elp: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called elp.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

Policy; China; Development; System; Economics; Rights; Market; Note; Security; Information; Protection; Countries; Case; State; Data; States; Enforcement; Public; Administrative; Act; Use; Technology; Government; Self; Human; Maritime; People; Fraud; Behavior; Model; Crimes; Crime; Parties; Social; Family; Education; Rate; Urban; Population; Philosophy; Civil

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• Global Energy and CO2s: Defection Risk by Lane, Jan-Erik (2017) - Figure 15 present a picture the most addicted to fossil fuels country in the world. The extreme economic growth has been based upon massive imports of energy sources, like natural gas and oil as well as coal. Keywords: co2s; countries; economics; energy; figure; global; law; policy; power; vol; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• The Effectiveness of Governance Mechanisms in Scenarios of Water Scarcity: The Cases of the Hydropolitical Complexes of Southern Africa and Jordan River Basin by de Queiroz, Fábio Albergaria; Tiburcio, James A. P. (2018) - In the Jordan Basin, however, the struggle for control of water resources has been a paramount feature in the maintenance of a tense and resilient non-cooperative framework among riparian countries. In the same fashion, signatory states of the United Nations Millennium Declaration commit themselves in paragraph 23 “to stop the unsustainable exploitation of water resources by developing water management strategies at the regional, national and local levels, which promote both equitable access and adequate supplies” (Note 4). Keywords: africa; basin; conflict; development; economics; hydropolitical; inc; international; israel; jordan; law; note; palestinian; policy; resources; river; security; southern; states; vol; water; water resources; west; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• Trade Value Chains Effect of an Integrated Zone on Economic Growth and Food Security by Tinta, Almame Abdoulganiour (2018) - International trade is not the better solution for ECOWAS countries to boost economic growth, but intra-regional trade needs to progressively improve the competitiveness of the economy using the scale effect of global value chains. Keywords food security, economic growth, trade openness, regional integration, value chains 1. Introduction Food security and economic growth constitute the two challenges of the contemporary economy particularly in developing countries. Keywords: capita; chains; countries; country; development; economic; ecowas; food; food security; growth; integration; openness; policy; security; trade; value
• Trump and U.S. Immigration Policies. Lessons from the Eisenhower Administration by Nardini, Alia K. (2018) - Keywords Trump, Muslim Ban, U.S. immigration policy, restrictionism, nativism, Eisenhower, Cold War 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v1n1p105 Abstract While U.S. immigration entry policies after 1953 became a hallmark of ideological openness, designating the United States as the unquestioned leader of a freer and more just world order, Donald Trump’s current immigration strategies isolate America, damage her economy, and fuel divisive feelings among citizens. Keywords: act; america; country; eisenhower; immigration; law; policy; president; refugee; relief; security; states; trump; u.s; united; war
• The Largest Externalities Ever by Lane, Jan-Erik (2018) - Although the Figure 10 predicts a doubling of renewable energy, the dependency upon fossil fuels, including coal energy, will not be much reduced. Domestic politics play a major role in energy policy besides international accords. Keywords: countries; economics; energy; figure; inc; law; policy; vol; world; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• Violence, Its Roots, and How to Stop It by Avny, Amos (2023) - We assume that part of the new mode of operation occurred when many violent activities and hostility attacks move from the 20 th to the 21 st Century. Quite at the beginning we want to clarify that since the whole issue is so large and heavy, we neither deal with wars, of any types and size, nor with political Terror activities. Keywords: activities; century; economics; law; people; policy; self; terror; violence; world
• Analysis of the East African Community Integration Process as an Opportunity for Uganda’s Medium-to-Long-Term Development by Matte, Rogers (2019) - In particular, MEACA initiates and develops policies that support East African Community integration; provides leadership in the negotiation process including the development of country positions; follows-up the implementation of EAC Summit and Council decisions as well as directives as a way of ensuring compliance; conducts research on the impact of EAC regional Integration to inform Policy actions; sensitizes and creates awareness about the progress and benefits of EAC integration and enhance participation of all stakeholders including the Public, www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 2, No. 1, 2019 50 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Private Sector and Civil Society; builds capacity of all Stakeholders including MDAs, Private Sector and Civil Society on EAC regional integration matters to enhance participation; and fosters cooperation arrangements with other Regional and International Organizations whose activities have a bearing on the objectives of EAC. As evident from the national policy on EAC integration, there are sectors and agencies responsible for planning of interventions which need to work together as government in order www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 2, No. 1, 2019 16 Published by SCHOLINK INC. to identify synergies from joint planning and jointly increase benefits from coordinated interventions. Keywords: african; african community; community; customs; development; eac; eac integration; eac partner; east; economic; establishment; implementation; integration; law; market; national; partner; partner states; period; policies; policy; policy vol; regional; sector; security; services; states; trade; uganda; union; vol; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• Inflation Thresholds, Economic Growth and Investment Planning In Uganda by Matte, Rogers (2019) - During inflationary periods, money is redistributed from holders of money balances to governments (through monetary authorities – inflation tax) to expand public investment programmes, thus increasing growth High inflation rates raise the cost and risk of productive capital and may lead to misallocation of funds to less productive investments that act as a hedge against inflation … Neoclassical and endogenous growth inflation affects capital accumulation and investment; “ “ High inflation leads to speculative trade and capital … www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 2, No. 1, 2019 63 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Theory Nature Inflation and growth Criticism Emphasis outflows affecting growth Monetarist the role played by monetary growth in determining inflation – from the quantity theory of money There is neutrality of money, with inflation rate having no effect on the growth rate as well as the level of output. High inflation erodes the value of money and affects economic welfare of low income earners. Keywords: bank; economics; growth; inc; inflation; interest; level; money; percent; policy; rate; sector; threshold; uganda; vol
• Affective Response and Attraction Effect on Consumer’s Intention to Buy by Santosa, Eric (2019) - Sentient Decision Science (2014) gives examples of two www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 2, No. 1, 2019 91 Published by SCHOLINK INC. high-end toasters. The answer is the purpose of this study that is to intensely know the influence of affective respond and www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 2, No. 1, 2019 92 Published by SCHOLINK INC. effect of attraction to customer’s behavior, particularly his/her behavioral intention. Keywords: attitude; attraction; behavior; consumer; economics; effect; inc; law; policy; research; vol; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• Public Transport Effectiveness in Brazzaville by Nzololo, Moyo (2019) - Public transport effectiveness is related to the specificity of each city in socioeconomic, institutional, cultural and geographical terms: it is not possible to reproduce a common model applicable to all types of urban public transport; which is corroborated by Massot et al. (2004): “The effectiveness of public transport systems is closed linked to the characteristics of terrain served by such systems”. Such urbanization goes along with urban spreading that generates an increase in both urban mobility needs and the use of public transport. Keywords: accidents; brazzaville; buses; cost; des; economics; hand; law; policy; public; road; taxi; time; traffic; transport; vehicles; vol; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• Achieving Sustainability of Marine Fish Stocks in Nigeria: Can the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Make a Different? by E. Okon, Emmanuel (2019) - The areas which the database should cover include, but limited to the biomass of at least the commercial fish stocks, predator-prey relationship of the stocks, levels at which the stocks can produce MSY, precautionary reference points that are stock-specific and takes into account the state of each stock, how marine fishing activities affect the aquatic ecosystems, the impact of land-based pollution and climate change on MFS, and the socio-economic characteristic of the fishers. In order to achieve sustainability of Nigeria’s MFS, this article recommends, among others, the enactment of a new NMFL that integrates sustainable development and contemporary conservation, management and compliance measures recommended or prescribed in the Agenda and other UN instruments on marine fisheries. Keywords: agenda; approach; climate; development; economics; environment; fisheries; fishing; international; law; management; marine; mfs; nigeria; nmfl; note; policy; precautionary; regulations; resources; state; use; vessels; vol
• Does Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Make Difference to Civilians?: An Analytical and Evaluation Study by Fahmy, Walid (2020) - It is interesting, in this regard, to review the applicability of the legal regime of international responsibility of a State for internationally wrongful as to the breach of responsibility to protect. This means that the existence of an internationally wrongful act on the part of the State constitutes, as such, the source of international responsibility. Keywords: act; art; case; commission; community; court; crimes; criminal; economics; general; genocide; human; inc; international; international law; intervention; law; military; nations; note; obligation; peace; policy; protect; resolution; responsibility; rights; security; security council; state; state responsibility; united; vol; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• Verbal Issues and Its Effect in Controlling the Scientific Mentality and Fundamentalist Controversy by Shehata Hussein, Mohamed Ahmed (2020) - www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 82 Published by SCHOLINK INC. It was formed to enumerate the conceptual and validating principles of the parts of science; then it is necessary to make many of the issues of other sciences part of the science on which it depends. The way of issuing a multitude of possible on the duty of one existence from each side is that the duty of existence as a mind that reasoned himself first, and from his reasoning for one’ self arises first mind. Keywords: case; definition; doctrine; duty; economics; evidence; existence; god; human; inc; issue; law; meaning; mind; perception; philosophy; policy; science; self; vol; world; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• Is There a Policy That Reduces Mass Public Shooting Deaths? by E. Moody, Carlisle (2023) - Combining newly developed and traditional difference-in-differences methodologies, we analyze several policies that have been suggested as possibly effective in reducing deaths due to mass public shootings. Keywords mass public shootings, policy analysis, difference-in-differences, gun-free zones 1. Keywords: control; effects; gun; laws; mass; model; note; number; policy; public; shootings; variables; weapons
• The Impact of the Crisis on Poverty and Socio-Economic Inequalities in Europe by Acocella, Nicola (2023) - This trend was partially influenced by fiscal policy, which acted in Europe, particularly in the Eighties and Nineties, in reducing income inequality. More recently, the trend in income inequality has changed. Keywords: countries; crisis; economics; growth; income; inequality; policy; poverty; share; wealth
• Assessing the Determinants of Food Security Status in Bangladesh: A Micro-Econometric Analysis by Dev, Tithy; Hossain, Elias; Haghiri, Morteza (2020) - FSI Value of Sample Households Region All households Food secured households Food insecured households Naogaon 0.999 1.03 0.91 Natore 0.942 1.01 0.91 Rajshahi 0.996 1.11 0.92 All regions 0.979 1.08 0.91 Source: Sample data. 2.2 Evidence Outside Bangladesh There are some studies which examined the determinants of household food security using different quantitative techniques. Keywords: bangladesh; et al; food; food security; household; income; level; percent; policy; production; security; security status; status; study
• Research on the Current Situation, Prospects and Countermeasures of Digital RMB by Lin, Chuan; Xia, Xinyi (2023) - We should promote the application of digital RMB as soon as possible in a pioneering manner to facilitate digital development. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy On the one hand, the implementation of digital RMB development can help expand the space for monetary policy. Keywords: bank; china; development; digital; digital rmb; economic; international; internationalization; payment; policy; rmb; system
• The Cybercrime Acts and the Electronic Transaction in International Law by Fahmy, Walid (2024) - The Meaning of Cybercrime and Its Characteristics Some scholars of criminal law have used the term “cybercrime” in reference to computer crimes, cybercrime, and other modern means of communication. Thus, Mr. Alderman and Mr. Bloch retain as a definition of computer crime, the definition of cybercrime proposed by experts of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), namely “any illegal or unethical or unauthorized behavior, which concerns automatic processing of data and/or data transmissions”. Keywords: code; computer; convention; cooperation; countries; crimes; criminal; cybercrime; economics; inc; information; jurisdiction; law; penal; policy; states; system; united; vol
• Extraterritorial Reference of China’s Labor Market Flexibility Adjustment by Fuxia, Gao; Xinpeng, Xu; Yunning, Huang; Lina, Luo (2021) - The Netherlands focuses on strengthening labor market flexibility through external stimulus without relaxing labor security for temporary and vulnerable groups. From the perspective of the development of China‟s labor market and the institutional changes of legal adjustment, compared with the history of labor market changes in the early industrialized countries, there are both commonalities and characteristics. Keywords: adjustment; contract; employment; flexibility; labor; labor market; law; market; policy; security; system; term; workers
• Near Identification of Policy Trade-Offs Using Preference Proxies to Elicit Hidden Information in the Linear Case by Azam, Jean-Paul (2021) - Then, our econometrician now includes ĝ in his second-stage equation as in: ˆy x p g         .                     . Keywords: identification; policy;  
• The Impact of Tourism Policies on the Competitiveness of Tourist Destinations by Ke, Weichen (2024) - In summary, tourism policies play a facilitating role in the development and improvement of tourism products and services, providing development impetus, improving product and service quality, and enhancing overall competitiveness for tourism destinations. On a global scale, the formulation and implementation of tourism policies have become pivotal factors in enhancing the competitiveness of tourist destinations. Keywords: competitiveness; destinations; development; industry; infrastructure; policies; policy; service; tourism; tourists
• The Moral Justification and Necessity of Torture in the Context of Suspected Terrorists by Suyi, Wang (2024) - The Ticking Bomb Dilemma: Ethical and Practical Justifications for Torture When Courtenay and Conrad surveyed pedestrians in New York regarding the practice of torture, most individual‘s first reaction was an affirmative refusal to undertake in such a ―gruesome act‖ (Note 4). The Doctrine of Necessity: Utilitarian Perspectives on Torture in Extreme Scenarios There is a common fear shared by advocates of human rights that once the right of the individual not to be subjected to torture is derogated, even just slightly, the practice will be abused and exploited. Keywords: bomb; doctrine; economics; ibid; journal; law; necessity; note; policy; rights; scenario; torture; use; vol; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• Research on Enhancement of Gov't Functions in Regional Tech Achievements Transformation by Chi, Zhenyu (2024) - Interest balance plays an important role in the formulation of cross-regional government policies. But there are few laws and regulations on inter-regional government cooperation, and there is not a special law to regulate inter-regional government cooperation. Keywords: achievements; achievements transformation; cooperation; development; enterprises; government; policies; policy; transformation
• Regional Disparities: A Longitudinal Analysis of Economic Growth Factors across Rural China by Jin, Xiwen (2024) - Accordingly, the following hypotheses are proposed:  Education: Higher levels of education in rural areas are positively associated with economic growth  Healthcare: Greater accessibility to healthcare in rural regions is positively correlated with improvements in economic growth  Population flow: Rural regions with a larger net inflow of population will exhibit higher economic growth  The fundamental theoretical framework behind rural economic growth is that the standard of living can be enhanced through the expansion of economic activities; in this way, the economy is diversified, providing more opportunities to local people. Keywords: areas; china; growth; policy; population; regions
• Reflections on the Comprehensive Improvement of Juvenile Delinquency Criminal Policy by Li, Hanyu (2024) - The research will delve into the current status of juvenile delinquency, provide a comprehensive assessment of existing policies, and draw on international experiences to propose specific recommendations for improving juvenile delinquency criminal policies, thereby promoting effective prevention and intervention, and enhancing overall social stability. These international experiences provide valuable references for improving juvenile delinquency policies and practices. Keywords: delinquency; juveniles; law; measures; policies; policy; support
• Innovative Practices and Future Directions of Antitrust in Online “Live Streaming Sales” by Wang, Wensong (2024) - Consequently, amendments and enhancements are urgently needed to enhance the effectiveness and targeted nature of antitrust enforcement. This hierarchical authorization enforcement mechanism represents a significant institutional innovation in the relationship between central and local antitrust enforcement authorities, aimed at optimizing the allocation and utilization of antitrust enforcement resources, promoting efficient coordination and unified execution of antitrust enforcement nationwide, ensuring consistent and robust implementation of antitrust policies across regions, and thereby effectively regulating emerging business forms such as online “live streaming with product sales” and maintaining a fair competition order. Keywords: antitrust; china; commerce; competition; economy; enforcement; law; live; market; platform; policy; regulatory; streaming
• Developing an Effective Strategy for the Enforcement of the Constitutional Mandate of the Senate Committee on Ethics, Code of Conduct and Public Petitions by Okon, Emmanuel E.; Udombana, Ngozi J. (2022) - Part six analyses the constitutional basis for enforcement of the investigation powers of Senate Committee on ECCPP, its establishment and jurisdiction, procedure for its business, how it has fared so far, and limitations or challenges to its success. 6. Constitutional Basis for Enforcement of Investigation Powers of Senate Committee on ECCPP Keywords: act; assembly; committee; conduct; constitution; eccpp; government; house; investigation; law; nigeria; note; person; policy; power; public; section; senate; senate committee; sso
• Education Policy in Developing Countries: Addressing the Challenge of Managing Overseas Scholarship Programs through Performance Measurement by N. D. Nsiegbe, Lasbrey (2022) - This is more so in developing countries that are even in need of high quality education obtainable in the developed economies through overseas scholarship schemes for deserving candidates. Among this latter group exist those societies who recognize that real and sustainable development hinges upon high quality education. Keywords: assessment; benchmarking; economics; education; funding; inc; law; management; organization; performance; policy; quality; scholarship; student; study; vol; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp
• Back to the Genuine American Dream A Call to Move Toward a People-Oriented Economics by Avny, Amos (2022) - Labor means laborers, working people, doers, human beings. It signifies the opening of many new opportunities. Keywords: american; economics; future; life; pandemic; people; policy; wikipedia; work; world
• Crisis Preparedness in the Digital World by Canakci, Demet; Mortlock, Geof (2022) - o Financial risks being inadequately managed: the inadequate management of risks associated with fintech pose a threat to financial stability—especially in non-bank financial intermediation and other under-regulated parts of the financial system. Financial stability risks—e.g., due to potential asset price bubbles or excessive market concentration of systemically important functions. Keywords: authorities; bank; digital; fintech; institutions; law; management; market; non; payment; policy; requirements; resolution; risks; services; stability; system
• An Analysis of the Status of China’s Digital Economy and Infrastructure by Chunzhi, Li (2022) - During this period, both the scale of digital economy and its proportion in GDP has recorded higher every year indicating the steady trend of digital economy development in China. In the future, whoever grasps the new digital infrastructure can succeed in digital economy development. Keywords: china; cloud; computing; data; development; digital; economy; infrastructure; percent; policy
• Designing Labor Provisions in China’s BITs: Dual Identity Challenges and Legislative Strategies by Li, Kaiwen (2025) - Nowhere is this tension more evident than in the treatment of labor provisions within China’s BIT network, where competing imperatives create distinctive governance challenges. This article examines China’s approach to labor provisions in BITs through the lens of its dual identity as both capital importer and exporter. Keywords: approach; bit; china; governance; international; investment; labor; law; policy; provisions
• A Historical Study of the Relationship between Economic Schools and Antitrust Law by Ding, Kaiming (2025) - 2. Representative of Structuralism: The Harvard School 2.1 Background In 1938, Professor Roger Myerson of Harvard University conducted preliminary empirical validation of market structure and market conduct in competitive processes, proposing that the risks of monopolistic behavior might correlate with market structures of a certain scale. Economists continued to dedicate themselves to studying the relationship between market structure, market conduct, and market performance, ultimately contributing to the establishment of industrial organization theory as an independent discipline within economics. Keywords: antitrust; chicago; competition; economics; efficiency; harvard; law; market; policy; school; school‟s
• Protection of Atypical Workers in the Platform Economy by Teng, Zhifeng (2025) - This paper analyzes how platform workers face classification dilemmas, with weakened personal, economic, and organizational subordination leading to inadequate social security, algorithmic opacity, and loss of collective rights. Keywords platform economy, platform workers, labor rights protection, algorithmic regulation 1. Keywords: algorithms; control; drivers; economy; employment; inc; income; labor; law; platform; policy; protection; rights; self; subordination; uber; workers
• Research on the Overseas Development of New Energy Vehicles – ESG Three-Dimensional Analysis Based on Indonesia by Wang, Ruixuan; Ma, Ruinan; Li, Junjin; Soewanto, Edward (2025) - The primary goal of this project is to study the environmental regulatory compliance issues faced by new energy vehicle companies in exports under the ESG evaluation system and to deeply analyse and compare regulatory requirements, industry standards, and corporate practices in different countries and regions. Through in-depth literature reviews, expert interviews, and other methods, identify and analyse the commonalities and particularities of compliance issues and provide new energy vehicle companies with compliance solutions from a global perspective. Keywords: byd; china; companies; company; compliance; development; economics; energy; energy vehicle; environmental; esg; governance; government; indonesia; industry; investment; law; market; policy; production; regulations; research; standards; tax; toyota; vehicle; vehicle companies; vol
• Research on the Civil Law Protection of Private Information by Xu, Jingwen (2025) - Personal private information refers to data closely tied to an individual’s life, identity, health, and other aspects that they generally wish to keep private. In the discussion of civil legal protection for personal privacy information, establishing clear identification criteria for sensitive data is paramount. Keywords: civil; collection; data; information; information protection; infringement; law; policy; privacy; processing; protection; rights; security; users
• The Response of the Codification of the Eco-Environmental Code to the “Mainstreaming of Biodiversity” Objective in the GBF by Li, Xilai (2025) - Biodiversity Credits: Concept, Principles, Trading, and Challenges. Such measures will not only promote the integrated development of ecological civilization construction and biodiversity conservation in China but also help shape the international discourse on China’s concept of “ecological civilization.” Keywords: benefit; biodiversity; code; credit; dsi; framework; information; law; liability; management; mechanism; national; policy; protection; resources; sharing; system
• The Gaza Conflict, from an International Law Perspective Failure of Humanitarian Law and Restructuring of Global Governance by Pei, Yixiao (2025) - Israel has repeatedly violated the spirit of the resolution and international humanitarian law in its military operation in Gaza, as manifested in the following aspects: 2.1.1 Violation of the Provisions on Gender-Sensitive Protection in Resolution 1325 This amounts to Israel’s failure to fulfill its obligations under international humanitarian law and Resolution 1325, and its failure to take responsibility for gender harm. Keywords: conflict; council; gaza; humanitarian; international; israel; law; nations; policy; resolution; security; united; war

• Contextualising Germen Involvement in CPEC through Wakhan Corridor and Gwadar Port as an Diplo-Economic Opportunity by Malik, Hasan Yaser (2019) - It will be prudent Germany to have an access to Gwadar Port through an alternative to the Karakoram Highway through Wakhan Corridor. By utilising the land route and proposed water route through Wakhan Corridor starting from North East of Afghanistan to Gwadar Port Germany will not only be able to enhance its contemporary economic situation but will also improve its much desired diplomatic and economic relations in the regions. Keywords: afghanistan; asian; china; economic; germany; gwadar; indo; pacific; pakistan; region; trade
• Research on the Mechanism and Path of Rural Industry Revitalization Enabled by Digital Economy in Southwest China by Haomiao, Zhai; Fuxia, Gao (2023) - 3) Existing studies have described the development of rural industries empowered by the digital economy through qualitative research, but they have not yet been able to provide corresponding evidence through appropriate quantitative www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 6, No. 1, 2023 61 Published by SCHOLINK INC. research on how to determine the influencing factors of rural industry development empowered by the digital economy in southwest China, match different industrial development models, and the operation mechanism and implementation path of rural industry development empowered by the digital economy in southwest China. 2) By analyzing the influencing factors of the digital economy on the development of rural industries in the southwest region, and combining with the practical characteristics of rural industry development in the southwest region, a real option model is constructed to match the specific models of different industry development, ensuring the feasibility, long-term effectiveness, and sustainability of the digital economy empowering the development of rural industries in the southwest region. Keywords: china; development; economy; industries; industry; research; revitalization; southwest
• An Analysis of the Trend of China’s Export Trade to the USA Based on R Language by Shuang-lin, LUO; Min, ZHOU; Chong-tai, TANG (2019) - At the same www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019 233 Published by SCHOLINK INC. time, as shown in Figure 4, the time series of total export trade value shows a certain tardiness in autocorrelation and obvious seasonality, i.e., non-stationary. ARIMA model is made up of autoregressive model AR (P), MA (q) and autocorrelation model poor score (d) of three parts, so that half of the ARIMA model has the characteristics of the autoregressive and moving average characteristics of the process, and through poor score (d) let originally non-stationary time series become stable, improve the accuracy of the subsequent forecast. Keywords: china; ets; export; model; states; trade; united; value
• The New History of Urbanization Representation: Another Face of New Century Novels by Shen, Ming; Jia, Zhijie; Chen, Xincun; Kou, Zeyu (2023) - We mainly interrogate urban novels corresponding to rural novels in the literary sense. New urban characters such as new citizens, slaves of desire, alien bottom class, alienation of survival, etc., and new urban images such as information network, towering buildings, and luxury items shown in urban novels all intertextualize with the reality of urbanization after the reform and opening up. Keywords: century; china; city; literature; novels; people; rural; space; urban; urbanization
• Analysis on Criminal Governance of Bitcoin-related Corruption Cases by Zize, Zhang (2021) - It provides great convenience for evidence collection in bitcoin corruption cases. 3. Limitations and Countermeasures of Bitcoin’s Application in Recovering Bribes In general, there are at least the following difficulties in bitcoin corruption cases: (1) The identification of the entity As mentioned above, how to define a state functionary’s intention of accepting bribes is a big difficulty. Keywords: account; bitcoin; cases; china; corruption; currency; evidence; law; money; transaction
• The Construction of Chinese Securities Fraud Rules by Pei, Zhu (2024) - When discussing the application or “reference” application of the tort www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 7, No. 1, 2024 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 169 system of securities misrepresentation, we should not focus entirely on whether the object of the transaction in question constitutes a nominal “security” but should pay attention to the rule of presumption of causation as its essence and be alert to the great power of the presumption of causation (Fan, 2016, pp. Second, there is a theoretical deficiency in China’s judicial practice regarding the determination of the materiality of securities misrepresentations. Keywords: china; law; market; misrepresentation; regulation; securities; system; tort
• Legislative Obstacles to the Right to Be Forgotten in China’s Network Environment by Zhao, Yifan (2024) - Therefore, forgetting is necessary, since we have obtained the right to leave information, then corresponding we should also obtain the right to choose to forget, the network information to breed the right to be forgotten, the right to be forgotten to help us get rid of once, to protect personal rights, the establishment of the right to be forgotten when the network information age is a product of necessity (Moreno, 2023, pp. Probe from the perspective of personal rights, archival science, open science and post‐publication peer review. Keywords: china; information; information protection; information subject; law; network; personality; protection; right
• Inadequacies and Improvements in China’s Divorce Cooling-Off Period System by Zongqi, Li (2024) - In order to reduce impulsive divorce, frivolous divorce, the National People’s Congress deputies, CPPCC members from all walks of life have called for the draft Civil Code to be introduced into the cooling-off period for divorce, in the consultation of the majority of people’s support, and then after a few modifications to determine the cooling-off period for divorce system. 1.6 Literature Review On how to define the cooling-off period for divorce: Xia Qin will divorce cooling-off period and divorce review period together, and that its meaning for the husband and wife filed a request for divorce within one month after the marriage registry for both parties to the divorce qualification review to avoid impulse avoid impulse. Keywords: children; china; cooling; divorce; family; law; marriage; parties; period; period system
• Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Digital Economy by Fuxia, Gao (2022) - Different regions should, in combination with their own geographical location and development level, find the advantages shown in promoting coordinated development compared with other regions, especially the neighboring regions, and the opportunities that digital economy development in other fields can bring to the region, Give full play to their own advantages, seize the development opportunities, and actively share the knowledge and practical application experience of digital economy by building an information sharing platform for digital economy and actively communicating and learning with various regions, so as to gradually eliminate the current situation of data segmentation and promote the coordinated development of regional digital economy. In order to break through the technical bottleneck of digital economy development, the most direct and effective means is to increase the R&D investment related to digital economy development, strengthen basic technology research, especially for the key and weak links in the digital economy industry chain, increase the R&D investment and related R&D subsidies for digital information technology, focus on breaking through the practical bottleneck of key technologies, and improve the modernization level of new forms of digital economy, www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 5, No. 2, 2022 16 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Achieve competitive advantage in the market with cutting-edge theoretical and practical achievements. Keywords: china; data; development; economy; forms; research
• Research on the Path of Digital Economy Promoting Export Trade under the Background of High-quality Development by Dong, Jingfei; Xu, Xinpeng (2022) - In recent years, countries have paid more attention to the innovative application of digital technology, the coordinated development of digital economy and the stable prosperity of digital trade, which have promoted the development of digital economy and digital trade. Digital economy promotes the development of digital trade. Keywords: chain; china; development; digital; economic; economy; export; export trade; international; quality; trade
• Our Exploration of Countermeasures against the Abuse of Unilateral Sanctions by the United States by Jiahui, Zhao (2024) - Due to the lack of effective specialized international rules in the current international rule system, unilateral sanctions are increasingly frequently used by individual countries. The abuse of unilateral sanctions has impacted the normal operation of international mechanisms. Keywords: anti; china; countries; law; sanctions; states; united
• Legal Issues and Countermeasures in the Application of China’s Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas by Guo, Yijia; Chen, Xinlong; Xu, Peng (2024) - Research on the applicability of special sensitive sea area system in China. In order to better protect these areas from the impact of international shipping activities, it is inevitable that the proposals submitted by various countries will include a www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 7, No. 3, 2024 109 Published by SCHOLINK INC. considerable portion of sea area. Keywords: application; areas; china; enforcement; law; measures; routeing; sea; sea areas
• Research on the System of Effective Criminal Defense by Xinlong, Chen; Guo, Yijia; Ren, Tongxu; Jiang, Yangbo (2024) - No defense party can guarantee that their arguments will be accepted by the court, and an unreasonable definition of effective defense could undermine the professional enthusiasm of defense lawyers. Therefore, the accused cannot rely on the judicial authorities to protect their interests but should instead place their trust in defense lawyers. Keywords: china; concept; defense; defense lawyers; duty; lawyers; procedure; rights; system
• On Public Interest in Public Interest Litigation by Zhou, Shengnan; Li, Guoxin; Guan, Chenghan (2025) - However, due to its late start and the diversification of the concept of “public interest”, the law still follows a design approach that combines “specific enumeration + catch-all clause” (Li, X., 2024, pp. To address this, a revised typological approach could be adopted to exclude situations that do not fall under public interest, thereby reducing the uncertainty surrounding the concept of public interest and providing intellectual support for improving relevant legislation and guiding judicial practice. Keywords: cases; china; interest; interest litigation; law; litigation; people; public
• Study on the Conflict of Norms and the Coordination Mechanism of International Law in the Dispute over the Legal Status of Arctic Waterways—A Juridical Logic Based on the Interpretative System of the “Icebound Area Clause” by Yu, Bao; Ji, Ran (2025) - Taking the treaty related to Arctic shipping lanes as an example, understanding the degree of development of the Arctic region at that time, the interests and demands of various countries, and the overall understanding of the international community on Arctic governance will help to more accurately grasp the connotation of the provisions of the treaty. Published: April 11, 2025 doi:10.22158/elp.v8n1p82 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v8n1p82 Abstracts The dispute over the legal status of Arctic shipping lanes is essentially a structural projection of the conflict of international law norms in the field of polar governance. Keywords: arctic; arctic shipping; china; countries; governance; ice; international; law; sea; shipping; shipping lanes
• Discussion on the Introduction of Incomplete Adoption System in China Feasibility Analysis by Liu, Shuangshuang (2025) - The global adoption system is mainly divided into complete adoption system and incomplete adoption system, which together affect parent-child relationship, family relationship and social stability. The change of this demographic trend shows the aggravation of the aging problem in China, which puts forward more urgent challenges to social pension and medical care, and also emphasizes the importance of introducing incomplete adoption system to cope with the support needs of the elderly. Keywords: adoption; adoption system; china; family; relationship; system
• Implications of Foreign Environmental Codification Paradigms for China’s Ecological Civilization Code Compilation by Liu, Enjie (2025) - In 1990, the French Ministry of Environment announced the plan for environmental code, and in 1992, the working institutions and mechanisms for code compilation were put in place, marking the official launch of France’s environmental code compilation work (Mo, F., 2018, pp. For China, this means that when determining the scope of environmental code compilation, a single-department perspective must be transcended. Keywords: china; code; codification; environmental; law
• On the Protection of Citizens’ Rights in Maritime Law Enforcement by Guan, Chenghan; Chen, Chen; Zhou, Shengnan (2025) - In actuality, administrative compensation is a way to handle responsibilities brought on by illegal actions taken by administrative bodies. The National Compensation Law defines the extent of administrative compensation through a two-way enumeration. Keywords: administrative; china; citizens; compensation; law; protection; rights; state
• Research on the Rule of Law Construction of the Operating Mechanism of China’s Energy Market Access System Under the “Dual Carbon” Goal by Yan, Xuefeng (2025) - Under the “dual carbon” goals, China’s energy is gradually transitioning towards low-carbonization, and the promulgation of the Energy Law provides a basic guiding path for energy market access. Keywords The “dual carbon” goals, energy market access, operation mechanism, legal system construction www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 65 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 1. Keywords: access; access system; carbon; china; development; energy; energy market; enterprises; exit; law; market; market access; system; transformation
• Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of International Commercial Arbitration in China by Liu, Songqi (2025) - Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp 162 Original Paper Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of International Commercial Arbitration in China Songqi Liu 1 1 School of Ocean Law and Humanities, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China Received: September 5, 2025 Accepted: September 17, 2025 Online Published: September 19, 2025 doi:10.22158/elp.v8n2p162 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v8n2p162 Abstract This article aims to systematically analyze the current development status, existing problems and countermeasures of international commercial arbitration in China. Keywords International commercial arbitration, Provisional arbitration, arbitration institutions, artificial intelligence www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 163 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 1. Keywords: arbitration; arbitrators; china; disputes; institutions; international; law; parties; system
• Research on the Legalization Path for Constructing a Unified Carbon Market in Chengdu-Chongqing under the “Dual Carbon” Goals by Zhou, Jiaqi (2025) - Given the cross-regional and international nature of carbon markets, the legalization pathway requires enhanced international cooperation and exchange. Relevant legislation provides legal basis and guidance, promoting the organic integration of carbon market development with ecological civilization construction. Keywords: carbon; carbon market; chengdu; china; chongqing; development; emissions; market; national; reduction; trading
• A Discussion on the Legal Regulation of the Circulation and Use of Public Data in China by Lin, Xiangying; Xu, Weiyang (2025) - http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v8n2p246 Abstract As a core element of the digital economy, public data possesses public, property, and security attributes. By analyzing the legal attributes of public data and examining the current status and issues in China’s authorized operation of public data and the opening of government data, this study identifies shortcomings such as unclear ownership, lack of profit distribution mechanisms, prominent security risks, and imperfect legal systems. Keywords: china; circulation; data; development; government; law; market; national; public; security; utilization
• Legal Issues Concerning the Entity Responsible for Collecting Marine Area Usage Fees by Pei, Zhaobin; Wang, Han (2025) - The collection of maritime area usage fees faces issues such as the separation of collection authority and enforcement authority, gaps in the effectiveness of laws and policies, and inconsistent judicial adjudication standards. [2021] No. 19, as a departmental normative document, merely transfers collection duties to tax authorities based on the State Council’s non-tax revenue reform directives without concurrently addressing the legal authorization for “how enforcement authority should be transferred.” Keywords: area; authorities; authority; china; collection; enforcement; law; marine; maritime; people; tax; use
• Research on Consumer Rights Protection in Prepaid Consumption by Liu, Bing (2025) - Prepaid consumers inherently possess all fundamental characteristics of traditional consumers. Concurrently, the definition of operator responsibilities lacks sufficient detail, significantly limiting the effectiveness and rigor of legal safeguards for prepaid consumers. Keywords: cards; china; consumer rights; consumers; consumption; contracts; information; law; market; operators; protection; rights; rights protection; services

• The Current Situation, Problems and Countermeasures of High-Quality Economic and Social Development of Securities Companies Serving Districts and Counties by Chen, Yinzhong; Huang, Shichuan; Lu, Jing; Luo, Jieyue (2023) - Enterprises are an important carrier of county economic development. The Current Situation of Securities Companies Serving the Economic and Social Development of Districts and Counties The first is the coverage of service counties continues to expand. Keywords: companies; counties; county; development; districts; industry; quality; securities; securities companies; service
• The Development of Health Centres due to the Cooperation in Clusters in Poland by Muszynska-Kurnik, Malgorzata; Zizka, Danuta (2019) - The perspective of cluster development in health tourism faces European Union politics which is based on clusters and aims at increasing the level of competitiveness as far as the management of the spa areas and tourist reception are concerned Enforcing competitiveness on tourist market by the means of clusters is obtained mainly by the development of entrepreneurship and innovation on the areas which have been analysed. The main aim of the article it to examine the possibilities of the use of tourist cluster in the area of health resorts taking into consideration the offer and the action. Keywords: centres; cluster; development; health; market; poland; spa; spas; tourism
• The Effect of Digital Finance on Rural Revitalization by Wang, Jiatong; Tong, Niancheng (2023) - Yes Yes R 2 0.905 0.640 0.495 0.912 0.566 0.354 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 6, No. 2, 2023 12 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 5. Conclusions and Suggestions Based on the provincial panel data of 30 provinces in mainland China (except Tibet) from 2011 to 2021, this paper constructs an index evaluation system of rural revitalization level, and studies the effect and mechanism of digital finance development on rural revitalization by using Peking University Digital Inclusive Financing Index. 4.2.2 Tailoring Treatment From the descriptive statistics of variables in Table 2 above, it can be seen that there are great differences in rural revitalization level and digital finance development level among different regions. Keywords: development; digital; effect; finance; income; level; residents; revitalization; urban
• Reconsideration on the Construction of Finance Discipline and the Cultivation of College Students’ Employability in Sichuan International Studies University by Jingchen, Xian; Xinpeng, Xu (2023) - The Shortcomings in Teaching Finance 3.1 Emphasize Theory over Application The reason for the limitations of our school’s previous teaching conditions lies in the phenomenon of emphasizing theory over application in finance teaching from curriculum design to actual teaching. These teachers engaged in finance laboratory teaching should have professional backgrounds in finance, investment, and metrology, possess various industry software operation abilities, and preferably have experience working in corresponding enterprise positions. Keywords: construction; courses; development; discipline; economics; employment; finance; financial; students; teaching
• The Combination of Chinese and Western Sculpture Art and the Future Direction by Fuxin, Wang (2024) - Therefore, in the creation of contemporary sculpture art, the theory of western modern sculpture should be combined with the practice of traditional Chinese sculpture art to promote the progress and development of Chinese sculpture art under the guidance of theory. 4.1 Combination of Theory and Practice The reason why Chinese sculpture art has long been stagnated by the impact of Western culture is directly related to the lagging development of Chinese sculpture theory. Keywords: art; chinese; culture; development; form; law; sculpture; sculpture art
• The Evolution Law of the Subject of Enterprise Compliance Management in China Conflicts with the Logic of Regulation by Fu, Yuxi; Lai, Enyi (2024) - By analyzing the background and demand of the evolution of compliance management subjects, the innovative compliance management concept is put forward, and the application of this concept in enterprise compliance management is introduced in detail. The results show that this concept has significant advantages in promoting the development of enterprise compliance management and solving the conflict of regulatory logic. Keywords: compliance; compliance management; concept; development; enterprise; management; regulations; subjects
• Research on the Role of the Digital Economy in the Modern Logistics Industry by Wang, Zichen (2024) - In order to promote the promotion and popularization of digital technology in small and medium-sized cities, and comprehensively promote the digital transformation of logistics, local governments can set up a special fund to vigorously promote the digital transformation of small logistics enterprises in rural and non-developed areas, so that they can break the threshold of digital transformation and narrow the digital technological gap between enterprises; logistics enterprises should strengthen the training and exercise of employees in digital technology, so that they can better learn and adapt to digital tools and software, and improve the overall technological capabilities of enterprises; the media should increase the promotion of digital logistics for users, so that users of different ages can better understand, adapt to, and use digital logistics technology, and promote the digitalization of logistics industry. Furthermore, in response to the current state of digital logistics, this paper proposes optimization and innovation policies such as strengthening the training of logistics innovation technical personnel, enhancing the economic infrastructure of digital logistics, and promoting deep integration between the digital economy and logistics industr -to enrich logistic theory under the digital economy and promote high-quality development of contemporary logistics industry. Keywords: data; development; digital; economy; enterprises; industry; logistics; logistics industry; technology
• Artificial Intelligence and International Law: The Impact of Emerging Technologies on the Global Legal System by Liu, Jialing (2024) - Finally, the paper looks forward to future trends in AI technology and international law’s response strategies, proposing the necessity of constructing effective legal frameworks and ethical guidelines to promote the sustainable development of AI technology and the healthy development of the global legal system. The widespread application of AI technology covers fields such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and education, and it is also playing an increasingly important role in military, judicial, and international relations. Keywords: data; development; intelligence; law; protection; technology
• Research on Innovation Mechanism and Realization Path of Carbon Finance under the Goal of “Double Carbon” by Shu, He (2024) - Therefore, the establishment of a unified legal framework and the development of internationally recognized trading rules and regulatory standards are necessary measures to promote the healthy development of carbon financial markets. This includes developing special laws and regulations for carbon financial markets, clarifying market trading rules, strengthening supervision of trading activities, and establishing a sound market risk prevention and control system. Keywords: carbon; development; finance; fintech; market; technology
• Study on the Problems and Countermeasures of Tourism Market Supervision in Ethnic Areas by Huang, Ketian (2024) - However, the current status of tourism market regulation in these areas leaves much to be desired. Keywords Ethnic areas, tourism market, market regulation, problems, countermeasures 1. Introduction Tourism resources in ethnic regions often manifest distinctly through their unique cultures and landscapes, captivating visitors from around the globe. Keywords: development; information; market; quality; regions; regulation; tourism; tourists
• Administrative Law Regulation of Cross-border Data Flows: A Case Study of Critical Technology Sectors by Liu, Tianran (2024) - This research is especially timely given the rapid evolution of cross-border data transfer mechanisms and the increasing sophistication of potential threats to critical technology infrastructure. Accepted: December 10, 2024 Online Published: December 12, 2024 doi:10.22158/elp.v7n3p118 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v7n3p118 Abstract This paper examines the administrative law framework governing cross-border data flows in critical technology sectors, with particular emphasis on national security considerations and regulatory mechanisms. Keywords: approaches; border; challenges; cross; data; development; flows; framework; implementation; law; mechanisms; requirements; sectors; security; technology
• Research on the Realistic Challenges and Implementation Paths of New Quality Productivity Driving High-Quality Development of the Ocean by Ting, Xue; Wenjia, Zhang (2025) - They reshape the marine industrial system, spawn new business forms, and offer new solutions to long-standing problems constraining marine development. However, a unified and coordinated mechanism and institution for marine administrative management and maritime law enforcement management have not yet been established, leading to difficulties in coordinating contradictions and conflicts among departments during marine development, and responsibilities are not fully implemented. Keywords: development; economy; forces; innovation; marine; maritime; ocean; quality; research; technology

• Financial Risk and Governance Nexus in Nepalese Cooperative Societies by Paudel, Gyanendra Prasad (2023) - This literature review offers an in-depth exploration of significant findings and perspectives concerning cooperative governance in the Nepalese context. Significance of accountability: Ernst and Young (2012) underscores the vital importance of accountability in cooperative governance. Keywords: cooperative; correlation; governance; hypothesis; risk; score; step; system
• Legal Object Control of Major Administrative Decisions by Kaiyu, Fu (2024) - Major administrative decisions are diversified in structure and have a certain open development direction, thus from the main body who makes decisions at the beginning to who participates in the making of administrative decisions. Major administrative decisions, as the most special kind of administrative decisions, are different from general administrative decisions at the beginning, and their essential characteristics are non-frequent, extensive scope of influence, persistence of time and complexity of consideration factors. Keywords: decision; decision making; experts; government; law; making; participation; public; scope; system
• Effects of the Covid-19 Measures on the Economy and the Environment by Stallinga, Peter; Khmelinskii, Igor (2021) - World economy collapsed and many people saw their livelihood destroyed. To start with a remarkable fact: 21% of fiat money circulating in 2021 has been ―printed‖ (electronically added) in 2020 (Katusa Research, 2021). Keywords: atmosphere; co2; economy; energy; law; money; profit; system; world; year
• Effectiveness of the UK AML System and Strategies for Improvement by Liu, Chenyang (2024) - The cost of anti-money laundering compliance in the UK has been rising disproportionately for more than a decade, but financial crime rates have continued to rise. However, as noted earlier, the cost of anti-money laundering compliance continues to rise, but the rate of financial crime has not fallen. Keywords: aml; april; compliance; crime; laundering; money; money laundering; note; system
• Tax Compliance Non-Prosecution: Logical Foundations, Application Review, and Integrated Pathways—A Perspective from the Greater Bay Area in China by Guo, Binhui; Li, Guizi (2024) - Genealogical expansion and functional transformation: Issues of guilty plea in enterprise compliance cases. As a significant economic engine, the Greater Bay Area in China would benefit from an integrated tax compliance criminal system to support tax compliance within enterprises involved in legal disputes, promoting their sustainable development. Keywords: area; cases; compliance; enterprises; law; non; party; prosecution; rectification; system; tax; tax compliance
• Discussion on the Legal Theory of Underage Minors' Harmful Behavior to Society by Wang, Fei; Chang, Shutian; Shi, Gaohang; Cheng, Jiazhe; Tan, Zhugang (2024) - The purpose of this study is to probe into the paradox of legal regulation on the harmful behaviors of young minors, and analyze the challenges and difficulties faced by current laws in dealing with such cases. Case Recovery and Analysis 1.1 Select Typical Cases of Young Minors Endangering Society Selecting a typical case of young minors endangering society is of great significance to further explore the paradox of legal regulation on this issue (Wang, 2024). Keywords: age; behavior; education; law; minors; regulation; responsibility; social; system
• Research on the Prevention and Control of Farmers’ Pension Risk from the Perspective of Law by CiDan, YuZhen (2025) - There are many aspects of pension risks, such as economic, health and social risks, which have caused great pressure on society. This paper first analyzes the meaning and types of pension risk, and then discusses how the pension risk is generated from the perspective of law. Keywords: age; age care; care; insurance; interests; law; pension; rights; social; system
• Research on the Application of the Collective Discussion System for Administrative Officials in Maritime Administrative Penalties by Sun, Feihan; Tian, Yu; Pei, Zhaobin; Yang, Muxue (2025) - This particularity has led to a unique position for collective discussion procedures in the administrative procedural system, and has also sparked theoretical disputes over whether they should be subject to judicial review. 2.3 Internal and External Program Disputes and Theoretical Consensus There is a clear divergence in academia regarding the legal attributes of collective discussion procedures, which essentially reflects different understandings of the classification standards for administrative procedures. Keywords: administrative; application; case; decision; discussion; law; marine; maritime; penalties; procedures; sea; system
• The Development Dilemma and Institutional Breakthrough of Fair Use of Copyright in the Network Environment by Jing, Jie (2025) - Under an enumerative legislative framework, while fair use scenarios are specifically defined, determining whether a particular act constitutes fair use still requires judges to exercise discretion based on the specific circumstances. Keywords network environment, copyright Law, fair use system 1. Keywords: copyright; holders; law; public; rights; system; use; works
• A Study on the Legal Implementation Mechanism for the “Separation of Three Rights” of Rural Homesteads in China by Geng, Jinqiu (2025) - Current regulations and pilot program policies limit the circulation of homestead use rights to members of the same collective or restrict the transfer of homestead use rights to outsiders with strict conditions, blocking the development of a larger and more competitive homestead use rights market. C4 Absence of Valuation Standards No scientific, standardized, and fair mechanism exists for valuing homestead use rights, leading to price disputes and potential exploitation of farmers. Keywords: collective; homestead; land; law; market; rights; separation; system; use
• Research on the Application of the “No Penalty for First Violation” System in the Field of Market Regulation by Zhang, Yaping; Chen, Yu (2025) - “No penalty for first violation” refers to a system where administrative organs may, in accordance with the law, decide not to impose administrative penalties on violations that are a first offense, cause minor harmful consequences, and are promptly corrected. In the process of administrative penalty, there has always been the question of whether subjective intent can be a constituent element of administrative penalty. Keywords: act; administrative; application; law; market; penalty; penalty law; regulation; supervision; system; violation

• Embedded Governance Perspective on the Theoretical Development and Evolution of Minority Village Regulations by Yaolu, Chen (2024) - How traditional village regulations are possible: On the conditions of village regulation governance. In areas with multiple ethnic groups, traditional village regulations might have different evolutionary paths compared to Han-dominated regions and follow an independent evolution logic. Keywords: economics; embeddedness; evolution; governance; law; regulations; social; state; village; village regulations

• Constraints and Challenges to the Legal Relationship: From the Legal Entity to the Animal and the Robot by Bonifacio Ramos, Jose Luis (2023) - Keywords legal relationship, subject, object, legal person, animal rights, animal as subject, robot, re-personalization, right of personality 1. Other authors have also defended this broad meaning, opening up the main pole of the legal relationship, the subject or legal person, to whatever comes to be understood as such. Keywords: animals; cit; law; note; person; personality; relationship; rights; subject; vol
• Women and Iranian Criminal Justice System by Rahmdel, Mansour (2018) - According to the article 1 of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, 18 December 1979 For the purposes of the present Convention, the term “discrimination against women” shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field (Human Rights, Discrimination against Women, p. 7). 5.2 Absolute Invalidity of the Testimony of Women Regarding buggery Article 199 of the Iranian Civil Law declares that “the testimony of women alone or with the accompanying testimony of a man do not bear enough legal weight to prove the act of buggery”. Keywords: criminal; diya; female; islamic; law; laws; rights; rules; women
• The US Regulations on Foreign Ownership of Land-Practical and Theoretical Perspectives by Qin, Xiaojing (2020) - Currently, state alien land law may be subject to direct and indirect limitations imposed by the US Constitution and treaties. Many states grant aliens land ownership but restrict the purposes it may be used for. Keywords: aliens; ann; code; corporations; foreign; ibid; iowa; land; law; non; note; ownership; resident; restrictions; rights; state
• Research on Copyright Recognition of Content Generated by Artificial Intelligence by Gao, Jinyang (2024) - Whether artificial intelligence is involved or not, copyright law protection is the original expression made by human beings in the field of literature, art and science, which involves four points: subject issue, originality, cultural field and subjective expression, which need to be judged separately according to the case. 3. International Perspectives and Practices on Copyright Recognition of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content 3.1 Views and Practices of Copyright Recognition Abroad Copyright laws in the United States generally ascribe copyright to human creators, treating AI as a tool or an aid to creation. Keywords: content; copyright; copyright law; creation; intelligence; law; rights; works
• Digital Empowerment of Social Assistance Rights: Legal Issues and Reflections by Zhu, Yunlong (2024) - Firstly, the paper elucidates the concepts and significance of social assistance rights and digital empowerment, then analyzes the current application of digital technologies in the field of social assistance and the current legal issues therein. 3.2 Manifestation and Issues of Social Assistance Rights in the Process of Digital Empowerment Digital empowerment in the field of social assistance reflects various aspects of social assistance rights in practice, but it also brings some problems and challenges. Keywords: assistance; assistance rights; beneficiaries; empowerment; information; rights
• The Conflict and Coordination between Intellectual Property Law and Human Rights Law in the Context of Globalization and Digitization by Tan, Siyu (2025) - In the process of constantly seeking the balance between the two, there are inevitably multiple conflicts, such as excessive protection of intellectual property rights that may limit the freedom of knowledge acquisition guaranteed by human rights law, and human rights demands that may also impact the exclusivity of intellectual property rights. In the digital age, the speed and scope of knowledge dissemination are faster, and the difficulty of protecting intellectual property rights has also increased. Keywords: human; knowledge; law; property; property law; protection; rights; rights law
• Legal Regulation of Harassment over Food Delivery Reviews by Liu, Ying (2025) - From the perspective of the industry as a whole, the legal regulation of bad review harassment is equivalent to the establishment of a “competitive bottom line”, through the establishment of a “competitive bottom line” can prompt the industry to shift from low-end price wars or brushing marketing to high-quality competition centred on user experience, thereby promoting the transformation and upgrading of the entire service industry. The Real Dilemma of Legal Regulation of Bad Review Harassment Behaviour 3.1 Difficulty in Characterising Behaviour In judicial practice, the legal characterisation of bad review harassment faces a number of dilemmas, which are first reflected in the ambiguous area of civil tort determination. Keywords: consumers; evaluation; harassment; law; mechanism; merchants; platform; regulation; reviews; rights
• Research on the Legal Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online Shopping by Xinyi, Xu (2025) - The Current Situation of the Protection of Consumers’ Personal Information in Online Shopping in China 2.1 The Legislative Situation China has gradually established a legal system for personal information protection, and relevant laws and regulations have regulated the protection of consumers’ personal information in online shopping. Personal information processors should prove that they have followed the principles of legality, justness, and necessity in the process of collecting, using, storing, and transmitting consumers’ personal information, and have taken reasonable security measures and there is no infringement. Keywords: consumers; information; law; online; protection; rights; shopping; supervision
• Study on Loss of Necessary Benefit in Administrative Compensation by Tian, Yu; Sun, Feihan (2025) - Secondly, from a theoretical perspective, research on actual administrative compensation losses contributes to enriching and developing the theoretical frameworks of administrative law, compensation law, and related disciplines. For decades, theoretical and practical circles have debated the concept of “expected benefits” in administrative compensation. Keywords: administrative; benefits; compensation; law; losses; property; rights; scope; state

• Analysis of Strategies and Performance Based on the Background of Amazon Company by Zhang, Xiaoxu (2024) - Number of Amazon customers/users 2015 | Statista. Analyze Amazon and Walmart.com using The Value Chain and Competitive Forces Models. Keywords: amazon; analysis; company; customer; market; november; performance; strategies
• Study on the Coordination between Investigation and Prosecution of Securities Cases from an Investigative Perspective by Zhang, Chenyang (2024) - The comparative study will analyze from the following perspectives: Comparison of Legal Frameworks: Discussing differences and similarities among countries in securities market regulatory legal systems, evidence collection standards, and legal procedures, including transparency and efficiency in court trials. This study will employ a comparative research method to analyze the legal systems and implementation effectiveness in securities case investigation and prosecution linkage across different countries or regions. Keywords: case; financial; investigation; market; prosecution; securities; study
• Research on Legal Issues of Financial Fraud in Listed Companies by Zhang, Ke (2024) - When a company’s profitability declines, to avoid the risk of delisting, listed companies often engage in financial fraud. Because most financial frauds are fakes at various levels and do not involve the scope of “crime of disrupting the socialist market economic order” controlled by criminal law, even if financial fraud is discovered, compared with the benefits obtained by listed companies over the years, the cost of fraud is quite low, and low cost often stimulates the birth of financial fraud. Keywords: accounting; companies; company; financial; fraud; law; market

• Equitable Principles from the Perspective of International Law of the Sea by Fahmy, Walid (2018) - If Equitable principles contribute to solve international conflicts, particularly in the field of maritime disputes, the near future implies that they will play a greater role within the many branches of public international law, including international law of the sea. Also, equity is a way to complete the positive law and bridging its gaps, but this task remains associated with the agreement of the parties; the judge can resort to equity to complete a law, but only under a general or private conditions satisfies the parties or to remedy the insufficiencies of international law and fill its logical lacunae. Keywords: case; court; delimitation; equity; international; justice; law; maritime; note; rules; sea
• The Legal Status of Archipelagos in the International Law of the Sea by Gamil Aboukhewat, Maher (2019) - Fourth, the right of foreign vessels to exercise international navigation through archipelagic waters is a compromise system that combines archipelagic water subordination with the sovereignty of the archipelagic State and the guarantee of freedom of international navigation. In order to confirm the rules relating to the passage of those vessels provided for in the Convention on the Law of the Sea, the San Remo Manual on International Humanitarian Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 1994, States: “The rights of transit passage and archipelagic sea lanes passage applicable to international straits and archipelagic waters in peacetime continue to apply in times of armed conflict. Keywords: archipelagic; convention; international; islands; law; note; sea; state; waters
• The Right to a Fair Trial before The European Court of Human Rights by Ismail Abdrabo, Alaa Mohamed (2019) - La Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, commentaire article par article (2nd ed.). Thus, in the Golder case v. the United Kingdom, and on the particular point of access to Court, the court refers to the Vienna Convention in order to draw a kind of general principle of law (Le Gloan, 1999): «The thesis presented to the court focused first on the method to be followed for the interpretation of the Convention and in particular article 6 § 1. Keywords: article; case; convention; court; des; droits; e.c.h.r; european; human; law; l’homme; note; procedure; right; series; trial
• The Just War and the Mystry of Self Defense by Fahmy, Walid (2019) - Indeed, the preventive war is presented with the primary intention of self defense; however, as it is a question of attacking first, of a feeling of threat, it is not clear whether to consider it as an act of self-defense, or as an offensive gesture. The unwilling or unable test is certifiably not another or elective course to widen the required conditions for applying of self defense; on the off chance that anything, it is an extra constraint inside the test of necessity that must be seen while guaranteeing the right of self- right of self-defense www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019 179 Published by SCHOLINK INC. against non state actors in the domain of another State (Brunnée & Toope, 2017, pp. Keywords: aggression; article; attack; bellum; case; charter; defense; force; international; jus; law; military; non; note; right; security; self; self defense; state; united; use; war
• A Saga of Intellectual Property Licensing: Investigating the Credibility of 25 Percent Rule by Soni, Seema; Devarapalli, Pratap; Zieseniss, Jeanine; Atapattu, Nalinda (2020) - It is here where the application of the 25 percent rule (―the Rule‖) emerged as a rule of thumb, to determine royalty rates in most licensing transactions, specifically in patent licensing. Royalty rates in IP licensing are calculated with due analysis and following standard methods (Note 9). Keywords: damages; inc; law; licensing; note; percent; rate; royalty; rule; uniloc

• “Essential Security Interest”: How Did WTO Interpret? by Wang, Ziyi; Qin, Zihan (2024) - To conclude, in the national security strategy of many countries, the scope of national security interest has been greatly deepened and expanded. In subsequent negotiations, the U.S. pressured other negotiating parties to accept the security exception as a precondition for ratifying the ITO Charter, resulting in the emergence of a broad and vague ―ESI‖. Understanding ―ESI‖ as traditional defense and military security is also consistent with the state practice in the WTO system, as evidenced by the reasons why States invoke security exceptions in WTO disputes. Keywords: esi; exception; interests; law; panel; security; states; wto

• Regional Judicial Cooperation in Combating Cross-Border Telecommunication Fraud: Research and Countermeasures by Chen, Junyu; Qiu, Minna; Ruan, Junjie (2024) - Another successful case is the “ASEAN Anti-Fraud Operation”, where ASEAN member states collaborated to address cross-border fraud. The core of regional judicial cooperation is to enhance the effectiveness of combating cross-border crime by integrating resources and coordinating actions, which is particularly crucial when addressing complex crimes such as cross-border telecom fraud. Keywords: cooperation; countries; crime; fraud; information; mechanisms; telecom; telecommunication
• Research on the Governance Mechanism of Information Poverty in Ethnic Border Areas from the Perspective of Relative Poverty by Haomiao, Zhai; Fuxia, Gao; Xinpeng, Xu (2022) - Practical significance: (1) specific problems of information poverty in ethnic border areas can be found in time and the performance of information poverty governance in ethnic border areas can be truly measured through field investigation and evaluation system construction of information poverty governance level in ethnic border areas; (2) By evaluating the performance of government governance, market governance and governance of the poor, policy suggestions are provided to change the current problems of government information transparency, market mechanism is not smooth, and the relative poor households lack of participation in information poverty governance in ethnic border areas; (3) The information poverty governance level evaluation system established in this research can provide a measurement standard for the poverty governance level in ethnic minority areas, and popularize the results to the relatively poor areas across the country. Combined with the field survey data, build a scientific and reasonable evaluation system of information poverty governance level, select the indicators from the three dimensions of government level, social organizations and poor groups, and build the evaluation index system of information poverty governance in ethnic border areas through entropy weight method, analytic hierarchy process, TOPSIS Model and other methods. Keywords: areas; border; governance; information; information poverty; mechanism; perspective; poverty; research
• The Dilemma of Identifying Copyright Infringement Liability of Network Platform under Algorithm Recommendation Model by Zhou, Ruifei; Xiong, Siyi (2024) - By quickly matching platform information and user preferences, algorithmic www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 7, No. 2, 2024 141 Published by SCHOLINK INC. push technology achieves accurate content delivery, which greatly expands the propagation speed and scope of works. The identification of copyright infringement liability of network platform under the algorithm recommendation mode has become an urgent problem in legal practice and theoretical research. Keywords: algorithm; content; copyright; information; infringement; internet; network; platform; recommendation; technology; user
• Criminal Regulation of Illegal Use of Citizens’ Personal Information by Xiong, Yanqiu; Qiu, Minna (2024) - The specific objectives include defining the legal concept and classification of personal information, clarifying the specific forms of illegal use of personal information, conducting a comparative analysis of domestic and international legal provisions on personal information protection to draw on advanced experiences, and proposing feasible recommendations to address the shortcomings of current criminal regulation. In the future, China can draw on the successful experience of the GDPR to further refine legal provisions, enhance enforceability, and ensure the effective implementation of personal information protection laws, thereby playing a more significant role in global data governance. Keywords: data; enforcement; information; law; legal; protection; regulation; use
• Analysis on the Legal Problems of Short Video Information Distortion by Yin, Jiahui (2025) - Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the legal problems involved in short video information distortion, and put forward corresponding legal solutions and suggestions. The control of short video information distortion needs to break through the mode of “post-responsibility” and turn to the comprehensive regulation of technology, law and ethics. Keywords: distortion; information; network; platform; public; review; users; video

• On the Protection of Reliance in Administrative Practice by Jin, Xiangkai (2025) - http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v8n1p17 Abstract In the field of administrative law, protection of reliance has always been a hot topic of controversy, and its development also reflects the development and change of administrative law to a certain extent. Third, the principle of protection of reliance on how to assess the justification of the standard, and administrative law and other principles of the connection and conflict, and on this basis to achieve a relative balance of interests and protection? Keywords: administrative; agreement; application; law; principle; protection; reliance; reliance protection
• Research on the Integration of Ecological Environment Space Governance and Rule of Law by Sun, Linlin (2025) - In the protection of ecological environment, space governance and the rule of law are two key subsystems, which can effectively improve the effect of ecological environment protection through synergy. For example, by formulating the “detailed rules for the coordinated implementation of ecological environment space governance and rule of law construction”, the responsibilities and tasks of various departments are clarified. Keywords: enforcement; environment; governance; law; protection; rule

• The Construction of the RCEP Investment Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Currentcy, Dilemmas and Solutions by Jiang, Zhongqi; Liu, Yunke (2024) - In the 1980s, due to the need to attract foreign investment for domestic economic development and the rise of international investment arbitration mechanisms, Calvo Doctrine showed a declining trend. Addressing the inherent deficiencies of international investment arbitration mechanisms can also be considered from the perspectives of arbitrator appointment and regulatory bodies. Keywords: arbitration; countries; dispute; investment; isds; mechanism; rcep; settlement
• The Right to a Healthy Environment Is Litigable From a Global Perspective Pathway Study by Xvwei, Liu; Zheng, Xing (2025) - http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v8n1p187 Abstract The right to a healthy environment has long been the application of human rights in the field of environmental rights. The case established the principle of “intergenerational justice” and laid the legal basis for the protection of environmental rights across time and space. Keywords: climate; countries; environment; human; international; law; right

• The Right of the Accused to Compensation in the Iranian Criminal Justice System by Rahmdel, Mansour (2018) - It is important to realize that from law view point compensation does not only mean money and the innocent accused deserves both material and spiritual compensation. The Right of the Accused to Compensation in the Iranian Criminal Justice System Mansour Rahmdel1* 1 Faculty of Law, Tehran Islamic Azad University, Central Branch, Tehran, Iran * Mansour Rahmdel, Faculty of Law, Tehran Islamic Azad University, Central Branch, Tehran, Iran Received: April 3, 2018 Accepted: April 12, 2018 Online Published: April 24, 2018 doi:10.22158/elp.v1n1p76 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v1n1p76 Abstract Normally, the right to compensation refers to the victim’s compensation. Keywords: article; case; commission; compensation; conviction; criminal; damages; detention; government; law; right
• Provisional Measures of Trademark Enforcement in Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis with Malaysia and USA by Mukhtar, Sohaib; Ashiqin Zainol, Zinatul; Jusoh, Sufian (2021) - Both equity and law courts decided trademark cases in England during early stages of trademark development, but equitable principles seem to have dominated that process because injunctive relief was generally considered first and most effective step for courts to take in redressing www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 14 Published by SCHOLINK INC. trademark infringement. Pakistan Law Digest, 1. Rules of Court Malaysia. Keywords: act; case; court; high; injunction; law; order; pakistan; plaintiff; relief; specific; trademark
• Analysis of the Guiding Opinions on the Application of the Justifiable Defense System According to Law by Su, Shiting; Chen, Huanting (2025) - Practice Generally To the Purpose of Defense as the Standard Due to the lack of unified defense consciousness determination standard, in practice, the judge can only through the defender’s defense awareness, defense behavior and defense results of reasoning judgment. (Ren, H., 2020), and from the “Huan Yu case” guiding case reasoning, China’s judicial practice to identify the theory of defense awareness The general theory is the purpose of defense theory (Zeng, Y. X., 2019, pp. 112-128). Keywords: behavior; case; defense; defense consciousness; defense system; infringement; invasion; law; opinions; self

• Study on Compensation for Illegal Administrative Expropriation by Li, Guoxin; Zhou, Shengnan (2025) - More alarming is that some judicial bodies blur the legal boundaries between administrative compensation and judicial compensation, improperly applying compensation standards to handle compensation disputes, thereby depriving the aggrieved parties of their statutory right to comprehensive relief. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 66 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 1.2 Criteria for Judging the Illegality of Administrative Expropriation and Demolition The litigation procedures for administrative compensation do not recognize illegality; therefore, the person whose property has been demolished must first go through administrative litigation or administrative reconsideration to determine its illegality. Keywords: administrative; compensation; demolition; expropriation; law; state
• The Iran–United States Claims Tribunal: Revisiting Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Law by Han, Yanhui; Huang, Yu (2025) - The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal was the first case to spur international research on indirect expropriation. However, the paradigm for addressing indirect expropriation remains largely monolithic. Keywords: claims; compensation; expropriation; foreign; international; investment; iran; law; property; state; tribunal

• Do White Police Officers Unfairly Target Black Suspects? by Lott, Jr, John R.; Moody, Carlisle E. (2022) - If white police officers kill black suspects primarily because of racial animus, we would expect that black police officers would kill black suspects at a lower rate than white officers do. If the test indicates that white officers are significantly more likely to kill a black suspect than black officers are, we have evidence of racial discrimination on the part of white police officers. Keywords: black; crime; data; hispanic; model; officers; percent; police; police officers; race; suspects; test; white
• Research on the Regulatory Path of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Decision-Making by Feng, Wang (2024) - This paper explores the current state of generative AI in judicial rulings, highlighting its advantages and challenges, and analyzes the corresponding regulatory needs. Through the study of relevant domestic and international cases, this paper aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the standardized application of generative AI, thereby promoting its safe and efficient development in the judicial domain. Keywords: application; data; generative; intelligence; law; technology

• Administrative Procedure of Trademark Enforcement in Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis with Malaysia and USA by Mukhtar, Sohaib; Ashiqin Zainol, Zinatul; Jusoh, Sufian (2019) - This type of requirement should be prescribed under trademark law of Pakistan and the Registrar of trademark should be required to present report on activities of Trademark Registry before the Parliament for check and balance on Trademark Registry in Pakistan for betterment of trademark enforcement procedures including administrative procedure of trademark enforcement in Pakistan. Administrative procedure starts when application for trademark registration is opposed by the registered trademark owner before the concerned administrative authority. Keywords: act; court; enforcement; intellectual; law; malaysia; pakistan; property; registration; registry; states; trademark
• The Laws of Search, Seizure, and Custodial Interrogation: Searching the Orchard of American Constitution by Alim, Md Abdul (2022) - Here, it is not told of how close in time police officer should perform the warrant after it is issued, therefore, they will proceed to the knock and announce rule. 4.1 Knock and Announce Requirement The common law principle is that police officers enacting a warrant must knock and announce their presence, and that they are police officers to perform a search warrant. Keywords: court; law; police; reports; search; states; suspect; united; united states; vol

• Review of Trademark and Its Enforcement Procedures of Pakistan under TRIPS and Paris Convention by Mukhtar, Sohaib; Zainol, Zinatul Ashiqin; Jusoh, Sufian (2018) - Purpose of provisional measures is to permit effective/expeditious actions against continuous illegal use of registered trademark, protect evidence which put light in favor of party to prove his plea before the Court, stop alleged trademark infringement when there is likelihood that an irreparable harm may be caused to right holder and when there is a clear risk that evidence would be destroyed and prevent infringed trademark goods to come up during trade after customs clearance. Registered trademark is personal property of registered trademark owner and nobody can use that trademark without prior permission of registered trademark owner. Keywords: court; customs; enforcement; goods; high; law; marks; marks ordinance; ordinance; owner; pakistan; procedure; proceedings; property; section; trade marks; trademark; trademark enforcement; trips
• Border Measures of Trademark Enforcement in Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis with Malaysia and USA by Mukhtar, Sohaib; Ashiqin Zainol, Zinatul; Jusoh, Sufian (2022) - The Collector of Customs may release goods to consignee, importer, or the owner of suspected infringed trademark goods if (i) the applicant and registered trademark owner does not start legal proceedings within a prescribed time, or (ii) the applicant withdraws legal proceedings, or (iii) the www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 5, No. 2, 2022 62 Published by SCHOLINK INC. applicant consents in writing to Collector of Customs that he does not suspect seized infringed trademark goods any more, or (iv) legal proceeding has started against importer, consignee and owner of suspected infringed trademark goods and the Court of Law orders for release of the seized goods, or (v) the Collector of Customs reasonably and sufficient cause to believes that there is no sufficient cause and ground to believe that confiscated and seized suspected infringed trademark goods are infringed goods (Khan, 2014). After comparative analysis of border measure of trademark enforcement in Pakistan, Malaysia and USA, it is found that the owner of registered trademark should be required to furnish his details and details of his registered trademark and prescribed goods or services before administrative customs authority immediately after www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 5, No. 2, 2022 56 Published by SCHOLINK INC. registration, thereupon the customs authority would promptly act on importation and exportation of counterfeiting trademark goods. Keywords: act; authority; border; customs; enforcement; goods; law; owner; trademark
• Research on the Judicial Determination Standards for Illegal Administrative Compulsory Demolition Procedures by Qiu, Futeng; Chen, Yu (2025) - The Main Problems of Procedural Violations in Administrative Compulsory Demolition Based on the statistics of judgment samples from the Judgments Online and the Wko Xianxing Network over the past five years, in administrative forced demolition cases, procedural violations remain the main point of contention in judicial review. In the future, with the improvement of digital governance, the traceability of evidence throughout the entire process, and the public participation system, the standardization of administrative compulsory demolition procedures will shift from outcome control to process governance. Keywords: administrative; article; compensation; court; demolition; enforcement; evidence; law; procedures; review; violations

• On the Coverage Scope of Major Risks in Preventive Environmental Public Interest Litigation by Jinfan, Shen (2024) - On this basis, it is meaningful to discuss the coverage scope of major environmental risks. Therefore, based on the existing science and technology and empirical rationality, to understand major environmental risks, it is necessary to clarify the characteristics of major environmental risks in terms of the possibility and degree of damage. Keywords: behavior; damage; environmental; interest; law; litigation; principle; public; risks

• Research about the Regulation of Environmental Administrative Penalty Discretion by Yangzong, Zhuoma (2024) - In the modern ecological environment governance system, social organizations and the public are widely involved in environmental governance, which also provides an opportunity for social www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 7, No. 3, 2024 73 Published by SCHOLINK INC. organizations and the public to participate in environmental administrative punishment and social regulation of environmental administrative punishment discretion. The exerciser of environmental administrative punishment power is the staff of administrative organs, and the www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 7, No. 3, 2024 70 Published by SCHOLINK INC. administrative regulation of environmental administrative discretion also needs to be realized through the staff of administrative organs. Keywords: administrative; discretion; environmental; law; organs; penalty discretion; punishment; regulation
• Analysis of the Review Criteria for Obviously Improper Administrative Acts by Ren, Zhenyang (2025) - Professor Jiang Ming’an defines “obviously improper” administrative acts as administrative acts made by administrative organs that are obviously unreasonable and unjust, which can be identified by any person with general legal awareness and moral standards. Due to the expansion of the power of administrative organs, their discretionary power has also increased. Keywords: acts; administrative; law; principle

• On the Definition of the Behavior of Replacing QR Codes by Jiao, Xie (2025) - In QR code cases, the customer and www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 8, No. 2, 2025 89 Published by SCHOLINK INC. the merchant have reached a determined transaction. For example, scholar Zhou Mingchuan states in “Qualitative Analysis of Obtaining Property by Replacing Merchants’ QR Codes” that customers are unaware that the payment for goods will fall into the perpetrator’s account when paying with the replaced QR code; merchants think the QR code is their own and have no intention to transfer possession to the perpetrator. Keywords: act; code; fraud; merchant; perpetrator; property

• Study on the Application of the Principle of Proportionality in the Use of Force in Maritime Law Enforcement by Gao, Wenjing (2025) - In the course of maritime law enforcement, when law enforcement officers are faced with defensive dangers or when their right to enforce the law is obstructed and they have to use force to assist in law enforcement, they have a wide range of law enforcement weapons to choose from, such as police firearms, which are less harmful on a stand-alone basis, beam-type riot control bombs and fire-fighting water cannons, which are classified as non-lethal weapons, and lethal weapons, such as machine guns and naval cannons. This provision is the principle of proportionality applies to the use of force at sea law enforcement in China’s legislative embodiment, but the general provisions of the provisions of the complex law enforcement reality there is a huge gulf between the “Nova”, “Guangdao Xing 28”, “Lu Yan Yuan Fishing No. 010” to the tragic cases in September 2016, when the South Korean maritime police chased away a Chinese fishing vessel that entered the South Korean exclusive economic zone and used sound-exploding bombs, causing a fire on the Chinese fishing vessel and resulting in the deaths of three people due to smoke and asphyxiation, etc., it can be seen that the connotation of the principle of proportionality has not been fully comprehended and applied when law enforcement force at sea is being used to find out www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 8, No. 1, 2025 3 Published by SCHOLINK INC. the Finding out the specific reasons why the legislative significance of the principle of proportionality cannot be fully realized in the law enforcement process of the use of force and the problems of its application can provide a direction for the improvement of the level of law enforcement at sea. Keywords: enforcement activities; enforcement force; enforcement officers; enforcement purpose; law enforcement; maritime; police; principle; proportionality; use

• The Dilemmas and Solutions in the Application of Criminal Law to Property Crimes in the Age of Artificial Intelligence by Feng, Wang (2024) - http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v7n2p125 Abstract With the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, the forms and methods of property crimes have undergone significant changes. This paper explores the main characteristics of property crimes in the AI era, analyzes the dilemmas encountered in the application of criminal law, including legal lag, difficulties in evidence collection, and technological barriers. Keywords: crimes; fraud; intelligence; law; property; technology

• Rule of Law Today by Lane, Jan-Erik (2021) - If natural law implies rule of law, then we arrive at a secular approach to limited and countervailing rule. However, Locke managed the transition: God must respect RL, because entailed by natural law. Keywords: government; justice; law; locke; rule; wjp

• Supervisory Justice, Trust in Supervisors and Employee Creativity: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy by Deng, Xudong; Zheng, Yuan; Jin, Yuanshi (2024) - Online Published: June 4, 2024 doi:10.22158/elp.v7n1p145 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v7n1p145 Abstract This study examines the relationship between supervisory impartiality, trust in supervisors, and employee creativity within financial enterprises. Employee creativity is crucial for achieving organizational goals; fostering creativity can lead to more efficient business operations and improved management practices. Keywords: creativity; efficacy; employees; justice; role; self; supervisors; trust
• On the Space Construction and the Exploration of Sun Shengxi’s Identity of Son of the Darkness by Qinglu, Wang (2024) - 5. Conclusion Lu Xu explores Sun Shengxi‟s identities in the family space, the space of biopolitics, and the utopia to contemplate the survival stress and anxiety that individuals encounter in the community in the real world. Sun Shengxi‟s identity exploration in the Son of the Darkness also symbolizes human beings‟ reflection on their own identities, relationships with others, and social connections. Keywords: darkness; family; hotel; human; identity; life; self; son; space; sun; theater; transformation

• A Secular Interpretation of God in Christianity under Holographic Theory by Fu, Yu; Kang, Xi (2019) - The relationship between God and human kind is in nature man’s aspiration towards God. Vol. 2, No. 1, 2019 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp 129 Short Research Article A Secular Interpretation of God in Christianity under Holographic Theory Yu Fu1* & Xi Kang1 1 Sichuan University, Chengdu, China * Keywords: god; heaven; human; universe

• Unilateral Activities in Disputed Maritime Areas and Meaningful Responses by Xiangjin, Luo (2024) - However, this is not a prohibition of all activities in disputed maritime areas. Due to differences in the size of the maritime area and the type of resources within, resolving the issue of disputed maritime areas can be quite challenging. Keywords: activities; areas; delimitation; exploitation; international; law; maritime; obligation; parties

• The Effect of Religion on the Political Identity of Kurdish Youth (with Focus on University Students) by Mofidi, Sabah; Rahmani, Somayeh (2018) - Abstract This article studies the relationship between religion and political identity in Eastern Kurdistan located in Iran. The results show that religion and religious identity are still important determinants of political identity in Kurdistan that is affected by the situation of society. Keywords: identities; identity; kurdish; people; persons; religion; respondents; society

• Research on the Criminal Law Response to Telecom Fraud in the Digital Society by Xiong, Yanqiu; Qiu, Minna (2024) - http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v7n3p33 Abstract With the rapid development of the digital society, telecom fraud has increasingly exhibited characteristics of intelligence, cross-border operations, and concealment, posing serious threats to both the economy and individual interests. This paper analyzes the current state and characteristics of telecom fraud and explores the shortcomings of criminal law in responding to these new forms of fraud in the digital society. Keywords: cooperation; crimes; fraud; law; sentencing; society; telecom; telecom fraud
• Qualitative Research on Double Fraud of Guaranteed Loans by Mingyue, Yao (2025) - For the judgment of the number of crimes in the two cases of fraudulent guarantee loans, the overall judgment should be based on the objective correlation between the two cheating behaviors, and the two crimes should not be evaluated in isolation. An Analysis of the Dispute over the Determination of the Nature of Double Fraud by Borrowers 2.1 Disputes in the Determination of the Number of Crimes 2.1.1 Theory of Several Crimes This view holds that the act of defrauding guarantees and obtaining loans from financial institutions by fraudulent means constitutes the crime of loan fraud against financial institutions and the crime of contract fraud against guarantors. Keywords: crime; fraud; guarantee; guarantor; law; loan; loan fraud

• Research on Judicial Review of Manifestly Improper Administrative Acts by Lea, HongYu (2024) - Professor He Haibo, on the other hand, from the point of view of distinguishing between formal legality and substantive legality, obviously improper in terms of formal legality, although in conformity with the legal rules established by laws, regulations, rules and so on, but in accordance with the point of view of substantive legality, in addition to not violating the specific rules of the laws, administrative regulations, rules and regulations, it also can not be contrary to the principles of administrative law, the spirit of the legislation, administrative precedent, public morality and other sources of legal expressed in the legal norms. Summarizing the above views, the author believes that: “Obvious impropriety is an illegal act committed by an administrative organ that is contrary to the principles of administrative law, the purpose of legislation, and public morality, and that causes substantial damage to the administrative relative and legitimate rights and interests”. Keywords: action; behavior; discretion; law; power; review

• Can Customer Intimacy Strategy Generate Intention to Buy? by Santosa, MS. Eric (2020) - 108 -2.24160 2.23239 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(ev1) 108 -2.04799 2.23297 -1.1486601E-15 1.00000000 Zscore(ev2) 108 -1.83790 2.02885 -2.0027205E-16 1.00000000 Zscore(ev3) 108 -3.42527 2.05516 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(ev) 108 -2.35508 2.50508 -3.6364543E-15 1.00000000 Zscore(Ab) 108 -1.93993 2.86621 -7.1187952E-16 1.00000000 Zscore(NB1) 108 -2.71512 1.88461 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(NB2) 108 -3.01569 1.82735 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(NB3) 108 -2.50276 1.83358 -6.0578801E-16 1.00000000 Zscore(NB) 108 -2.30177 2.21807 -3.0291404E-15 1.00000000 Zscore(MC1) 108 -1.74651 2.02596 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(MC2) 108 -2.87243 1.95593 -6.5612697E-16 1.00000000 Zscore(MC3) 108 -3.58134 1.94415 -1.1846798E-15 1.00000000 Zscore(MC) 108 -2.18845 2.32784 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(SN) 108 -1.57186 2.79497 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(BI1) 108 -1.67818 1.87562 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(BI2) 108 -2.13844 1.82073 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(BI3) 108 -1.38206 1.43421 -5.0588321E-16 1.00000000 Zscore(BI4) 108 -2.66158 .91664 .0000000 1.00000000 Zscore(BI) 108 -2.24465 2.04601 .0000000 1.00000000 Valid N (listwise) 108 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 75 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Appendix F Observations farthest from the centroid (Mahalanobis distance) (Group number 1) Observation number Mahalanobis d-squared p1 p2 79 63,860 ,000 ,000 78 32,016 ,000 ,000 31 26,357 ,002 ,001 80 25,098 ,003 ,000 61 25,068 ,003 ,000 73 24,734 ,003 ,000 76 24,025 ,004 ,000 92 23,315 ,006 ,000 88 23,315 ,006 ,000 95 19,555 ,021 ,000 44 18,843 ,027 ,000 28 17,811 ,037 ,001 41 16,136 ,064 ,021 6 15,529 ,077 ,039 48 15,032 ,090 ,061 23 14,275 ,113 ,157 5 14,023 ,122 ,159 38 13,617 ,137 ,217 97 13,555 ,139 ,166 35 12,999 ,163 ,300 45 12,989 ,163 ,223 74 12,533 ,185 ,344 50 12,224 ,201 ,415 67 11,910 ,218 ,499 72 11,739 ,228 ,507 30 11,160 ,265 ,748 94 11,121 ,267 ,694 25 10,788 ,291 ,793 71 10,667 ,299 ,787 105 10,227 ,332 ,906 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 76 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Observation number Mahalanobis d-squared p1 p2 69 10,120 ,341 ,901 55 9,774 ,369 ,954 19 9,725 ,373 ,942 53 9,399 ,401 ,975 54 8,870 ,449 ,997 39 8,824 ,454 ,996 49 8,802 ,456 ,993 64 8,775 ,458 ,990 13 8,123 ,522 1,000 81 8,096 ,524 1,000 70 8,029 ,531 ,999 40 7,958 ,538 ,999 46 7,772 ,557 1,000 3 7,743 ,560 ,999 93 7,736 ,561 ,999 42 7,659 ,569 ,999 22 7,548 ,580 ,999 24 7,377 ,598 1,000 66 7,231 ,613 1,000 102 7,224 ,614 ,999 16 7,181 ,618 ,999 86 7,148 ,622 ,999 63 7,120 ,625 ,998 17 7,062 ,631 ,998 57 6,994 ,638 ,998 84 6,585 ,680 1,000 33 6,498 ,689 1,000 91 6,489 ,690 1,000 34 6,486 ,690 ,999 96 6,377 ,702 1,000 68 6,090 ,731 1,000 11 6,072 ,733 1,000 14 5,857 ,754 1,000 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 77 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Observation number Mahalanobis d-squared p1 p2 52 5,799 ,760 1,000 9 5,762 ,764 1,000 87 5,723 ,767 1,000 62 5,243 ,813 1,000 12 5,138 ,822 1,000 10 5,120 ,824 1,000 26 5,100 ,825 1,000 21 4,913 ,842 1,000 51 4,817 ,850 1,000 100 4,603 ,867 1,000 90 4,577 ,870 1,000 103 4,558 ,871 1,000 85 4,493 ,876 1,000 99 4,472 ,878 1,000 56 4,325 ,889 1,000 58 4,314 ,890 1,000 7 4,170 ,900 1,000 47 4,162 ,900 1,000 32 4,129 ,903 1,000 108 4,063 ,907 1,000 27 3,936 ,916 1,000 4 3,867 ,920 1,000 75 3,858 ,921 1,000 89 3,626 ,934 1,000 18 3,597 ,936 1,000 106 3,427 ,945 1,000 36 3,208 ,955 1,000 29 3,200 ,956 1,000 77 3,199 ,956 1,000 82 3,197 ,956 1,000 15 3,082 ,961 1,000 37 2,924 ,967 1,000 65 2,534 ,980 1,000 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 3, No. 1, 2020 78 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Observation number Mahalanobis d-squared p1 p2 8 2,528 ,980 1,000 104 2,514 ,981 1,000 2 2,479 ,981 1,000 60 2,427 ,983 1,000 Appendix G Sample Covariances (Group number 1) CI BE Ab SN ev b BI MC NB CI 5,831 BE 2,812 4,727 Ab 49,486 50,609 1532,112 SN 43,224 39,831 815,399 1609,358 ev 2,068 2,152 67,480 34,225 3,397 b 2,613 2,479 72,826 42,321 2,918 4,009 BI 1,908 2,422 40,767 39,030 1,759 1,956 5,382 MC 1,902 1,949 35,804 73,114 1,471 1,798 1,648 3,934 NB 2,094 1,688 38,277 71,980 1,641 2,083 1,911 2,697 3,928 Condition number=29270,467 Eigenvalues 2401,867 757,603 5,142 3,689 2,208 1,164,745,178,082 Online Published: May 7, 2020 doi:10.22158/elp.v3n1p57 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v3n1p57 Abstract Creating customer intention to buy is obviously a major task of every marketer and/or firm. Keywords: attitude; brand; brand equity; customer; equity; intention; intimacy; model; norm; product; subjective
• Does the Federal Law Forbidding People under Domestic Violence Restraining Orders from Possessing Firearms Save Lives? by Lott, Jr., John R.; Moody, Carlisle E. (2023) - 0.0046 (-1.13) (-1.33) (-0.59) (0.50) 922 dummy * final order years 0.033 0.028 0.049 -0.075 (0.14) (0.12) (0.31) (-0.44) Domestic gun murder Domestic gun femicide General Specific General Specific Temporary order, days 0.026 0.032 0.0044 -0.0025 (1.05) (1.31) (0.24) (-0.14) Final order, years -0.21 -0.27 -0.24 -0.22 (-0.79) (-1.01) (-1.41) (-1.16) 922 dummy * temp days 0.00031 -0.0012 0.011 0.027** (0.032) (-0.13) (1.39) (3.46) 922 dummy * final order years -0.16 -0.12 0.0034 -0.070 (-0.78) (-0.62) (0.027) (-0.49) Note. In this paper, we attempt to assess the benefits of banning individuals who are subject to domestic violence protection orders from possessing firearms. Keywords: days; femicide; gun; law; model; murder; order; variables; years

• The Importance of Preventing Juvenile Delinquency by Zhuoma, Luobu (2024) - After the amendment of this article, the public security organs have increased the crackdown and judgment on juvenile sexual crimes, which coincides with the time when the proportion of juvenile sexual crimes has risen sharply. The Advance of Physical Development and the Lag of Psychological Growth Are the Objective Reasons With the growth of body and the development of secondary sexual characteristics, sexual impulse and curiosity are the physiological causes of juvenile sexual crimes. Keywords: crimes; delinquency; education; factors; juvenile; law; minors; prevention; values

• An Empirical Analysis of the Crime of “Drunk” Dangerous Driving—Taking the Plateau Area as an Example by Wang, Chenhui (2025) - This makes “loose conviction and light sentencing” the most significant feature of the ruling of dangerous driving crime cases in the region. In terms of literature retrieval methods, the author set up keywords such as “criminal case”, “grass-roots court”, “plateau area”, “dangerous driving crime”, etc. Keywords: analysis; area; crime; driving; driving crime; law; plateau

• Performance of Contracts upon the Fundamental Change of Circumstances in Vietnam’s Civil Code 2015 by Quynh Hoa, Duong (2023) - It is a normative legal research using secondary data, such as: academic articles, legal normative documents, reports, journal articles as well as conference papers and other documents having correlation with contract law and Performance of Contracts upon the Fundamental Change of Circumstances. 3. Results and Discussions 3.1 Definition of Performance of Contracts upon Fundamental Change of Circumstances The principle of pacta sunt servanda is a fundamental principle of contract law. Keywords: change; circumstances; contract; law; parties; party

• An Examination of the Reasons for the Failure of The Mental Defectives Amendment Bill 1928 in New Zealand by Li, Jun (2024) - The Labour Party rejects the underlying philosophy of New Zealand eugenics-that genetic factors are responsible for the increase in the number of mentally handicapped people. More worried about the impact of foreign immigration on New Zealand society than worried about domestic issues, Ngata and Buck developed graded race science and eugenics policies for ethnic www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/elp Economics, Law and Policy Vol. 7, No. 3, 2024 190 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Chinese in response. Keywords: amendment; amendment bill; bill; eugenics; new; new zealand; party; social; sterilization; zealand‟s

• Research on the Determination of Joint Debt of Husband and Wife by Yuan, Qin (2025) - According to the “interpretation of husband and wife debt”, “joint debt signing” and “living together for husband and wife, common production and operation” need to be borne by the creditor who advocates the establishment of joint debt of husband and wife. Husband and wife usually share the interests of debt, and should give priority to the recognition of husband and wife debt as common debt, supplemented by the judgment standard of individualism. Keywords: debt; determination; family; husband; law; wife; wife debt

• Implementation of Inclusive Education Policy for Disabled Children in Primary Schools in Vietnam by Bich Thao, Do Thi (2022) - Well perform the assignment of tasks and relationships between members in the implementation of inclusive education for children with disabilities; 3) Training and retraining to improve the qualifications of inclusive education for teachers to well perform the direction and implementation of the contents of inclusive education; 4) Regularly inspect and evaluate the implementation of inclusive education activities for children with disabilities, paying attention to the adjustment of the plan after the inspection; 5) Create the best environment, learning and development conditions for CWD. Managing inclusive education activities for CWD studying at primary school is essential to achieving the goal. Keywords: children; content; disabilities; education; good; schools

• “Trump Tariffs”: To Establish an American-Style Multilateralism Model? by WU, Yikai (2019) - Keywords Trump tariffs, bound tariff rates, most-favored-nation treatment 1. And no member country can raise its tariffs above the bound rate it has committed, that is to say, tariff rates actually applied must be lower than the bound rate. Keywords: rate; tariffs; trump; wto

• The Study on Poverty Reduction Effects of Chinese Urban Minimum Living Standard Guarantee System—Empirical Analysis Based on CHIP 2002 and 2007 by Zongsheng, Chen; Wen, Wen (2020) - In the 1990s, in order to alleviate the social impact caused by the transformation of enterprises in urban areas (Note 2), and to guarantee the basic living conditions of laid-off workers, the urban minimum living standard guarantee system came into being, building the last survival “defense line” for urban residents, namely the livelihood income line (Note 3), or urban poverty line. SCHOLINK INC. Keywords minimum living standard, guarantee system, poverty line, poverty rate 1. Keywords: guarantee; households; living; living standard; minimum; poverty gap; poverty line; poverty rate; poverty reduction; standard; standard guarantee; urban

• Diagnostics of the Life Deficiency of Life of the Population of Ukraine by Boichenko, E. B.; Vasilchuk, N. O. (2018) - According to the World Health Organization (data as of 2017), Ukraine ranked 104th in the world in terms of population lifespan. Thus, population lifespan in Ukraine in 2016 amounted to 71.38 years, including 66.37 years for men and 76.25 years for women. Keywords: deficiency; lifespan; mortality; population; tuberculosis; ukraine; years

• Evidence for the Scientific Nature of Jurisprudence in the Context of the Philosophy of Science by Li, Yanjin (2025) - Jurisprudence, now abbreviated as “legal science,” had fully undergone the transformative influence of modern science. Scholar Fang Kong, in The Principles of Positive Law: Meditations on First Legal Philosophy, vividly illustrates the process of formulating scientific laws through the equation L = r(z), which highlights two essential elements: the objective natural world and human cognitive capacity (Fang, K., 2007, p. 16). Keywords: jurisprudence; knowledge; law; nature; philosophy; research; science

• Research on Compulsory Contracting Obligation of Civil Liability under the Civil Code by Quzhen, Yixi (2024) - Online Published: November 7, 2024 doi:10.22158/elp.v7n3p55 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v7n3p55 Abstract This paper introduces the concept of compulsory contracting obligation from the case analysis, and analyzes the characteristics and types of compulsory contracting obligation. Keywords compulsory contracting obligation, violation, civil liability 1. Keywords: civil; compulsory; contracting; contracting obligation; heating; law; liability; obligations

Epilogue

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Created: 2025-12-23