pttrius being beftowed upon 
 the marbie deity Neptune ? 
 
 the 
 
$6$ A DISSERTATION 
 
 the fame name, though for fomewhat differ- 
 ent reafons, was applied to both. 
 
 The Nymphean cavern then being fymbo- 
 lical of the central abyfs, the rocky bowls and 
 the flowing ftreams, which were introduced 
 into it, will neceflarily relate to the vaft cir- 
 cular arch of rock, and to the mafs of fub- 
 terraneous waters confined within it ; while 
 the fable of the Naiads weaving webs round 
 rollers of ftone feems to have entirely origi- 
 nated from the miftaking of one oriental 
 word for another. Porphyry fancies, that 
 thefe ftony looms typify the bones of the hu- 
 man body, and the webs the flefh : but I am 
 rather inclined to conjecture, that Arag, to 
 weave, has been fubftituted for Arach, the 
 Ark or long flip ; and that, in confequence 
 of fuch fubftitution, the diluvian Nereids 
 have been metamorphofed into weavers x . 
 
 x I fufpect, that the whole fable of Arachne fprung from a 
 fimilar mifprifion of the very fame terms. Arachne is Arach- 
 Nah, the Ark of Noah ; whence me is juftly ftyled by Ovid a 
 Meonian or arkite, and feigned to be the daughter of Idmon or 
 Ida- Mon, the Idean Mon. (See Ovid, Metam. lib. vi. in init.) 
 I have already obferved, that Meon, or Baal-Meon, was the 
 fame as Mon, Monu, Menu, or Noah. Arag however fignify- 
 ing to 'weave, the ancient fabulifts fuppofed Arachne to be a 
 weaver, precifely in the fame manner as Homer makes the Ne- 
 reids weavers. 
 
 The 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 The next matter, which attracts our atten- 
 tion, in the Nymphean cavern, is the fwarm. 
 of bees, and the honey, which they are fup- 
 pofed to have made there. We learn from 
 one of the ancient oracles collected by Opfo- 
 peus, that honey was ufed in the facrifices to 
 Bacchus and the Nymphs - v ; and Sophocles 
 informs us, that libations of honey and water 
 were made in honour of the Erinnues z , which 
 tremendous deities, as I have already ob- 
 ferved, were in reality arkite deities. Ac- 
 cording to Porphyry, honey was introduced 
 into the Myfteries as a fymbol of death, on 
 which account it was offered to the infernal 
 gods. This notion will fhew us the reafon, 
 w T hy the Chaldeans, who were deeply verfed 
 in the Cabiric orgies, were accuftomed to 
 embalm their dead with honey a . The death 
 however, celebrated in the Myfteries, of 
 which honey was the fymbol, was not I ap- 
 
 y Xivi y.£\i vi(/,<pa.u; Atvvi'c-oio t& ouooc, Orac. Vet, Opfbp 
 
 P- 45- 
 
 ver. 494. 
 
 a Tu$a,i h c(pi ev fj.iXin. Herod, lib. i. cap. iq8. For the 
 fame reafon, the Egyptians, when upon folemn occafiork- 
 facrificed a cow to the great goddefs, were accuftomed to til! 
 the ftomach of the victim, after having tirft taken out the en- 
 trails, with line bread, honey, raifins, tigs, frankincenfe, 
 myrrh. Herod, lib. ii. can. 4.0 
 
 prchend 
 
366 A DISSERTATION 
 
 prehend a literal, but merely an allegorical 
 death ; the death in fhort of Bacchus, Ado- 
 nis, and Ofiris, or, in other words, the con- 
 finement of Noah within his Ark or coffin : 
 fuch a death as this therefore was very natu- 
 rally defcribed as being fweet, for it was in 
 fact a prefervation from danger b . In allufion 
 to the fymbolical honey, Samothrace, the 
 grand feat of the Cabiric fuperftition, was 
 once denominated Melita c - > and for precifely 
 the fame reafon, Jupiter was fometimes 
 feigned to have been fed, during his infancy, 
 by a fwarm of bees d . Thefe bees, as we 
 learn from Porphyry, were nothing more than 
 the myftic priefteiTes of the infernal Ceres, 
 who were called Meliffk or Me/it ta e ; a name, 
 
 b Thefe remarks will explain the meaning of a curious tra~ 
 dition, preferved by Theocritus, refpecting a perfon denomi- 
 nated Comatas. This Comatas is faid to have been fhut up in 
 an ark during the fpace of a year, and there fed with honey. 
 rt lACty.otfin Ko//.ara, tv Syv t«^£ rsf7rvoc. -E7£7roj$EK- 
 Kai tv zaTsxAaaSjj? eg hctgvuxoi, kui tv itzXiaaotv 
 Kr,pot tpifQo[j<,svoi, trog ufiov gfcT ihttraag. 
 
 Theoc. Idyll, vii. ver. 83. 
 Comatas is Com-Ait-As, the blazing Sun worshipped in con- 
 junction with Noah. 
 
 c Strab. Geog. lib. x. p. 472. 
 d Virg. Georg. lib. iv. ver. 149. 
 
 e Kat Tctq A^u.rjTpoq Upetetfj ug rr,q x§onxq $ra? <xt/r»^*f> (A.t>M?c-a.q 
 0* «ra?yaio» exaXuv. Porph de Ant. Nymph, p. 261. Cantab,. 
 1655. 
 
 which, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 367 
 
 which, according to a cuftom familiar to the 
 pagans, they feem to have aflumed from the 
 deity whom they ferved. Ceres, Venus, or 
 Aftarte, was ftyled by the Babylonians Mylit- 
 ta> or the goddefs of generation ; and, as tiie 
 Cabiric priefls aflumed the title of Cabiru 
 Curetes 9 or Corybantes, fo the priefteffes of 
 Mylitta called themfelves Melifjpe, or Melitta. 
 The name was afterwards extended to bees, 
 which animals, from their great vigour, acti- 
 vity, and livelinefs, were thought to be pro- 
 per emblems of what the epoptae termed 
 new-born fouls f . Thefe new-born fouls were 
 believed to have been produced from an ox, 
 whence they were denominated bugenis\ and, 
 bees being fymbolical of them, we fhall per- 
 ceive how the ancient notion originated, that 
 they alfo were generated from the carcafe of 
 a heifer. Porphyry accordingly informs us, 
 that both the new-born fouls, and their iVm- 
 bols the bees, were alike intitled bugenis, or 
 ox-born g . It is impoffible to attach any fig- 
 
 f Virgil afcribes even a portion of the divinity to b« 
 His quidem n"gnis, atque hasc exempla iecuti, 
 Effe apibus partem divinae mentis, et hauftus 
 
 iEthereos dixere . Georg. lib. it. vcr. 219. 
 
 8 Byysve*? $ cti fjLshi<rosci' v.ui ^vyoti a'' eq 
 Porph. de Ant. Nymph, p. 262. — pifeemw, at 0ttytmt uteu 
 evy&ior t y.iv. Ibid. p. 260. 
 
 nification 
 
368 A DISSERTATION 
 
 nification to this ftrange notion, unlefs we 
 adopt the fyftem. that the Myfteries were 
 commemorative of the deluge ; and that the 
 ox-born fouls mean nothing more than the 
 eight living fouls, who iflued from their alle- 
 gorical mother the bovine Ark. The heifer, 
 as I have frequently obferved, was a fymbol 
 of that veflel ; and afterwards, upon the in- 
 troduction of Sabianifm, it became likewife 
 an emblem of the Moon, which w r as wor- 
 fhipped conjointly with the Ark. Hence we 
 may underftand the fingular affertion of Por- 
 phyry, that the great infernal goddefs Profer- 
 pine had the epithet honied affigned to her ; 
 and that the Moon was fometimes faid to be 
 a bee, and at other times an ox h . Hence 
 alfo we may learn the import of the beautiful 
 legend of Arifteus, introduced by the excel- 
 lent mythologift Virgil into the fourth book 
 of his Georgics. 
 
 Ariiieus was the fon of Apollo by the 
 nymph Curene, and was educated, like Jafon 
 
 ZgfajMK o Tavfo;. Porph. de Ant. Nymph, p. 161. The epi- 
 thet Melitodes or honied here applied to Proferpine is in facl 
 Melito-Dea, the goddefs of generation; hence Porphyry very 
 juftly proceeds to obferve, that Selene, or the arkite Moon, was 
 called Md\Jfa, becaufe fhe prelided over generation, 
 
 and 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 3 5 9 
 
 and Achilles, in the cave of the centaur Chi- 
 ron. His mother Curene was the filler of 
 Lariffa, whofe hiftory has been already fuffi- 
 ciently difcuiTed ; and Arifteus himfelf, as 
 we have feen, was the lover of Eurydice the 
 wife of Orpheus. He was the fame in fact 
 as the "Jupiter and Apollo of the Greek my- 
 thology, and as the Agreus or Agruerus of 
 Sanchoniatho ; all which deities were equally 
 the folari-agricultural patriarch. According- 
 ly we find, that Arifteus was fuppofed to be 
 an Arcadian, or arkite; and that he was wor- 
 shipped by the Aimonians, or arcalatreutae \ 
 under the feveral titles of Jupiter -Arifteus, 
 Apollo, Agreus, and Nomius. Bacchylides 
 fuppofes, that there were four Ariftei : one, 
 the fon of Caryftus ; another, of Chiron ; a 
 third, like Cronus, of Uranus and Ge ; and a 
 fourth, of Apollo and Curene. All thefe 
 however were one and the fame perfon, 
 namely Ares-Theus, the helio- Noetic God k . 
 Virgil defcribes Arifteus, as defcending into a 
 cave beneath the river Peneus, in order that 
 he might confult his mother refpecling his 
 bees, which had been deftroyed by the 
 
 1 Aimonia is Ai-Mona, the land of the lunar Ark. 
 k See A poll. Argon, lib. ii. vcr. 500. et infra. — Sehol. in 
 ibid. 
 
 vol. 11.. B b Nymphs, 
 
370 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Nymphs, as a punifhment for his attempting 
 the chaftity of Eurydice. By the advice of 
 his parent he appeafed the offended deities, 
 together with the fhades of Orpheus and his 
 confort ; and thus at length procured a frefh 
 fwarm of bees from the carcafe of a heifer. 
 It is remarkable, that the poet mentions Be- 
 roe, or the divine covenant, among the lifters 
 of Curene ; while, what appears decidedly to 
 confirm the preceding obfervations, his com- 
 mentator Servius affirms, that the fable of 
 Arifteus plunging beneath the waves, and en- 
 tering into the facred cavern to converfe with 
 his mother, was entirely borrowed from the 
 mythology of Egypt. 
 
 A bull then being fymbolical of Noah, and 
 a heifer of the Ark, we fhall be able to afcer- 
 tain the meaning of the word Buclopus, 
 which Porphyry affures us was one of the 
 titles of Mithras 1 , and which the Greeks, 
 agreeably to their ufual cuftom, interpreted a 
 jiealer ofoxen m . Buclopus is Bu-Col-Op, the 
 
 1 Basifo'Tro; $=oq I rryv yiviaiv fo^So-r^ cckhuv. Porph. de Ant. 
 
 Nymph, p. 262. 
 
 m I much doubt the propriety of Mr. Maurice's mode of 
 interpreting this title. " Mithras is laid by Porphyry to have 
 " been a dealer of oxen, which he fecreted in caverns j inti- 
 " mating at once, that the Sun, like the ox, was the emblem of 
 " fertility, and that his prolific and generative heat produced 
 " that fertility by fecret and invifible operations." Maurice's 
 
 Ind. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 37I 
 
 iauttc firptht of the Ark : accordingly, while 
 we are told on the one hand, that Mithras 
 was the Sun H ; we find, on the other, that he 
 was depicted riding on the arkite bull of Ve- 
 nus °. The fable of Mercury ftealing the 
 oxen of Apollo arofe from the fame mifcon- 
 ception of the facred helio-arkite title Buclop, 
 which was equally, and for fimilar reafons, 
 bellowed both upon Mercury and Mithras. 
 Porphyry concludes his remarks upon the 
 bees of the Myfteries by obferving, that the 
 epopta? did not confider them emblematical 
 of all fouls in general, but only of the fouls 
 of the jujh The reafon why this diftinction 
 was made is evident : the bees fymbolized 
 only the juft man and his pious family, not 
 the incorrigible race which perifhed beneath 
 the waves of the deluge. 
 
 Ind. Ant. vol. ii. p. 202. Porphyry certainly denominates 
 Mithras Buclopus, but I cannot find, that he makes any men- 
 tion of his fecreting oxen in caverns ; nor can I comprehend, 
 why the Sun mould be deemed -xjhaler of oxen, becaufe he WH 
 the great material caufe of plenty and fertility. 
 
 n MiSp-;, r,\io: trace riepreue. Hefych. Lex. Soli invidlo 
 Mithrse. Infcrip. apud Martian. Capell. lib. iii. 
 
 TLKo'^HTaj Si Tuvpu AQe'jokTr,: , u; cat 6 TOVfOi hfyMipyitS u:; o 
 
 M*fy*r, xai yiKcrtug htTTtomq. Porph. de Ant. Nymph, p. 265. 
 The reader will recollect the famous Bacchic chaunt. 
 
 Tav^oc, opailorTOCj xcu ccxy.uv 'totvpti nruli}p. 
 
 The bull the lerpent's lire, the bull's the ferpent. 
 
 b b 2 With 
 
A DISSERTATION 
 
 With regard to the two doors of the Mi- 
 thratic cavern, the one pervious to mortals, 
 and the other to immortals, Porphyry mp- 
 pofes, that they relate to the famous fidereal 
 metempfychofis of the oriental world ; and 
 Mr. Maurice, taking that metempfychofis in 
 its abfolute and literal fenfe, has adopted his 
 opinion. The metempfychofis however was 
 nothing more than an extended corruption of 
 the original allegorical regeneration of the 
 Myfteries ; and, when the rites of Sabianifm 
 were ingrafted upon the orgies of the Ark, 
 the ftrange fable of the tranfmigration of the 
 foul through the Sun, the Moon, and the 
 Stars, was forthwith invented. The immor- 
 tals, as we have repeatedly feen, are the Noe- 
 tic Ogdoad; and the mortals, thofe who were 
 deftroyed by the flood : whence it will fol- 
 low, that, of the two doors of the Mithratic 
 Petra, that, which Homer calls the defcent of 
 mortals p , is the vaft fiffure of the central 
 abyis, through which the waters ifTued, and 
 through which they afterwards returned, car- 
 rying down with them the bodies of the 
 dead ; while that, which he denominates the 
 pafjage of immortals, and through which he 
 affirms, that no mortal was allowed to 
 
 pafs ; 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 373 
 
 pafs q , is the door of the other Patara, the Ark r . 
 In aliufion to the firft of thefe doors, the Or- 
 phic poet celebrates the Titans, that is the 
 impious Titans, as dwelling within the deep 
 receffes of the earth, the gloomy realms of 
 Tartarus s ; in aliufion to the latter, Janus, or 
 Noah, w\as called Tbyreus, and venerated as 
 the god of the door; and, in aliufion to them 
 both, Virgil defcribes the myftic Hades, or 
 the great cavity of the earth, of which the 
 Mithratic grotto was a fymbol, as having two 
 gates \ 
 
 It may not be improper to obferve, that the very elegant, 
 though inaccurate tranllator, Mr. Pope, has completely de- 
 parted from the exaclnels of the original. Homer diftinguimes 
 between the dejcent of mortals, and the ■pajjage of the gods 3 tor 
 the former, though a paffage, was a iejceht, while the latter, 
 though equally a paffage, was an afient: whereas Mr. Pope 
 precifely inverts the terms, and thus ruins the fenle. 
 Sacred the fouth, by which the gods defend, 
 But mortals enter at the northern end. 
 
 r If the reader will turn to the plate, prefixed to the former 
 of thefe volumes, he will immediately perceive, that the petra, 
 there reprefented, is accurately defcribed as having two gates. 
 The upper of thefe I conceive to be the arkite patara j and the 
 lower, the patara of the great abyfs. 
 
 s Orph. Hymn. 36. The whole of this hymn has been al- 
 ready cited. Videfupra p. 266, 267. 
 
 1 yEneid. lib. vi. ver. 893. 
 
 b b 3 Por- 
 
374 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Porphyry concludes his treatife with a va- 
 riety of refined remarks upon the olive, which 
 Homer rcprefents as overfhadowing the Nym- 
 phean cavern. None of them however are 
 in the leaft degree fatisfactory, excepting his 
 obfervation, that fuppliants were accuftomed 
 to bear olive branches in their hands, from 
 w r hich they augured, that the gloom of their 
 prefent calamities would be exchanged for 
 light, happinefs, and profperity u . Here we 
 have fome remains of the original matter of 
 fa el, though completely mifunderftood and 
 perverted by Porphyry. The olive in the 
 Myfteries was commemorative of the olive- 
 branch brought back to Noah by the dove : 
 and it was the propitious omen, that the pa- 
 triarch and his family would fpeedily emerge 
 from the gloom of the Ark to the light of 
 day ; that they would exchange their con- 
 finement for liberty; and that they would each 
 foon be able to exclaim in the language of 
 the myftagogue, " I have efcaped an evil, I 
 u have found a better lot x ." With a fimi- 
 lar allufion to the hiftory of the deluge, the 
 
 o ti ttot£ fJtflrvti — Ev rcaq "\navuaq kcu wt£T»)fl*ais rag 7»j? iK<x\ol<; Sa- 
 Xeiocq syaTsmscru" tiq to Xbvkov avroi$ to crxormou rcov KtvSuvwv y.eTOC 
 Qcx.Xhnv oTirzvoptvoi. Porph. de Ant. Nymph, p. 269, 270. 
 * !<pvyov xctKov, svpov upuvov. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 276. 
 
 priefts 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 375 
 
 priefts of Mithras were ftyled Hie rocor 'aces, oj 
 f acred ravens y \ and the oracular priefteffes of 
 Hammon, Peleiades, or doves 7 : while, in con- 
 fequence of the clofe connection of the dove 
 and the olive, a particular ipecies of that tree 
 was denominated Columbas a . 
 
 Thefe remarks upon the treatife of Por- 
 phyry will prepare us for the examination of 
 feveral other Mithratic caverns ; one of the 
 moil celebrated of which was that of Tro- 
 phonius in Beotia. 
 
 Upon the death of Orchomenus, whom I 
 have fhewn to be Orca-Menu, or the arkite 
 Noah, his kingdom was fuppofed to have de- 
 volved to Clymenus, the grandfon of Phrixus. 
 Clymenus w T as flain by the Thebans at the 
 feftival of the Oncheftian or oceanic Nep- 
 tune, and he w 7 as fucceeded by his eldeft fon 
 Erginus, the father of Trophonius and Aga- 
 medes. Trophonius is faid to have been 
 nurfed by Ceres-Europa ; and he had a con- 
 fecrated grove near the city Orchomenus, and 
 in it a famous oracular cavern. Upon the 
 bank of the adjacent river ftood a fmall tem- 
 ple of the nymph Hercyna, who was wor- 
 
 y Ban. Mythol. vol. i. p. 289. 
 
 z Herod, lib. ii. cap. $5. 
 
 * Athen. Deipnof. lib. ii. p. 56. 
 
 B b 4 {hipped 
 
376 A DISSERTATION 
 
 ihipped in conjunction with him, and who 
 was fuppofed to have been the companion of 
 Profcrpine. Near the river was alfo a tumu- 
 lus, faid to be the monument of a perfon 
 called Arcefilaus ; and a chapel, dedicated to 
 Ceres-Europa. Within the cavern were fta- 
 tues of Trophonius and Hercyna, holding in 
 their hands rods, around which ferpents were 
 int wined. Not far from the oracle was.a 
 ftatue of Jupiter-Pluvius : and, upon the 
 fummit of the hill, a temple of Apollo ; an^ 
 other of Proferpine, and Jupiter ; and a third 
 of Juno, Jupiter, and Saturn. The rivulet 
 itfelf was named Hercyna ; and the cavern, 
 which Paufanias informs us was artificial, 
 was fo contrived, that the ftream flowed out 
 of it. When any perfon wiihed to confult 
 the oracle, he was firft warned in this confe- 
 crated water by two youths, each of whom bore 
 the title of Mercury or Cafmilus. He was then 
 directed to drink of the ftreams of Lethe and 
 Mnemofyne; the firft of which removed from 
 his recollection all profane thoughts, and the 
 fecond enabled him to remember whatever 
 he might fee in the cave. Afterwards he 
 w r as drefled in a linen robe, and conducted in 
 folemn proceffion to the oracle. The mouth 
 of the cavern was fliaped like an oven b , be- 
 
 b From the circumftance of the mouths of the artificial Mi- 
 
 thratic 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 
 
 377 
 
 mg extremely narrow and deep ; and the 
 method of descending into it was by means 
 of a frnall ladder. Arriving at the bottom, 
 the votary found another cave ; the entrance 
 into which was yet more ftraight than that of 
 the former. Here he proftrated himfelf upon 
 the ground, holding in either hand the offer- 
 ings to Trophonius, which confifted of cake^ 
 mixed with honey. Immediately his feet 
 were feized, and his whole body was drawn 
 into the cavern, by the agency of fome invi- 
 fible power. Here he beheld fuch vifions, 
 and heard fuch voices, as feemed beft to the 
 tutelary deity of the place. The refponfe 
 being given, he forthwith felt himfelf con- 
 veyed out of the cavern, in the fame manner 
 as he had been drawn in, his feet in both 
 cafes being foremoft. As foon as he once 
 more emerged to open day, he was conducted 
 by the officiating priefts to the chair of Mne- 
 mofvne, and ftri&ly interrogated with refpecl: 
 to what he had feen or heard. Generally 
 
 thratic grottos being thus fhaped originated the notion of the 
 more modern Perfians, that the waters of the deluge burft forth 
 from the oven of an old woman, called Zala-Cupka. In libro 
 Pharh. Sur. memoratur mons illuftris, ubi tunc habitavit Noah, 
 cum ex eo erumperet aqua diluvii : et ibidem, Zala-Cufba di- 
 citur fuifle nomen vetulae, ex cujus furno aqua diluvii primo 
 erupit. Kyde de Rel. Vet. Perf. cap. 10. 
 
 fpeak- 
 
v8 A DISSERTATION 
 
 3 
 
 fpeaking however, through the operation 
 doubtleis of fuperftitious terror, the votary 
 was drawn up in a fwoon. In this cafe he 
 was, carried to the temple of the Good Ge- 
 nius, till he Ihould^ have come to himfelf 
 again ; after which he was required to write 
 down the anfwer of the oracle in a book kept 
 fpecially for that purpofe. Paufanias adds, 
 that he gave this account from his own per- 
 il knowledge, for that he had had cu- 
 rioilty to defcend himfelf into the cave, and 
 to confult the god e . 
 
 From this defcription of the cavern of Tro- 
 phonius the reader will fufficiently perceive, 
 without the affiftance of a formal enumera- 
 tion and comparifon of particulars, that it 
 was an oracular Mithratic grotto ; and he 
 will be confirmed in his opinion by the fabu- 
 lous hiftory of Trophonius and Hercyna. 
 
 With regard to Trophonius, the whole of 
 his genealogy, as we have juft feen, is purely 
 mythological ; both his imaginary defcent, 
 and his myfterious worfhip, relating entirely 
 to the helio-arkite devotion. He was the 
 fame in fliort as the infernal or diluvian Mer- 
 cury d ; and his title Trophonius feems to be 
 
 c Pauf. Boeot. p. 784 — 792. 
 
 d Alter (Mercurius) Valentis et Phoronidis fllius, is, qui Tub 
 terris habetur, idem Trophonius. Cic. de Nat. Deor. lib. iii. 
 
 cap . 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 379 
 
 a corruption of Tora-Phont, the priejl of the 
 heifer. 
 
 As Trophonius was the folar Noah, fo the 
 goddefs Hercyna, worfhipped in conjunction 
 with him, is Erca-Nah, the Noetic Ark ; and 
 the rods, which their ftatues bore, int wined 
 with ferpents, point them out to be the fame 
 characters as Efculapius and Salus, or the 
 Noetic Sun and the arkite Moon. Hercyna 
 in fa'cl was no other than Ceres- Europa, the 
 allegorical nurfe of Trophonius ; and confe- 
 quently Ihe was the fame as Hippa, Nufa, or 
 Ino, the fuppofed nurfes of Bacchus. Ac- 
 cordingly Lycophron informs us, that Ennea, 
 Hercyna, and Erinnus, were all titles of Ce- 
 res 6 ; and his commentator Tzetzes obferves, 
 that Hercyna was at once an epithet of Ceres, 
 and the name of the daughter of Trophonius. 
 He further adds, that flie was debauched by 
 Neptune, being firft metamorphofed by him 
 into a Hippa, or mare f . It is almoft fu- 
 perfluous to obferve, that it matters little, 
 
 cap. 22. Sub terra eft alter (Mercurius) Trophonius qui eflV 
 ja£tatur. Arnob. adv Gent. lib. iv. p. 170. 
 e Ov tca.'K'irov tv yccptyctic-iv Eivsaa <croTf, 
 
 'E()tut9% Egurt/5 Lycoph. Caff, ver. 152. 
 
 Ennea is only a variation of Antca., Anea, Nanea, Nana, or 
 Anu. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 145. 
 f Tzet. Schol. in loc. 
 
 whe- 
 
3So A DISSERTATION 
 
 whether Ceres -Europa- He rcyna-Hippa was 
 omed the nurfe or the daughter of Tro- 
 phonius ; in either cafe fhe will be equally a 
 perfonification of the Ark. 
 
 As for the fuppofed tomb of the hero Ar- 
 ecfilaus, which was thrown up on the bank 
 of the rivulet Hercyna, I apprehend it to 
 p been merely a high place of Arc- Es- El, 
 the hclio-arkite deity ; while the two rninifter- 
 ing youths, denominated Mercurii, are evi- 
 dently the Cafmili of the Samothracian Myf- 
 teries, or the Camilli of the ancient Tufcans. 
 
 The cavern of Trophonius then being thus 
 deitined for the celebration of the diluvian 
 worfhip, we mail not be furprifed to find it 
 iituated near the town. of Orchomenus, or 
 the arkite Noah, and in Beotia, or the land of 
 the jymbolical heifer. 
 
 Mr. Maurice has written largely upon the 
 progrefs of temple architecture ; and, though 
 I cannot affent to his explanation of the Myf- 
 teries, yet his opinion, that the ornamented 
 artificial cavern, the maffy pyramid, and the 
 circular fpeluncean temple, were all the legi- 
 timate defcendants of the Mithratic grotto, 
 appears to me to be perfectly juft. 
 
 One of the moft magnificent of thefe arti- 
 ficial caverns is that .of Elephanta, the whole 
 
 which is hewn out of the folid rock. In 
 
 its 
 
ON THE CABIRI. s Si 
 
 its dimenfions it is about one hundred and 
 twenty feet fquare, and eighteen high ; and 
 its ponderous roof is fupportcd by four rows 
 of mafly pillars. Along its fides are ranged a 
 confiderable number of colofTal ftatues ; and 
 directly oppofite to the principal entrance is 
 the enormous buft of the triple divinity Brah- 
 ma, Vifhnou, and Seeva s . It feems how- 
 ever to be a doubt, whether this buft has 
 not originally had a fourth head ; in which 
 cafe, as Mr. Maurice properly obferves, v, e 
 muft confider it as a reprefentation of the 
 high eft god Brahme, who was depicted by 
 the Hindoo mythologifts with four heads. At 
 the w r eft end of this curious temple, is I 
 penetrale, or facellum ; in the centre 
 which is an altar, and upon the altar the 
 phallus 11 . The four doors, which lead : 
 the facellum, are guarded by eight gigantic 
 figures ; each of which is thirteen feet and a 
 half high, and finely fculptured in alto 
 lievo*. All thefe particulars furnciently point 
 out the defign, with which the pagoda of 
 Elephanta was conftrucled. Brahme is the 
 Bromius of the Greeks, and the Broum of the 
 
 s Maur. Ind. Ant. vol. ii. p. 142. 
 h It id. p. 156. 
 1 Ibid. p. 154. 
 
 old 
 
3 8a A DISSERTATION 
 
 old Irim k ; he is the fame in fliort as Cronus, 
 or Noah. Hence he is defcribed as being the 
 father of three fons, Brahma, Vifhnou, and 
 Seeva : who anfwer to the claffical Jupiter, 
 Neptune, and Pluto ; to the Phenician Cro- 
 nus the younger, Jupiter- Belus, and Apollo \ 
 and to the fcriptural Shem, Ham, and Ja- 
 phet. Accordingly, when the Hindoos wifhed 
 to reprefent all thefe deities in conjunction, 
 they conftrucled a buft with four heads ; but, 
 w 7 hen their intention was to exhibit only the 
 triple offspring of the patriarch, the number 
 of heads was limited to three. It is remark- 
 able, that Brahme is faid to have had origi- 
 nally five heads, one of which was cut off by 
 
 k Col. Vallancey informs us, that Broum was one of the ti- 
 tles of Ce-Bacche, or the illujlrious Bacchus. Collect, de Reb= 
 Hibern. vol. v. p. 3. Ce-Bacche is manifestly a mere varia- 
 tion of Za-Bacchus : and it is poflible, that Brahme, Bromius, 
 and Broum, are alike compounded of Bu-Ram, the lofty t auric 
 deity ; or, if the reader fhould diflike this laft derivation, he 
 may deduce thofe kindred names from the Sanfcreet Brimha, 
 or the Irifh Brom, which alike fignify vuifdom. From Brahme, 
 the title of the god, Brahmins, the title of his priefts, evidently 
 originates 3 precifely in the fame manner as the priefts of the 
 Cabiri were themfelves alfo denominated Caliri. There is a 
 wonderful affemblage of rocks, abounding with Druidical an- 
 tiquities, in the vicinity of Knarefborough in Yorkfhire, which 
 yet bears the name of Brimham. I itrongly fufpecl:, that it 
 was fo called from the worfhip of Brimh'ham. Brahme, or 
 Broum, or, in other words, of the folar Noah, 
 
 Na- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 383 
 
 Narayen-Yifhnou, or Vijhnou moving upon the 
 waters ; and from the blood, that iffued from 
 the wound, the whole race of new animals 
 was formed. Sir Wm. Jones profeffes him- 
 felf unable to difcover the meaning of |hu 
 ftory 1 , which I think nevertheless may very 
 eafily be explained upon the principles adopt- 
 ed throughout the whole of the prefent Dif- 
 fertation. Brahme and his three fons, when 
 viewed conjointly, are Noah and his triple- 
 offspring ; but each of thefe three fons, when 
 considered feparately, is equally the great pa- 
 triarch™. The five-headed Brahme therefore 
 is an hieroglyphical reprefentation of Noah, 
 his three fons, and his allegorical confort the 
 Ark. At the termination of the deluge, the 
 patriarch loft his fifth head the Ark ; which, 
 in the language of fable, was faid to have 
 been cut off by him that moves upon the 
 waters : but from the blood, which flowed 
 from it, the whole race of animals was repro- 
 duced; or, in other words, the animals, which 
 were deftined to ftock the new world, iffued 
 from the womb of the Ark. The cavern or 
 Elephanta then, being nothing more than a 
 helio-arkite grotto, we fhall find no difficulty 
 
 1 Afiat. Ref. vdi. i. p. 242, 246. 
 m Vide fupra vol. i. p. 16. 
 
84 A DISSERTATION 
 
 in discovering the reafon, why the compound 
 bull: of Noah and his three fons was placed 
 within it; why precifely eight figures guarded 
 the doors ; and why the difgraceful iymbo! 
 of Bacchus, Attis, Ofiris, or Maha-Deva, oc- 
 cupied fo confpicuous a place in the facel- 
 lum. 
 
 The Mithratic cavern however was not al- 
 ways fubterraneous ; it fom-etimes lay con- 
 cealed in the centre of enormous buildings of 
 the pyramidal form. The firft of thefe upon 
 record was the tower of Babel, which was 
 yet Handing in the days of Herodotus. That 
 hiftorian defcribes it, as eoniifting of eight 
 towers, in allufion to the Noetic Ogdoad, 
 placed one upon the other, and gradually di- 
 minifhing in fize. At the top of it was a 
 large temple, and towards the bottom a cha- 
 pel, in which was placed a ftatue of Jupiter- 
 Belus, or the folar Noah n . The pyramidal 
 form was moft probably adopted in honour 
 of the Sun, and in imitation of the tapering 
 flame, as indeed the very name of pyramid 
 feems to imply : and the tower itfelf was 
 ufed for a twofold purpofe, aftronomica! ob- 
 fervations, and idolatrous devotion . 
 
 n Herod, lib. i. cap. 181,183. 
 
 This point I have dilcufled at large in a former publica- 
 tion. 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 385 
 
 The pyramids of Egypt, and the pagodas 
 of Hindoftan, were edifices of the very fame 
 nature as the tower of Babel. Many have 
 thought, that the former of thefe were fepul- 
 chral tumuli; but I cannot believe, that they 
 were ever either defigned, or ufed, for any 
 fuch purpofe. In the centre of the largeft 
 pyramid, a room, confiderable in fize, though 
 fmall when compared to the vaft building 
 which contains it, has been difcovered. The 
 paffage to it is fo low and narrow, that per- 
 fons, who attempt it, are obliged rather to 
 crawl, than to walk. The room itfelf con- 
 tains nothing but a ftone trough, which Nor- 
 den fancies to have been the coffin of the 
 king, who was there interred, though there 
 are no remains of any ikeleton : nor indeed 
 is it very wonderful that there lhould not, 
 for the Egyptians never thought of depofiting 
 a dead body within this facred veflel. The 
 trough in facT: was hewn out for the purpofe 
 of containing, not a corpfe, but water; which 
 accordingly was brought from the Nile, into 
 the pyramid, by means of a well p : and I 
 
 tton. See Horae Mofaicae, vol. i. p. 212. See alio Perizonii 
 Grig. Babyl. cap. 11. 
 
 P Upon this point, I am happy, that I can agree both with 
 Mr. Bryant, and Mr. Maurice, the former of whom judicioufly 
 obferves, that the farcophagi of the Egyptians were always 
 
 vol. 11, c c placed 
 
3 86 A DISSERTATION 
 
 have no doubt of its being an utenfil of the 
 very fame nature, as the ftone bowls and 
 urns, which Homer places in his cave of the 
 Nymphs. 
 
 Similar to the Mithratic pyramids are the 
 pagodas of Hindoftan. Thefe are ufually 
 erected on the banks of the Ganges, or fome 
 other facred river ; and, whenever that is not 
 the cafe, they are invariably provided with a 
 large tank, or refervoir of water. The mod 
 ancient of the pagodas are thofe of Deogur q , 
 w : hich are formed by fimply piling one maffy 
 ftone upon another. Within they are entirely 
 dark, excepting what light they receive from 
 a fmall door, fcarcely five feet high : and in 
 the centre of each building is a room, like 
 that in the heart of the Egyptian pyramid, 
 illuminated only by a fingle lamp, where the 
 moft profound rites of the Hindoo religion 
 are performed. 
 
 I have frequently, in the courfe of the pre- 
 lent work, had occafion to notice the intro- 
 duction of the Cabiric Myfteries into the Bri- 
 tilh ifles ; it will be proper therefore for me 
 
 placed erect, and never laid flat ; nor is there a fingle inftance 
 upon record of an Egyptian being entombed in fuch a manner, 
 .is Norden fuppofes. 
 
 ^ Deogur feems to have received its name from Deo-Cur, 
 the drc'uic Sun. 
 
 now 
 
OX THE CABIRI. 3S7 
 
 now to obferve, that there yet remains in 
 Ireland r a very fmgular monument of anti- 
 
 r I have already obferved, that Ireland was den 
 
 Erin or Aran, the Ark. The Ark however, upon the 
 union of the two fuperftitions, was worshipped in conjunction 
 with the Moon : hence Ireland was likewiie called Ireb from 
 Ireh, (r7~ v ft; and confequently the name Ireland, or 
 
 ., will be the exact lynonym of A 
 
 Ai-Monab. In perfect harmony with this luppofition, we rind, 
 
 that the capital of Ullter was formerly denomina: - ua or 
 
 Eamanlj; and that Inch-Columb-Kill, or tit arktU 
 
 on the coaft of Scotland, (concerning which more mail be 
 
 laid hereafter) and the iile of Man, be: gland and Ire- 
 
 : bore the very lame appellation of Aimsr.u. Ireland 
 
 alio intitled A All thei'e were 
 
 equally names of the arkite fnip : (Vide fupra vol. i. p. 146, 
 
 accordingly Col. Vail .:;»* juitly obierves, that 
 
 Venus, or the later deorum. (See 
 
 mce/s Vind. of Anc. Hift. of Ireland, p. 20. and Collect. 
 
 ■■':> Reb. Hibern. No. jj. Pref. p. 15.) The fame helic- 
 
 ries prevailed in the larger iiland of Britain : hence 
 s called Brit-Tan-Nuh-Aia. . 
 
 -ider prefers a ditierent 
 etymology, Brit-Tania, the land of the covenant ; and hence it 
 was alio fly led Albion, or Albania, as being . 
 
 \. Vallancey is certainly incontinent with himfelf 
 in his mode of deriving the word A for, in one part of his 
 
 ngs he tells us, that it is Eile-Bonn, the go:.. :.J, in 
 
 another, that it is Alban. (: , (6 called from 
 
 .'.uation with relpect to IrelinJ. (See Collect. No. 13. 
 Pref. p. 24. and Pref. to Vind. p. 14, 15.) The reader will 
 find a very curious dilfertation upon the colonization of Ireland 
 by the Pelafgi in Collect. No. 13. Pref. I fully agree 
 Col. Vallancey, that the Felalgi were a Japhetic tribe ; 
 iupra vol. i. p. 360.) but 1 much doubt whether they were the 
 
 c c 2 
 
quity, which exactly p the 
 
 manner, in which the Mithr 
 ztAcd with the Mithrat: 
 At in the count 
 
 n immenft irth, the e 
 
 into which was difcovered about th; .99 
 
 . Campbell. 
 " t: n fod, he carried many c: 
 
 <( c A at length arriv; broad : 
 
 M that covered the mouth of the galle: 
 .e entrance, thii gall 
 
 two high : at thirteen the 
 
 & two inches wide. 
 I he len. from its 
 
 ) the L .: the dome, is fixty two 
 
 part of the 
 " dome, hole 
 
 \vA a half. The 
 <; (i 
 
 :he length be- 
 at the ai 
 
 feet 
 Arith an ai It 
 
 mpofe : 
 
 r 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 fl projecting a little below the lower, and 
 ** clofed in and capped with a flat flag. In 
 " each arm of the crofs there are two large 
 M oval rock bafonr 
 
 Such is the account given by Mr. Ledwich 
 of the New-Grange pyramid : he has fallen 
 however, I conceive, into an error, refpecting 
 the purpofe for which this grotto was con- 
 ftrucT:ed, exactly fimilar to that of Norden, re- 
 fpe&ing the ufe for which the central chamber 
 of the grand pyramid was defigned. He con- 
 jectures, that the ftone bafons were hewn out 
 to contain the allies of fome ancient IrilTi 
 chieftain ; but yet, like Norden, he is obliged 
 to allow, that no cineritious remains are i 
 ble within them, and that there are no marks 
 of cremation in the cave. The narrow pal- 
 iage in fact, and the ftone bowls, of this Irilh 
 
 tto, are merely the counterpart of thole 
 in the cave of Trophonius, the pagodas of 
 Hindoftan, and the pyramids of Egypt u . 
 
 1 Ledwich's Ant. of Ireland, p. 316. 
 
 u In the covering Hone of the ealtern arm of this cruciform 
 grotto is an infcription, written in lymbolical characters, which, 
 
 -ding to Mr. Beauford, iignines the kouft- of God. He 1 
 that " all the ancient altars, found in Ireland, and now diilin- 
 ; hed by the name of C were ori- 
 
 " ginally called Betbal, or the \ ix and they feem to be of 
 
 " the lame fpecies as thole mentioned in the book of Geneiis, 
 Ikd by the Hebrews i iich has the iame figi 
 
 c C 
 
3 9 o A DISSERTATION 
 
 Equally miftaken is he in fuppofmg, that 
 the crofs-like form of the cave fhews us, that 
 it was the work of femi-chriftian Oftmen in 
 the ninth century. The crofs was a grand 
 fymbol throughout the pagan world, long pre- 
 vious to its becoming, for a very different 
 reafon, an objedt of veneration to Chriftians*. 
 Thus, the fymbol of Taautus or Noah was 
 the letter T ; and thus Ills, or the Ark, was 
 frequently reprefented with a crofs in her 
 hand. The cruciform cavern of New-Grange 
 in fhort, with its octagonal dome, is an exacl 
 fubterraneous model of the fupernal pagoda 
 of Benares ; which was conftructed in the 
 fhape of a vaft crofs, with a high cupola in 
 the centre of the building, pyramidal to- 
 wards the fummit y . Mr. Maurice; conjec- 
 tures, that the four arms of the crofs were de- 
 
 " as the Irifh BothaL The tabernacles in the mount of New- 
 ,( Grange have an exact conformity to the Cromleachs, found 
 " in different parts of the kingdom." Druidifm revived. Col- 
 left, de Reb. Hibern. vol. ii. p. 211. — Videfupra vol. i. p. no. 
 
 x Mr. Skelton obferves, " How it came to pafs, that the 
 " Egyptians, Arabians, Indians, before Chrift came among us, 
 " and the inhabitants of the extreme northern parts of the 
 '* world, ere they had fo much as heard of him, paid a remark - 
 V able veneration to the fign of the crofs, is to me unknown ; 
 " but the fact itfelf is known." Appeal to Common Senfe, 
 p. 45. apud Vallancey's Vind. p. $'±3. 
 
 y Maurice's Ind. Ant. vol. iii. p. 30, 
 
 figned 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 391 
 
 figned to typify the four elements \ but, upon 
 this point, I feel myfelf compelled entirely to 
 diffent from him. The fymbolical pagan 
 crofs was originally the Taautic T, not the 
 compound figure with four arms + ; for this 
 laft, I apprehend, was more modern than the 
 former, being in fa 61 merely a double T. 
 As for the real Taautic T, it ought properly 
 to be delineated in a precifely inverted form 
 JL ; inafmuch as it was the hieroglyphic of the 
 phallic Taautus, Maha-Deva or Ofiris, fup- 
 plying the place of a mall: to the fhip Argha 
 or Argo 2 . The names of the Englifh letter 
 Te, the Greek Tau, and the Hebrew Thau 
 and Tetb, are all equally derived from the 
 title of the god Taut, Thoth, Teut, Tet, or 
 Taautus a ; who, as I have already obferved, 
 
 z " During the flood, the generative powers of nature were 
 <c reduced to their fimpleft elements, the Linga and the Yoni ; 
 " the latter of which afiumed the fhape of the hull of a fhip> 
 " fince typified by the Argha, whilft the Linga became the malt. 
 " Maha-Deva is ibmetimes repreiented fianding erect in the 
 " middle of the Argha in the room of the maft." Wilford on 
 Mount Caucafus. See the whole paifage above p. 82. 
 
 a This deity was by the old Irifh called Tath. (Vallancey's 
 Vind. of Anc. Hift. of Ireland, p. 519.) The name, howevei 
 variouily inflected, feems to originate from the fame radical as 
 Titaji ; and confequently, like it, to fignify a diluvian. Tath , 
 Thoth, or Taautus, as I have already obferved, was the fame 
 as Mercury, or Buddha. It is remarkable, that the title of this 
 laft god is no lefs accurately preferved among the ancient Irifh, 
 
 c c 4 thaa 
 
39^ A DISSERTATION 
 
 was, like Ofiris and Maha-Deva, the fame as 
 Noah b . The Samaritan figure of this letter 
 is the compound crofs -f-, or the double X ; 
 and, in the firft of its Chaldaic forms £, 
 we may ftill perceive a faint refemblance to 
 the hull of a lhip c . 
 
 I fufpecT, that we mall difcover another 
 Irifti Mithratic grotto in the purgatory of St. 
 Patric. This celebrated engine of papal im- 
 pofture is a fmall artificial cavern, built upon 
 a little ifland, denominated Macro, in Lough 
 
 than that oiTboth. Their deity Bud-Dearrg feems tobeBud- 
 dha-Derceto, or Buddha- Adar-Dag, the zllujhwus fJJj-god Bud- 
 dha. This Bud-Dearrg they fometimes denominated Seacchfa* 
 Craoh-Dearrg. Seacchfa, as Col. Vallancey jultly obferves, is 
 the Xaca, or Saca, of the Eaft, who was the fame as Buddha. 
 Ibid. p. 162. 
 
 b It is worthy of obfervation, that, in the Icelandic language, 
 the letter T is denominated Tyr, or the bull. (D'Ancarville 
 Recherches fur l'Orig. des Arts de la Grcce, lib. ii. cap. 2. 
 apud Vallancey.) The reafon no doubt was, becaufe it was the 
 compound fymbol of Noah and the Ark ; or, in other words, 
 of the bull Apis failing, as he is reprefented in the Bembine ta- 
 ble, in the Baris of Ifis. 
 
 c According to Mr. Skelton, " In fome places the fign of 
 *' the crofs was given to men accufed of a crime, but ac- 
 " quitted ; and in Egypt it flood for the fign or fignification of 
 * eternal life!' Appeal to Common Senfe, p. 45. It is very 
 eafy to fee, how a crofs, being the fymbol of the Ark, fhould, 
 in the language of hieroglyphic, which is purely ideal, be made 
 the badge of innocence on the one hand, and of life on the other. 
 
 Derg, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 393 
 
 Derg, in the fouthern part of Donegal c . Its 
 fhape refembles that of an L, excepting only 
 that the angle is more obtufe ; and it is 
 formed by two parallel walls, covered with 
 large ftones and fods, its floor being the na- 
 tural rock. Its length is fixteen feet and a 
 half, and its width two feet ; but the build- 
 ing is fo low, that a tall man cannot ftand 
 erecl in it. It holds nine perfons, and a tenth 
 could not remain in it without confiderable 
 inconvenience d . Round it are built {even 
 chapels, four of which are dedicated to St. 
 Patric, St. Bridget, St. Columba, and St. 
 Molafs c . This purgatory was once called 
 Uamb Treibb Oin, or the cave of the tribe of 
 Oin or Owen f ; and it received its name from 
 a wild ftory, related of a certain perfon named 
 Owen, who entered into it, and there beheld 
 the joys of Elyfium and the pains of Tartarus. 
 His vifions are very circumftantially narrated 
 by Matthew Paris ; and the fable was after- 
 wards taken up by one Henry, a Ciftertian 
 monk, from whom it received fundry improve- 
 
 e The ifland is only 126 yards long by 44 broad. 
 d Ledwich's Ant. of Ireland, p. 447. 
 e Collea. de Reb. Hibern. vol. iv. p. 89. Pref. 
 f Ibid. p. 74. Pref. 
 
 ments 
 
394 A DISSERTATION 
 
 mentsand embellifhments. According to Hen- 
 ry, Chrift appeared to St. Patric ; and, having 
 led him into a defert place, flbewed him a 
 deep hole E . He then proceeded to inform 
 him, that whoever entered into that pit, and 
 continued there a day and a night, having 
 previoufly repented and being armed with the 
 true faith, mould be purged from all his fins -, 
 and he further added, that, during the peni- 
 tent's abode there, he fhould behold both the 
 torments of the damned, and the joys of the 
 bleffed. In confequence of this divine reve- 
 lation, St, Patric immediately built a church 
 upon the place, and fixed in it a college of 
 regular canons of St. Auftin h . Mr. Ledwich 
 juftly obfervesj that the whole of this idle 
 tale, at leaft as far as St. Patric is concerned, 
 {lands felf-confuted,/for regular canons had 
 no exiftence before the tenth century ; and 
 
 8 This hole was broken up by order of Pope Alexander VI. 
 on St. Patric'sday 1497. (Ledwich and Vallancey.) That pon- 
 tiff wifely judged the whole to be a fcandalous impofture ; and 
 yet, ftrange to tell, the late Pope Benedict XIV. was fo vehe- 
 ment an admirer of the purgatory, the winding palTage of 
 which, as I have juft obferved, yet remains, that he actually 
 preached and published a fermon on its manifold virtues. Led- 
 wich, p. 447. 
 
 h Ledwich's Ant. p. 446. 
 
ON THE CABIRL 395 
 
 lie moreover remarks, that both the ground- 
 work of the ftory, and the name of Owen, 
 are taken from Bede 1 . 
 
 Such is the legendary hiftory of St. Patricks 
 purgatory ; concerning which I will venture 
 to aflert, that it was nothing more than a 
 Mithratic or Cabiric grotto, and that the 
 whole fable refpecting it is a mere adaptation 
 of the ancient orgies to the Chriftianity of 
 the church of Rome. 
 
 As for the cavern itfelf, its narrow winding 
 paffage, and its terrific pit, will naturally re- 
 call to the mind of the reader the cave of 
 Trophonius, and the fimilar narrow palTage 
 in the Egyptian pyramid ; while the dreadful 
 portents, which gleamed before the eyes of 
 
 1 Lough Derg was called Lough Chre, or the lake of Joothfay- 
 ers, long before the imaginary era of St. Patric ; whence it is 
 evident, that the Papifts did not invent the ftory of the purify- 
 ing cave, but only adapted it to the fuperftitions, with which 
 they had incumbered Chriftianity. Colgan apud Collect, de 
 Keb. Hibern. vol. iv. p. 74. Pref. St. Patric had another pur- 
 gatory of much the fame nature in the mountain Cruachan 
 Aigle. In hujus igitur montis de Cruachan Aigle cacumine je- 
 junare ac vigilare confuefcunt plurimi, opinantes fe poftea nun- 
 quam intraturos portas Inferni, quia hoc impetratum a Do- 
 mino putant mentis et precibus S. Patricii. Referunt etiam 
 nonnulli, qui perno&averunt ibi, fe tormenta graviinma fuifle 
 paffos, quibus fe purgatos a peccatis putant. Unde et quidam 
 illorum locum ilium furgatorium S. Patricii vocant. Colgan 
 Ibid. 
 
 Owen, 
 
3$>6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Owen, will remind him of the wonders of 
 the Eleufinian orgies. I have already obferved, 
 that the whole procefs, through which the 
 epoptas pafled, is minutely defcribed by Vir- 
 gil in the fixth book of his Eneid : w T hence 
 we learn, that the Myfteries fucceffively ex- 
 hibited the horrors of Tartarus, and the joys 
 of Elyfium ; under which images w r ere repre- 
 fiented the breaking up of the vaft abyfs k , and 
 the miraculous efcape of the patriarchal fa- 
 mily l . Precifely fimilar to thefe were the 
 fcenes, which the intrepid Owen is faid to 
 have beheld in the purgatory of St. Patric. 
 His conductor firft fhews him the torments 
 of the damned ; and afterwards leads him to 
 Elyfium, or what, in the language of adapta- 
 tion, the Papifts termed Paradife. Owen in 
 fliort was no other than the great god of the 
 Ark ; and the fame as Oan m , Oannes, Van- 
 dimon, or Dagon : hence we find him men- 
 tioned by Bede near five centuries before the 
 era, in which Matthew Paris flourifhed. Af- 
 ter the IriiTi had been fome ages converted to 
 femichriftianity, the real character of Owen 
 
 k To tv a£vG-o-u airo^YtTov hi£ei9. Jamb, de Myft. Se£l. vi. 
 cap. 5. 
 
 1 ZT7i<T£iv rr,v Baptv. Ibid. Vide fupra chap. v. 
 
 m Owen, Oin, and Oan, are all the lame appellation. 
 
 w 7 as 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 39? 
 
 was gradually forgotten, but the old traditions 
 concerning him were ftill faithfully handed 
 down ; till at length he was erected into a 
 faint, and his oracular cavern metamorphofed 
 into St. Patric's purgatory n . 
 
 n The fteps, by which Owen, Patric, Columba, and Bri<' 
 arrived at the honours of canonization, will fufficiently appear 
 from the following account of the manner, in which Chrif- 
 tianity was propagated in England by Auftin. " Gregor .. 
 <( ceived the news of Auttin's fuccefs in England with great 
 "joy j and, refolving to negle6l nothing in his power to ren- 
 " der it ftill greater, he lent back his meiTengers, and with them 
 " Mellitus, Juftus, Paulinus, and leveral others, to aftift in pro- 
 <i pagating the knowledge of the gofpel among the Englifh. — 
 €t One of the advices, which Gregory gave to Auftin, was, not 
 " to deftroy the heathen temples of the Engliih, but only to 
 <c remove the images of their gods, to warn the walls with holy 
 <l water, to erect altars, and depofit relics in them, and fo con- 
 ** vert them into Chriftian churches; not only to lave the ex- 
 <( pence of building new ones, but that the people might be 
 " more eafily prevailed upon to frequent thofe places of 
 " (hip, to which they had been accuftomed. He directs him 
 " further to accommodate the ceremonies of the Chriftian w 
 u fhip, as much as pomble, to thofe of the heathen, that the 
 " people might not be much ftartled at the change ; a; 
 ■' particular, he advifes him to allow the Chriftian converts, oa 
 " certain feftivals, to kill and eat a great number of o:. 
 cc the glory of God, as they had formerly done to the honor,: 
 " of the devil. Thefe admonitions, which were but too well 
 " obferved, introduced the groiTeft corruptions into the Chrif- 
 " tian worfhip, and fhew how much the apoftles of the iixth 
 " and feventh centuries had departed from the fimplicity and 
 " fincerity of thufe of the firft/' Henry's Hift. of Great Bri- 
 tain, vol. iii. p. 193. 
 
 I am 
 
39* A DISSERTATION 
 
 I am further perfuaded, that Owen was the 
 very fame perfon as Patric. Mr. Ledwich 
 has fufficiently proved, that this famous tute- 
 lary faint of the Irifh, like divers other Ro- 
 mifh faints, never exifted, at leaft in his apo- 
 ftolical capacity, fave in the fictitious martyro- 
 logies of popery °. Patric in fact, like Oan 
 or Oannes, was the principal Pataric or arkite 
 deity ; the fame as the Mithras Petreus of 
 Perfia, and as the Nus Patricus of the Chal- 
 dean oracles p . Hence, when this branch of 
 the old Cabiric worfliip was moil unnaturally 
 ingrafted upon Chriftianity, Oannes-Patricus, 
 or the Pataric Noah, was divided into two 
 perfons, Owen and St. Patric ; the dove be- 
 came St. Columba; Beroe or Berith, the cove- 
 nant, was changed into St, Bridget ; and the 
 {qyqti facella, which were placed round the 
 ftatue of Baal-Moloch, or the helio-arkite 
 Noah, in honour of the feven planets and the 
 feven Cabiri, affumed the fhape of feven cha- 
 pels, dedicated to feven imaginary faints. Ac- 
 cordingly we find a tradition, no doubt a 
 very ancient one, among the Irifh, that Pa- 
 
 ° See Ledwich's Ant. of Ireland, p. .362 — 37S. 
 
 P If the reader doubts the propriety of deriving thefe and other 
 Irifh names from the Chaldee or Hebrew, let him perufe CoL 
 Vallancey's very curious effay on the antiquity of the Irifh lan- 
 guage. Colle£t de Reb. Hibern. No, 8. 
 
 trie 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 399 
 
 trie was likewise called Tailgean or Tailgin r . 
 This we might naturally enough expert would 
 be the cafe ; for, as Owen is Oan, and Patric 
 the Deus-Patricus, fo Tailgean or Tailgin is 
 evidently no other than Telchin, one of the 
 well-known titles of the Cabiri. Telchin, as 
 I have obferved, is Tel- Chin, a priefl of the 
 Sun; and it is worthy of notice, that Tau- 
 lach or Taulch is one of the names, which 
 the Irifli bellow upon that luminary s . Patric 
 was alfo denominated Aijlaire c , which, like 
 AJlerius, or Taurus, is the mafculine form of 
 Aftoreth or Aftarte. Under the appellation 
 of Ajlerius or Taurus, and under the form of 
 a bull, the great patriarch feems to have been 
 very generally worfhipped. His facrifices fre- 
 quently confuted of infants, which were burnt 
 alive in his hollow brazen ftatue, heated red- 
 hot for this purpofe. Hence originated the 
 fable of the Colchian bulls ; and hence we 
 may trace a curious legend refpecling Aiftaire 
 or Patric. This imaginary faint is faid to 
 have appeared in an univerfal blaze of fire to 
 Milcho, whom the monks fancy to have been 
 one of his difciples, but whom I apprehend 
 
 r Collea. de Reb. Hib. vol. iv. p. 60. Pref. 
 
 s Ibid. vol. v. p, 304. 
 
 * Vallancey's Vind. p. 201. 
 
 to 
 
4 oo A DISSERTATION 
 
 to be in reality no other than Moloch or 
 Milchom, and the very fame as Patric him- 
 felf. Upon this occasion, flames hTued con- 
 tinually from his mouth, his noftrils, his eyes, 
 and his ears ; and Milcho with difficulty 
 efcaped the danger of combuftion. His two 
 infant daughters however were not fo fortu- 
 nate ; but, as they flept together in one bed, 
 they were reduced to allies by the conflagra- 
 tion. The monks, not content with thus 
 metamorphofing Baal-Moloch, or the god 
 Patar, into a faint, blafphemoufly reprefented 
 Patric as alTerting the fire, which iffued from 
 him, to be faith in the Holy Trinity. It is 
 eafy to fee, that this is a mere adaptation of 
 the worfhip of Taurus to the corrupt Chrif- 
 tianity of popery u . 
 
 With regard to St. Bridget, Col. Vallan- 
 cey, in his curious lift of the old deities of 
 Ireland, mentions a goddefs denominated 
 Brid, Brit, or Brigbit x , whom he very pro- 
 
 u Sexta Vita Patricii. Colgan, p. 67. apud Vallancey's 
 Vind. p. 252. 
 
 x Brid is the prototype of St. Bride, to whom fo many Welfli 
 churches are dedicated 5 and the deity, from whofe name our 
 Englifh word Bride, a ?iezu married woi?ian, is derived. Brid, 
 being the goddefs of the covenant which ratified the allegorical 
 marriage of Noah and the Ark, was thence efteemed the tute- 
 lary genius of marriage in general : accordingly we are in- 
 formed by Col, Vallancey. that the facrifice on the confirma- 
 tion 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 401 
 
 perly pronounces to be the fame as the Phe- 
 nician Berith, or Beroe y . This Brighit is 
 faid to have been the daughter of Daghdae, 
 whom Col. Vallancey declares to be no other 
 than Dagon z . He tells us, that Daghdae is 
 the Sun, and that the word itfelf fignifies the 
 god ofjire*. It is very poffible, that Dagh- 
 dae may have acquired fuch a fignification in 
 the Irifh language, in confequence of the un- 
 
 * ion of marriage was by the ancient Irifh denominated Caca- 
 Brhieoige, or, the cake of Brid. (Vind. of Anc. Hift. of Ireland, 
 Collect, de Reb. Hibern. vol. v. p. .492.) It is evident, that 
 our modern cuftom of having a bride-cake, as it is termed, 
 upon the marriage-day, originated from this idolatrous rite. 
 
 y Collect, de Reb. Hib. vol. v. p. 491, 492. 
 
 z It is worthy of obfervation, that the Phallus was no lefs 
 the fymbol of Daghdae among the old Irifh, than of Bacchus 
 among the Greeks, of Ofiris among the Egyptians, and of 
 Maha-Deva among the Hindoos. (Vallancey's Vindication, 
 p. 160.) Dagdae was the fame alio as the Dace or Dak-Po 
 of the Tibetians : (Ibid. p. 161.) and his fymbolical confort 
 was intitled Trom, which word fignifies pregnant. (Ibid, 
 p. 163.) It is almoft fuperrluous to obferve, that Trom is the 
 Ark, pregnant with all the hero-gods of the Gentiles, the 
 Magna Mater of clailical antiquity. Hence all the other dei- 
 ties ' were fuppofed to be defcended from Dagdae. (Ibid. 
 p. 5^2.) The Phallic Dagdae himfelf was fometimes ftyled 
 Dia Tcibith, or Dia Thebath, the god of the Ark ; fuch at lead 
 appears to me a more natural interpretation of the word Tel' 
 hitl\ than that which Col. Vallancey gives. See Vind. of Anc, 
 .Hift. of Ireland, p. 161. 
 
 * Vind. apud Collect, de Reb. Hib. vol. v. p. 491. 
 
 vol. 11. d d doubted 
 
402 A DISSERTATION 
 
 doubted circumftance of Dagon's being the 
 Sun ; but I cannot think that fuch was its 
 original import : for, as Dagon is Dag-On, 
 the pi/cine or Noetic Sun; fo Daghdae is Dag- 
 Do, Dag-Deo, or Dag-Deva, the divine jijh. 
 Brit or Brighit then, the daughter of Dagdae, 
 whom the Papifts transformed into St. Brid- 
 get, is merely Berit-Gat, the pi/cine or arkitc 
 covenant ; the word Dag, which fignifles a 
 jijh, paffing by tranfpofition of the letters into 
 Gat, precifely in the fame manner as Adar- 
 Daga was corrupted into Atargatis, or Der- 
 ceto. From this laft goddefs the lake Derg, 
 upon an ifland in which St. Patric's purga- 
 tory is built, feems to have derived its name. 
 The ifland itfelf was one of the fame nature 
 as that near Buto in Egypt, and as that in 
 the midft of the lake Cotyle, round which 
 the Pelafgi, when they firft colonized Italy, 
 planted their fettlements: hence it was called 
 Macra, the very name by which the Greeks 
 diftinguifhed the Cabin c ifland Eubea, cele- 
 brated for the allegorical parturition of the 
 heifer Io b . It was in fhort a iymbol of the 
 
 b Strab. Geog. lib. x. p. 444. Strabo likewiie mentions a 
 town denominated Macra on the confines of Etruria and Li- 
 gtfria. (Geog. lib. v. p. 222.) The reader will recollect, that 
 the expedition into Italy was jointly undertaken by the Pelaf- 
 gi, and the Etrurians or Tyrfenians. 
 
 Ark; 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 403 
 
 Ark ; and accordingly, even at this late pe- 
 riod, we find it amply furnilhed with all the 
 concomitants of the helio-diluvian luperfti- 
 tion c . 
 
 As Brit or Brighit is the divine covenant, 
 fo Columba is manifestly the dove. This Co- 
 lumba is ftill fuppofcd to be the peculiar 
 guardian of the Scottim illand Iona, which 
 has evidently derived its name from the Phe- 
 nician appellation Iona ; for Iona, in that 
 language, is equivalent to Columba in the La- 
 tin. The inhabitants of Iona have a notion, 
 founded, I apprehend, upon the fluttering of 
 the dove over the furface of the waters dur- 
 ing the fubfiding of the deluge, that, on cer- 
 tain evenings every year, their tutelary demi- 
 god appears upon the top of the church 
 fpires, counting the furrounding iflands, to 
 fee that they have not been funk by the 
 power of witchcraft d . The imaginary faint 
 
 c There was another of thefe fmall lakes in the ifland De- 
 los, and another of much the fame fize behind the temple of 
 Minerva at Sais in Egypt. In this kit lake, as we learn from 
 Herodotus, the Egyptians exhibited by night the fufferings of 
 him, in whofe honour the Myfteries were inftituted. The hif- 
 torian indeed, from a fear of violating that awful fecrefy, 
 which was impofed upon the epoptae, forbears to add any fur- 
 ther particulars; but the reader will find no difficulty in Ap- 
 plying the omiifion. Herod, lib. ii. cap. 170. 
 
 d See note to Campbell's Pleafures of Hope, part ii. ver. 199. 
 D d 2 I doubt 
 
4 o4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Columba or Iona gave her name alio to the 
 town of St. Columb in Cornwall ; which 
 county contains likewife a harbour denomi- 
 nated Budey a title of the fame origin and 
 import as the Scottifh Bute> and the Egyp- 
 tian Buto e . 
 
 I doubt however whether Mr. Campbell defcribes the faint 
 with mythological accuracy,, when he fpeaks of her giant form. 
 
 Iona's faint, a giant form, 
 
 Thron'd on her towers, converfing with the ftorm, 
 (When o'er each Runic altar, weed-intwin'd, 
 The vefper clock tolls mournful to the wind,) 
 Counts every wave-worn ifle, and mountain hoar, 
 From Kilda to the green Ierne s more. 
 e Some writers, among whom are Camden and OTlaherty, 
 have conjectured, that the celebrated iiland Ogygia was Ire- 
 land ; but M. Bailly maintains, that it was Iceland. (See 
 O'Flaherty's Ogygia, p. 22. and Lettres fur l'Atlantide, p. 384.) 
 The former of thefe opinions ajppears to me much more pro- 
 bable than the latter. 
 
 According to Plutarch, Ogygia lies directly weft of Britain, 
 at the diftance of about five days fail ; and above it are three 
 other iflands, equally diitant from Ogygia and from each other, 
 in one of which the barbarians fuppofed Saturn to have been 
 confined by Jupiter. Thefe three iflands lie near a large con- 
 tinent, but Ogygia is more remote from it. The continent 
 itfelf recedes in the fhape of a circle, and thus forms an 
 immenfe bay, which is fituated immediately oppofite to the 
 Cafpian lea. Plutarch further adds, that in the three iflands 
 the fun fets only for a fingle hour in the fpace of thirty days. 
 Plut. de Facie in Orbe Lunae, p. 941. 
 
 Commenting upon this account of Plutarch, M. Bailly fup- 
 
 pofes, that Ogygia is Iceland, and that the three other iflands 
 
 .are Greenland, Spitzbergen, and Nova Zembla; the laft of 
 
 which, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 405 
 
 Laftly, St. Molafs appears to have been 
 
 which, he obferves, lies clofe to a large bay, formed by the in- 
 flux of the river Oby, and fituated immediately oppofite to the 
 Cafpian fea. 
 
 His conjecture is partly juft, and partly erroneous. Iceland 
 can fcarcely be deemed the Ogygia of Plutarch, becaufe it lies 
 nearly due north of Britain, inftead of being due weft of it j 
 and, as for Greenland, it is not an iiland, but a part of the 
 vail continent of America. The iiland Ogygia therefore, 
 which Plutarch affirms to lie due weft of Britain, muft cer- 
 tainly be Ireland, and no other : and, at the fame time, the 
 circumftance, mentioned by that author, of the fun fetting only 
 for a fingle hour during the fpace of thirty days, evidently 
 fhews, that the three remaining illands muft lie very far to the 
 north of Ireland. Hence I conceive, that thefe three iflands 
 are Iceland, Spitzbergen, and Nova Zembla ; and accordingl}-, 
 if the reader will caft his eye upon a map, he will fee, that 
 they are about equidiftant from each other, and that they are 
 fituated very considerably nearer the northern continent of Eu- 
 rope and Afia, than what Ireland is. As for the large bay, I 
 am rather inclined to think, that it is the White fea, than the 
 gulph at the mouth of the river Oby. 
 
 M. Bailly likewife fuppofes Ogygia to be the fame as At- 
 lantis j (Lettres fur l'Atlantide, p. 361.) in which fuppofition, 
 no lefs than in his former one refpecting its identity with Ice- 
 land, I think him entirely miftaken. Atlantis, as I have al- 
 ready obferved, was the antediluvian world; whence a conftant 
 tradition prevailed, that it had been iwallowed up by the 
 ocean : but Plutarch fpeaks of Ogygia as actually exifting in 
 his own days, points out its fituation with the greateft accu- 
 racy, and never even hints at its having experienced the fame 
 calamity as that which befel the Atlantis. That the Atlantian 
 or Cabiric fuperftition prevailed in Ireland, there cannot indeed 
 be a doubt : hence Homer very juftly reprefents Ogygia as be- 
 ing facred to Calypfo, the daughter of Atlas, or, in other 
 
 d d ,7 words, 
 
4 o6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 the very fame as the Cabiric Cadmilus of Sa- 
 
 words, to Cal-Hipfa, the Hipplan Ark, the allegorical daughter 
 of the folar Noah j and hence he places that goddefs in a fa- 
 cred cave, which, from its very near refemblance to the cave of 
 the nymphs, I conjecture to have been a Cabiric grotto. 
 
 A?d\ ot£ &v) rrjv vvjctov clQmsto tyiXov tsaav, 
 
 £;$' by. vovThj @x<; »o£t^£o?, rjirsiponae 
 
 Ji'itv' otppa (Atycc <77Tbos Ikstc, rco en wppi) 
 
 Natfv tvir'KoY.ix^ri^' iyd> § evctoSt Ttry.tv maav. 
 
 T\v(> p.tv tit t,<7ycL*o'p\i> peyx xauTO TyXoSi £ oeprj 
 
 AxiOf/tvuv" v) £ tudov ot.oiha.iia otti xocXv, 
 'ifov iiroiyja^ivm, ^vcrBiri y.s^m^ vtpaivfv. 
 *Y**) Se trireos ctixtpt miQvxei TiAaSowaa, 
 K>>5:%*3 t', aiysips T£, xai evu$y)<; xv7rapicTffoq. 
 'EvSa.h t optwe? ra.vvai'rrlipi evvx^ovto, 
 Xkuttss T , ifr,Ki<; re, TavvyXctxro-oi T£ xogwvxs 
 TLvschiXi, lyaw n Sa.Xa.aaKZ fgycc [/.sjxriMv. 
 H £' ocvre reretvvra >ms^i enems yXxtyvpcu) 
 'jrfyte^? r&auex, tb^Xu h roctpvXyai* 
 VLprivca o' efarjj vnrvpeq p\ov vaxri Xbvy.0), 
 UXns-ieti etXXr,Xuv rsTgupfAEvaci aXXvh*; xXX.V)' 
 Afxtpi ob XeifAOJtBq fxxXxxoi m, v>os <7BXiv8, 
 QyXsov' ev§a k BTTBira y.xi xBavxrog izep £7r£>.ca/v 
 QwcraiTo i^w, x.xi rep(p$Biv) (ppt&iv lyrw. 
 
 Horn. OdylT. lib. v. ver. 55. 
 
 Thus o'er the world of waters Hermes flew, 
 Till now the diftant ifland rofe in view : 
 Then lwift afcending from the azure wave, 
 He took the path, that winded to the cave. 
 Large was the grot, in which the nymph he found, 
 (The fair-hair'd nymph, with every beauty crown'd) 
 She fat and fung : the rocks refound her lays : 
 The cave was brighten'd with a rifing blaze : 
 
 Cedar 
 
ON THE CABIRL .407 
 
 mothrace, who is reprefented by Mnafcas as 
 
 Cedar and frankincenfe, an odorous pile, 
 Flam'd on the hearth, and wide perfum'd the ifle ; 
 While (he with work and fong the time divides, 
 And through the loom the golden fhuttle guides. 
 Without the grot, a various fylvan fcene 
 Appear'd around, and groves of living green ; 
 Poplars and alders ever quivering play'd, 
 And nodding cyprefs form'd a fragrant ihade ; 
 On whofe high branches, waving with the ftorm, 
 The birds of broadeft wing their manfion form, 
 The chough, the fea-mew, the loquacious crow, 
 And fcream aloft, and Hum the deeps below. 
 Depending vines the (helving cavern fcreen, 
 With purple clufters blufhing through the green. 
 Four limpid fountains from the clefts diftill, -\ 
 
 And every fountain pours a feveral rill, 
 In mazy windings wandering down the hill : J 
 
 Where bloomy meads with vivid greens were crown'd, 
 And glowing violets threw odors round. 
 A fcene, where if a god fhould caft his fight, 
 A god might gaze, and wander with delight. Pope. 
 
 There is moreover another curious circumftance, which ferves 
 at once to mew, that Ogygia was a really exilting iiland, and 
 that that iiland was Ireland. Aufonius, fpeaking of the va- 
 rious titles of Dionufus or Ofiris, obferves, that in Ogygia he 
 was fpecially denominated Bacchus. (Vide fupra vol. i. p. 155.) 
 Now it is remarkable, that that name is yet preferved in the 
 mythology of Ireland ; for Col. Vallancey informs us, that the 
 ancient Irifh revered the god of wine under the appellation of 
 Ce-Bacche, or the illuftrious Bacchus. Collect, de Reb. Hibern. 
 vol. v. p. 3.. 
 
 Ogygia was a famous oracular ifland ; and was celebrated, 
 no lefs than Britain, for the worihip of the Hyperborean Apol- 
 lo. Hence Homer ftyles it the Omphahis of the ocean, which the 
 d d 4 Greeks 
 
403 A DISSERTATION 
 
 the fervant of the other Cabiri. Mao/ figni- 
 fies a fervant devoted to fome religious order* $ 
 hence Maol-As, or Molafs, will be equivalent 
 to a fervant of the Sun. It is remarkable, 
 that, as Molafs and Columba occupy two of 
 the feven facella placed round the purgatory 
 of St. Patric ; fo we find that the fame Mo- 
 lafs and Columba s have each a chapel within 
 the court of another Infh Mithratic grotto, 
 which is fitua f ed in a fmall ifland off Sligo, 
 and which ftill bears the name of the god to 
 whom it was dedicated. It is called the tem- 
 ple of Muidbr or Mithr ; the two entrances 
 into it are fo narrow as fcarcely to admit a 
 man to pafs ; and the phallus, the conftant 
 fymbol of Mudrus or Mithras, yet remains 
 
 Greeks interpreted to mean the navel of the ocean. This Om~ 
 phalus however, like that near the Egyptian Buto, was, as I 
 have already obferved, (vide fupra vol. i. p. 250. note n.) no- 
 thing more than an arkite Om-Phi-Al, or an oracle of the helio- 
 dilavian god. It is poffible, that the ifland Macra, in Lough 
 Derg, upon which is conitru&ed the purgatory of St. Patric, 
 may be this very Om-Phi-Al. 
 
 Calypfo is laid by Tzetzes to be the daughter of the Sun, and 
 the filler of Eet.es king of Colchi. (Tzet. in Lycoph. ver. 174. 
 Vide fupra p. 119.) Hence it appears how clofely me is con- 
 nected with the imaginary Argonautic expedition. The fa6l 
 is, Atlas, Helius, and Eetes, were all equally the folar Noah. 
 
 f Vallancey's Vind. p. 454. 
 
 5 Columba was fometimes called Columb-Kill, or Columb. 
 Cal, the arkite dove. 
 
 per- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 409 
 
 perfect in the adytum. This phallus exactly 
 refembles that in the Elephanta cavern of 
 Maha-Deva, and was doubtlefs placed in the 
 Irifh cavern with the very fame myftic allu- 
 fion h . 
 
 I have obferved, that St. Patrick purgatory 
 was believed to convey a certain degree of 
 holinefs to thofe who ufed it ; whence we 
 are informed, that Owen entered into it with 
 a view to remove the ftains of a previoufly 
 wicked and profligate life. This purification 
 was thought by the ancient pagans to be 
 brought about by paffing the body through a 
 door or hole in a rock, the origin of which 
 opinion I mail prefently notice ; but the Pa- 
 pifts, when they adapted the practice to 
 Chriftianity, added to the primitive rock pu- 
 rification the prayers and merits of St. Patric, 
 The notion of purity being once attached to 
 the facred Petra, it was an eafy tranfition to 
 conceive, that the rock pofTeiTed alfo an ex- 
 purgating quality ; or, in other words, that it 
 might be made a teft of piety and impiety. 
 Hence we are told, that the afpirant found 
 himfelf unable to enter the inner cave of 
 Trophonius, unlefs he had firft received from 
 the priefts, as a teftimonial of his purity, the 
 
 45 See Vallancey's Vind. p. 220. and the Plates annexed, 
 
 myftic 
 
4to A DISSERTATION 
 
 rnyftic honey-cake; and hence we may learn 
 what is meant by Virgil, when he tells us, 
 that the Sibyl and Eneas were flopped in 
 their progrefs by Cerberus, till they had given 
 him a fop dipped in honey '. This belief in 
 the expurgating power of the Cabiric Petra 
 will explain the curious account, given by 
 Porphyry in his treatife upon the river Styx, 
 of one of the facred caves of the Hindoos. 
 The grotto, which he reprefents as being a 
 natural one, was fituated half way up a very 
 lofty hill. In it was placed an upright fta- 
 tue, ten or twelve cubits in height; the arms 
 of which were extended in the form of a 
 crofs. One fide of its face was that of a man, 
 the other that of a woman ; and the fame 
 difference of fex was preferved throughout 
 the conformation of its whole body. On its 
 right breafl: was carved the Sun, and on its 
 left the Moon. On its arms were reprefented 
 a number of figures, which Porphyry thinks 
 proper to call angels ; and along with them, 
 the fky, the ocean, mountains, rivers, plants, 
 and animals. Upon its head was placed a 
 
 * Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci 
 Perfonat, adverfo recubans immanis in antro. 
 Cui vates, horrere videns jam colla eolubris, 
 Melle foporatam et medicatis frugibus offam 
 Objicit . iEneid. lib. vi. ver. 417. 
 
 fmall 
 
ON THE CABIRL 411 
 
 fmall ftatue of a deity. Behind it the cave 
 extended to a confiderable diftance, and was 
 profoundly dark. If any perfons chofe to 
 enter into it, they lighted torches, and ad- 
 vanced till they came to a door. Through 
 the door a ftream of water flowed, which, at 
 the extremity, of the cavern, formed a lake; 
 and through this door likewiie, thofe, who 
 wifhed to clear themfelves of an accufation, 
 were required to attempt to pafs. Such, as 
 were pure from the pollutions of the world, 
 met with no impediment, but the door 
 opened wide to admit them, and they 
 forthwith arrived at a very large fountain of 
 .the moil beautifully pellucid water ; while 
 fuch, on the contrary, as had been guilty of 
 fome crime, found themfelves violently op- 
 pofed, the door forcibly clofing itfelf againft 
 them, and denying them admiffion k . 
 
 The ftatue placed within this cavern, which 
 was evidently a Mithratic grotto, was one of 
 thofe hermaphrodite deities fo common among 
 the ancients. It was a compound figure re- 
 prefenting univerfal nature, exactly according 
 to the ideas of the helio-arkite fuperftition. 
 It exhibits to us, on the one hand, Noah, and 
 his allegorical confort the Ark ; and, on the 
 
 k Porph. de Styg. p. 283. 
 
 other. 
 
412 A DISSERTATION 
 
 other, it fet/s before our eyes the Sun and the 
 Moon, together with the whole material cre- 
 ation. The fmall figure, placed upon its 
 head, was probably defigned to reprefent the 
 great diluvian patriarch ; for we find, that 
 the arkite goddefs Quanwon, the Magna 
 Mater of the Japanefe, is depicled, in a fimi- 
 lar manner, with a fmall figure fitting on 
 a Lotus, upon her head 1 : and thofe little 
 images, which Porphyry denominates an- 
 gels, were nothing more than reprefentations 
 of the Noachidas, the general hero-gods of 
 the Gentiles m . ImprefTed with the fame 
 idea, as that with which this idol was con- 
 tracted, the Orphic poet defcribes Jupiter as 
 being at once both male and female; and ce- 
 lebrates him as the root of the Sea, as the 
 Sun and the Moon, as the Earth and Tar- 
 tarus. 
 
 Zsur ccpo-'/jv yevzTO, Zev£ £ aju,£poTCf S7rAelo wpp/j^ 
 TLzvs zsgvtx pi^cc, Zev? fato? v\h <ri\v\vv\, 
 Tcaa, ts TrafauvjTap, ops coy r cu7rv\vcL xcLpriva,, 
 T&PTctPot, t evpzoevTct,, kc/j\ Zfy&TcL 'UjUp&tcl ycuv\g n . 
 
 1 See the Print in Kaempfers Japan. 
 
 m Porphyry does not mention the precife number of thefe 
 imaginary angels ; but it is poilible that there may have been 
 exactly feven of them, as is the cafe with thofe depicted upon 
 the goddefs Quanwon. Vide fupra vol. i. p. 314. 
 
 n Orph. Fragm. apud Proc. Gefn. edit. p. 366. The whole 
 
 paiTage 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 413 
 
 The notion, that purity might be acquired 
 by paffing the body through a ilone orifice, 
 which makes fo confpicuous a figure in the 
 hiitory of St. Patric's cavern, appears to have 
 extended itfelf very widely. Upon this fub- 
 jeft Dr. Borlafe has fome remarks, fo verv 
 much to my prefent purpofe, that I fhall 
 take the liberty of tranfcribing them ; more 
 efpecially as they will tend to fhew, that the 
 preceding difquifition refpecting the purga- 
 tory of Lough Derg is not entirely chime- 
 rical. 
 
 " There is another kind of ftone (deity, 
 " which has never been taken notice of by 
 £( any author that I have heard of. Its com- 
 iC mon name in Cornwall, and Scilly, is 5V- 
 " men ; that is, the hole of Jlone °. It confifts 
 
 pafiage, from which thefe four verfes are felected, exhibits to 
 us a curious picture of ancient materialifrn. 
 
 Col. Vallancey gives a different etymology of the word 
 Tolmen-j but it equally ferves to fhew, that that immenfe ftone 
 was ufed in the Myfteries. " Tola" fays he, " is a fuper-i 
 " ecclefiajl'ical affairs, a church-officer, from the Chaldee Ton!, 
 " (?in) inter pretat'io, or the Arabic Atala, fpccula^?.. 
 " vifitavk. Cur Tola was a fupreme officer of the church, and 
 " had the fuperintend-.ice of all religious ceremonies ; hence 
 " the Creek TsMc, myjlerium, inktatio, ceremorua, et ccetera, qiue 
 n ad facras initiationes pertinent. TiKiu, initiare rebus cl ■ 
 " The office of the Tola was adopted by the Irifh Chriftians : 
 " in pagan times he was of great power and authority, and, if 
 f( I miftake not, had the fole power of making and vending 
 
 "the 
 
4H A DISSERTATION 
 
 u of a large orbicular ftone, fupported by two 
 " ftones, betwixt which there is a paffage — 
 " The moil aftonifhing monument of this 
 " kind is in the tenement of Men, in the pa- 
 " rifh of Conftantine, Cornwall. It is one 
 " vaft egg-like ftone, placed on the points of 
 Ci two natural rocks, fo that a man may creep 
 " under the great one, and between its fup- 
 " porters, through a paflage about three feet 
 " wide, and as much high. The longeft di~ 
 " ameter of this ftone is thirty-three feet, 
 " pointing due north and fouth, end to end ; 
 ** it is fourteen feet fix inches deep ; and the 
 • ' breadth in the middle of the furface, where 
 " wideft, w r as eighteen feet fix inches wide 
 " from eaft to weft. — Getting up by a lad- 
 
 w the TIas, or Tekfman, fo called from Tlas, cattle, beaJIs ; for 
 " thefe D?iD or OD^H Tlaffim, as the Chaldees wrote it in the 
 " plural, were images of certain animals doing homage to the 
 " Sun'. Exiftimant artifices hujus operis, fi fole exiftente in 
 u gradu aliquo imago conficiatur, fecundum figuram earn quae 
 " gradui illi adfcribitur, quod in ilia imagine deinde confpici- 
 " antur virtutes et efFectus, qui illi figurae attribuuntur. (Rab 
 " Mofes ben Majemon.) Hence Rab. Jehuda derives the word 
 <f from Talah (n!?0), a ram, and Shemes (ttOtf), de Sun ; but 
 " we find them alfo in the fhape of bulls, as on that curious 
 " celt found by the Rev. Mr. Douglas, engraved in the Bibl. 
 " Topogr. Britan. No. 33. Hence I think the Tolman done 
 <c is the ftone of Tol, where the initiation into the facred Myf- 
 " teries was performed by the Tola," Vind. of Anc. Hid. of 
 Ireland, p. 453. 
 
 "der 
 
ON TJIE CABIRT. 415 
 
 " der to view the top of it, we found the 
 '* whole furface worked, like an imperfecl or 
 M mutilated honeycomb, into bafons ; one, 
 " much larger than the reft, was at the fouth 
 " end, about feven feet long ; another, to 
 " the north, about five ; the reft fmaller, fel- 
 " dom more than one foot, oftentimes not 
 " fo much ; the fides and fhape irregular. 
 " Moil of thefe bafons difcharge into the two 
 " principal ones, which lie in the middle of 
 " the furface, thofe only excepted, which are 
 " near the brim of the ftone : and they have 
 " little lips or channels, which difcharge the 
 " water they colled: over the fides of the 
 " Tolmen, and the flat rocks, which lie un- 
 " derneath, receive the droppings in bafons 
 " cut into their furfaces. This ftone is no 
 i( lefs wonderful for its pofition than for its 
 " fize; for, although the under part is nearly 
 " femicircular, yet it refts on the two large 
 " rocks ; and fo light and detached does it 
 " ftand, that it touches the two under ftones, 
 " but as it were on their points — In the area 
 " below this ftone there are many great rocks, 
 " which have certainly been divided and 
 " fplit ; but whether thrown down from the 
 *' fides of the Tolmen, for the purpofes above 
 " mentioned. I will not pretend to deter- 
 " mine. One thing is remarkable, which is, 
 
 " that 
 
4i6 A DISSERTATION 
 
 " that thefe Tolmens reft on fupporters, and 
 " do not touch the earth, agreeably to an 
 " eftablifhed principle of the Druids, who 
 " thought every thing that was facred would 
 €( be profaned by touching the ground ; and 
 " therefore, as I imagine, ordered it fo, as 
 i( that thefe deities fhould reft upon the pure 
 ({ rock, and not be defiled by touching the 
 i( common earth. Another thing is w r orthy 
 " our notice in this kind of monuments, 
 " which is, that, underneath thefe vaft ftones, 
 u there is a hole, or paffage, between the 
 " rocks. What ufe the ancients made of 
 " thefe paflages, we can only guefs ; but we 
 u have reafon to think, that when once 
 " ftones were ritually confecrated, they attri- 
 V buted great and miraculous virtues to every 
 tfc part of them, and imagined, that whatever 
 " touched, lay down upon, was furrounded 
 " by, or paffed through, or under, thefe 
 " ftones, acquired thereby a kind of holinefs, 
 " and became more acceptable to the gods, 
 " This paffage might alfo be a fancluary for 
 *' the offender to fly to, and fhelter himfelf 
 " from the purfuer ; but I imagine it chiefly 
 " to have been intended and ufed for intro* 
 " ducing profelytes, or novices, people under 
 " vows, or about to facrifice, into their more 
 " fublime myfteries. For the fame reafon, I am 
 
 " apt 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 417 
 
 <* apt to think, the vaft architraves, or crofs- 
 " ftones, refting upon the uprights at Stone- 
 M henge, were erected ; namely, with an in- 
 <( tent to confecrate and prepare the worfhip- 
 " pers, by paffing through thofe holy rocks, 
 €< for the better entering upon the offices, 
 *' which were to be performed in their Pene- 
 " tralia, the moft facred part of the tem- 
 "ple*." 
 
 We have feen, that the Mithratic cave was 
 fymbolical of the world, and confequently, 
 that its interior reprefented the great abyfs. 
 An egg was likevvife a fymbol of the world ; 
 whence we find, that the ancients fometimes 
 built their temples in an oval fhape q . I ap- 
 prehend then, that the vaft egg-like Tolmen, 
 (as Dr. Borlafe very properly terms it,) of the 
 parifh of Conftantine, was only another mode 
 of reprefenting that, which the Mithratic ca- 
 vern equally typified. It was an emblem in 
 fhort of the world at the time of the deluge. 
 Accordingly it was furnilned with the fame 
 ftone bafons, as thofe, which diftinguiihed the 
 grotto of Mithras ; and was provided with 
 the fame narrow paiTage between rocks. 
 
 It is worthy of notice, that a cuftom, very 
 
 p Borlafe's Cornwall, p. 174. 
 
 1 Maurice'6 Ind. Ant", vol. iii. p. iS. 
 
 vol. 11. e e much 
 
I I A DISSERTATION 
 
 much refembling the ancient petrean purifi- 
 cation, ftill prevails in one of our own In- 
 dian fettlements. " In the iiland of Bom- 
 oc bay, about two miles from the town, rifes 
 ci a confiderable hill, called Malabar hill, 
 " which, ftretching into the Ocean, by its 
 C( projection forms a kind of promontory. At 
 ' the extreme point of this hill, on the de- 
 " fcent towards the fea-fliore, there is a rock, 
 " upon the furface of which there is a natu- 
 " ral crevice, which communicates w T ith a 
 " cavity opening below, and terminating to- 
 " wards the fea. This place is ufed by the 
 " Gentoos as a purification for their fins, 
 <c which, they fay, is effected by their going: 
 " in at the opening below, and emerging out 
 " of the cavity above. This cavity feems too 
 <c narrow for perfons of any corpulence to 
 u fqueeze through : the ceremony however is 
 " in fuch high repute in the neighbouring 
 <e countries, that there is a tradition, that the 
 " famous Conajee Angria ventured by ftealth 
 <c one night upon the ifland, on purpofe to 
 perform this ceremony, and got off undif- 
 
 <( 
 
 covered r . 
 
 As the purgatory of St. Patric, and the 
 vault at New-Grange, feem both to have 
 
 r Maurice's Ind. Ant. vol, vi. p. 145. 
 
 been 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 419 
 
 been artificial Mithratic temples, fo I am 
 much inclined to think, that the immenft 
 cavern at Caftleton in Derbyshire was a na- 
 tural one. It is certain, that the primitive 
 Chriftians, with how much propriety I will 
 not pretend to determine, afcribed all the 
 divinations ot the heathens to the infernal 
 fpirit s : and it is moreover certain, that the 
 PythonefTes of Apollo received the fuppofed 
 infpiration of their deity in a manner worthy 
 only of the abominable obfcenities of pagan- 
 ifm. The Derbyfhire cavern is ftill, by a 
 coarfe appellation, connected with the De- 
 vil : whence it is not unreafonable to con- 
 clude, that the firft Chriftians of Britain be- 
 ftowed that title upon it, in confequence of 
 their knowing, that among their forefathers 
 it was the celebrated feat of one of the prin- 
 cipal oracles in the illand. The particular 
 mode however, in which it is connected 
 with the Devil, I conceive to be erroneous r . 
 
 s This appears Jomctinus at leaft to have been the cafe. See* 
 Acts xvi. 16. 
 
 1 This fuppofition, which I am perfuaded is a juft one, is 
 confirmed by the following remarkable paiTage ; from which it 
 will appear, that the celebrated grotto at Caftleton was not un- 
 known, as a place of wormip, even in Hindoftan. 
 
 " One of the feven wonders of the peak in Derbyfhire is 
 
 " called by a coarfer name ftill, but very improperly ; for this 
 
 " wonderful cave, or at leaft one very much like it in the fa- 
 
 e e z " cred 
 
4Z0 A DISSERTATION 
 
 The reader will recoiled, that, of the two 
 ctaors into the Mithratic grotto, I ftated the 
 one to be fvmbolical of thofe nffures, through 
 which the waters of the deluge iiTued ; and 
 the other, of the door conftrufted by Noah 
 in the fide of the Ark. I further obferved, 
 that the Ark was the great Mother- Goddefs 
 of the Gentile world ; and that the egrefs of 
 the Noachidae was confidered in the light of 
 a wonderful fecond birth. This being the 
 cafe, w r e (hall be at no lofs either to under- 
 stand the fliameful manner, in which, upon 
 the introduction of the phallic wormip, the 
 door of the Ark was typified"; or to perceive 
 
 " cred ides, (viz. Britain, Ireland, Iceland, and Ferro; fee Afiat. 
 " Ref. vol. vi. p. 490.) and particularly noticed in the Pura- 
 " nas, is declared to be the iacred Yoni." Wilford on Mount 
 Caucafus. Afiat. Ref. vol. vi. p. 502. 
 
 u Bp. Horfley moft truly obferves, that Artemis or Diana, 
 who was conceived to prefide over generation, was worshipped 
 under the identical form of the difgraceful fymbol here alluded 
 to. She was termed by the Egyptians Bubaftis, which is only 
 a corruption of Yi-Boieth, for ame?i turpkudims : and the obfcene 
 worlhip paid to her perfectly correfponded with her title. (See 
 Trantlat. of Hofea, p. 118.) Diana, as I have repeatedly 
 ftated, was the Moon worshipped in conjunction with the 
 Ark 3 and it was in her Jajl character alone, that (he was 
 -efteemed the goddefs of parturition. The emblematical Pi-Bo- 
 feth in fhort was the hieroglyphic of the door of the Ark : 
 hence, as Noah or Baal-Peor, the male genius of procreation^ 
 was fometimes denominated Tbyr'eus or Patulous ; fo Diana, 
 Artemis, Ilithyia, Da-Mater, Ceres, Juno, Hecate, or Lucina, 
 
 (for 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 421 
 
 the reafon, why the paffage through the Bom- 
 bay cavern, the paffage through St. Patric's 
 purgatory, the paffage through the orifice 
 beneath the Cornifh Tolmen, the paffage 
 through the door of the Indian cave men- 
 tioned by Porphyry, and the paffages through 
 the feveral portals formed by the vaft trili- 
 thons of Stonehenge, fhould univerfally be 
 confidered as either conferring purity, or as 
 affording a teft of it. They were all equally 
 Symbolical of the door of the Ark, through 
 which none but the pure and holy family of 
 Noah were allowed to pafs: confequently the 
 commemorative paffing through thofe rocky 
 orifices fymbolized the arkite birth of that 
 family, or, in other words, the regeneration 
 of the Myfteries. Accordingly we are in- 
 formed by Captain Wilford, that " perforated 
 " ftones are not uncommon in India, and 
 " that devout people pafs through them, 
 " when the opening will admit it, in order 
 " to be regenerated. If the hole be too 
 " fmall, they put either the hand or foot 
 " through it ; and, with a fufficient degree 
 
 (for by all thefe various names the lunar Ark was indifferently 
 diftinguifhed) the female genius of procreation, was frequently 
 termed Frothy feci. 
 
 e e 3 " of 
 
42Z A DISSERTATION 
 
 iC of faith, it anfwers nearly the fame pur- 
 " pofe z ." 
 
 With regard to the interior of the Derby- 
 ihire cavern, I am perfuaded, that any perfon, 
 who defcends into it after having firft atten- 
 tively perufed the fixth book of the Eneid, 
 will be not a little furprifed at its fingular 
 refemblance to the Hades of the Myfteries, 
 though the terrific machinery, once intro- 
 duced into it, exifts do longer. You firft en- 
 ter into an imrnenfe and magnificent natural 
 cave, the whole of which however is perfect- 
 ly vifible by the dufky light admitted through 
 its noble arched gateway. From this cave 
 you are conducted to a fmall narrow door ; 
 having pafTed through which, you rapidly de- 
 fcend, till you find yourfelf upon the brink of 
 a fubterraneous river. Over the river you are 
 ferried in a fmall boat ; and, after reaching 
 the oppofite fide, you continue your courfe 
 along its bank, through an alternate fucceffion 
 of narrow paffages, and lofty caverns. At 
 length you arrive at a beautiful arched grotto 
 
 x Afiat. Ref. vol. vi. p. 502. Let the reader once more con- 
 fult the obfervations, which I have already made upon the 
 Phallic worfhip, and he will fee yet more clearly the propriety 
 of thefe remarks upon the cavern at Caftleton, Vide fupra 
 vol i. p. 564. note d. 
 
 Ot 
 
ON THE CAB I R I. 423 
 
 of very large dimenfions, in the centre of 
 which rifes a natural rock, which you are fur- 
 prifed to find illuminated ready for your re- 
 ception. The rock itfelf is occupied by a 
 number of perfons, who had previouily en- 
 tered for that purpofe : and your ears are 
 forthwith faluted by a variety of wild fongs, 
 which forcibly remind you of the old popular 
 fuperftition refpecting elves and fairies. I 
 have little doubt but that this is done pur- 
 suant to an immemorial cuftom, all traditions 
 refpecling the origin and import of which 
 have however long been obliterated from the 
 minds of the guides. The reader will have 
 already anticipated me in pronouncing what 
 that cuftom was : during the celebration of 
 theCabiric Myfteries in this ftupendous natural 
 temple, the afpirant, after paffing through the 
 narrow door of the rock, after ferrying over 
 the infernal ftrcam emblematical of the cen- 
 tral waters of the vaft abyfs, and after en- 
 countering the canine portents y which grinned 
 horribly upon him as he wandered through 
 the contracted windings of the cave, at length 
 reached the illuminated grotto, the Elyfium 
 of the orgies. 
 
 To the fame Cabiric Myfteries, as thofe 
 
 e e 4 which 
 
4*4 A DISSERTATION 
 
 which were celebrated in the caverns of Sa- 
 mothrace and Caftleton, we may like wife ul- 
 timately trace the famous Britifh legend of 
 Merlin and the lady of the lake. 
 
 To Maridunum, that is now by chaunge 
 
 Of name Cayr-Merdin call'd, they took their 
 
 way ; 
 There the wife Merlin whylome wont, they fay, 
 To make his wonne, low underneath the ground, 
 By a deep delve, far from the view of day, 
 That of no living wight he mote be found, 
 When fo he counfel'd, with his fprights encom- 
 
 paft round, 
 And if thou ever happen that fame way 
 To travel, go to fee that dreadful place : 
 It is a hideous hollow cave, they fay, 
 Under a rock, that lies a little fpace 
 From the fwift Barry, tumbling down apace 
 Amongft the woody hills of Dyneuowre : 
 But dare thou not, I charge, in any cafe, 
 To enter into that fame baleful bower, 
 For fear the cruel fiends fhould thee unwares 
 
 devour. 
 But {landing high aloft, low lay thine ear, 
 And there fuch ghaflly noife of iron chains, 
 And brazen caldrons, thou (halt rumbling hear, 
 Which thoufand fprites with long enduring pains 
 Do tofs, that it will ftun thy feeble brains ; 
 And oftentimes great groans, and grievous 
 
 ftounds, 
 
 When 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 435 
 
 When too huge toil and labour them conftrains, 
 And oftentimes loud ftrokes and ringing found.. 
 From under that deep rock moft horribly re- 
 bounds. 
 
 The caufe, fome fay, is this : a little while 
 Before that Merlin died, he did intend 
 A brazen wall in compafs to compile 
 About Cairmardin, and did it commend 
 Unto thefe fprites to bring to perfect end ; 
 During which work the lady of the lake, 
 Whom long he lov'd., for him in hafle did fend, 
 Who, thereby forc'd his workmen to forfake, 
 Them bound till his return their labour not to 
 flake. 
 
 In the mean time through that falfe lady's 
 train 
 He was furpris'd, and buried under beare z , 
 
 2 In this part of the hiftory of Merlin there are fome varia- 
 tions, as the reader will perceive by comparing the following 
 extracts. 
 
 " Merlin's mother, having fecretly conceived by a demon, 
 " was, after her delivery, condemned to be put to death, for 
 " breach of chaftity ; but her fon, an infant, defended, and fet 
 " his mother at liberty. Merlin, being grown up, went to the 
 <( court of Uther Pendragon, where he eftablilhed the famous 
 " round table, wrought many wonderful works, and uttered a 
 " number of prophecies. Here he fell in love with the lady of 
 " the lake, whom he ufed to call the white f erf ent. Eefore his 
 " death, he erected a tomb in the foreit of Nortes, capable to 
 " hold him and his miftrefs ; and, having fhewed it to her, he 
 " taught her a charm, that would clofe the {tone, fo that it 
 " could never be opened. The lady, who fecretly hated him, 
 
 " bV 
 
425 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Ne ever to his work return'd again , 
 
 Nathleis thofe fiends may not their work forbear, 
 
 " began one day to carefs him exceedingly ; and at laft made 
 •' him go into the tomb, in order to try whether it was large 
 " enough. Merlin being entered, me clofed the ftone upon 
 " him, where he died : his fpirit, being* likewife confined by 
 U the force of the fpell, continued from time to time to fpeak, 
 " and to give anfwers to iuch -queftions as were put to him." 
 Life of Merlin apud Hoole's translation of Orlando Furiofo. 
 
 * f The lady of the lake and Merlin departed ; and by the way, 
 " as they went, Merlin mewed to her many wonders, and came 
 " into Cornwaile : and alwaies laid about the lady for to have 
 " her favour ; and the was ever paffing weary of him, and fain 
 " would have been delivered of him ; for fhe was afraid of him, 
 " becaufe he was a divell's fonne, and fhe could not put him 
 " away by no meanes. And fo, upon a time it hapned, that 
 te Merlin fhewed to her in a rocke, whereas was a great wonder, 
 •* and wrought by inchantment, which went under a ftone, fo 
 " by her craft and working me made Merlin to go under that 
 tf ftone, to let him wit of the marvailes there. But the wrought 
 " fo for him, that he came never out, for all the craft that he 
 t( could doe." Morte Arthur, book i. chap. 60. Ibid. 
 
 " Ce Merlin naquit en Angleterre, du commerce dun demon 
 " avec une fille vierge. II fervit long-tertis par fa fcience ma- 
 ** gique le roi Artusj mais enfin il perit par cette fcience 
 " meme: car setantchoifi pour maitreffelajeune Viviane, celle- 
 *' ci, fous pretexte de n'avoir rien a. craindre de fes parens, de- 
 ,s mandaauMagicicn deux enchantemens, avec lefquelselle put 
 " les tenir endormis on enferm6s autant qu'il lui plairait. Mer- 
 " lin les lui enfeigna. Elle le fervit du premier pour l'endor- 
 " mir lui-mcme toutes les fois qu'il vcnait coucher avec elle ; et 
 " par cette adielTe, dontle motif eft louable, fut ainfife conferver 
 '* touj ours pure. Mais par une perfidie horrible, qu'on ne peut 
 " excufer, elle employa enfuite le fecond pour l'enfermer dans 
 <4 ane forct. (dautres manufcrits porrent dans un tombeau,) ou 
 
 « il 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 427 
 
 So greatly his commandement they fear, 
 But there do toil and travail day and night, 
 Until that brazen wall they up do rear - 3 
 For Merlin had in magic more infight, 
 Than ever him before or after living wight a . 
 For he by words could call out of the fky 
 Both Sun and Moon, and make them him obey ; 
 The land to fea, and fea to mainland dry. 
 And darkfome night he eke could turn to day ; 
 Huge hofts of men he could alone difmay, 
 And hofts of men of meanefl things could frame, 
 Whenfo him lift his enemies to fray, 
 That to this day for terror of his fame 
 The fiends do quake, when any him to them 
 does name b . 
 
 The whole of this defcription fhews, that 
 Merlin was precifely what the ancients thought 
 the Telchines to have been. As thefe are re- 
 prefented by Diodorus Siculus in the light of 
 
 (C \\ mourut. Les Pvomanciers ajoutent que fon efprit y fub- 
 " fiftait toujcurs, et que de tems en terns on y entendait fa 
 " voix/' Note au manteau mal taille, Fabliaux du xii. et du xiii. 
 Siecle, torn. i. 
 
 a This defcription is borrowed from nature. " In a rock in 
 " the ifland of Barry in Glamorganshire, there is a narrow 
 " chink or cleft, to which if you put your ear, you mall per- 
 * { ceive all fuch fort of noifes, as you may fancy fmiths at work 
 ** under ground ; flrokes of hammers, blowing of bellows, 
 " grinding of tools." Camden's Britannia. 
 
 b Spencer's Fairy Queen, book iii. Canto 3. 
 
 fldlfu! 
 
428 A DISSERTATION 
 
 fkilful magicians, who could produce clouds 
 and rain at pleafure c ; as they were more- 
 over the inftitutors of the Myfteries, and are 
 feigned, during their abode in Samothrace, to 
 have greatly terrified the natives by their in- 
 cantations d ; as they were likewife the inven- 
 tors of metallurgy e , and excellent artificers in 
 brafs and iron, infomuch that they made the 
 fickle of Cronus f , the trident of Neptune s , 
 and the ftatues of Apollo, Juno, and the 
 Nymphs h : fo, in a fimilar manner, Merlin 
 w T as fuppofed to have had power over the 
 Sun and Moon ; to have been able to change 
 night into day, and dry land into fea ; to have 
 overthrown by his fmgle arm huge hofts of 
 men ; and to have been fo fkilful a workman, 
 that he defigned to furround Caermarthen 
 with a wall of brafs '. Merlin in fliort was 
 the fame as the Irifli Tailgin St. Patric ; in 
 
 c DIod. Bibl. lib. v. p. 326. 
 
 * Ibid. p. 333. 
 
 e Ibid. 
 
 f Strab. Geog. lib. xiv. p. 654. 
 
 2 Callim. Hymn, ad Del. ver. xxx. 
 
 h Diod. Bibl. lib. v. p. 326. 
 
 1 The fable of Merlin's attempt to furround Caermarthen 
 •with walls of brafs is a legend of the very fame nature as that 
 ©f the Cyclopians having built the walls of Tiryns and Mycenae. 
 For an account of the edifices afcribed to this race, who were 
 the fame as the Telchines, fee Bryant's Anal. vol. iii. p, 54°- 
 
 other 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 
 
 429 
 
 other words, he was Noah, or the principal 
 Telchin : whence he was denominated by the 
 ancient Celts Mer-Lln, or the marine god of 
 the lake*. This lake, of which he was the 
 deity, was one of the fame nature as that, 
 which flowed round the purgatory of St. Pa- 
 trie ; as that in the vicinity of the Egyptian 
 Buto ; and as that of Cotyle, round which 
 the Pelafgi planted their fettlements 1 : while 
 his imaginary miftrefs, the lady of the lake, 
 was nothing more than the Noetic Ark, the 
 Latona of Delos and Buto, the At ar gat is or 
 Derceto of the lake Bambyce m . 
 
 k Mer, Water, either lake or fea water. Lin, a lake. See 
 the Cornim-Englifh vocabulary at the end of Borlafe's Ant. of 
 Cornwall. It is perhaps almoft fuperfluous to obferve, that the 
 Cornilh, the Wellh, the Manks, and the Erie, are merely 
 and equally dialectical variations of the ancient Celtic. 
 
 1 All theie lakes contained fmall facred iflands, which feem 
 to have been confidered as emblematical of the Ark { whence 
 thofe in the lakes of Buto and Cotyle were fuppofed to have 
 once floated. M. Bailly notices the extreme veneration of the 
 ancients for iflands j but he does not appear to me to give, in 
 the courie of his work, any very fatisfactory reafon for it. " Ne 
 u trouvez-vous pas, Monfieur, quelque chofe de fingulier dans 
 " cet amour des anciens pour les iles ? Tout ce qu'il y a de 
 ** facre, de grand, et d'antique sy eft pafse : pourquoi les habi- 
 " tans du continent ont-ils donne cet avantage aux iles fur le 
 " continent meme." Lettres fur lAtlantide, p. 361. 
 
 m The lady of the lake, and the fairy Morgana or Mergiana, 
 whom romance-writers celebrate as the lifter of Arthur, and 
 the pupil of Merlin, appear to be the fame mythological cha- 
 racter- 
 
43 o A DISSERTATION 
 
 Ariofto, who, like Spenfer, wrote from old 
 traditions, the import of which he did not 
 underftand, defcribes Merlin as confined be- 
 
 rafter. " Mourgue, Morgane, ou Morgain, comme l'appellent 
 " les anciens manufcrits, etoit fceur d'Artus, et eleve de Merlin, 
 u qui lui enfeigna la magie." Note au manteau mal taille, 
 Fabliaux du xii. et du xiii. Siecle, torn. i. Our weftern wri- 
 ters borrowed the character of Morgana from the Perfians, to 
 whom flie was well known under the title of Mergian Peri, or 
 the fairy Mergian. Bailly's Lettres fur l'Atlantide, p. 144. 
 Morgana or Mergian feems to be Mer-Gin, the genius or fairy 
 ofthefea; and we find her, no lefs than Viviana the perfidious 
 miftrefs of Merlin, connected with a lake and a ferpent. Boi- 
 ardo accordingly reprefents her as failing beneath the furface of 
 an inchanted lake, and careffing an immenfe ferpent, into 
 which form (he had metamorphofed one of her lovers. 
 Fermoffi Orlando pien di maraviglia, 
 Penfando pur, che cofa fufle quella : 
 La donna in vifo era bianca, e vermigtia, 
 E fopra tutte l'altre belle, bella : 
 Quel drago morto in fu le braccia piglia, 
 E con ellb entra in una navicella, 
 Correndo giu. per l'acqua alia feconda, 
 E nel mezzo del lago fi profonda. 
 
 Orland. Inam. lib. ii. cant. 12. ftan. 62 . 
 J fufpect, that the giant Morgante, the hero of the romance of 
 Pulci, was originally the correfponding mafculine idol to the 
 feminine Morgana. 
 
 As Morgana and the lady of the lake feem to be one perfon, 
 fo I think it probable, that the famous Sir Launcelot du Lac, 
 the bravefl of the imaginary knights of the round table, was 
 the very fame as Merlin. The whole indeed of the hiftory of 
 Arthur, whether we admit the reality of his exigence' or not, 
 appears to be purely fabulous, 
 
 neath 
 
ON THE CABIRT. 431 
 
 neath an ark of ftone, from which his per- 
 turbed fpirit uttered oracular refponfes ; and 
 bellows upon the prieftefs, who officiated in 
 his myftic cavern, the name of Melijfa, the 
 very name in fhort, by which the prieftefs of 
 Mithras was ordinarily diftingui^ned. This 
 prieftefs he reprefents, as iffuing from a nar- 
 row door, in the loofe attire of one of the old 
 Sibylline Pythoneffes n , to meet the heroine 
 Bradamant. 
 
 Cosi dicendo, alia cima fuperna 
 Del folitario monte il deiirier caccia, 
 Mirando pur, s' alcuna via difcerna, 
 Come lei pofl'a tor dalla fua traccia. 
 Ecco nel faiib trova una caverna, 
 Che fi profonda piu di trenta braccia : 
 Tagliato a picchi, ed a fcarpelli il faffo 
 Scende giu al dritto, ed ha una porta al bafTo* 
 
 Nel fondo avea una porta ampia e capace, 
 Che in maggior ftanza largo adito dava, 
 E fuor n' ufcia fplendor come di face, 
 Ch' ardeffe in mezzo alia montana cava. 
 
 Dentro la porta ando, ch' adito dava 
 
 n , The Sibyllae feem to have been prieftefles of Cybele, from 
 whom, according to the ufual cuftora of the pagans, they bor- 
 rowed their name, as the Meliflae did from Melitta. This ap- 
 pears to me to be a much more natural derivation of the word, 
 than that of Dr. Hyde from Siboleth, an ear of corn. See his 
 Treatife de Rel. Vet. Perfar. 
 
 Nellu 
 
43* A DISSERTATION 
 
 Nella feconda, aflai piu larga^ cava. 
 
 Un piccioF ufcio intanto ftride e crocca, 
 Ch' era air incontro, onde una donna ufcio, 
 Difcinta e fcalza, e fciolte avea le chiome y 
 Che la donzella faluto per nome : 
 
 E diffe : O generofa Bradamante, 
 Non giunta qui fenza voler divino, 
 Di te piu giorni m' ha predetto innante 
 II profetico fpirto di Merlino, 
 Che vifitar le fue reliquie fante 
 Dovevi per infolito camino ; 
 E qui fon flata, accio ch' io ti riveli 
 Quel c'han di te gia flatuito i cieli. 
 
 Quefla e l'antica et memorabii grotta, 
 Che edifico Merlino il favio mago : 
 Che forfe ricordare odi talotta, 
 Dove ingannollo la donna del lago. 
 II fepolcro e qui giu, dove corrotta 
 Giace la carne fiia ; dove egli, vago 
 Di fodisfare a lei che gliel fuafe, 
 Vivo corcoffi, e morto ci rimafe. 
 
 ■ Lieta dell' infolita avventura, 
 
 Dietro alia maga fubito fu molla, 
 Che la conduffe a quella fepoltura 
 Che chiudea di Merlin Tanima e ToiTa. 
 Era quell* area d'una pietra dura, 
 Lucida e terfa, e come fiamma roffa, 
 Tal ch' alia ftanza, benche di Sol priva, 
 Dava fplendore il lume che n'ufciva . 
 
 Arioft. Orland. Furiof. Cant, ii. Stanz, Jo. — Cant. iii. 
 Stanz. 6. et infra. 
 
 So 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 433 
 
 So faying, to the hill he bent his courfe, 
 And up the fteepy fummit fpurr'd his horfe ; , 
 Thence looking round, he fought fome path to 
 
 take, 
 By which he might the damfel's track forfake : 
 When fudden there a monftrous cave he found, 
 Hewn out with labour in the ftony ground : 
 Full thirty cubits deep it feem'd in mow : 
 A fair and lofty gate appeared below, 
 Which by its ample ftructure feem'd defign'd 
 For entrance to fome larger place behind, 
 And through the (hade a glimmering bright nets 
 
 gave, 
 As of a torch that burnt within the cave. 
 
 Soon as the maid again from earth was rais'd, 
 With the hard fnock and fudden fall amaz'd, 
 She enter'd boldly through the gate, which gave 
 An entrance to the fecond, larger, cave. 
 
 Meantime a fudden jarring found was heard, 
 When from a narrow gate a dame appear'd, 
 Ungirt, with feet unfhod, with hair difplay'd, 
 Who by her name addrefs'd the warrior-maid. 
 
 And thus — O generous Bradamant ! (fhefaid) 
 Not without heaven's appointment hither led : 
 
 Behold this ancient cave, by Merlin wrought, 
 
 Merlin in every art of magic taught : 
 
 Here with bewitching looks, and wiles prepar'd, 
 
 The lady of the lake his heart enfnard : 
 
 vol. 11. f f His 
 
434 A DISSERTATION 
 
 His fepulchre is here, whofe womb contains 
 The deathlefs fpirit and decay'd remains : 
 To this he by her blandifhments was led, 
 And what receiv'd alive, detains him dead. 
 
 His voice furvives, and oft is heard to come 
 In tuneful mufic from the marble tomb. 
 To all, that queftion, is his wifdom fliewn, 
 He tells the pail, and makes the future known. 
 
 She faid : and Amon's daughter, while (lie 
 fpoke, 
 With filence heard. 
 
 Then rapt with joy at fuch a blels'd event, 
 Silent fhe followed where the matron went, 
 Slow leading to the tomb, in which detain'd 
 The ghofl of Merlin with his bones remained. 
 Hard was the poliftYd marble, fmooth and 
 
 bright, 
 And like a ruddy flame difpell'd the night. 
 Whether fome marble by its nature fhews 
 A beam, that like a torch, in darknefs glows : 
 Or elfe by verfe, and fumigated powers, 
 Or iigns imprefs'd in planetary hours, 
 As beft may feem, this wonder was compos'd. 
 
 Hook. 
 
 In this pafTage, the Italian poet has very 
 undefignedly given us the exact defcription of 
 a Mithratic temple. Firft we may obferve 
 the rapid and fteep defcent into the outer 
 
 cavern, 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 4^ 
 
 cavern, like that into the firft grotto of Tro- 
 phonius ; next, the door of communication 
 with the inner cavern ; and after that, the 
 fmall door of expurgation, through which th? 
 prieltefs Meliffa enters : w T hile, in the midft 
 of the illuminated facellum, we find the 
 tomb, or, as Ariofto very juftly calls it, the 
 ark of Merlin ; from which he was fuppofed 
 to utter oracular refponfes precifely in the 
 fame manner, as the Argo of Ofiris w r as 
 thought to be fatidical, and as the prophetic 
 ihrine of Ills was conftructed in the form of 
 an ark, or fhip. 
 
 The genealogy of Merlin perfectly accords 
 with thefe remarks upon his mythological 
 character. I have obferved, that, in the theo- 
 logy of paganifm, Noah w 7 as fbmetimes de- 
 fer ibed, in allufion to his fecond birth from 
 the womb of the Ark, as never having had a 
 mortal father. Such likewife was the cafe 
 with Merlin. He was feigned to have been 
 born of a fair virgin, who conceived him in 
 confequence of her intercourfe with an in- 
 fernal fpirit. Selden, in his illuftrations of 
 Drayton's Poly-Olbion, compares this legend 
 to the fabulous account which the Rabbini- 
 cal writers give of the Beni-Elohim, men- 
 tioned in the book of Genefis p ; but I much 
 
 * Illuft". of Drayton's Poly-Olbion, Song 5. c: The ions of 
 f f 2 " God 
 
436 A DISSERTATION 
 
 doubt, whether there be the {lighten: connec- 
 tion between the two fables. As the virgin 
 is the Ark, fo the infernal fpirit feems to be 
 nothing more than one of the infernal or ark- 
 ite Cabiri, and the fame perfon as his imagi- 
 nary fon Merlin -, for Noah, as I have fre- 
 quently obferved, was indifferently efteemed 
 the parent, the huiband, and the fon, of his 
 divinely conftrucled veffel. Selden further 
 mentions, that Merlin was like wife called 
 Ambrofe or Ambrojius q ; but Spenfer repre- 
 fents Ambrofius as the coufin of Matilda, 
 Merlin's mother r : I fufpedt however, that 
 Selden is right in this matter, and that Spen- 
 fer is miftaken. Our fabulizing anceftors con- 
 verted Ambrofius into a Roman king of Bri- 
 tain ; but, as Mr. Bryant very juftly obferves, 
 no fuch perfon ever exifted. Amber or Am- 
 P'Ur fignifies any thing divine or Jolar : hence 
 the term was fometimes applied to Noah, or 
 Merlin ; and fometimes to the confecrated 
 Pctras, in w r hich he was worfhipped. Stone- 
 henge was compofed of thefe Petras : accord- 
 
 " God came in unto the daughters of men." Gen. vi. 4. " The 
 a angels of God," fays Jofephus, meaning I fuppofe the fallen 
 angels, " cohabiting with women, begot a race prone to commit 
 " injuftice." Jofeph. Ant. Jud. lib. i. cap, 3. 
 
 <i Illutt. ofPoly-Olb. Song. 5. 
 
 r Spenfer's Fairy Queen, book iii. cant. 3. 
 
 mgly, 
 
Ox\ T THE CABIRI, 437 
 
 ingly, while a town in its immediate vicinity 
 is denominated Ambrojbury, we find a tradi- 
 tion prevalent, that that ftupendous monument 
 itfelf was brought in a fmgle night from Ire* 
 land, through the power of Merlin's incanta- 
 tions 3 . Another Druidical erection, confut- 
 ing of the fame Ambrofias Petrse, formerly 
 ltood in the neighbourhood of Penzance. It 
 is at prefent nearly deftroyed ; but it flill re- 
 tains the name of Main- Amber f or the Am- 
 ber ~f one l . 
 
 The romance of the life of Merlin repre- 
 fents that magician, as contemporary with 
 king Arthur, and as the inftitutor of the fa- 
 mous round table. I am much inclined to 
 conjecture, that the hardy knights of this cele- 
 brated order were in fact no other than the 
 infernal or Cabiric deities. Hence we find a 
 ftrange wild legend reflecting them, that 
 they were accuftomed to ferry demons over 
 Cocytus, Phlegethon, Styx, Acheron, and 
 Lethe u . The whole of this is merely the 
 
 9 Drayton's Poly-Olb. Song 4. 
 
 1 See the whole pailage from the Analyfa refpecting the Am- 
 brofiae Petrae, cited above, p. 170. 
 
 n " Tous les chevaliers de la table ronde eftoient pauvres 
 " gaigne deniers, tirans la rame pur pailer les rivieres de Co- 
 " cyte, Phlegeton, Styx, Acheron, et Lethe, quand melfieurs les 
 " diables fe veulent eibatre fur l'eau, comme font les bafteliers 
 '.' de Lyon et gondoliers de Venife. Mais pour chacune pai- 
 
 f f 3 " fade 
 
433 A DISSERTATION 
 
 counterpart to the fabulous birth of Merlin^ 
 who, as we have feen, was feigned to be the 
 offspring of an infernal fpirit. 
 
 As the knights of the round table were 
 placed in the fabulous Hades, fo Merlin or 
 Noah was fuppofed to have contrived a foun- 
 tain, the waters of which excited hatred in 
 the bofoms of thofe who drank of them. 
 This fountain of hatred I apprehend to be the 
 very fame as the claffical Styx, the mytholo- 
 gical hiftory of which I have already fuffU 
 ciently difcuffed. 
 
 Dicon, che da Merlin fu fabbricata 
 Per Triftan, che d'Ifotta era invaghito. 
 
 Era quelP acqua di quefta natura, 
 Che chi amava, faceva difamare, 
 E non fol difamar, ma in odio avere 
 Quel ch' era prima diletto, e piacere x . 
 
 Upon comparing the Hindoo Mithratic 
 temples with the pyramids of Egypt, and the 
 Irifh cavern at New-Grange, we found, that 
 one method of conftru cling thofe places of 
 worfhip was to difpofe the building in the 
 fhipe of a crofs, and over the facellum to 
 
 " *~:-Ad ils n'ont qu'un nazarde, et fur le foir quelque morceau 
 
 " de pain chaumeny." Rabelais, liv. ii. cap. 30. apud Selden. 
 
 x Orlan. Inam. di Boiardo. lib. i. cant. 3. Stanz. 36, tf. 
 
 raife 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 439 
 
 raife a lofty pyramid. Such is the form of 
 the fupernal pagoda of Benares, and of the 
 fubterraneous grotto at New-Grange. Keep- 
 ing this circumftance in view, we fhall be led 
 to difcover the real ufe of two curious relics 
 of antiquity, fituated near Tortofa in the re- 
 gion which lies diredlly north of Beruth y , 
 Tyre, and Paleftine. Maundrell, in his con- 
 jectures refpecling them, makes precifely the 
 fame miftake that Norden has done in treat- 
 ing of the great pyramid, and Ledwich in de- 
 scribing the cavern of New-Grange; for he 
 has erroneoufly pronounced two ancient Mi- 
 thratic temples to be two places of fepul- 
 ture, notwithstanding their vicinity to another 
 curious monument, which has been mod hap- 
 pily illuftrated by Mr. King. Maundrell's 
 account of thefe feveral remains is as follows. 
 On the north fide of the ferpent-fountain 
 was a large dike, cut into the folid rock ; 
 " and juft on the other fide of it, we efpied 
 " another antiquity, which took up our next 
 " obfervation. There was a court of fifty 
 " five yards fquare, cut in the natural rock ; 
 t€ the fides of the rock {landing round 
 " it, about three yards high, fupplying the 
 " place of walls. On three, fides it was thus 
 
 y The ancient Berytus, the Beroc of Nonnus. 
 
 f f 4 " en- 
 
440 A DISSERTATION 
 
 " encompaffed ; but to the northward it lay 
 (( open. In the centre of this area was a 
 " fquare part of the rock left {landing ; being 
 " three yards high, and five yards and a half 
 n fquare. This ferved for a pedeflal to a 
 " throne erected upon it. The throne was 
 " compofed of four large flones, two at the 
 li fides, one at the back, another hanging over 
 " all the top, in the manner of a canopy. 
 " The whole flru&ure was about twenty feet 
 " high, fronting towards that fide, where the 
 " court was open. The flone, that made the 
 " canopy, was five yards and three quarters 
 " fquare, and carved round with a handfome 
 " cornice. What all this might be defigned 
 " for we could not imagine ; unlefs perhaps 
 i{ the court may pafs for an idol temple, and 
 " the pile in the middle for the throne of the 
 i$ idol : which feems the more probable, 
 " in regard that Hercules, that is the Sun, the 
 u great abomination of the Phenicians, was 
 <c wont to be adored in an open temple. At 
 " the two innermoft angles of the court, and 
 " likewife on the open fide, were left pillars 
 " of the natural rock ; three at each of the 
 " former, and two at the latter. 
 
 " About half a mile to the fouthward of 
 iC the aforefaid antiquities, there flood in view 
 " two towers. — We found them to be fepul- 
 
 « chral 
 
it 
 
 a 
 
 ON THE CABIRI. 441 
 
 ** chral monuments, erected over two ancient 
 u burying places. They flood at about ten 
 " yards diftance from each other. The firft 
 " tower was thirty three feet high. Its long- 
 (l eft ftone or pedeftal was ten feet high, and 
 "fifteen fquare : the fuperftru&ure upon 
 " which was firft a tall ftone in the form of 
 " a cylinder ; and then another ftone cut in 
 " fhape of a pyramid. The other tower 
 " was thirty feet and two inches high. Its 
 pedeftal was in height fix feet ; and fixteen 
 feet fix inches fquare. It was fupported by 
 four lions, carved one at each corner of the 
 pedeftal. The carving had been very rude 
 " at beft ; but was now rendered by time 
 " much worfe. The upper part reared upon 
 " the pedeftal was all one fingle ftone, in 
 " fafhion like a cone. 
 
 " Each of thefe barbarous monuments had 
 'f under it feveral fepulchres ; the entrances 
 u into which were on the fouth fide. Goinp- 
 " down feven or eight fteps" into the vault 
 under the firft of the towers, " you come to 
 " the mouth of the fepulchre ; where crawl- 
 u ing in, you arrive in a chamber, which is 
 " nine feet two inches broad, and eleven feet 
 u long. Turning to the right hand, and go- 
 €< ing through a narrow paffage, you come to 
 
 " a fe- 
 
44* A DISSERTATION 
 
 " a fecond room, which is eight feet broad 
 6( and ten long. In this chamber are feven 
 " cells for corpfes, two overagainft the en- 
 ic trance, four on the left hand, and one un- 
 " fmifhed on the right. Thefe cells were 
 '< hewn directly into the firm rock. We 
 ** meafured feveral of them, and found them 
 u eight feet and a half in length, and three 
 " feet three inches fquare. I would not in- 
 " fer from hence, that the corpfes, depofited 
 " there, were of fuch a gigantic iize, as to fill 
 M up fuch large coffins : though, at the fame 
 " time, why mould any men be fo prodigal 
 " of their labour, as to cut thefe caverns into 
 " fo hard a rock as this was, much farther 
 66 than neceffity required ? 
 
 " On the other iide of the firft chamber 
 " was a narrow paffage feven feet long, lead- 
 " ing into a third room, whofe dimenfions 
 *' were nine feet in breadth, and twelve in 
 ,l length. It had eleven cells, of fomewhat 
 " a lefs fize than the former, lying at equal 
 k * diftances all round about it. 
 
 " Faffing out of the firft room,' , which 
 ferved as a veftible to all the others, " fore- 
 < ( right, you have two narrow entrances, each 
 " {even feet long, into a fourth room. This 
 " apartment was nine feet fquare : it had no 
 
 "cells 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 443 
 
 << cells in it, like the others, nor any thing re- 
 " markable, but only a bench, cut all along 
 " its fide on the left hand. 
 
 " From the defcription of this firft fepul- 
 " chre, it is eafy to conceive the difpofition of 
 " the other. The height of the rooms in 
 " both was about fix feet ; and the towers 
 " were built each over the inner mofi room of 
 " the fepulchre, to which it belonged *." 
 
 Maundrell further mentions, that not far 
 from thefe pyramids were two others with 
 nearly fimilar excavations beneath them. 
 
 The firft thing, of which I fhall remind the 
 reader, is, that he is now in the very coun- 
 try of the Phenician Cabiri, in the region of 
 Tyre, and Beruth ; and I fhall next call to his 
 recollection, that the w T orfhip of thefe deities 
 w ? as equally eftablifhed in Britain and Ireland. 
 This will prepare him both for the obferva- 
 tions of Mr. King upon what Maundrell calls 
 a throne, and for my own remarks upon what 
 he denominates two fepulchres. 
 
 Thefe feveral monuments being in the im- 
 mediate neighbourhood of each other, we are 
 naturally led to fuppofe, that they were con- 
 
 2 Maundrell's Journey from Aleppo to Jerufalem, p. 20. 
 The reader will find there a plan of thele caverns, 
 
 neded 
 
A DISSERTATION 
 
 ne<fted in their ufes ; and I apprehend, that 
 we ihall not find ourfelves miftaken. 
 
 With regard to the firft, Mr. King, and I 
 think xery juftly, fuppofes it to have been not 
 a throne, but an altar, precifely refembling 
 that curious relic of antiquity ufually called 
 Kifs Catty boufe, as well as feveral other erec- 
 tions of a fimilar nature in various parts of 
 thefe iflands. Upon this altar he conjectures, 
 that human facrifices were offered : and he 
 obferves, that it is raifed juft high enough for 
 the purpofe of exhibiting thofe dreadful rites 
 to the furrounding multitude, and no higher; 
 and moreover that it is juft large enough for 
 fuch facrifices, and no larger. He further 
 conceives, that the area, cut out of the rock, 
 was deftined for the priefts; and that the ele- 
 vated part around it was meant for the ac- 
 commodation of the populace. In fhort, he 
 pronounces this imagined throne to be no 
 other than a Cromlech a . Concerning the 
 rude ftone pillars, he does not appear to me 
 to fay any thing very fat is factory; for he lim- 
 ply obferves, that they bear an affinity with 
 Druidical remains. I am perfuaded however, 
 that thefe were nothing more than Phalli ; 
 
 * Muniment. Ant. vol. i. p. 225. et infra. 
 
 and 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 445 
 
 and that they were placed in the court-yard 
 of the grand altar, w ith the very fame allu- 
 fion to the deluge, as the Phalli, which Lu- 
 cian informs us were erected in the area iiir- 
 rounding the temple of the Syrian goddefs. 
 
 Hitherto I have, with great pleafure, at- 
 tended the fteps of Mr. King ; but, upon the 
 fubjecl of the imaginary fepulchres, he is en- 
 tirely filent. Having feen however, that the 
 fuppofed throne was a Cabiric, Mithratic, or 
 Druidical altar, (for it matters little by which 
 of thefe names we deiignate it,) we may na- 
 turally expeel to find in its neighbourhood a 
 cavern temple, or Pctra, defcined for the ce- 
 lebration of the Myfteries of the helio-arkite 
 fuperftition. Such then I conceive the two 
 vaults, with their pyramidal appendages, to 
 have been. Accordingly we find, that they 
 are each conftrucled in the form of the Taau- 
 tic crofs T ; that they have each an adytum, 
 or facellum ; and that they have each a py- 
 ramid, Jludioujly and uniformly, not accident- 
 ally, erected precifely over this adytum. We 
 further find, that the entrance into them is 
 by a fmall palTage, fo narrow, that a perfun 
 is obliged to advance crawling rather than 
 walking ; and that there are within them a 
 number of receffes, hollowed out in imitation 
 of the irregularities of a natural cavern, which 
 
 were 
 
44^ A DISSERTATION 
 
 were ufed by the priefb, partly for the ma- 
 nagement of their terribly fantaftic machinery, 
 and partly as troughs for water. Thefe places 
 Maundrell fuppofes to be cells for the recep- 
 tion of dead bodies ; but he allows, that they 
 are much larger than what was neceflary for 
 that purpofe ; and, as for any remains either 
 of fkeletons, mummies, or coffins, we find 
 no more veftiges of them here, than in the 
 great pyramid of Egypt, or in the grotto of 
 New-Grange. Upon the whole, I have lit- 
 tle doubt of the mutual connection of all 
 thefe Syrian monuments of antiquity, feeing 
 they are thus placed in each other's imme- 
 diate neighbourhood ; and I cannot refrain 
 from believing, that, as the altar was ere&ed 
 for facrificial purpofes, fo the excavations 
 were made for the due celebration of the Mi- 
 thratic or Cabiric Myfteries. 
 
 Let us now turn our eyes to Egypt, where, 
 as a confirmation of what has been faid re- 
 fpecling the fubterraneous chambers in the 
 Syrian caverns, we fhall find (upon a larger 
 fcale indeed) a fuite of grottos cut out of the 
 folid rock, and arranged on the north and 
 weft fides of the fecond pyramid. Mr. Greaves 
 obferves, that " the entrance into them is by 
 " fquare openings, hewn out of the rock, not 
 " exceeding in magnitude thofe, which he 
 
 " had 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 447 
 
 u had defcribed before as forming the en- 
 <l trance of the firft pyramid, and which he 
 " has reprefented as narrow and quadrangu- 
 " Ian The chambers within, he obferves, 
 " are likewife of a fquare form and well-pro- 
 " portioned, covered and arched above with 
 " the natural rock ; in moft of which there 
 " was a pafTage, opening into an interior 
 " chamber, but fo obftrucled with rubbifli, 
 " and fo involved in darknefs, as to forbid all 
 €< penetration into their receiTes. Thefe cham- 
 " bers, it can fcarcely be doubted, had fome 
 " fecret communication with the interior 
 " apartments of the pyramid, the entrance 
 " into which has, if ever known, been long 
 " fince forgotten V Mr. Greaves, and after 
 him Mr. Maurice, conjectures, that thefe ca- 
 verns were the dwellings of the priefts ; an 
 opinion, w T hich I will not indeed venture po- 
 fitively to contradict, but the propriety of 
 which I very much doubt. I am rather in- 
 clined to think them a fuite of grottos def- 
 tined for the celebration of the Myfteries ; 
 and I fufpecl, that they terminated in an ady- 
 tum, the paffage to which is now choaked 
 up, directly under the pyramid. It is ob- 
 fervable, that thefe caverns are difpofed, not 
 
 b Maur. Ind. Ant. vol. ii. p. 538. 
 
 in 
 
448 A DISSERTATION 
 
 in the form of the Taautic T, but in that of 
 an L -, a fhape exactly fimilar to that of St. 
 Patric's purgatory, excepting only that the 
 angle of the latter is an obtufe inftead of a 
 right one. The T and the L however are 
 in facl the fame fymbol ; the former X being 
 the complete Argha, and the latter L the Ar« 
 gha with its ftern lopped off, as it is invaria- 
 bly reprefented upon the celeftial globe. 
 
 If from Egypt we once more revert to 
 Hindoftan, as we have already found in that 
 country the ancient petrean worfhip efta- 
 blifhed in its high eft fplendor and magnifi- 
 cence ; fo we fhall be at no lofs to difcover 
 an inftance of a fuite of facred rooms hewn 
 out of the folid rock : accordingly, as the lafl> 
 mentioned Egyptian grottos were defigned, I 
 conceive, for the celebration of the Cabiric 
 Myfteries ; fo the wonderful excavations at 
 Ellora feem to have been formed for the very 
 fame purpofe. Hence we find, that the Lin- 
 ga or Phallus, the fymbolical bull, the god 
 Maha-Deva or Ofiris, and his allegorical con- 
 fort Parvata, are ftudiouily introduced into 
 them ; hence alfo we meet w T ith the ftone 
 ciftern for the purpofe of holding water ; and 
 hence we mav obferve, that clofe to Ellora is 
 a fmall circular lake, and a little iiland in the 
 midft of it, fymbolical, like the Egyptian 
 
 Chem- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 449 
 
 Chemmis in the lake near Buto, the Pelafgic 
 ifland in the Cutilian lake, and the Irifh Ma- 
 era in the lake Derg, of the Noetic Ark c . 
 
 All thefe various caverns being alike dedi- 
 cated to the lunar or arkite deity, the obfer- 
 vations which have been made upon them 
 may perhaps enable us to unravel the wild 
 legend of Endymion, the Moon, and the Lat- 
 mian grotto. 
 
 According to Hefiod, Endymion was the 
 fon of Calice by Jupiter- Aethlius ; and he 
 obtained from his father the privilege of pre- 
 siding over death. He is evidently the fame 
 perfon as Ixion ; for we find, that the very 
 fame ftory is told alike of them both. As 
 Ixion attempted to ravifh Juno, and, em- 
 bracing in her ftead a cloud, became the fa- 
 ther of the Centaurs, for which crime he was 
 thruft down into the infernal regions: fo En- 
 dymion was taken up into heaven, where he 
 made a fimilar attempt upon the chaftity of 
 Juno ; embraced, in a fimilar manner, a 
 cloud; and was, in a fimilar manner, call: 
 into the fabulous Hades. After what has al- 
 ready been faid concerning Nephele, the cen- 
 
 c For an account of thefe caverns I refer the reader to A fiat, 
 Ref. vol. vi. p. 389. where he will find a variety of Plates il- 
 luftrative of them^ among which there is a view of Ellora with 
 its lake and ifland. 
 
 vol. 11. g g taurs, 
 
450 A- DISSERTATION 
 
 taurs, and the infernal regions, it is fuperflu- 
 ous to point out the import of thefe tradi- 
 tions : it will be fufricient merely to obferve, 
 that the circumftance of Noah's feizing the 
 dove, and drawing her into the Ark, has 
 been ftrangely perverted into an imaginary* 
 attempt to ravifh Juno. 
 
 The part of the legend of Endymion, laft 
 confidered, in fome meafure points out the 
 nature of his real character ; but that, which 
 is moft immediately connected with the pre- 
 fent fubjecT:, is the fable of his eternal fleep 
 in the cave of Latmos. Some fuppofed, that 
 he was beloved by the Moon, and was thrown 
 into that fleep by her, in order that fhe might 
 vifit him in the cave without any oppofition; 
 others afferted, that he was deified on account 
 of his exemplary piety, and yet for the very 
 fame reafon was doomed to perpetual fleep ; 
 and others again fancied, that this fleep over- 
 powered him in confequence of the anger of 
 Jupiter on account of his attempt to violate 
 Juno. All thefe feveral legends, though in 
 fome refpecls they may feem contradictory, 
 are virtually the fame; for the defcent of 
 Endymion into the infernal regions, and his 
 fuppofed ftate of torpidity, are only different 
 modes of defcribing the allegorical death of 
 Noah, his inclofure within the lunar Ark. 
 
 As 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 451 
 
 As for the Latmian cave, I doubt not but 
 that it was a well-known Cabiric grotto, 
 where Endymion, or the folar Noah, was 
 worfhipped in conjunction with Diana, or the 
 lunar Ark : accordingly, in the immediate 
 vicinity of this cavern, there was a town de- 
 nominated Heraclia, from Heracles, Hercules, 
 or Erech-El, the arkite god. 
 
 The fictitious genealogy of Endymion, and 
 his imaginary prefidency over death, perfectly 
 accord with the preceding remarks upon his 
 character. His mother was named Cahce, or 
 the cup, becaufe a cup was one of the many 
 fymbols of the Ark : and his father Jupiter- 
 Aethlius is the very fame perfon as himfelf ; 
 both being equally Eth-El, or the god of fire > 
 on the one hand, and En-Du-Maon, or the 
 gracious god of the lunar crefcent 9 on the 
 other d . 
 
 We have feen, that, upon the propagation 
 of Chriftianity in the Britifh ifles, a variety 
 
 d For all the preceding traditions refpecting Endymion, fee 
 Schol. in Apoll. Argon, lib. iv. ver. 57. Du-Maon, or En- 
 Du-Maon, is the fame as the Baal- Meon of Scripture. Meon 
 was a title of Apollo, or the folar Noah; hence, in confequence 
 of the priefts bearing the names of the deities whom they 
 ferved, Statius, with ftrict mythological propriety, denominate 
 an oracular prieil of Apollo Meon. 
 
 Noftra praefignem Maeona lauro. 
 
 Stat. Thebaid.lib. iv. ver. 598, 
 G g 2, of 
 
452 A DISSERTATION 
 
 of wild legends were built upon certain mu- 
 tilated traditions refpe&ing the ufe of the 
 Mithratic caverns. Thefe, as I have ob- 
 ferved, were generally efteemed oracular: 
 whence, in fucceeding ages, they were fome- 
 times metamorphofed into the purgatories of 
 imaginary faints; fometimes into the dens of 
 magicians, or fairies ; and fometimes into the 
 ftrong-holds of Satan himfelf. A great change 
 in the religion of the weftern parts of the 
 oriental world produced very fimilar notions 
 refpecling the Afiatic grottos of the Noetic 
 Mithras. The fanguinary theifm of Maho- 
 met fpeedily overthrew the ancient fire-wor- 
 fhip of Perfia, Chaldea, and Arabia : and the 
 caverns of the arkite Cabiri were hencefor- 
 ward deemed now the haunts of genii ; and 
 now the receptacles of immenfe treafures, of 
 inchanted lamps, and of magical talifmans. 
 That curious original production, ^The Arabian 
 Nights Entertainments, is at once replete 
 with allufions to the old Sabian idolatry, 
 and to the confecrated oracular grotto. Thus, 
 Zobeide arrives at a city, all the inhabitants 
 of which, with the folitary exception of the 
 kings fon, who had embraced the religion of 
 Mahomet, had been miraculoufly changed 
 into ftones, as a puniihment for their obfti- 
 nate adherence to the fire-worlhip of the 
 
 Magi; 
 
ON THE CABIRL 
 
 453 
 
 Magi : and thus prince AiTad very narrowly 
 efcapes being facrificed by the adorers of the 
 folar fire. Thus alfo the fecond Calender 
 difcovers a wonderful cavern, decorated and 
 furnifhed like a magnificent palace, and con- 
 cealing within its iubterranean recefTes a beau- 
 tiful lady, the miftrefs of a powerful genius ; 
 thus Ali-Baba finds a cave, the door of which 
 opens and fliuts by the pronunciation of a 
 magical word ; and thus, not to multiply in- 
 stances, Aladdin defcends into an immenfe 
 grotto, confuting of three fucceffive vaulted 
 apartments, rich with the moft precious jew- 
 els, and yet more rich with the wonder- 
 working lamp. 
 
 To the Mithratic rock- tern pie, and the ar- 
 tificial cavern conftrucled within the nearly 
 folid mafs of the pyramidal pagoda, fucceeded 
 the Pyratheia of the Perfians e , and the circu- 
 
 e The round towers fo frequent in Ireland feem to have 
 been edifices of the fame nature as the Pyratheia of the Per- 
 fians. f * There can be no doubt," fays Col. Vallancey, " of 
 " the round towers in Ireland having been fire-towers. The 
 " conftruclion of them was well adapted to the purpofe : the 
 " door being always from twelve to fifteen feet from the bafe, 
 " the facred fire at the bottom could not be molefted by the 
 " wind : it was covered by a cupola at top ; and four fmall 
 " windows in the fides near the top let out the fmoke. The 
 " diameter of them is no more than fufficient for the Cai-Cu- 
 " lane or Draoi (Ang. the high-prieft) to perform his facred 
 
 g g 3 M office ■ 
 
454 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Jar temples of the Greeks and Romans. Thefe 
 were fo built, that their interior precifely re- 
 fembled a circular excavation -, and they were 
 
 e< office ; his Zend or prayers were not to be heard by the con- 
 " gregation, as in the fervice his mouth was covered left he 
 " fhould breathe on the holy fire, fo that he mumbled or mut- 
 " tered his words. When he had done, he probably afcended 
 * to the door or to the top, and gave his Aphr'in (Ang. bene- 
 u diction). The facred fire was fed by the wood of a facred 
 iC tree. In Perfia the name of that tree is Haum al Magjus, 
 *t i. e. Haum Magorum: in Irifh Om and Omna was Crann- 
 il naomha ox facred tree : we tranflate it an oak. The Perfo- 
 " Scythae of Ireland named thefe towers Tuir-Be'il, or the towers 
 (C of Baal, a name facred to the Sun. In Pharh. Gj. a Perfian 
 (% author, we are told, that Ardefhir Babek, a Perfian king, 
 " conftrucled a certain lofty building, which he named TerbalU 
 " to the eaft of the city of Iharaghun in Perfia. The facred 
 ' f fire was named Hyr (Heb. ~nN), in 1"^ U f J »* was a ^° 
 u named Adur, whence the Adair of Ireland, names of places 
 u where fome facred building is always to be found. Our mo- 
 " dern churches are commonly annexed to thefe old fire-towers -, 
 t( a flrong argument that they were originally facred buildings. 
 " The praefetStus ignis was named Hyr-had, in Irifh Ur-Baidb, 
 t! or priefl of the fire.' We now tranflate bald, a prophet. The 
 " Urbad continued night and day in the fire-tower ; and all 
 *' other priefts were fubjedl; to him. We have the fame ac- 
 " counts in the Irifh MSS. This order was alfo named Mogh 
 " (or Magus.) Mogh, Mugh, or Magb, was the name in Ire- 
 <i land ; hence Ard-Magh, the metropolitan fee of Ireland. — 
 (t We fhall find moft of the Irifh towers connected with our ca- 
 " thedrals, as at Cloyne, Cafhell, Glandalough." Vallancey's 
 Vind. p. 203. The tower of Belus in Babylon was evidently, 
 as I have already obferved, an immenfe Tuir-Beil, or tower de- 
 voted to the worfhip of the folar Noah. 
 
 con- 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 455 
 
 conftantly devoted to the idolatrous worfhip 
 of the folar fire. Mr. Maurice conjectures, 
 and I think very juftly, (although I cannot 
 adopt his fentiments refpecting the Myfte- 
 ries,) that both the round church of St. Ste- 
 phen at Rome, and the Pantheon itfelf, were 
 copies of the ancient Mithratic cavern. Ac- 
 cordingly he obferves, that the latter of thefe 
 buildings, from the circumftance of its origi- 
 nally having no windows, and receiving light 
 only through an opening in the roof, exhibits 
 at this moment the exact reprefentation of a 
 vaft circular cave. He further remarks, that 
 wherever the Perfian conquefts extended, we 
 invariably find temples of an orbicular form ; 
 and he adds, that, in the Indian pagodas, the 
 concave dome not unfrequently occupies the 
 place of the tapering pyramid f . In all thefe 
 different buildings, whether erected in Greece, 
 in Italy, in Perfia, or in Hindoftan, the myf- 
 terious rites of the helio-arkite Cabiri were 
 alike celebrated ; nor fhall we wonder at this 
 fimilariry of religious inftitutions, when we 
 recollect, that from the Noetic Ogdoad all 
 the nations of the earth equally derived their 
 origin. 
 
 Upon the whole it appears, that the moil 
 
 f Maur. Ind. Ant. vol. iii. p, 181. et infra. 
 
 g g 4 pro- 
 
456 A DISSERTATION 
 
 prominent features, obfervable in fuch places 
 as were dedicated to the Mithratic or Cabiric 
 fuperftition, are the fubterraneous grotto whe- 
 ther natural or artificial ; the pyramid, com- 
 prehending and concealing, within its marly 
 bulk, the cejitral chamber ; the circular pyra- 
 theion ; the T'aautic crofs, whether Ample, or 
 compounded ; and the fmall lake, with its 
 floating if and typical of the Ark. Thefe dif- 
 tinguifhing characteristics we fometimes find 
 fingle, and fometimes united ; but, generally 
 fpeaking, they may be confidered as the al- 
 moft infeparable concomitants of the helio- 
 arkite devotion. 
 
 Such is the beft information, which I have 
 been able to collect reflecting the Myfteries 
 of the Cabiri ; but I fufpect, that a wide 
 field yet remains unexplored, being ftrongly 
 inclined to conjecture, that, were the legen- 
 dary annals of every people upon the face of 
 the globe carefully examined, they would all 
 be found, directly or indirectly, to agree upon 
 one main point, the exiftence of the deluge s . 
 
 g The pyramidal temple is equally familiar to the inhabit- 
 ants of Peru, and to the iflanders of the vafl pacific ocean : 
 for, while the former of thefe nations have a tradition of the 
 deluge, and of the prefervation of feven perfons, the exact num- 
 ber of the Hindoo Rift is, and the Phenician Cabiri, exclufive 
 of Noah their head ; the latter religioully preferve the Egyp- 
 tian 
 
ON THE CABIRI. 457 
 
 To profecute however an examination of this 
 nature, with any reafonable profpecl of fuc- 
 cefs, requires more leifure, more health, more 
 perfeverance, more judgment, and a greater 
 knowledge of languages, than what ufually 
 fall to the lot of one perfon ; certainly much 
 more, and much greater, than what have 
 fallen to my own lot. 
 
 tian cuftom of carrying, in folemn proceflion, the arkite Baris. 
 Maur. Ind. Ant. — Miffionary Voyage to the South Sea. — Go- 
 mara. — Cooke's Voyage by Hawkefworth. It is not unworthy 
 of notion, that one of the pyramids in Atooi was erected upon, 
 the bank of a fmall lake. 
 
 INDEX, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 AbANTES, i. 390. ii. 42. 
 
 Abfyrtus, ii. 90. 
 
 Abury, i. 210. ii. 170. 
 
 Acheron, i. 274. 
 
 Achilles, i. 322. ii. 103. 
 
 Adonis, i. 197, 223. ii. 50. note b. his Myfteries, 33$. his 
 
 hiftory, 337. 
 Adrumetum, ii. 54. 
 Agamemnon, i. 324. ii. 177. 
 Agmerus, a name of Noah, i. 35? 43 j 45 • 
 Aletae, i. 35, 44. 
 Amazons, i. 270. ii. 23. 
 
 Amber, Ambrofius, Ambrose Petrae, ii. 170, 436. 
 Amynus, a name of Ham, i. 3$, 47. 
 Anak, Anakim, ii. 209. 
 Anius, i. 202. 
 
 Antediluvian idolatry, nature of, i. 10. 
 Antea, i. 144. 
 Anteus, ii. 234. 
 Anubis, i. 162, 280. 
 Apamea Cibotus, ii. 167. 
 Apis, i. 376. ii. 155. 
 Aquarius, i. 86. 
 Aras, i. 235. ii. 212. 
 Arachne, ii. 364. note x. 
 Area, daughter of Thaumas, i. 262. 
 Areas, i. 202, 284, 336. ii. 155. 
 
 Ares, 
 
4 c>o INDEX, 
 
 Are?, i. 173- 
 
 Argis, 1. 208. 
 
 Argiphontes, i. 302. 
 
 Argalus, ii. 102. note u. 
 
 Argo, ii. 76. Hindoo account of it, 80. import of the name, 
 
 118. catafterifm of it, 138. 251. hiftory of its building, 174. 
 Argonauts introduce the Cabiric fuperftitiori into Italy, i. 420, 
 
 their voyage, ii, 68. their number, 237. 
 Argus, the arkite god, i. 92, 295, 302. builder of the Argo> 
 
 ii. 180. 
 Arion, ii. 10. 
 
 Arifteus, his mythological hiftory, ii. 368. 
 Ark worfhipped along with the Moon, i. 16. 
 Arkite worfhip, its connection with the folar fuperftition, 
 
 i. 150- 
 Armenius, ii. 100, l6$. 
 Arran, i. 63. 
 
 Afclepius, a name of jNToah, i. 36. his hiftory, 98, 167. ii. 3^. 
 Aftarte, the lunar Ark, mother of the feven Titanides, i. 80. 
 
 the fame as Aftronoe, 103. and Afteria, ii. 326. 
 Afterius, i. 404. ii. 190, 213. 
 Afwiculapa, i. 99. ii. 223. 
 Atalanta, ii. 32. 
 Atargatis, i. 85. 
 
 Atlas, a name of the folar Noah, i. 36, 67, 112, 336, 339. 
 Atlantis ifland, import of traditions refpecling it, ii. 283, 405. 
 Attis, i. 363. ii. 112. 
 Azon, the Noetic Sun, ii. 140, 153. 
 Azonac, ii. 154. 
 
 B. 
 
 Baaltis, i. 189. 
 
 Babel, era of its foundation, i. 1 1. note o. its tower, ii. 384. 
 
 Bacchus, i. 190, 234, 264. elder and younger Bacchus, ii. 267. 
 
 his flight, 298. Bacchus-Colonates, ii. 65. Bacchus-Iungias, 
 
 144. 
 
 Baldep 
 
INDEX. 461 
 
 Balder, i. 293. 
 
 Balenus, Belis, i. 210. 
 
 Baris in Armenia, i. 426. 
 
 Battus, i. 302, 305. 
 
 Bees, caufe of their introduction into the MyftericSj ii. 365. 
 
 Bellerophon, i. 269. ii. 45. 
 
 Belus, i. 188. 
 
 Beotus, ii. 41, 164. 
 
 Beruth, Berith, Beroe, the covenant., i. 36, 69. mythological 
 
 hiftory of Beroe, ii. 310. 
 Betarmus, the dance, ii. 107. 
 Betylus, Beth-El, i. 36, 67, no. 
 Boar, fymbolical, i. 220. 
 Bootes, i. 284. 
 Boreas, Bore, ii. 169. note n. 
 Brahma- Vifhnou-Seeva, i, 312. ii. 381. 
 Bridget, St. ii. 398, 400. 
 Brimham rocks, ii. 3S2. note k, 
 Brimo, i. 279. note d. ii. 323 See Hecate. 
 Britannus, i. 257. 
 Britomartis, i. 405. 
 Bubaftis, ii. 420. note u. 
 Buddha, i. 287, 299. ii. 95. 
 Budfdo, i. 288. his horfe, ii. 29. 
 Bull, fymbol of Noah, i. 177. bull of the fphere, 206. of the 
 
 northern nations, 208. of Crete, 402. bulls of Colchi, 
 
 ii. 205. 
 Bufiris, i. 184. 
 Bute, i. 63. 
 Butes, i. 63, 182. 
 Buto, i. 61, 163. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabiri, opinions refpe&ing them, i. 5. import of their Myfte* 
 ries, 9. principles, upon which the analylis of their hiftory 
 
 is 
 
Afiz INDEX, 
 
 is conduced, 19. Cabiri of Sanchoniatho and Mnafeai, 31, 
 their genealogies, 34, 136, i^S, 309. the fame as the Diof- 
 cori, Corybantes, Curetes, &c. 49, 129. and as the Noetic 
 family, 56. Cabiri of Pherecydes, $6, 158. the fame as the 
 eight great gods of Egypt, 61. infernal deities, 225. diffe- 
 rent countries where they were worshipped, 334. the fame as 
 the Trojan Penates, 411. Cabiri of Samotnrace, 413. of 
 Hindoftan, 421. of Colchi, ii. 120. identity of their myfte- 
 ries with thofe of Bacchus, Rhea, Adonis, Ifis, &c. 320. ac- 
 count of their myfteries, 3$$. worfhipped in caverns, 357. 
 
 Cadmus, i. 178, 240, 270, 283. ii. 25, 51, 75. note f. 
 
 Cadmonites of Phenicia, ii. 26. 
 
 Calais, ii. 168. 
 
 Callifto, i. 284, 336. 
 
 Calypfo, i. 249. her cave, ii. 406. note e. 
 
 Camilla, ii. 42. 
 
 Car, radical, i. 164. 
 
 Cafmilus, Cadmilus, Camillus, Cadolus, i. 296, 368. 
 
 Caftor, ii. 208. et infra, 
 
 Caftleton cavern, ii. 419. 
 
 Cavern worfhip, ii. 357. et infra. 
 
 Cerberus, i. 279. 
 
 Ceres-Hippa, ii. 10. her Myfteries, 340. 
 
 Cernunnos, i. 210. 
 
 Chaldean theology, ii. 141. 
 
 Chandra-Bans, i. 169. 
 
 Chaos, i. 246. 
 
 Charon, i. 275. 
 
 Charybdis, i. 267. 
 
 Chimera, i. 269. 
 
 Chiron, i. 311. ii. 30, 123, 136- 
 
 Circular temples, ii. 454. 
 
 Clymene, i. 113, 115, 173, 354. 
 
 Cocytus, i. 274. • 
 
 Col, Cul, Cal, radical, ii. 61, 
 
 Colias-Venus, ii. 62. 
 
 Coll, ii, 63, 
 
 .Colo- 
 
INDEX. 463 
 
 Colonus-Hippotes, ii. 64. 
 
 Colenis, ii. 64. 
 
 Colenus, ii. 64. 
 
 Colchians, their origin, ii. 10 1. 
 
 Columba, St. ii. 398, 403. 
 
 Columns of Hercules, ii. 174. 
 
 Comatas, ii. 366. note b. 
 
 Conteft between Neptune and Juno, i. 91. between Neptune 
 
 and the Sun, 170. between Neptune and Mifterva, 170. 
 Corcyra, its fabulous hiftory, ii. 163. 
 Corinth, i. 169. ii. 164. 
 Coronis, her hiftory, i. 101, 167, 182. 
 Corybas, i. 163, 187, 3J2. 
 Corybantes, fee Cabin. 
 Cotyle, its floating ifland, i. 65. 
 Cooke, Mr. his opinion of the Cabiri, i. 5. 
 Crete, i. 171. its mythological hiftory, 372. 
 Cronus, or Saturn, a name of Noah, i. 36, 67. his war with 
 
 Uranus, 72. his triple offspring, 73, 76. father of the fevea 
 
 Titans and fevcn Titanides, So. 
 Cudworth, Dr. his opinion of the Cabiri, i. 5. 
 Cumberland, Bp. his opinion of the Cabiri, i. 8, 32. 
 Cup, fymbol of the Ark, i. 241. ii. 54, 84. 
 Cupid, ii. 13. note i. 
 Curetes, i. 380. fee Cabiri. 
 Cyclopes, i. 393. 
 Cyllenus, i. 387. 
 
 Dagon, a name of Noah, i. 36, 37, 67, 118. 
 Dagdae, the Irilh Dagon, ii. 401, 
 Danace, i. 278. 
 Dannah, i. 299. 
 Danaus, i. 239. \u 43, 
 Dardanus, i. 336, 410, 
 
 Delo>. 
 
4^4 Fl^D E X. 
 
 Delos, its traditional hiftory, i. 64. ii. 213. note e. 
 
 Delphi, i. 66. 
 
 Demaroon, a name of Noah, i. 37, 72. 
 
 Derceto, i. 85, 119. 
 
 Deucalion, i. 66, 255. 309. ii. 85. 
 
 Diana, i. 88, 168. 
 
 Dione, i. 88. 
 
 Dionufus, fee Bacchus. 
 
 Diofcori, connected with Afclepius, i. gg. ii. 223. their hifto- 
 
 ry, 208. Diofcori of Hindoftan, 221. See Cabiri. 
 Dragon of the fphere, i. 207. 
 Dus-Ares, i. 174. 
 
 E 
 
 Eacus, 1. 321. 
 
 Echidna, i. 263. 
 
 Edipus, ii. 11. note i. 
 
 Eetes, ii. 1 19. 
 
 Egypt, eight great gods of, i. 61. caverns of, ii. 446, 
 
 Eleara, i. 336, 343. 
 
 Elephanta, cavern of, ii. 380. 
 
 Eleufis, ii. 344. 
 
 Eliun, his defcendants, i. 6j. 
 
 Ellora, caverns of, ii. 448. 
 
 Elohim affifts Cronus againfl Uranus, i. 73 . 
 
 Elyfium, i. 331. 
 
 Endymion, his mythological hiftory, ii, 449. 
 
 Eneas, his introduction of the Cabiric rites into Italy, i. 40S. 
 
 Epaphus, i. 189,392. 
 
 Epimetheus, i. 114. 
 
 Erechtheus, i. 204. 
 
 Erichthonius, i. 205. 
 
 Erin, ii. 71. note c. 
 
 Erinnus, i. 320. ii. 16, 64. 
 
 Efculapius, fee Afclepius. 
 
 Eubu- 
 
INDEX. 465 
 
 Eubuleus, i. 194. ii. 343, 347. 
 
 Euphemus, ii. 231. 
 
 Europa, i. 178, 400, 402. ii. 48, 233. 
 
 Europe, i. 180. 
 
 Expurgation of the ancients, ii. 409. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fohi, i. 288. 
 Frea> i. 291. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gallus, ii. 60. 
 
 Galli, Gaels, Celtae, ii. 60. 
 
 Ge, i. 67. 
 
 Genealogical tables from Sanchoniatho, i. 39, 40. 
 
 Geryon, i. 312. 
 
 Gods, heathen, molt of them ultimately the folar Noah, i. 17. 
 
 GoddefTes, heathen, the Moon, the Ark, or the Earth, i. 17, 
 
 138. 
 Gorgon, i. 266. 
 
 H. 
 
 Harmonia, i. 283. ii. 24. 
 
 Hecate, i. 279, 280. See Brimo. 
 
 Heifer, fy mbol of the Ark, i. 177. 
 
 Heliadae, i. 375. 
 
 Hercules, a name of Noah, i. 125, 175, 240, 256, 285, 415. 
 
 ii. 56, 58. 
 Hercules-Hippodites, ii. 22. 
 Hermes, i. 283, 306. 
 Hermonites of Phenicia, ii. 26. 
 Hindoo cavern mentioned by Porphyry, ii, 410. 
 Hiph, radical, ii. 2. 
 
 vol. 11. Hh Hippa, 
 
466 INDEX. 
 
 Hippa, the nurfe of Bacchus, ii, 6. 
 
 Hippafus, ii. 34. 
 
 Hippian Gods, ii. 8. 
 
 Hippo, ii. 53. 
 
 Hippodamia, ii. 20. 
 
 Hippomenes, ii. 32. 
 
 Hippolytus, ii, 3 5. 
 
 Hippothoiis, ii. 40. 
 
 Homai, her hiltory, ii. 334. note h, 
 
 Horfe, a fymbol of Noah, ii. 2. 
 
 Horfe, Trojan, ii. 18. 
 
 Horfley, Bp. his opinion of the Cabiri, i. 5. 
 
 Horus, the folar Noah, i. 62, 162. ii. 276, 
 
 Hyads, i. 204, 341. 
 
 Hyperboreans, their religion, i. 209. 
 
 I. 
 
 Janus, a name of Noah, i. 75, 76, 370. 
 
 Jana, the arkite crefcent, i. 17. 
 
 Iafus, Iafion, i. 336, 349. 
 
 Jafon, i. 350. his voyage, ii. 68. worfhipped in the Eaft, 98. 
 
 his genealogy, 121. his hiftory, 122. favoured by Juno, 124. 
 
 the fame as Azon, or the Noetic Sun, 140. 
 Jafonia, high places of Jafon, ii. 98. 
 Ichthus, a name of Dagon, i. 87. 
 Idei Da&yli, i. 380, 383. See Cabiri, 
 Ilus, a name of Noah, i. 36, 347. 
 Inachus, his genealogy, i. 90. 
 Inceftuous connections, the origin of the fables refpecling them., 
 
 i. 182. 
 Ino, i. 255. 
 
 Io, i. 146, 235, 237, 296, 301, 350, 35$. ii. 47, 181. 
 Jphigenia, ii. 178. 
 Ireland, round towers of, ii. 453. note e, 
 
 Jfis, 
 
INDEX. 467 
 
 Ills, the lunar Ark, i. 152. etymology of the name, ii. 77. 
 note 1. 
 
 Italy, i. 369, 394, 396. 
 
 Juno, the dove, i. 83. her ftatue, 148. ii. 89. 
 
 Iunx, Noete, ii. 141, 146. 
 
 Jupiter, his war with the giants, ii. 277. his mythological his- 
 tory, 292. 
 
 Ixion, ii. 449. 
 
 L. 
 
 Language ufed in the Myfteries, that of Egypt and Aflyria, 
 
 i. 22. 
 Lares, i. 133, 332. 
 LarilTa, i. 93. ii. 165. 
 Latmos, cave of, ii. 450. 
 Latona, the Ark, i. 61, 64, 148, 
 Leda, her hiftory, ii. 214. 
 Leptis, ii. 54. 
 Lerna, i. 234, 264. 
 Lethe, i. 273. 
 Linus, ii. 12. note i. 
 Lotus, i. 313. note f. 
 Lycaon, i. 95, 284. 
 Lycurgus, ii. 300. 
 Lynceus, ii. 189. 
 
 Magnes, Magnetes, ii. 197. 
 
 Maha-Deva, ii. 85. 
 
 Maia, i. 298, 343. Maha-Maya, 299. Moye, 299. 
 
 Maneros, ii. 13. note i. 
 
 Mandar, ii. 30. note p. 
 
 Manto, Mantua, i. 370. 
 
 Manes, i. 135, 332. ii. 192 — 196, 
 
 Mare, a fymbol of the Ark, ii. 2. 
 
 h h % Mau- 
 
4<58 1 N D E X. 
 
 Maurice, Mr. his opinion of the Cabiri, i. 5. 
 
 Maurigafima, ifland, ii. 289. 
 
 Medea, ii. 90, 103. venerated in the Eaft, 104. her genealogy, 
 119. 
 
 MelifiTae, priefteffes of Mylitta, ii. 366. 
 
 Meon, ii. 56. note s. 
 
 Mercury, i. 283. his genealogy, 294. his hiftory, 295, wor- 
 shipped under the form of a ftone, 306. father of the fcvtn 
 Corybantes, 309, 388. Mercury-Hipparcheus, ii. 27.. 
 
 Merlin, ii. 14. note i. his mythological hiftory, 424, 
 
 Metempfychofis, origin of it, ii. 354. 
 
 Minerva, i. 105. ii. 17. 
 
 Minos, i. 321, 398. 
 
 Minoa, i. 399. 
 
 Minotaur, i. 402. 
 
 Minyas, the father of the Argonauts, i. 95, his daughters, ii. 
 34. his hiftory, 182. 
 
 Minyae, a general name of the Argonauts, ii. 182, their hifto- 
 ry, 186. their fettlements, 187. 
 
 Miphletzeth, i. 361. note t. 
 
 Mifa, ii. 7. 
 
 Mifor, a name of Mizraim, i. 36, 48. 
 
 Mithras, his cavern, ii. 357. 
 
 Mnizur, ii. 149. 
 
 Molafs, St. ii. 405. 
 
 Moloch, i. 190. 
 
 Morgana, ii. 429. note m. 
 
 Muidhr, (the Iriih Mithras,) cave of, near Sligo, ii. 408. 
 
 Museus, i. 244. ii. 278. 
 
 Mycerinus, i. 183. 
 
 Myfteries of the ancients, their connection with the fabulous 
 Hades, i. 225. their import, ii. 320. mode of their celebra- 
 tion, 331, 
 
 Nebo, 
 
INDEX, 469 
 
 N. 
 
 Nebo, i. 123. 
 
 Neleus, ii. 190. 
 
 Nemefis, ii. 215. 
 
 Neptune, i. 125. Hippian Neptune, ii. 9. (huts up the Titans 
 
 in the centre of the earth, 265. 
 Nergal, ii. 61. note e. 
 Nereus, i. 74. 
 Neftor, ii. 188. 
 
 New-Grange pyramid, ii. 388. 
 Nimrod, the founder of the helio-arkite fuperftition, i. 13. See 
 
 Orion. 
 Niob£, ii. 157. 
 Nifroch, i. 123. 
 
 Noah worfhipped along with the Sun, i. 15, 151. 
 Nuctimus, i. 336. 
 
 Nus of the Myfteries, and the Platonifts, ii. 147. 
 Nufa, ii. 302. 
 Nymphs, a differtation on the cave of the, ii. 359. et infra. 
 
 Oannes, i. 77, 120. 
 
 Ob, Op, Ophis, i. 187. 
 
 Oc, radical, i. 248. 
 
 Ocnus, i. 370. 
 
 Ocean, i. 247. 
 
 Oder, i. 291. 
 
 Odin, i. 290. his horfe, i ; , 28. 
 
 Ogga, i. 250. 
 
 Ogoa, i. 252. 
 
 Ogmius, i. 252. 
 
 Ogyges, i. 180. ii. 60, 
 
 Ogygia, 
 
4?o INDEX. 
 
 Ogygia, the ifland of Calypfo, i. 249. remarks upon the tradi- 
 tional hiftory of it, ii. 404. note e. 
 
 Oncus, i. 251. 
 
 Opis, i. 208. ii. 31. 
 
 Ophion, ii. 255. 
 
 Orchomenus, i. 95, 326. his hiftory, ii. 183, 313, 317. 
 
 Orchomenii, ii. 186. 
 
 Orgies, import of the word, ii. 117. 
 
 Orion, i. 338, 340. ii. 160. 
 
 Orpheus, his mythological hiftory, ii. 234. 
 
 Ofiris, the folar Noah, i. 151. etymology of the name, ii. 77, 
 note 1. the fame as Ifwara, 83. and Bacchus. 274. his Myf- 
 teries, 334. 
 
 Owen, ii. 393. 
 
 Pagodas of Hindoftan, ii. 386. 
 
 Palas, i. 410, 415. 
 
 Palici, i. 417. 
 
 Palemon-Melicerta, i. 254. 
 
 Palladium, i. 346, 410. 
 
 Pan, i. 160. 
 
 Panoptes, ii. 181. 
 
 Parcae, i. 320. 
 
 Parkhurft, Mr. his opinion of the Cabiri, L $, 
 
 Parnaflus, i. 255. note g. 
 
 Patai'ci, i. 158. ii. 173. note a. 227, 
 
 Patara, ii. 152. note h. 358. 
 
 Patricus, ii. 148, 398. 
 
 Pegafus, i. 269. ii. 17, 45. 
 
 Peiruun, ii. 289. 
 
 Peleus, i. 321. 
 
 Pelafgi, i. 6$, 93, 357. 
 
 Pelafgus, his genealogy, i. 93, 3^ 
 
 Pelops, ii. 20, 212. 
 
 Pen a- 
 
INDEX, 471 
 
 Penates Trojan, i. 409. 
 
 Perfeus, the folar Noah, i. 199. known in Hindoftan, ii. 105. 
 
 note e. 
 Petar, ii. 109. note k. 
 Petroi, PetreiDii, ii. 137, 35S. 
 Petra, ii. 359. 
 Phaethon, i. 172. 
 Phanes, i. 194. 
 
 Phallic worfhip, i. 364. note d. ii. 92, 109. note k. 
 Phanac, ii. 210, 338. 
 Philiftines, i. 361. 
 Phlegethon, i. 273. 
 Phlegyas, i. 326. ii. 282. 
 Phlegyae, i. 327. ii. 280. 
 Phlegreans, ii. 279. 
 Phoroneus, his genealogy, i. 89. 
 Phrixus, i. 303, 401. 
 Pleiades, i. 336, 338. 
 Pluto, a Cabirus, i. 106, 349. 
 Polyphonte, i. 271. 
 Pollux, ii. 208, et infra. 
 Porphyry, his treatife on the cave of the Nymphs confidered, 
 
 ii. 361. 
 Poftdiluvian idolatry firft openly eftablifhed at Babel, i. 14. 
 Priefts of the Cabiri alfo called Cabin or Coryhantes> i. 4. 
 Priam, i. 347. 
 Prithu, i. 70. 
 
 Praw, import of the term, i. 1 14. 
 Prometheus, i. 114. ii. 64. 
 
 Proferpine, a Cabira, i. 105. her Myfteries, ii. 347, 
 Protogonus, i. 34, 41. 
 Purgatory of St. Patric, ii. 392. 
 Pyramids of Egypt, ii. 385. 
 Pyratheia of Perfia, ii. 453. 
 Pyrrhic dance, ii. 109. 
 
 Quan- 
 
475 INDEX. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quanwon, the Magna Mater of the- Japanefe, i. 3 14. note f. 
 ii. 87. note g. 412. 
 
 R. 
 
 Radicals, i. 27. 
 
 Raamah, the younger Bacchus, ii. 270, 305. 
 
 Raven, its mythological hiftory, i. 101. 
 
 Ravan, king of Ceylon, ii. 305. 
 
 Reland, his opinion of the Cabiri, i. 6. 
 
 Regeneration of the Myfteries, its import, ii. 349. 
 
 Rhadamanthus, i. 321. 
 
 Rhea, the lunar Ark, mother of the feven Titans, i. 80, 88, 
 
 her Myfteries, ii. 339. 
 Rhodos, i. 374. 
 Rifhis, i. 130. note d. 
 
 Salus, the lunar Ark, i. 99. 
 
 Samothrace, i. 353- ""• 11 ^> 
 
 Sanchoniatho, his Phenician hiftory analyfed, i. 32, 
 
 Sandocus, ii. 50. note b. 
 
 Sarpedon, ii. 169. note n. 
 
 Saturn Hippian, ii. 30. 
 
 Satyavrata, ii. 82, 94. 
 
 Scyphius, ii. 9, 57. 
 
 Scylla, i. 267. 
 
 Semiramis, i. 86. 
 
 Serpent, fymbolical of the Sun, i. 186. ferpent of the northern 
 
 nations, 208. of Colchi, ii. 206. 
 Serapis, i. 281. 
 
 Shuckford, Dr. his opinion of the Cabiri, i. 6. 
 Ship temples, i. 215. 
 
 Sibyl- 
 
INDEX. 473 
 
 Sibyllae, ii. 431. note n. 
 
 Siberian medal, i. 3 15. note f. 
 
 Silenus, ii. 308. note u. 
 
 Siph, radical, ii. 2. 
 
 Sifyphus, ii. 9, 58, 163. 
 
 Sita, ii. 86. 
 
 Siton, a name of Dagon or Noah, i. 36, 48, ii. 88. 
 
 Socus, a title of Mercury, i. 388. 
 
 Sphinx, i. 270. ii. 25. 
 
 Stone worfhip, i. no, 306. ii. 168. 
 
 Stone-Henge, ii. 170, 436. 
 
 Styx, the deluge, i. 259. 
 
 Srnij his polyonymy, i. J 50. 
 
 Surya-Bans, i. 169. 
 
 Sydyk, a name of Noah, i. 36, 49. 
 
 Symbols ufed in the Cabiric worfhip, i. 19. 
 
 Symplegades, import of the fable concerning them, ii. 129. 
 
 Syrian Goddefs, i. 85. 
 
 T. 
 
 Talefman, ii. 414. note o. 
 
 Talus, his hiftory, i. 394. 
 
 Tantalus, ii. 157. 
 
 Targitaus, i. 257. 
 
 Tarfus, its mythological hiftory, ii. 47. 
 
 Tarteflfus, i. 242. 
 
 Taurus, i. 404. ii. 190, 
 
 Telamon, i. 321. 
 
 Teleboae, i. 397. 
 
 Telchines, i. 272, 372. 
 
 Tellis, i. 243. 
 
 Telephus, i. 201. 
 
 Tennes, i. 348. 
 
 Tethys, i. 90. 
 
 Thetis, i. 322. 
 
 Thebah, i. 352. ii. 163, 
 
 vol. 11. 1 i The 
 
474 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Thebes, i. 178. ii. 164, 178. 
 
 Thor, i. 293. 
 
 Thoth, Taautus, Thoyth, a name of Noah, i. $6y 75, 126, 309. 
 
 Titan, the folar Noah, i. 175. 
 
 Titans, i. 3$, 37. a general name of all the diluvians, 44. the 
 feven Titans the Noetic family, 80. attacked by Styx, 260* 
 in Hades, 325. hiftory of their war, ii. 239. et infra. 
 
 Titanides, i. 37, 87. 
 
 Titea, i. 79, 386. 
 
 Tithonus, i. 347. 
 
 Titias, i. 387. 
 
 Tityus, i. 325. 
 
 Tola, ii. 413. note o. 
 
 Tolmen of Conftantine in Cornwall, ii. 413. 
 
 Tortofa, caverns of, in Paleftine, ii. 439. 
 
 Trinity of the Gentiles, Shem, Ham, and Japhet, i. 313, 
 
 Trophonius, his cavern, ii. 375. 
 
 Troy, fiegeof, i. 324. ii. 175. 
 
 Tulus, i. 395' 
 
 Typhoeus, ii. 247. 
 
 Typhon, the Ocean, i. 37, 61, 73, 82, 352. 
 
 Tyrrheni, i. 361. 
 
 U. 
 
 Vallancey, Col. his opinion of the Cabiri, i. 7. 
 
 Vandimon, i. 78. 
 
 Venus, the lunar Ark, i. 81. Vemis-Cabira, 97. Venu&-Hip- 
 
 podamia, ii. 20. Venus-Colias, 62. 
 Vifhnou, i. 121. ii. 114. 
 Uranus, i, 67, 71. ii. 243, 246. 
 Vulcan, i. 157. 
 
 >Yar. 
 
INDEX. 475 
 
 w. 
 
 Warbirton Bp. his fentiments refpe&ing the Myfteries, 1. 232. 
 Whifton, Mr. his theory refpecting the natural caufe of the de- 
 luge, i. 82. note z. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yncas of Peru, i. 170. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zagreus, ii, 272. 
 
 Zancle, its fabulous hiftory, ii. 159. 
 
 Zanclus, ii. 159. 
 
 Zetes, ii. 168. 
 
 Zon, ii. 140, 158. 
 
 Zoroafter, ii, 154. 
 
 THE END. 
 
DATE DUE 
 
 mri ?■!■ m 
 
 hasw 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CAVLORO 
 
 
 
 
:>'.v, 
 
 
 * 
 
 -«--% 
 
 - JP M 
 
 ■ X 
 
 ¥ ■'■ v 
 
 >%; fllffff. 
 
 J ! 
 
 / ■ ; i 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 .' V ' 
 
^ fit ■; • 
 
 - r '\ft 
 
 
 .3 "■'£ j" HL £^T^ 
 
 .■ ^ 
 
»r './, • 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^%4?l- 
 
 ^Sfe 
 
 
 , ft* • Sy^ ^^ 
 
 >, 
 
 
 Kf