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THE 
 
 CRITO OF PLATO 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES 
 
 BY 
 
 ST. GEORGE STOCK, M.A. 
 
 PEMBROKE COLLEGE 
 
 PART I.— INTRODUCTION AND TEXT 
 
 Oxford 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 1891 
 
 [All rights reserved] 
 
Xonfcon 
 
 HENRY FROWDE 
 
 Oxford University Press Warehouse 
 Amen Corner, E.G. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Since this University prescribes books for students, it is 
 but reasonable that it should supply them with editions in 
 which to read them. This, it is hoped, will be deemed a 
 sufficient excuse for the appearance of a new edition of 
 the Crito, in which the wants of candidates for Responsions 
 have been specially kept in view 7 . They have grammar 
 behind them and philosophy before, and require to be 
 reminded of the one and to be given a foretaste of the 
 other. Some of them will afterwards go in for Honours ; 
 others will remain contented with a Pass. If the notes 
 therefore should appear to any too elementary, let them 
 remember the needs of the weaker brethren; if any, on 
 the contrary, think them too hard, let them bear in mind 
 that the requirements of scholars and teachers have had 
 to be consulted as well as their own. 
 
 The previous editors to whom I am bound to make 
 acknowledgement are, first and chiefly, Stallbaum, and 
 after him Purves, Cron and Wagner. Had I consulted 
 Mr. Adam's edition, I would doubtless have improved my 
 own : but I could not bring myself to exploit a work which 
 has so recently appeared before the public. Among 
 
4 
 
 PREFACE, 
 
 collateral aids Wayte's notes on the Protagoras have been 
 found the most useful. To Mr. Evelyn Abbott I am in- 
 debted, not only for his revision of my work, but also for his 
 Index to Plato, for which every scholar has reason to 
 be grateful. 
 
 The text followed in this edition is that of the Zurich 
 editors. 
 
 ST. GEORGE STOCK. 
 
 8, Museum Road, Oxford, 
 Aug. 13, 1 891. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The Crito is a sequel to the Apology. In the Apology we i. Position 
 left Socrates condemned as an irreligious person and a corrup- ^j^ 0 
 ter of the young ; in the Crito we find him refusing to infringe ^rks^of 6 
 the laws of his country by falling in with a plan arranged by Plato, 
 his friends for his escape from prison. This incident furnishes 
 the motive for the dialogue ; the scene is the prison hard by 
 the court in which Socrates was condemned 1 ; the time early 
 morning on the last day but one before his death and nearly 
 a month after the trial 2 . Thus in the biographical or chrono- 
 logical order the Crito is intermediate between the Apology and 
 the Phaedo, in which last we catch the dying utterance of the 
 sage of Athens. Accordingly in the arrangement of Plato's 
 works ascribed to Thrasyllus the Crito comes in between the 
 Apology and Phaedo, occupying the third place in the first 
 tetralogy. This quartette of dialogues begins with the Euthy- 
 phro, wherein we find Socrates deserting the Lyceum for the 
 King's Porch, because of his impending prosecution by Meletus. 
 In the other and more philosophical division of the works of 
 Plato, which was also current in antiquity, the Crito is fitly 
 referred to the head of * ethical ' discourses. 
 
 In its construction the Crito is among the very simplest of 2. Con- 
 Plato's dialogues, resembling the earlier form of the drama, struction 
 in which only two actors figured on the stage. In style it is ^ of 
 rhetorical rather than dialectical, accepting the received i 0 g Ue . 
 notions of justice and injustice, of law and of the duties of a 
 citizen, without mystifying us by an attempt to analyse them. 
 
 1 Phaedo 59 D. 
 
 2 Xen. Mem. IV. 8, § 2. 
 
6 
 
 CRITO. 
 
 It may be considered as a specimen of that true rhetoric, which 
 Plato deemed possible, the object of which should be to 
 implant justice and temperance in the soul l . 
 Date of With regard to the date of composition nothing can be 
 composi- affirmed, except that the Crito was probably written after the 
 Apology. This may be inferred from the references which 
 it appears to contain to that work 2 . It might of course be 
 argued that these apparent references to the Apology are 
 really reminiscences of the actual words of Socrates on his 
 trial, which must have lived in the memory of his hearers. 
 But they tally with the Apology of Plato and do not tally 
 with the Apology of Xenophon, whence it is probable that 
 these references are literary rather than historical. 
 Histori- Just as the Apology may be seen to have a basis of fact 
 from its curious touches of resemblance amid diversity to the 
 Apology of Xenophon, so it is also with the Crito. We 
 know from Xenophon 3 that there was an attempt made by 
 the friends of Socrates to smuggle him out of jail ; and 
 that author records that Socrates disposed of their solicita- 
 tions by asking them whether they knew any spot outside 
 the Athenian territory which was not accessible to death. 
 Diogenes Laertius 4 however, on the authority of Idomeneus, 
 a disciple of Epicurus, ascribes the recommendation to 
 escape from prison to Aeschines, the Socratic, instead of to 
 Crito. But the advice is such as might well have been offered 
 by more than one friend. We need not therefore attach much 
 weight to the malicious suggestion of Idomeneus, that Plato 
 suppressed the name of Aeschines, because he was annoyed 
 at his reputation at the court of Dionysius. Socrates' inter- 
 pretation of the dream in like manner is related by Diogenes 
 in connection with Aeschines, perhaps on the same authority, 
 though he does not in this case quote it 5 . 
 
 1 Gorg. 504 D. 
 
 2 Cp. Crito 45 B, /j.r)T€ b eXeyes kv tw diKaffrijpiq) k.t.K. with Apol. 
 37 D, kclXos ovv av /xoi 6 fiios €477 QcXBovtl k.t.K ; Crito 52 C, av 5e 
 rare fX€v k.t.\. with Apol. 37 B, C. 
 
 3 Apol. § 23. 4 Diog. Laert. II. § 60, III. § 36. 
 5 See notes on 44 B, "H/aclt'i kzv k.t.\., C, yfxaiu irpodvfiovfihojv. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 7 
 
 The purpose of the Crito is manifestly to vindicate the 5- Purpose 
 character of Socrates as a citizen. He had been charged by of theCnto. 
 his accusers with inculcating disrespect for the institutions 
 of his country 1 , and his philosophical admiration for the 
 constitutions of Sparta and Crete was made no secret of 2 . 
 His dialectical analysis of accepted ideas was looked upon with 
 suspicion as having the taint of treason. Thus in the Clouds 
 of Aristophanes 3 his supposed disciple, Pheidippides, is made 
 to exclaim — 
 
 ojs tJSu Kdivois TTpayfiaaiv /cat degiois opuXeiv, 
 zeal tu)v KaOearajTcuv vo/jloov vircptypovtiv hvvaaOai. 
 
 The same charge of treasonable tendencies was echoed, 
 as Grote reminds us, by no less a person than Cato the 
 Censor 4 , a man utterly out of sympathy with speculative 
 philosophy. It is against this deep-rooted misconception 
 that Plato sets himself in the Crito to deliver the memory of 
 his master. To this end he introduces the famous personifi- 
 cation of the laws and constitution of Athens, which Socrates 
 is made to imagine as addressing to himself an impassioned 
 harangue on the duties of a citizen to his country. Plato also 
 urges, in proof of the patriotism of Socrates, his persistent 
 residence within the walls of Athens 5 . No doubt Socrates 
 was a true patriot in the best sense of the term ; but, unless 
 he has been sadly belied, he was no very warm adherent of 
 democratic ideas. If the coins of humanity were severally 
 worthless, he doubted whether they gained value from being 
 massed in a heap 6 , thus differing from the opinion of Aristotle, 
 who thought that the judgment of the multitude collectively 
 might be more valuable than that of the individuals who 
 composed it. We cannot therefore quite acquit Plato of 
 
 1 Xen. Mem. I. 2, § 9. 
 
 2 See note on 52 E, ovre AaKedaiptova . . . ovtc KprjTqv. 
 
 3 I399> I 4°°- 
 
 4 Plutarch, Cato XXIII ad in., os ye real ^ouKparrj (prjal \d\ov ml 
 fiiaiov yevofxevov kmxeipeiv, w Tpoirq) hwarbs rjv, rvpavveiv T7)s iraTpibos, 
 KaraXvovra ra e9rj real irpbs kvavrias tois vopiois do£as %Xkovtcl teal 
 IxtOioravTa tovs iroXiTas. 
 
 5 See 52 B, 53 A. 6 D. L. II. § 34. 
 
8 
 
 CRITO. 
 
 being animated in the Crito by the same desire which 
 dominates the Menexenus, of showing how, when he was in 
 the mood, he could rival the popular orators of Athens. In 
 the Politicus the Eleatic Stranger, who is supposed to be the 
 mouthpiece of Plato's own views, rather sneers at law in 
 . comparison with a wise and sovereign will. The very doctrine 
 which is enforced in the Crito is referred to there as a specious 
 commonplace 1 , though afterwards this law-abidingness is 
 admitted to be the best thing in the actual state of the 
 world 2 . But these later views are purely Platonic develop- 
 ments ; and we must not forget how the Socrates of 
 Xenophon 3 , when challenged by Hippias of Elis to give his 
 own view with respect to justice, is content to identify justice 
 with the observance of law. To the objection of Hippias 
 that laws and their observance can be no great matter, 
 because laws are often altered by the very men who framed 
 them, Socrates replies that you might as well slight discipline 
 in war on the ground that peace may afterwards be con- 
 cluded. In the Memorabilia too, as at the close of the Crito, 
 Socrates leads his hearer on from human enactments to the 
 contemplation of those eternal laws i which are not of to-day 
 or yesterday.' 
 
 6. Itsethi- Though the Crito is not professedly a speculative dialogue, 
 cal impor- jt nevertheless possesses a profound philosophical importance 
 tr^o^on- owm & t0 * ts anticipation of Christian ethics. Nothing can 
 resistance be more emphatic than the way in which the doctrine of non- 
 to injuries, resistance to injuries is laid down. ' Then one ought not,' 
 says Socrates, 'to do wrong in return, nor to do ill to any man, 
 no matter what one may suffer at men's hands. And see to 
 
 1 Polit. 296 A, Olo~0' ovv km to) tolovtoo Xoyov rbv irapd tcuv 
 
 TTOXX&V \€y6/jL€V0V 
 
 Ok kvvooj vvv y ovtoos. 
 
 Kal /xrjv €viTp€iTr)s. <paal yap drj 0€?v, ei tis yiyvwafcei irapd roits twv 
 €fnrpoadev fieXTiovs vo/jlovs, vo/xoOereTv ttjv kavTOv woXiv eKaarov irei- 
 aavra, aXXcos 5e pur). With this contrast Crito 51 E, 52 A. 
 
 2 Polit. 297 D, ad fin., To irapd tovs vojxovs jj.r]dev pLijbeva roXpidv 
 Troieiv tojv tv rfi ttoXh . . . nal tout' tariv opOorara Kal k&XXkjt' 
 €X 0V &s Sevrepov : cp. 300 B, ad fin. 
 
 3 Mem. IV. 4. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 it, Crito, in assenting to this, that you do not assent contrary 
 to your opinion. For I know that there are few who hold, or 
 will hold, this opinion. Those then who have formed this 
 opinion and those who have not cannot take counsel together, 
 but must needs despise one another, when they view each 
 other's counsels. Do you also then consider very carefully, 
 whether you share with me and hold this opinion that I hold, 
 and whether we are to start from this principle in our de- 
 liberations, that it is never right either to do wrong, or to do 
 it in return, or to defend oneself when ill-treated by doing ill 
 in return.' 
 
 But Socrates was not content merely to preach non-resist- 7. Socrates 
 ance to evil ; he also practised it. If the following anecdotes ^ ^ ^ e( * 
 are partly apocryphal, they at least serve to show the impres- p reac h e d 
 sion that was left of his character. Thus it is related that his 
 zeal in controversy sometimes led to his being cuffed and 
 otherwise maltreated by disputants with less relish for truth 
 than himself: but that he bore these rebuffs with exemplary 
 patience. When someone expressed surprise at his allowing 
 himself to be kicked, he asked whether if a donkey kicked 
 him, he ought to take the law of it l . One day also when 
 Xanthippe tore off his cloak in the market-place, his 
 friends advised him to defend himself with his fists ; but the 
 sage replied, ' Yes indeed ; to have you crying out, a Go it, 
 Socrates ! Go it, Xanthippe 2 ! " ' There is a marked differ- 
 ence of tone between this imperturbable good-humour of 
 Socrates and the meekness of a Christian martyr: but the 
 two coincide in their effect on conduct. It was the life, and 
 not merely the teaching, of Socrates that so powerfully influ- 
 enced his disciples. We may gather the reverence that was 
 felt for his character from the words of Aristippus to Plato, 
 when he deemed him guilty of some presumptuous utterance — 
 ' Our friend would never have said that V 
 
 1 D. L. II. § 21, on the authority of Demetrius of Byzantium. 
 
 2 D. L. II. § 37. 
 
 3 Arist. Rhet. II. 23, § 12. 
 
KPITQN 
 
 [77 nepl TTpaKTtov, tjOikos.] 
 
 Crito brings word to Socrates in prison that the ship from Delos, 
 the arrival of which portended death to him, has been seen 
 off Sunium. 
 
 •P- 
 
 43 212. Tl Tr\viKabe a</u£cu, S K/hVcop ; rj ov tt/xo hi 
 
 ia-TLV ; 43A-44B. 
 KP. Ylavv per ovv. 
 212. YlrjvLKa ixaXicrra ; 
 KP. "OpOpos f3a0vs. 
 
 212. &avjid((i>, ottcos r)6e\rjae aoi 6 tov beo-pLMTrjpLov 
 (f)v\a£ vTTdKOvcraL. 
 
 KP. avvr)6r)s rjbr] fxoi. eo~Tiv, 3) 2coKpares, bta to 
 
 TTOkkcLKLS bevpo (froiTCLV, KCLl TL KCLL evepyeTr)TCLl VTI €[JLOV. 
 
 212. v A/rri be 17/ceis rj itakai ; 
 
 KP. 'ElTL€LK(i)$ TTaXcU. 
 
 B 212. Eira 7ra>9 ovk evOvs eTnrjyeipas fie, dXXa aiyfj 
 TrapaKa6r](rcu ; 
 
 KP. Ov pLCL tov AC, 3) 2co/cpaTes, ovb' av clvtos 
 rjOekov ev TocravTrj re aypviTVLq kol Xvirrj elvai. aWa 
 kol aov TraXcu 6avp,a£a) alo~0av6pLevos, cos fjbecos Ka6ev- 
 Seis* kol eiriTrjbes ere ovk rjyeipov, iva cos rjbio-Ta biayois. 
 
 KOL 7ToW.GLK.LS pAV bf] (T€ KCLl TTpOTepOV €V TTCLVTL TCO f3i(0 
 
 €vbaipovio~a tov Tpoirov, ttoXv be pLakiorTa ev rrj vvv 
 Ttapeo-T&o-rj £vp<popq, cos pqbCcos clvti)v kol irpdcos cfrepeis. 
 
12 
 
 crito, 43 B-44 A. 
 
 212. Kat yap av, S KpLTaiv, TrXrjixfJieX.es eh) dya- 
 vaKTeiv tt]Xlkovtov ovra, el bel f)br] reXevrav. 
 
 KP. Kat clXXol, £ ^coKpares, tt]Xlkovtol ev roiavrais C 
 £vpi<popals aXio-KOVTaty dAA' oibev avrovs eTTiXverai r) 
 fjXiKia to fxr) oi)(l ayavaKrelv rf\ Trapovo-rj Tvyr\. 
 
 212. v Eort ravra. clXXcl tl br) ovto* it pep a<pl£ai ; 
 
 KP. 5 AyyeXtav, 2> 2G)Koares, (pepav yaXeTrrfv, ov vol, 
 ft>9 efxot (fraiveTcu, dAA' e/xoi Kat rots 0-019 eiTLTr]beLOLS 
 uacn kcu xaXeirrjv kclI [Bapelav, rjv eyd, a>s ifiol Sokg>, €2/ 
 rots fiapvraT av eveyKai\xi. 
 
 212. Ttz^a tclvty)v ; 7) to ttXoIov afyiKrai Ik ArjXov, 
 ov bel aipLKopievov reOvavai fxe ; D 
 
 KP. Oi! rot by) cuplKTcu, aXXa boKel \xev jutot rj£eiv 
 Trjfiepov e£ $>v anayyeXXovaiv rjKovres rives card ^ovvLov 
 
 Kol KCLTaXiTTOVTeS €K€t CLVTO. brjXoV OVV 6/C TOVTQOV \t&v 
 
 ayyeXa)v~], on ij^ei rrjixepov, kol avdyKY] brj els avpiov 
 eorat, 2> 2a>Koares, tov fitov ae reXevrav. 
 
 Socrates declares, on the strength of a dream, that it will not reach 
 Athens until the next day, 
 
 212. 'AAA', S KpLTcov, rvyj\ ayaOfj. el ravrr] rots 
 Oeols (frtXov, ravrr} ecrra). ov \xevroi ot/xat r)^eiv avrb \ 
 Trjfjiepov. 44 
 
 KP. U60ev rovro reKp,aipei ; 
 
 212. 'Eyco aoi ep&. rr) yap irov varepaiq bet fxe aito- 
 0vrj(TKetv r) fj av eX6j] to ttXoIov. 
 
 KP. 4>ao-t ye toi br) oi rovrcov KvptOL. 
 
 212. Ov rotvvv rrjs eniovarfs fjfJiepas ot/xat avrb 
 rj^etv, aXXa rrjs erepas. reK^aipo\xai be eK tlvos evv- 
 ttvlov, 0 edpaKa dXLyov irporepov ravrrjs rrjs vvktos' Kal 
 Ktvbweveis ev Kaipai rivX ovk eyelpai [xe. 
 
CRITO, 44 A-D. 
 
 13 
 
 KP. ^Hv be. hr) tl to Ivvtivlov ; 
 
 212. 'ESo/cei tls fxot yvvr] Ttpoo-eXdovaa /caXr/ /cat 
 B tveibrjs, XevKa t/xarta e^ovcra, KaXecraL pie Kal elirelv, 
 
 ^12 2(DKpaT€S> "HfJLCLTL K€V TpLTCLT(D ^Oir]V epL/3(t)X0V LKOLO, 
 
 KP. c 12s" aroitov to evvirvLov, 2> 2co/cpares. 
 
 212. 'Ez/apye? juez; oSz/, cos ye /xot So/ce?, 2> Kptrcor. 
 
 ^ ou must escape, Socrates, What will the world think of us if 
 we let you die ? 
 
 KP. Alclv ye, cos eoLKev, aXX\ co haiaovie 2co/cpares, n. Crito's 
 v ~ , v m v M . c , / , v v argument, 
 
 en koll vvv e/xot TteLUov kcu crcaUrjTL cos €jjloi, eav o~v 44B-46A. 
 
 airoOavrjs, ov /xta £vpL<fiopa icmv, aXXa x^P^ T °v '0 0 A m^ori' 
 
 io-reprjaOai tolovtov eiTLTr]beLov, olov eyco ovbeva pJ] 7rorc : 
 
 e£/)77<roo, ert be kol ttoXXols 5o£co, ol ep,e /cat (re fxr) 
 
 C crac/xos LcracLV, cos olos r' coz/ ere crco^et^, et ijOeXov 
 
 ava\[(TK€LV xp^ara, apLeXrjaaL, kolitoi tls av alayjitov eft] 
 
 TavTrjs bo£a 7) boKelv \pr\p,aTa TiepX irXeCovos iroLelcrOaL 77 
 
 (plXovs ; ov yap ireCcrovTaL oi ttoXXol, cos av euros ovk 
 
 rjOeX-qaas araevaL evOevbe fjpi&v TTpoOvpLovpLevcov. 
 
 Why should we heed the opinion of the world, Crito f The world 
 is not the arbiter of good and ill, 
 
 212. 'AXXa tl fjpuv, S> fxa/capte Kpircov, ovtoo tt)s tco> 
 ttoXX&v bo£r]$ pieXeL ; ol yap eiTLeLKeaTaTOL, &v p^aXXov 
 cl£lov (frpovTL&Lv, 7]yr\aovTaL avTa ovto) ireTipayOaL) coairep 
 av TtpayOl}. x 
 D KP. 'AAA/ opqs Sr) otl avayKr\ y co 2coKpares, kol tj\s 
 t&v iroXX&v bo^rjs pteXeLV, avTct be brjXa tcl napovTa vwl, 
 
 OTL 0I0L T elaLV OL TToXXol OV TCL apLLKpOTaTa TG)V KaK&V 
 
 e£epya£eor6aL, aXXa tcl /xeytora o~yjebov, eav tls ev avTOLS 
 bia/3el3Xr]p,evos jj. 
 
CRITO, 44 D-45 B. 
 
 212. Et yap &<fie\ov y to Kpircov, otot re etvai ol 
 ttoXXoI ra pLeyiara kclkci e^epyd^eoSai, tva otot re fjcrav 
 [aS] /cat ayaOd ra p.eyicrra, /cat /caAco? av el\e. v ^ v °^ 
 oiberepa otot re* ovre yap (jypovtpiov ovre dcppova bvvarol 
 TroirjcraL, ttolovctl be rovro o tl av Tvyuxriv. 
 
 Do not fear the consequences to us your friends. We are ready to 
 spend motiey, and will provide for your reception abroad. 
 
 (2) Socrates KP. Tavra piv brj ovrais e^ero)' rdbe 5e, co 2co/cpare?, E 
 
 need not r \ •> a ~ \ ~ #\ \ 3 
 
 fear the et7re M 0 ^ a P a 7 € ep,ov Trpoprjuei Kat to)v aAAoov entrr]- 
 
 quences to ^ e ^ v ) ^ v °^ evOivbe e£ek0r}S, Ot (TVKO<pdvTaL fjpiV 
 
 his friends, npdypara Ttapeyoc>o~iv cos ae evOevbe e/c/cAex/z-acrt, /cat 
 avayKaaOcopev rj koX itaaav rrjv ovaiav dnofiaXeiv r) 
 av\va -^pripara, r) Kal aAAo rt irpbs tovtols TraOetv ; el 
 yap rt tolovtov | c/>o/3etj eaaov avrb yaipeiv' r)pets yap 45 
 ttov St/catot eapiev crdaavres (re Kivbvveveiv rovrov rbv 
 Kivbvvov /cat, eav bey, en rovrov jotet^co. dAA' epol neiOov 
 Kat pr) dWoos TTOtet. 
 
 212. Kat ravra irpoprjOovpiai, S KpCrcov, /cat dAAa 
 TToWa. 
 
 KP. Mrjre roivvv ravra cpofiov' Kal yap oibe ttoXv 
 rdpyvpiov eo-riv, b deXovcrt Xaftovres nves actaaC ere Kal 
 e^ayayeiv evOevbe. eiretra ov^ Spas rovrovs rovs o-vko- 
 (fravras cos eireXelSy Kal ovbev av beot eV avrovs 7to\\ov 
 apyvpiov ; vol be virdpyei p.ev ra epia \pr\para, cos eyto B 
 ot/xat, iKavd' eireira Kal el ri epov K-qbopevos ovk otet 
 belv ava\lo~Keiv rd/xd, £evoi ovtol evOdbe eroip,ot dvakiar- 
 Ketv eh be Kal KeKopuKev erf avrb rovro dpyvpiov LKavov, 
 2t/x/xtas 6 Srifiaios* eroip^os be Kal Kefirjs Kal aAAot 
 TroAAot navv. cocrre, ortep Aeyco, prjre ravra (fiofiovpievos 
 aTTOKapLrjs aavrbv crcocrat^ p,r\re b ekeyes ev rep 6tKacrrr]ptcp, 
 
CRITO, 45 B-46 A. 
 
 15 
 
 bva^epes aoi yeveaOo), on ovk av eyjois e^ek6o)V o tl 
 C XP*? 0 (TaVT( ^' TTo\Xa\ov jjLev yap Kal aXXoae ottol av 
 a(j)LK.rj ayaTrrjaoval ae' lav be. /3ovkrj els (derraXiav levaL, 
 elcrlv e/xcu e/cei £evoL, ot ae irepl ttoXXov TioLr\aovTaL Kal 
 aor<fia\eiav aoL irape^ovrai, &crre ae fxrjbeva Xvneiv t&v 
 Kara QerrakLav. 
 
 Lastly, Socrates, your duty to your children demands that you 
 should sa*ve yourself j and que shall be disgraced if you do not, 
 
 v Erc be, 2) 2co/cpares, ovbe bUaiov \xol boKels entyjeipelv (3) Appeal 
 \ x - a~ - to duty. 
 
 Trpayfxa, aavTov irpooovvaL, e^ov acoUrjvaL kcu rotavra 
 
 cnrevbeis irepl aavTov yeveaOai, airep av Kal ol eyOpoL 
 
 aov airevaaLev re Kal eairevaav ae biafyOelpai /3ov\6[JLevoi. 
 
 irpos be tovtols Kal tovs viets tovs aavTov epoLye boKels 
 
 D Trpobibovai, ovs aoL e^bv Kal eK0pe\f/aL Kal eKiraibevo-ac 
 olyj]<rei KaraXLirdv, Kal to aov \xepos, o tl av Tv^coaL, 
 tovto irpa^ovaL' Tev^ovrat be, o)s to elKos, tolovtcov 
 olautp etcoOe yCyveaOaL ev reus optyaviais irepl tovs 
 6p<pavovs. rj yap ov %pr) TtoLelaQaL iralbas, rj £vvbiara- 
 kaLTTQdpe'iv Kal TpecpovTa Kal TraibevovTa' av be fxoi boKels 
 Ta pqOvpoTaTa aipelaOaL' \prj be, airep av avr)p ayaObs 
 Kal avbpelos eAotro, TavTa alpeiaOai, (j)daKOVTa ye brj 
 apeTrjs bta iravTos tov /3lov eTupLeXeicrOai' cos eycoye Kal 
 
 E vnep aov Kal virep r)p.(ov t&v acov en LTr]beLu>v alayyvop,ai, 
 fxr) bo£r} anav to Trpaypia to Ttepl ae. avavb'piq tlvI Tjj 
 fjjxfiTepq TteTTpayOai, Kal r) elaobos Trjs bUrjs els to 
 btKaaTrjptov cos elarj\6es e£bv pir) elaekOelv, Kal avTos 6 
 ayojv Trjs btKrjs cos eyeveTO, Kal to TekevTalov brj tovtl, 
 &airep /cardyeAcos Trjs npa^ecos, KaKiq tlvI Kal avavbptq 
 46 Tjj rjjxeTepq \ biairefyevyevai fjp,as boKelv y oiTives ae ovyj. 
 eadaap^ev ovbe av aavTov, olov re ov Kal bvvaTov, el tl 
 
CRITO, 46 A-D. 
 
 KCLL (TflLKpOV f][JLG)V 0<fiekoS TjV. TCLVT OVV, 3) 2(&KpareS, 
 
 Spa fjL-q apca rc2 kolkco kclI auryjpa f\ vol re Kal rjpuv. aAAa 
 (3ovkevov, ptakkov be oibe (3ovkeveo~6aL en &pa, dkka 
 fiefiovkevo~6ai, pia be fiovkr)' rr\s yap eTnovarjs vvktos 
 rrdvra ravra bel TTeirpa^OaL. el 6' en r7ep1p.evovp.ev, 
 abvvarov koX ovKen olov re. dkka navrl rporuti, S 
 ^ooKpares, rreiOov [jlol Kal p,r]bapG)s dkka)S rtoLei. 
 
 Tour zeal is invaluable, Crito, if only it be rightly directed. We 
 must therefore examine the question in the light of reason. 
 
 ill. So- 2X2. 9 I2 <£t'Ae Kptrayv, rj irpoOvpiLa aov 7rokkov a£ia, B 
 
 reply. el pL€TCL TWOS dpOoTTJTOS ell?]' el be pLTj, 0(T(t) fJL€L£(i)V y 
 
 46B-54E. TO(TO y T( p yaXeiio^Tepa. o~KOT7eiaQai ovv \pr] r]p.as, elre 
 ravra irpaKTeov elre pari' &>s eyo) ov pidvov vvv dkka Kal 
 del tolovtos, olos r&v e/xcoz; purjbevl aAAa) ueiOeaOat rj r<£ 
 koyco, bs dv pLOL koyi(opLev(j> /3eknaros (j)aivr]rai. rovs be 
 koyovs, ovs ev raS epLirpoaOev ekeyov, ov bvvapLat vvv 
 eKfiaktiv, eiretbri jucot rjbe rj rvyj) yeyovev, dkka o~)(eb6v 
 ri opLOLOL fyaivovrai /xot, Kal rovs avrovs 7rpeor(3ev(o Kal C 
 rt/xw ova-TTep Kal irporepov' &v eav pii] /3eAruo e^p^ev 
 keyeiv ev r<5 rtapovn, ev taOi on ov pJ] 001 ^vy^coprjcro), 
 ovb' av irketo) rcov vvv irapovroav fj r&v irokk&v bvvapLts 
 &o"nep iralbas fjpids pLoppLokvrrr]Tat, beapiovs Kal Oavarovs 
 eirL7Tep,7TOvo~a Kal \pr)p,arcov dfyaipeaeis. 
 
 Were ave right in admitting before that not all opinions are to be 
 attended to, but only those of the ivise ? 
 
 opinions^ Hais ovv av pLerpidrara o-KO7To[p,e0a aird ; Et Ttp&Tov 
 *tt l d b d ^ V T0 ^ T0V T ° v ^°y ov dvakdfioipev, ov av keyets irepl 
 to, but only tcov bo£cov, norepov Kakcos ekeyero eKaarore r) ov, on 
 those of ~ v^^^«s>^ t \ o ^ v. _ 
 
 the wise. raty M 6z; ^ €t TC0V bo^cov TTpoae^eiv rov vow, rats be ov D 
 
CRJTO, 46 D-47 B. 
 
 17 
 
 77 irplv fxev efxe belv aTTO0vrj(TK€Lv KaX&s eXeyero, vvv be 
 KardbrjXos apa eyevero, otl dXXoos evena Xoyov eXeyero, 
 rjv be ircabLa Kal (f)Xvapia o>s aXrjO&s ; eTnOvfJLG) 8' eyaoye 
 eTTLCTKeyj/cLcrOcLL, S) KpCroiv, kolvj} fxera o~ov, el tl jtxot dA- 
 XoLorepos qbavelraL, eireibrj cSSe ex 60 * rj 6 airos, kol 
 eacrofjiev yaLpeiv r) ireicropLeOa avr<S. eXeyero be* 7ra)s, cos 
 €yJ/xat, eK&o-Tore &be vrtb t&v olopLevoov tl Xeyetv, &o"nep 
 vvv by) eyco eXeyov, otl t&v 8o£co>, as ol avQpoynoi 8o£d- 
 E Covaty beoi tcls fxev Trepl ttoXXov iroielcrOaL, tcls be \xr\, 
 tovto irpbs Oe&v, go KpLTGiv, ov boKel KaXm croi Xeye- 
 aOai ; av yap, oo~a ye TavOpdmeia, euros el rod [xeXXeiv 
 47 J ano6vr)0'Keiv avptov, Kal ovk av o~e uapaKpovoL r) Trap* 
 ovaa ^vixfyopa' o-KOireL brj' ov\l KaXm boKel col Xeye- 
 crOai, otl ov iraaas XPV T( *s bo£as t&v avOpojiroov tljjlclVj 
 dXXd tcls ixev, ras 6' ov ; oibe rtavroov, clXXcl r&v ijl4v, 
 T&v 8' ov ; tl qbys ; Tama ovyl /caAcos XeyeraL ; 
 KP. KaAcoy.' 
 
 212. Ovkovv tcls fJiev xP r )°" ra $ TLfxaVf tcls be irovrjpas 
 KP. Ncu'. 
 
 212. Xprjaral be ovy^ al t&v qbpovLfjLoov, Trovqpal be al 
 tG>v d(f)p6v(t)v ; 
 
 KP. TTcoy 8' ov ; 
 
 As in questions of bodily health <ive attend to the opinion of the 
 expert, and not to that of the many, so should five do in the case 
 of justice. 
 
 212. <t>epe br)> 77(05 av ra TOLavra eXeyero ; yvfxva£6- 
 fxevos avrjp Kal tovto rrpdrTcov norepov navrbs dvbpds 
 B eiraLVto koI \j/6y(D Kal bo£rj rbv vovv itpoo-eyeL, rj evos 
 fxovov enelvov, bs av rvyxavrj larpbs r) TraLborpLfirjs &v ; 
 
 B 
 
CRITO, 47 B-D. 
 
 KP. 'Evbs \xovov. 
 
 212. Ovkovv (f)o(SeL(rQ(u XPV T0V $ "tyoyovs Kal ao-jra- 
 £e(rQai tovs enaivovs tovs tov evbs eKtivov, dAAa /xrj tovs 
 
 T&V TTOW&V, 
 
 KP. Arikabri. 
 
 212. Tavrrj apa avr^d irpaKTeov Kal yv\xvao~Teov Kal 
 ebea-Teov ye Kal iroTeov, fj av r<3 evl boKjj r<3 emorarr; 
 Kal eiratovTL, jjlclWov rj fj fu/x7ra(n, rot? aAAots. 
 
 KP. v Eart ravra. 
 
 212. IZlev. ai:ei6r)(ras be ra> evl Kal dri/xa<ras avrov C 
 TYjv bo£av Kal tovs eiraivovs, TifjLrjo-as be tovs t&v ttoXX&v 
 koyovs Kal fjLrjbev eira'iovTcov, apa oibev KaKov ireiaeTai ; 
 
 KP. Tl&s yap ov ; 
 
 212. Tt eaTi to KaKov tovto ; Kal ttoI TeCvei, Kal 
 eh tl t&v tov aTteiOovvTos ; 
 
 KP. ArjXov otl eh to crw/xa* tovto yap bioWvo-iv. 
 
 212. KaX&s Aeyeis. ovkovv Kal raAAa, £ K/htcoz/, 
 ovt coy, tva [XT] irdvTa bd&fJLev, Kal brj Kal ire pi tG>v biKaiav 
 Kal abiKtov Kal ala^p&v Kal KaX&v Kal ayaOcov Kal KaK&v, 
 irepl &v vvv rj )3ov\r) fjixiv eor&, iroTepov Tr\ t&v ttoW&v 
 bo^rj bei fjfjias eirevOai Kal fyofieicrOai avTrjv, rj Tjj tov D 
 evos, el tls ecrTiv e7ratcov, bv bei Kal alvxyveo-Oai Kal 
 (j)ofieiGrOaL piaWov rj ^vpuravTas tovs aXXovs ; a> el fxr) 
 CLKoXovOrjo-opiev, bia^Oepov^xev eKelvo Kal Xod^aoixeOa, 
 b r(5 fxev StKata) fieXriov eyiyveTO, roS abUa aTrcoAAuro. 
 17 oibev eo~Ti tovto ; 
 
 KP. OTpLai eya)ye, S> 2coKpar€s. 
 
 For justice is the health of the soul, and is more important than 
 the health of the body, 
 
 212. Qepe br), eav to vtto tov vyieivov \xev fie\Tiov 
 
CRITO, 47 D-48 B. 
 
 *9 
 
 yiyvo\ievov, vtto rov vocrdbovs be biafyOeipoixevov, bioke- 
 (raifxev TreiOoiAevoL [AT] TTj t&v eTra'CovTcov bo£r], apa fiioorbv 
 E rjfuv ecrrl bie(f)6apjjLevov avrov ; eort be irov tovto to 
 a&fxa' rj ov^l ; 
 KP. Nat. 
 
 212. *Ap' ovv /3lo)tov fjfXLv earl /oiera pio^Orjpov Kal 
 
 bi€(f)0apH€VOV (T(x)[JLGLTOS ; 
 
 KP. Ovbaix&s. 
 
 2X2. 'AAAa /xer' eKeCvov apa rjpZv ftmTdv biefyOapixe- 
 vov, (p ro abiKov [lev Xtofiarai, to be biKaiov ovtvqaiv ; 
 rj (pavXoTepov rjyovyLeOa elvai tov crco/xaros eKelvo, o rt 
 48 ttot earl ra>z> | rjixeTepcdv, irepl 0 rj re abiKia Kal rj 8t- 
 Kaiocrvvr) ecrTiv ; 
 
 KP. Ov8a/xa>9. 
 
 212. 'AAAa Ti\imTepov, 
 
 KP. noX^ ye. 
 
 2X2. 0£k apa, S /3eAriare, ttclvv fjfuv ovtco (frpov- 
 TioTeov, tl epovaiv ol iroWol fjfJLas, dAA' o 76 6 eiraicov 
 7T€pl t&v biKaCoov Kal abiKoov, 6 els, Kal avTr) rj aXr\Oeia, 
 coare irp&Tov fxev TavTrj ovk opO&s elo-rjyei, elo-rjyovpLevos 
 Trjs t&v iroW&v bo£r]s beiv r)\xas <ppovTi£eiv irepl t&v 
 biKaicov Kal Kak&v Kal ayaO&v Kal t&v evavTicov. 
 
 But the many may kill us, if <we neglect their opinion. True : but 
 it is not mere life, but a good life, that is important. And a 
 good lij e is a noble and just life. 
 
 'AAAa \xev br\, <paCr] y av tls, oIol t elo~lv rj[xas ol 
 
 7ToAAol CLTTOKTLVVVVaL ; 
 
 B KP. ArjXa br) Kal TavTa' fyair] yap av, 2> 2ai/cpare9. 
 2X2. 'AXrjOrj Xeyeus. ctAA', S OavpiaaLe, ovtos re 6 
 Aoyos, ov bu\r)\vQaixev } e/xotye boKti opLOios elvai ra> Kal 
 B 2 
 
20 
 
 CRITO, 48 B-E. 
 
 7TpOT€pOV' KOL TOVbe CLV (7K07T€t, €1 €76 pi€V€L TJfXLV TJ OV, 8tl 
 
 ov to £rjv irepl Tt\eio-Tov TTOLrjTeov, clWcl to ev Crjv. 
 KP. 'AXXa ix€V€i. 
 
 212. To be ev kcll koAws kcu SiKauos otl tclvtov eVrt, 
 peveL rj ov peveL ; 
 KP. MeW. 
 
 question then for us is whether it is just for me to attempt 
 to escape or not. Let us endeavour to agree about this. 
 
 (2) His 2X2. OvKOVV €K TWV SpokoyOVpieVCOV TOVTO CK€7TTioV, 
 
 duty is to , , v , „ v , 
 
 Stay, not TTOTepOV OLKCLLOV €jUt€ evOeVOe 7T€Lpaa0aL e^LevaL pLTJ CLCpLeV- 
 
 s °' Tap 'AQr]va((t)v, r) oi hUaiov* kol eav pier qbaivrjTaL Q 
 bUaLOv, ireip<ape9a, el be ^77, e&pev. as be ab keyeis 
 ray crKexjseLS irepi Te avaXdcreods XprjpaTtov kol bo£rjs kcll 
 naibtov Tpocfrrjs, fxr) a>s" dkr]6 cos Tama, S KptVcoz/, crKeppaTa 
 rf tuv pqbLMs clttoktlvvvvtcov kol ava^Lata-Kopevcov y av, 
 el oIol Te rjcrav, ovbevl £vv tovtcov t&v irokk&v. rjpLv 
 b\ eireibr} 0 Aoyos ovtms alpei, pr) ovbev aWo crKenTeov 
 37 77 oirep vvv br) ekeyopev, iroTepov bUaia upa^opev kol 
 XprjP'CiTa TeXovvTes tovtols tols epe evBevbe e£a£ov<ri kol 
 XapiTas, kol avTol e^ayovTes re kol e^ayopevoL, rj Trj D 
 aXrjOeLOL abLKr\cropev ttclvtcl tclvtcl iroLovvTes' kclv ((hilvco- 
 p,eda abLKct clvtcl epya^opevoL, pr) ov bey virokoyL^eaOaL 
 ovt el airoOvrjo-KeLv bel irapapevovTas kol fjavxCav dyov- 
 tcls, ovTe akko otlovv irao-yew irpb tov abLKelv. 
 
 KP. KaAwy pev poL boKels keyeLv, S> 2a>Koares, opa 
 be tl bp&pev. 
 
 212. ^KOTT&pev, 5) 'yaOe, KOLvfj, kol el irrj e\eLS 
 avTL\zyeLv epov keyovTos, avrCkeye, kcll ctol neicropaC el 
 be prj, iravcraL rjbr], 2> paKapLe, ttoWclkls poL Xeyotv tov E 
 (xvtov \6yov, d)j xprj evOevbe clkovtcdv 'AOrjvaL&v epe 
 
CRITO, 48 E-49 C. 
 
 2T 
 
 ainevaV o>s eyo> irepl noXXov TTOLOVfiai ireCcras ce ravra 
 
 7TpCLTT€LV, aXXa fJLTJ CLKOVTOS. 
 
 Were we right in laying down the principle that we must never 
 do injustice f Tes. Not even when it is done to us ? It seems 
 so. And is not doing ill to others unjust? It is. Revenge 
 therefore is absolutely unlawful, in spite of what the many 
 think and say. If you admit this, be sure you do so with a 
 whole heart : for everything hinges upon it. I do : say on. 
 
 "Opa be brj rrjs (TKe^/em rr]v apxtfv, ear aoi lkclv&s 
 49 XeyrjTai, Kal ireipco airoKpCveo-Qai to \ epo)T(a[xevov y fj av 
 /utaAiora oltj. 
 
 KP. 5 AAA.a Treipao-opLCU. 
 
 2f2. Ovbevl TpoTTM (fyaixev eKovras abiKfjTeov elvai, 
 rj tlvI [ikv abiK7]Teov Tp6iT(j>, Ttvl be ov ; rj oibapi&s to ye 
 abiKelv ovre ayaObv ovTe KaXov, ws iroXX&Kis fjpuv Kal ev 
 r<2 epoTpocrOev xpovu £>pLoXoyrj0r) ; [oirep Kal apTi eXiyeTO.] 
 rj iraaaL fjpuv eKelvai al irpoaOev bp^oXoylai ev Talabe 
 rats oXiyais rjpiepais eKKeyyp.evai eicri y Kal iraXai, £ 
 KpLTotv, apa TrjXiKoCbe [yepovTes] avbpes irpbs aXXrjXovs 
 B (Tirovbrj biaXeyopLevoL eXaOop^ev rjpas avTovs iratbcov ovbev 
 biacfrepovTes ; rj iravTos piaXXov ovtoos eyjei, &o"nep Tore 
 eXeyeTO fjpZv, etre (jyaalv oi iroXXol elre p.r\\ Kal efoe bet 
 tjplcls en T&vbe yaXendiTepa nao-yjtiv etTe Kal irpaorepa, 
 o/xws to ye abiKelv r<2 abiKovvTi Kal KaKov Kal ala^pov 
 Tvy\dvei ov iravA Tpoitto ; <\>ap.ev 77 ov ; 
 
 KP. <£a\xev. 
 
 212. Ovbap.Q)s apa bet abiKelv. 
 KP. Ov brjTa. 
 
 212. Oibe abiKovpievov apa avrabiKelv, a>s oi iroXXol 
 oiovTai, eireibri ye ovbapi&s bel abiKelv. 
 C KP. Ov <f>aCveTai. 
 
22 
 
 CRITO, 49 C-E. 
 
 2X2. Tt 8e brj, KaKovpyelv bet, 2> Kpirvv, t) ov ; 
 
 KP. Ov bet by ttov, 3) litoKpares. 
 
 212. Tt Se ; avriKaKOvpyelv KdKrn rtaoyovra, ot 
 
 7roAXot (/)acrt, biKcuov r/ ov biKaiov ; 
 
 KP. OvbafJL&s. 
 
 212. To yap 7roi> KaKws rroLelv avOpdntovs rov abtKelv 
 
 OvbtV bLCL(f>4p€l. 
 
 KP. 'AXrjOr] Xeyeis. 
 
 2X2. OSre apa cwraSiKetz/ £)€t oi/re kclkcos iroieiv ov- 
 beva av6ptoira>v, ovb' av otlovv Travyr\ avr&v. kol 
 opa, d) Kptrcoz/, ravra KaOofjLokoy&v, ottois jutr) 7rapa bd£av D 
 dfioXoyfjs. o?ba yap on okiyois rial ravra koX boKei /cat 
 bo£ei. ols ovv ovroo beboKrai Kal ots pari, rovrois ovk eart 
 kolvt] fiovkrf, aAA' avayKJ] rovrovs akkrjkoov Karaqbpovelv, 
 op&vras ra akkr\ka)v fiovXevpLara. aKoiret brj ovv Kal av 
 ev ptaka, rtorepov Koivooveis kol £vvboKei aoi /cat ap^dpieOa 
 evrevOev fiovkevopievoi, a>? ovbeirore opO&s e^ovros ovre 
 rov abiK€Lv ovre rov avrabiKelv ovre KaK(o$ rtaayovra 
 apvveaQai avrcbp^vra KaK<3s # r) a^Caraaac Kal ov kolvo)- 
 veis rrjs apx%; eptol pev yap Kal rtakai ovtco ko! vvv ert E 
 ,6oKet, aol & et tttj akkrj beboKrai, keye Kal btbaaKe. el 
 be ep.p.eveis rots rrpoaOev, rb p,era rovro aKove. 
 
 KP. 'AAV epipLevco re Kal £vvboKei p.oC akka keye. 
 
 Is it just to keep one's covenants ? Yes, But if I escape from 
 prison, shall I not break my covenants, and do ill to the city f 
 I am not prepared to say, Socrates. 
 
 212. Aeyo) brj av rb fxera tovto, p-akkov 8' epcora} 4 
 rrorepov a av ris 6p.okoyrjar) ra> Sucata ovra noiryreov r\ 
 e^anaTrjreuv ; 
 
CRITO, 49 E-50 C. 
 
 KP. HoirjTeov. 
 
 2X2. 'Ek 7ov7cozj brj aOpei, amovres ZvOtvbe rjpLeis fx-q 
 50 7T€L(ravT€S rrjv \ ttoXlv norepov kclk&s tlvcls -noiovfxev, kol 
 tclvtcl ovs rjKLara bet, r) 01! ; kol e/x/xcVo/xez^ ols i)\xoXoyr\- 
 craixzv hiKaioLS ovctlv t) ov ; 
 
 KP. OiK 6^60, 2> 2wKpar€9, aTroKpuaaOai irpbs 0 
 epa)7a<?' oi yap eWoai. 
 
 matter in this way. Suppose that, (when I was 
 in the act of escaping, the laws and commonwealth were to 
 come to me and say — ' What are you about, Socrates ? Are 
 you not doing your best to destroy us and the city V Am I to 
 tell them that the city was doing a wrong to me ? 
 
 212. 'AAA' aide aKoirei. el pLtWovcnv rjinv kvOivbe (3) Personi- 
 
 6676 aTTobibpa(TK.€iv, 077(09 bet ovoixdaat tovto, ZkOovTts the com- 
 
 < / \ \ v ^ /x 7 / v monwealth 
 
 06 VOjXOL KCLl TO KOLVOV TT]S TTOAtCOS €7TLCrTaVT€S tpOLVTO, and the 
 
 El7T€ fJLOL, 2) 2co/cpa76S, TL €V V(2 €\€LS 710L€LV J CiAAo 76 IawS * 
 
 r) TOVTUt 7(2 €/Oy(t), (S €7Tt)( 6 iP^5, 8ta^O€6 TOVS 76 VO^XOVS 
 
 B VI^OLS anoXeaai kol ^ypmaaav ttjv ttoXlv to abv pctpos ; 17 
 
 b0K€L VOL olov 76 676 €K€LVYJV TTJV TToXiV €LVCLl KOL />t^ 
 
 avcLTtTpacpOaL, iv fj av al yevofxevaL biKai fxrjbev la)(y ooatVy 
 
 dAA' VTTO IblQiT&V CLKVpOL 76 yLyVOdVTCLl KOL bia(f)0€Lp(i)VTaL ; 
 
 TY epovpLtv, 3) KpiTaiv, Trpos 7airra kol aXXa toiclvto: ; 
 iroXXa yap av tls *yoi, aXXm 76 kol priToop, elirelv virep 
 
 TOVTOV TOV VO/JLOV CL7ToXXvfX€VOV, OS TCLS biKCLS 7C69 biKCi- 
 
 aOeCaas irpoaTaTTtL Kvpias etvat. r\ tpovfxev irpos clvtovs 
 C oVt 'H8tK6t yap rjfjias fj ttoXls kol ovk opd&s Tqv ftUrjv 
 €Kpive ; Tai;7a r) H epodfxev ; 
 
 KP. Ta£7a vr\ AC, S) 2coKpa769. 
 
24 
 
 CRITO, 50 C-51 A. 
 
 But they may reply — i Is this your agreement, Socrates f Were 
 you not born and bred and educated under our auspices ? If 
 the child has not equal rights as against his parent, much less 
 has the citizen as against his country. It is your business 
 simply to submit. 
 
 212. Tt ovv, av eXircoo-iv ol vopioi, 2c5/cparey, ?J 
 Kat ravra i>ixo\6yr]TO rjfuv re kcll ctol, 77 epip,eveLv rats 
 8tKats als av fj 7ro'Ats biKaCv ? € ' L clvt&v OavpLa£oLpLev 
 keyovrav, to-cos av eliroiev on 9 X2 2coKoares, (jltj 6avp,a£e 
 ra \eyop.eva, dAA' airoKpivov, eireibr] Kal etcoflas xprjaOai 
 r(3 epoorav re Kal artOKplvevQai. (pipe yap, rt eyKaX&v D 
 fifxiv Kal rfj iroket e7rtxetpets ?7/xas onroWvvai ; ov 
 irp&TOv [kkv ae eyevvrjcrapLev ??/xets, Kal be fjfjL&v eAa/x/3ai/e 
 tt}v [xr]T€pa aov 6 irarrjp Kal e<fivrevo-e ae ; <j)paaov ovv, 
 tovtols fifJL&v, [rots ro/xots] rots 7rept rovs yap,ovs, 
 fjL€pL(j)€L rt a>s ov KaA&s eyovaiv ; Oi /xe'/x</>o/xat, (fratrjv 
 &v. 'AAAa rots 7rept rrjv rod yevopLevov rpocfrrfv re 
 Kal iraibeiav, ev fj Kal av eTraibev6r]s ; r\ ov KaA&s 
 irpoaerarrov fjpL&v ol em tovtols reraypiivoi, [vofioij, 
 napayyeXXovres r<3 irarpl r<3 a-a> ere iv pLOvaiKfj Kal 
 yvpLvacTLKj] rtaibeveiv ; KaA<Ss, (jyairjv av. Eiev. eireLbrj E 
 be eyevov re Kat e£erpa<f>r]s Kal eiraibevO-qs, e^ots 
 eiireiv irp&rov p.ev a>s ov\t rjpiirepos r\a6a Kal eKyovos 
 Kal bovkos, avros re Kat ot a-ot npoyovoi ; Kal el rovO* 
 ovt(d$ e^et, ap e£ to-oi> otet etrat cot ro biKaiov Kat 17/xtz/, 
 Kat arr' av 77/xets ere eTtiyjeip&pLev Trotelv, Kal <rol ravra 
 avrmoielv otet bUaiov . etz/at ; 77 7rpds /xez/ apa o*ot roz; 
 ivarepa ovk ef taov r\v ro biKaiov Kal irpbs tov bea-irorrjv, 
 et o~ot (ov €Tvy\av€v, (Sa-re, a7reo Trao-^ots, ravra Kal 
 avriTTOLelv, ovre KaK<Ss aKOvovra avrikeyeiv ovre \ rvirro- 51 
 \ievov avTLrvirreLV ovre aAAa rotaSra 7roAAd* irpos be 
 
CRITO, 51 A-C. 
 
 25 
 
 TTJV TTCLTpCbd CLpa Kdl TOVS VOfJLOVS e£eOT<U (TOi, (Sore, 
 
 lav <re €Tn\€LpQtixev f]fj.€i$ airoXkvvai bUaiov rjyovpLevoL 
 eivai, Kal (tv be fjfxas tovs vojiovs Kal ttjv irarpiba kclO' 
 oaov bvvacai lTnyeipr)creLs avTairoWvvaL, Kal (£770^19 
 ravra ttolcov bUaia irpaTTeiv, 6 rr) ahr)QeLq tt)s dperrjs 
 
 i7TLfJL€\6[Ji€V09 \ T) OVTCOS €1 <TO(f)6s, (SoT€ keXrjOe <T€ OTl 
 
 \xr\Tp6s re kol iraTpbs Kal t&v aXkav irpoyovaiv wtt&im&v 
 
 TLfXL(OT€p6v IvTIV 7] TlCxTpls KOL (TtfXVOTepOV KOL hyitoTepOV 
 
 Kal lv fxeiCovi \koipq kol irapa Oeols kol 7rap' avdp&TTOLS 
 B rot? vovv eyovai, Kal crefiecrOaL ha. Kal fiakkov vireiKeLV 
 kol 6co7T€V€lv iraTpiba yaXeitaivovo-av r) irarepa, Kal r) 
 neLOeiv rj iroielv h av Kekevr), Kal iraoy^etv, lav tl 
 irpoo-Tarrrj TraOelv, r)avyjiav ayovra, lav re TvnTearQai 
 lav re beiaOai, lav re eh irokepiov ayrj TpotOrjo-opLevov 
 rj airoOavovpLevov, Ttoir]Teov ravra. Kal to bUaiov ovtoos 
 e\et, Kal ovyl vttzlktIov oibe avaxooprjTeov oibe ketTTTeov 
 ttjv t&£lv, aAAa kol lv 7roke[X(o Kal lv biKao-Trjpiip Kal 
 C Ttavrayov noiryreov a av Kekevrj fj 176X19 Kal r) narpis, 
 rj ireCOeiv airrjv fj to bUaiov irecpVKe, /3id£eo-0ai 8' oi\ 
 ocnov ovt€ ixrjTlpa ovTe iraTepa, iroXv be tovtcov ert 
 t)ttov ttjv naTpiba ; TC (prjarofxev irpos raCra, 2> KpiTcov ; 
 a\r)Qr) Xeyetv tovs vofxovs, r) ov ; 
 KP. "EfjLotye boKei. 
 
 1 After all <we had done for you ivejtill left you free to go or stay. 
 By staying you ha*ve declared in fact that you are content with 
 us. And if you try to do violence to us now* <we declare you 
 guilty of impiety , ingratitude and breach of contract. 
 
 212. 2K07ret tolvvv ) S Sco/cparey, tyaiev av laoos oi 
 vofxoL, el fjixels TavTa aXrjOrj \eyop,ev, on oi b'lKaia r)fxas 
 e7rt^et/)ety bpav h vvv e7rtxetpety. rjfxeh yap ere yevvrj- 
 
26 
 
 CRITO, 51 C-52 A. 
 
 aravT€S y €K0p£\lravT€S> TrcubevaavTes, ^erabovres airavrcov 
 &v 0I0L t riixev kclX&v aol Kal tols aXXois iracri ttoKitclls, 
 o/xcoy TTpoayoptvofjiev r(5 Z£ovo~(av TreTroirjKtvai "'AOrjvaioov D 
 7oi fiovXoii£v<&, eTretbdv boKifxaorOfj Kal Ibrj ra iv rfj voXec 
 TTpdyfxaTa Kal r]\xas rovs vofxovs, a> av fxrj apkcrKcofxev 
 f)jji€LS, e^eivai Xafiovra tcl clvtov dnikvai 07TOL av (3ov- 
 A^rai. Kal ovbels fjfA&v [t&v vofioov] ifxirobdv evnv 
 ovb' cnrayopevti, idv re' ris j3ovXr]TaL vpi&v eh airoiKLav 
 Uvai, el fJLT] dpecKOLfxev ^juiety re Kal rj ttoXls, idv re 
 jxeTOLKelv dXXoai ttol iXOdv, livai e/ceure ottol av fiov- 
 \y]Tai, eyovra ra avrov. os 8' av vfxcov irapapLeivr], 6pa>v E 
 bv Tpoirov f)[JL€LS ray re biKas biKa£o\A€v Ka\ raXXa tj]v 
 ttoXlv bLOLKovfxev, rjbr] <f>afjL€v tovtov wfJLoXoyrjKivai epya> 
 rjfjiLV a av rjpLtls KeXevoopiev TroLrjaeLV ravra, Kal tov /x?) 
 
 lT€L06fJL€VOV TpLXJJ (frapikv dblK€LV, OTl T€ y€VV7]TaL9 OV(TLV 
 
 fipuv ov TreWerat, Kal on rpo(j)€V(TL, Kal on dpLoXoyrjo-as 
 f)fuv neiOecrOai oi!re 7rei0ercu oi!re ireCOei ry/xas, et /ut.77 
 KaX&s n noLovp.€V, | irponOevroov fjfJL&v Kal ovk aypiais 52 
 iirLTaTTovTcov 7TOL€iv a av KeAewo juiezj, aXXa tyUvrotv 
 bvolv Odrepa, rj neiOeiv rjfxas rj iroieiv tovtcov ovbirepa 
 7rotet. 
 
 ' To you, Socrates, above all men, does this argument apply* For 
 you have been distinguished by your fondness for the city, and 
 have raised children here. Moreover you might have had 
 your sentence commuted for banishment. But you talked big 
 during your trial about braving death : whereas now you are 
 meanly running away, like a slave from his master. 
 
 Tavrais br\ $a/xez/ Kal ae, 2> DaJ/cpares, reus alriais 
 eW£e<r0(H, enrep iroLrjcreis a eirivoeis, Kal ov% rjKio-ra 
 'A6y]vaL<tiV cr£ } dAA.' iv toIs [xaXiaTa. Et ovv eyo> 
 enroi/xt, bih tl brj ; l(to)s av [jlov biKatm KaOditroivTo, 
 
CRITO, 52 A— D. 
 
 27 
 
 keyovres on ev rols /xaAiora 'AOrjvaiodV eyia avrois 
 o)fjLo\oyr]K0i)9 Tvyyavoo TavTrjv rrjv opokoyiav. fyaiev yap 
 B av otl ^12 StoKpares, peyaka r)p!Lv rovrcov reKp,r)pia Zo-tlv, 
 oti (toi Kal fjpLels ripicKOfxev Kal fj ttoKls' ov yap av nore 
 t(ov akkav 'AOrjvataiv airavroov biacfiepovTons ev avrfj 
 
 €7T€6?7/X6t9, €1 jJLlfj (TOi bia<pep6vTO)S 7Jp€(rK€ 9 Kal OVT €7Tt 
 
 Oeotpiav 7rco77ore e/c Trjs irokeoos etjrjkdes, [otl /xt) aira^ 
 els 'laOpiov,] ovre akkocre ovbapiocre, el pur) ttol aTpaTevcro- 
 pLevos, ovre akkrjv diTobrjixLav eiroLrjcra) 7T(07rore, &(n:ep ol 
 akkoc avOpoynoi, ovb' eiriOvp^ia ve akkqs nokecos ovb* 
 akkcov vopLcav ekafiev eibevau, akka fjpLels ctol iKavol 
 
 C rjpiev Kal r) fjpLerepa irokts' ovtm acfyobpa r)p.as jjpov, 
 Kal o)fxokoyeis KaO* rjpias Ttokireveo-Oai, ra re aAAa Kal 
 Tralbas ev avrfj eVoi^o-co. g>s dpeo-Kovo~rjs croi Trjs irokeois. 
 en tolvvv ev avrfj ty\ biKTj e£rjv o~ol <f)vyrjs n/x7/o"ao-0a&, 
 el efiovkov*, Kal oirep vvv aKovo-qs Trjs Trokeoos eir Repels, 
 rore eKOvcrrjs iroLrjaai,. av be Tore fxev eKakkooiru^ov o)s 
 ovk ayavaKT&v, el beot reOvdvat o~e. aAA' r)pov } m 
 ecprjcrOa, irpo Trjs 4>vyr)s Oavarov' vvv be. ovt eKeivovs 
 tovs koyovs aiayyveiy ovre r)p.G)v t&v vopicov evrpenei, 
 
 D eitiyjeip&v biaqbOeipai, Ttparreis le airep av bovkos (fravko- 
 raros npa^eiev, aitobibpao-Keiv eniyjeip&v irapa ras 
 £vv6rjKas re Kal ra? opiokoyias, KaO' as rjpuv £vve6ov 
 nokirevecrOai. 
 
 f How then can you deny that you are breaking a covenant, which 
 you were neither forced nor cajoled nor hurried into ? In spite 
 of your praise of Lacedaemon and Crete, it is Athens that you 
 have always chosen to live in. Then abide by your agreement 
 to the end, 
 
 TIp&TOv [/xez/] ovv r)pXv tovt avrb airoKpLvai, el dkrjOfj 
 keyop.ev obdaKOVTes <re S*pokoyr)Kev at 'nokirevecrOai /ca0' 
 
28 
 
 CRITO, 52 D-53 B. 
 
 fjixas epyop, aAA' ov Xoya, 77 ovk aXrjOrj. Tl <\)&\xev irpbs 
 TavTa, co Kpirodv ; aXXo tl rj op^oXoy^ev ; 
 KP. 'AvayKrj, fi) ^ojKpares. 
 
 212. "AXXo tl ovVy av crater, 77 ^vvOiqKas ra? irpos 
 7//xas ovtovs Kal SpLoXoyias TrapafiaLveLs, ov)^ vt: avdyKrjs E 
 oixoXoyiqcras oibe diraTrjOels oibe ev 6X[y(o xpova avay- 
 KacrOels ftovXevaacrOaL, aXX* ev eTeaLV efiboixr\KovTa y ev 
 
 oh Z£r}v VOL CL7TL€VCLL } el {JL7] r)peCTKOlXeV fjfJLeLS firjbe hLKtLLOLL, 
 
 £<paivovTO o~ol at opioXoyCaL eTvaL, av be oi/re Aa/ce- 
 bal\xova Trporjpov ovTe KprjTrjv, as br) eKacTOTe <\>r\$ 
 evvopLelcrOaL, ovt€ aXXrjv ovbejxLav t&v ^KXXrjvLbcov 
 iroXeoov oibe t&v \ fiapfiapLK&v, aXX' eAarra) i£ avTrjs 53 
 airebrfiJirjo-as rj ol x 6 ^ 0 * T€ Tv<j>\ol Kal ol &XXol 
 avairrjpoL' ovtoo ctol bLa(j)ep6vT0)$ tQ>v aXXoov 'AOrjvaCayv 
 r)peo-Kev r) ttoXls re Kal 7//xeis ol vo^ol brjXov otl* tlvl 
 yap av ttoXls dpeaKOL avev v6\aozv ; vvv he brj ovk 
 epLfxeveh tols copioXoyrj pie vols ; eav fjpuv ye ireLOrj, S> 
 ScoKparey' Kal ov KaTayeXaaTos ye eVei e/c Trjs iroXeoos 
 egeXOoiv. 
 
 'For w hat good will come of your transgression? Tour friends 
 will run the risk of exile or confiscation of property, And you 
 must either go to law-abiding cities, where you will he looked 
 upon with mistrust, or else to lawless Thessaly, where they 
 may relish the story of y our escape — so long as you do not 
 offend them. You will spend your last years there on sufferance 
 like a parasite. And then how about the talk of 'virtue ? 
 
 ^KOireL yap 817, TavTa irapafias Kal e^afxapTavcav tl 
 tovtcov tl dyaObv epydcreL aaVTov r) tovs eiTLTrjbeLOVS 
 tovs o-avTod, otl p.ev yap KLvbvvevo-ovcrL ye crov ol B 
 eiTLTrjbeLOL Kal avTol (frevyeLV Kal aTeprjOrjvaL tt}s TroXecos 
 rj tt]V ovo-iav anoXeaaL, a^ebov tl brjXov* avTos be 
 
CRITO, 53 B-54 A. 
 
 2 9 
 
 irp&Tov \xev eav els t&v eyyvTCLTa TLva iroXevv eXOys, 
 7/ Qrf(3a(€ rj Meyapdbe — evvofxovvraL yap anfyoTepai — , 
 7ToXep.LOs fj£eis, S 2w/c/)ares, rf\ tovtojv TroXiTelq, kcll 
 oaoLirep Kr\hovrai t&v clvt&v TroXeojv, vTro^Xexj/ovTai ere 
 biatyQopea fjyovfxevoL t&v voficov, kcll /3e/3aia)(rets tols 
 
 C bLKaCTTOLS T7]V ho^CLV, &(TT€ b0K€lV OpOtoS TTjV bLKTJV 
 
 bLKCKTaC octtis yap vofMov bta(f)6 t opevs eort, <r<j)6bpa irov 
 bo^eiev av vea)v ye Kal avorjTOdv av0p(airo)v bta(j)9opevs 
 eTvai. TTorepov ovv <$>ev£ei tols re evvopiovpievas iroXets 
 Kal t&v avbp&v tovs kootpllootcltovs ; Kal tovto ttolovvtl 
 apa a£iov col £rjv eVrat ; 77 ir\r]crLaa eis tovtols Kal aval- 
 axvvrrj(r€LS bLaXeyopievos — Tivas Xoyovs, S Sco/cparej ; 
 17 ovairep ev0a.be, o>s fj aperrj Kal fj biKaioo~vvr] nXeivTov 
 cl£lov tols av0pG»7TOLS Kal tcl vofXLpLa Kal ol v6[xol ; Kal 
 
 D ovk ol€L aayjiiiov (paveio-Qai to tov SoiKpaTOVS irpayp,a ; 
 oUo~6ai ye XPV* 'AAA 5 e/c p!ev tovtcov t&v tottojv 
 airapeis, rj£eis be eh QerrakCav irapa tovs £evovs tovs 
 Kpircovos' eKel yap brj 7rAeiOT7j ara£Ca Kal aKoXacria, 
 Kal laois av fjbecas gov aKOVoiev i>s yeXotojs eK tov 
 becrpLooTripLOV cnrebCbpao-Kes vKevy\v re riva TrepiOepLevos, 
 77 bt(j)6epav Xa/Btav 77 aXXa ola br\ elojOacrtv evaKeva£ecr0ai 
 ol aiTobLbpao-KOVTes, Kal to o-yjuxa to oravTOv p,eTaXXa£as. 
 
 E oTi be. yepo&v avrjp crfiLKpov ^povov Tea /3to) Xolttov ovtos, 
 is to ei/co's, eToXpLrjaras ovto) yAtVxpcos eirL0vpietv Crjv, 
 vopLOVS tovs fAeyCaTovs napaftas, oibels bs epel ; foots, 
 av p.r\ TLva Xv7rfjs' el be pd), d/cowret, S EwKpares, iroXXa 
 Kal ava£ia o-avTov. V7rep\6pievos brj /3ia>o"£i TtavTas 
 avOpdirovs Kal bov\evo)V tl ttolG>v fj evo))^ovpLei f os ev 
 ©erraAt'a, cocrirep eirl beinvov aTrobebrjpLriKcos els ©erra- 
 Xiav ; Xoyoi be. eKeivoi ol irepl biKaioovvr\s re Kal t^ 
 54 ZlXXtjs apeTrjs irov fjpuv \ ecrovTat ; 
 
3° 
 
 CRITO, 54 A-C. 
 
 ' But you wish to live for your children: 's sake ! Do you mean to 
 give them the advantage of an education in Thessaly ? Or 
 will your friends look after them, if you go to another country, 
 but not if you go to the other world ? 
 
 'AAAa brj t&v Traibotv eveKa ftovket (rjv, Xva avrovs 
 eKOpexj/rjs kclI iraLbevcrrjs ; tl be ; els QeTTaXCav avTOvs 
 ayaycov 6pe\j/eLs re Kal iraLbevaeLS, £evovs iroLrjo-as, Xva 
 Kal tovto aov a7ro\av(T(i)(TLv ; rj tovto [xev ov, avrov be 
 rpecf)6fxevoL crov £<0)vtos fiikriov Opexj/ovraL kcll iraLbev- 
 
 (TOVTCLl, JJL1] fjvVOVTOS GOV CLVTOLS \ 01 yap eTTLTTjbeLOL ol VOL 
 
 eTTL[JLe\ricrovTai avr&i: irorepov eav els ©erraAiaz; anobr}- 
 fjLTjcrrjs, eTTLfAekrio'ovTca, eav be els ff ALbov an obr] puff ays, ovyl B 
 eTTLfxeKrjo-ovTaL ; etirep ye tl o<fie\os avr&v earl tG>v aoi 
 (frao-KovTcov eTTLTrjbeLcov elvaL, olecrOai ye yprj. 
 
 6 No, Socrates, take advice from us who nurtured you, and set 
 neither children nor your own life before justice, that so, sinned 
 against, but not sinning, you may with a clear conscience 
 confront our brethren, the eternal laws of the world beyond, 1 
 
 'AAA', 2> Sw/cpare?, ireLOop.evos rjfuv tols vols Tpofyevai 
 fxr/re 7ral6as irepl irXeiovos ttolov \xr\re to (j)v fxrfTe aAAo 
 ixrjbev irpb tov biKaiov, Xva els "Aibov ekOcbv exV s Kavra 
 ravra aTToXoyrjo-ao-OaL tols eKel ap\ovo~LV ovTe yap 
 evOabe vol (f>aLveTai TavTa npaTTOVTi afxeLVOv etvaL ovbe 
 bLKaLOTepov ovbe ocrL&Tepov, ovbe aAAa) tQ>v acov ovbevC, 
 ovTe eKelce 6\(f)LKOfxev(o apLetvov eorai. aAAa vvv fxev 
 rjbiKrjpLtvos aireL, eav clttltjs, ov\ t5<£' rjpicov tG>v vopicov 
 a\X! vtt avOpdircov' eav be e^eXOrjs ovtoos alo-yp&s C 
 avTabLKYjaras Te Kal avTLKaKOvpyrjaas, ra? aavTov 6/xoAo- 
 yias Te Kal £vv0rjKas tcls irpbs rjpias irapafias Kal KaKa 
 epyacrdpevos tovtovs ovs rjKLaTa ebeL, aavTov Te Kal (f)L- 
 Xovs Kal TiaTpiba Kal r}p.as, f^els Te vol yaken avovp.ev 
 
CRITO, 54 C-E. 
 
 V 
 
 £o)VTL, KCU €K€l 01 f]{JL€T€pOL d8eA<£ot 01 €V ° AiboV v6[A0L 
 
 ovk evfxev&s ere VTrob^ovrcu, etSores otl kcCl fjixas iire- 
 \€ipr]cras airokioraL to aov /xepoy. clWcl \xr\ TT^Car) 
 D KpiTQiv iroitLV a Aiyet, fxaWov fj ^/xety. 
 
 Such, Crito, is the strain that keeps humming in my ears, and 
 renders them impervious to ought else. Nevertheless, if you 
 have anything to say against this, say on. I have not, 
 Socrates. So be it then, since God so guides us. 
 
 Tclvtcl, S) (f)i\€ Iraipe KpiTcov, ev lgtOl otl iyco 8okg) 
 clkovzlv, too-irep ol KOpvfiavTL&vTes t&v avX&v hoKOVcriv 
 CLKOveiv, kcll Iv e/xol avTK] 7] rjxrj tovtcov t&v Xoyoov 
 
 fiopLftel KCLL 7T0L€L fJLTJ hvV0L0~6ai T&V Cl\Xq)V CLKOV€LV 
 
 aXXa lvOl, ocra ye rd vvv ifxol boKodvra, lav tl Xiyys 
 Trapa tclvtcl, p.aTr\v epeis. ojutcos /xeVrot e£ tl oUl irXeov 
 Troirjo-tLV, Aeye. 
 
 KP. 'AAA', 3) *2(tiKpcLT€S, ovk e'x&> Xiyeiv. 
 E 212. v Ea Toivvv, S KpiToov, kol irpaTTcoiJLev TavTrj, 
 eiTtibri tclvttj 6 6tbs i^rjyeirat. 
 
fifarenfcon (J?uee Settee 
 
 THE 
 
 CRITO OF PLATO 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES 
 
 BY 
 
 ST. GEORGE STOCK, M.A. 
 
 PEMBROKE COLLEGE 
 
 PART II.— NOTES 
 
 AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 
 1891 
 
 \_All rights reserved'] 
 
Xonfcon 
 
 HENRY FROWDE 
 
 Oxford University Press Warehouse 
 Amen Corner, E.C. 
 
NOTES 
 
 KPITHN] An Athenian of the deme of Alopece, to which 
 Socrates also belonged. Throughout life he played to the philo- 
 sopher the part of a 1 fidus Achates.' It is recorded indeed on the 
 authority of Demetrius of Byzantium, a writer of whom we know 
 very little, that Crito took Socrates away from his trade and educated 
 him, being struck with his mental ability (Diog. Laert. II. § 20, ad 
 fin.). But the fact that they were contemporaries ^Apol. 33 E ; 
 cp. Euthyd. 272 B— D) renders this story improbable. However 
 that may be, the wealth of Crito was always at the service of his 
 friend. It was Crito who ministered to his wants through life 
 (D. L. II. § 121; ; it was Crito who went bail for his appearance 
 before the dicasts (Phaedo 115 D" ; it was Crito among others who 
 guaranteed to pay a fine for him, if the sentence of death were 
 commuted (Apol. 38 B) ; and finally it is Crito who in this dialogue 
 is represented as bribing the jailer and making other arrangements 
 for the escape of Socrates. In return for this affectionate solicitude 
 Socrates gave Crito good advice. He pointed out to Crito how to 
 secure himself against the machinations of informers by keeping an 
 honest man to act as a sort of watch-dog (Xen. Mem. II. 9). The 
 intimate relations between the pair of friends is graphically indicated 
 in the Phaedo (60 A, B), where Socrates, on the morning before he 
 drank the hemlock, wishing to be rid of the clamorous lamentations 
 of poor Xanthippe, gave a glance at Crito and said, 'Let somebody 
 take her home*; 4 and so some of Crito' s people took her away, 
 crying and beating her breast/ A friend in those days was dearer 
 than a wife ; and so it fell to Crito to close the eyes of Socrates, 
 when they were fixed in death ^Phaedo 118). 
 
 A 2 3 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 43 A. 
 
 The principal occupation of Crito seems to have been the care of 
 his property, which he did not let the pursuit of philosophy interfere 
 with (Euthyd. 304 C). He was possessed of landed estates (Euthyd. 
 291 E). We read in this dialogue (45 C, 53 D) that he had friends 
 in Thessaly, with whom he offered Socrates a safe retreat, if he 
 would fly there. Crito had two sons, Critobulus and another 
 considerably younger (Euthyd. 306 D), about whose education he 
 was anxious. 
 
 Although the qualities of his heart were more conspicuous than 
 those of his head, Crito was not without pretensions to philosophy, 
 his admiration for which he is made naively to express in the 
 Euthydemus (304 C) — 'AWa fievroi, ecprjv, x a P L * v 7* ti irpayfxa kariv 
 y <pi\oao(pia. Nor was this admiration without result, if we may 
 credit the statement of Diogenes Laertius (II. § 121), that he was 
 the author of a book containing seventeen dialogues on the following 
 thoroughly Socratic subjects — 
 
 t. That goodness does not come by nature. 2. On self-aggran- 
 disement. 3. What is expediency ? — or the Statesman. 4. On the 
 beautiful. 5. On doing ill. 6. On tidiness. 7. On law. 8. On the 
 divine nature. 9. On aits. 10. On social intercourse. 11. On wisdom. 
 12. Protagoras or the Statesman. 13. On letters. 14. On poetry. 
 15. On learning. 16. On knowing or about knowledge. 17. What 
 is knowledge ? 
 
 r\ irepi TTpaKTcov] That is to say, the discussion turns upon a 
 point of conduct. 
 
 t|0ik6s] This is one of the eight * infimae species ' to which the 
 works of Plato were referred by the ancients, as the result of a 
 subtle process of division. The Apology was thrown under the 
 same head. 
 
 A ttjvik&Sc] 1 At such an hour!' Cp. Prot. 310 B, rod eve tea 
 TTjviKabe dcfytfcov ; In Phaedo 76 B, avpiov Trjvitcadc, it means simply 
 ' at this time,' without the exclamatory force which it has here. 
 rrji/Lfcabe is a strengthened form of Trjvifca, the demonstrative cor- 
 responding to the interrogative irrjvifca and the relative fjvi/ca. For 
 the termination cp. clvtikcl. 
 
 irpoj] The Attic form of -npaji, < mane.'' irpcp is read here in spite of 
 the MSS., which give irpoji. In Aristophanes it always scans as a 
 monosyllable. Cp. Prot. 311 A, irpy yap kariv. 
 
 Ildvv \itv oviv] * Yes, very.' In iravv pXv ovv, as in p\v ovv 
 generally, there is no need of a counterbalancing 5e\ It has often 
 been remarked that \ikv and 5e are weaker forms of fxrjv and 5rj. 
 
 ITTyvtKa [ia\iara ;] ' About what o'clock is it ? ' 
 
 "OpOpos pa0\3s] ' Early dawn.' "OpOpos is the time before sunrise. 
 
 4 
 
CRITO, NOTES, 43 A-B. 
 
 Cp. Laws 951 D, air* opOpov fjLexP l7T€ P av V^ l0S dvdcrxy : Prot. 310 A, 
 7-779 TrapiXBovarjS vvktos ravrrjcri, in paOeos opdpov : St. Luke xxiv. I, 
 rfi 5e pxa tojv aaPfidrajv, opdpov fiaOtos. 
 
 Oavjxdjco oircos k.t.X.] Socrates is surprised at the early hour 
 at which Crito had contrived to obtain admission. On pre- 
 vious occasions Socrates' friends had been kept waiting for some 
 time until the prison was opened — aveyyero yap ov irpco (Phaedo 
 59 D). 
 
 vTraKovo-at] Cp. Phaedo 59 E, 6 Ovpoopos, oo-rrep dujOei vvaKovuv. 
 viranoveiv is to hear and obey or answer. For the former sense cp. 
 Aristotle, Eth. Nic. X. 9, § 10, &s vwaKovoopivcov touu kmuKws tois 
 €0ecrt irpoTjy/jLevouv, ' under the idea that those who have been trained in 
 virtuous habits will lend a willing ear ' ; for the latter cp. Soph. 2 1 7 D, 
 ■navrts yap vnaKovaovrai <roi irpdcvs, said of a number of youths all of 
 whom were ready to act as respondents in dialectic. ' Auscultare ' in 
 Latin, with its French equivalent ' ecouter,' and our own word 
 * hearken,' have occasionally the same double meaning. 
 
 ti Kal €u€p*y€TT]rai] What we should express by the word ' tip.' 
 The same idea is conveyed still more delicately in Aristophanes, 
 Clouds 1 147, XPV yup kmOavpdfav ti rbv oihdaKaXov. For the 
 omission of the augment, required by the perf. in place of re- 
 duplication, cp. Rep. 615 B, €v€pyeTr)KOTes. The augment proper 
 is commonly omitted by Xenophon, e. g. Ages. IV. § 4, evepyerei, 
 Apol. § 26, evepy^Tovv (Dindorf). The augmenting of the syllable 
 6l»-, however, is a point on which there is much diversity both among 
 MSS. and editors. 
 
 €iri€LKws] The Scholiast notes this as a favourite word with 
 Plato. The combination kmttKcvs irdXai recurs in Theaet. 142 A. 
 
 eiTa] Used just like our ' then/ to indicate surprise. Cp. Meno B 
 7 1 C, Etra ovk kdoK€i col ddevai ; 
 
 p,d tov AX*] For the use of the article cp. Meno 82 A, ov pa tov 
 Ala : 98 B, vrj tov Ata. More often the article is omitted, as in Apol. 
 17 B, 26 D, E, Meno 83 B. vrj marks an affirmative, p.d a. negative 
 oath, except where vat precedes it, in which case the oath is strongly 
 affirmative, as val pa Am. 
 
 ov>8' dv cuitos k.t.X.] 4 1 could wish that I myself were not thus 
 awake and in sorrow.' 
 
 €v TOcravTT] t€ k.t.X. ] For \v ToaavTr) dypvuvia re Kal Xvirrj. 
 This displacement of the conjunction becomes intelligible, if we 
 supply Toaavrij again before Xvnrf, so that the full expression would 
 be kv ToaavTTf t€ dypvirvia Kal Toaavrr) Xvurf. So in Phaedo 94 D, rd 
 T€ Kara rr)v yvpvaarLKr)v Kal rr)v larpiKf)v — id T€ Kara tt)v yvpvaariKr)v 
 Kal rd Kara ttjv iaTpiKfjv. — Stallbaum. 
 
 5 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 43 B-C. 
 
 a-ov 7rd\ai GavjAaJco] ' Jamdudum te miror.' For Oavixafav with 
 the gen. cp. 50 C, d ovv avTcuv 6av/A,a£oifji€v XeyovTCJv. 
 
 8id*yois] Sc. tov xpovov. Ziayois is Hirschig's emendation for 
 Sidyrjs, which is read by Hermann and Schanz. didyrjs is intelligible 
 if we suppose Crito to contemplate the possibility of Socrates 
 resuming his sleep. 
 
 toO rpoirov] 'In your turn of mind.' Cp. Phaedo 58 E, (vdaifioov 
 yap fj.01 avrjp e<paiv€TO, w 'Ex^/JCtrey, teal tov rpoirov Kal tojv Xoycov. 
 
 itX^ixjacXcs] TrXrjfifjieXrjs (perhaps from trapa and /xeAos) is the 
 opposite of €(*/jI€\t)s. Here render ' a stupidity.' 
 
 tt]\iko\)tov ovra] 1 At such an age.' Socrates was now 70. 
 See 52 E and Apol. iy D. The words agree with rtva, which is 
 latent in ayavafcreiv as its subject. This suppression of the subj. of 
 an infin. is common enough. Cp. Apol. 29 A, dofceiv ao<pov elvai pci) 
 ovra. 
 
 ttjXlkovtos is sometimes used without distinction of person, as here 
 and in Parm. 136 D. But as a rule TrjXtKocrde belongs to the 1st 
 person and ttjXikovtos to the 2nd. As instances of TijXiKoadc used 
 by the speaker of himself, either alone or along with others, take 
 49 A ad fin., Apol. 34 E, 37 D, Theaet. 377 D, Parm. 136 D, 
 Laws 634 D ; and as instances of ttjXikovtos used of the person 
 spoken to take Prot. 361 E, Gorg. 466 A, 489 B, Menex. 234 B. 
 Q -?] T)\iKta] Here = ' senectus.' But the word means simply ' time 
 of life' (as in Polit. 270 D, fjXiKLav tnaorov €lx* tcvv £wow : cp. 
 Meno 72 A), so that it has sometimes to be rendered 'youth,' e. g. 
 Arist. E.N. I. 9, § 10, sometimes 'manhood,' Lysis 209 A, and 
 sometimes, as here and in Lach. 180 D, 'old age.' From 'age' 
 rjXiKia comes to mean 'appearance of age,' Euthyd. 271 B, Demosth. 
 1024 ad fin., and so easily passes into the sense of 1 stature,' which it 
 bears in the N. T. (Mat. vi. 27, Luke xii. 25, xix. 3) and perhaps in 
 Hdt. III. 16. 
 
 to jjlt| o\)\l] When a verb denoting ' hindrance or freedom 
 from anything ? is itself negatived, as here (ovScv avrovs €iri\i>€Tai, 
 'does not at all release them from'), the double negative fir) ov 
 is generally used rather than the simple firj with the infinitive. 
 See Goodwin's Greek Grammar § 263. Cp. Rep. 354 B, ovk dwt- 
 axop-f]v to firj ovk km tovto kXOetv. Either the simple infinitive or 
 the infinitive with rod might have been used here in place of the 
 infinitive with to. Cp. Meno 89 D, ovk dvaTi$€fxai pf/ ov KaXws 
 XeytaOai. 
 
 €mTr]8€iois] Socrates disowned the title of diodcrKaXos for himself 
 with its correlative of fxa6rjTr]s for his hearers. See Apol. 33 A, 
 €70; 5c dibdcrKaXos ix\v ovdevds irunoTe ky(v6fji7jv f and Xen. Mem. 
 6 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 43 C. 
 
 I. 2, § 3. Socrates declared that he investigated, but did not teach, 
 and that whoever wished was welcome to investigate along with 
 him. Accordingly his circle of admirers are always indicated by 
 names implying friendship and companionship, such as emrrjdeioi 
 here and in Xen. Mem. I. 1, § 6, kiriOvfxijTai (Ibid. I. 2, § 60), 
 dfiiXrjTai (Ibid. §§ 12, 48), avvovaiaarai (I. 6, § i), or by phrases 
 with a like meaning, such as ol avvovTts aura), ol avyyiyvopievoi, ol 
 
 awdlCLT pL&OVTSS, ol 6}Jil\0VVT£S CLVTO) (IV. 7> § l )y °* TT^r]0~ia£oVT€S , 
 
 ol /ze0' eavrov (IV. 2, § 1), ol crvv-qOcis (IV. 8, § 2). Aristippus also, 
 in speaking to Plato, talks of Socrates as 6 krcupos tjijlojv (Arist. 
 Rhet. II. 23, § 12). Cp. Euthyd. 305 A and the close of the Phaedo, 
 rjd€ rj T€\evTT], Jj 'Ex^pare?, rod kraipov yfxiv kykvero. See Grote, 
 Hist, of Greece vol. viii. p. 212, note 3 (1884). 
 
 €v rots PapvTa-r'] ' Will find it hardest perhaps to bear.' The 
 old explanation of this idiom, given among others by Stallbaum, is 
 that the sentence in full would run thus — kv tols fiapkcvs <pkpovo~iv kyuj 
 PapvTaTa dv kviytcaifu. This theory is based on the supposition 
 that tols is here nothing more than the article. It is certainly 
 not strengthened by the fact that kv tols may be followed by a 
 feminine adjective. Thus in Thuc. III. 8t, § 6 we have kv tols 
 TTpajTT] kyiveTo (77 ot6lo~is) and in III. 17, § 1, kv tols irXtiaTai Sfj 
 vrjcs, 1 one of the very largest naval forces.' Probably the true 
 explanation of the origin of the phrase is to be found in the early 
 use of the article as a pronoun, a force which is clearly marked 
 in Euthyd. 303 C, iroWa \x\v ovv kcll d\\a . . . . kv 5e tols kcll tovto. 
 But though the same force might be thrust upon the words kv tols 
 both here and in other passages (e.g. 52 A below, kcll ovx rjKiaTa 
 'AOrjvaioov ok, d\\' kv tols fiaXLOTa — ' you, not the least of the 
 Athenians, but most among them''), this force was probably not 
 present to the mind of the user. The fact seems to be that the 
 formula degenerated into unintelligibility, so that kv tols came to 
 be a mere adverbial expression whereby any superlative, whether 
 adjective or adverb, might be softened. Hence it was prefixed 
 equally whether the adjective were masculine or feminine. Thus 
 kv tols apiaTov (Meno 93 E) means ' one of the best,' kv tols TrpojTov 
 (Phil. 53 A), ' among the first,' kv tols //a\fcra (52 A and Theaet. 
 186 A), 'perhaps the most.' So here Crito, instead of claiming a 
 supremacy of woe, softens down fiapvTovra into kv tols QapvTaTa, 
 out of respect for the other friends of Socrates. Cp. Thuc. VII. 71, 
 § 4, kv tols xa*€7ra/TaTa dirjyov, ' fared among the worst.' The fact 
 that a more regular expression is sometimes found, in which kv to?s 
 agrees with the adjective following, is only an instance of the 
 reaction of language against the unintelligible. Thus in Charm. 
 
 7 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 43 C-D. 
 
 181 B we have teal av 8c fjyov ft€ kv rots evvovoraTOis aoi eivai and 
 in Euthyd. 305 A, teal ovtoi, oirtp aprt e\eyov, kv tois KpaTiarois eiol 
 rutv vvv. 
 
 Tiva TavTT]v] Supply <j)€p€is. We have here one of the many 
 varieties of attraction. In its full logical completeness the sentence 
 would be T/s kariv avrrj 77 dyychta, rjv dyycXiav (j>£p€is ; The interro- 
 gative and demonstrative are accommodated to the case of the 
 relative, and all but they omitted. 
 
 to irXotov] It is explained in the Phaedo (58 A-C) that, ac- 
 cording to Athenian tradition, this was the very ship in which 
 Theseus sailed to Crete with the seven youths and seven maidens 
 whom he rescued from the Minotaur. The Athenians had made 
 a vow to Apollo that, if these victims were saved, they would send 
 every year a sacred embassy to the island of Delos. During the 
 time of this Oecopia, which was reckoned from the moment when 
 the priest of Apollo crowned the stern of the vessel until its return 
 to Athens, the city was kept pure from pollution, and no public 
 executions were allowed. This time might be long or short 
 according to the state of wind and weather. Now it happened 
 that the ceremony of crowning had taken place the day before 
 the trial of Socrates. Hence the philosopher was kept in prison 
 until the return of the vessel, which in this instance was unusually 
 delayed owing to its being the time of the quinquennial festival 
 of Apollo at Delos. Xenophon (Mem. IV. 8, § 2) tells us that 
 thirty days intervened between the trial and death of Socrates. 
 
 T€6vavcu] Cp. Apol. 39 E, of k\06vra /xe 5a rcdvavai : 30 C, ov& 
 et jxeXXw ttoWclkis reOvavai. In all these passages we might have 
 expected diro0av€iv or d-noBvqaKuv (cp. Phaedo 67 E), since the 
 strict meaning of T€0vdvcu is, not 1 to die,' but ' to be dead.' Cp. 
 Phaedo 64 C, where the word is defined, and Gorg. 493 A, &s vvv 
 Tjpus Te6vafjL€v } 1 that in our present state we are dead ' (Cope). In 
 Apol. 40 C T€0vavai admits of being taken in its strict sense of the 
 state which supervenes upon the act of dying — /cal oxjk 'iaQ' ottok 
 r)/jieTs bpO&s v7ro\aiJL@avofjL€v ) oaoi oiofieOa kolkov uvcll to reOvavat. 
 This sense is clearly marked in Phaedo 71 C-E, where it is laid 
 down that to reOvavai is the state which is the opposite of rb (rjv, 
 as sleeping is the opposite of waking. To dvoOvrjaKeiv, we are there 
 told, is the proper word to express the transition from to (rjv to to 
 reOvdvai, just as to Karadap0dveiv expresses the transition from to 
 typrjyopivai (waking) to to Ka0€vdeiv. 
 
 8ok€i p.€v] < I think (though I would not venture to affirm).' 
 After a negative dAAd . . . fiiv is used without 5i following. The 
 force of the /jl4v in such cases would be represented in English only 
 8 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 43 Z>~44 A. 
 
 by the stress of the voice. Cp. Meno 87 A, ovncu otda d 'Ian tovto 
 toiovtov, dAA/ &(nr€p \xkv Tivd vvuOecriu, ' I don't know, but as an 
 hypothesis? Stallbaurn has collected the following other instances 
 of this usage — Theaet. 201 B, Soph. 240 B, Phaedrus 242 C, Prot. 
 344 A, Rep. 475 E, of which it will be sufficient to quote the last — 
 Ovba/jLws, uttov, d\\' dfioiovs /xev <pi\oa6<pois, where the suppressed 
 clause with 5e is supplied by the next question — Tovs 5e aX-qBivovs, 
 ecprj, rivas, \4yeis ; 
 
 Schanz here reads dotceiv jxiv \ioi rjgei. The Scholiast R notes 
 hoK€iv as an alternative reading for ooKti. For this absolute use of 
 the infinitive we may compare Meno 81 A, s A\r}6r}, ep.oiye boKtiv, ml 
 Kakov : also the common phrases enojv eivai, &s tiros el-new, d\tyov 
 deiv (Apol. 22 A). 
 
 2ovvlov] A promontory forming the south-east corner of 
 the Athenian territory. A ship would pass it on coming from 
 Delos. 
 
 [twv dy-ycXcov] These words are suspected of being a gloss or 
 explanatory comment which has crept into the text. If they are 
 omitted, 4k tovtwv will naturally be taken as neuter, referring to 
 c£ uv. There seems however to be no good reason to doubt their 
 genuineness. 
 
 €is avpiov] 'On the morrow.' Cp. 11. VIII. 538, fjekiov clvlovtos 
 h avpiov : Xen. Anab. III. 1, § 3, ds ttjv kairepav oitov kyevaavro. 
 In Hellenistic Greek this use of ds became common. 
 
 tvxTI ^7 a ^I|] ' Good luck attend it.' Lat. 'quod bene vortat' or 
 ' quod bonum felix faustumque sit.' Cp. Phil. 57 E, Symp. 177 E, 
 Laws 625 C, dAA' icopev ayadfj tvxV- The formula is appropriate 
 to occasions of solemnity. Thus in the terms of the truce between 
 the Athenians and Lacedaemonians we read Ad^r?? €i7re (moved) 
 tvXV dyadri 7-77 'A0rjuaiojv y iroieioOai ttjv eKexeipiau (Thuc. IV. 118, 
 § 7)- 
 
 €i TavTT) k.t.X.] Cp. Mat. xxvi. 42, yevrjOfjTco to OekrjpLa gov, 
 and see note on 54 E. 
 
 r\ «g] In full rj kfcdvrj rj rjfxipa rj. The 77 is due to the comparative 44 J± 
 force in vcrrepaia. So in Symp. 173 A Schanz reads rrj varepaia rj 
 tol kmviKia 'iOvev. 
 
 ol tovtoov Kiipioi] I. e. ol evbetca or ol apxovres, as they are called 
 in Apol. 39 E. 
 
 Ttjs emovcnrjs Tjficpas] 1 On the day now coming on.' So in 
 46 A below, rr)s kmovarjs vvktos. Cp. the adj. emovaios, which 
 occurs only in two passages of the N. T., Matthew vi. 11 
 and Luke xi. 3, tou dprov tov kmovaiov, i bread for the coming 
 day.' 
 
 9 
 
CAVTO, NOTES. 44 A, B. 
 
 oXiyov irpoT€pov] 1 A little while ago,' and so after midnight, at 
 the time when dreams are true. Hor. Sat. I, 10. 33, 
 
 post mediam noctem visus cum somnia vera. 
 Cp. Moschus, Idyll II. 2, 5, 
 
 VVKTOS OT€ TplTCLTOV \6,\OS LGTCLTat, kjyvOl 5' -q&JS. 
 €VT€ Kal aTp€K€COV TTOlHaiVtTGLL eOvos bvtipojv. 
 
 Tairrns Ttjs vvktos] Gen. of time within which. 
 
 Kiv8w€ti€ts] 1 It may be that you ' — a favourite mode of ex- 
 pression with Plato. 
 
 Xcvko, IjxdTia t'xovo-a] Like 'Apery in the choice of Herakles, 
 who is described as laBrjTi \tvfcrj (Xen. Mem. II. I, § 22). 
 
 v H|xaTi kcv k.t.X.] ' Three days hence shalt thou come to the 
 deep-soiled land of Phthiotis.' Adapted from Homer II. IX. 363, 
 where Achilles speaks of going home — 
 
 rjjxaTL K€ rpirarco Wirjv lpi(3co\ov IkoIjitjv. 
 Even so the vision speaks to Socrates of going home. Cicero 
 (De Div. I. § 52) translates the line thus — 
 
 ' Tertia te Phthiae tempestas laeta locabit/ 
 This incident of the dream, like that of the proposal to escape 
 from prison (see note on C, 77/10)1/ trpoOvpovpkvoov) is connected by 
 Diogenes Laertius (II. § 35) with Aeschines instead of Crito — 
 "Ovap do£as riva avrco Keyetv, 
 
 TjixaTi K€v rpirara} $0ir)v hptRctiXov ikoio, 
 
 irpbs Alaxivrjv 'tcprj, Ets Tpir-qv airoOavovpai. 
 
 'EvapY€s H-^v ow] * Nay, its meaning is plain.' The force of the 
 particles fxlv ovv is corrective, like that of ' immo vero ' in Latin. For 
 hapyes cp. Horn. Od. IV. 841, 
 
 <f>i\ov 5e ol rjTop lav07j, 
 a>? ol kvapyts owpov kireaavro vvtcrbs apoXyw. 
 w SaifjLovte] A frequent form of address in Plato, indicative of 
 astonishment, real or assumed (cp. its use in Meno 92 C). Perhaps 
 we may render it here ' you strange being.' The copiousness of the 
 Greek language and the dramatic versatility of Plato supply him 
 with suitable forms of address for every shade of feeling. Thus we 
 have in different places w 'yaOe, a) apiare or wpiart, w @€\thjt€, cD 
 
 \0)0~T€, O) p«lKapt€, W 0€l€, U) Cf)'l\€, 3) €TCLlp€, OJ (fu\€ €T(llp€, U) 'tCLV, 3) 
 
 £eve, oj ytvvaie, a) ytvvaha, Sj Oavpaart, 3) davpdaic, a> irdvTWV 
 avSpeioTCLT*, Sj piapi, Sj KarayeXaare. 
 
 tov €o-T€pT]o-0ai] tov is a correction by the editors for the aov of 
 the MSS. Hermann retains aov and defends the omission of tov by 
 examples, e.g. Hdt. I. 210, avrl be apxtaO&i in aXXcvv apx*w 
 airavTQjv . 
 
 10 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 44 B, C. 
 
 ovhkva yA\ itot€ €t>pT|o-G>] Aorist subjunctive. Cp. Apol. 29 D, 
 ov fjLTj navacofxai : Phil. 15 D, kolI tovto ovtc pi) 'navar\7oi ttot€ ovt€ 
 TjpCaTO vvv : Rep. 492 E, ovt€ yap yiyverai ovt€ yeyovcv ovoe ovv fxi) 
 ykvr)rai. It is generally an aorist subjunctive that is used with ov /atj, 
 but not always, e.g. Rep. 341 C, a\k' ov fxrj 016s r* rjs. Instances with 
 ovde'is, such as we have here, are not nearly so common as those 
 with ov, ovtc, or ovhL We have one in Charm. 168 E, axpcav yap 
 oxf/is ovbtv firj ttot€ ftp, ' the eye cannot possibly see that which is 
 destitute of colour/ This form of expression conveys an emphatic 
 denial. As to its origin different views are taken. On the one 
 hand there is the explanation given by Goodwin (Greek Grammar 
 § 257) that the double negative is merely for emphasis, and that the 
 subjunctive is a relic of the old Homeric usage, in which it is 
 equivalent to a future, as in II. I. 262, 
 
 ov yap 7rcu toiovs idov avcpas, ovde idoofxai. 
 On the other hand there is the hypothesis that the expression 
 originated in an ellipse of some such word as bnvov. There is a 
 gocd deal to be said for the latter view, inasmuch as we find 
 passages in which the expression occurs in full, e.g. Apol. 28 B, 
 ovdlv fie 5uv6v /x^i \v k/dol crrr) : Phaedo 84 B, ovStv deivdv ^77 (pofir)$f) : 
 Gorg. 520 D, ovolv deivov avTa> pqiroTe a8iKr)$f). 
 
 en 84] This is the most perplexing 5e in Plato, and it is a com- 
 fort to rind that Schanz has eliminated it, reading in 87. With 
 this reading we may add the x^pis preceding to the cases 
 of ov . . . aWa . . . \ikv collected by Stallbaum. See note on 
 43 D above, Sokci /xev. The peculiar awkwardness of this di lies 
 in the fact that we have here pkv and 5e in one and the same 
 sentence. 
 
 ws 016s r wv] Apparently ct? coalesces with ofo? r &v. Otherwise Q 
 we would have a violent change of constr. in dp-eA/rjcrai, since the ws 
 preceding would have prepared us for the finite form t^'At/cci 
 here. 
 
 •fj 8ok€iv] The comparative particle t/ merely serves to carry out 
 the force of the genitive of comparison (to/uttjs), which precedes it. 
 So in Gorg. 500 C we have ov, ' than which/ reinforced by ^ 
 
 TOVTO. 
 
 tjjjlwv irpo0u|xovp.€v<ov] According to Idomeneus, quoted by 
 Diogenes Laertius (II. § 60 and III. § 36) the advice to escape 
 from prison was really tendered to Socrates by Aeschines (the 
 Socratic), whose name Plato suppressed out of enmity. Idomeneus 
 (about B.C. 310-270) was a disciple of Epicurus, and the author of a 
 work entitled irtpl tojv ^wKpaTiKwv (D. L. II. § 20). 
 
 €mfiK€(7TaTOi] ctn et/ce/a is justice tempered with mercy. The 
 
 II 
 
CR1T0, NOTES. 44 C, D. 
 
 judgment of the emettceis therefore would be at once wise and 
 charitable. 
 
 axnd] ' The facts.' This vague use of the pronoun without any 
 distinct antecedent is more common in the singular than in the 
 plural. For the pi. cp. 46 C ; Prot. 329 B, o>? aura brj\oi, ' as the 
 facts prove.' 
 
 &v irpax0fi] 'That the facts have occurred in the way they 
 have/ We should have a fut. perf. here in Latin. 
 D S^Xa . . . on] ' Show that/ lit. ' are evident that ' — a construction 
 of the same type as difcaios elyn (see 45 A, biKaioi eapLev). It is more 
 common with living subjects, e. g. Gorg. 448 D, brjXos yap poi Ilw\os 
 
 . . . OTl . . . fl€/J.€\€T7]K€V. 
 
 4v avrois 8ia|3€{3\ir]p,€vos <g] ' Has been misrepresented to 
 them.' 
 
 El yap <o<}>€Aov] The formula el wcpeXov or eW &<pe\ov expresses 
 a regret, or a wish that is not expected to be realised. El by itself is 
 intelligible in expressing a wish, if we suppose the apodosis to be 
 suppressed; uxpeXov is also intelligible in expressing a regret: but 
 the combination of the two could only arise after the original force 
 of each had been lost. 
 
 iva olot t€ Tjo-av] ' So that they might have been able.' We 
 have iva with the indicative, when a purpose is made to depend 
 upon some unfulfilled condition, or, as here, some unaccomplished 
 wish. Other instances of this use of iva in Plato are Theaet. 
 161 C, Symp. 181 E, Euthyd. 304 E, Prot. 335 C, Meno 89 B, 
 iva ftrjbels avrovs biecpOeipev. ottqjs is used in the same way in 
 Rep. 378 A, ottcos on kXax'toTois ovvefS-q attovaai. The same con- 
 struction with ojs occurs in the Tragedians, e.g. Soph. Oed. T. 1392 ; 
 Eur. Hipp. 930, 1079, 
 
 *id' r\v epiavrov irpoo~&\erreiv evavriov 
 ardvd\ ws ebdupva' ola ndaxonev Katca — 
 and is common in Lysias. 
 
 dyaGd to, jievtcrTa] A rhetorical inversion with a view to the 
 chiasmus — 
 
 rd peyiora nana 
 
 dyad a rd \ieyiara. 
 ov»8€T€pa 010 C tc] An accusative is found in the same way after 
 bvvaros and dbvvaros. Polit. 295 B, €7ret rovr av bvvaros wv : 
 Hip. Min. 367 E, bvvarwraros ye dpuporepa: Prot. 335 C, €70; be 
 rd yuatcpd ravra dbvvaros : Meno 94 B, dbvvdrovs yeyovevai rovro 
 to irpaypia. 
 
 <|)p6viuov] (ppovrjais, according to Socrates, was the only un- 
 conditional good. All other things were good or bad according as 
 
 J2 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 44 Z>, E. 
 
 they were directed by (ppovrjais or not. See Meno 88 B, C. Cp. the 
 concluding words of Cebetis Tabula, d\Kd to (ppovtiv \xdvov dyaOov, 
 to cU dcf)pov€Lv kcikov, and the statement of Diogenes Laertius 
 (II. § 31) with respect to Socrates, "EAe7e 8e ml ev fio v ov dyaOd v 
 €ii/ai, ttjv kmGTrnxr)V tcai %v \16vov kqkov, tt}V dfxaOiav. 
 
 o Tt &v Tt»x cocr, ' v ] 'As they may,' and so often, as here, 'anyhow,' 
 ' at random.' In 45 D below we have the same phrase again, 6 tl 
 avTvxwi, tovto irpa£ovo~i, ' they will fare as they may.' Cp. Symp. 
 181 B ; Prot. 353 B ; Gorg. 522 C ; Arist. E. N. IV. 3, § 21, auToi 
 5' 6 tl dv TvyojGi TTpaTTovai, 1 they themselves act anyhow.' 
 
 Tcujto. . . . TctSe] Since oSe is properly the demonstrative of the E 
 1st person and outos of the 2nd, it follows that ode with its derivatives 
 is naturally used in introducing a speech or idea, while ovtos with its 
 derivatives is used in referring to what has already been mentioned : 
 for what a speaker has said is already in possession of his hearer ; 
 whereas what he is going to say can be known only to himself. Cp. 
 Apol. 37 A, to 5e ovk eaTiv, w 'AOrjvaioi, toiovtov (as you imagine), 
 dWa TotoVSc (as I will tell you) piaWov : Meno 90 C ad fin., dp' 
 otclv tovto XeycopLtv, to5c XeyojAtv. 
 
 apa y€ |at| epov irpop/rjOei] ' You are not concerned for me : are 
 you ? ' The particles indicate a suspicion that Socrates is thus con- 
 cerned. 
 
 ot cruKo<J>avTai] It is a hard saying in Liddell and Scott that 
 1 avKO(pdvTrjs in the sense of an informer never occurs.' In Aristoph. 
 Acharn. 820 the avKocpdvTrjs comes on the stage saying 
 to; xoipihia to'lvvv \yw <pavcu Tabi 
 TTO\€pLia kol ok. 
 
 1 Then I'll inform against these porkers as contraband of war, and 
 against you too.' He ends by getting exported as an article which 
 they had too much of at Athens. 
 
 The word was derived by the ancients from cvkov and (palvoj, the 
 story being that there was a law at Athens against the exportation of 
 figs, and that those who brought instances of its violation under the 
 notice of the Archons received the name of avKocpdi/Tai. This deriva- 
 tion is given by Athenaeus (74 e, f) on the authority of two writers, 
 and Plutarch (Solon, ch. xxiv) does not think it improbable. It is 
 certain that under the constitution of Solon the laws against exporta- 
 tion were very strict. Whatever the origin of the word may have 
 been, it came to be used of anyone who made a trade of accusing. 
 
 irpa.Yp.aTa Trapcxwaiv] Crito spoke from experience. He had 
 suffered so much from these gentry himself that at last, by the 
 advice of Socrates, he protected himself by engaging the services of 
 a poor but honest man, named Archedemus, who made it his 
 
 13 
 
CRITOy NOTES. 44 A. 
 
 business to acquaint himself with the misdeeds of the sycophants, 
 and render the game of law less attractive to them (Xen. Mem. 
 
 n. 9). 
 
 «fa<rov avro x<iip€iv] ' Bid good-bye to it.' A common phrase. 
 Cp. Phil. 59 C, Euthyd. 307 B, &c. It recurs in 46 D. Cp. ' valere 
 jubeo ' in Latin. 
 
 StKaioC €crp,€v] We have already had instances in tcivdvveveis 
 (44 A) and in dijXa . . . otl (44 D) of the preference of Greek for a 
 personal where we should use an impersonal construction. The 
 idiom is specially frequent with this word bitcaios, e.g. Apol. 18 A, 
 diKaios eijxi d-noXoy-qoaoOai : Crat. 428 A and Gorg. 461 D, difcaios 5' 
 el : Meno 85 E, d'acaios yap irov d tldevai : Menex. 246 C, bimios 
 eljxt eliriiv. The employment of the neut. pi. is rarer, as in Menex. 
 237 D, Slfcaia kircuvcToOai. drjXos is used in the same way, e. g. 
 Euthyphro 14 B, drjXos eT ; and words like drjXos, such as (pavepos, 
 KCLTa(pavr)s, Rep. 506 B, KaXws rjoOa Kai iraXai Kara(pavr}s otl k.t.X., 
 tcaTadr)\os, 46 D, Prot. 342 B. avayrcaios also is found similarly 
 constructed in a few passages — Soph. 242 B ; Gorg. 449 C ; Laws 
 643 C. Cp. the use of numerals in -cubs, like rpiraios. 
 
 Kiv8vv€iJ€iv . . . klvBvvov] A cognate accusative seldom merely 
 repeats the verb. There is generally some increase of definiteness, 
 such as that which is furnished here by the demonstrative and the 
 article, or by the article alone, as in Gorg. 483 C, tovs kiraivovs 
 kiraivovoi Kai tovs \poyovs xptyovoi, 1 they praise, when they praise, 
 and they blame, when they blame'; Theaet. 169 B, ov 5e /car' 
 'Avraiov n fioi fxdXXov SoKeis to Spa/jia dpav, ' but you seem to me to 
 act, in what you are doing, more after the fashion of Antaeus.' 
 
 jjltJ dXXoos itolci] 'Do not say me nay.' A common phrase in 
 Plato to mark an earnest request. The formula is repeated below 
 (46 A), at the end of Crito's speech, in a more emphatic form. 
 There, as here, it follows ireiOov, after which it is a pleonasm : but 
 it has a tendency to be used in this superfluous way. Cp. Phaedo 
 117 A, dXX' i0i, €<pr), mOov teal /it) aXXous itoUi : Parm. 136 E, deiodai 
 tov Hap/Awidov . . . €vo€i£ao~$ai b Xtyoi Kai fir) dXXcvs iroieiv, ' they 
 begged Parmenides to give them an illustration of what he spoke of, 
 and not to refuse them their request' ; Rep. 328 B, dXXd fieveTt Kai 
 lirj aXXws iroieiTe : cp. 338 A (twice), 369 B. 
 
 Kai Tcu)Ta irpojjL-qOoijjjLai k.t.X.] ' 1 am concerned both for that 
 and for many other things.' This is an answer to the question above, 
 which began with the words dpd ye fi^ kp,ov TrpofxrjOa. 
 
 Mtjt€ touojv TavTa 4>opo€] This is resumed below at &ot€, oirep 
 Xeyw, /X7]T€ TavTa k.t.X., where the counterbalancing clause with 
 prjT* is supplied. 
 
 14 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 45 A, B. 
 
 o . . . Aa,p6vT€s] * For which/ 
 
 u>s €ut€\€ls] Supply eiffL The words Kal ouScv av Scot depend 
 also on <bs, * how cheap these informers are, and how there would be 
 no need of much money to spend upon them/ 
 
 licavd] Crito was able to leave his son Critobulus a very wealthy B 
 man, as we gather from the Oeconomicus of Xenophon. 
 
 Kal . . . KT]86p.€vos] 'Even if, out of regard for me.' 
 
 Jcvot ovtoi cvOdSe] ' There are the strangers whom you know of 
 here ' (i. e. in Athens). 
 
 €toijjloi] eroi/jLos, like cppovdos, is commonly used without karL 
 
 2ip.uias 6 0T)(3atos] A friend and compatriot of Cebes. They 
 had both studied under Philolaus the Pythagorean before joining 
 Socrates (Phaedo 61 D), but were still young at the time of Socrates' 
 death (lb. 89 A). In the Phaedrus (242 B) Socrates is made to 
 speak of him as beyond all comparison the most eager disputant 
 of his day. He and Cebes support the principal parts, next to 
 Socrates, in the dialogue of the Phaedo ; and the famous analogy 
 of the soul to a harmony is there put into the mouth of Simmias 
 (85 E-86 D). He was the author of a book containing twenty-three 
 dialogues, the titles of which may be read in Diogenes Laertius 
 (II. § 124). 
 
 K€|3t)s] Cebes, like his friend Simmias, was drawn from Thebes 
 to Athens by the magic of Socrates (Xen. Mem. III. 11, § 17 ; 
 cp. I. 2, § 48). According to Aulus Gellius (II. 18, copied by 
 Macrobius, Sat. I. 11) and Lactantius (III. 24 ad fin.) it was Cebes 
 who, at the suggestion of Socrates, rescued Phaedo from a state of 
 slavery, though Diogenes Laertius (II. §§ 31, 105) is inclined to 
 assign this honour to Crito. Only three dialogues are ascribed to him — 
 the Iliva£, 'EjSoo/^ and Qpvvixos (D. L. II. § 125). But if he was a 
 less voluminous author than his friend Simmias, he was a much more 
 successful one. For the first of these, the IItVa£ or Tabula Cebetis, 
 has been one of the books of all time. It is a sort of classical 
 anticipation of the Pilgrim's Progress. The style is the purest Attic, 
 however much Cebes in moments of excitement may have been 
 liable to break into his native Boeotian (Phaedo 62 A, "Ittoj Ztvs. 
 Cp. Aristoph. Acharn. 860). Cebes is described by his friend 
 Simmias in the Phaedo as being the most difficult of men to convince 
 (/capTepcvTaTos dvOpajircou earl irpbs to amGrtiv rois \6yois). This no 
 doubt reflects the experience of Plato himself, with whom Cebes was 
 on intimate terms (see Letters 363 A). At all events we find the 
 Cebetis Tabula, which internal evidence shows to have been com- 
 posed late in life, written from exactly the point of view assigned to 
 Cebes in the Phaedo — that of one who admitted with Pythagoras the 
 
 15 
 
CRITO y NOTES. 45 B-D. 
 
 previous existence, but doubted the subsequent duration, of the soul. 
 The Tliva£ is twice referred to by Lucian (De Mercede Conductis 42 ; 
 Rhetorum Praeceptor 6) as the work of 4 the great Cebes ' (6 K4&rjs 
 
 €K€IV0S). 
 
 iroXXol iravv] This position of iravv after the adjective or adverb 
 which it strengthens is common enough both in Plato and other 
 authors, e.g. Apol. 21 B, fioyis iravv : Menex. 235 A, ytvva'icvs iravv : 
 Thuc. IV. 89, § 2, (po&ovixtvoi . . . tov' AXici&iabrjv oirovfifi iravv : Ceb. 
 Tab. XV. 6\iyoi iravv, avafiaois (TTevrj iravv. 
 
 oir€p Xcyw] 'As I say.' 
 
 diroKajjLT|s o-avrov crw<rai] Crito tries to represent the refusal to 
 fly as due merely to want of energy. 
 
 o €\€Y€s €v tco SiKcurTTjpLtp] Apol. 37 D. There is nothing 
 corresponding to this in the Apology of Xenophon. 
 
 o ti XP¥° fcumo] A common phrase in Attic Greek. Cp. Xen. 
 Anab. III. I, § 40, &a0' ovtco y kxovTcov, ovtc old' 6 ti dv Tls xpl aaiT ' 
 avToTs. 
 
 C dXXocre] For d\\o6i by attraction to oiroi following. 
 aYaTTTjcrovcrC ae] ' They will be glad to have you.' 
 €urlv €|xol €K€i Jcvoi] Men of wealth and position had generally 
 friends in foreign parts, who would receive them if they came there. 
 Cp. Eur. Ale. 559 — 
 
 avros S' apiGTov tovBc Tvyx&vw givov, 
 OTavirtp "Apyovs bixpiav €\6oj x^ova. 
 <rat)Tov TrpoSo-Ovat] Explanatory of irpd*y}xa. Cp. Meno 76 A, 
 avSpl irp€o~l3vTr} Trpdy/mra irpodTaTT€is diroKpivcaOai : 80 A, ical ov 
 
 OOK€lS flOl VVV \\x\ TOIOVTOV TI ir€7rotrjK€Vai, VapKOLV. 
 
 4£6v] An instance of a construction which might be called 
 ' neuter absolute.' It is commonly classed under the head of 
 'accusative absolute.' The participles of etpi and its compounds 
 are often thus used, e. g. oUv tc ov in 46 A below, hvov, k£ov, irap6v 
 (Eur. Ale. 284) ; so are those of impersonal verbs generally, as otov, 
 fi4\ov (Apol. 24 D), ookovv (Eur. Hec. 121, 506), do£av, irpoarjKov ; 
 less often the active participles of personal verbs, such as ^kov (Eur. 
 Ale. 291), tv\ov, irapaTvxov (Thuc. V. 60, § 2), irapaaxov (Ibid. 
 § 5) ; and perhaps least often passive participles, as irpoaraxOev, 
 
 €lpT]fItVOV, 
 
 €<r7T€v<rav] This governs airep, like cirtvaauv, and is explained 
 by (re oia<p0€ipai povXonevoi. 
 D oixtjctcl] Lit. 1 You will be gone.' oixo^ai, like tffeco and Zppcu, 
 while pres. in form, is perf. in meaning. 
 
 to o-6v p.€pos] ' ¥ or your part.' So below 50 B, 54 C. 
 o ti av tvxoxti] See note on 44 D, 6 ti av Tvx ajaiv - 
 16 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 45 D, E. 
 
 €ico0€] Perf. of €0co, but itself used in a present sense, like oT8a 
 yiyrjOa, TtOvrjKa, wityvfca, H€fxv7]/jiai y K€K\rjfjiai, Sec. 
 
 ra pq.9v\i6raTa] ' The most easy-going course/ 
 
 4>a(rKovTa k.t.X.] We might supply as subject to alpuaBai, for 
 the participle to agree with. But perhaps the sentiment is expressed 
 in the third person out of politeness. The suppression of riva is 
 especially frequent after impersonal verbs and phrases, such as XPI 
 above. Cp. Meno 73 A, T A/>' ovv olov re ev hioiKeiv fj ttoKlv rj oi/ctav 
 fj aWo otiovv, fj.7) Goj<pp6vQ)s Kal hiKaiais dioiKOVvra ; 
 
 €icro8os] The abstract term corresponding to dadvai or uokpx*o- ^ 
 6ai, which are used of the defendant, while eiadyeiv is used of the 
 plaintiff. From the defendant it is transferred to the suit. Cp. 
 Demosthenes against Phormio (p. 912, § 18, Dindorf), McWovarjs 5£ 
 TTjs difCTjs daUvai els to oiKao~TT\piov. 
 
 €i<tt)X0€s] Another reading is darjkOev, which would keep our 
 attention fixed on SIktj as the subject throughout. The most recent 
 editors are agreed in accepting it. 
 
 4£6v €icr€\0€iv] Perhaps by conciliating his accusers or perhaps 
 by flight. Cron quotes Phaedo 115 D to show that Socrates was not 
 in prison, but out on bail, previous to his trial, and so might have 
 escaped had he been so minded. 
 
 6 ay&v t?]S 8Ckt]s] The conduct of the trial. The metaphor is 
 from a wrestling match. Cp. Apol. 34 C, 6 fj.lv Kal kkaTTco tovtovi 
 tov dyuivos dywva dyajvi£6[Ji€Vos. 
 
 Kal to tcAcvtcuov . . . 8ok€iv] The construction here is extremely 
 difficult. Kal to t€\€vtcliov 5rj tovtl is evidently coordinate with Kal 
 fj ciaodos and Kal avros 6 dyevv, which give in detail the. parts of dirav 
 to irpayfxa. But instead of continuing with a construction parallel 
 to that of the preceding clauses, cus rj/jias dU(pvy€ KaTaytXdffTous, Plato 
 suddenly breaks off into an infinitive dian€(p€vy£vai, depending upon 
 another infinitive ookuv, which repeats jut) 80^77 above. Thus the 
 infinitive Sokciv is here loosely put for /*r) 80^77, as in Meno 96 E the 
 equally troublesome infinitive hiatyevyuv seems to be loosely put for 
 oTi bia<p€vy€i. Translate ' And that — as though to crown the 
 absurdity of the matter — this last resource should seem to have 
 escaped our notice, through a certain cowardice and unmanliness of 
 ours.' These last words are a repetition and extension, after Plato's 
 manner, of dvavdpiq nvl t?) rjfjitTipq above. 
 
 tcaTa/ycAxos] Lit. * mockery,' ' derision.' Cp. Aristoph. Acharn. 
 1 1 26 — 
 
 TavT ov KaTayeKous \otiv dvOpcuirois ir\aTvs : 
 and the pun upon the word in line 606 — 
 
 tovs 5' \v Ka/xapivrj kou Te\q Kav KaTaye\q. 
 
 B * 17 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 46 A-C. 
 
 46 A Siair€<|>€-uY€vat] Professor Wagner tells us to translate 'to have 
 kept out of danger ' : but the prevailing meaning of the word in Plato 
 is 'to escape notice,' like XavOdvuv. Cp. Parm. 135 D, a\ oia<pev£€- 
 rai i) dKrjOeia: Charm. 156 E; Lach. 194 & ; Meno 96 E; Hip. 
 Maj. 294 E. 
 
 oinves] * Seeing that we 9 = ' quippe qui.' 
 
 €i ti Kal crjxiKpov k.t.X.] A rather favourite expression of Plato's. 
 Cp. Apol. 28 B, dvdpa otov tl Kal a\xiKpov 6<pt\6s kariv : Laws 630 C, 
 647 A, 856 C, -nas 5e dvrjp, ov real apuKpbv 6cp€\os. Similarly Gorg. 
 500 C, tis Kal (TfXLKpev vovv tyjuv avdpomos. 
 
 ajia tu Kaicco k.t.X.] Cp. Eur. Rhesus 756 — 
 
 KCLKQJS TT€TTpaKTai 3 KOLTTL TOLS KCLKOllTl TTpOS 
 
 ai(Tx i(TTa " 
 
 fiovXevov . . . pepov\€\)cr0ai] • But form your plans, or rather, 
 there is no longer time for forming them, — they should be formed.' 
 For the contrast between the pres. and the -perf. cp. Charm. 176 C, 
 Ovtoi, 8' kyou, tl pov\€V€a9ov iroieiv ; OvSiv, €(f>7} 6 XapptidrjSj a\\a 
 @€f}ov\€vpL€0a : also Eur. Hip. 1436, 7 — 
 
 fxr) vvv irpoSws jjL€ y t£kvov, dWoL Kaprepei. 
 
 K€KCLpT€ pTJTCLl T&fJL.' 
 
 1 'Tis finished, my endurance.'— E. P. Coleridge. 
 emowTjs vuktos] See note on 44 A, tt}s kmovarjs rjfiepas. 
 fjLtjSajJLws aXXcos irot€i] See note on 45 A, firi aWas iroiei. 
 B €i„ . . €ii]] Implying that it is not. Cp. Apol. 19 E, lirel Kal 
 tovto yk fxoi doKet Kakov eivat, u tis olds r €irj naLdeveiv dvBpoj- 
 irovs. 
 
 XaXcircoTcpa] * The more difficult to deal with/ ' dangerous.' 
 
 ov jjlovov vOv] In place of this Schanz has ov vvv -rrpwTov on the 
 authority of an inscription, but against the MSS. 
 
 toio'Gtos] Supply €ip.i — a somewhat rare ellipse, tolovtos d has 
 to be supplied in Gorg. 487 D, Kal pty 0V1 ye otos nappTjo-idfaeai Kal 
 /Z7) aloxvv*o~dai. 
 
 twv cpuv] Perhaps neut., like tuv TjfJLtTepwv in 4$ A : but more 
 probably masc. See next note. 
 
 t<£ Xoyw] Plato is fond of speaking of ' the argument ' in a quasi- 
 personal way. Here Socrates is made to regard it as the most in- 
 fluential of his friends. 
 q iTp€o-/3€ija>] 'Give precedence to.' Cp. Eur. Ale. 282, kycb ac 
 wpcaQtvovaa. The word may contain a reference either to the 
 respect due to old age or to the rights of primogeniture. 
 
 PcXtCco] Masc. sing. Supply \6yov. 
 
 ov p.T| 0-01 £vYx°>pT|cra)] See note on 44 B, ovdiva fxrj ttot€ 
 evprjeraj. 
 
 18 
 
CRITOy NOTES. 46 C, D. 
 
 irXeio)] Cognate accusative. popptoXv/cda might be supplied. 
 See Phaedo 77 E. 
 
 p.op|xo\iJTTT]T(u] ' Scare us with bugbears.' Cp. Gorg. 473 D, 
 'M.opp.oXvTrei av, 3) yevvaie ncuXe, teal ovk kXeyx* ls: Xen. Symp. IV. 
 §27. MopfjLUj (-00s, -ovs) or Mopficov (-ovos) = Bogey, except that it is 
 of the feminine gender. In the Acharnians (583) the word is used 
 of the plumed helmet of Lamachus, a-rrevey/ci fxov rty fxopfxova t So 
 also Peace 474. 
 
 8€crp,ot»s . . . d<j>cup€(7€is] The use of the plural, which is 
 foreign to the nature of an abstract noun, heightens the rhetorical 
 effect of the expression. So in Prot. 325 C we have XPV^ 700 ^ T€ 
 orjfxevacis ml . . . rati/ oikqjv dvaTponai : in Laws 847 A, dea^oTai t€ 
 ml xprjfxaTQjv fofiiais real €fc(3o\aTs \k rrjs noXeoos koX&^ovtcs : in Lach. 
 191 D and Laws 632 A, ntvias : in Laws 647 D, \v tc iraidiats ml Iv 
 awovoaTs. Even proper names are sometimes thus used in the plural 
 e. g. Eur. Rh. 866— 
 
 ovk olda tovs govs ovs Xiyeis 'OSvaaeas. 
 
 avird] See note on 44 C, aura. 
 
 El irpwTOv (lev] The apodosis is suppressed, and there is nothing 
 to balance the \ikv. See note on 53 B, irpwTov jjiiv. 
 
 ov <rv Xfycis] Referring to 44 B, eri 8r/ nal ttoXXois 5o£a> and to 
 45 E, aloyyvoimi, p.j] Bogy k.t.X., in which it was implied that the 
 opinion of society was all-important. 
 
 iroTepov k.t.X. ] Depending on dvaXafioipiev above, which has the 
 force of ttolXlv OKo-nuoQai. The whole passage from IIcDj ovv av 
 above may be rendered thus — ' What then is the fairest way in 
 which we can examine the question ? It would be, if we were to 
 begin by taking up again this assertion which you make about 
 opinions, and see whether it was rightly stated on various occasions 
 or not, that we ought to attend to some opinions, but not to others/ 
 
 r\ ov] In the second alternative of a dependent disjunctive 
 sentence it is indifferent whether ov or pi-q is used. Above in 46 B 
 we had aKoiretaOai ovv xp^} VV^s? €iT€ ravra npaKrkov eiVe fifi. In 
 Prot. 313 A we have iroXXa av irepLca/ceipcu, eir emTpeirTeov eire ov, 
 followed by a similar use of ov in B, after which we find (ire xp^l 
 eiriTpinciv aavrbv avrw eiVe jxrj. Again cp. Rep. 451 D, teal 
 (TKoircupLiv, €i T]\xlv Trp€TT€i rj ov with Rep. 339 A, el de dXrj$h J} jj.tj, 
 TT€ipdaopLai fxaOuv. 
 
 KaTa8T)\os k.t.X.] See note on 45 A, SiKaioi kap.ev. 
 
 dpa] 'After all.' Ironical. Cp. 47 E. 
 
 dXXcos] ' Idly.' 
 
 €V€Ka Xo-yov] ' For the sake of saying it/ carrying out the 
 meaning of ciXXccs. Cp. Lach. 196 C, dXX* bpwpitv prj Nuaas oUrai 
 B 2 19 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 46 D-tf B. 
 
 rt kiyuv feat ov \6yov Zv€kgl ravra \eytt. So in Theaet. 191 C, 0€? 
 877 pot Xoyov tvtica is used in introducing an impossible supposition. 
 Cp. Lat. * dicis causa,' * for form's sake.' 
 
 €i] ' Whether,' as often after verbs of inquiring. 
 
 dX\otoT€pos] A refinement on aWoios, which would have ex- 
 pressed the meaning. 
 
 cdo-op^v x<up€iv] d has to be supplied before these words. For 
 the phrase see note on 45 A, 'iaoov avrb x ai p* iv > 
 
 olojjL€vcov] Mid., not pass. Cp. Euthyd. 305 C, otovrai 6° chat 
 
 IT&VTCOV (TOCpOJTCLTOl CLVBpWITOJV. 
 
 n \iy€iv~\ ' To have something in what they say,' and so to 
 speak to the point, the opposite of ovdev \eyctv. 
 E o<ra ye Tdv0pa>ir€ta] 1 In all human probability.' The same 
 meaning is conveyed by the expression €t ycr\ rt dcunovtov drj in 
 Xen. Mem. I. 3, § 5. 
 47 A dTro0vT)crK€iv] Here we have the pres. : but fteAAcw is often 
 followed by a fut. 
 
 <r€ irapaKpotiot] 'Disorder your judgment.' The origin of the 
 metaphor is doubtful. See L. and S. 
 
 tois 8e irovtjpds |jlt|] Notice the curious vacillation that has 
 occurred in the use of the negative. We began in 46 D with raf? 
 8£ ov, after which we had in E rcis 8c ^77 ; then in 47 A we had 
 ov twice, ras 5' ov, rwv S' ov, and now we go back to firj. The first 
 of these cases is introduced by ort det, the second by on Scot, and 
 the last three by ort xprj ; which shows that the mood preceding 
 does not affect the question. 
 
 rd ToiaOra] Used here with strict propriety, since it refers to 
 things that had been said on previous occasions. See note on 44 E, 
 ravra . . . rafie. 
 
 -yujAvafopicvos k.t.X.] The art of training has never been pursued 
 so systematically as by the Greeks. Aristotle (E. N. III. 3, § 8) 
 speaks of its rules as being more definite than those of navigation, 
 
 tovto irpdTTuv] ' Devoting all his energies to that.' Cp. the 
 Latin ' hoc agere ' ; also in Greek the curious verb rcvT&fa ( = ravrdfa), 
 ' to be engrossed with/ Phil. 56 E; Rep. 521 E ; Tim. 90 B. 
 B laTpos r[ irai?)OTpij3T)s] The iarpos and trathoT pifirjs are constantly 
 mentioned together, as being concerned with the same thing, namely, 
 the body, on which it was the business of the physician to bestow 
 health and of the trainer to bestow strength and beauty. See Gorg. 
 452 A, B. The function of the trainer in prescribing diet overlapped 
 that of the physician (Arist. E. N. II. 6, § 7 ; cp. Prot. 313 D) ; 
 and the two might be combined in one person, as in that of 
 Herodicus of Selymbria (Prot. 316 E ; Rep. 406 A). 
 20 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 47 B-D. 
 
 toiis toO Ivos €K€ivov] The possessive genitive is equivalent to 
 an adjective, and so has the article repeated before it. 
 
 c8€(TT€Ov k.t.X.] Cp. Prot. 314 A, -napaKaXiaavra tov kiratovia, o 
 
 Tl T€ (8€(TT€OV f) TTOTtOV Kal O Tt JXTJ. 
 
 €m<TT<iTT| Kal €iratovTi] ' Who superintends and understands the 
 subject.' liriaTCLTrjs is from k<pLora/Aai : but Plato is fond of playing 
 on its resemblance to kmarapLai. Cp. Apol. 20 B, riva abrolv kv vw 
 
 *X eiS €TTl(TTCLTTJV XafitlV J TIS 7T}s TOICLVTTJS &p€Tf}s, TTJS dvOpOJmVTjS T€ 
 
 Kal tto\itikt}s, krnaTr)pxx)v kariv ; 
 
 direiGricras] = ti rjirt'iOrjoc. ' When a participle represents the C 
 protasis, its tense is always that in which the verb itself would 
 have stood in the indicative, subjunctive, or optative.' Goodwin, 
 G. G. § 226. 
 
 iva p.Tj irdvra 8iuop,€v] See a similar curtailment of the Socratic 
 induction in Phil. 29 B, kv kvl de Xafiwv nepl irduTouv voet tclvt6v. 
 The induction is here reduced to an analogy between the body and 
 the soul, for which cp. Prot. 313 A-314 B. 
 
 €t tis €(ttiv €iratcov] ' If there is anyone who understands the J) 
 matter.' The analytic form kariv kiraiojv is here much more ex- 
 pressive than kvaUi would have been. This idiom occurs three times 
 in the Meno — 82 C, "Eanv . . . ex ov=1 *X €i: 84 A, ov kariv fjdrj 
 pabifav ode rod dvapnp.vr)aK€aOai, ' where he is already on the road 
 to recollection ; ' 84 E, Ovkovv kariv avrrj ypapipir) .... rifx- 
 vovaa. These resolved forms are frequently to be met with 
 in Plato, especially in the more philosophical dialogues. They 
 abound in the Philebus. We find them sometimes in Latin, 
 e.g. Cic. De Div. I. § 52, ' Est apud Platonem Socrates, 
 cum esset in custodia publica, dicens Critoni suo familiari sibi 
 post tertium diem esse moriendum,' ' We have Socrates in Plato 
 . . . saying.' 
 
 €YL-yv€To] ' We found to be made.' We have here a reference to 
 a previous statement: see 47 A ad fin. — 3>epe 5rj, ttws av rd roiavra 
 kXkytro. In such a reference the imperfect is regularly employed. 
 Cp. Crat. 387 C, €iiT€p Kal to Xiyuv irpd£is rjv: Pol. 282 B, rjarrjv : 
 Phil. 61 D, rjv fjpuv r)b*ovf) : Phaedrus 230 A, dp* 01/ rode rjv to 
 bkvdpov : Charm. 159 D, 77 5^ aojcppoavvrj KaXov ri r)v : ibid. 168 D; 
 Lysis 218 A; Meno 88 C, kiroUi : Rep. 490 A, fjyeiro. rjv in these 
 cases is a shorthand expression for kcpdvrj kv rols 'iympooOiv Xoyois. 
 Cron quotes Cicero, De Off. I. § 143, 1 Itaque, quae erant prudentiae 
 propria, suo loco dicta sunt.' 
 
 t| ovStv €<tti toOto ;] fj properly introduces the second member 
 of an alternative question. But the clause with rrorcpov is often 
 suppressed, so that fj practically becomes a direct interrogative. 
 
 21 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 47 ^-48 A. 
 
 Here we may imagine the full question to be — irorepov tl Xtyoo r) 
 ovhev ken tovto ; 
 
 rov t»-yL€ivo€] ' The healthy,' what tends to health, the opposite 
 of rd voawdes below, which is that which tends to disease. 
 E <?j ov\i ;] 1 Is it not ? ' See note on r) ovHv kari tovto above. 
 
 cp . . . Xa>P&Tax] The dat. after Xajfiaofxai is extremely rare. 
 It occurs however in the last line of the Knights of Aristophanes — 
 iv ibwoiv clvtov, oh lAcu/3a0', ol £€Voi. 
 
 ovCvrjaiv] This verb itself governs the acc., but it is here coupled 
 with a verb governing the dat. by a looseness of construction not 
 uncommon in Plato. Cp. Symp. 201 B, ov kvdtrjs \oti teal jit) : 
 Meno 78 A, kirt0vp.€?v re tcuv kclkwv teal teraoOai : Laws 639 E, 
 ffXtfibv . . . ovde/jiiav opOws yiyvopLivrjv kajpatea ou5' dtef)teoa. 
 
 €K€ivo, o tl iror €(ttC] What Aristotle calls to Tjyovfxevov 
 (E. N. III. 3, § 17) and what we express by the term ' will.' There 
 is nothing good or bad but a good or bad will. 
 48 A Ouk dpa . . . <J>povTioT€ov] 'Then, my good sir, we need not 
 mind quite so much.' The force of ov irdvv is always ' non omnino, ' 
 ' not quite,' 'not much/ 'hardly,' &c, though it is often used by 
 an ironical litotes for 'omnino non,' 'not at all.' See Appendix, 
 note C, to Cope's translation of the Gorgias. 
 
 tC . . . o tl] This change from the direct to the indirect form of 
 interrogative is not uncommon. Cp. Gorg. 448 E, d\\* ovfith rjpajTa 
 wo'ia Tt? €irj i) Yopyiov T€X vr )i d\\a tis teal ovrtva Seoi tea\€iv tov 
 Topyiav. Again in 500 A, *Ap' ovv iravrbs dvBpos \otiv kteXtgaaOai, 
 iroia ayaOa twv rjhioov kari teal oiroia teated ; 
 
 Tjuias] ri kpovatv here follows the analogy of such constructions 
 as teated \eyeiv tlvcl. 
 
 6 €Trato)v] 'The expert.' Cp. Phaedrus 275 E; Prot. 314 A; 
 Gorg. 500 A, where he is called Ttx viK °s- The Aristotelian 
 equivalent for an expert generally is 6 eidcos (E. N. II. 9, § 2 ; X. 9, 
 § 17); in the sphere of morals in particular it is 6 oirovdaios or 6 
 <Ppovipios. 
 
 a\)Tt\ tj d\T)0€La] For the personification of truth cp. Apol. 39 B, 
 ovtoi 8' v7ro tt)s dkrjOeias (xxpXrjKOTts fjLOxOrjpiav teal dhtciav. 
 irpwTOv llcv] See note on 53 B, irpwTov \ikv. 
 
 €i<rr)Y€L, d<rr\yov\Levoi] ' You are wrong in this respect in your 
 proposal, when you propose.' The fullness of expression gives an 
 air of deliberateness, and is a noticeable feature of Plato's style. 
 Cp. 49 D, teal opa, St Kp'iTajv, TavTa teaOopoXoywv, oneos fir) irapd 
 ho£av opLoXoyrjs : Euthyphro 8 E, aLKpiGfi-qTovaiv ol aix<pia$7)Tovv- 
 t( s : Apol. 19 B, biefiaWov ol 8ia/3a\\ovT€s: Phaedo 75 D, teal kv 
 tcuV IpcvTrjcreaiv hpojT&vTts fcal kv rats ditoKplataiv dirotepivopievoi : 
 22 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 48 A-C. 
 
 Meno 87 D, €tti<ttt)/jlt]v dv tiv* clvto vttottt€vovt€s eivai opBws viroirrfv- 
 
 Olfl€V. 
 
 'A\Xd jjlcv 8t|] ' Well, but then/ introducing a supposed objection. 
 So in Rep. 365 C we have an objection introduced by d\\d yap, 
 (pTjai Tis and in D» by d\\d drj. In the combination d\\d filv W\ 
 there is no more need of an answering 8e than there is in irdvv pikv 
 ovv or fxev ovv generally. 
 
 ovtos t€] The r€ answers to the /cat in the following clause — kcu B 
 rovde. Notice how ovtos is used of what has gone before, while oS« 
 in the next clause is used of what is coming. See note on 44 E, 
 ravra . . . raSe. 
 
 ojj.oios elvai t<^ Kai irpoT€pov] ' To be as sound as ever.' We 
 may perhaps compare Prot. 333 B, to 5e irpoTepov av €(pdvrj Tjpuv tj 
 dtKatoavvr) k.t.K. But Cron and Schanz omit the t<£, on the 
 authority of a quotation by Priscian, which gives a much easier 
 reading. 
 
 ov to Jtjv k.t.\,] Cp. Apol. 28 B, Gorg. 511 B and what 
 Aristotle (Pol. I. 9, § 16) says of the love of money, Aitlov 5e ravrijs 
 rrjs diaOeaeous to o~novdd£€iv irepl to ^rjv, dWd jut) to €v £rjv. 
 
 T6 8€ €v] Supply £f}v. 1 And that living well is the same thing 
 as living rightly and justly.' Cp. Gorg. 507 C. To €v £i)v might be 
 taken in the sense of fjbious £t}v. See Prot. 351 B ; Rep. 329 A. It 
 is in this sense that €v ^fjv and evfata are used in the Ethics of 
 Aristotle. 
 
 €<iv p.€v . . . el 8« \ir\\ So very frequently,, e. g. Phaedo 91 C, C 
 114 B; Prot. 311 D, 325 D, 351 E; Laws 631 B. The more 
 symmetrical construction of kdv plv . . . kdv 5 e ^7 is less often found, 
 as in Lysis 217 E, Prot. 328 B. In Ceb. Tab. chs. Ill and XXXIX 
 we have el p,\v . . . et be puj, but in ch. XI kdv fxev . . . ft 8e pur\. 
 Cp. 53 E below, dv fif) . . . el be p.rj. 
 
 rds o-K€i|/€ts] A case of inverse attraction, that is to say of the 
 antecedent being drawn into the case of the relative. Cp. Prot. 
 342 B, tva pr) KaTaZrjXoL waiv . . , {vamp ovs Upcurayopas e\eye tovs 
 aotyiOTas. 
 
 Y*\ - • • il ' These, Crito, are really questions which concern 
 those ' &c. M7) . . . 77 has here the force of an indicative statement. 
 It may be supposed to have acquired it through the ellipse of some 
 such word as bpa or tyofiovpai. Cp. Laws 635 E, trepl be ttjXikovtcov 
 (matters of such importance) evOvs iremaTevxevai pqbious fir) veojv tc 77 
 pdXXov teal dvorjTOJV. 
 
 TavTa] Referring to Tas Gfceipeis, but attracted into the gender of 
 fiKefxpaTa following. 
 
 crK€p.jjiaTa] Put for cr/ceif/eis. above, for the avoidance of monotony. 
 
 23 
 
CRITOy NOTES. 48 C, D. 
 
 Ofcifjifjia is properly the thing inquired into and OKexpis the act of 
 inquiring. 
 
 dvaj3uDo-KO|X€vcov 7' av] c Ay, and would bring them back to life 
 again.' dva&iwaKtoQai is here used transitively, like avaPi&aaaOai 
 in Phaedo 89 C. It is generally intransitive, as in Polit. 271 A, 
 272 B, en 777s yap avzfiiwoKovTO irdvres. Cp. { reviviscere ' in Latin, 
 e. g. Cic. Pro Mil. § 79. 
 
 It may be inferred from these words that the Athenians repented 
 of their treatment of Socrates. Diogenes Laertius (II. § 43) 
 declares that they condemned Meletus to death, and Diodorus 
 (XIV. 37 ad fin.) goes so far as to say that the accusers were 
 executed in a body. But these statements may be taken for what 
 they are worth. 
 
 €TT€i8Tj 6 \670s otjtcds alp€i] ' After what has been proved.' 
 Parm. 141 D ; Phil. 35 D ; Rep. 440 B, 604 C, oirrj 6 Xoyos at pet 
 PiKriar' av In Rep. 607 B it is followed by an acc. of the 
 
 person, 6 yap \6yos rjpLas fjpei. Cp. the Latin phrase ' ratio vincit' or 
 'evincit' Hor. Sat. I. 3. 115 ; II. 3. 225, 250. 
 
 jx-r^ ovScv] See note on /-o) ov birj in D. 
 D €£a*y6fji€voi] ' Letting ourselves be brought away.' An instance 
 of what Riddell (Digest § 88) calls the semi- middle sense of the 
 verb. Both passive and middle tenses are so used. Cp. Apol. 
 kdifcaOai, ' to let yourselves be accustomed ' ; Meno 91 C, XajPrjOrjvai, 
 'to get himself ruined'; Rep. 412 C, otrives ap^ovai t€ teal apgovrai, 
 ' who are to rule or let themselves be ruled.' 
 
 (jit) ov Srrj] The construction is continued from /x^ ... 77 above in 
 C, through fJLTj ovdev «.t.A. The ov in such cases negatives only the 
 particular word which follows it, so that the construction is on a 
 par with that of prj with the subj., and is to be explained in the same 
 way. In Rep. 368 B, didoitca yap /jlt) ovb' oaiov 77', 1 1 am afraid it 
 may be positively sinful,' we have the full expression which might 
 be cut down to /xt) yap ou5' ooiov rf . Instances of fifj ov with the 
 subj. abound, e. g. Apol. 39 A, dAAct //t) ov tovt 77 x a ^ eir ° v J Phaedo 
 67 B ; Symp. 194 C ; Meno 89 C, 94 B, E, d\\a /*t) ovtc tJ Sidaterov : 
 Lysis 635 E, jjlt) ov tovto <T€ . . . KcoXvy. fxrj alone with the subj. 
 is not so common in this idiomatic sense, probably because it might 
 be mistaken for an imperative. When it does occur, it is often, as 
 here, in combination with prj ov^ which determines the sense. Thus 
 in Phaedo 69 A — C we have /«) yap ox>x avrrj 77 77 opOf) irpbs dperty 
 dKXayrj followed five times by j? with firj either expressed or under- 
 stood. Cp. Arist. E. N. X. 9, § 6, 6 5e A070? teal t) bibax^ M itot 
 ovk \v diraoiv lax^TI, d\\d 5*77 k.t.X. 
 
 vTToXo7ij€(T0ai] ' To take into account.' Cp. Apol. 28 B, D ; 
 24 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 48 £-49 A. 
 
 Gorg. 480 C ad fin., to dyaObv zeal kclXov dioutcoura, fii) vnoXoyi£6fji€vov 
 to akycivov. 
 
 irapaji€VovTas] ' If we stay.' 
 
 o\5t€] Supply d Bet. 
 
 irpd tov d8iK€iv] * Rather than act unjustly/ The whole passage 
 resembles Apol. 28 D, kvravOa 8*?, ws kjxol 8o/r«, ixkvovra KivZvvtvtiv, 
 firjBev vtroXoyi^opavov firjrc Oavarov /jlt)T€ dXXb fxrjdev irpb tov aio~xpov. 
 
 tL Spwjx€v] Deliberative conjunctive. 
 
 ira\io-at . . . Xcycov] Notice the participial construction with E 
 iraveiv. So also in the active, Gorg. 482 A, dXXa tt\v (piXoaocplav, rd 
 
 kjJLCL TTCLldlKa, TtavOQV TCLVTCL XtyOVGaV . 
 
 ws €yw k.t.X.] ' Since I consider it of much importance to pursue 
 my present course of conduct with your consent, instead of against 
 it.' The MSS. have iretaai, which has given much trouble, imo-as 
 is Buttmann's emendation, suggested by Ficinus' translation. Notice 
 the gen. abs. conveyed by the single word olkovtos. 
 
 tt]s o-K€\j/€<os tt|v dpxr|v] * T ne starting-point of the inquiry.' As 
 the starting-point of an inquiry would often be some comprehensive 
 principle, like that which Socrates proceeds to lay down of the duty 
 of absolute non-resistance to evil, the other meaning of the word, 
 namely ' first principle,' would probably assert itself here in the mind 
 of the Greek reader. Cp. Phil. 23 C, rty hi dpxqv avTov (i. e. tow 
 A070V) bi€vXa(3€Lo~6ai ireipwpLeOa TiQk\izvoi, and Arist. E. N. I. 7> § 23. 
 
 impel) diroKpCv€o-0at to €pa>Ta>|A€vov] They now settle down to a 
 bout at dialectic, one of the main rules of which was that the person 
 interrogated should answer exactly the question put to him, and 
 nothing else. If he succeeded in doing so, his answer was npos 
 Xoyov; if he failed, it was ovdev irpos Xoyov. See Phil. 42 E. 
 
 €KovTas d8iKT]T€Ov] The acc. of the agent after the neut. of the 49 A 
 verbal adjective is explained on the principle of construction ac- . 
 cording to the sense {Kara ovvtaiv) . ddiKrjTeov = 8cf or XPV dfitfcav, 
 and so the acc. is used which is required by 5cf or XPV with the 
 infinitive. Cp. Polit. 280 B; Phaedrus 272 E; Gorg. 507 D, 
 512 D ; Laws 643 A, 809 E. 
 
 iroMdicis] These discourses are reflected for us in the Gorgias, 
 where Socrates maintains, as against Polus and Callicles, that to do 
 wrong is a greater evil than to suffer it, and in the Republic, where 
 the claim of injustice to be considered the natural good of man is 
 defended first by Thrasymachus, and then for the sake of argument 
 by Glaucon and Adeimantus. 
 
 [oTrep Kal dpTi €\€"y€To] The hand of the glossator is justly 
 suspected here, referring us back to the similar expression in 46 B, 
 tovs 5e Xoyovs, ovs \v too lp.-npoaQ*v eXcyov oit dvvapiai vvv kxfiaXclv. 
 
 25 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 49 A-C. 
 
 r\\ 1 Can it be that ? ' See note on 47 D, ^ ovhiv kari tovto ; 
 
 €kk€xvja€vcu cIctl] ' Have been scattered to the winds.' 
 
 TTjXiKoiSe] 'At our time of life.' Socrates and Crito were 
 contemporaries. See note on Crito. On the exact meaning of 
 T7]\iKoi8e see note on 43 B r tijXlkovtov ovtvl. 
 
 [Y€povT€s] Supposed to be a gloss on Trj\iKoi8e avSpts. 
 B &(T7T€p tot€ 4\€Y€to fjp.iv] tot€ is sometimes used indefinitely, in 
 the sense of 'previously/ 'originally/ e.g. E. N. III. 5, § 14. Tore 
 fxkv ovv egrjr avrw fj.rj voativ. 
 
 <t>ap.€v r\ ov ;] ' Do we say "yes" or "no"?' 
 
 u>s ol iroWol oiovrai] The poets were the fathers of philosophy 
 (Lysis 214 A), and Archilochus had said (Archilochi Frag. CXVIII 
 Gaisford) — 
 
 %v 8' kmarafiai fieya, 
 rbv kolkws tl bpwvra beivoTs avTafAuficaOai kclkols. 
 Xenophon regards Cyrus the Younger as the type of a manly 
 character, and records his prayer that he might live long enough to 
 requite both friends and foes (Anab. I. 9, § 11). What was the 
 prayer of Cyrus became the boast of Sulla y who records in the 
 epitaph which he composed for himself that none of his friends had 
 surpassed him in well-doing nor his foes in ill-doing (Plut. Sulla 38 
 ad fin.). In Xen. Mem. II. 6, § 35 the words dvdpbs cXperty elvai 
 vlkolv tovs p.lv <pi\ovs ev ttoiovvtcl, tovs 5' kx^povs kclkcus are put into the 
 mouth of Socrates himself, though he is not committed to them as a 
 philosophical position. The same may be said of II. 3, § 14, where 
 dove? is used. In II. 1, § 19, we have probably the voice of the 
 soldier Xenophon rather than of Socrates. Even in Plato himself 
 the current morality is sometimes put into the mouth of Socrates. 
 See Phil. 49 D, Ovkovv km p.\v tols kxQp&v kclkols ovt' abiKov ovtc 
 <p6ov€pov €<jtl to x a ' l P* lv ' But these are merely obiter dicta which it 
 would be misleading to press as against the express testimony of the 
 present passage in favour of the more advanced view held by 
 Socrates. In the first book of the Republic the philosopher is re- 
 presented as combating the doctrine of the old morality maintained 
 by Polemarehus — dxpeXeiv fxev tovs <pi\ovs 77 BiKaioavvrj, ^Kcltttuv 5e 
 rovs exOpovs, Rep. 332 D, 335 B; cp. Meno 71 E. 
 Q ws ot iroXXoi 4>acrt] This emphatic repetition is like the reiterated 
 'H/foucare on kppeOrj of the Sermon on the Mount. 
 
 ovi8' &v StioOv TrdtrxT)] ' No matter what one may suffer.' tls is 
 to be supplied with mxaxV) as TLVa was with the infinitives dSttfeiV, 
 uvTahLKtWy tcafcovpyeiv, dvriKaKovpyeiv. See note on 45 D, (paaKovra 
 k.t.X. The omission of tls is rendered easier by the previous sup- 
 pression of Tiva. Cp. Euthyd. 284 A; Meno 79 B, to /zcra pLopiov 
 26 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 49 C-E. 
 
 dperfjs irpdrreiv, 6 ri av W parry, 97 A. The indefinite pronoun is 
 sometimes omitted in the same way in Latin, e. g. Cic. Lael. § 59, 
 ' ita amare oportere, ut si aliquando esset osunis.' 
 
 opa . . . ottos |xtj] Here we have the full expression, which may D 
 occur elliptically as ottojs p.rj r e.g. Charm. 157 B, ottojs . . . pirjdeis 
 <T€ ireiari. 
 
 kqx . . . KaC] 1 Either . . . or J 
 
 ovk co-Tt koivt] PovXt)] * Cannot take counsel together/ * have no 
 common ground for discussion.' 
 
 dXXrjXcDv KaTa<j>pov€iv] This mutual contempt of the man of the 
 world and the philosopher is finely brought out in the Gorgias, in 
 the attitude towards one another of Callicles and Socrates. See also 
 Euthyd. 304 E. 
 
 dpxwp.€0a] ' Whether we are to start from this principle in our 
 deliberations.' The deliberative conjunctive is retained unchanged 
 in the oblique narration after a primary tense or the imperative. 
 Cp. Phaedo 115 C ad fin., Kal kpcora 877, rrcus pie Oa-nry ; Meno 92 E, 
 et7T€ irapa rivas €\6r} 'KOrjvaiojv. 
 
 ws o{i8€7tot€ 6p0ws cxovtos] These words may be rendered as 
 though instead of exovros we had ex €l > ' that it is never right.' They 
 are explanatory of €vt€v0€v. Cp. PhiL 16 C ; Meno 95 E; Rep. 
 437 A, vixoOkpevoi ws rovrov ovras exovros, ' on the assumption that 
 this is so'; Laws 624 A, 626 E, 644 B, ovvex 0J P'*l aa l JL * v <&s dyaOaiv 
 pikv ovtojv rwv dvuajnivojv apx^iv avrcuv, kolkuv de rwv fifj : Xen. 
 Anab. II. I, § 21, 77 a;? iroXepov ovros -nap vpJhv dnayyekoj ; 
 
 o\jt€ . . . d(xi3v€cr0ai] The dropping of the article is perhaps due 
 to the fact that this clause, though formally on a level with the 
 other two, is really only an enlargement of the second. 
 
 to p.€Td toOto] This means the next step in the argument. It is E 
 naturally a common phrase in Plato. We have it for instance in 
 Euthyphro 12 D; Crafc. 391 B; Prot. 355 A; Gorg. 462 D. 
 Variations on it are to piera ravra, Phil. 34 C ; to knl roxna), Gorg. 
 512 E, Meno 27 B ; tou7ti twos, Laws 641 A; to €<p€£rjs rovrois, 
 Phil. 34 D. Cp. Xen. Mem. I. 2, § 27, OvKovv r tcpri 6 ^coKpdrrjs, kol 
 twv kiTO/jtevcov rovrois (d-nkxecrBat herjcreb), rov re ditcaiov fccil rod boiov 
 Kai rwv aWwv rutv roiovrojv ; 
 
 dXXd Xfyc] 'Only say on.' Sometimes we have \eye \novav from 
 the respondent, sometimes Xeyois av. 
 
 €|aTraTT]T€ov] Supply avrov. a is directly governed only by 
 
 TT0lt)rk0V. 
 
 TSk tovtcov &t|] ' As a consequence of this then.' Cp. Phil. 48 C, 
 'E# 877 rovrwv ibl ro yeXoiov r\vnva (pvo~tv exei : Meno 76 D, I* 
 rovroiv 877 £vves 6 rot Xeyoj. 
 
 27 
 
CR1T0, NOTES. 49 E-$Q B. 
 
 [Lr\ ir€i<ravT€s] w is used because the whole sentence is hypothe- 
 tical — ' If we go away from here without having obtained the 
 consent of the city.' 
 50 A Kal ravra] ' And that too.' 
 
 SiKaCois ovo-iv] Put by attraction for Sifcaiois tivcu, which itself 
 arises out of tovtols a wfio\oyT}o~afi€v Bitcaia eTvai. Here the process 
 of attraction is carried one step farther than usual. 
 
 ov yap 4vvow] ' For I do not grasp your meaning.' 
 
 diroSiSpdo-Kciv] A word of contemptuous signification, being 
 suggestive of the hpatrkr^s. Hence it is followed by a sort of 
 apology for its use. 
 
 €\06vt€s . . . €TTiorTdvT€s] The superposition of participles is a 
 noticeable feature in Plato's style. Thus in the Apology we have 
 £vvTi$evTi biaireipooiAevw, 27 A; &x06fjt€voi . . . tcpovaavrts: k£e\6ovTi 
 . . . afieifiofAevw, 37 D. 
 
 to koivov] ' The commonwealth.' The word was translated into 
 Latin by ' commune' (' commune Milyadum,' Cic. Verr. II. 1, § 95 ; 
 
 * commune Siciliae,' II. 2, §§ 144, 145, 154), whence the French 
 
 * commune.' Stallbaum suggests that Cicero had the Crito in his 
 mind when he composed the passage beginning ' Nunc te patria, quae 
 communis est parens omnium nostrum ' in his first oration against 
 Catiline (§ 17). 
 
 Elirc fxoi] ' The Laws speak in the singular, as a tragic chorus 
 does by its choragus. Perhaps also to koivov rrjs iroXeovs partly 
 suggests the singular.' Purves. 
 
 dWo ti r\ ... Siavoci] ' Are you not meaning ? ' lit. i Is it 
 anything else than that you are meaning ? ' d\\o ti 77, which is 
 often cut down to a\\o n, is a common interrogatory formula in 
 Plato. There is an avoidance of bluntness about it characteristic of 
 the polite Hellenic mind. To exhaust the negative is an indirect 
 way of establishing the corresponding affirmative, so that the 
 question practically amounts to the assertion 'You are meaning.' 
 Cp. Phaedo 79 B; Theaet. 165 E; Charm. 173 A, B; Meno 82 
 C,D, 97 A; Rep. 337 C. 
 B €Tt . . . dvaT€Tpd4>0o.i] ' To exist any longer and not be over- 
 turned.' The perfect indicates the immediate and necessary con- 
 sequence of lawlessness. 
 
 dXXcos t€ Kal f>T|Tcop] 1 Especially an orator.' For the opinion 
 which Socrates, or Plato, entertained of orators cp. Apol. 1 7 A, B ; 
 Prot. 329 A. He is called by Timon in the Silli prjTopopvKTOS 
 ('rhetorician-mocker,' L. and S.). See D. L. II. § 20. 
 
 im€p rovrov rov vo\iov diroXXvficvov] ' On behalf of this law 
 whose life is threatened.' It is said that no law could be abrogated 
 28 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 50 B-D, 
 
 at Athens without its cause having been pleaded by practised 
 advocates. 
 
 on] Notice that on is used with the direct as well as with the 
 oblique narration, unlike 1 that ' in English, which is confined to the 
 latter. Cp. Apol. 21 C, Kal a-notyavSiv tw xPV^^V on ovroal kjjiov 
 
 (T0<f>UJT€p6s €0~TI, CI) 5' €fX% €(f)T](Tda. 
 
 'H8£k€i yap k.t.X.] 1 Why, the state was doing us a wrong.' Q 
 
 €Kpiv€] Perhaps aorist, as referring to a single act, whereas the 
 imperfect preceding may be taken as referring to a course of conduct. 
 
 aurwv 0aup.d£oi|jL€v A€*y6vT(ov] 6avjjid^€iv is often constructed in 
 Plato with a gen. of the person and an acc. of the thing (e. g. Apol. 
 17 A; Phaedo 89 A; Theaet. 161 B; Prot. 329 C). In this 
 passage we have the two halves of the construction separately, the 
 gen. here and the acc. immediately below — pf) Oav^xa^ to; Xeyo^va. 
 
 €iw0as . . . diroKpiv€o-0at] The laws are supposed to turn the 
 tables on Socrates by employing against him his own favourite 
 dialectical method. On the importance assigned by Socrates to 
 dialectic cp. Phil. 57 E ; Prot. 329 B ; Rep. 534 D. 
 
 <j>€pc yap] ' Come now ' = * age nunc' D 
 
 t£ cykoAwv] The participle is equivalent to a causal clause— 
 * What complaint have you that/ &c. 
 
 TrpwTOv p.ev] See note on 53 B, irpcurov fxkv. 
 
 i\av$avt\ 4 Took and had to wife.' The imperfect denotes the 
 permanence of the connexion. Purves. 
 
 Tots 7T€pL . . . iratSeCav] Aristotle complains that this department 
 of legislation was neglected in Greek states, with the exception 
 of Sparta and a few others (E. N. X. 9, § 13. Cp. Pol. VIII. 1, 
 § 4) . We must bear in mind however that vojuos means ' custom ' 
 as well as ' law.' 
 
 JJaibeia and rpocprj constantly occur together, as in the passage 
 before us and in 54 A. Between them they cover the whole field of 
 education, being the correlatives of \xovgikj) and yvfivaffTiK-q. Cp. 
 Phaedo 107 D, ovdev yap aWo exovaa els A'idov 77 ipvxn *px €Tai ^Xty 
 Tfjs -natSe'ias tc Kal rpocprjs : Menex. 237 A, B, tt\v evy€V€iav ovv 
 TrpwTov avrcvv \yK(xjpaaCfij\iiv y devrcpov tie rpotyrjv t€ Kal iraibeiav. 
 
 4v [xovcriKfj Kal Yvjivao-TiKfj irai8€t»€iv] Cp. Rep. 376 E, Tts ovv 7/ 
 Traibeia ; t) xaA€7JW evpeiv fie\Tioj rrjs vi;6 rod ttoWov \povov cvprj- 
 fievrjs ; €0*T£ 5e 7rou rj jxlv km aojyuaai yvfjivao~TiKTi, rj o' kirl \pvxxi 
 fiovcrifcfj. Afterwards (Ibid. 410 B and C) Plato goes on to declare 
 that the common idea was erroneous, namely that yv/xvacrTiKri was 
 for the sake of the body and jj.ovo'iKrj for the sake of the soul. For 
 the true end of yvfivaariK-q was not to increase the strength of the 
 body, but to wake up the spirited element (to Ov/xoeibes) in the soul. 
 
 29 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 50 E-$l A. 
 
 povcifcrj was a wide term, including both the instruction in reading 
 and writing, which was given by the ypafXfiariaT-qs, the learning of 
 the lyre, which was part of every Athenian boy's education, and the 
 committal to memory of passages of poetry, whether adapted to the 
 lyre or not (Prot. 312 B, 325 C-326 B; Theag. 122 E; Aristoph. 
 Clouds 964, &c. ; Ar. Pol. VIII. 3). In the Laws (809 E-810 A) 
 Plato fixes the proper age for learning ypdy^iaTa at from 10 to 13, 
 and for learning the lyre at from 13 to 16. 
 E irpwTov |A€v] See note on 53 B, -rrpcuTov fiiv. 
 
 8o\)\os] Cp. Cicero Pro Clu. § 146, 'Legum denique idcirco 
 omnes servi sumus, ut liberi esse possimus.' 
 
 Kal crol . . . 8iKaiov] Wagner follows Stallbaum in reading teal 
 (tv, ' as there is no other passage with the construction diteaiov /xot 
 kern tovto iroieiv,' which seems a hazardous statement. 
 A dvTi/nJTrreiv] Strepsiades in the Clouds (1424) proposes 
 
 Oetvai vopov tois vlkaiv y tovs irarepas avTLTvirrciv, 
 on the ground that, as parents beat their children out of loving- 
 kindness, the children were bound in their turn to show the same 
 solicitude for them. 
 
 apa] This sarcastic or emphatic use of dpa is commonly confined 
 to the latter of two contrasted clauses, but here we have it with the 
 former as well — f) -rrpbs pttv dpa gol rbv irarepa k.t.X. For this 
 duplication of dpa cp. Prot 325 B, C ; Laws 931 C. Instances of 
 the single dpa in emphasizing a contrast are common enough, e.g. 
 Apol. 34 C ; Phaedo 68 A ; Phil. 30 B ; Rep. 600 D. 
 
 eijorrai <roi] ' Are you to have license ? ' 
 
 Kal av 8c] The combination Kal ... Se is an instance of the 
 emphatic use of ok, which enables that particle to appear sometimes, 
 as here, in the apodosis of a sentence, whereas its ordinary use is as 
 a conjunction coupling one sentence with another. Cp. Theaet. 
 171 E and the extraordinary use in Theages 121 K.kclv cc d^xoXia o\ 
 fj.r) irdvv tis pieydXrj, ojjus k.t.X. 
 
 ravra itoiujv 8iKaia irpa,TT€iv] * That in doing this you are acting 
 justly.' irpaTT€iv is properly used of moral action, i. e. action 
 directed to a reasonable end, whereas ttouiv may be used of a random 
 act Cp. Charm. 163 B, El-ne /xoi, 8' €70;, ov ravrbv tcaKeis to 
 TTOieiv teal to irpaTTtiv ; Ov fievToi, e<pr) : and Arist. E. N. III. 1, § 14, 
 "ET€pov 8' eoitce teal to di' dyvoiav 7rpaTT€iv tov dyvoovvTa ttoklv. 
 
 6 . . . €irifi,€\6fji€vos] ' If you care.' 
 
 ovtcos €i <ro<()6s] ' Does your wisdom come to this*? ' Cp. Apol. 
 18 A, a/s €<TTi tis XatcpaTrjs, ao(pbs dvrjp. 
 
 Ti|ua>T€pov €<ttiv t) iraTpis] So in the letter of Plato to Archytas 
 (358 A) the claims of country are put before those of parents — dXXd 
 
 3Q 
 
CRITO, NOTES, 5 1 A-D. 
 
 KaKdivo 8« <re \vQv\1z106ai) on tKaaros 77/xdV ovk aura) fxovov y4yovev, 
 
 dXXa TTJS y€V€(T€OVS T]HW/ TO jlkv Tl 7} TTOLT plS fXCpl^TCU, TO 8c Tt 01 
 
 yevvrjcravTcs, to de ol XoittoI cpiXoi .: and Xenophon, in describing the 
 distress of the Ten Thousand after the capture of their officers, says 
 (Anab. III. I, § 3), ov dvvdfievoi KaOevb'eiv virb Xvirrjs ml ttoQov 
 iraTpidcuv, yoveojv., yvvaiK&v, Traibojv. Similarly Cicero in the De 
 Officiis I. § 57 strongly asserts the priority of the claims of country — 
 'cari sunt parentes, cari liberi, propinqui,familiares, sed omnis omnium 
 caritates patria una complexa est.' 
 
 cv p.€ifovi p-oipa] Cp. Hdt. II. 172, tcL pev 077 wpoura kcltwvovto 
 Tdv'Afiacriv AiyvuTioi, ml kv ovdefxifj fioiprj fxeydXy rjyov. 
 
 Kal acPeo-Oat 8€i] Supply otl from above and two. as subject. B 
 See note on 45 D, cpdcKovTa k.t.X. 
 
 Ocottcvciv] ' Conciliate.' The word is generally used in a bad 
 sense, as in Eur. Med. 368 ; Aristoph. Acharn. 658. 
 
 cdv tc . . . 4dv t€ . . . Idv tc] ' Whether . . . or . . , or.' Cp. 
 Gorg. 508 D, dv tc tvttt€lv PovXtjtcu . . . kdv re x9'hv LaTa 
 ptiaOciL, kdv re knfiaWuv etc ttjs iroXecvz, kdv tc, to eax^Tov, diroKTttvai ; 
 also Meno 72 D. In Gorg. 480 D we have kdv /xlv . . . kdv de . . . 
 kdv 8e . . . kdv 5e . . . kdv 5e, in the sense of ' if * « « if/ &c. 
 
 €*dv tc 8€io-0at] Supply irpooTaTTrj. 
 
 itoitjt€Ov] = Seiiroieiv. 
 
 ov\l t»ir€iKT€Ov k.t.X.] Corresponding to the ypacpal d&TpaTeias, 
 deiXias and XenroTagiov (Laws 943 D), all of which involved aTipiia 
 of person but not of property. See Andocides, De Mysteriis § 74. 
 
 ironr)T€Ov . . . t\ ir€i0€tv] A repetition of rj rre'iOeiv fj iroieiv above. C 
 Notice that the infin. ireiOav is governed by the de? latent in TroirjTeov. 
 Cp. Gorg. 492 D, rds fxkv kmOvn'ias <prjs ov koXclotzov . . . k&vTa 8e 
 . . . eToifid^eiv : Laws 876 C ; Xen. Mem. I. 5, § 5. The same 
 principle serves to palliate the extraordinary bit of bad grammar 
 which meets us in Gorg. 513 E, kmxaprjTkov tj/jiiv ko~Ti tt} ttoXcl ml 
 tois woXiTats OcpaiTeveiv . . . ttoiovvtcls. See note on 49 A, kfcovTas 
 
 ddtfCTJT€OV. 
 
 r\ TT€i0€tv . . . TT€<j>vK€] ' Or convince them of what is naturally 
 just/ 
 
 tw QovaLav ir6'rrotT]K€vai] Dative of the means. D 
 €ir€i8dv SoKijiao-Gfj] Alluding to the BoKiftaaiu twv k<pr}/3cov, a 
 process of scrutiny which every youth had to pass at Athens before 
 being enrolled on the list of citizens. See Demosthenes p. 13 18. 
 
 f^ids tovs vojxovs] It was part of the education of the Greek 
 youth to learn the laws of their country. See Prot. 326 C, D, 
 kntib'dv oe €K SidaatcdXajv dwaXXayoucnv , 77 iroXts av tovs re vojaovs 
 dvaymfa \mvQdveiv ml /card tovtovs £r}v /card irapadeiyfia. 
 
 31 
 
CjR/TO, NOTES. 51 D-52 A. 
 
 w &v |xtI\ dp€crKco|x€v Tjp.€is] ' If anyone does not like us.' 
 
 clival.] Governed by irpoayopevopiev, but at the same time ex- 
 planatory of tw e£ovaiav ireiroirjKevai, which renders the sentence 
 involved. 
 
 Aap6vxa] Supply avrov. The dat. Xafiovri might have been 
 used, but this change to the acc. with infin. is quite common. Cp. 
 Euthyphro 5 A ; Symp. 176 D. 
 
 dira/yopeijci] 'Forbids.' irpoayopevei above = ( proclaims.' 
 
 €&v T€ . . . . €<£v t€] Cp. B above. 
 
 €i p,^ dpco-Koijiev] c In case he did not like us.' 
 
 jji€TOtK6iv] eis GLTToiKicLV Uvat above refers to a change of abode to 
 an Athenian colony ; fxeroiKeiv here to a change into another state 
 altogether. A resident in a foreign state was called pLeroitcos. 
 E os 8' &v *u|jlwv Trapa|A€ivT|] 1 But if any of you has stayed.' 
 
 on t€ . . . ov ir€i0€Tcu] The force of the sentence falls on 
 *y€vvT]Tais ovcriv — ' In that we whom he refuses to obey begat him.' 
 yevvrjTai, ' parents,' is to be distinguished from yevvrjTai = ' gentiles.' 
 Yevvr\Tai ol tov clvtov yevovs fierexovTes teal air' dpxrjs ex 0VT * s koivoL 
 lepd. Schol. RS. 
 
 Kal on 6jJLo\o7T|cras] The first was a debt of nature (yevvrjTaTs), 
 the second of gratitude (rpofevai), but the third is one of contract 
 (o(xo\oyr) aas). 
 
 ir€C0€<r0ai] Pres. infin. instead of the more usual future. But the 
 covenant does not refer merely to the future, but to the present as 
 well. Cp. 50 C, djfxo\6yT]To . . . ep^ieveiv and 52 C, wficXoyets . . . 
 
 TTO\lT€V€(j0at. 
 
 52 A 0(5.T€pa] The preference for the plural in such expressions is very 
 marked in Greek. 
 
 Immediately below we have ovdercpa, as also in 44 D above. Cp. 
 Phil. 15 E, Prot. 314 E, eirl Odrepa : Lysis 218 E, dyaObv rj tcaxov f) 
 ovderepa: Phil. 43 D, eva fiev r)hvv y tov 5' av Xvirrjpov, tov 5' eva 
 firjbeTepa : ibid. 43 E. As an interrogative troTepa is often used for 
 •norepov, e. g. Phil. 50 D, and in the sense of ' alteruter ' the plural is 
 preferred, as in Rep. 499 C, tovtcov 8e iroTepa yeveaOai r) d/xcporepa 
 &)S dpa \gt\v ddvvaTov, eycv piev ovheva (prj/jd ex €LV Xoyov. So also 
 oTtortp av voir), 1 whichever he may do,' Gorg. 469 A. In all these 
 cases, it is to be observed, that the idea is singular, not plural 
 (or rather dual) as in apcpoTepa. Similarly where we speak of 
 ' a beginning, a middle and an end,' the Greek (Phil. 31 A) is pL-qre 
 dpxty W 7 * f*eo~a pL-qre TeXos. Cp. Phaedrus 264 C, wffre \ii)Te 
 dnetyaXov elvai p.T)T€ arrow, d\Ad pteaa re ex (iv Kai dfcpa. The same 
 tendency is observable in such phrases as eirl 5c£*d, en dpiarepd 
 (Euthyd. 297 C) and has full play in the form used for the superlative 
 
 32 
 
CRITO, NOTES. $2 A, B. 
 
 adverb. Although the comparative adverb keeps to the singular, 
 yet the plural is apt to be used in phrases with the comparative 
 adjective, e.g. Phil. 40 C, ^p-ip-rj ixkvai \ikvT0i ras a\r)0eis kirl ra 
 y€\oioT€pa. In Laws 643 A we have tcL vp.€T€pa and ra kp.d = i you ' 
 and a/ 
 
 rovTcav ou8€T€pa iroict] This was said before in the words oure 
 tt€l0€tcll ovtc ir€i0(i Tjnas : but this emphatic kind of tautology is so 
 marked a feature of Plato's style that Riddell in his Digest of Idioms 
 has labelled it under the title of ' binary structure.' Cp. Prot. 316 
 D, where the sentence might have ended at XPV tvXafitiaOai without 
 
 e addition of tov ravra TTpdrrovTa. 
 
 €V€^€cr0at] 1 Will be liable to.' Cp. evoxos 'iarai ttj Kpicra in 
 Matt. v. 21, 22. 
 
 4v to is |xd\to-Ta] See note on 43 C, Iv rots fiapvTar'. 
 
 wfjLo\oyr)Kws rvy\avio] This may be considered a periphrastic 
 form of the perfect of dp.o\oy€ou. Cp. Phil. 51 E, rvyx&vei yeyovos : 
 Meno 71 A, rvyxava clbcvs = oT5a. 
 
 on croi k.t.\.] Explanatory of tovtcov. 
 
 €tt€St|^€is] kmdrjpitiv is to live in one's own country, as opposed 
 to airohrifiuv (Meno 80 B), from which we have the noun dirodrjfitav 
 below. Socrates carried his disposition to stay at home so far, that 
 he seldom went outside the walls of the city, alleging as his reason 
 for this love of town, that places and trees had nothing to teach him, 
 whereas the men in the city had. See Phaedrus 230 C, D. Diogenes 
 Laertius however (II, § 23) records that Socrates, in addition to his 
 campaigns, visited Samos as a youth in company with Archelaus, as 
 also Delphi and the Isthmus. His authority for the first statement 
 is Ion of Chios, a contemporary of Socrates, for the second Aristotle, 
 and for the third Favorinus. 
 
 cm 0€o)piav] I. e. to attend as a spectator at the public games of 
 Greece — the Olympian, Nemean, Isthmian or Pythian. 
 
 [otl p.r| cnra£ els 5 I(t0(jl6v] These words are written in the margin 
 of some MSS. They are omitted altogether by Schanz. They may 
 be a saving clause inserted by someone who was acquainted with the 
 statement of Favorinus referred to above. 
 
 €i |iT| ttol <TTpaT€vo-6jjL€vos] Cp. Diog. Laert. II. § 22, 3 AirodTj /uas 
 8e ovk kderjOrj, Ka0cL7T€p ol ttKuovs, tt\t)v el fxr) <TTpaTev€<T0ai edei. The 
 campaigns of Socrates are enumerated in Apol. 28 E. He fought at 
 Potidaea, where the Athenians were engaged in operations from 432 
 to the close of 430 B.C., at Delium in 424, and at Amphipolis in 
 422 B.C. 
 
 €i8tvai] ' So as to know them.' The epexegetical, or explanatory 
 c 33 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 52 B-E. 
 
 use of the infinitive. Cp. Phaedrus 242 B, prjOrjvai : Euthyd. 305 D, 
 doK€iv: Gorg. 513 E, OepaTrevtiv : Rep. 416 A, fcatcovpyeiv. 
 C iro\iT€iJ€o-9ai] ' To live as a citizen.' So below in D, £vvk9ov 
 TroXiTeveadat, ojfxoKoyqKkvai iroKiTtvtoOai. See note on 51 E, 
 ireiOeodai. 
 
 to. t€ a\\a KaC] ' And in particular.' Cp. aWous re teal prjrwp 
 
 (50 B). 
 
 ws dp€o-Ko-uo-irjs <rot Trjs ttoAcws] ' Which shows that you were 
 pleased with the city/ apecr/covcrr)? is the past imperfect participle. 
 
 <|>\ryT]s Tip.T|cracr0at] ' To assess the penalty at banishment.' In a 
 case in which there was no penalty appointed by law (which was 
 technically known as a 5**17 or ^70;*/ TifJirjTos) it was incumbent on the 
 accuser to assess the penalty. The accused, if convicted, was allowed to 
 propose a counter-estimate (dvTiTijxrjais). Had Socrates condescended 
 to assess the penalty at banishment, there is no doubt but that his 
 life would have been spared. See his reasons for refusing to do so 
 stated in Apol. 37 C, D. 
 
 €Ka\\o)m£ov ws ovk dyavaKTwy] 'Made a brave show of not 
 being put out.' The construction KaWcomfrcrOai ws occurs also in 
 Theaet. 195 D, where it is followed by a gen. abs. — tcaWwm^ofxevos 
 
 WS TL CVprjKOTWV TffXWV KCl\6v. 
 
 ws €<)>T]<r0a] See Apol. 37 B, C. For the form €<prja9a cp. 
 ydrjcrOa, Euthyphro 15 D; dirjci(r6a, Tim. 26 C. 
 
 €K€tvovs rovs Ao-yovs alcrxv>v€i] ' Ashamed to belie those words,' 
 lit. ' ashamed before those words.' 
 
 8ia<(>0€ipai] Supply rjixas. 
 D cjxivXoTaTOs] Cp. Meno 97 E, ov iroWrjs tivos a£iov kari Tififjs, 
 wcrncp hpa-ntTriv dvOpwirov. No vice on the part of a slave could 
 be more inconvenient to masters than a tendency to run away. 
 Consequently none was more severely condemned by opinion. 
 
 npwTOv [p.€v]] The preponderance of MS. authority seems to be 
 in favour of the fiiv. See note on 53 B, -npwrov p.kv. 
 
 a\Xo ti tj] See note on 50 A, aWo ri 77. 
 E dW €V €T€o-iv €p8o|AT|KovTa] ' But having had seventy years to do it 
 in.' Cp. Apol. 17 D, vvv kyw irpwrov km biKaar-qpiov avafiefirjtca, 
 err] yty ovws kpdop.7]KOVTa. 
 
 ovt€ AaK€8aCp.ova . . . ovr* KpTjTTjv] The dialogue of the 
 Laws purports to have taken place in Crete between Megillus the 
 Lacedaemonian, Cleinias the Cretan, and a stranger from Athens, 
 who is generally identified with Plato himself. Socrates and his 
 followers had an admiration for the institutions of Sparta and 
 Crete, owing to the moral purpose discernible in them. Cp. Arist. 
 E. N. L 13, §§ 2, 3, fiovterai yoip tovs ttoMtcls dya9ovs irouiv kol 
 
 34 
 
CRITO, NOTES. ^2 E-53 B. 
 
 Tutv vofjLQjv vtttjkoovs. Hapdoeiyixa be tovtojv exof^v tovs KprjTwv teal 
 AaKcdaipioviojv vofioOiras, teal €t nves tTcpoi toiovtoi yeyzvrjvTai : also 
 ibid. X. 9, § 13; Rep. 544 C; Prot. 342 B; Xen. Mem. IV. 4, 
 § 15. 
 
 'EWtjviSwv] This form is used of Greek women in Eur. El. 53 A 
 1076. 
 
 eXctTTCo . . . d.7T€8T|p.ir]<ras] Cogn. acc., as in 46 C, tt\€ioj . . . 
 
 /jLOpfXO\VTT7JTai. 
 
 8-fjXov otw] * Of course.' For the position cp. Laws 648 B, (patrj 
 rrov nas av drjXov on and Arist. E. N. I. 13, § 5, Uepl dpeTrjs b*€ 
 €7TL(TKejrT€OV dvOpojmvrjs brjXov on. 
 
 tivi . . . avev vojicov] ' For who could be pleased with a state 
 apart from laws ? ' The state (ttoXis) is essentially the constitution 
 \Tro\irda), and the laws are the expression of the constitution. 
 
 €CIV f)p,LV *V€ 7T€10T|] Supply kpfieV€lS. 
 
 KaTa-ycAao-TOS . . . €£€\0«v] Cp. Apol. 37 D, KaXbs ovv av p.01 
 0 fiios €i7j e£eX06vTi TrjXiKwBe dvOpoj-ncp aXXrjv l£ aXXrjs ttoXiv ttoXcojs 
 dp.€ipopi€VQj teal k^cXavvofievoj £r}v. 
 
 ravra irapapds] Cogn. acc. 1 If you transgress thus, and commit 
 any of these errors.' 
 
 TrpwTov jjl€v] Here we may say that the virtual antithesis to B 
 irpwTov \ikv comes in below in D at the words — 'AAA' \k piev tovtojv 
 tojv tottqjv dnap€is, tfgeis be els QeTraXiav, where tovtojv tojv tottqjv 
 refers to the same thing as tojv eyyvTard nva iroXeojv here. But 
 rrpuirov fj.iv constantly defeats the expectation which it raises of a 
 definitely marked antithesis with be. We have had it five times 
 previously in this dialogue (46 C, 48 A, 50 D, 50 E, 52 D), and 
 in no case has it been followed by be. In 48 A we may say that it 
 is answered by ical Tovbe av GKoirei in B, though that refers back 
 immediately to ovtos tc k.t.X. above, and in 50 D by 'AAAd tois irepl 
 k.t.X. : in the remaining cases there is nothing to correspond to it. 
 We may explain this use of the isolated piev by saying that /xev is a 
 weaker form of fif)v and does not necessarily require anything to 
 balance it. Or perhaps the fact is rather that irpujTov so essentially 
 suggests a contrast that it naturally takes fiev, whether the contrast 
 is carried out or not. How often is our 'to begin with' not 
 followed up by any ' in the next place ' ! When irpwrov fiev is 
 answered at all, it is generally by eneiTa or dra, very seldom by 
 eirena be (Xen. Anab. III. 2, § 10) or bevTepov be. We have irpwTov 
 fiev . . . eireiTa . . . eneiTa in Meno 90 A ; npajTov piev . . . eirena in 
 Phaedo 89 A, Charm. 167 B, Rep. 510 A, Tim. 69 D; irpcuTov piev 
 . . . €tra in Laws 640 E, 649 D ; irpajTov piev . . . ri hi in Laws 649 B. 
 
 rr) tovtojv iroXtTeCa] tovtojv refers to (drjfiaToi and Meyapets 
 
 c 2 .35 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 53 B-D. 
 
 implied in QrjPafc and Miyapddc — an instance of construction ac- 
 cording to the sense. 
 
 t»iro|3A€i|/ovTai <r€] ' Will look upon you with suspicion.' 
 
 Pepaitocreis . . . ttjv 86£av] ' You will be establishing the 
 reputation of the jurors.' Similarly in the Apology (35 D) Socrates 
 is made to argue that if he tried to persuade the judges to vote 
 against their oath and consciences, he would be justifying Meletus 
 in his charge of impiety. 
 C &<tt€ 8oK€iv] In Euthyd. 305 D the infinitive is used epexe- 
 getically without doKeiu — kav tovtovs ds do£av KaraGT-qGooGi fxrjdevds 
 8o/c€iv d£iovs eivai. 
 
 Spa a£iov croi fijv corai;] 'Will life be worth your living?' 
 Cp. Phaedo 65 A ; Arist. E. N. IV. 3, § 23, dcpcidrjs rod piov, us ovtc 
 a£iov bv iravTQJS £rjv. 
 
 r\ irXijo-ido-eis tovjtois k.t.X.] 'Or will you consort with them 
 and have the effrontery to discourse — but what will you say, 
 Socrates ? — the same words as here ? ' 
 
 avai<rxvvTT|<r€is SiaXe-yop-evos] d-navaiGxwTtiv is similarly con- 
 structed with a participle in Apol. 31 B, tovto ye oi>x 0101 re 
 kykvovTO diravaiGxvvTrjGai Trapaoxov-tvoi fxdpTvpa k.t.X. 
 
 a£iov] rj dperri Kal 77 diKaioavvq are taken as constituting one 
 idea. The employment of a neuter adjective with a substantive not 
 of the neuter gender is quite common in Greek when an abstract 
 turn is to be given to a sentence. Cp. Rep. 455 E, eirl iraGi Be 
 drrOcviarepov yvvrj dvdpos. 
 D to rov 2<oKpa,TOvs irpay\ia] Cp. Apol. 20 C, to gov tl Igtl 
 tt pay \xa ; Hip. Maj. 286 E, <pav\ov yap dv (irj to hpibv irpdyixa Kal 
 idiooTiKov, where the context shows that irpdyp.a is not c conduct,' as 
 we might be tempted to render it here, but ' case.' 
 
 oiWOaC -yc xpul * You must think so.' This phrase is frequent 
 in Plato. Cp. 54 B; Phaedo 68 B; Charm. 163 B; Prot. 325 C, 
 Gorg. 522 A. 
 
 Totis i-cvovs tovs KpiTcovos] See note on 45 C, €lgIv k/xol Ikci 
 
 irXeicrrq d.Ta|ia] On the reputation of Thessaly for unruliness cp. 
 Xen. Mem. I. 2, § 24, Kpirias filv <pvywv ch ®€TTa\tav, €K€L gvvtjv 
 dvOpwTTOis dvofiiq fidWov fj diKaioavvy xp^^vois. 
 
 o"K€vf|v tc] The re looks on to Kal to gxv/^ 1 to aavTov 
 pi€Ta\\d£as. 
 
 8i<()0€pav XaPwv] The dress of Athenian rustics, Cp. Aristoph. 
 Clouds 72 — 
 
 WGTTtp O TTaTTJp GOV dl<p$€paV €V7}flfX€VOS, 
 
 on which the Scholiast remarks ttoi^vikov ircpifioXaiov. 
 
 36 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 53 E-54 £. 
 
 €To\jJiT](ras] c You could condescend to.' E 
 
 ovto) -yXio-xpcos €m0up.€iv Jfjv] 1 Such an avaricious desire for 
 life.' y\i(Txpos is used of a 4 tight-fingered * or ' close-fisted ' man. 
 It is derived from y\ixtcrOai, ' to cling to.' Cp. Phaedo 117 A, 
 y\tXop€vos tov £t}v. 
 
 irapaPas] ' As to transgress.' 
 
 iroXXd Kal dvdjjia o-avrov] Eur. Ale. 705 — 
 
 afcov<T€t TToWd kov \pevoij tca/ca. 
 
 v7T€px6|X€vos] * Truckling to/ Pawning on/ Cp. Rep. 426 C, 
 vtroTpkxtov : Laws 923 B, Owneiais virodpafjLujv : Rep. 336 C, virotcaTa- 
 K\iv6fjL€V0i : 494 C, virofceiaovTai. 
 
 t£ ttoiwv 4]] t/ has here the force of ri a\\o. 
 
 €v<dxo'ujjl€vos * v €>€TTa\Ca] The Thessalians were famous for 
 their good living. Athenaeus (p. 137) says evrpairefyi 5' dalv ovtqjs 
 ol ®€TTa\oi. Cp. p. 418 and 527, where Theopompus is quoted as 
 saying of the Thessalians, Kal fidWov <nrovda£ovaiv oiroos oif/cov 
 -navraha-nwv ras Tpantfas irapaOrjaovTai nX-qpeis 7} tov avrobv fiiov 
 onus -napaoyy\aov7a.i KtKoo\ir\iikvov . 
 
 ■qp-tv] Ethic dative. * Pray, what will become of them ? ' 54 A 
 
 'AX\d 8t|] 'But you will say,' anticipating an objection. Cp. 
 Apol. 37 C, a\ka 5r) cpvyrjs Ti/jL-fjcrcofxai : Rep. 365 D, dAAd 877 0€ovs 
 outc XavOaveiv ovre fiiaaaaOat dvvarov. See note on 48 A, dAAd 
 p.\v brj. 
 
 twv ir(u8oov €V€Ka] Socrates had three sons, one a stripling 
 ( fieipcLKiov) and two children. See Apol. 34 D, axrre Kal olfceioi /xot 
 tlai Kal vUis, w dVSpe? 3 A9r)va?oi, Tpeis, eh fxev fxtipaKiov 77877, Si5o 8e 
 iraihia : Phaedo 116 B, dvo yap avrw vUTs ff/xiKpol rjaav, els de fieyas. 
 The name of the eldest was Lamprocles (Xen. Mem. II. 2, § 1). 
 The two younger were Sophroniscus and Menexenus (Diog. Laert. 
 II. § 26). 
 
 Kal tovto] There is no force in ' also ' here, so that we may take 
 the Kal as merely emphasizing the tovto — * that this may be the 
 benefit they may reap from you.' 
 
 0p€i(/ovT(u Kal iraiSewovTai] The future middle is never quite 
 equivalent to the future passive. Here the statement is made from 
 the point of view of the children's interest. • B 
 
 oiccrfou y€ xpT)] See note on 53 D, oUoOai ye xp"h> 
 
 irai8as] The article is omitted because the word is used in- 
 definitely, 'children.' 
 
 djA€ivov] The comparative is usual with this word (as in Apol. 
 19 A, (i rt d/x€ipov Kal vfjLiv Kal €/xoi) and 8iKaioT€pov and 6criwT€pov 
 are accommodated to it by a species of attraction. Stallbaum. 
 
 3? 
 
CRITO, NOTES. 54 C-E. 
 
 C ol f]p.€T€pci d8€\c|)oC] So in the Phaedo (63 B) Socrates speaks 
 of going after death irapd Oeovs dWovs aocpovs re teat dyaOovs. 
 to <r6v L«pos] ' As far as in you lay/ Cp. 45 D, 50 B. 
 
 D ot KopvpavnwvT€s] The word is desiderative in form — ' those 
 who are seized with Corybantic frenzy.' The Corybantes were 
 priests of Cybele, whose rites were attended with wild music and 
 dancing. Cp. Ion 534 A, wairtp ol /copv(3avTia)VT€s ovk €fJL<f>poves 
 ovtcs bpxovvrai : Symp. 2 1 5 E, otclv ydp olkovqj, ttoXv /jloi fiaWov fj 
 t&v KOpvfiavTidjVTQJj/ 77 re Kapdia 7777001 koI da/epva kKXtiTai ^ 7r0 r & v 
 Xoyojv twv tovtov. 
 
 Pop,p€i] f Keeps humming.' 
 
 |xt) 8t>vaar0ai twv aWcov a.Koii€iv] As mesmeric patients can be 
 made insensible to all but one idea, so the Corybantes had ears only 
 for the music of their own deity. Cp. Ion 536 C, ucrircp ol tcopv- 
 fiavTiwvTes kfctivov jxovov alodavovrai rod pitXovs ogioos, o av 77 tov 
 Oeov k£ otov av KarexcovTai. 
 E Iit€i8t| tcujtt] 6 0€os v<|>T)Y€tTai] Cp. the end of the Apology, 
 ddrjXov iravrl ttXtjv fj tco 6z&. In both cases the reference is perhaps to 
 Apollo, under whose special patronage Socrates conceived himself 
 to be (see Phaedo 85 B) : but the curious vacillation in Plato's mind 
 between polytheistic and monotheistic notions always leaves an 
 element of doubt in such expressions, and modern sentiment would 
 incline us to render 6 0e6s simply 'God,' as in Apol. 29 D, ireiaofxai 
 5e piaXXov ra> Oecv fj vpiv. We had a similar expression of pious 
 trust in divine guidance in 43 D, d raviy rois 0€ois (piXov, ravTrj 
 €Otco, with which we may compare Apol. 19 A, 6/jiojs 5e tovto p.lv 
 iTco 677-77 t<£ 6ea> <piXov. Instances of piety of expression abound in 
 Plato, e. g. Phaedo 69 D, kdv Beds eOeXrf : ibid. 80 D, Laws 632 E, 
 dv $€os kOeXri: Phaedrus 246 C, 07777 to) 0eo) (piXov : and the use of 
 such language is inculcated in the First Alcibiades — 
 
 AA. 'Edv ftovXy av, 3) 'Xajfcpares. 
 
 SH. Ou kclXous Xeyeis, a) 'AXKifiiAdrj. 
 
 AA. 'AAAd ttojs XPV Xtyeiv ; 
 
 SH. "On hdv d€os kOiXy. 
 
 3s 
 
INDEX TO THE NOTES. 
 
 I. ENGLISH. 
 
 Aeschines, 44 B, "Hfiari kcv k.t.\. : • 
 
 44 C, r\\xwv TrpoBvfJLOVfjLeycov. 
 Allusions to the Apology, 45. B, 
 
 6 eteyes iv tcv diKaGTTjpicu: 52 C, 
 
 (bs 'd(pr]<j0a. 
 Analogy between the body and the 
 
 soul, 47 C, iva \jlt\ iravra ducufxei/. 
 Analytic forms in Plato, 47 D, ci 
 
 TLS iGTLV knOLLtaV. 
 
 Aorist referring to a single act, 50 
 
 C, €Kpive. 
 Article, omission of, 49 D, ovtc 
 
 afjLVveaOai. 
 
 Attraction, 43 C, t!vcl tclvttjv : 45 
 
 C, d\\o(T€ : 48 C, tcl9 afceipcis, 
 
 (TKififj,aTa : 50 A, oikollois ovaiv : 
 
 54 B, afitivov. 
 Augment, omission of, 43 A, ti 
 
 fcal evepyeTrjTai. 
 
 Binary structure, 52 A, tovtojv 
 ovdtrcpa TTOiei. 
 
 Change from dat. to acc. with infin., 
 
 51 D, \a/36vTa. 
 Chiasmus, 44 D, ayaOa toL \xkyiGTa. 
 Cognate accusative, 45 A, klvovv- 
 
 €v€iv klvovvov ; 46 C, ttKuoj ; 53 
 
 A, kKaTTOj .... aTredrjfiTjcxas, 
 
 tolvtql TrapafSas. 
 Construction according to the sense, 
 
 49 A, knovras ddiKTjTeov ; 53 B, 
 
 777 TOVTOJV TtoXiTcia. 
 — changed, 45 E, real to tcKcvtcliov 
 
 bOKUV. 
 
 Contrast between pres. and perf., 
 46 A, @OV\€VOV ..... /?€/3ou- 
 \cvo~0ai. 
 
 Corybantes, 54 D. 
 
 Country, claims of, 51 A, Tiyaw-< 
 Tepov kariv 7} irarpis. 
 
 Deliberative conjunctive, 48 D, ti 
 
 dpSjpLev ; 49 D, apx&/JL€6a. 
 Dialectic, 48 E, ireipw dirofcpiveaOai 
 
 TO kpQJTWpLWOV. 
 
 Dreams after midnight true, 44 A, 
 oKLyov irpoTepov. 
 
 Education neglected by states, 50 
 D, tois rrepl .... iraideiav. 
 
 PZllipse of cifxi, 46 B, toiovtos. 
 
 Epexegetical infinitive, 45 C, gclvtuv 
 Trpodovvcu: 52 B/ eidkvai : 53 C, 
 &<jt€ do/ceiv. 
 
 Ethic dative, 53 E, r)ixiv. 
 
 Forms of address,. 44 B, cD ompLovie. 
 Fullness of expression, 48 A, eiarj- 
 
 yei, do~7)yovp.€vos. 
 Future middle for passive, 54 A, 
 
 dpiipovTcu feat iraihevaovTai. 
 
 Genitive absolute conveyed by a 
 single word, 48 E, ws hy6j k.t.K. 
 Gloss, 43 D, [tuv dyyi\aji/~\ : 49 
 
 A, [07T€p fCCLl dpTl 6\€7€T0] I [76- 
 
 Povtcs] : 52 B, [ort fxi] airag els 
 > lo6fx6v~\. 
 
 39 
 
INDEX TO THE NOTES. 
 
 Homer, adaptation from, 44 B, 
 
 "HjJLCLTl K€V K.T.\. 
 
 Idomeneus, 44 C, rjpitbv irpodvpiov- 
 
 pL€VOJV. 
 
 Imperfect used in reference to a 
 previous statement, 47 D, €747- 
 
 V€TO. 
 
 Infinitive, absolute use of, 43 D, 
 
 bofceT p,kv. 
 Informers at Athens, 44 E, ot 
 
 OVKOCpaVTCLl. 
 
 Interrogative, change from the 
 direct to the indirect, 48 A, 
 
 Tt . . . . o Tt. 
 
 Inverse attraction, 48 C, rd? 
 
 Laws, knowledge of, part of Greek 
 education, 51 D, tovs vq- 
 
 pLOVS. 
 
 Looseness of construction, 47 E, 
 ovivrjaiv. 
 
 Monotheistic and polytheistic lan- 
 guage mixed, 54 E. 
 
 Neuter absolute, 45 C, k£ov. 
 Neuter adjective with masc. or 
 
 fern, substantive, 53 C, a£iov. 
 Non-resistance to evil, 48 E, ttjs 
 
 <TfC€lf/€QJS TTJV OipXqV. 
 
 Orators, Plato's opinion of, 50 B, 
 clXKojs T€ /cat fyqrojp. 
 
 Participle representing protasis, 47 
 
 C, airtiOrjaas. 
 Perfect indicating an immediate 
 
 consequence, 50 B, It* ... . 
 
 avaT€Tpa<p6ai. 
 Perfect used as present, 45 D, 
 
 eiccOe. 
 
 Personal construction in place of 
 impersonal, 44 D, dij\a . . . . on ; 
 
 45 A, h'utaioi kapLev. 
 Personification of the argument, 
 
 46 B, t£> \6yco. 
 
 40 
 
 Personification of truth, 48 A, 
 
 ayrr) 97 a\7]$6ia. 
 Piety of expression, 54 E. 
 Plural, preference for in Greek, 
 
 52 A, Odrepa. 
 — rhetorical use of, 46 C, dcapiovs 
 
 a<paipkous. 
 
 Revenge, duty of, 49 B, ws ol 
 
 iroWol otovrai. 
 Runaway slaves, 52 D, (pavKoraros. 
 
 Semi-middle sense of the verb, 48 
 
 D, kgayopLevoi. 
 Socrates, age of, 43 B, ttjXikovtov 
 ovtgl. 
 
 denied that he was a teacher, 
 43 C, kmTTjbeiois. 
 
 did he teach the doctrine of non- 
 resistance to evil? 49 B, ws 
 
 01 TTOWOL OlOPTCLl. 
 
 his campaigns, d pir] iroi o~Tpa- 
 
 T(V(TOjJL€VOS. 
 
 his disciples called 'companions,' 
 
 43 C, €TTlTT]deioiS. 
 
 his dream, 44 B, "Hp-art tew 
 
 K.T.X. 
 
 his fondness for Athens, 52 B, 
 
 €7T€0'r)pL€lS. 
 
 his inductive method, 47 C, tVa 
 
 pLr} irdvra duaofiev. 
 his love of dialectic, 50 C, 
 
 eioodas .... airotcpiveaOai. 
 his reputation for wisdom, 5 1 A, 
 
 OVTQJS €1 0O<pOS. 
 
 his resignation to the divine will, 
 
 43 D, ct Tavrrj K.T.K. : 54 E. 
 his sons, 54 A, rwv naidajv 
 
 €V€Ka. 
 
 length of his imprisonment, 43 
 
 C, to ttXolov. 
 not imprisoned before his trial, 
 
 45 E, k£bv pL^j €io~€\6€?v. 
 repentance of the Athenians for 
 
 their treatment of, 48 C, 
 
 avafiiwaKopiivav 7' av. 
 under the patronage of Apollo, 
 
 54 E. 
 
INDEX TO THE NOTES. 
 
 Sparta and Crete, institutions of, 
 
 .52 E. 
 Sunium, 43 D. 
 
 Superposition of participles, 50 A, 
 kXOovres .... kiriOTavrts. 
 
 Tautology, 52 A, tovtojv ovberepa 
 iroi€i. 
 
 Thessalians, their reputation for 
 good living, 53 E, evwxovfxevos 
 kv ©erraX/a. 
 
 — their reputation for unruliness, 
 53 D, 7r\€iaT7] dra^ia. 
 
 n. 
 
 dycvv rrjs direr)?, 6, 45 E. 
 dovvaros with acc., 44 D, ovbircpa 
 
 olol re. 
 dWd Ae'7€, 49 E. 
 d\Xd pev 8fi, 48 A. 
 d\\oioT€pos for dWoioSj 46 D. 
 d'AAo ti 77, 50 A. 
 dvafiiovcrrc€0~6ai, 48 C. 
 dvaiaxwreiv with participle, 53 C. 
 
 dvTLTVTTT€LV, 5 1 A. 
 
 d7roSi5pd07r€ti', 50 A. 
 
 dpa, sarcastic or emphatic use of, 
 
 51 A. 
 dpa 7c /X77, 44 E. 
 
 dpx 7 ?* double meaning of, 48 E, 
 
 Trjs GKtipeoiS ttjv dpxnv. 
 avrd, vague use of, 44 C ; 46 C. 
 
 yewrjTai and ytvvrjTai, 51 E, on re 
 
 . . . . ov ireiOcTai. 
 yXtaxpus, 53 E. 
 
 8« in apodosis, 44 B, en 5« : 51 A, 
 
 /rat ov bk. 
 877X0; .... 0Ti, 44 D. 
 577X01/ oTf, position of, 53 A. 
 8iacp€vy€iv, 46 A. 
 b'ircaioi kop.cv, 45 A. 
 oupeipa, 53 C. 
 
 borcipaoia tcvv €<pfj(3ow, 51 D, l/retSdi/ 
 doKifxdaOr}. 
 
 Training, art of, 47 A. yvnva£6- 
 
 p.€VOS. 
 
 Verbal adjective, acc. of the agent 
 after the neut., 49 A, ercovras 
 
 ddlK7]T€0V. 
 
 infin. govd. by the 8ef latent 
 
 in, 51 C, noi7]T€Ov 77 irel- 
 
 Oeiv. 
 
 Verbs of promising with pres. 
 infin., 5 1 E, irdOtoQai. 
 
 White garments, 44 B, \cvica lp,dna 
 
 dovkos, of a subject in relation to 
 
 the state, 50 E. 
 bvvaTos with acc, 44 D, ovoiTcpa 
 
 OLOL T€. 
 
 kdv p.ev ....*€i5ii pLrj, 48 C. 
 kdv re . . . . kdv te . . . . kdv re, 51 
 B. 
 
 kdv xaipeiv, 45 A. 
 6ts avpiov, 43 D. 
 tioobos, 45 E. 
 clra, 43 B. 
 
 e'l tl real (TpiLfcpov, 46 A. 
 el &<pt\ov, 44 D, 
 'EWtjv'ls, 53 A. 
 kvapyrjs, 44 B. 
 
 evberca, 01, 44 A, ot rovroov rcvpLoi. 
 
 evtfca \6yov, 46 D. 
 
 kv ix€l^ovl pio'ipq, 51 A. 
 
 kv tols papi/Tara, 43 C. 
 
 k{6v, 45 C. 
 
 kira'tow, 6, 48 A. 
 
 knLdrjfjieiv, 52 B. 
 
 kmeirct'ia, 44 C. 
 
 kmeifcovs, 43 A. 
 
 kmovoios, 44 A, T7?j kwLOvorjs r)p.£- 
 pas. 
 
 kiTLOTdrr)s 1 etymology of, 47 B. 
 eroipos used without lore, 45 B. 
 €u £77*/, double meaning of, 48 B, to 
 bk €v. 
 
 GEEEK. 
 
 4 J 
 
INDEX TO THE NOTES. 
 
 e<prja6a, 52 C. 
 
 f) after varepaios, 44 A, fj rj, 
 
 — = direct interrogative, 47 D, rj 
 
 OvbeV k(TTt TOVTO. 
 
 — reinforcing a gen. of comparison, 
 44 C, rj bo/ceiv. 
 
 r)6ttc6s, note on title. 
 rjXifcta, 43 C. 
 
 6avpid£eiv with gen., 43 B ; 50 B. 
 Oeojpia, 43 C, to rrXotov : 52 B. 
 Ocorrevetv, 5 1 B. 
 
 iarpos rj TTaidoTpi/3r}s, 47 B. 
 tVa with indie, 44 D, tVa ofot tc 
 77 (Tar. 
 
 /cat .... 5e, 51 A, kclL ov be. 
 KaXXojrri^eaOai ws, 52 C. 
 tcardyeXcos, 45 E. 
 kolvov, to, 50 A. 
 KopvPavriwvres, 01, 54 D. 
 
 XcopdcOai with dat, 47 E. 
 
 fid top Am, 43 B. 
 
 pieXXeiv with pres. infin., 47 A, 
 
 d7ro0i>J707c€fi/. 
 /neV and Se, 43 A, 7rdi/u piev ovv ; 44 
 
 B, en be. 
 
 ptev without be, 43 A, rrdvv pev ovv ; 
 44 B, en be; 46 C, €t rrpcurov 
 fiev. 
 
 piev ovv, 43 A, 7rdi/u piev ovv ; 44 B, 
 kvapyls piev ovv. 
 
 fJL€TOLK€lV, 5I D. 
 
 /x.77 aXXajs rro'iei, 45 A. 
 /X77 ou, 43 C, to ^17) oux'« 
 
 — with subj., 48 D, firj ov bey. 
 pit) used in hypothetical sentence, 
 
 49 E, ftt) TT€i(TaVT€S. 
 
 pif) with subj. having the force of 
 
 an indie, 48 C, pir) -§ ; 48 
 
 D, /jlt) ov bey. 
 
 Moppaj or MoppLovv, 46 C, piopp-oXvr- 
 
 TTJTCLl. 
 
 pLovaifcrj and yvptvaariKr), 50 D. 
 42 
 
 V77 used in oaths, 43 B. 
 
 £*VOS, 45 C, U0~lV kpLOL eKei £eVOl. 
 
 obe and ovros, 44 E, ravra .... 
 Ta8e ; 47 A, rd roiavra ; 48 B, 
 
 OUTOS T€. 
 
 oUffOcu yc xrf* 53 D. 
 
 010s T€ with ace, 44 D, ovberepa 
 
 otoi T€. 
 oixofiai, 45 D. 
 6 A.070S aipei, 48 C. 
 
 OTTWS pit], 49 D. 
 
 opa .... oVcus pir], 49 D. 
 opOpos, 43 A. 
 6 (7a 7c rdvOpwrreia, 46 E. 
 o Tt df tvxojcl, 44 D ; 45 D. 
 
 O T* XP?° GCLVTW, 45 B. 
 
 oTt with the direct narration, 50 B. 
 ov . . . dAAd .... jue^, 43 D, bo/cei 
 
 piev ; 44 B, en be. 
 ou per) with subj., 44 B, ovbeva 
 
 pirjrrore evprjaa). 
 ov or pif), indifferent use of, 46 C, 
 
 rj ov : 47 A, rds be rrovrjpds fir), 
 ov rrdvv, 48 A. 
 
 rraibeia and rpocfyfj, 50 D, Tofs rrepl 
 
 .... rraibeiav. 
 rrdvv piev ovv, 43 A. 
 — position of, 45 B, rroXXoi rrdvv. 
 rravuv, participial construction with, 
 
 48 E, rravaai .... Xeywv. 
 rrapanpoveiv, 47 A. 
 rrXrjpLpLeXfjs, 43 B. 
 rroXireveoQai, 52 C. 
 rrpdrreiv and 7rozefi/, 51 A, ravra 
 
 rroiwv .... bifcaia rrpdrreiv. 
 rrpeofieveiv, 46 C. 
 tt^, 43 A. 
 rrp&rov piev, 53 B. 
 
 avKocpdvrrjs, 44 E. 
 
 T€ displaced, 43 B, roaavrrj re 
 
 fc.r.X. 
 reQvdvai, 43 D. 
 
INDEX TO THE NOTES, 
 
 ttjXikovtos and TrjXitcoaSc, 43 B ; 
 
 49 A. 
 T7)vitcad€, 43 A. 
 
 rt 77 with force of tl aXXo rj, 53 E, rt 
 
 ttolwv ij. 
 tl Xeyeiv, 46 D. 
 
 Tl fJLTj 0~CL 0~ 60.1 , 52 C. 
 
 Tii/a, suppression of, 45 D, 0a<r- 
 kovtcl k.t.X. : 51 B, /fat aefieadai 
 
 tis omitted, 49 C, ovb* av otiovv 
 iraaxxi' 
 
 TO fJL€TCL TOVTO, 49 E. 
 
 to abv fiepos, 45 D; 54 D. 
 
 Tore, indefinite use of, 49 B, &crntp 
 
 tot€ kXeytro rjfJLtv. 
 rd tov ^ajfcpcLTOVs tt pay pea, 53 C. 
 
 tov omitted with infin., 44 B, tov 
 €OT€pr}o~0ai. 
 
 TOVTO TTpCLTTOJV, 47 B. 
 
 Tpovos, 43 B. 
 tvxV ^7 a ^S» 43 D. 
 
 VTraKov€iv, 43 A. 
 vTT€px6fA€vos, 53 A. 
 vTroXoyifcaOai, 48 D. 
 
 <pep* yap, 50 D. 
 
 <pp6vqo~is the only unconditional 
 good, 44 D, (ppovipiov. 
 
 w dcupLovte, 44 B. 
 
 a; ? coalescing with 010s t* wv, 44 C. 
 ovdinoTe 6p$a)S e'xo^ros, 49 D. 
 
 INDEX OF PERSONS. 
 
 (n appended refers the reader to the notes.) 
 
 Cebes, 45 B, n. Simmias, 45 B, n. 
 
 Crito, note on title. Socrates, passim. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 43 
 
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