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AP12TOTEAOT2 
 
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THE 
 
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 1884. 
 

 PREFACE. 
 
 THE writings of ARISTOTLE have made him, for 
 more than two thousand years, the admiration of 
 GREEKS, ROMANS, ARABIANS, JEWS, and CHRIS- 
 TIANS. Such is the remark of a gentleman, who 
 applied to the study of these writings, the aids of a 
 penetrating genius and recondite learning, and who 
 has diffused over his illustration of them, the hap- 
 piest influences of politeness, imagination, and taste. 
 While the remark cannot be denied, the inference 
 is hardly liable to dispute. " Such esteem/' con- 
 tinues Mr. Harris, " could not have been the effect 
 either of FASHION or of CHANCE a ." 
 
 If the case had no other recommendation, this 
 alone would invite attention to the remains of 
 Aristotle. For, whatever freedom of judgment 
 may be claimed by such as have studied them ; it 
 would be no less than a bold eccentricity, to depre- 
 ciate or to despise, without trial, books which so 
 many ages and varieties of men have concurred to 
 extol. 
 
 * Philosophical Arrangements, page 39. ed. 1799. 
 
 b 
 
ii PREFACE, 
 
 Among these remains, there are certain con- 
 siderations which connect with the present treatise 
 a particular value. 
 
 Such value is, indeed, much affected by the 
 altered condition of the world. Subjects, which 
 formerly demanded the careful enquiries of phi- 
 losophy, have since, by a light from heaven, been 
 clearly unfolded to our view. The SOVEREIGN 
 GOOD of man, and the RECTITUDE OF HUMAN CON- 
 DUCT, are now propounded by infallible discovery 
 and authoritative command. But though, for this 
 reason, the moral system of Aristotle wears a cha- 
 racter, different from what it once had : it does not 
 therefore appear, that it has lost its utility. The 
 soil is not exhausted, if its FORMER uses of culti- 
 vation have in some measure ceased. For the true 
 state of the case may be represented thus. In one 
 respect, that is, with regard to ourselves, the value 
 of this system is altogether DIFFERENT IN KIND, 
 from that which belonged to it in pagan times : in 
 another, it still maintains a PERMANENT CON- 
 NECTION with the interests of mankind. 
 
 For, among the proper modes of exercising our 
 gratitude for the blessing of DIVINE REVELATION, 
 may be reckoned, our endeavours to vindicate the 
 truth of it. Now towards the advancement of this 
 purpose, it will perhaps be admitted, that besides 
 the most reverential study of the Divine oracles, 
 
PREFACE. iii 
 
 some advantage is derivable from extraneous testi- 
 mony. The best use, it is conceived, may be made, 
 of principles established by those, who had no notion 
 that, in so doing, they were serving the cause of 
 Christianity. For these principles are strong posi- 
 tions of defence, which may be maintained with 
 greater confidence, because they have, as it were, 
 been put into our hands by men neutral to our 
 disputes. Nor can it be needful to vindicate a 
 method of disputation, which was employed by St. 
 Paul himself in his controversy with the philoso- 
 phers of Athens. 
 
 Since every argument must be founded upon 
 truths of prior acknowledgment, it must be a matter 
 of the very greatest importance, of what nature are 
 THOSE elementary principles, thus previously enter- 
 tained, which are connected with the argument of 
 RELIGION. It will thus be no slender recom- 
 mendation of a philosophical theory, if, with regard 
 to this particular, it aids, by a true guidance of the 
 understanding, to substantiate a groundwork to the 
 evidence of faith. Should this be done by a pagan, 
 intent upon other purposes ; unconcerned with our 
 doctrine; and unacquainted with the question at 
 issue between us and our adversaries : the work is 
 more desirable: because the judgment, thus pro- 
 nounced, carries with it all the weight of a most 
 impartial verdict. This benefit is realized in the 
 treatise before us. The principles of infidelity and 
 
 b2 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 scepticism will be found, on many material points, 
 not more repugnant to CHRISTIANITY, than they are 
 to the doctrines, herein derived from a PHILOSO* 
 
 PHICAL CONTEMPLATION OF THE NATURE OF MAN. 
 
 The value of these speculations will be further 
 enhanced, when we find that Aristotle, speaking as 
 the interpreter of NATURE, discovers, in some im- 
 portant instances, a remarkable harmony with the 
 prophets and authorized messengers of GOD. Such 
 is the case of moral principles, herein deduced from 
 PHILOSOPHICAL EXAMINATION, and strikingly con- 
 current, at the same time, with DIVINE PRECEPTS. 
 I would explain my meaning by examples. The 
 Divine Law then, in its general regard to mankind, 
 has ordained a Sabbath; and. in its special and po- 
 litical relation to a single people, has instituted 
 festivals of joyful solemnity, of which it commanded 
 the observance. Now it appears, in the philosophy 
 of Aristotle, that the PURPOSE contemplated in such 
 provisions, is declared ESSENTIAL to the WELFARE 
 OF MAN b . Again: the relative obligations of kin- 
 dred appear, by the DECALOGUE, to flow, as from a 
 primary source, out of the relation of parent and 
 child : and it is to the same source, that the phi- 
 losopher, while examining the rudiments of NATURE, 
 has traced the derivation of those friendships which 
 belong to the state of consanguinity . And thus, 
 
 l( See B. IV. c. vi. . xvi. 
 c See B. VIII. c. v. . xx. 
 
PREFACE. v 
 
 though the intimations of nature be ever so feeble, 
 so scanty, and so inadequate to the necessities of 
 man ; though her lessons be intelligible only to the 
 philosopher, and not to the multitude who need 
 instruction ; though her voice, even when audible, 
 is nevertheless ineffectual, because it carries no 
 authority and promulges no sanction ; and though 
 all this will make us justly feel our need, of plainer 
 and more diffusive communication : yet, inasmuch 
 as both NATURE and REVELATION are emanations 
 from the same DEITY ; to remark their harmony 
 must be both instructive and profitable ; illustrative 
 of the REASONABLENESS OF RELIGION, and therefore 
 
 EVIDENTIAL of its TRUTH. 
 
 But the various benefits of these moral specula- 
 tions cannot be fully entered into at this time. 
 I will briefly notice, however, a few more points of 
 conspicuous usefulness. 
 
 While we regard the present work as having been 
 produced under circumstances, remote from any 
 ACCREDITED communication of Divine truth ; we 
 may find in it the plainest indications, of the WANT 
 OF A REVELATION : and we shall also find, that, 
 when examined by those to whom that communi- 
 cation has been afforded, it yields indications, 
 equally plain, of the ADAPTATION OF CHRISTIANITY 
 to SUPPLY that want. For the scheme of human 
 happiness herein delineated, as it applies to man in 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 the best enjoyment of his native resources, is greatly 
 and essentially defective . and its points of defici- 
 ency are plainly those, to which the Gospel has 
 provided a full and infallible remedy. 
 
 With regard to the measures of rectitude in human 
 conduct, while we assert the transcendently superior 
 value, in its connection with human interests, of 
 REVEALED over PHILOSOPHICAL morality : we may 
 gather from the pages of Aristotle, a full conviction, 
 that the laws, thus subservient and thus needful to 
 the welfare of man, are such, that neither the obli- 
 gation of them could be demonstrated, nor even the 
 knowledge of them obtained, without Revelation. 
 
 With respect to this point, indeed, the work of 
 Aristotle himself may serve, by its failures, to 
 illustrate the necessity of his own precepts; enforcing 
 the extreme caution to be exerted by a moral phi- 
 losopher, in the choice of his FIRST PRINCIPLES. 
 For it will appear, on the one hand, that where the 
 TRUE first principles were accessible to him, his 
 practical deductions are sound and beneficial : and, 
 on the other, that his doctrines, in those particulars 
 which demand an adjustment to REVEALED LAW, 
 partake of the fundamental error, on which they 
 were unavoidably constructed. To illustrate this 
 by an example. If we find Aristotle requiring, as 
 indispensable to happiness, a propitious fortune and 
 a considerable measure of prosperity : it will appear, 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 that he reasoned consistently with the best know- 
 ledge which he had. If again, in the rules of our 
 Christian duty, we are commanded, to rejoice 
 always, even in the midst of tribulation, temptation? 
 and the most painful exercise of patience : here also 
 we find, that the precept, besides carrying in itself 
 the force of obligation, is fully consistent with the 
 measure of knowledge which has been afforded. 
 
 Of these remarks, it would hardly be consistent 
 with the purpose of a prefatory discourse, if I were 
 at this time to produce a full exemplification. But 
 one more observation may possibly not be unac- 
 ceptable to the reader : and it will at least help to 
 shew, that the foregoing assertions have not been 
 thrown out altogether at random. 
 
 There are various scriptural passages, which 
 speak to this effect : that is to say, that a spirit of 
 unreserved conformity to the Divine will, is a frame 
 of mind, to which, if the faith of the Gospel be 
 propounded, the power of discerning its truth shall 
 not be denied. Now when we turn over the pages 
 of Aristotle, who transcribes, not from revelation, 
 but from nature : we find him teaching, that it is 
 depravity which vitiates the mental discernment ; 
 that it is virtue only, which prevents the disorders 
 of fancy relating to pleasure, to happiness, and to 
 the principles of action ; and that it is, as it were, 
 the characteristic distinction, and the excellence, of 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 a virtuous man, that his judgment is a LIVING RULE 
 AND CRITERION OF TRUTH''. Do we not herein dis- 
 cover a striking harmony between Philosophy and 
 Religion ? And is not this of important use ? Is not 
 the unbiassed authority of Aristotle, a powerful 
 repellent of the blasphemy, which would resolve 
 the assurance of faith into a delusion and a dream? 
 Scientific and learned men will sometimes refuse 
 their assent to arguments, which produce a sure 
 conviction in ordinary minds. This, as we believe, 
 is owing to the difference of mental vision : which, in 
 the one case, we consider to be depraved and 
 paralysed ; while it remains, in the other, vigorous 
 and adequate to its functions. It is thus, that 
 Revelation explains the case : and the same ex- 
 planation, or one fully equivalent, is found in Aris- 
 totle. Can it then be said, that this is urged by 
 weak men, as a colour to their own aberrations ? 
 Can it be otherwise than a just presumption in 
 favour of a doctrine, that it offers fully to establish 
 its credentials to that state of mind, which, by a 
 great scholar of nature, himself wholly disengaged 
 from the question, has been virtually pronounced 
 to be the only state qualified to examine them? 
 And, when the profession of this doctrine is found 
 in connexion with virtues, far transcending the 
 practical fruits of all other philosophy : how, ac- 
 cording to the principles of Aristotle, can this be 
 
 d See 13. 111. c. iii. . iii. B. VI. c. viii. . viii. &c. 
 
PREFACE. ix 
 
 explained ? It can be regarded only as the decision 
 of a mind, which views things ACCORDING TO THEIR 
 REALITY, and determines agreeably to TRUTH. 
 
 But the present treatise, in order to a right com- 
 putation of its value, has another title to our notice. 
 The ethical doctrine of Aristotle ought to be viewed 
 as occupying a province of its own : which, while it 
 does not encroach upon the precincts of religion, 
 will be fruitful, in a way peculiar to itself, of sub- 
 stantial and PERMANENT benefit. 
 
 If SYSTEMS OF MORALITY be viewed, as arising, 
 in point of fitness and obligation, out of the ESSEN- 
 TIAL NATURE AND RELATIONS of things, without 
 
 regard to the precepts and disquisitions of particular 
 philosophers : of such systems it will appear that 
 there are two, the PERFECT and the IMPERFECT. 
 
 By the IMPERFECT, I understand, that which is 
 wholly deducible from human nature, considered 
 simply in itself, and apart from revealed knowledge. 
 In this process are regarded only, the native faculties 
 of the human being ; the functions proper to his 
 constitution ; and the causes, whether springing up 
 within himself, or acting upon him from without, 
 by which the welfare of a creature, thus framed, is 
 liable to influence. This system I call IMPERFECT: 
 because it is plain, that if the happiness and the 
 conduct of man be matters of a revealed law ; such 
 
x PREFACE. 
 
 a system, being framed on a partial view of the sub- 
 ject, will certainly be defective. And it will thus 
 be understood, in what sense I designate as PER- 
 FECT, that which, without neglecting the work of 
 the IMPERFECT, applies the discoveries of revealed 
 truth for the supply of its vacuities, and the correc- 
 tion of errors which have been introduced into the 
 representation of it. 
 
 Respecting the IMPERFECT system ; I need not 
 expatiate on the great absurdity of its being con- 
 sidered, by Christians, as a competent rule of action. 
 It is such an absurdity indeed, as the doctrine of 
 Aristotle, though himself labouring in the exposition 
 of that system, may suffice to expose. For he tells 
 us, " that the FIRST PRINCIPLES of ethical science, 
 being derivable from various sources, must severally 
 be investigated according to the nature which re- 
 spectively belongs to them 6 :" and the present case 
 is one, in which the first principles are avowedly of 
 SUCH a nature, that they can be known by revelation 
 only. " If," as I formerly had occasion to remark, 
 " THERE BE a MORAL GOVERNOR of the world, there 
 must be a MORAL DUTY OWING TO HIM : and that 
 system of ethics which passes it over, must be 
 glaringly DEFECTIVE. If it admit the EXISTENCE of 
 a God, and pass over the DUTY; it must be glaringly 
 INCONSISTENT. Again : if the Christian Scriptures 
 
 e See B. I. c. iii. . ix. 
 
PREFACE. xi 
 
 be admitted to be TRUE ; it must be equally incon- 
 sistent in a system of ethics to pass over the MORAL 
 
 OBLIGATIONS WHICH THEY DECLARE. Such OHlis- 
 
 sions cannot be consistent on any other supposition, 
 than that, which disbelieves the truth of the Chris- 
 tian religion V 
 
 Still, however, there belongs to the imperfect 
 system, an APPROPRIATE kind and measure of utility. 
 This I will now, with more particular regard to the 
 doctrine of Aristotle, endeavour to describe. 
 
 Let us then scrutinize the nature of man, con- 
 sidered in itself, so as to gather from the enquiry 
 the best notions we can, of both the conduct, and 
 the treatment, specifically adapted to him. From 
 such examination there will accrue a species of 
 benefit, entirely distinct from that, which consists 
 in the moral guidance of a being accountable to his 
 Maker. This benefit has been successfully pursued, 
 by both Pagan and Christian moralists : and by 
 both it has been pursued, according to the same 
 method of investigation. 
 
 For it is in the way of DEDUCTION from ETHICAL 
 principles thus obtained, that sound views of 
 
 1 The Alliance of Education and Civil Government. With 
 Strictures on the University of London. Page 78. 
 
xii PREFACE. 
 
 POLITICAL philosophy must be framecK The treat- 
 ment of man, in his CIVIL and SOCIAL character, 
 must be adjusted to a proper estimate of his NATURE. 
 It is thus, that LEGISLATORS must adapt their 
 measures to the qualities of the material upon which 
 they are to work. It is thus, that EDUCATION must 
 train men to the proper aptitudes, for their office 
 and station, and for the general purposes of life. 
 It is thus, that POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS must be 
 determined, by a respect to the powers and pro- 
 pensities of the being, whose welfare they seek, and 
 whose cooperation they require. Such are A PART 
 of the benefits of Moral Philosophy, and they are 
 derivable peculiarly from the IMPERFECT system of 
 it : inasmuch as this is the system conversant with 
 examining, in the abstract and with a view to prac- 
 tical inferences and uses, the nature of man ; and 
 they belong to the PERFECT system, not peculiarly 
 nor characteristically, but only by virtue of its 
 
 H0IK.HN, 
 
 TINOS E2TI MbPOS TO H0OS. a$ plv ovv VVVTOUUS itTritt, AO- 
 KEI OYK AAAHZ H THE IIOAITIKHZ EINAI MEPOS. fart 
 ya, ovSlr Iv Tots 7rchiTtx.oJ$ dwaro* Trofyoti, eivtv rov TTOWV rtvce, 
 
 otov , CTTrovdottov. TO ol <r?rov0aiiov tiieti Itrrt, 
 
 poc 
 
 It T<5 (t'lXhtl Iv T0l$ TTOhtTWofs 7T(>CtX.Tt>lOf tivctt, TO V^6o", ItVCtl (TTroV^OtlCg. 
 
 MEPOS ESTIN APA/ftS EOIKEN, KAI APXH, 'H HEPI'TA 
 H0H nPATMATEIA, THS HOAITIKHS. TO o' o*ov. ttett TW 
 NYMIAN nxMitj ciox.ti civ poi s%ii9 q -v^ctyuctTiiot,, ovx, H0IKHN, 
 nOAITIKHN. Aristot. Magna Moralia, b. i. c. 1. 
 
PREFACE. xiii 
 
 enlarged comprehension, which embraces the same 
 method of philosophical examination. 
 
 Such benefits the following treatise is adapted 
 to confer : so true and salutary are its general 
 views relating to the personal, the social, and 
 the political welfare of man. If we only take 
 in the full extent of its purpose, and of the PO- 
 LITICAL DESiGN h which professedly belongs to it ; 
 and if, when we regard the connexion, which it 
 inculcates, between private morals and political 
 welfare, our practical measures are adapted to the 
 morality of the GOSPEL in substitution for that of an 
 erroneous system : with these limitations it will, 
 perhaps, in the estimation of competent judges, be 
 considered as no exaggerated praise, if we pronounce 
 it to be, the noblest exertion of human wisdom for 
 the social happiness of mankind. Nor, with regard 
 to some of the leading doctrines which it contains, 
 and which, in the method of philosophical examin- 
 ation, it has substantiated by clear and convincing 
 argument ; will their value be in any degree over- 
 rated, if it be said, that no civil community can 
 
 h It is to be noted, that the NICOMACHEAN ETHICS and the 
 POLITICS of Aristotle, though now presented to us as separate 
 works, were designed by the author of them to form ON E treatise 
 ON POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
xiv PREFACE. 
 
 permanently thrive under a practical disregard of 
 them. 
 
 These remarks cannot derogate from that re- 
 verential esteem, which is due to the blessing of 
 Divine truth. The art of CIVIL GOVERNMENT is 
 not the subject, on which it is the main design of 
 revelation to enlighten mankind : but yet it is con- 
 ceived, that this art will be placed upon a true 
 footing, when it is established upon a correct un- 
 derstanding of human nature. Should there, for 
 instance, with reference to PLEASURE, to FRIEND- 
 SHIP, or to any of the various subjects comprehended 
 within the scheme of ethics, be advanced any sound 
 maxims of philosophical discovery : such maxims, 
 in order to a due regulation of society, will require 
 attention : nor will it follow, because they are 
 maxims of PHILOSOPHICAL rather than of SCRIPTURAL 
 discovery, that they may therefore be disregarded. 
 The gift of revelation has not cancelled all the uses 
 and advantages of reason. 
 
 While we take our laws of morality from the 
 only admissible authority ; we may be permitted, 
 in our political arrangements, to learn from a pagan, 
 or from any one who can teach us, the intimate 
 connexion between morality and social welfare, and 
 the causes, by which this necessary foundation of 
 national wealth, may be either maintained and 
 
PREFACE. xv 
 
 strengthened, or undermined and destroyed. With 
 regard to these points, it is conceived, that the day 
 has not yet arrived, in which the world may cease 
 to profit by the wisdom of Aristotle. 
 
 Of a writing thus valuable, but confessedly ob- 
 scure, it will surely be desirable to facilitate the 
 comprehension : and an edition, published with 
 that view, will properly require a notice of the 
 methods adopted for that purpose. 
 
 The peculiar fate of Aristotle's writings is well 
 known to have been such, as must exclude all rea- 
 sonable hopes of restoring the purity of their text. 
 
 I need not repeat the story 8, of their earliest pub- 
 lication, after a long concealment, in a mutilated 
 and interpolated form. The number of errors thus 
 occasioned, was rapidly augmented. Damp, vermin, 
 booksellers, and emendatory criticism, occur to us 
 in history, as the several causes of depravation. 
 Yet notwithstanding such accumulated disadvantage 
 and injury ; it appears that Aristotle was still, in 
 the age of Augustus, recommended to imitation, 
 by an eminent critic, as a model of PERSPICUOUS 
 
 * Strabo, lib. xiii. p. 875. ed. Oxon. 1807. 
 
xvi PREFACE. 
 
 and PLEASING language 11 . The present state of his 
 works then may well provoke the exclamation : 
 QUANTUM MUTATUS AB ILLO ! For the condition in 
 which we find them is truly set forth by Giphanius : 
 Difficile est resolvere libros Aristotelis, QUIA SUNT 
 FRAGMENTA. Ciceronem et Platonem propter bo- 
 num ordinem explicare facilius : ravroXoy'uxt in- 
 numerabiles in Aristotele 1 . 
 
 The circumstances of the case might naturally 
 lead to the consequences which ensued. The work 
 undertaken by Apellicon, the first editor of Aristotle, 
 was in itself such, that it could have no reasonable 
 prospect of satisfying any but the performer of it : 
 and Apellicon himself has come down to us with 
 the character of a man, particularly ill qualified for 
 his office k . If indeed the licence of conjectural 
 emendation might, in any case, be warranted, it 
 would be in his; by the desire of transforming a 
 series of disjointed fragments, into connected and 
 coherent treatises. But the work of reparation 
 thus begun, would naturally be carried on by other 
 
 $ TJ ?T8/ 
 
 2A0HNEIAS, / rov 'HAEO2J xoti 
 TOVTO y IITT* p&eihto-Tot TTX^M TOV civ3(>of hecfifTv. Dion. Hal. de Vett. 
 Script. Censura, cap. iv. 
 
 / Commentarii in Eth. ad Nicom. pag. 583. ed. 1608. 
 k 'O 'ATiXX/xv, d>IAOBIBAOS ^aXAov Jj OIAOSOOOS. Strabo, 
 lib. xiii. p. 875. 
 
PREFACE. xvii 
 
 hands. For the genuine text was confessedly un- 
 attainable : and it can hardly be thought, that 
 succeeding editors would venerate as infallible, the 
 judgment of such a leader, and thus feel themselves 
 precluded from the indulgence of vanity, or the 
 exercise of talent. We learn, at least, that the 
 copies of Aristotle, which were extant at an early 
 period of the Christian era, evinced, by their fla- 
 grant discrepancies, a very wide departure from au- 
 thenticity : and, while this fact appears from the 
 confession of his early Greek commentators, we 
 also find, that the practice of those commentators 
 themselves did, by multiplying what are called 
 EMENDATIONS, tend to an augmentation of the 
 evil 1 . From these causes it has come to pass, that 
 the present state of his works is similar to that of a 
 
 1 *' Hinc explicandura est, quod jam Graecorum Aristotelis in- 
 terpretum temporibus, Alexandri Aphrodisei, Porphyrii, Themistii, 
 Ammonii Hermeae filii, Simplicii, Joannis Philoponi et aliorum, 
 apographa librorum Aristotelicorum tarn erant corrupta et inter 
 se discrepantia, ut illi jam de iis conferendis, et in locis, quibus 
 sanus sensus non inesse videbatur, de lectione mutanda cogi- 
 tarent. In commentariis maxime Simplicii, doctissimi interprets, 
 variae lectiones e pluribus codicibus excerptae obviae sunl, quae 
 etiam a nostra lectione vulgata abeunt, uti ipsa textus Aristotelis 
 lectio, cui commentarium ille subjecit. Quo etiam factum est, 
 ut interpretes Graeci baud raro textum Aristotelis pro lubitu 
 mutare, interpolare, eique de suo aliquid addere auderent, quae 
 mutationes postea sine auctoris nomine in libros ad eorum ex- 
 empla scriptos transierunt." Buhle's Preface to his edition of 
 Aristotle, p. xx. 
 
 C 
 
xviii PREFACE. 
 
 portion of Origen's. They may afford general 
 views of his doctrine: and the sentiments expressed 
 in them, will, in most" 1 particulars, be reasonably 
 viewed as those of Aristotle himself : but it is im- 
 possible, with regard to single passages, to make 
 any confident and safe discrimination between his 
 own words and those of another hand". Nor is 
 this representation materially affected, if it shall 
 appear, that SOME of his treatises went abroad 
 during his life ; so as to escape the general doom of 
 subterranean mutilation. For these were FEW 
 AND- INCONSIDERABLE : it is not probable that the 
 difference between them and the others, would long 
 continue to be marked : and certainly, the dis- 
 tinction has not been handed down to us. 
 
 Should this statement appear in any degree over- 
 
 111 I think, not in ALL. For instance, respecting the state of 
 the human soul after death ; I can hardly believe that it was the 
 intention of Aristotle, to envelope his opinions in such a cloud of 
 obscurity and contradiction, as the present state of his writings 
 presents to us on this subject. 
 
 " " Summo labore et studio etiamsi omnes, qui supersunt, 
 codices excusserit editor, tamen quia corruptelae origo jam a 
 primis fatis repetenda est, quae Aristotelis manuscripta post 
 ejus mortem experta sunt, ARISTOTELIS TEXTUI PRISTINAM 
 
 INTEGRITATEM NEMO UNQUAM REDDET." Buhle's Preface 
 
 to his edition of Aristotle, p. xvii. " Igitur fore, ut codicum 
 ope et criticis curis ad pristinam integritatem scripta Aristotelica 
 aliquando plane redigantur, desperandum est." Ibid. p. xxii. 
 
PREFACE. xix 
 
 charged ; it may be noted, that it was, even in the 
 age of Strabo, a true representation. For it is thus 
 that we find the case stated by that writer. " The 
 ancient Peripatetics," says he, " who succeeded 
 Theophrastus, inasmuch as they possessed no 
 writings whatever of Aristotle, except a few, and 
 those chiefly of the exoterical class ; were not able 
 to philosophize according to the truth of their 
 master's doctrine : but were obliged to content them- 
 selves with elaborate lucubrations upon detached 
 questions belonging to it. It was the advantage of 
 their successors, after the publication of his books, 
 that they were able to philosophize and to propound 
 the doctrine of Aristotle, better indeed than the 
 former ; but still they were necessitated, by reason 
 of the multitude of errors prevailing in the copies 
 of his works, TA FIOAAA EIKOTOE AEFEiN , for the 
 most part to frame their expositions of his doctrine 
 according to CONJECTURE AND PROBABILITY. " I 
 
 It must plainly appear from the context, that the phrase 
 fyw, describes the probability of finding the true SENSE 
 or ARISTOTLE, not that of finding the ABSTRACT TRUTH of things. 
 
 rots Ix, rav TrtgtTrcirav, tots pli TfdXai rotg piroe, 
 ovx. 6%ov<ri tot, /3i/3A/#, TrAvjv oXiyav, vett [Atih 
 'fatty (p^o<ro(p$fv IlPArMATIKiS, othhoi 6'tiriis 
 ov, u$ ov roc, /3</3A/<5t TOWTM TrgoqXQiv, oifttivov pl'i Ivttvwv 
 'Agrr<5TgA/g<v, at,voe,yK,fy<r6ou (ttvToi tot 9roAAi E1KOTQS Agyg<v, AIA 
 TO HAH00S TQN'AMAPTIflN. Lib. xiii. p. 875. For gocrrGS 
 some copies have i/xorA: but the variation does not affect the fore- 
 going statement. 
 
 c2 
 
xx PREFACE. 
 
 need hardly suggest, that this uncertainty of Aris- 
 totle's text would, by obvious causes, be gradually 
 and much augmented with the progress of time. 
 
 With a view to this state of facts, I have framed 
 my edition on the following principles. Conjectural 
 emendation, as being the chief source of our present 
 confusion, and a certain cause of its future and 
 infinite augmentation, has been wholly avoided : 
 and it has been my great endeavour, without the 
 ridiculous vanity of pretending to identify the very 
 words of Aristotle, to gather, from the most con- 
 siderate examination, the best insight to his mean- 
 ing ; and to select for the expression of it, out of 
 the admissible materials which lay before me, those 
 which, when considered in themselves, appeared 
 to be most apt and unexceptionable. The TEXT 
 which I have chosen for my groundwork, is that of 
 Mr. Bekker's late edition : and from this I have 
 made no other variation, than what has arisen from 
 an occasional preference of the various readings, 
 which he has obtained from an extensive collation 
 of manuscripts : in which instances of preference, 
 Mr. Bekker's own reading is noted in the margin. 
 Of the obscurities of Aristotle, a considerable portion 
 appear to me to be solved by this selection of 
 
 VARIOUS READINGS. 
 
 Under the circumstances already explained, it 
 seems to be the obvious duty of an editor, to keep 
 
PREFACE. xxi 
 
 his eye attentively fixed upon what, according to 
 his own views of rational and coherent meaning, 
 may be the probable difference between the genuine 
 and spurious portions of the text. He must other- 
 wise be perplexing himself with vain endeavours, to 
 fix a meaning where Aristotle had none ; and to 
 expound as his, words that he never employed. 
 In the exercise of this duty, I have not scrupled, as 
 often as I saw fit, to employ the marks which are 
 used to denote passages of questionable authen- 
 ticity 11 . And I may perhaps, in some instances, 
 have employed these marks, to denote passages, 
 which I consider to be either dislocated, or too 
 corrupt to afford any representation of the Author's 
 mind. 
 
 In the style of Aristotle, as of other writers, there 
 will often occur an obscurity to the eye, where there 
 would be none to the ear. A sentence, if enunciated 
 with proper distinction of emphasis, would readily 
 convey its own meaning : while such meaning is 
 obscured by a form, which imparts no prominence 
 to any particular words. With a view to this con- 
 sideration, I have marked, by a difference of 
 character, those words which appear to carry with 
 them a more particular stress ; or which may serve 
 to indicate the leading position which the Author 
 seeks to convey ; or which involve any remarkable 
 
 p These passages are marked thus [ ]. 
 
xxii PREFACE. 
 
 idiomatic usage, or modification of sense, mainly 
 concerned in the developement of his meaning. 
 
 In the general arrangement of the work, my plan 
 has been suggested by that of a learned editor of a 
 portion of Aristotle's works, and by a recollection 
 of the aid which his labours afforded to my early 
 studies. The person of whom I speak is Buhle ; 
 and the advantages of his method consist, in split- 
 ting the text of the author into distinct paragraphs, 
 and in prefixing a tabular view of the leading prin- 
 ciples contained in each chapter. Of this plan I 
 have sought to augment the usefulness, by making 
 the leading principles, thus stated in a prefatory 
 summary of each book, correspond by numerical 
 signs with the sections to which they relate. 
 
 On the division of the CHAPTERS and SECTIONS, 
 I would offer some further remarks. As it cannot 
 be pretended, that the present arrangement of our 
 modern editions, has the least claim to authority : 
 it must plainly be a point, on which every man has 
 an equal right of judgment. Now we cannot but 
 see, how desirable it is, in the collocation of periods, 
 to indicate, whether a sentence relates to a matter 
 of previous, or of subsequent, notice ; whether it 
 serves to conclude one argument, or to introduce 
 another ; whether the author is deducing a con- 
 sequence from what he has proved, or preparing a 
 transition to some new subject, It is, I say, highly 
 
PREFACE. xxiii 
 
 desirable, that some guidance should thus be afforded 
 to the mental process of an author, and to the re- 
 lative connexion of his ideas. Yet it will be readily 
 seen, that all injudicious attempts to do this, will be 
 worse than none : the reader had better find his 
 own way in the dark, than avail himself of a guide 
 who will lead him wrong. Now I cannot imagine 
 the case of any books whatever, to which, as to this 
 particular, a revisionary process is more imperatively 
 required, than it is to the popular editions of the 
 present work. For so preposterous, in some in- 
 stances, is the present arrangement of the text, 
 that it seems as if the editor were studiously bent 
 upon concealing his author's meaning, for the sake 
 of exercising the reader's ingenuity with the task 
 of finding it. On the ground of these consider- 
 ations, I have ventured, in the arrangement of my 
 author's text, to deviate considerably from pre- 
 ceding editors : and I would hope, that no incon- 
 siderable proportion of difficulties will again thus be 
 obviated. At the same time, any inconvenience of 
 reference which might thus arise, has been prevented, 
 by noting in the margin the separation of the 
 chapters which occurs in Mr. Bekker's edition. 
 
 A part of these remarks will equally apply to 
 the subject of PUNCTUATION. For this also, while 
 it is, in the present case, a matter uncontrolled by 
 authority, carries with it the greatest influence 
 towards either making, or disentangling, the per- 
 
xxiv PREFACE. 
 
 plexities of language. I have therefore bestowed 
 considerable attention on fixing the adjustment 
 of it : and I hope that the alterations thus made, 
 will in many cases suffice, without the aid of com- 
 ment, to remove the difficulty of an obscure 
 passage. 
 
 While I acknowledge my obligations to Professor 
 Buhle, for the assistance of his learning, and the 
 valuable example of sound judgment afforded in his 
 .edition : it will not be irrelevant to the purpose of 
 this introductory discourse, if I subjoin the follow- 
 ing exposition of his sentiments on several important 
 particulars to which I have adverted. 
 
 " Duo potissimum ad crisin textus Aristotelici 
 spectant, quae mihi maxime digna visa sunt, in 
 quibus diligentissime versarer, primum ut et vul- 
 garem librorum Aristotelis in CAPITA et SECTIONES 
 distinctionem, et singulorum locorum INTERPUN- 
 CTIONEM mutarem ; alterum, ut, quantum possem, 
 INTERPOLATIONES, quibus nullus fere scriptor tarn 
 obsitus et depravatus est, quam Aristoteles, de- 
 tegerem, manifestasque uncinis includerem. Quod 
 primum attinet, ne temere id a me factum esse 
 aliquis dicat, monendum est, librorum Aristotelis 
 distributionem et in capita paragraphosque dis- 
 tinctionem non ab Aristotele, nee a proximis ejus 
 aetati interpretibus, sed a recentioribus profectam 
 esse. Non solum interpretes Graeci, sed codices 
 
PREFACE. xxv 
 
 quoque Aristotelici hac in re mi rum in modum 
 variant ; alii ex pluribus libris unum faciunt ; alii 
 rursus unum vulgo habitum in plures dispescunt ; 
 capita singulorum librorum et sectiones, quemad- 
 modum in nostris editionibus sunt, plane ignorant. 
 Recentiorum autem editorum propriam quisque et 
 peculiarem libros distribuendi et in capita para- 
 graphosque dispescendi rationem amplexus est ; ab 
 Aldo Manutio discessere Conradus Gesnerus et 
 Simon Grynaeus ; ab his iterum Julius Pacius ; a 
 Julio Pacio, uti a Gesnero quoque, cui tamen in 
 plerisque adstipulatur, Sylburgius, a Sylburgio 
 denique in postremis Metaphysicorurn libris Du- 
 vallius. Quidni igitur mi hi liceat, paulo aliter 
 librorum capita et sectiones constituere, cum prae- 
 sertim vulgo in hoc peccatum esse viderem, et 
 divulsa esse, quae nimis cohaererent, nee bene di- 
 velli posseut, ita ut saepenumero IPSA SEPARATIONE 
 SENSUS OFFUSCARETUR, qui, cohaerentia si cohaerere 
 
 juberes, satis perspicuus esset? INTER- 
 
 PUNCTIONIS innovatae non est quod causas multis 
 exponam ; esse hanc TEXTUM EMENDANDI RATIONEM 
 OPTIMAM maximeque salutarem, in Aristotelis vero 
 scriptis plane NECESSARIAM, unicuique, qui vulgatas 
 Aristotelis editiones vel a limine tantum salutaverit, 
 in oculos incurred." 
 
 The present work may probably be followed by a 
 
 q Preface to Aristotle, p. xxvii xxix. 
 
xxvi PREFACE. 
 
 volume of notes, relating to such particulars, in the 
 language and doctrine of Aristotle, as may be 
 thought to require further elucidation. But I must 
 not omit this occasion of intimating, that it has 
 been my uniform endeavour to anticipate, as far as 
 possible, the need of such elucidation; by so con- 
 structing the introductory compendiums of each 
 book, as to obviate the most remarkable difficulties 
 which the student might be expected to find in them. 
 In many cases it is hoped, that the obscurity of a 
 passage is dispelled, by thus giving a distinct view 
 of the point, which it is conceived that the author 
 was mainly intent upon. 
 
 Oxford, March 6, 1834. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 ON HAPPINESS AND VIRTUE. 
 
 Page 
 Summary of the first Book. 3 
 
 CHAP. I. In which the purpose of the treatise is 
 stated to be, an enquiry after the Sovereign Good. 
 
 PART I. The subject of enquiry is stated. 1 1 
 
 II. The degree of accuracy which the enquiry 
 
 will admit. 12 
 
 III. The moral dispositions which are needful 
 
 on the part of the enquirer. 13 
 
 CHAP. II. In which various false opinions relating to 
 the Sovereign Good are rejected. 
 
 PART I. Various opinions relating to the Sovereign 
 
 Good are enumerated. 14 
 
 II. The nature of the principles to be employed 
 
 in our reasonings upon it. 15 
 
 III. The falsehood of several popular opinions 
 
 relating to it, briefly exposed. 15 
 
 IV. An examination of a celebrated doctrine of 
 
 Plato, relating to it. 1 ^ 
 
xxviii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. III. In which the true notion of the Sovereign 
 Good is ascertained and fixed. 
 
 PART I. The definition of Happiness, deduced from 
 
 the nature of man. 20 
 
 II. The foregoing definition attested and con- 
 firmed by the prevailing opinions of 
 mankind. 24 
 
 CHAP. IV. In which various detached questions, re- 
 lating to the Sovereign Good, are examined. 
 
 PART I. An examination of the question : In what 
 
 way is Happiness derived to us ? 26 
 
 II. An examination of the question : How far is 
 the state of Happiness liable to be 
 affected by changes of fortune ? 28 
 
 III. An examination of the question: whether 
 
 the condition of the dead is affected by 
 that of their surviving friends. 31 
 
 IV. An examination of a question, relating to the 
 
 quality or value of the Sovereign Good. 32 
 
 CHAP. V. In which the enquiry, conformably to the 
 previous definition of Happiness, proceeds to intro- 
 duce the consideration of Virtue. 33 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 ON MORAL VIRTUE. 
 
 Summary of the second Book. . 39 
 
 CHAP. I. On Moral Virtue in general: and first, on 
 the manner and signs of its production. 
 
 PART I. On the manner in which Moral Virtue is 
 
 produced and destroyed. 45 
 
 II. The signs by which the virtuous or vicious 
 
 quality of our habits may be known. 49 
 
CONTENTS. xxix 
 
 CHAP. II. In which an objection is supposed, against 
 the leading principle of the foregoing chapter : and 
 an answer is given to it. 51 
 
 CHAP. III. In which Moral Virtue is described and 
 defined. 
 
 PART I. Virtue is a habit. 52 
 
 II. The habit of Virtue consists in a Medium 
 
 between two Extremes. 53 
 
 III. Inductive proof of the foregoing. 57 
 
 IV. On the relation of the extremes and the 
 
 mean to each other. 60 
 
 CHAP. IV 7 . General rules for the Attainment of Moral 
 
 Virtue. 6'2 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 ON MOHAL VIRTUE IN GENERAL, AND ON THE SEVERAL 
 MORAL VIRTUES IN PARTICULAR. 
 
 Summary of the third Book 6? 
 
 CHAP. I. On the distinction between voluntary and 
 
 involuntary acts. 73 
 
 CHAP. II. On the Moral Determination of Choice. ?7 
 
 CHAP. III. On Desire. 82 
 
 CHAP. IV. In which it is maintained, that Virtue and 
 
 Vice are both in our own power. 83 
 
xxx CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. V. Which introduces an examination of each 
 of the moral virtues, separately considered. 
 And first, on the virtue of Courage. 8? 
 
 CHAP. VI. On the virtue of Temperance. 94 
 
 BOOK IV. 
 
 ON THE SEVERAL MORAL VIRTUES IN PARTICULAR. 
 
 Summary of the fourth Book. 103 
 
 CHAP. I. On the virtue of Liberality. 109 
 
 CHAP. II. On the virtue of Magnificence. 115 
 
 CHAP. III. On the virtue of Magnanimity. 118 
 
 CHAP. IV. On a nameless virtue relating to Honour. 123 
 
 CHAP. V. On the virtue of Meekness. 124 
 
 CHAP. VI. On the virtues relating to Social Inter- 
 course. 
 
 PART I. On the virtue of Complaisance. 127 
 
 II. On the virtue of Modest Pretension. 128 
 
 III. On the virtue of Urbanity. 130 
 
 IV. Comparison of the three foregoing virtues. 132 
 
 CHAP. VII. On Shame. 132 
 
CONTENTS. xxxi 
 
 BOOK V. 
 
 ON THE MORAL VIRTUE OF JUSTICE. 
 
 Summary of the fifth Book. 137 
 
 CHAP. I. On the virtue of Justice : and first, on the 
 division of it into two kinds, Universal and Par- 
 ticular. 143 
 
 CHAP. II. On the various kinds of the Particular Jus- 
 tice. 148 
 
 CHAP. III. On Distributive Justice. 149 
 
 CHAP. IV. On Corrective Justice. 151 
 
 CHAP. V. On the principle of Reciprocation. 153 
 
 CHAP. VI. In what respect Justice, as distinguished 
 
 from other virtues, is a mean. 156 
 
 CHAP. VII. On the qualities and circumstances of 
 actions, which are necessary in order to constitute 
 injustice in the agent. 157 
 
 CHAP. VIII. In which are proposed, various minor 
 
 questions relating to Justice. 162 
 
 CHAP. IX. In which it is argued, that Justice is a 
 
 virtue of difficult acquirement. 165 
 
 CHAP. X. On the relation of Equity to Justice. 166 
 
 CHAP. XI. In which are maintained, various minor 
 
 positions relating to Justice. 168 
 
xxxii CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 ON INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE IN GENERAL, AND ON THE 
 SEVERAL INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES IN PARTICULAR. 
 
 Summary of the sixth Book. 1 74= 
 
 CHAP. I. Which introduces the consideration of Intel- 
 lectual Virtue in general ; and of the several distinct 
 Intellectual Virtues in particular. 181 
 
 CHAP. II. On the Intellectual Virtue of Science. 184 
 
 CHAP. III. On the Intellectual Virtue of Art. 185 
 
 CHAP. IV. On the Intellectual Virtue of Wisdom. 186 
 
 CHAP. V. On the Intellectual Virtue of Intellect. 18? 
 
 CHAP. VI. On the Intellectual Virtue of Philosophy. 188 
 
 CHAP. VII. In which various other Intellectual habits 
 and faculties are described and defined, and com- 
 pared with the Intellectual Virtue of Wisdom. 
 
 PART I. On Political Wisdom. 190 
 
 II. On Good Deliberation. 192 
 
 III. On Intelligence. 193 
 
 IV. On the Mental Virtue exercised in Equitable 
 
 Decision. 194 
 
 V. On the concurrent tendency of the virtues 
 of Equitable Decision, of Intelligence, of 
 Wisdom, and of Intellect. 194 
 
 CHAP. VIII. In which is vindicated the inseparable 
 connection of Intellectual Virtue, with Moral Virtue 
 and Human Happiness. 
 
 PART I. A statement of difficulties relating to cer- 
 tain Intellectual Virtues. 196 
 II. A solution of the foregoing difficulties. 197 
 
CONTENTS. xxxiii 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 ON CONTINENCE, INCONTINENCE, AND PLEASURE. 
 
 Summary of the seventh Book 203 
 
 CHAP. I. Which introduces an examination of Con- 
 tinence and Incontinence. 
 
 PART I. The subject of inquiry is stated. 213 
 
 II. The leading opinions which have been 
 
 delivered respecting it. 214 
 
 III. The most remarkable difficulties and ques- 
 tions which have been started relating 
 to it. 215 
 
 CHAP. II. On the compatibility of Incontinence and 
 
 Knowledge. 217 
 
 CHAP. III. On the subjects to which Incontinence 
 relates. 
 
 CHAP. IV. On the moral habit of Endurance. 227 
 
 CHAP. V. Containing various minor positions and 
 
 questions, relating to Continence and Incontinence. 229 
 
 CHAP. VI. On Pleasure 
 
 PART I. A statement and examination of opinions 
 
 relating to this subject. 234 
 
 II. On the quality of Pleasure, in relation to 
 the general objects of Human Pursuit, 
 and especially to the Sovereign Good. 237 
 III. Containing several detached questions and 
 
 positions, relating to Pleasure. 239 
 
xxxiv CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK VIII. 
 
 ON FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 Summary of the eighth Book. 245 
 
 CHAP. I. Which introduces the consideration of 
 Friendship. 
 
 PART I. Reasons for embracing in the present trea- 
 tise a consideration of Friendship. 253 
 II. The most remarkable doubts and questions 
 
 connected with the subject. 254 
 
 CHAP. II. In which the true notion of Friendship is 
 
 fixed and ascertained. 255 
 
 CHAP. III. In which is propounded a first division 
 of Friendship, into three kinds ; and in which these 
 kinds are distinguished from each other in their 
 essential qualities and characters. 257 
 
 CHAP. IV. In which is propounded a second division 
 
 of Friendship, into two kinds. 263 
 
 CHAP. V. In which Friendship is considered, with 
 regard to the various forms and degrees in which it 
 enters into the several varieties of human Asso- 
 ciation and Community. 
 
 PART I. A general view of Communities. 268 
 
 II. A general view of Political Communities. 270 
 
 III. The manner and degree in which Friend- 
 
 ship intermingles with Political Com- 
 munities. 272 
 
 IV. The manner and degree in which it inter- 
 
 mingles with various other associations 
 and relations of mankind. 273 
 
CONTENTS. xxxv 
 
 CHAP. VI. On the causes which lead to the Dis- 
 turbance of Friendship. 
 
 PART I. The leading principle relating to the sub- 
 ject of this chapter. 276 
 II. The sources of quarrel in equal Friendships. 276 
 III. The sources of quarrel in unequal Friend- 
 ships. 278 
 
 BOOK IX. 
 
 ON FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 Summary of the ninth Book. 283 
 
 CHAP. I. Cases of Friendship dissolved by violating 
 
 Proportion. 289 
 
 CHAP. II. On the true estimate of Friendly Services. 290 
 CHAP. III. On conflicting claims of Friendship. 291 
 
 CHAP. IV. On the manner in which Friendship is 
 affected, by a change in the condition and circum- 
 stances of friends. 294 
 
 CHAP. V. In which it is considered, whether Self- 
 love is a proper standard for Friendship. 295 
 
 CHAP. VI. On Benevolence. 298 
 
 CHAP. VII. On Concord. 299 
 
xxxvi CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. In which various detached questions, 
 relating to Friendship, are examined 
 
 PART I. An examination of the question : Why are 
 benefactors more attached to those 
 whom they benefit, than the latter to 
 the former ? 300 
 
 II. An examination of the question : whether 
 the selfish, or the social, feeling ought 
 to prevail in Friendship. 303 
 
 III. An examination of the question : whether 
 
 the possession of friends be necessary 
 
 to a state of Happiness- 306 
 
 IV. An examination of the question : whether 
 
 any limitation be desirable, with regard 
 to the Number of our friends. 310 
 
 V. An examination of the question : whether 
 Prosperity or Adversity is more in need 
 of friends. 311 
 
 VI. An examination of the question : whether 
 Familiar Intercourse is greatly desirable 
 to the purposes of Friendship. 313 
 
 BOOK X. 
 
 ON PLEASURE, CONTEMPLATION, AND THE POLITICAL 
 CULTIVATION OF VIRTUE. 
 
 Summary of the tenth Book. 317 
 
 CHAP. I. On Pleasure. 
 
 PART I. Reasons for examining the subject. 323 
 
 II. It is enquired, whether Pleasure is the 
 
 Sovereign Good. 324 
 
 III. It is enquired, whether Pleasure has, in 
 
 any degree, the Nature of Good. 325 
 
CONTENTS. xxxvii 
 
 IV. On the essential character of Pleasure. 329 
 V. On the varieties of Pleasure. 332 
 
 VI. On the real and essential pleasures of 
 
 Human Life. 335 
 
 VII. On the pleasure derived from Amusements 
 
 and Pleasurable Recreations. 336 
 
 CHAP. II On the happiness derivable from Contem- 
 plation. 
 
 PART I. On the perfection of that happiness 
 
 which arises from Contemplation. 338 
 
 II. The limitations and circumstances under 
 which Human Life is susceptible of 
 such happiness. 340 
 
 CHAP. III. On the Political Cultivation of Virtue. 344 
 
THE 
 
 NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 
 
 OF 
 
 ARISTOTLE. 
 
BOOK I. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE FIRST BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 IN WHICH THE PURPOSE OF THE TREATISE TS STATED 
 TO BE, AN ENQUIRY AFTER THE SOVEREIGN GOOD. 
 
 This chapter consists of three parts: the first of 
 which opens the subject ; the second describes the 
 manner of treating it ; and the third, the manner of 
 studying it. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. All human action pursues some good for its END. II. In the 
 case of some arts, the end consists in the OPERATION or ENERGY, 
 that is, in the mere exercise of the art : in the case of others, it 
 consists in a PHODUCTION effected by that exercise. III. Of the 
 latter description of arts, the production is more valuable than the 
 operation. IV. Some arts being ministerial to others, the ends of 
 the latter will be more valuable than those of the former : in other 
 words, the ulterior end is always more valuable than the subordinate. 
 V. That end therefore to which all others are subordinate, being the 
 ultimate end of all human action, will be the SOVEREIGN GOOD. 
 
 VI. The science of it must be greatly important. VII. That 
 science is POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. VIII. The superiority of this 
 science over all others is apparent, first, from its directive power 
 over them ; and secondly, from the subserviency of their ends to its 
 end. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 IX. The accuracy of this disquisition cannot be greater, than is 
 proportioned to the nature of the subject. 
 
 JB 2 
 
4 SUMMARY 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 X. The study of this disquisition, in order to be profitable, requires 
 that the moral disposition of the enquirer should be adapted to the 
 nature of the subject. XI. The benefit of it is likely to be obstructed 
 by the inexperience of young persons, and by youthful passions. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 IN WHICH VARIOUS FALSE OPINIONS RELATING TO THE 
 SOVEREIGN GOOD, ARE REJECTED. 
 
 This chapter consists of four parts. The first enume- 
 rates various opinions relating to the Sovereign Good. 
 The second relates to the nature of the principles, to 
 be employed in our reasonings upon it. The third 
 briefly exposes the falsehood of several popular opinions 
 concerning it. The fourth contains a more extended 
 examination of a celebrated doctrine of Plato, relating 
 to it. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. The great question is proposed : WHAT is THE SOVEREIGN 
 GOOD ? 
 
 II. Respecting the NAME, all men are agreed, that it is HAP- 
 PINESS. III. Respecting the THING, there prevails a great variety 
 of opinion. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 IV. The nature of the principles which must necessarily form the 
 basis of this enquiry. V. The necessity of a disposition to acquiesce 
 in the use of such principles, and not to demand, as more satis- 
 factory, others, which the case will not admit. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 VI. It is thought, that the essence of happiness maybe discovered 
 on a view of THE VARIOUS MODES OF HUMAN LIFE. 
 
 VII. Of these there are three of principal note. But it is not 
 found, 1. In the SENSUAL life. 2. Nor in the POLITICAL life. 3. The 
 CONTEMPLATIVE life is reserved for consideration in the tenth book. 
 
OF THE FIRST BOOK. 5 
 
 VIII. To these may be added the LUCRATIVE life: which how- 
 ever, in connexion with this subject, is entitled to little con- 
 sideration. 
 
 PART THE FOURTH. 
 
 IX. It is enquired, whether, according to the doctrine of Plato, 
 there be ONK ETERNAL FORM OF INTRINSIC AND UNIVERSAL GOOD, 
 
 FROM WHICH EVERY PARTICULAR GOOD DERIVES ITS CHARACTER AND 
 
 ESSENCE : the purpose of this enquiry being, to ascertain, whether 
 the SOVEREIGN good be of this description, and whether a true 
 notion of it may be obtained by A REFERENCE TO this ETERNAL 
 FORM. The doctrine thus referred to is commonly denoted, THE 
 
 PLATONIC DOCTRINE OF IDEAS. 
 
 X. This doctrine is objected to, because the PLATONIC IDEA is 
 not, even according to the theory of Plato, connected with those 
 things to which we apply the distinction of PRIOR AND SUBSEQUENT: 
 and yet in these things the attribute of GOOD is found to exist. 
 XI. The property of good applies to ALL the TMN CATEGORIES : these 
 cannot therefore be one universal good, abstracted from all distinc- 
 tions of things. XII. If there were one universal good, there would 
 be only one SCIENCE. 
 
 XIII. The Platonic DISTINCTION BETWEEN A THING, AND THE 
 ESSENCE OF A THING, (as, for example, AN0PXinos and ATTOAN- 
 PXinoS,) is a distinction without a difference. XIV. The quality 
 of ETERNAL, (which is essential to the Platonic Idea,) is not neces- 
 sary towards making perfect the quality of GOOD. 
 
 XV. To the foregoing arguments, the following objection is sup- 
 posed. The reasoning here pursued by Aristotle, overlooks the dis- 
 tinction between the two classes of INTRINSIC and RELATIVE good: 
 whereas the doctrine of Plato applies exclusively to the FORMER of 
 these classes. XVI. The argument, then, is pursued on an acknow- 
 ledgment of this distinction. If we limit our regard to the former 
 of these kinds, that is, to the INTRINSIC good: the description 
 even of this, as it is found to exist in various things, is not uniform 
 but various. 
 
 XVII. The quality, then, devoted by the term GOOD, is not uni- 
 form : and the term itself is not UNIVOCAL but ANALOGOUS. 
 
 XVIII. Further enquiry relating to this subject is deemed un- 
 necessary : because the PLATONIC GOOD, even if it exist, is not, 
 agreeably to the design of this treatise, practical and attainable. 
 XIX. Nor can the KNOWLEDGE of it be in any degree useful, in 
 subserviency to those ends of human life which ARE attainable. 
 
SUMMARY 
 
 CHAP. 111. 
 
 IN WHICH THE TRUE NOTION OF THE SOVEREIGN GOOD IS 
 ASCERTAINED AND FIXED. 
 
 This chapter consists of two parts. In the first, the 
 definition of happiness is deduced, from a consideration 
 of the nature of man. In the second, that definition is 
 corroborated and vindicated, by testimonies derived from 
 the prevailing opinions of mankind. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. The great question is AGAIN proposed: WHAT is THK SOVEREIGN 
 "GOOD ? 
 
 II. On a GENERAL view : The Sovereign Good is THE ULTIMATE END 
 
 OF ALL PRACTICE. III. It is THAT WHICH IS ALWAYS DESIRED ON ITS 
 OWN ACCOUNT, AND NEVER IN THE WAY OF SUBSERVIENCY TO ANY 
 
 THING ELSE. IV. It is the same thing with ATTAPKEIA: a word 
 which denotes such a condition, as renders life desirable, supplied 
 in itself with all needful resources, and exempt from want. 
 
 V. The foregoing being only GENERAL characters : it is neces- 
 sary, for practical utility, to frame a MORE EXACT description. To- 
 wards doing which the first step is, to enquire, WHAT is THE PECULIAR 
 FUNCTION OF MAN? VI. The peculiar FUNCTION of man, is THE 
 
 OPERATION OF THE SOUL ACCORDING TO REASON : and the peculiar 
 
 fiooi) of man, is the OPERATION OF THK SOUL ACCORDING TO VIRTUE. 
 This is H \PPINESS, or the SOVEREIGN GOOD. VII. Provided only 
 that you add to it, A CONTINUANCE DURING THE WHOLE OF LIFE. 
 Thus, the definition of happiness is this : THE OPERATION OF THE 
 
 SOUL ACCORDING TO VIRTUE DURING THE WHOLE OF LIFE. 
 
 VIII. The admonition is repeated : That we are not to expect in 
 this treatise greater accuracy than the subject admits of. 
 
 IX. The sources from which the first principles of ethical rea- 
 soning are derived : and the great importance of deducing them 
 correctly. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 X. It is to be enquired : Whether the foregoing definition of hap- 
 piness agrees with PREVAILING OPINIONS AND COMMON UKMAHKS? 
 
OF THE FIRST BOOK. 7 
 
 XI. It appears then, that it agrees with certain PHILOSOPHICAL 
 opinions, which are both ancient, and generally assented to. XII. It 
 derives some testimony of confirmation from A COMMON FORM OF 
 SPEECH. XIII. It embraces ALL THOSE THINGS, WHICH ARE SEPA- 
 RATE LY considered desirable towards happiness. XIV. It agrees 
 particularly with those, who regard VIRTUE as the great constituent 
 of happiness. XV. As it also does with those, who regard PLEASURE 
 in the same light. XVI. It agrees with that estimate of a virtuous 
 practice, which is COMMONLY ENTERTAINED BY GOOD MEN. XVII. It 
 derives some confirmation from those who regard, though errone- 
 ously, PROSPERITY, as the same thing with happiness. That is to 
 say: if the grounds of that opinion be examined, they will yield sup- 
 port to the doctrine of Aristotle. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 IN WHICH VARIOUS DETACHED QUESTIONS, RELATING TO 
 THE SOVEREIGN GOOD, ARE EXAMINED. 
 
 This chapter consists of four parts: which are em- 
 ployed in examining so many several questions relating 
 to the Sovereign Good. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 T. The question is proposed: IN WHAT WAY is HAPPINESS DERIVED 
 TO us ? 
 
 II. By reason of its excellence, it might well claim to be con- 
 sidered as A DIVINE OIFT. III. But whether it be so or not; the 
 mode of its derivation to us, is by VIRTUE, INSTRUCTION, AND 
 PRACTICE. IV. The absurdity of supposing it to come to us by 
 FORTUNE. V. The agreement of this view with principles formerly 
 laid down in this treatise. 
 
 VI. It follows, as a consequence of this view, that there are some 
 beings to whom happiness cannot belong. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 VII. With reference to the foregoing definition of happiness, 
 which embraces THE WHOLE OF LIFK ; occasion is taken to examine 
 a celebrated apophthegm of Solon : THAT NO MAN is TO IJE PRO- 
 NOUNCED HAPPY AS LONG AS HE LIVES, BUT THAT WB MUST SUSPEND 
 OUR JUDGMENT TILL WE KNOW THE MANNER OF HIS DEATH. In 
 
8 SUMMARY 
 
 other words, the question proposed is this : HOW FAR THE STATE OF 
 
 HAPPINESS IS LIABLE TO BE AFFECTED BY CHANGES OF FORTUNE. 
 
 VIII. Towards a right judgment on this subject, it is to be re- 
 marked, in the first place, that the words of Solon are capable of 
 two constructions. But it cannot, with regard to either of these, 
 be truly asserted of the dead, that they are happy. 
 
 IX. Towards a solution of the question, how far happiness may 
 be affected by the vicissitudes of life j it is needful to remember, 
 agreeably to principles formerly laid down, that THE LEADING AND 
 EFFECTIVE CAUSE of happiness CONSISTS IN a virtuous practice, and 
 that PROSPERITY is only A NEEDFUL CONCOMITANT to that state. X. 
 This leading and effective cause is of all human things THE MOST 
 INDESTRUCTIBLE : the state of the virtuous will therefore, in regard 
 
 to THE CHIEF CONSTITUENT OF HAPPINESS, be SO far EXEMPT FROM 
 
 MUTATION : XI. And, though happiness be augmented or diminished 
 by external things, THE VITAL PRINCIPLE OF IT CAN NEVER BECOME 
 EXTINCT. XII. It will also appear, that a man once happy (inasmuch 
 as he is essentially virtuous) can never become WHOLLY MISEKABLE. 
 XIII. It is however admitted, that THE STATE OF HAPPINESS is LIABLE 
 
 TO BE DESTROYED BY EXTREME MISFORTUNE : YET NOT SO, AS TO BE 
 SUSCEPTIBLE OF VARIATION FROM ANY SLIGHT EXTERNAL CAUSES. 
 
 XIV. The conclusion of the enquiry is this : WE MAY PRONOUNCE 
 
 MEN HAPPY DURING THEIR LIVES; BUT ONLY IN A QUALIFIED SENSE, 
 AND ACCORDING TO THE CONDITION OF HUMANITY. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 XV. A question (suggested by the matter contained in the eighth 
 section of this chapter) is introduced: namely, WHETHER THE 
 
 CONDITION OF THE DEAD IS AFFECTED BY THAT OF THEIR SURVIVING 
 FRIENDS ? 
 
 XVI. With reference to this question, it is remarked in general, 
 that the influence on our own happiness of external incidents in the 
 fortune of our friends, will not be felt, except in relation to such 
 incidents as, whether prosperous or adverse, are considerable and 
 important. XVII. But all sensations of this kind, as they affect the 
 dead, will be very slight and inconsiderable, in comparison with the 
 sensations of the living. XVIII. To give evidence of this last 
 position, Aristotle declines: because he considers it open to dispute, 
 whether the dead are at all sensible of good and evil. XIX. He 
 concludes, as a probable opinion, THAT THE DEAD ARE AFFECTED BY 
 
 THE FORTUNES OF THEIR SURVIVING FRIENDS, BUT IN A DEGREE SO 
 SLIGHT, THAT IT CANNOT GREATLY EITHER IMPROVE OR DETERIORATE 
 THEIR CONDITION. 
 
OF THE FIRST BOOK. 9 
 
 PART THE FOURTH. 
 
 XX. With respect to the QUALITY or VALUE of the Sovereign 
 Good, the question is proposed : WHETHER IT BELONGS TO THE CLASS 
 
 OF THINGS WHICH ARE PROPER SUBJECTS OF PRAISE, OR TO THAT OF 
 THOSE WHICH ARE PROPER SUBJECTS OF ADMIRATION ? 
 
 XXI. It is determined, that it does not belong to the former : 
 
 XXII. But TO THE LATTER. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 IN WHICH THE ENQUIRY-, CONFORMABLY TO THE PRE- 
 VIOUS DEFINITION OF HAPPINESS, PROCEEDS TO 
 INTRODUCE THE CONSIDERATION OF VIRTUE. 
 
 I. The previous definition of HAPPINESS, renders it necessary to 
 enter on an enquiry respecting VIRTUE^ 
 
 II. This enquiry dictates the propriety of examining, but only 
 to a limited extent, THE NATURE OF THE HUMAN SOUL. III. The 
 human soul is viewed as consisting of two parts, namely, the 
 RATIONAL and the IRRATIONAL. IV. Again, the IRRATIONAL part 
 is viewed as consisting of two subordinate parts. One of these 
 is, THE VEGETATIVE PRINCIPLE OF LIFE. This is wholly unconnected 
 with virtue. V. The other of these two subordinate parts is, THE 
 SEAT OF THE APPETITES AND PASSIONS. This HAS a connexion with 
 virtue, and a relation of either OBEDIENCE or HOSTILITY to the 
 RATIONAL part. (VI. If this latter should be considered as belong- 
 ing to the rational part, then it will be proper to make a new 
 division.) 
 
 VII. With relation to the two parts of the soul thus described, 
 the VIRTUES are divided into two kinds, namely, the INTELLECTUAL 
 and the MORAL: the former having a relation to the RATIONAL, 
 and the latter to the IRRATIONAL part. 
 
CHAP. I. 
 
 IN WHICH THE PURPOSE OF THE TREATISE IS STATED 
 TO BE, AN INQUIRY AFTER THE SOVEREIGN GOOD. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 THE SUBJECT OF INQUIRY IS STATED. 
 
 I. J.AA2 A TZ 
 
 
 %a naura, [Atoog, opotag 
 
 ayctdov rivog 
 l. dio xotXug oLKBtyrivotvro ruyadov, 'OY IIANT' 
 
 E<J>IETAI. 
 
 5 II. A/a(po^a Jg rig (pa/ygra/ TUV rgX^Jv. ra {6\v 
 yug eitriv ENEPFEIAI' ra Jg, ^ra^' avroig, EPFA nva,. 
 
 III. ' Civ $ Biff] ri^T} nvoi vaga roig ffgu,%eig, tv 
 rovroig (Be^rta irzQvxt ruv Ivegyeiav ret 
 
 IV. IToXXfiyy rtg -r^afgfiyy ovtruvy %ai 
 QZTrurrrjtJLav' croXXa yivzrai xtx,} ra rk\n- i 
 
 [Atv ycig yy/g/ot, vuwx'rj'yixrjg Jg -/rX 
 
 Sg y/^, olKovo[Ai%?ig $t vXovrog. offai $ s/V; rav 
 
 TOIOVTUV V7TO (AIOIV TIVU SvVOLfAlV (%(A&U'Xt VKO TflV 
 
 Ittixw ij fcaXivowoiixri, yea] ovai aXXot^ ruv 
 ei(riv' avrr} og %&,} woLffa 
 
 
 y(p grg^a?' gv vouroiig y, TA THN APXITEKTO- 
 
 NIKfiN TEAH DANTON ESTIN 'AIPET^TEPA TON *Yn' 
 
 AYTA. rourav yag X,ug tv %>ct,%s7v<x> oiuKSTcti. (oiu- 
 
 gy, roig tvegyziotc avTag swat roi rgX?j ruv 
 r) TTUoi rc/.UTotg aXXo n' 
 
12 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 V. E/ dq rt rtXog strri TUV irgotxrav, 'o AI' 'AYTO 
 
 BOYAOME0A> T*AAAA AE AIA TOYTO* (&a! ^ KC 
 
 \ W f / A / \ tl t t i/ 
 
 01 tregov ciigoufASUcx,' TTgozuTi yap OVTOJ y tig 
 
 gov 9 uffr tvau Ktvqv act ^araai> rrjv ogsi 
 
 0>$ TOVT ttV Strj T*ArA0ON KAI TO APISTON. 
 
 VI. 'Ag>' ovv xcti vgog TOV (Btov q yv&xrig OC,VTOV 
 
 KTiV) ZOti, KCtQctTTZg ToS.OTOU (TXOTTOV 
 
 / av Tvyfcdvoiptv rov dtovrog ; gJ 5' 
 TVTTU yz KegiXotps'iv CIUTO, n WOT 
 x>ui rtvog ruv i'Tria'TqfAav q fivvcifAZuv. 10 
 
 VII. Ao|g/g 5' oiv THS KYPinTATHS KAI MAAISTA 
 
 APXITEKTONIKHS. roiavrq (? *H noAiTiKH <poctveroct. 
 
 VIII. Tivag yug eivai %,gM TUV iwHrrqfAuv tv 
 ra>7g 7roXg(r/, xa,} Troiag IxcKTTOvg [Aavticivetv not,} fiiwi 
 
 rivog* avTrj diotTcurffet. opupiv tit %oti rag ivrtfAOTa,- 15 
 
 ~ * / \/ ti t- 
 
 rocg ruv ovvctfAZM VTTO ravTqv ovrctg oiov 
 
 yixqv, oixovofAixqv, pqTOPixqv. wufAtvqg J 
 
 ~ . ~ ~ ~ >/ 
 
 roiig AoiTrctig vrgc&x.rixctig ruv tTTicrrrifAuv' tn 
 
 ?'i till rflirriii zou r/row a-zrgg^a/* TO 
 
 TAYTHZ TEAOS DEPIEXOI AN TA THN AAAftN, 
 TOYT* AN EIH T'AN0PnniNON AFA0ON. 
 
 
 E/ ydg act, ruvTov <rnv ti %cu voer fAepv ye 
 eXttoregov ro rrig noAEns (pa/i/g-ra/, %cu \ufiiiv 
 <rativ. ayuKqrov fAtv yag tea,} Ivt fAova* xciX- 
 tit xu] detOTSgov 'i6vzi xou yoXertv. 25 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE DEGREE OF ACCURACY WHICH THE ENQUIRY WILL 
 ADMIT. 
 
 IX. 'H ftlv ovv pidodog TOYTHN E^IETAI, sroA/- 
 Tixf) rig ovffct. AEFOITO J' civ ixavug, gJ KATA THN 
 'YDOKEIMENHN 'YAHN AIASA<I)HEIH. TO yag AKPIBES 
 
 opowg v cncKTi rolg hoyotg 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 13 
 
 ovtf gf Tolg dyfAiovgyovfAivoig' ra, 8& xotXd XOL] ret 
 
 <vv TI Koinxr} (TKOTrrcLi, TO&avrqv 
 
 ~ r tt * ~ / / 
 
 nai vXa9f)9 9 utrre ooxtiv vofta povov sivott, 
 
 fAT]. TOlUUTqV 2 T/l/Ct wciVqV jfti XOCl TO,- 
 
 TO iroXXolg (rvfA/3a,ivetv @Xoifitt,<; aV ay- 
 ruv. ijiq yoig rivsg dirtohovro J/a irXovrov, sregoi Jg 
 of dvosiotv. aaTrriTOv ovv Tre} roiovruv x,ai ix, 70t- 
 
 OVTUV Xzyovrai;, Kot'fcvXag xa,} rvKa ruhyjfftg f}fj- 
 
 7rg} TUV 
 
 ) TQIOLVTO, 
 
 TO CTOXl>j XMl t% TOIOU- 
 
 PART III. 
 
 THE MORAL DISPOSITIONS WHICH ARE NEEDFUL ON THE 
 PART OF THE ENQUIRER. 
 
 X. TOI tt,UTOV 3g TgOKOV JCOl AnOAEXES0AI %PS&tV 
 rt ~ / / 
 
 ga<rroj/ TUV XeyofAtvav. riEriAiAEYMENOY yctp 
 g-/r! TOffovTov Tcl&gi(3lg trfyriit xaff 
 $<p' offov q rov TcdypctTog <pv<rtg t 
 
 y yag fanroti 
 
 TOVTUV \ffT\v ayuflog xgtrfa. xaff SXOKTTOV 
 voiidevfAtvog' ciKXag 5', o vs^i vraiv Key- 
 20 XI. A/o Tfjg no'KiTixrsg ovx, ZCTTIV OIKEIOS AKPOA- 
 THS o viog. dirzigog ydg TWV HUTU TOV /3iov vrpci%etov' 
 ol \oyoi y f TOVTUV) %ui Ke] TOVTUV. 'in jg, Tolg 
 
 'i 
 
 TO Tthog I<TT}V ou 
 
 OvtV NEOS THN HAIKIAN, TO H0OS 
 
 NEAPOS. ov yag waga, TOV ftgovov q gXXg/^^, ctXXcc 
 did TO HUTU vrddog v KOLI diuxtiy 'izuffTO,. Tolg 
 
 
 ToiovTOtg vpvqTog q yvvarig yvtrai> 
 
14 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 dxpuTiffiv. rolg Jg ^otTcc Xoyov TO& o?t%Big TTOIOV- 
 
 i \ t ^ ^ a \ \ 
 
 fAtvotg KOLI ygotTT overt, TroAvatyeXtg av tiq ro Ktgi 
 
 rovruv g'" 
 
 AKPOATOY, riftS AnOAEKTEONt 
 
 TI npOTiEME0A' T$vt,uitffo ro<ravT(x,. 6 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 IN WHICH VARIOUS FALSE OPINIONS RELATING TO THE 
 SOVEREIGN GOOD ARE REJECTED. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 VARIOUS OPINIONS RELATING TO THE SOVEREIGN GOOD 
 AEE ENUMERATED. 
 
 I. 
 
 ,} 9f6aigt<fic ayaffov rivog ogiytrcu' TI 
 t<rnv, ov \iyo[Aiv THN DOAITIKHN itpietrffcu ; ^a! TI 
 
 TO HANTON AKPOTATON T^N OPAKTftN AFA0nN ; 
 
 If. ONOMATI gj> oyv <rsJof y/ro r^yv TrXsicrrav 10 
 
 ETAAIMONIAN a o 
 o/ *agpTgc gotxr^' TO 3' g ?Jv ^ai TO gy 
 
 ', ruvrov wzohafApowovtri TU Bvo 
 III. rig^l Jg r^ tvdaifAovictg, TI ESTIN, a[A(pi- 
 (r/3r}TOV(ri, KOLI ov% ofAoiug oi ^oXXo! TO?? (ro<poig 
 
 . 01 [AtV yUg TM iVC&gyUV 71 X.CX,} () 
 
 olov jJJor^r, i v -/rXoyTO^, jj n^w' aXXo/ J* aXXo 
 
 ciyvoiow, Tovg pkya rt xa,} vv\g avrovg \'tyovT(x,g 20 
 Ivioi ^ uovro, '/ruga, ra ^roXXct TUVTO, 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 15 
 
 ' ' 
 
 AAAO TI KA AYTO EINAI, o KAI TOISAE 
 
 IIAZIN AITION ESTI TOY EINAI AFA0A. UTTCLfftot 
 
 [Mv ovv gf gra^g/* rag do%a,g> [Aaraioregov itrcag Iffriv 
 ixuvov Jg, rag [AotXHrra, twi'Tro'h.a^ova'ag Jj 
 riva, Xoyov. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE NATURE OF THE PRINCIPLES TO UE EMPLOYED IN 
 OUR REASONINGS UPON IT. 
 
 IV. MH AAN0ANETO A' 'flMAE, 071 dtaQ'tOVOHV *OI 
 
 ADO THN APXftN Xoyo/ a/ oi EDI TAS APXAS. 
 xoii HXctTav vwoti TOVTO ncti 
 
 ruv olg^avy q tv} Tag dg^olg, Iffriv q odog 
 10 \v ru frailly dwo ruv d0Xo0&rav ITT} TO vtgag, yj 
 tv.) dgKTtov fttv ovv d^o TUV 
 og oiTTag' TO, Atv ya 'HMIN, ra 
 
 ovv fif/Jiv yt dgKTtov uwo TUV 'HMIN 
 V. Aio Jg? To7g 'itienv yjai #aXy, rov Kti not,- 
 
 %oti oixaiav, x,ai oXag run TroXiTtzav, dnovtro- 
 
 gxe yp TO OTI* xcti e TOVTO (pa/- 
 votTO dgxovvTvg, ovdlv vgoo-deqfrtt TOV AIOTI. o Jg 
 
 * ^ >/ ^\ _ / r\ i\ > \ * \f 7- v 
 
 roiovTog YI tffih ?] Actpo/ ctv, oigfc(x,g paoiug. a ot 
 fArjdtTSgov wr&ffflt TOVTUV, dxovtraTa TUV 
 20 OOro^ JXEV Trava^crro^ o$ auro Tavra 
 
 Of eu sltrovn 
 
 *O? Se xs ft^r' aurof vos*j, ^T* aAAou axoucov 
 'Ev ^y^a; /SaAAyjrar 6 8* aur' a^gy'tos otvyg. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 THE FALSEHOOD OF SEVERAL POPULAR OPINIONS 
 RELATING TO IT, BRIEFLY EXPOSED. 
 
 vi. 'H^g?^ 5g Xiya^ni o^gv Totfi|^8i^6s TO 3 
 
 f dyaflov seal TTJV evdotifAoviav ov% dhoyag lot- 
 
 KUfflV EK TN BlfiN UT*Xa3'rt*I. O/ 
 
16 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 jio Koti 7ov @tov dyot- 
 
 \ 
 KUffl 70V ADOAAYSTIKON. 
 
 VII. Tgtig yag eitri [Acihittct, ot 7rpov^ov7eg' o 
 75 vvv ilfjftboc, xdl o IIOAITIKOS, xcti rgiros o 
 
 EfiPHTIKOS. 5 
 
 1. Ol IA\V ovv sroXXo! xdi dvi0oLvro$aieig (buivov- 
 
 n , />/ / 
 
 poffKtjftarw ptov rpoatpovftevot. 7wy- 
 
 -k x \>v v 
 
 & Xoov, ota, 70 
 
 2. O/ 5s ^af/iwif xa/ Tr^axr/xo), TIMHN' TOL> ya^ 10 
 (Biou o-fctdov 70V70 7thog, (paivwott d' tm- 
 
 eivcti, i] Iv ru 
 
 olxelov 71 xcti ivfctfyotfgiroi etvut fAtx,v7tuofAeda,. \n 
 $* ioticaffi 7v riMt divxeiv, JW TtffTtv&xriv ta,v7ov<; 15 
 
 V V / ' t 
 
 OVV 071, %(X,7(X, yz 70V70V$, YI APETH 
 
 7uv. ra%a Jg KM] jftaXXoy civ rig ri^og 7ov 
 fiiov 7av7j>}v vTroXd/Soi. (p<x,i 
 
 rqv 
 
 ov 
 
 ftoii d7v% / &iv ra ^gy/0-ra' roi ' 
 vSiig oiv evdaiAoviffBisv, ti Ay @i<riv 
 
 
 3. Tl70g t(T7lV Ei7PHTIKOS. 
 
 70tg 
 
 VIII. 'O Jg XPHMATI2TH2, /3'tcitog 7ig \<T7iv, xoti 
 o DAOYTOS dqXov 07 1 ov 70 &i7ov[Aevov dyadov. Yew- 
 
 . \ 
 
 AAAOY XAPIN. OlOAOtXXov 7O, 
 
 7ig oiv vKoXd/Soi. AI' C AYTA 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 17 
 
 Xoyo; wgog aura, ara/3g/3Xflvra/. TUVTCX, ftiv ovv 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF A CELEBRATED DOCTRINE OF 
 PLATO, RELATING TO IT. 
 
 IX. To AE KA0OAOY (B&TIOV 'iffUg Z'TTlffJC^OLffdoil 4 
 
 AETETAI. 
 
 J;a TO 
 
 ~ ^ x y V 1X " /V-, 
 
 fv TA EIAH. oog;g o av ;<rw^ pgAr/ov 
 
 T) ffarrqgtct yt ryg dXyideiag, KCLI ro oxsioc, 
 &7v l aXX^yj rg ^cc/ (p;Xo<ro(poy$ 
 OVTOIV (p/Xo/v, oV^ov vOTift&t rq9 
 
 e P 
 
 
 10 x. OJ og P0^/Voti"rg$ T^V oof aV rayr^y 01)^ svroiouv 
 EN '012 TO CPOTEPON KAI TO 'YSTEPON EAE- 
 
 roN' og oug TV API0MHN 
 
 x,al \v TM TI EZTI, 
 rw nPO2 TI. TO Jg ^a^' avro 
 
 rgortgo* TV (pv<rti rov npor TI 
 TOUT' go/^g ^a! ffv^ptptjxort TOV ovrog. uffr 
 
 OYK AN EIH KOINH TIE ERI TOYT^N IAEA. 
 
 XI. "ET/, g-TTg} Taya$oi> ta-a^ug "hiytrui r&> ovrr 
 \v ru ri XgygTcc;, olov o @eog x,cti o vovg* 
 
 
 20X0, \> TU 7TOIU, Oi j&af KCLI tV TU WOPM , TO 
 
 tv r& vrpog TI, TO io't&ov' zai zv 
 
 ' %ot,} \v TOW, diaiTa' yea,} 
 
 TI tcadoXov %at zv. ov 
 
 oiv tXiyeT EN HAEAIS TAIS KATHFOPIAII:, 
 
 25 EN MIA MONH. 
 
 XII. T; , Sirs TON KATA MIAN IAEAN MIA KAI 
 
 ' xau Ttov dyaQuv d^dvTUV qv av pice, Tig 
 vvv $ sir} -roXXa/ xoti TUV WTTO {AIOLV XUTTJ- 
 olov KAIPOY, Iv KoXtpu JJMV trT^TyjyifCJj 3 gv 
 
18 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 ' sea, TOY METPIOY, v rgotyy 
 v vrovoig 5 
 
 XIII. 'AffOPQffjf J' v rig ri vore xa} jSovhovrut 
 
 it H > A t \ 
 
 MV AYTOEKALTON* eiftep gf Tg (ZVTOUVVPto'TrM %0tt 
 7- \ N-/ i \' t ~'/l' 
 
 &;, g/^ a; o avrog Aoyog tffriv o rov avvpu- 
 vrov. y yctg civQguKog, ovStv dtoicrovtriv. el 5' ovrag, 
 ov$ y dya,0oy. 
 
 XIV. 'AXXct (Arjv ovoe ru a'idiov eivui 
 aycttiov 'i<rra,i' el'weg fAqdl Xevxoregov TO 
 
 rov e<pyjfAegov. 10 
 
 (TIiQctvcvTegov o IOIKOLITIV 01 Tlvffayogeioi 'Aeyeiv vregi 
 
 avrovt ndevreg tv rij TON AFAO^N SYSTOIXIA TO 'EN. 
 
 % ~ \ 
 oozei. ctXXa 
 
 rovruv 
 
 XV. o? g Xss<r/v cfc6t,</0-?r?70-s r/^ nrdtti- 16 
 
 " /a TO MH DEPI IIANTOE AFAQOY TOYS AO- 
 EIPHE0AI' \bi<r6ou Jg ^a^' gj> gj0 ra KA' 
 
 'AYTA oi&)%o{Avu KCLI oLyctTrcujfAeva,' ret eg IIOIHTIKA 
 rovruv, 9) <DYAAKTIKA -/r^, ? TON ENANTIHN KHAY- 
 TIKA, J;cc Tctvrct, xiyza-dai, %oti rgo 
 oyv> or/ dirrug hzyoir uv raya^ce,' %,a} roi [AZV KA0' 
 'AYTA, tictrsga, i\ AIA TAYTA." 
 
 XVI. XnPISANTES OYN ADO TON fi^EAIM^N TA 
 
 KA' 'AYTA, ffxr^uftiQa el hiyerui KATA MIAN IAE- 
 AN. naff avroi i\ vola it'll} rig a v ; ? 'OSA KAI25 
 
 MONOYMENA AIHKETAI, olov TO (f^OvilV^ KCLl Of?, 
 
 qdovoti rtveg, nod rifAai ; (^Tai>Ta y 
 
 T/ biiixofMty o'fAag ruv %aP avru ayuQav Qtiq rig 
 
 V \ V * \S "*> -L ' ^ ^ ^ ~ ' ^ ' f/ 
 
 av.^) n ovo aXXo ouogc -/rX^y rr,g toeotg ; o;<TTg MA- 
 TAION EETAI TO EIAOS. 61 Sk %oti rctvr Itrri rvv 30 
 xaff uvrci, TON T'AFAGOY AOFON EN 'AOASIN 'AYTOIS 
 
 TON AYTON EM<I)AINEr0AI AEHSET 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHTCS OF ARISTOTLE 19 
 
 } iJsffAfAV0ia 9 TOV ryjg hevxoT?]Tog. TifAijg Jg, xoti 
 (Pgovrjffsag, xcti qdovyg, 'ETEPOI KAI AIA^EPONTES '01 
 Aoroi ravTy rj a,yct,0a,. ovx> ta-Tiv ago, ro 
 
 KOINON TI KATA MIAN IAEAN. 
 
 XVII. 'AXXa KUC dq Xgygra/ ; ov yoig S 
 Tolg ye ot^ro rvyyis o^uvv^oig. a?vX* a^a \_yt~\ 
 atf) tvog sivai, lr\ wgoc \v dwavTa, orvvreXtiv ; J; 
 
 KAT* ANAAOriAN ; U 
 
 vovg, %a] a?,Xo Ji? gy a 
 
 10 XVIII. 'AXX' JVo;c rayTa agi/ afergof TO 
 e%a%g(/3ovv yug wig avruv 
 
 <pitx,g oixeioregov. ofAoiag Jg #a/ ^-g^ THS IAEAS. g/ 
 yag %a,} ESTIN *iv TI TO noivy %a.T7}yogou[A&vov dyafiov, 
 
 7} fcUglffTOV Tl UVTO XOtP CLVTO' ftjfXl?, &>$ OV% MV BiT] 
 l^nPAKTON oijg KTHTON AN0Pnn^. fSv 3g TOIOTTON 
 TI ZHTEITAI. 
 
 XIX. Ta^a (Jg T-^ io|l/fi cSf, (ZiXTiov shut yvca- 
 g*siv avTO npos ret ^r^rot ^a! a^ra raw dycx,6uv' 
 olov yag Kugct^tiyfAct, TOUT 
 20ME0A #ot) ra 'HMIN dyadd' 
 
 ME0A aVTUV. TTidaVOTrjTa {AtV OVV ffctl TWO, 
 
 ydg, dyaflov Tivog l<pttf/,evtt,i KOU TO tvditg tK 
 
 T^V TNfiSiN avTou' XC&ITOI / 
 25 ^a Ttjfaxovrov cvavTag Tovg TB^viTag dyvoe7v, 
 
 ov% tv\oyov, ciirogov Jg, [^a/J TI 
 v(p<x,i>T?]g q TZXTUV vgog TTIV auTov 
 6i$s*s AYTO T J ArA0ON' ^ wag iuTtaaTeog 7] 
 
 gVra/, o THN IAEAN AYTHN 
 OB 
 
 [Av yg OVOB Trjv vyietuv OVTUC 
 o ictTgog, aXXa rqv dv ' 
 
 i'(rug TT]V Tovdt' KA' 'EK ALTON ydg 
 
 TOVTUV 
 
20 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 IN WHICH THE TRUE NOTION OF THE SOVEREIGN GOOD 
 IS ASCERTAINED AND FIXED. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 THE DEFINITION OF HAPPINESS DEDUCED FROM THE 
 NATURE OF MAN. 
 
 5 I. TlotXiv (? gTon/gA^y^gy IK} TO fyrovpsvov aya~ 
 0ov, TI nor* AN EIH j <pa/vgTa/ (tkv ya,g ecAAo Iv 
 rtfcvri. etAAo yu,^ lv Ic&TgiKy, xcii 
 Tccig 
 
 II. T/ oi) 
 
 ; rovro o tv 
 
 
 ' gi/ dwao-ri il Tga%tt 
 
 / \ ' r/ \ 
 
 TO TEAO2" TOVTOV yctg evstca, TO, 
 See c.i. sram. J<rr EI TI T^N HPAKT^N 'AHANTUN ESTIIO 
 
 TEAOE, TOYT' AN EIH TO FLPAKTON AFAOON* g/' Jg 
 
 /fiy, rayra. fA&7ct/3ct,ivot}v oq o hoyog eig rc&vrov 
 
 III. Toyro 5' gr/ 
 
 (fioiverou ra rgX^* TOVTUV apov- 16 
 , o/ov 
 
 roc ogyuva,' or^ov ug ovx, \ffri TOU/TCX, rtXzia,' TO o 
 
 TlXtlOV TI (f(X,lVT(X,l. toffT Si {AZV tffTlV tV Tl 
 TtXtlOV, TOVT $,V t'l?) TO t]TOUf*lVOV' SI Jg 
 , TO TShtiOTUTOV TOVTUV. 20 
 
 TO KA' 'AYTO 
 
 rov AI' 'ETEPON* a! TO a^Jg^roTg o/ etAAo ai 
 
 TUV 
 
 See C. I. ^37 TgXg^Of, TO KA0' 'AYTO ' AIPETON AEI KAI MHAE- 
 
 nOTE A I* AAAO. 25 
 
 To/oOVoi' 3' {j tv&cufu&iot {AuXuTT that dosiii. 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 21 
 
 yag cttgovfAsdex, as} oi UVTJIV %,&} 
 it aAAo* rifMiv Jg, #a/ qdovqv, %ai vovv, KCM vai 
 ugerqv, ctigovfAeOa, [ASV xex,} AI' 'AYTA' (ftqflevog yot,g 
 ot,7ro/3ct,i VOVTOC, , tXoifAsd* oiv tJtaa-rov otvruv) aigovfAeffot, 
 
 ^8 %&,} THS ETAAIMONIAS XAPIN, J/Ct TOVTCJV VKO- 
 
 rouruv %a>giv, ouJ' oXag Si 
 
 IV. a/i/gra/ Jg ai 1%, ry}g AYTAPKEIAS ro ctvro 
 tiveiv. ro yug rtXeiov uyaQov avragxeg sivai 
 
 TO $ AYTAPKES XgyO^gV, OVX, MVTU fAOVW T&) 
 
 (Biov fAovurqv' aXXa ot) yovevffi, xoti rixvoig, 
 
 yvvuixi, xou QX( ro7g (fiiXoig nctt 
 
 0^0$ T/^* \7rtKrtivovri yap ITT} rovg yovefg, xoti 
 cLKoyovovg , a; r^f (piXav rovg <p/Xoi>c, g; 
 
 ^ov Kgoeitriv. aXXa roDro ^&ii eitravfig t 
 
 70 y avrofxtf ri@epsv, 'o MONOYMENON 'AIPETON 
 
 nOIEI TON BION KAI MHAENOS ENAEA. 7010VTOV g 
 
 rqv eudoufAoviav oio[AS0a eivoti' 'in 5g, HANTON ' AIPE- 
 
 MH SYNAPI0MOYMENHN. 
 
 v us aigtruTtgav [ASTU, rou ga^/roy ruv 
 'YFIEPOXH yag ct,yct,8uv ytvsrai TO KpoffTi- 
 ayaOav ^g TO f&e7ov aigSTUTegov ag/ ) TE- 
 
 AEION AH TI <1>AINETAI, KAI AYTAPXES, *H EYAAIMO- 
 25NIA, TfiN nPAKTON OY2A TEAO2. 
 
 V. 'AXX* ttrag, Trjv [A\V &vdaifAovia,v TO agurTov 
 , 'oMOAoroYMENON TI QcuMraf noEiTAi A' 
 
 ENAPFESTEPON, TI IffTLV, \7l 
 
 yivoiT av TOVT, EI AHOOEIH TO EPPON TOY 
 30noY. affireg yag avXyTy, K&I ayaXfAotTO 
 
 xwn Te^viTtfy n&i ohag uv ItrTiv tgyov TI x,cti ^r^oi^igy 
 EN T^i EPFO Jofcg? Tdya0ov eivai xau TO gy* OVT&I 
 do%etsv oiv ycou dvffgu'z'a, e'lTreg SCTTI TI 'igyov AYTOY. 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN LOOK i. 
 
 VI. Tlor&gov ovv TtXTOvog fASV, 
 
 EETIN ga nvtx, KOI, Kazig' avaKou OYAEN 
 
 ESTIN, aAA* agyov -TrtQvxev ; q z,a.Q<x,7rgg o 
 
 xof,} vrodog, %>cti ohag Ixdcrrov TWV 
 n tgyov' ovru xoti AN0pnoY, 5ra^a KUVTCX, 5 
 ray-ret, $g/^ r^ av 'igyov ri ; 
 
 Ti OYN AH TOYT' AN EIH noTE; TO [A\V yu.% ZHN 
 xoivov tivai (puiverai %CLI rolq QvTolq' ^rs7rcci Jg 
 
 TO IAION. A<1>OPISTEON APA THN 0PEIITIKHN KAI 
 AYHHTIKHN ZfiHN. 10 
 
 'E^O^gf^ Jg AIS0HTIKH Tig CtV g/V (pot'lVSTCll Jg 
 
 aiV?? KOINH, xa! mr^ *a! /So/', 
 
 q DPAKTIKH TIE TOY AOFON EXONTOZ* 
 
 , ro ^/gv ^ EninEi0E2 Aor$, TO tf ug 1.5 
 
 EXON KAI AIANOOYMENON. dlTTUC Jg fcOt! 
 
 THN KAT ENEPFEIAN ETEON. 
 vTyj doxii 
 
 EJ ^' IffTtv EPFON 
 KATA Xoyov, ? MH ANEY Aoyot/ ro 5' ayro 
 
 g/J/a/ T^i TENEI TOYAE 0t/ TOYAE ZHOYAAIOY, 
 
 y TOUT K KC&VTUV, npOTiEMENHS THE 
 KAT' APETHN 'YOEPOXHS npos TO EPFON* 
 TO xidaiiv, (TKOvduiov i\ TO ev' si 
 
 AN0PHHOY Ji TtdsfASV 'tgyOV ZfiHN TINA, TUVTqV 
 
 i^vfflg tvigyeiow xtx,} wga%etg [ASTO, "hoyoV 
 
 AAIOY $ aVO? EY TAYTA KAI KAAfiS* 
 
 MOLTtt, TV\V OIX.SIOCV CC^STV Oi'TTOTS^Tat' g; 
 
 TO uvQgaTrivov ayuQov YYXHS ENEPFEIA yivtTui 30 
 KAT' APETHN* g/ Jg vXeiovg ai agra/, KATA THN 
 
 APISTHN KAI TEAEIOTATHN. 
 
 VII. "Er* J' EN BI$ TEAEI^. ^/a yag 
 ov TOM, ovdl [A'ICX, qfASgu. OVTU Jg, oyjg 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 23 
 
 xagtov zai evdaifAOva fAta qfAtga, ouc? oXtyog 
 
 tpQot) [Atv ovv rayaflov ravrq. os7 yag 7 
 
 yrgarov, et@* vtrrsgov avayga^at. 
 av vravrog etvat vrgootyayeiv xct,} diagOgatrui *k 
 ra, xahag t^ovTot, TYJ KSgiygottpjj' xcti o %govog ruv r ~ 5 
 tvgtrnt y ffvvegyog ccyotOog stvoci. o&ev 
 
 ytydvcuriv at tKidotretg. 
 
 ro 
 
 10 VIII. M.ef!Avr}<r0(x,i Jg ai ruv irgoeigyifASvav ^^, See C.I. 
 
 iv 
 
 txcurroig, Kara rqv VKOxtifAivnv vhqv 9 %,cti 
 rcxrovTOv, i<p* offov olntlov iy pUiStiy. %cti ycig 
 x,ce,t yeafAZTgqg oiufytgovrug i^ 
 
 o [Atv yag, offov %gti?tfbii wgog ro 
 o oz 9 ri \<TTIV }] iroiov rC QzuTqg y&g 
 TOV avrov dq rgovrov xui Iv ro7g uXhotg 
 
 fA?} ra, wctgegyoi, ruv tgyav Trhtia 
 Oux, aKuirqriov 5' ov'Sk rqv AITIAN Iv awartv See c. n. 
 
 \v n<ri TO 'OTI ' 
 
 oiov %ui TTSJ] rag ag^ug. ro ft 'OTJ Trgurov 
 
 IX. Tuv C&PYUV ^', at [Atv EnAr^rH Qeagovvrat, SeeC. n. 
 
 * v f V \ /' v part ii. 
 
 at o AIS0HSEI, at o E0iM$ TINI, zoLt aXXat o v 
 
 fAsrtvat g iretgarsov sxarrag 9 nEd>Y- 
 KAEIN* x,at ffKov^atrriov ovug ourSao'i xa'kug. At- 
 
 
 yag ypvffi ponqv vgog ra vofAeva. 
 yag vXitov n ijfAitrv vavrog stvat q ag"fcr),%a} 
 <rvfA<pavq yii>ecr0at ii avrjjg rav 
 
24 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE FOREGOING DEFINITION ATTESTED AND CONFIRMED 
 BY THE PREVAILING OPINIONS OF MANKIND. 
 
 8 X. 2gflTg0I> $7} Keg] CtVTIjg, GU [AOVOV EK TOY 
 ZYMELEPAEMATOZ KAI ES 'fiN *O AOFOS, CtXXa KOLl 
 EK TON AEFOMENHN IIEPI AYTHE. TU [A\V 
 
 i TO, 
 
 See . vi. of XI. NevBiAqfAtvuv dr] Tuv otyaffa/y 7 l< . 
 
 this chap, \ / ~ v \ ' v 
 
 ptv EKTor Xgyo^gv&v, ruv flg xegt YYXHN KUI 
 TO, vs^i "b^X,*!* *vguirra htyofAtv xai 
 
 ,%6tg x.a,i rug ivsgysiag roig 
 ri&etAtv. affre xuhug av 
 
 t \ >/v - \ V \ 
 
 yg rotVTqv rr\v oo^av 9 Ka^ctictv ovtrav KOLI 
 VKO ruv (fi'koa'o^ovvruv. ogdvg Jg 
 See $. v. of on KpaZtig nv\g Xtyovrui KCL} ivtpyeiai ro TEAOS. 
 
 this chap. * v ^ v . N , A ^ b , x , 
 
 OVTOJ y&Q rtov Ksgi Y V '^ V My&vtov ytveruii x,cci ou 
 
 15 
 
 XII. 2yvaJg/ Jg ru Xoy^, xa,} TO " gy ijv" xoii 
 ro " gy votrTeiv" rov evduifAovoi. fffctSov yag e' 
 
 rig i 
 
 9 XIII. Oa/i/grct/ og ^ct! ra ZKifyTOVfASva, KZQI T)JV 
 AHANQ' vKa,g%tiv TV Xg^gW/. To7g 
 To7g Jg (pgdv7i<rig> otXXotg Jg ffotpia, Tig 
 efvcti 5og? roT^ Jg rayro.) J x royra;^ r/, ME 
 % OYK ANEY qdovqg' tTBpoi Jg ai T^V ixTog 
 
 . TOVTUV 
 
 ra Jg oXiyoi x,ct,} 'iv^o^oi 
 Jg royr^yv zvXoyov oictfAugTuvtiv To7g 
 
 x y yg r/, J ^a/ ra TrXgTtrra, %a,Togdovv. 
 
 See.vi. of XIV. Toig fA\V OVV hiyOVffl THN APETHN, ? 
 
 this chap. W f ^' ' /' 
 
 riva, ffvvcaoog z<rrtv o Xoyog. ravTqg yag tffTtv H 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 25 
 
 &o 
 
 KAT' AYTHN ENEPFEIA. ilO,$tglt SI 'lff(U$ 0V 
 
 gj> KTHEEI yj XPHEEI TO agiffTO* v 
 Iv 'EHEI yj ENEPFEIA. ryjv f&lv yug s%iv tvdt 
 i* dyot&ov oworeXeiv VKOLgfcovffuv, (o/oi> ru 
 
 ovn 
 
 act, 
 oiov Tg 
 
 qv o tvz 
 
 ev 
 
 POTATOI 
 
 yoig rivsg 
 
 yoip g 
 
 V^ 'oi KAAAISTOI KAI ISXY- 
 
 , aXX* 'oi ArnNizoMENor (rov- 
 
 ovroj x,a,} TUV Iv ru /3t&> 
 'oi DPATTONTEE bg0u$ g^- 
 
 XV. "ULtrn Jg ^a! o @io$ otvrav naff uvrov 'HAYZ. 
 TO Atv yug %dzcr@ot,t TON VYXIK^N. tKc 
 
 o-riv 
 
 7r 
 
 go$ o 
 
 ' oiov, 
 
 g ru 
 
 15 <piX<7r7rcv, 
 
 rgOTTov, KOU rot, dixatot, ru 
 xctr ugSTqv TV (pihagtra. 
 
 rpi ~ V ?* 'r-'vr*,/ 
 
 Loig [Atv ovv KohXoig Tot, qotct, 
 MH <DYSEI TOIAYT' EINAI* ro'ig $t 
 , TA <])YZEI 'HAEA. ro/aDra 
 TOYTOIS 
 
 rov OCVTOV Sg 
 xoii ohvg, TO, 
 
 AIA TO 
 
 Itrriv 
 
 a; 
 
 KA 
 
 AYTAS. 
 
 r 
 
 nEPiAnxoY TINOS, aXX EXEI THN 
 'HAONHN EN ' 
 25ESTIN 
 
 OVTS ycig oijtuiov ovoe}g av eiTroi rov [AT] 
 
 , our tXevdtgiov rov fArj ^oitgovra, rctlg 
 d^strtv' ofAotag os %>&>} tirl rwv a.XXcyi'. 
 el y ovrcuy KA' 'AYTAS AN EIEN 'AI KAT' APETHN 
 npASEiz 'HAEIAI. 
 
 XVI. 'AXXa p,qv KOLI uyaffai ye xcti ^aXar a! 
 MAAISTA, rovrav txaa-rov' EIHEP KAAHS KPINEI DEPI 
 
 'o snoYAAios. xgivst J', ag eivofAev. 
 APISTON a^a, a) KAAAISTON, *a) 'HAISTON, q 
 
26 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 fot. KOLI ov diaigt<rTai ravrot,, x.otra ro A??- 
 
 TO 
 
 >jicrToy 8? TTS^U^', ou T/ epa ro 
 
 /g/ rara ra cApffratg tvsgyeatg' 5 
 
 / \ > / \ T 
 
 , ?; /a 
 
 THN EYAAIMONIAN. 
 
 XVII. Oa/Wa; 5' o/EMfC a; TON EKTOS 
 
 See$.iv. ofnPOSAEOMENH, KuQuKSP g/Wa,gl>. aJyvaTO 
 
 this chap. , ,* N ^ v , , / / -v-v x 
 
 paoiov, ra, KuKu Trgarreiv a^o^y^rov ovrct. ^roAAa io 
 
 wXourov, xui Tro^irixyg vvctfAtag. vuv 
 rqrufAtvoi, pwuivovtri TO [ActKctgiov olov euyevetag, 
 
 evrexvotg, xaXhovg. ov wa,vv yot,g wctipoviKog o rqv 
 idiav 7r(x,v(x,i<rfflg> YJ SutryzvTjg, 93 fAovurqt; %&,} arsjcvog' 15 
 gV/ 5' iffug %TTOV) e'i ru K&yKOMOi noudtg eiev, rj 
 (p/Xo/, ? ctya^o! ovreg redvolfftv. %ot,0a,'7reg ovv eiT 
 
 EIS TAYTO TATTOY2IN ENIOI THN EYTYXIAN T^[ 
 
 EYAAIMONIA[* gVg^o/ Jg r^ i^ir^r]. 20 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 IN WHICH VARIOUS DETACHED QUESTIONS, RELATING 
 TO THE SOVEREIGN GOOD, ARE EXAMINED. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE QUESTION I IN WHAT WAY IS 
 HAPPINESS DERIVED TO US? 
 
 10 I. r 'O6sv xau a5r0g7ra/, vortfot urn MAOHTON, 
 
 J E0ISTON, n AAAfiS nfiS ASKHTON, % KATA TINA 
 
 0EIAN MOIPAN, rj sea.} AiA TYXHN 
 
 II. E/' fASV OVV X.CX,} AAAO TI IffTt 0WV du 
 
 i THN EYAAIMONIAN @to<rdorov'25 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 27 
 
 
 KM} fAaXurrot, ruv avOguvrivuV) oa-u /3gXr/<rroi/. 
 
 rovro fAtv irag 
 
 rzgov. 
 III. Oa/ygra* <$g, *cb g; faoveAvrrog ttrrtv, 
 
 Al' APETHN KAI TINA MA0HEIN H AZKHSIN 
 
 ruv faioraruv tivut. ro yu^ rjjg dge- 
 jjg 0Xov xa} rehog cigurrov elvctt 
 
 dvvarov yag> V7r<x,g%a,i Kot<rt rolg 
 
 cr^o; dperqv, diet, nvog (MfffjffS&c 
 
 v \ w n't ->\ \ \ / 
 
 tffTlV OVT&) P&ATIOV, 7j OlOL TW 
 
 o 
 
 qv, diet, nvog (MfffjffS&c x,cu trtftlXlt&s. ei 
 
 IV. gf ra arei <j>YriN, ag oiov re 
 
 ourot) 7ri(pv%tv. opo'iag Jg KOA ra ara TEXNHN, 
 15 %oii True-civ AITIAN* KCU fAolhurrot, aotrdi rqv dg'f 
 ro Jg AtHrrov xcii xa'h.'h.urrov MriTcti TYXH 
 
 a,v liJji 
 
 V. vAtoivkg J J g<rr; a) g ro5 AOFOY ro 
 
 YYXHS ENEPFEIA KAT APETHN 
 Jg 'hoi^uv a,ya6uv, ra, (JMV 'YnAPXEiNSee C. III. 
 ' ra Jg (rvvsgya, zoti ftgfiffifAct 
 OPFANIK^S. ofAohoyovfAtvot Jg Tayr' av eftj 
 
 TOIE EN APxy. ro yap TTJg vohirtftijg rXog APISTON See C. I. $. 
 
 /A ti ^\ .. / /- ~ ~ vii. and viii. 
 
 rov 
 
 nvotg, %&,} a,ya,0ovg, rovg 
 ruv 
 
 VI. Eix,or&)g ovv ovre @ovv, ovre IKKOV) oiirs 
 
 jtl^J' oyJgi/, zvdotifAov "hiyoptv. ovdlv yag avruv 
 oiov rg fco/j>ftn'?0'a/ TOiavrqg tvegyeiag. 5/a 
 30 Sg T^J> a/'r/av oyJg ^rot7? evdaiAav t<rriv. ovva 
 
 ruv roiovrcov dtoi ryjv qXixiav. ol og Xe- 
 
 fABVOl, AIA THN EAIIIAA [Att,X,U,giovrtt,l. Sit yoLg* 
 
 iftra^tir, a) dgsrtjg reXsiug xot,} (Biou 
 
28 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 {Asrct/SoXoti yivovrui xoti Truvrcuai rv- 
 x,ct,roi rov (Biov KCLI ivdtfceroti rov f^aXurr ev- 
 Qqvovvra, {Aeyahctig ffvptyogoug KtgiKtfftlv \<jri 
 \v rolg qpuinolc KZP] Tlpiauuov 
 
 PART II. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE QUESTION : HOW FAR IS THE 
 STATE OF HAPPINESS LIABLE TO BE AFFECTED BY 
 CHANGES OF FORTUNE ? 
 
 11 VII. TlfagQt OVV OV$ UAXOV OTAENA AN0Pi7nfiN 
 Seep. Hl-EYAAIMONISTEON *EnS AN Zl^, XOtTO, 2oX(W(X, Jg, %g66lV 
 
 ogoiv ; 
 
 VIII. EJ il 5^ xex,} 0tr&ov ovrag, Sgcc, yt KOLI 'iffTiv 10 
 TOTE, EDEIAAN AnooANT^l ; ij roSro 75 
 
 oirovov' ao^ ^2 ^ a $ Xeo^^v ^, EN- 
 
 EPFEIAN riVtt, T7}V SVOCtlfAOVlOtV ; 
 
 E/ Jg ^^ \iyofjuit TOV rtdnStra tviatfAova, 
 
 SoXcyf royro /SouXsra/, aXX* oV/ THNIKAYTA AN TIS 15 
 
 A2<J>AAI2 MAKAPISEIEN ANOP^nON, 'fiS EKTOE HAH 
 TfiN KAKI2N ONTA KAI T^N AYSTYXHMATnN* g^g/ 
 
 ^gy #a; royr' if&Qtfffiqrrjq'it rivet. $o%,ii yag eivoti 
 
 n ru reOveuri xcti xotxov xu.} ctyaSov, S'IKSP za,} TU 
 ~ ' * ' ' ' * ' x% 
 
 010V, 7l[AOLl KVA O,7lfAlCX,l 9 20 
 
 icit re 
 
 TOLV7CX. T 
 
 (*4%gt yngw %<M re- 
 xotroc, Xoyov, ivif%STat ToXXa; ^gra- 
 
 iayovovg, %cu rovg 
 
 auruv ccyudovg sivoii scot,} rvfatlv fBiov TOV xar a 
 TOVC i' g| tvavriag* dijXov 5', Sri xai role 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 29 
 
 SaKug 
 
 ra ruv %,yovuv ro$ yov&vtriv 
 
 rovg yovtg TravroaKug ^eiv avrovg iv 
 arovrov Sq yivoir av, el 
 yivoiro, or\ (JMV t 
 aronov Jg na\ ro Ajfiv Aq ff nva 
 
 IX. 'AXX' e^ra^rgov g-r! TO xg&rtfot 
 ot oiv 6t<ugqdtiri zoii ro vvv t 
 
 sxeivov. 
 
 EJ $i TO TgXo 
 
 tXCtffTOV, OV^ f i7S ONTA fAOLXGlglOV a OTI IIPOTE- 
 
 PON HN' -^T^g oi CfcTOTO!', gJ OT* ESTIN &uS(X,i(A,(ii)V, [Atf 
 
 a,Xq@e6<rer(x,i SCUT avrov TO VTTOC^OV, J^a TO ( a-^ 
 fiovXeorOui rove wvra$ evootifAovifyiv oiu rag f&ercx,~ 
 (SoXag ; x>ou 5/a TO fAWifAOv ri rqv evdaifAovioiv 
 %&,} fA7)da,[A&Jg evfAtrdjSoXov, rag Jg 
 
 rovg avrovg ; 
 g/ (rvvcL%,o\ov&oir)[A>zv raig ru^otig, rov avrov 
 
 zgovfA&v KoXXuxig 
 
 nva rov evoaifAovu dTrotyaivovrsg %ct] 
 xJ ro fA\v rocig rv^uig iKCMto^ovQiiv ouda- 
 OP00V, ov yug EN TATTAIS TO gy J ncincog' aXXcs 
 
 nPOSAEITAI TOYTON dvQg&JKlVOg (3tOg , XCtflu'Treg See C. III. 
 
 gJVaptgv* KYPIAI A' EISIN *AI KAT' APETHN 
 
 , v ' / ~ ' 
 
 TEIAI THS EYAAIMONIAS, a/ tvavriUl TOV tVOWriOV. chapter. 
 
 X. Mofrt/fii Jg TO; Xoyo; a/ TO ily 
 ovoev yoLQ ovrug Wtotg%tt ruv 
 
 ug v&g} rag Ivtgyziag rag xar 
 
 yag x,a] ruv l-TrurrqfAuv avrat 
 
 v ' 
 o 
 
 rovruv o avruv at rifAiurarat, 
 
 otd ro [AaXurra %a} (rvyzy^G'Tara %arayjv iv av- 
 ralg rovg [Aazagiovg. (rovro yag 'iotxev alriu, rov 
 I^YI yiyvzvQai Tregi avrd X^^t/.) 'YOAPHEI AH TO 
 
 ZHTOYMENON Ti^ EYAAIMONI, KAI E2/TAI AIA BIOY 
 
SO THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 TOIOYTOE. de} yag, q fAuhtrra, vuvraV) vgoi^et no,} 
 
 r xoir dgerqv, xcc] rdg ru%ag oitret 
 hurrce, KUI Trowry wdvrag tftfAehac, o y ug d 
 
 dyufiog %&,} rsrgdyavog dv&v 
 
 XI. HoXXo/v Jg iyoAtvuv xotTci rvqv xai 
 
 xot fAixgorqrf r fAtv MIKPA 
 opoiug ^g #ai ruv 
 ug ov KOISI ponqv rtjg fyjjg. rd Jg MEFAAA KAI 
 noAAA, ytyvofAeva [Atv ev, fjuutagiaregov TOV (3!ov 
 
 xu,} ydg ayra (rvveirixoa'fAMv wttyvx&v, %&,} 10 
 UVTUV yeah)] tcoti (rirouoctia, yiyvercu'^) dvot- 
 ffVftfiotivovra 6\lfiit, xui Xvpaivtrai ro 
 ' (XuTTotg re ydg tKifpiozi, xa,} EMOOAIZEI 
 evegyeictig.) opug Jg, KAI EN TOYTOIS AIA- 
 
 AAMOEI TO KAAON \OfttioM (fitgq Tig W&OXVf TToXXdg 15 
 
 xcii fAsyotXcig drvfciag, py it dvahyqcriotv, 
 yevvdSctg uv xoti [Atya'h.O'^vfcog . 
 
 XII. E/ J' lirii a/ tvtgyeiui xvgtoti rqg 
 ovSeig uv ytvoiro TUV 
 att TO, 
 
 rag TVag svr'qAOvug &eiv, xa K ruv 
 
 TO, 
 
 %cx,} ffrgurqyov dyctSov, raj Trugovri 
 
 <r9u.i Ko'h.tfAixuroLTCx,' tea} ffavrorofAOv, tx, ruv doQiv- 25 
 
 rav ffxvrwv %'K\i<rrov VKoqfAu TTOI&IV' rov avrov g 
 rgOKOV) KOA rovg afXXovf rs^virag awa,vr<x.g. el ft 
 ovrug' A0Aios MEN oYAEnoTE TENOIT' AN 'o EY- 
 
 AAIMI2N. 
 
 XIII. Ov priv MAKAPIOS yg, av RgiafttxMig ry-30 
 
 ovSl dy HOIKIAOS TE KAI EY- 
 ydg IK rqg zv$ex,ifAovia,g Kivq&ii- 
 VKO TON TYXONT^N drv^^d- 
 VTTO ptyd'huv %ai ToXX&v. [g* rs ruv 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 31 
 
 OVK av yivoiro 
 aXX* g/Vgg>, \v Tr 
 xoti xuhav Iv UVTU yevoftevog 
 
 XIV. T/ ovv xuXvei htysiv tvduifAovoc,, TON KAT' 
 
 5 APETHN TEAEIAN ENEPFOYNTA, KAI TOI2 EKTOS AFA- 
 0OIS 'iKANfii: KEXOPHFHMENONj MH TON TYXONTA 
 XPONON, AAAA TEAEION BION ; ? KgOfffartOV, KAI 
 BmSOMENON 'oYTfi KAI TEAEYTHSONTA KATA AOFON; 
 
 iwitif) TO [AtXXov atpuvlg qfjuv, rqv svdottfAoviuv Jg 
 10 reXog ttcu reXetov rlitw irautrn Tuvrag. ei J' ovra' 
 
 MAKAPIOYS EPOYMEN TflN ZftNTON oiS nAPXEI 
 
 'YHAPSEI] TA AEXQENTA, MAKAPIOYS A' 
 ( Ka/ TTBPI ptv rovruv gV! TOffovrov 
 
 PART III. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE QUESTION: WHETHER THE 
 CONDITION OF THE DEAD IS AFFECTED BY THAT OF 
 THEIR SURVIVING FRIENDS? 
 
 XV. Tag i\ TUV owoyovuv rv^ag, xui TUV (p'tXav See $. viii. 
 
 TO ft\9 {AqdoTiouv tfvf&fiotXKt&ieit, X/ar 
 
 mrat nod Talg do%aig Z 
 
 XVI. rioXX^v og %<%} vravTOtag 
 (rvpfBatvovTuv, scat TGUV fA\ 
 
 TUV VTTOV' 
 20 fca! fltWavron (a/j/grct/* %a,0ohov Jg 
 
 HEPI AYTON ary^^arwv, r gv gg; r; 
 rjV vrgog TQV (Biov, TO, d i 
 
 %a TO, HEPI TOYS; <i>iAOYr o,o&g cv uv Tag. 
 
 25 XVII. A/ct(pg^g< ^g 7Ci)V KuQuv ZKCUTTOV 
 
 ' 
 
 r\ TsXevTrjo-uvTctg ovpfia'mn, TTO^V ^aaXXov, ij TO, 
 xal ($Biva 'TrowTra'iiv tv roug 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK 
 
 XVIII. SYAAOFIZTEON 5?; ztx,} rcturqv r 
 
 tf i'ffug, TO diUKOgtlffQai nt^i Tovg 
 , e't TINOE ctyaQov xoivavovnv y TUV 
 
 XIX. "Eo/fcg ydg \K TOVTUV el x.ctidiix.ys'irat vgog civ- 5 
 vg onovv, &ir dyctOov e'trs rovvotvTtov, dtyaivgov rt 
 
 XgOVy Yl 'AnAI2 J EKEINOI2) BIVDM' [et ^g fA7] 9 
 
 roirovrov yt xcti roiovrov,] u<rrs py voitl]* evdaifAOvotg 
 rovg ft)) ovrag, pqfte, rovg ovTccg d<paigt7(rQai ro [AO,- 
 
 JlCtglOV. EYMBAAAE20AI MEN OYN TI <DAINONTAI TOI2 10 
 KEKMHKOEIN *AI EYDPAHIAI TN (DIAfiN* *OMOmS AE 
 KAI *AI AYSnPASIAI* TOIAYTA AE KAI THAIKAYTA, 
 'fiZTE MHTE TOYS EYAAIMONAS MH EYAAIMONAE nOI- 
 EIN, MHT* AAAO TON TOIOYTON MHAEN. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF A QUESTION RELATING TO THE 
 QUALITY OR VALUE OF THE SOVEREIGN GOOD. 
 
 12 XX. AfotffEtfiwdi 70VTUV, iviffxs'fyvM&a*tt rqg 15 
 
 nOTEPA TON EIIAINETON ESTIN H MAA- 
 AON TON TIMIHN ; fijjXov ydg, OTl TUV yg AYNAMEftN 
 OVK 
 
 XXI. Oa/vgra/ dy noiv TO inaivzTOv, Tl noiON TI 
 
 e 
 
 EINAI KAI IIPOE TI nHE EXEIN, IKCtlVMCrcU. TOV 
 
 dizaiov) xot,} TOV dvdgiiov, %&} o\a)$ TOV dya0ov 
 T?)v dgeTqv, zwctivoufA&v did Toig Trgd^eig zal ra 
 %otl TOV i{r%vgovt x,a] TOV dgofAixov, %,a 
 gao"rof, T a KOI ov TWO, vrttyvxitat, not,} \%JU9 
 dya&ov TI x,a,} amove a,7ov." 3?AOf og TOVTO, 
 
 i Tovg Qzovg tKaivwv. y&oloi ydg (paivovTCti, vrpog 
 i. TOVTO Jg ffvft@a,ivei 9 did TO yi- 
 
 vtffai Tovg tvrotivovg o 
 
 el y tffTiv o 'iiraivoc TOOV TOIOVTUV' JXov, on 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 33 
 
 ovz 'itrnv tircuvog, aXXa fkiio\> rt xoti j8eX- 
 TIOV. a$aVg z,a} <paiverai. Tcug re yoig ffeovg MA- 
 
 KAPIZOMEN X.CU EYAAIMONIZOMEN, KDii TM dvtiUV 
 
 Tovg fleiOTUTovg {Aaxagi^oiASv. ofAoiag Jg ncti ray 
 ' ovdiig yag rqv svdcufAoviav EDAINEI, a^a- 
 TO tiitcuot) aXX* ug foiortpot n xai 
 MAKAPIZEI. Jo^sT 5g xot.} 
 
 wegi Tuy gtcrreicuv ry qoovy' ro 
 ve7(rdoc,i, TUV dyaQav ovffu,v y f^^vstv usro, 'OTI KPEIT- 
 
 10 TON ESTI TfiN EDAINETON' TOIOVTOV SlVOtl TOV 
 
 dya6ov' vrgos ruvrce, yoig 
 
 i.^) o (ASV ydg EHAINOS rijg dgtrqg' 
 
 rojv xaXuv d^o ravrqg. ra, 5' EFK^MIA ray 
 
 t / \ ~\~4 ~ 
 
 rog 
 
 \ \ 
 
 i TCX, 
 
 XXII. ^f g qov Ix, ru]f sigTjfAtvav, on ESTIN 
 
 H EYAAIMONIA TfiN TIMIftN XOU reXs'tUV . gO/g tf 
 
 ovroog g^s/v tea,} J/a ro elvai APXH" ruvrris ydg 
 TO, Xoivd vdtTOt, TrdvTSg vgdrrofASv. rqv dg- 
 net,} TO aiTiov TUV dyotOav., TI^IOV TI x,at 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 IN WHICH THE ENQUIRY, CONFORMABLY TO THE PRE- 
 VIOUS DEFINITION OF HAPPINESS, PROCEEDS TO 
 INTRODUCE THE CONSIDERATION OF VIRTUE. 
 
 I. 'Esrg) S' IffTiv f} tvdotifAovicc, " ^v%rjg Ivtgystd 13 
 
 vsg APETHS 
 yg ovTug oiv /S&Tiov no,} TT&P] Trig ETAAIMO 
 
 ? Jg xcti o ZUT dXrideiotv noAiTiKor 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK i. 
 
 See c.i. TATTHN tf/aX/0*ra w&'TrovriffQtt.i* fiovhtroti yap rovg 
 
 / ' /I N ~ \ V / t * / 
 
 iTotg uyotvoug vroieiv xoti ruv VOJAWV wTrqjtoovg. 
 SI TOVTUV 'ifcopev Tovg KgqTav &a] Aot- 
 iav vopo6iT(/,g, za} e't Tivsg tregoi roiovroi 
 
 avrq' Xov, o^ TENOIT AN H ZHTHEIE KATA THN 
 
 E5 APXHS nPOAIPESIN. 
 
 ANpnniNHS 
 
 T*ArA0ON 
 
 THN EYAAIMONIAN BMMTIM^. gtTW g gy0^5I> 10 
 
 OY THN TOY snMATor AAAA THN THE 
 
 II, Ei Jg ray^' oiVo/$ s^g;' J?Xof, or/ AEI TON 
 
 nOAITIKON EIAENAI IlftS TA HEPI YYXHN. f*t X0li 15 
 
 . rav ft Ic&ruv ol 
 
 oVo; rifAiuTtct tea} /Sehriuv ij 
 g 
 -rotJ a-a>{/,ctro<; yvutriv. fftvgrjroif 5i 
 
 STg^l "4/^?r itVgfjrioV 3g TOYTHN20 
 XAPIN, KAI E<D ? 'OSON 'iKANfiL EXEI nPOS TA ZHTOY- 
 
 MENA. ro yuQ ITT} Khtiov t%fuigi@o5v 9 Igyudi 
 
 \GT\ TUV 
 
 III. 
 
 oyo;? apaovvrag tvtcx,, %a,i ftgqffrsov avrcg' 25 
 
 . TO (MV AAOrON OLVTTJg SlVOit, TO jg AOFON EXON. 
 
 g TTOTSPOV AinPiETAi, xuctntp ra, rou area- 
 t \ ~ \ t * \/ 
 
 ftogia, xai nav TO pAgiffTOt' q TO Aom ovo 
 
 i(rr}v) AXHPISTA OEOYKOTA, (x,a0a.7reg Iv ry vsgitps- 
 geia, TO xvgrov KOLI TO %o7Xov)' ovff&v SiatytgBi vgog TO 30 
 
 IV. Toy aXoyoy Jg, TO JAM 'iotxs KOiNli KAI <DY- 
 
 TIKO* Xgyw Jg, TO AITION TOY TPEOES0AI KAI AY- 
 
 HE20AI, TW TOiavTW y0L% dvvctpiv T^g -^v^tjg tv 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. (55 
 
 rolg Tgsipopzvotg t)eirj rig uv, %cu \v rolg tf&- 
 ' rqv OLVTTIV i\ TUVTW xa,} Iv roig 
 
 TIV&,. 
 Taurqg lv ovv KOINH rig dsr)i 9 xul OYK AN0pn- 
 
 5niNH, (paiverai. Jo^g? yat, \v ro7g 
 
 TO uogiov TOVTO, zc/Ji q 0vvt*f*i$ MUTT)' o 
 xai zaxog SjxurToi dtoidriXot ttaff VKVOV. 
 (pa<r}v, ovdlv diatyzgtiv, TO TI^HTV rov /3iou, rovg ev&ai- 
 
 g rovro ei%OTag. AP- 
 
 loriA yg <rriv o vnvog 7jjg -vg^ ^[ AEFETAI 
 
 AAIA KAI OAYAH' CfX^V el TTrj 'AUTO, .fJtslKgOV 
 
 vovvrat Tivsg TUV Ki\i7i<rtav y %ai T&vry /3gXr/o; yt'vercu 
 TO, <pctvrc(r(A(x,T(x, ruv fxitiTtuv q rwv rvyovrav. 
 fttt rourav uXig' ^xoc,} TO 0FnTiKON 
 ^r] Trig drtfwrtiiiji dgeTqg oipoigov we- 
 (fivxev. 
 
 V- 'Eofxg ok tea,} aXX^ Tig <f>v<rig Tjjg 
 
 EINAI, METEXOY2A MENTOI Oil AOFOY. TOV 
 
 Kgc&Tovg %ai azgotTovg TON AOFON, zat Tr,g 
 TO AoroN EXONJ tiraivovfW (ogflwg yoig, tea,} 
 
 Tt, OAPA TOV "Koyov KttpuKog, o MAXETAI 
 
 TE KAI ANTITEINEI T^i AOFll. 
 
 25 TOY EftMATOS fAOgia,, slg TO, 06^ioc> 
 TovvotvTiov &ig TO, apurrtga, 
 I-TT] rijg ^vfcrig ovTug. \m rdtwrta yag at 
 
 TUV xarv. v Tog 
 
 MEN TO TOtaSOAtWf* 6^" ( Tqg Vg OYX 
 
 QOfAGV. 'l(T&)g 5' OV(fkv YiTTQV, KUl EN 
 
 zivai TI nagd rov Xoyov, travnovf&tw TOVTU 
 dvTij3a7vov. 
 
 A ' V \ 
 
 J\oyov og %,ai TOVTO 
 
 OEI0APXEI yovv TM oycj) TO TOV 
 
36 THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS. BOOK i. 
 
 n , tffug EYHKOftTEPON EETI TO TOV ffatygovog not 
 dvogetov' vrdvTa ydg ofAotpMtH TGJ "hoyca. 
 
 <&aiveTai dq %a} TO AAOFON SITTOV. TO {Atv ydg 
 OYTIKON ovdafAug xoivwii Xoyov' TO 5' EIIIYMH- 
 TIKON xai oKug ogtKTiKov, fASTSfcet nns, yj xctTqxoov 
 auTOV xou Keiflaixov. OVTU dy xoti TOV vot- 
 
 TUV (iXuV (OtAtV EXEIN AOFON* *0t/ 
 
 ) OTI d 
 "hoyov TO dhoyov, ftqvvei) KOU fj vovS^T^ffig^ x,au 
 
 re aai 
 
 VI. EJ Jg %g7J KOLl TOVTO (pdvOCt AOFON EXEIN, 
 
 xctl TO Xoyov 'ifcov' TO f&\v KYpms KAI 
 EN 'AYT$, TO $ 'nznEp TOY IIATPOE AKOYZTIKON 
 TI. 
 
 VII. A/o/gra* Jg teal q dgiTq KATA THN AIA- 15 
 
 <1>OPAN TAYTHN' "hiyO[MV yotg MVTUV, Tag [AtV AIA- 
 
 NOHTIKAS, Tag Jg HOIKAE. (roQiav f/Jiv, xa} o-vvecriv, 
 AIANOHTIKAS* 
 
 H0IKAS. 
 
 
 yag IIEPI TOY H0oYS, ou XtyofAtv OTI 20 
 <ro<pog q ffvv&Tog, aXX' OTI wgaog TI (rufyguv. 
 
 VOVfA&V g 9Ca TOV ffO(f>OV KATA THN EHIN' TflN 
 EHEflN AE TAX EDAINETAS, dgtTag 
 
BOOK II. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE SECOND BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 ON MORAL VIRTUE IN GENERAL: AND FIRST, ON THE 
 MANNER AND THE SIGNS OF ITS PRODUCTION. 
 
 This chapter, which introduces the consideration of 
 MORAL virtue, consists of two parfe. The first considers 
 the manner in which it is produced and destroyed. The 
 second lays down the criterion, by which we may decide 
 respecting the attainment, or the absence, of it. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. INTELLECTUAL virtue is derived from instruction, and MORAL" 
 virtue from CUSTOM. II. MORAL virtue is not implanted BY NATURE : 
 III. Nor acquired CONTRARY TO NATURE. IV. But it results from 
 
 THE PREVIOUS PERFORMANCE OF ACTS CONGENIAL TO IT. V. Ill this 
 
 respect, the case of the MORAL VIRTUES and of the ARTS is the same. 
 VI. This principle is attested by the practical recognition of all good 
 legislators. 
 
 VII. Virtue is DESTROYED in the same mode in which it is acquired: 
 namely, by the CUSTOM OF ACTION. 
 
 VIII. By the foregoing considerations is discovered, the great 
 importance, in subserviency to happiness, of RIGHT EDUCATION. 
 
 IX. The necessity of enquiring into the nature of our MORAL 
 ACTIONS, singly considered : which is, because our MORAL HABITS 
 (to which class the moral VIRTUES belong) derive their formation 
 from them. 
 
 X. In order then to constitute the goodness of our moral actions, 
 it is laid down: That they must be AGREEABLE TO RIGHT REASON. 
 But this consideration is postponed till the sixth book. 
 
40 SUMMARY 
 
 (XI. We are reminded, that on this subject, all general principles 
 must be modified, by considerable limitations, and by a special 
 regard to circumstances and occasions.) 
 
 XII. In relation then to the nature of our moral actions, this 
 principle is laid down : THAT THE GOOD QUALITY OF THEM is DESTROYED 
 
 BY EXCESS AND DEFECT. 
 
 XIII. As our VIRTUES are derived from our MORAL OPERATIONS : 
 so also, THE POWER OF OUR MORAL OPERATIONS is augmented by GUI- 
 VIRTUES. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 XIV. The CRITERION of our HABITS presents itself, in THE PLEASURE 
 OR PAIN attendant upon our ACTIONS. XV. This last principle is 
 grounded upon the following : As every single virtue relates to its 
 particular subject ; so is it a character of MORAL VIRTUE IN GENERAL, 
 that IT RELATES TO PLEASURE AND PAIN : a truth, which is sub- 
 stantiated by seven distinct considerations. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 IN WHICH AN OBJECTION IS SUPPOSED, AGAINST THE 
 LEADING PRINCIPLE OF THE FOREGOING CHAPTER! 
 AND AN ANSWER IS GIVEN TO IT. 
 
 I. The objection is supposed : " How is it that we BECOME virtu- 
 ous, BY DOING virtuous acts ? for if we do virtuous acts, we must be 
 virtuous ALREADY." This objection is grounded on an analogy 
 derived from the ARTS. 
 
 II. But the principle on which the objection is grounded, is not 
 true. III. And the analogy does not hold good : for there exists, 
 as to this particular, a difference between VIRTUE and ART. 
 IV. Acts which, considered abstractedly in themselves, are agreeable 
 to the rule of virtue, do not imply virtue already formed in the 
 agent: and it is by the repetition of SUCH acts, that the habit of 
 virtue is formed. 
 
OF THE SECOND BOOK. 41 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 IN WHICH MORAL VIRTUE IS DESCRIBED AND DEFINED. 
 
 This chapter consists of four parts. In the first it is 
 shewn, that MORAL VIRTUE is A HABIT. In the second 
 it is shewn, that that habit consists in a MEAN* between 
 two faulty extremes. In the third, the foregoing 
 positions are fortified by an inductive demonstration. 
 In the fourth is considered, the nature of the opposition 
 subsisting, both between the mean and the extremes, and 
 between the extremes towards each other. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. The question is proposed : WHAT is VIRTUE ? 
 
 II. Towards the solution of this question, it is stated, that the 
 endowments of the soul are of three kinds, namely, AFFECTIONS, 
 FACULTIES, and HABITS : each of which is severally denned. III. It 
 is shewn, that virtue is not an AFFECTION : IV. Nor a FACULTY : 
 V. And therefore, that it is a HABIT. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 VI. The question is proposed : WHAT KIND OF HABIT is VIRTUE ? 
 
 VII. Towards the solution of this question, it is affirmed, as a 
 GENERAL principle, THAT THE VIRTUE OF MAN, LIKE THAT OF EVERY 
 
 OTHER THING, IS THAT WHICH IMPARTS GOODNESS TO THE POSSESSOR 
 OF IT, AND WHICH QUALIFIES HIM FOR HIS APPROPRIATE FUNCTION. 
 
 Such is the habit of virtue. In order to a more particular delineation 
 of it, the following principles are advanced. 
 
 VIII. All quantities and degrees of things are subject to an EXCESS, 
 a DEFECT, and a MEDIUM. IX. The medium is of two kinds : the 
 one of which is ABSOLUTE, and viewed only with reference to the 
 THING ; the other is RELATIVE, and viewed with reference to the 
 
 * For the sake of clearness, though it be a distinction not required by the 
 established use of words, the terms MEAN and MEDIUM will in future be 
 employed, respectively, to correspond with Aristotle's use of fttrsrvs and 
 fAiffov : the former term denoting the habit of mind, and the latter, the subject 
 to which that habit relates. 
 
42 SUMMARY 
 
 AGENT. X. It is the RELATIVE MEDIUM which, by every practical 
 science, in the peculiar province of knowledge which belongs to it, is 
 the point aimed at. XI. From this, with other considerations, it is 
 inferred, that the relative medium is the point aimed at by Moral 
 Virtue, in the government of human passions and actions ; which 
 is ITS peculiar province. XII. This last position is further evinced 
 by this consideration : That the medium is one definite point, which 
 it is not easy, unless by habits duly formed, to reach; whereas 
 excess and defect, the attributes of every vicious feeling and action, 
 are infinite and numberless, and attainable by any casual or sponta- 
 neous impulse of nature : the point of DIFFICULTY will therefore, from 
 a consideration of the intrinsic nature of virtue, be the APPROPRIATE 
 MARK of it. XIII. From the foregoing principles is deduced the 
 following definition of virtue : A HABIT OF MORAL DETERMINATION, 
 
 CONSISTING IN A MEAN : WHICH MEAN IS RELATIVE TO THE AGENT, 
 DEFINED BY REASON, AND DEFINED IN THE WAY IN WHICH A WISE 
 MAN (<tPONIMO2) WOULD DEFINE IT. 
 
 XIV. Though virtue, with regard to its SUBJECT, be a mean ; with 
 regard to its QUALITY AND VALUE it is an extreme : since nothing 
 human can surpass its excellence. 
 
 XV. Vice is not susceptible of a mean, nor virtue of an extreme. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 XVI. The foregoing general description of virtue, requires to be 
 confirmed by an examination of particulars. 
 
 XVII. On going through the subject in detail, it appear*, thai 
 every virtue is a mean, and that every vice consists in either excess 
 or defect. XVIII. It also appears, that there is a mean of rectitude 
 in the AFFECTIONS, as well as in the habits. 
 
 PART THE FOURTH 
 
 XIX. The mean and the two extremes are each of them opposed 
 to the other two. XX. The extremes are more opposed to each 
 other than to the mean. XXI. There is sometimes a resemblance 
 of the mean to one of the extremes. XXII. In some instances, the 
 excess ; in others, the defect ; is most opposed to the mean. XXI II. 
 Of this, two reasons are assigned. 
 
OF THE SECOND BOOK. 43 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 GENERAL RULES FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF MORAL 
 VIRTUE. 
 
 I. The difficulty of virtue being represented : II. III. IV. THREE 
 GENERAL RULES are given for the attainment of it. II. First : Be 
 more particularly careful to avoid THE MORE BLAMEABLE EXTREME. 
 III. Secondly: Watch THE PROPENSION OF YOUR NATURE. IV. 
 Thirdly : Be more especially guarded against THE SEDUCTION OF 
 
 PLEASURE. 
 
 V. The impossibility of fixing a precise line of duty applicable 
 to all particular cases : the right measure of action, in such cases, 
 being a matter of PERCEPTION, rather than one capable of verbal 
 description. 
 
 VI. Concluding admonition. 
 
CHAP. I. 
 
 ON MORAL VIRTUE IN GENERAL : AND FIRST, ON THE 
 MANNER AND SIGNS OF ITS PRODUCTION. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 ON THE MANNER IN WHICH MORAL VIRTUE IS PRODUCED 
 AND DESTROYED. 
 
 AITTH2 3g rtjg 
 
 rqg Jg qflixqg' q fA\v SiuvoTjrix)], TO 
 
 EK AIAA2KAAIAE 
 
 5 riix,ri E~ E00YS rff/yrfr^M. o'Sev act,} T'OYNOMA 
 
 E0OYZ. 
 
 II. | ov 
 
 <i>Y2Ei f gyyvgra/. OYOEN TAP THN 
 
 ONTHN AAA^S E0IZETAI. 
 
 ovx av tdurSziyi diva 
 aurov \6i rig civu iwrav' ovd\ TO 
 
 vc? a 
 
 ovc ao ogv, rvv 
 a,v IQurdziy}. 
 
 III. OYT' APA <DYSEI, OYTE DAPA OYS1N, EmNON- 
 15TAI *AI APETAI' AAAA DE^YKOSI MEN *HMIN AESA20AI 
 
 AYTAS, TEAEIOYMENOIS AE AIA TOY E0OYS. 
 
 IV. ' ; ET/, oW ^gi/ Quo-si YIJJUV Kaguyiv&Tai, rag 
 
 AYNAMEIE rovreav Trgoregov oa/^o^g^a, vcrr&gov 
 
46 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK n. 
 
 r&lg ENEPFEIAS otvodiSofASv. oweg Ini ruv AIE0HSEI2N 
 . ov y&(> gfc rov troXXax/g l^iiv, tj 
 
 EXONTES EXPHEAME0A, OY XPHSAMENOI ESXOMEN. 
 
 rag $ APETAS Xa^Sai^ii ENEPFHSANTEE npo-5 
 TEPON. 
 
 V. f/ n<rsrg KUI IK} rav aXXwi' TEXN^N. c? 
 
 g MA0ONTAS nOIEIN, raVTCt, nOIOYNTES MAN0ANO- 
 
 MEN. olovy oitcodofAovvreg oixoiofiot yivovTai, not,} 
 
 xiflagurrai. ovru Jg a/, ra ftlv dixaia, 10 
 ixuioi yi\>0[A$9a, TO. og ffutypova, 
 
 \ \* 9 \ t* 9 \ f^ 
 
 ru, o avogeict, avogzioi. 
 See B. i.e. VI> Maprypg? Jg ai ro ytvoimov Iv rctig 
 
 i.$.viiKaml f X 5 S" N ^/ 
 
 c. v. $. i. (r/v. o/ ya^> vo^ot/gra/, roy$ vroAiTOtg E0IZONTEZ, 
 
 Koiovffiv ayttvovf. KCL} TO (Aft BOYAHMA Truvrog *o{&o- 15 
 
 0BTOV TOVT 1(7711). OfTOl Og [Atf SV CtVTO TTOIOVO'IV., 'AMAP- 
 TANOYSIN' a) AIA<J>EPEI TOYTi^ DOAITEIA nOAITEIAS, 
 AFA0H <J> AYAHS 
 
 VII. ''Er/, g^ roJv avruv, KOI,} hot ruv avTuv, 
 
 ffCC OLgSTT] XCt,} <t>0EIPETAI. OfAOlUg (36 X,0(,} 20 
 
 TEXNH. g ya^ Toy %i@agitiv, %cu 01 dyuQo} net,} ol 
 xotxoi yivovrui %,i@a,gi(rrai. dvdho'yov Jg xott ol 
 , %&,} ol hoivoi rttrtf. s jOfitv yaj rov eu 
 v, dya&o] oixofiofAoi 'i<rovru,i' ix Jg roy 
 xaxoi. si yuo ^ ovrug et^W ovStv av 
 Stdd^ovrog, aXXcc roiyrgf ay EFINONTO dyaQol 
 
 gsri 
 
 ra gf ro$ eruraay^ao*/ ro$ "/r^o 
 irovg, yivofAsfla, ol fAtv dixatoi, ol Jg a 
 rovreg Jg ra in 
 
 o (Mv vgoi, o g/o. bf&ci&g $t 
 
 70, <7reg} rag EniYMiAE s%g/j ^a! rot crg^} 
 OPFAI:. o/ jcc4f ya^ &&$goi>S{ KUI irgaot yivovrai, ol 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 47 
 
 xoti ogyihor ol [JMV 1% rov 
 Iv uvrolg dv&ffrgttyzffSc&i, ol Jg tx rov ovruffi. xa,} 
 g*>} Sri \oyu' EK T17N 'OMOIHN ENEprEinN 'AI 'EHEIS 
 
 TINONTAI. 
 5 VIII. A/0 AEI TAS ENEPFEIAS nOIAE AIIOAIAONAI. 
 
 xurd ydg rug rovrvv diottpogdg dx,o\ovQov<riv at 
 e%eig. or MIKPON OYN AIAOEPEI TO 'OTTOS H 'OYTHS 
 
 EY0YS EK NEflN E0IZE20AI, AAAA nAMDOAY' MAAAON 
 AE, TO HAN. 
 
 10 ix. 'E^rs! ovv f] Kugovffcx, Kgofypareiu, ov 
 
 ijjNft&M Irriv, a<r7r&g at ctXXa/' (ov y&Q 'IN* EIAHMEN 
 TI EETIN 'H APETH 0r*n*TOptf#, aXX' 'IN' AFAeoi 
 rENfiME0A' IKM ovtitv oiv fjv ^lXd( uvrqg') dvuy- 
 l<rn ff^i-^affScci rd wept rdg nPAHEiz, wag 
 avrdg. avrcci ydg ei<ri zvgioti xot,} rov 
 
 rcx,g EH 
 
 X. To [A\V OVV KATA TON OP0ON AOFON HPATTE1N, 
 
 xoti ri t<rnv o ogdog Xoyog, xa,} nag 
 rdg uXXotg dgerdg. 
 
 XI. ('EfcSfVo Jg i 7Tgodioi!AoXoyi(r0&)' on HAS 'b See B. I.e. 
 
 DEPI TON DPAKTON, AOFO2 TYH^, KAI OYK AKPIBOS, '' 
 
 o<i)EiAEi AEFES0AI. *ij xou xctr 
 
 *' or; ^ctrct rqv vXqv ol "hoyoi dTruirqriot' rd J' \v 
 
 rd crvAzovrcx,) ovotv 
 
 &f*$g oui\ rd vyisivd. roiovrov ft ovrog rov 
 KAOAOY Xoyov zrt ^aXXov o' FIEPI TON KA' 
 'EKASTA Xoyog ov% 'ifcei rd%gi/3&g. ovrs ydg vvo 
 ri'fcvqv, ovff VTTO irctgtejpytKwv ovdeftiav, tthrret* $ii 
 :30 J' uvrovg dii rovg Kgdrrovrag TA npos TON KAIPON 
 vtnrsg x,ai ITCI rqg iargixqg fjgfl, xa} rqg 
 
48 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK n. 
 
 aXXa a/Vg ovrog roiovrov roS 
 
 Xoyovy) Treic&rtov (BoqQeiv.) 
 
 XII. Ilgairov ovv rovro Qeagqreov' on rex, roiuvrct, 
 
 tpVXeV VKO ENAEIAE XCU 'YIIEPBOAHS <p6tlgt(rGct,l, 
 
 g? ydg V7r\g rav dtyctvav roig (puvegoJg fActgrvgioig 5 
 sn rqg itr^vog KOU rqg vyieiotg 
 
 oguptv. r re yug vxegovra yvtAvcria,, ncti 
 ra gXXg/Vovra <0e!si rv }a-vv. oAoiu<; Jg a), ra 
 
 xai rex, crina,, whew tccti tXarra 
 
 i rqv vyieic&v rot 5g crvfApergct, xou TTOIZI, 10 
 
 ay|g/, a} <ruei. ovrcog ovv 
 
 dvdgsiotg g^g<> xou ruv aXXwv dgtruv. o re 
 irdvra, (pevyuv x,cti (pofiovpevog xal 
 AEIAOS yiveroti' o re fAqdlv o\ug (fiofiovfAevog 
 irgog irdvrot, (Budifcav, PASTS, dpoiug 3s xa;, d 
 wdcTYig qdoviig asroXaycui' xcti {AqdefA 
 AKOAAXTOS* o Jg irdcrctg fytvyvv (vcring 01 
 ANAisHTos rig. tytsigtrou yag> q c 
 dvdgeta,, viro rqg 'YOEPBOAHS ^a! ryjg EAAEIYE^S' VTTO 
 Jg rqg MEEOTHTOE (rvrai. 20 
 
 XIII. 'AXX* ov pdvov 0,1 TENESEII:, xdi ai AYHH- 
 u,} at <!>OPAI, \K ruv avruv xdi vwo ruv a,v- 
 ruv yivovrat' aXXa xdi ai ENEPFEIAI ev ro7g avrcng 
 ttrovrai. xai yap tvi ruv aXX^i' ruv (pavegwrtgav 
 ovrag g^e/' o/ov, g^r! ryg icr^vog. TINETAI yctg 
 rov ^oXX^iv rgotpijv KcLfJufiouHit tcdi croXXot/^ vrovovg 
 
 xa, MAAISTA AYNATAI TAYTA DOIEIN, o 
 ovru 3' 'i%ei xcu ITT] ruv otgtruv. ex re 
 rov ci'Triy^eG'Qui ruv YI^OVUV^ ytvofAsffoc, cra>j(pgoveg 
 xdi evdAevoi aX^<rra $vvdAe0a, dKee<r@ai avruv. 30 
 
 xctl gV) r?c dvdgeictg. ifa^pfAWOi ydg xu- 
 
 ruv (fiofBeguv xc&i virofAeveiv avrd, 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 49 
 
 VTTO- 
 r 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE SIGNS BY WHICH THE VIRTUOUS OR VICIOUS 
 QUALITY OF OUR HABITS MAY BE KNOWN. 
 
 XIV. 2HMEION Jg Se K0tt(jo(,i TUV EE 
 
 iviyivofAevilv 'HAONHN H AYITHN rolg Eprois. o (A\v ydg 
 o dyre^OfAei/og ruv (TtofActriKuv $ovvv xdi avru rovru 
 
 o ccoAevoc, ot,%oha<rTO . xcti o 
 
 rot dttvoi xot,i fc 
 yg, a,vdgs7og' o SI Xwrovftevog, 
 
 XV. DEPI 'HAONAS TAP KAI AYHAS ESTIN 'H 
 
 10H0IKH APETH. 
 
 1. A/a [Atv yag rijv qdovriv ra 
 
 rqv Xu^v rav m 
 
 fy&oii wag evdvg tx ]>tuv y (ug o IlXar^v (pqtrtv,) See 
 re xa,} hvirt'i&Ooii olg Jg7. jj 
 torriv. 
 
 2. Er; ', el agrot; ei(Ti irei ircc^tig %cii 
 
 x,a} ^ourr} vgu,%ei, tverat 
 
 %&,} dioi TOVT oiv eiq q agerri weg] fjdovdg xcii 
 Xvvrotg. 
 
 20 3. NL?ivvov<n Jg %-oii otl xohoio'eig yivoftevat 
 TOVTUV. Ictrgiiui yag rtvtg et<riv' at oz largelat 
 rav ivuvriav Ke<pvx,a<rt yiviffQai. 
 
 4. ''ET/, ug xa,} vgoregov eivofAev' KU,(ra, 
 'i%ig> v(f) o'icav vityvxi yivevQui ^eiuv x,al 
 
 rctvTu, not,} Kegi rotvrci rqv (fvffi 
 
 vdig Jg %ai "Kvirag (payXa< yivovrai, ra dtaxeiv rav- 
 rotg KU\ (pevysiv, ij 'AT, [At) Jg7, ? 'OTE ov del, yj *nz 
 ou Jg7, fj offctfcag aXXft^ VTTO rov Xoyov 
 
 rd Totavra. dio %ai ogiovrai roig dgerdg, AOA- 
 
50 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK n. 
 
 EIAE nvoig xoti HPEMIAE. ovx sv Jg* on 'AnAnr Xe- 
 
 >1 > C V ~ \ V ~ \ / 
 
 yovtriv, aXX owfc cog osi, xai wg ov osi 9 xai ore, 
 XOLI o<rcx, aXXa TrpoffnQzr&i. VTTOXSITOLI dpce, v\ dptryj 
 
 V r b v r* \ x . / 
 
 eivai, q roictuTTi tregi qoovag xai AvKctg T^N BEA- 
 TISTON nPAKTiKH* ^ Jg ax/a, rovvavriov. 5 
 
 5. Tivoiro J' av tyouV ^a! g TQVTUV (fioivtgov 'in 
 wegt TUV CCVTWV. rgiav yciQ ovrav rav tig 
 tretg xcx,} [rgiuv rav slg~\ rug (pvydg, KAAOY, 
 PONTOS, 'HAEOI;' xa/ rgiav rav IVUVTIUV, AISXPOY, 
 
 BAABEPOY, AYDHPOY' KB^} KMVTO, [AtV TOLVTtt, UyV.- 10 
 
 6og xaroQuTiKog l<rnv, o Jg xaxog dfAagriiTiKog' 
 T^'HAONHN. xoivri re yag avrrj rolg 
 xoti TUffi rolg WTTO rqv aietviv Kagizx.o^ovQti. 
 xocl yoig ro KAAON xa/ ro EYM^EPON qdv (fotivtrou. 
 
 " V / ~ f~ I A >\ 
 
 gr/ o , g vqwiov wc&a'iv qfAiv trvvrtvgct'Trroii. oio %&,- 15 
 
 TO ndGog, t 
 
 6. Kaj0/3ti* Jg xa) rac vpd^ng oi 
 
 o qrrov, ovy 
 
 g/va; ^rg^l -rayra rv ^ra^rotv KctoiriiW. 20 
 tig rag * (&&((, gy ^ 
 
 7. "Erf Jg, aXgTfiJrgoi/ iJoi/ ag<r^a/ i} 
 
 TO 
 
 xa Tg^^ 7ygTa/, xa dgerq. xa; ya^ TO gy25 
 
 tv rovra* u<rr& xcti 5/a rovro TCI^I qfiovoig 
 x>ot,i XwTrotg woiffcx, v\ KgotyfAursiu, KUI ry dpsrfj xa,} 
 ry voXtrixy. o fM yoig tv rovroig %gufA&vog, uyudog 
 o Jg xuxag, xotxog. 
 
 IA\V ovv t<rriv q 
 ' xoii on z% uv yivtrcu, viro rovruv xu,} a$- 
 xocl (pdtigerai, yw Mffavr^g ivoAtvw xou on 
 xai 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 51 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 IN WHICH AN OBJECTION IS SUPPOSED, AGAINST THE 
 LEADING PRINCIPLE OF THE FOREGOING CHAPTER: 
 AND AN ANSWER IS GIVEN TO IT. 
 
 I. 'A3TO?i<re/6 $ av Ttg y " wag 
 
 TA MEN AIKAIA FIPATTONTAE, 
 
 xaiu not, TO, 
 
 5<Pgovtg' 
 
 t Ta 
 xoii 
 
 on AEI, 3 
 
 TINELGAI, TO, 
 
 ; e yag riPATTOYSi rex, J/- 
 , HAH EISI dixuiot xat <ra- 
 
 KOI ra, 
 
 II. 
 
 OU 
 
 xot ano 
 
 TOVTO 
 
 g^rr 
 
 TffaVUV 
 
 TI voi^a-a 
 i v 
 TOTS ovv ' 
 
 TI woirjtry], xa,} 
 TTJV tv avru 
 
 III. v Er;, outf ofAoiov \ffnv 
 
 ~ \\ \f\~ 
 
 TO, U,tV U V7TO TUV 
 
 ovv 
 
 ruv re^vuv nct ruv 
 
 ~ / ^'> 
 
 VUV ytVOfASVO, TO BU 
 
 15 ysvt{r@a,i. roi de xaru, rag dgerag ytvofASvu, ovx, iolv 
 
 AYTA DOE 
 
 lav 
 lav 
 
 o HPATTON 
 
 EXHN 
 
 tav 
 
 X.OL} 
 
 20 /3aiag 
 
 avrd' ro ^g rgirov, %a] lav /3e- 
 
 ftv TO Tag 
 
 TEXNAS 
 
 raura 
 ov 
 
 > N \ V V v > 
 
 avro TO uoivai' Trgog oz TO Tag APETAS, 
 TO ptv ii^tvai fAizgov rj ov&v la")(v$i, TO. ft aAXct ou 
 fAixgov aXXct TO Trav dvvaTai. aneg EK TOY noA- 
 
 25AAKIS HPATTEIN TA AIKAIA KAI SHOPONA 
 
 yiveTai, 
 
 E 
 
52 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK n. 
 
 IV. Ta (AW ovv ffgdyfAoiTa dixaux, XCM ffut 
 
 orav ? ro/aurot, o/a av o dtxaiog r\ o 
 
 TAYTA wgorravt aAXa xa, o OYTH wgrruv u$ 
 
 01 dixaioi xct,} ol <ra(pgove$ Kgdrrovcriv. BV ovv Xs-5 
 
 on ix, rov Sinaia Tgdrrftt o 
 TOV ITM"] fftotpgovct. o <ra(p(>(*)V' 6& os rov 
 
 TUVTO,, oi>dt}g v ovdl fAsh 
 . aXX* ol ^oXXo! ravra ftzv ov 
 Jg TOV hoyov xotra.tyev'yovreg, oi'ovrai 
 
 xcii ovr&g 'iffeffflcu (rKOviaioi' OJAOIOV rt Koiovvrtg ro7g 
 ic,ai[Avov(riv, ol ruv iargav a,%ovov<rt 
 7roiov<ri 5* ovfftv ruv ^offrocrrof^ivuv. vffvtg ovv ovtf 
 TO 
 
 OVTOl TtfV VV, OVTCn) (^i'hOO'O^OVVT^. 15 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 IN 1 WHICH MORAL VIRTUE IS DESCRIBED AM) 
 DEFINED. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 VIRTUE IS A HABIT. 
 
 I. gra g TCLVTOt, TI ESTIN j 
 
 II. ^-g ovv To v Ty v%r 'yivopeva, Tgioi g<rr/, 
 
 HA0H, AYNAMEIS, EHEIS' TOVTUV v Tl 111] 1) 
 
 EnETAi HAONH H AYDH* vvpw 
 
 KA' *AZ HA0HTIKOI TOYTON AEFOME0A, olov, 
 
 oig dvvotTol o 
 
 Jg, KA0' 'AS OPOS TA OA0H EXOMEN EY H 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 58 
 
 . oiov, irgog ro ogyiirQqvai, g/ [Atv ff(f)o$gug J 
 
 xaxag Zfcopev, el Se ^gVcyjj gy. 
 g %al wgog rdAXa. 
 
 III. Hd07) [Atv ovv ovx, slcrlv ovd' at dgerai, 
 5 ott xaxiott. ort ov Xgyog^a xara ra 
 
 Jg raj agra? ? ra$ 
 
 xara 
 xoii ort XCLTO, Atv ra wa, oir* 
 
 ovrs ^ByofAsffot,' (ov yoig g 
 (Bovptvog, oi^g o ogyiZppzvos' ov 
 ' a?y.X* o 
 
 
 raj #a;c/aj, 
 gr/, ogyi^dfAB^cx, f^kv %&} (pofioupzQu dKgootigtTug' at 
 
 ugifftit nvsg, ' 
 
 royro/j, ^ara ^gj* ra 7ra,0y] KINEISOAI 
 #ara ^g raj a^graj xai raj xa*/aj oy /- 
 ) aXXa AIAKEISAI sr^j. 
 
 IV. A/a rayra Jg oy^g dvvdfAtig sir'tv. oiire 
 g dya0o} 
 
 oure x,a,Ko'r oiir tTraivovfAeSa, ovre -^eyofAsffa. xc&i 
 20 sr/, Jyvaro/ ^cgf g^r^gf (f>v(T6ij dyctSol o\ q %M%OI ov 
 yivofAtQoi (puffti. tfvoflti Jg -Trg^} royroy ygOTSgov. 
 V. E/' oyv ^M/^rg ^-a^ g/V/v a; a^gra), |O/?5rg Jyv- 
 
 Xg;Vgra; 'EHEIS ay raj 
 r/ gp oyv g<rr) Ti TENEI 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE HABIT OF VIRTUE CONSISTS IN A MEDIUM BETWEEN 
 TWO EXTREMES. 
 
 25 vi. Ag7 $g ^ ^oi>oj> oyr^yj g/VgTy, or/ g|/j> aXXa 
 x,cx,t TTotcf, rig. 
 
 vn. 'Pyjr'eov ovv on HASA APETH, 'or AN 9 
 
 APETH,, AYTO TE EY EXON AHOTEAEI) KAI TO EPFON 
 
54 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK 11. 
 
 AYTOY EY AnOAIAHSIN. 010V' 7} TOV 
 
 TOV re o<paAOv (rirovotov voit, x,a TO ov otv- 
 
 rov' Ty yag TOV ofQuhpov ugnq gy ogfjw k 
 
 7} TOV I'TTTTOV gT^, ITXOV Tg (TTTOvdoUOV KOUl, XOU 
 
 > 9 not,} tvtxilv rov ini 
 
 va,i rov$ TrosfMovg. g; TOVT tir 
 
 'H TOY ANpnnoY APETH ei 
 
 HS AFA0OS AN0PiinOS TINETAI, KAI A<1) HS EY TO 
 
 'EAYTOY EPFON 
 
 VIII. Hag Xe TOUT IPTCM, ij^rj p\i> sigqxafASv. 10 
 
 \Tl Jg, XCt,} ^3* IffTOH CUfiO*' Idv QtUYlffUAW HOIA 
 
 TIS ESTIN H <DYZIS AYTHS. 
 
 1(771 hu/Sslv, TO fA\V DAEION, TO (? 
 EAATTON, TO 3' ISON* XK] TUVTO,, % KAT* AYTO TO 
 
 npAFMA, q npos 'HMAS. TO 5' urot t MESON TI 'YHEP- 
 
 BOAHS KAI EAAEIYEi7E. 
 
 IX. Agyo; 5g TOY MEN nPAFMATOS ^,g<T6V, TO 
 ISON ADEXON A<D* *EKATEPOY TON AKPfiN* oVg^ gfl-T/V 
 \V X.OU TOiVTOV 'TToifflV. OPOL *HMAS ^S 'o MHTE HAE- 
 
 ONAZEI MHTE EAAEHIEI' TOVTO OV j Oyg TCty- 20 
 
 <7r<riv. oloVy et Toi dina. ToAXa, ra Jg 5^o 0X1- 
 ra g| ^gj-ct Xa^/Sccfouer/, KATA TO DPAFMA* 
 
 tffri KMTO. TT}\> APIQMHTIKHN ANAAOFIAN. TO Jg npos 
 
 HMAE ov% OVTU ^JTZ-TZOV. ov yoig e TU 
 
 y, duo ig oX/yov, o dkitirrfie g| 
 
 TOUTO, 5T0l> TO AH- 
 
 'TTl 
 
 30 
 X. OVTU dr] nag ivtfrfifMW TJJV vwegfiohqv fA\v 
 
 TO 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 55 
 
 TOV& eufsirctt' (Atffov i\, OY TO TOY 
 
 TO npoz HMAS. 
 XI. E/ it waara swurrqfAi 1 ] OVTU TO zgyov ev tnt- 
 TgXgT, TfOf ro (jt,i<rov fixitovtra KCLI eig TOVTO ayova-a 
 
 ' (oQtv siatfaffiv tTTthiyeiv Tolg ev 
 tgyoig, on " OVT a<pgXg7i> t<rnv, OVTB 
 ojg rqg [Atv VTregfioXqg za,} ryjg zXhetyeug <&EIPOY- 
 SHS TO &V) rrig Sk fABffOTqTog EnzoYE ' 
 
 9o} Tt-)(vlT(x,iy ug XtyofASv, vgog TOVTO 
 
 x,a, atevuv tffTiv u<r7re %ui j (pvcrig)' TOY MEEOY 
 
 AN EIH LTOXASTIKH. Xgyo; g, T7)v qiKw. avrt} 
 
 IffTl nEPl HA0H KAI nPASEIS' IV H TOVTOig ffTV 
 
 'YITEPBOAH, a) EAAEIYIS, yea} TO MESON, olov' xoti 
 
 xot 
 
 , 'i(TTl, XO,} MAAAON %#,} *HTTON, 
 
 OYK EY* TO i' 'OTE is7, xct,} E<D' 'ois, fca! npos 
 xoti 'OY 'ENEKA, %a} f ns, iii, MESON Tg a/ 
 
 \ffT\ Tqg APETHE. ofAoiug i\ not,} Keg Tag 
 
 teat TO ps- 
 
 oig, 
 
 ori fAagraveTai, tea q 
 TO i\ uAffov ziraiveliTai tea] 
 25 TavTa i' Mfttyu Tr t g APETHS. MESOTHS Tig ago, \<TT}V 
 7} dgeT?i, (TTO^acrTiJiri yt ovffa TOV ptffov. 
 
 XII. J/ ETJ, TO u#v duagTaveiv noAAAXns iVr/V SeeB. I. c. 
 
 / \ v N ~ > / f f T-r / / V " $ xi V- 
 
 (TO yap xaxov TOV aweigov, ug 01 LLvvayogeioi tiita- B. n.c. i. 
 
 y N >,> > /IN / \ s v ^. xv. 7. and 
 
 cov, TO o ayavov TOV Trevregao'fAevov' ) TO oe xaT- Ct - ly ^ & ^ 
 
 MONAxnr. iio aa}, TO fAiv pd^iov, TO Jg %a- 
 j/* paiiov fMv TO dwoTV^eiv TOV ffWTrovy ^aXg- 
 vrov i\ TO zvriTVfceJv. za} itoi TOLVT ovv 9 THE MEIS 
 KAKIAE *H 'YHEPBOAH KAI 'H EAAEITIZ, THE A' APE- 
 THS *H ME20THS. 
 
56 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK n. 
 
 ju,ev ya^ obrAo;^ TravroSaTraif g xaxo/. 
 
 (> XIII. ' &ITTIV cigu, 7i agerq, 'EHIS OPOAIPETIKH, 
 
 EN MESOTHTI OYEA, T^ IIPOE 'HMAS, 'fiPISMENH 
 AOrli, KAI 'fiS AN 'o <J>PONIMOS 'oPIEEIEN' 
 
 gp rg 
 
 XIV. A/o, ara ^gp T^ OYSIAN, a) roi^ AorpN 10 
 TON TI HN EINAI AEFONTA, fAearorqg \ffT\v 
 a Jg TO APIZTON KAI TO EY e 
 
 XV. Ou Koiffct, $ g 
 
 'ivtot, yap zvQug 
 
 \ ~ / r 
 
 , rijg (poivAorqTog' otov, tTTt^aigt- la 
 \K\ ruv 
 
 ,, xXowr} 9 rgoQoMto. iravra, 
 ra ro/aSra YEFETAI, Tii AYTA <DAYAA EINAI, 
 *I 'YDEPBOAAI AYTON OYA' *AI EAAEITEIS 
 
 yv outwore we} avroi KUTOQciVv aXX* ag)20 
 
 TO Bit fj (M) SV, VS?} TC6 
 
 , 19 T tj9 Jg7, ) ors, *a! ^, [ 
 TO noiEiN ortovv rourav, a 
 
 ovv TO d%iovv, %a} irsg} TO ddiKiiv, nut 
 
 
 g<rra/ ya orcy yg 
 
 ) dvdeiug OVK 'ia-Tiv UTreoXr xoti 
 
 geug 
 ro ro Atcrov eivoti KMC axov' ovTag, ov 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 57 
 
 ovre 
 
 PART III. 
 
 INDUCTIVE PROOF OF THE FOREGOING. 
 
 XVI. Ag? Jg rovro py povov xaQoXov Xgyg<r$a/, 7 
 
 5ro7g ireg} rag Kgd%eig \oyoig, ot plv x.cto.ov xevu- 
 regoi sicrtv, 01 5* gV! [Atgovg dhrjOivuregoi. Trsgi yoig 
 rex, xu,ff sxcurra, <x,i irpcHeig' diov 8* IK} rourav 
 
 ovv ravTa, t% rqg 
 
 XVII. rig^l fA\v ovv <po/3ovg xoci 0dppq, ANAPEIA 
 r^$* TUV (? vvegfiaXXovruv, o fAtv rq d$o/3ic 
 vfAog' (-roXXa ft \VT\V dvuvvfAce,)' o J* Iv ra fAt 
 Oappelv VTrsgpctXXav, figotcrvg'.o Jg ru fAtv ()o{3ti(r0cx,i 
 
 \F\\V \^/ /'' V Y v 
 
 / qooyoig oz xcti hwag, (ov KOKrag' ijrrov ot 
 
 g c6oXao-/ci. tXXfirroyric Jg Keg} roig qdovdig 
 ov Kcivv ytvovTcti. dtoveg ovtf ovofAurog 
 QUO ol roiovTOi. ttrratrotv Jg, GL9CU(r0iji'Ot. 
 Hg^i Jg Soar iv ftgljfMirow SCOLI X?i//4F, 
 
 20EAEY0EPIOTHS' VKSBoX) Jg a! gXXg/\//, dffUTlCX, 
 
 
 tv g X?gf iXXwTf/' o 
 
 o ftv yog ca-urog iv 
 wTf/' o J' 
 \v Jg Kgoseret iXXfr. 
 
 25 
 
 a.vru rovru' vtrregov 
 i ctvruv oio 
 
 } Jg ra ^jj^arot a/ oc'XXa/ dia0e<reig etcri. 
 * (o 
 
 o gv a srg/ gaa o 
 
58 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK n. 
 
 ci') vvegfiohq $g, dweigoxahia, #a! fiotvotu- 
 ^g, fAtKfOVgtTtia,. Statp'egovo'i ft &vrai 
 ruv Keg} rqv iXevQegiorrira,. vy ^g iiafigoww, 
 vtrregov pq&y}<rerat. 
 
 Jg rt[A'/iv xoe,} drift'iav, fAefforyg fAev MEFAAO r> 
 
 Tig J 
 
 v gAgy$g/OT?jra, ^rg^l fAtxgdi diatytgovo-av' ourag 
 
 , AYTH DEPI MIKPAN OYSA. gW/ ya 
 
 ^ Jg? oggo-^a/ TiAy xoii 
 
 fjrrov. gygra^ o 
 
 ' o iXXf/^Fj (piXorifAog' o 
 . dvuvvfAOi ^g a; aJ ^/a^gVg/?, ^rX^ ^ roy 15 
 ia. oQtv t<7ridi%dpVTUi ol &xgot rqg 
 fAefg ^g> gVr/ ^gv oVg 
 
 , IffTl J' <5Vg 
 
 o 
 
 ore [&v evroiivovfAZV rov 
 a^/Xor/^ov. ^/a r/va atrtocv TOVTO KOIOV- 20 
 
 , gf ro? g? pritrerui. vvv g -/rs^; r&i/ 
 
 xard rov 
 
 ovruv avruv' rov 
 
 wgaov Xtyovreg, rqv fAtfforqra, npAOTHTA25 
 
 o 
 
 Xog <rrv' ?] g 
 
 dogyqrog rig' q ft gXXg/\}/;$, d 
 
 E/VJ .Jg #a) AAAAI TPEIS MESOTHTES, g 
 
 ofAoioryra, vgog aXX?JXct?, dia,(ptgov<rot,i ft 30 
 voiffui ptv yix.% elan HEPI AOF^N KAI 
 
 KOIN^NIAN. diaQtOVffl Jg, OT/ ^ ^gV g 
 
 T'AAHQES TO gi/ aurofg, ai Jg ^g^/ TO 'HAY* 
 
 TOWTOf 3g, TO /XgJ' 6V DAIAIA, TO J' gV OA2I TOIS 
 
CHAP in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 59 
 
 KATA TON BION. ptfTZOV OVV KCtl TTSgl TOVTW IVOt, 
 
 {AoiX'hov xuTidufAev , on Iv voiiriv i] [AtffOTqg tTrai- 
 verov, roc, o dxgoc, OUT og&a, OUT ZTraiveTU, aXXcc 
 . \ffri fAtv ovv xcti rovruv roc, -/rXg/cy dva- 
 ireigurzov 5', ttirvtg aoc,} \K\ ruv aXXo;v, av- 
 rovg ovofAotroKOieiv, fftoQrjvBiotg 999M9 xa,} rov 
 
 ovv TO apjsc, o fM9 (Atffog Xqqg rtg, 
 
 AAHEIA, gygj-fiy* r/ g 
 TO fAtloi>) dhct^oveia,, xa] o 
 
 q ir TO garrov, egavect, %a egav. 
 Jg TO ^y, TO {A\v sv wct,idia, o [A\v fAt 
 
 
 xa q iotetrig EYTPAOEAIA* j 
 
 o *iv 
 
 15 o fXXi70ii ygolxog rig, 
 
 Og TO XOITTOV 7}OU, TO ZV'TU /3i&), (JMV tog 
 
 AII <p/Ao, xcii q [Mfforvg, <J>IAIA' o 
 , BI frtv ovotvog zvexct.) agtffKog' el 
 avrov, %oXa,%' o 5' gXAg/^wv xcx,} \v Ka,<riv 
 
 rig aa,} ^va'Ko'hog. 
 
 XVIII. E/V) Jg %a] gf rolg OA0ESI, a) iv roig 
 g} roc, vr&fffji fAe<rory]T&g. 
 'H 70:^ AIAHS ot^gr^ ftkv ovx 'i<rriv, IK a, iv sir at 5g 
 
 o aqfAav. x,c&i yu^ \v rovroig, o f&lv 
 o J' yTg^/SctXXfiyf, ug o ^otra^rX^f, o 
 o $ iXXsrarw, ? o 
 
 TO?, o < 
 
 NEMESIS ig, [Aeo-orqg (>6ovov HOC,} 
 siffi og ?rg>; Xy^r^i' ^a) qoovTjV) rag SKI rolg 
 SQvovtri rolg wtXug yivopivug. o 
 
 XwTrelratj ITT] rolg ctvu^iug gy Kgv.rrovffiv o 
 vsgog, VTTZgfBuX'hav rovrov, \K\ vroiffi 
 
60 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK n. 
 
 'AXXa vsgt fAtv rovruv %ou aXXoA xotigog trrai. 
 Keg} Jg AIKAIOSYNHS, gfl-g! ovfc d<7r\ag Xgygra/, 
 rctvrct, dieXofASvoi, Tg; txartgoig IgovfAtv, wag 
 rqr&g eitrtv. oAotag 0g a! 7rs} ruv 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 ON THE RELATION OF THE EXTREMES AND THE 
 MEAN TO EACH OTHER. 
 
 8 XIX. Tgiuv og dia,@Z(rtav oixruv' ov 
 rijg fA\v xad* vireg/So'kqv rr^g d\ 
 5' iftriff, ryjg fAt<rorr]rog' HASAI DASAIS ANTIKEIN- 
 TAI nns. a; ftsv y&Q azgai, %ot,i ry fAZtrrj x,a,i aX- 
 ivavriai etffiv q Jg ^g^, ra?j gaig. uff- 
 ug ro i'o-ov, *go$ (A\v TO gXarrop fAe!>pv, vgog 10 
 TO Ativ gXarrov' oiV<wf a/ 
 
 gv rg 
 o ya^ a,vdge7og t Kgog [Av rov 
 
 vgog Jg rov ^a<ryi/, Jg^Xo^. Of&oug g #a 15 
 vgog fttv rov wct'urQyiTOv , a,KO\a(rrog, irgog 
 rov a^oXatrrov, ccvata-^roc' o & ihevfligiog, vgog 
 rov dv&svflsgov, a<rarog 9 vrgog OB rov 
 
 . dio X-GU dvuQovvrai rov [Attrov oi 
 og txaregov. al zce,Xov(ri rov dvdgeov, o20 
 oc, 6^cx,ffvV o Jg QgcKTvg) osihov. xoti ITTI ruv 
 dva'hoyov. 
 XX. Qvra y civriKZiASVMV aXX?jXo;$ 
 
 xgoig npos AAAHAA, ?y 
 npos TO MESON. Koppurigu yoig ravra, 
 aXX^Xfiyv, ^ roS fAtrou' ifaiFSP ro fA^/a rou 
 tea,} ro fAixgov rov [AByahov, q cifAtyu rov i'trov. 
 xxi. J/ Er/, npor MEN TO MESON ENIOIZ AKPOIE 
 rig fatirtrat' (ug rij 6gix,<rvrrirt vrgog rr t v 
 KUI ry dtrartct wgog rqv 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 61 
 
 TOIS AE AKPOIS npos AAAHAA, 
 
 ret 0g trXiiffTov aVg^oi/ra a*XX?JXa;i/) ENANTIA OPI- 
 
 fyvrai' iVrg adi MAAAON ENANTIA, ra OAEION An- 
 
 EXONTA. 
 
 XXII. TIgog Jg TO ftiffov dvTixeirat 4 aaXXoi>, g^>' 
 
 UV fAZV, 7) SXXfl^Jf' g>' iSf Jg, Yl VffBg/So'h.f). OlOVy 
 
 dvdgzia, plv, ou% q 0ga,<rvTr)g, UKSBoXr} ovffu, 
 , 8XXili|/l$ oyo-a' r? Jg 
 
 ov<rcx, 
 
 XXIII. /a yo a/a; 
 
 M/CtV 2J/, Tl/ ES AYTOY TOY nPAFMATOS. To; a 
 
 opoiortgov TO ZTSgov MKPOV TU 
 -u' ov TOUTO, aXXa ro^avr/oJ', dvTiTt@&fAev ^aX- 
 
 'JXOP. O/Of g-TTg/ OfAOiOTSgOV ZlVCll OOX&7 TJj) dvOgtltt, f] 
 
 0gct,<ruTi)g nut tyyvrtgov, dvofAOioTSgov j* jj 
 
 ^aXXof dvTiTi@$fAev. ra ya 
 TOV fMffov, tfatrt&rtga doxe'i eivui. piex, 
 oi)i> a/V/a air^, g| ay row roy ^ay^arog. 
 20 'Ergpa 3g, EH 'nivmN AYTI^N. Tfo? a 
 
 , rayra 
 o/ov ayroi 
 g fiiovag' dio gyara(po^o/ 10*^0 
 
 yj vrgog KOfffMortjrct,. TC&VT ovv 
 a ? 
 
 \ Sid TOVTO, q a^oXarr/a, y^rg/SoX^ oy<ra, 
 
 "Or/ jEtgy 0yv gdrrlf ^ deTq q qdixr} AZffOTqg KCM 9 
 Tr dvo 
 
 oV/ ro/ayr?; 
 ro (TTO'fcKa'TiKV TOV (juiirov g/\a/ roy gy ro? 
 ittuvug 
 
62 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK n. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 GENERAL RULES FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF MORAL 
 VIRTUE. 
 
 See B. II. I. A/0 KOU EPFON ESTI ZIIOYAAION EINAI. tV 
 
 c. in. . xii. t , \ * i n ~ >' f ' * ^ 
 
 wuffTu yotg, TO [Attrov Xapg/y toyov. oiov KVK^OV TO 
 
 ftztrov, ov yex.vTog, aXXa TOV eidoTog. OVTU Jg KOLI, TO 
 urQrivoLi) vravTog xoti pudiov' xou TO dovvat 
 V) TCCK.} dew a vq tr at' TO $* ^, a) oVoc, Tea] 5 
 
 ov svtxa, X,OLI oV 5 OUX'ZTI iruvTog ovfil 
 
 OlOTTSg TO 6V XCU (TTTCLVIOV) %tt,} tKCtlVtTOV) 
 
 II. A/0, Og? TOV <TTOfc(X,o{AeVOV TOV fAZTOVj 
 
 AnOXHPEIN TOY MAAAON ENANTIOY. XCtciKS 10 
 
 Tourou jtxfv xaTrvou x xujaarof IXTOJ eegys 
 
 x,cu fj 
 
 dxgav, TO fitv tPTiv dfAagTaXoTegov, TO $* 
 VTTOV. g-rg/ oyi/ <roD (Atffov TV^iiv dtcguc 
 TOV Jgyrg^oi'," ^a<r/ ? " ^Xoyv, ra 
 i' TWV a*wi/." TOVTO 5' go*Ta/ ^aX/o*rct, TOVTOV 
 
 " 
 
 TOV TgOTTOV OV 
 
 ill. SKODEIN AE AEI, npos 'A KAI AYTOI EY- 
 KATA<J>OPOI ESMEN. aXXo/ a TO? a>.Xa -rg(ya- 20 
 
 . royro ^' gora/ yvagiftov, tx, Tjjg qdovqg KO,} Tqg 
 Tvjg yivopivriG wt^l qpaig. Big TovvavTiov $ 
 tctvTOvg atyzXxsiv S&7. croXy yag> owot'ya'yovTeg TOV 
 dfAagTctveiv, slg TO f&i<rov rfeojAZv. oveg 01 TO, 5/g- 
 (rrgafAfAZva TUV %vXuv og@ov\/Tsg KOIOVCTIV. 25 
 
 IV. EN IIANTI AE MAAISTA (DYAAKTEON TO *HAY 
 
 KAI THN 'HAONHN. ov yap ctdixuffToi xpivo 
 
 f f * I >/ A N >(- r ,/ 
 
 ovv 01 oyifAoyzgovT&g VTTCLVOV trgog Tqv JLAt 
 
 . JV -*, 
 
 ' 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 63 
 
 rovro Jg? naOtiv KOU qfAug Kgog rqv qdovqv, xcti iv 
 rqv ixeivav iTiXiyio (fcavr^v. ovru ya,g avrqv 
 qrrov oifAct,gr7}(rofA&0cx,. rctvr ovv 
 iv KttyciKuito eiirelv, {Aa,Xf<rrex, 
 rov fx,t<rov 
 
 V. XaXgsrov 5' fr{ rovroy xot,} [Aot,Xi<rr iv rolg 
 %cx,ff 'tKUffrov. ov yag puoicy Siogurcii) vrag, xai rurt 9 
 ffoioig) xoti wotrov "fcoovovy ogyurriov. xui y 
 OT\ fA\v rovg 
 $otfM9* or\ Jg rovg 
 
 o ftv [Aixgov rov ev TCtgtxai- 
 
 ov -zzruiy our g-r! ro aXAoi/ ovr in] ro 
 
 yrrov o 3g 5rXw. ovrog yag ov havflavet. o 
 
 ov pcioiov reu 
 
 ovv ruv 
 ra, g rciavrcx, v rog xaff' stccHrru, jcoti EN T^ 
 
 AI20HSEI 'H KPISIZ. 
 
 VI. To fA\v ago, r off ovr o dfaov on 'H MESH 
 
 f HIS EN HASIN ERAINETH, AHOKAINEIN AE AEI, *OTE 
 20 MEN EHI THN 'YOEPBOAHN, 'oTE A' EHI THN EA- 
 
 AEIYIN. ovra yo\g paio-ra rov (A,iffov> %ui rov ev* 
 
BOOK III 
 
SUMMARY OF THE THIRD BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 OX THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN VOLUNTARY AND 
 INVOLUNTARY ACTS. 
 
 I. The necessity of enquiring into the difference between VOLUN- 
 TARY and INVOLUNTARY acts. 
 
 II. Involuntary acts are THOSE, WHICH ARE EITHER COMPULSORY, 
 or DONE THROUGH IGNORANCE. These two kinds are distinctly 
 considered. 
 
 III. COMPULSORY ACTS are THOSE, IN WHICH THE CAUSE is 
 
 EXTERNAL, AND WHOLLY UNCONNECTED WITH THE WILL OF THE 
 
 INDIVIDUAL CONCERNED. IV. Some acts are of a MIXED nature, 
 partaking of both the voluntary and involuntary. ABSOLUTELY 
 speaking, they are involuntary; but WITH REFERENCE TO THE 
 OCCASION, voluntary : and this last is the character, which, on a 
 strict view of the subject, properly belongs to them. V. With 
 regard to such occasions, it is sometimes difficult to determine what 
 is the right conduct. VI. It is not allowable to reckon among 
 compulsory acts those, to which we are prompted by some strong 
 solicitation of pleasure, or by some noble purpose, 
 
 VII. With regard to ACTS DONE THROUGH IGNORANCE: It is not 
 EVERY SUCH ACT that is to be considered involuntary. VIII. There 
 is a difference between acts done IN ignorance, and acts done 
 THROUGH ignorance. IX. THE IGNORANCE WHICH EXCULPATES, is an 
 ignorance, NOT OF GENERALS, BUT OF PARTICULARS. X. These 
 particulars are enumerated : and those of them, of which the igno- 
 rance goes to make up an involuntary act, are specified. XI. Over 
 and above such ignorance, something further is required towards 
 making an act INVOLUNTARY. 
 
G8 SUMMARY 
 
 XII. From the foregoing principles is deduced the following 
 definition : A VOLUNTARY ACT is ONE, OF WHICH THE CAUSE is IN THE 
 
 AGEN*T, THAT AGENT KNOWING THE PAHl'ICULARS CONNECTED WITH IT. 
 
 XIII. It is not allowable to reckon among involuntary acts, those, 
 which are done from the impulse of ANGER and APPETITF. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE MORAL DETERMINATION OF CHOICE. 
 
 I. The necessity of considering the nature of the MORAL DETER- 
 MINATION : called in Greek IIPOAIPE2JS. 
 
 II. The moral determination is VOLUNTARY: but it does not 
 apply to EVKKY THING THAT is VOLUNTARY. III. It is not the same 
 with ANGER, or APPETITE. IV. Nor yet, with DESIKE. V. Nor yet, 
 with OPINION. VI. Nor yet, with ANY PARTICULAR OPINION. VII. 
 
 It is THE VOLUNTARY PRINCIPLE, APPLIED TO SUBJECTS OK PREVIOUS 
 DELIBERATION. 
 
 VIII. This last position renders it necessary to consider, what are 
 the SUBJECTS OF DELIBERATION. In order to which, a view is first 
 taken, of the SUBJECTS EXCLUDED FROM DELIBERATION. IX. The 
 subjects of deliberation are, things practicable to ourselves : but of 
 these also, some are again excluded. X. The subjects of deliberation 
 are, THINGS PRACTICABLE TO OURSELVES, BUT NOT UNIFORM AND 
 CERTAIN IN THEIR ISSUE: and they are, not the ENDS of conduct, 
 but the MEANS towards the end. The nature and process of 
 deliberation are described. XI. The subjects of DELIBERATION 
 and of the MORAL DETERMINATION are the same : except that, 
 subjects of deliberation are in an UNDETERMINED state, and, 
 subjects of moral determination, in a DETERMINED state. 
 
 XII. From the foregoing principles is deduced the following 
 definition of the Moral Determination: A DELIBERATIVE CHOICE 
 
 EXERCISED UPON THINGS IN OUR POWER. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON DESIRE. 
 
 I. The object of desire is not the MEANS, but the END. II. Con- 
 sidered in the abstract, it is that which is ESSENTIALLY GOOD : 
 considered in relation to individuals, it is that which APPEARS TO 
 ANY MAN TO BE GOOD. III. Thus, with a virtuous man, it will be, 
 that which is essentially good : with a vicious man, that which 
 happens to be congenial to his appetite. 
 
OF THE THIRD BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 IN WHICH IT JS MAINTAINED, THAT VIRTUE AND VICE 
 ARE BOTH IN OUR OWN TOWER. 
 
 I. It is argued, that virtue and vice are both in our own power. 
 II. The moral discipline of legislators yields a testimony to the 
 truth of this inference. III. When the vices of men arise from 
 their ignorance, that ignorance is wilful : inasmuch as it is oc- 
 casioned by a wilful inattention. IV. Because virtue is in our own 
 power : it does not therefore follow, that it is in a man's power to 
 return from vice to virtue. V. The leading position of this chapter 
 is supported by a testimony, derived from the common judgment of 
 mankind in the expression of censure. 
 
 VI. An answer to the objection which is intended to exculpate 
 vice, by alleging THE VARIATION OF HUMAN JUDGMENT RESPECTING 
 THE APPARENT GOOD : Such judgment, as the objection sets forth, 
 being influenced by fancy, and fancy being determined by the 
 natural temperament of our constitutions; while this last is a thing 
 not in our own power. ' 
 
 VII. Habits and actions are not voluntary in the same manner. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 WHICH INTRODUCES AN EXAMINATION OF EACH OF THE 
 MORAL VIRTUES, SEPARATELY CONSIDERED. AND 
 FIRST, ON THE VIRTUE OF COURAGE. 
 
 I. Transition to the consideration in detail, of each of the moral 
 virtues, 
 
 II. COURAGE is denned: A MEAN RELATING TO FEAR AND 
 
 BOLDNESS. 
 
 III. ALL EVILS in general, are the objects of fear : but to some 
 of them, courage has no relation. IV. The evils to which courage 
 relates are, THE MOST DREADFUL; and, especially, DEATH IN BATTLE, 
 and the dangers of war. 
 
 V. This virtue does not consist in the total suppression of fear : 
 but it requires, in relation to the objects of fear, that a man's feel- 
 ings should be regulated by reason, and duly proportioned to the 
 occasion and the object. VI. The extreme of fearlessness has no 
 
70 SUMMARY 
 
 name : that of boldness, is RASHNESS. VII. The character denoted 
 by AAAZONEIA consists in the PRETENSION OF COURAGK, and is 
 most commonly accompanied with ACTUAL COWARDICE. VIII. The 
 extreme relating to fear, in excess, and to boldness, in defect, is 
 COWARDICE: which is commonly allied to DESPAIR, as courage is 
 to HOPE. IX. The MUTUAL RELATIONS of courage, rashness, and 
 cowardice. 
 
 X. SUICIDE, for two reasons, is an act, not of courage, but of 
 cowardice. 
 
 XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV. From REAL COURAGE, as now de- 
 scribed, which is actuated by rectitude (TO KAAON), there are to be 
 distinguished FIVE kinds of SPURIOUS COURAGE, which are actuated 
 by other principles. XI. First, the POLITICAL courage. XII. 
 Secondly, the courage of EXPERIENCE. XIII. Thirdly, the courage 
 of ANGER. XIV. Fourthly, the courage of HOPE. XV. Fifthly, 
 the courage of IGNORANCE. 
 
 XVI. Though courage is the proper medium relating to fear 
 and boldness : yet FEAR is the disposition, in regulating which it is 
 PRINCIPALLY concerned. 
 
 XXII. Mode in which PLEASURE and PAIN are severally con- 
 nected with COURAGE, and with VIRTUE generally. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF TEMPERANCE. 
 
 I. TEMPERANCE is denned: A MEAN RELATING TO PLEASURES AND 
 PAINS. 
 
 II. The pleasures to which it relates are NOT THOSE OF THE SOUL. 
 
 III. NOR ALL THOSE OF THE BODY. But to SOHIC of those thus 
 
 excluded, it does relate ACCIDENTALLY. IV. The pleasures to which 
 temperance relates are those, which are common to men and brutes ; 
 namely, the pleasures OF THE TASTE AND THE TOUCH. V. And THE 
 LATTER more than the former. VI. A reason, collaterally sug- 
 gested, for ascribing to intemperance a most debasing character. 
 VII. Even of the pleasures derived from the TOUCH, there are some, 
 with which temperance has no concern. 
 
 VIII. Of the human appetites, some are COMMON and some PECU- 
 LIAR. IX. With regard to the former, there is but ONE BLAMEABLE 
 POINT. X. With regard to the latter, there are SEVERAL : and it is 
 in all these points, relating to both the former and the latter, that 
 INTEMPERANCE discovers its appropriate character of EXCESS. 
 
OF THE THIRD BOOK. 71 
 
 XT. Temperance is related to PAIN in a way, peculiar, and different 
 from that in which COURAGE is related to it. 
 
 XII. With regard to the DEFECT in those particulars, relating to 
 which temperance is the MEAN : it is a state of feeling which has no 
 name, and scarcely even an existence. XIII. TEMPERANCE ob- 
 serves the MEDIUM as to all the various points, in which INTEMPER- 
 ANCE incurs the fault of EXCESS. 
 
 XIV. Intemperance is more voluntary than cowardice, and there- 
 fore more blamable. XV. In the case of cowardice, the habit is 
 more voluntary than the act : in the case of intemperance, the act 
 is more voluntary than the habit. 
 
 XVI. The nature of TEMPERANCE illustrated, from the origin of 
 the Greek word denoting INTEMPERANCE. 
 
CHAP. I. 
 
 ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN VOLUNTARY AND 
 INVOLUNTARY ACTS. 
 
 I. TH2 agerqg dq TTS^I KOL^ re 
 
 7o7g txovffioig 
 roig otxovfftoig 
 
 g-r Atv 7o7g txovffoig svavuv xot 
 
 xot,} gXgoy TO 'EKOYEION xoii AKOYEION 
 
 TOIS DEPI APETHS EniSKonorsi. 
 
 g %oti To7g vofAoOerovtri, Kgog rs rag 
 
 II. Aoxg? Jg aoy<r/a g^a/, TA BIA H AI' AFNOIAN 
 
 TINOMENA. 
 
 10 III. BlAION Jg, C OY 'H APXH E5I20EN, TOIAYTH 
 OYSA, EN 'H MHAEN EYMBAAAETAI *O DPATTON H 'o 
 
 oJov, it wvtvfAa, 
 ovreg. 
 
 > (pofiov {AZ 
 n' (o/ov, si rvgowvog 
 ftvgiog u\> yovivv xoti rinvuv, zcti 
 
 axoutria, Iff7iv 
 
 70tov7ov g n ffVft&nt xa, TTSI rug v 
 IxfioXag. 'AHA^S ^iv ya^ ovdeig a 
 EDI E^THPIA A *AYTOY KAI 
 
74 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 01 vow zy^ovreg. MIKTAI fttv ovv 
 
 slfftv al roiavroti <7rga,<;iig' EOIKASI AE MAAAON 
 'EKOYSIOIE. oJ^gra* ya^ ei<ri TOTE 'OTE DPATTON- 
 TAI* ro 3g rgXo rqg wa,%sug Kara, rov KAIPON " 
 
 KCU TO txovffiov tin xoti ro axovnov, ore vgoir-b 
 r&t, hexTtov' 'TTurrei og tTtuv. x,cti & 'H APXH 
 
 TOY KINEIN TA OPFANIKA MEPH EN TAIZ TOIAYTAIE 
 nPA3E2IN EN AYT^ ESTIN' UV $ IV aUTU 7) 
 
 \TF avru xex,} ro vgurrsiv xui fAq. 'EKOYSIA AH TA 
 
 TOIAYTA *AnA^S A* ISfiZ, AKOYEIA. Ol>Jg/J u, $,V 10 
 
 gXo/ro KA0* 'AYTO rav roiovrav ovv. 
 
 V. 'E^l rotig vrga,%6(ri og rctig roictvrotig, Iviore 
 
 K(X.l EFIAINOYNTAI, OTCM (X,io"fcgOV Tl ij &ftttT4OI> V7TO- 
 
 fAtv&xrtv avr} MEFAAQN KAI KAAHN* av ft oLvctwotXiv, 
 ^iyovtcu. (TO, ya^ *Sff%J&6\ VKO(Aiivu.i \K} MHAENH5 
 
 ' ' 
 
 tvoig 
 
 ov yivsroii, SYrrNHMH 5', orav 3/a roiavra, vga^y 
 rig a, p,t] og7, it, rqv cLvdowTnvriv (f)vffiv vtregreivei not,} 
 
 av vwoAzivut. 'ivioe, & 'iirug OYK ESTIN AN- 
 
 AFKAS0HNAI, aXXa fAuXov avouvtrov Kuovri ra20 
 a^> rov Evgividov ' AXxfAotiwa,, yt- 
 a,vot, f yx,c<,<ra,vra ' 
 
 
 tvors iuxvoti, noiON ANTI noioY AI- 
 
 PETEON, KC& TI ANTI TINOE 'YOOMENETEON* 'in 
 
 ^agTcyrg^oi', fA^vai rog yvuffffiv. ug 
 
 rot gp *P(wioK0jt,tHX, AYHHPA, 
 
 , AIEXPA. S0e 'inctivoi xcx,} ^oyoi yi- 
 
 vovrcti Ktgi rtivg ix,vuy%a,ffQivrct,g 9 i} ftrj 
 
 VI. Ta ^i noiA <I>ATEON BIAIA ; ^ dwXug 
 07ror av r] airta, ev rolg \x,rog ri x,ou o 
 
 a 5g fcaff avroi fAtv xovffia, 
 vvv Jg a; oivr) ruvfie aigGra, xcti q dg%n tv rat 
 uvrci 
 
 at 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 75 
 
 rog %a, 
 am STO/OW etifttiot, ov paiiov dvoiovvai . 
 
 tpogai tlffiv \v rolg xotff g#a<rra. 
 ie ?/ ra 'HAEA KM,} rd KAAA (fa/?? /3/a;a 
 
 
 5 ovuyKuziv yu% u oa' HANTA AN EIH 
 BIAIA. rovruv yoig yjiQW wavrtg vdvTcx, 
 
 01 (Azv, /3/a aJ axovreg, XvTrqg&ig' oi Jg, ^a ro 
 xothov, iG jiotiff* TEAOION AH TO AITIA- 
 
 S0AI TA EKTOS, AAAA MH AYTON, EY0HPATON ONTA 
 10 'TITO TON TOIOYTON, KAI TON MEN KAAftN *EAYTON, 
 TI2N A' AIEXPfiN TA ^HAEA. ffMRl Ji 7*0 /9/Wl g/Vflt/' 
 'OY ES0EN *H APKH, MHAEN ZYMBAAAOMENOY TOY 
 BIAS0ENTOS.' 
 
 VII. To Jg J/ ciyvoiuv OYK 'EKOYSION MEN'ADAN- 
 
 15EZTIN* AKOYSION AE, TO EHIAYDON KAI EN META- 
 
 MEAEIA. o yag it clyvoiav wgalzctg oriovv, 
 dutr^Bgaivav tiri ry Kgct^zi) 'EKHN fAtv ov 
 yz ftrj yjgr oyJ' av AKHN, ^ XvirovfAtvog ye. rov 
 dq it ciyvoiav, o IA\V Iv ^gra^gXg/a, AK^N io%&7. o 
 20 it py (MT*ft&OfMto{9 (^irti ersgog 'i&ra,) OYX'EK^N. 
 (g^s! yag SiaQegsi, /StXriov itoput Sj^ili i'Diov.) 
 
 VIII. "ULregov i' toufc xa,} ro AI* AFNOIAN Kgdr- 
 retv, rov AINOOYNTA noitiv. o yug ^g$y<yv, ij ogyi- 
 
 , ov ioxei AI' dyvoiuv KgarrtiV) aXXa iicc, ri 
 av' ovx, eiiag il, aXX' AFNO^N. 
 
 > A ^V^ ~f /1 V ^>~ / 
 
 IX. A.yvoei [AZV ovv nag o JLooo a 
 
 a(pgrgoi/. 
 
 rav, ctxot) KOLI \#g KCUCO, yvovrat. ro 
 , ovx, ei rig uyvoei ro 
 yag C H EN T^ HPOAIPESEI AFNOIA a/ot 
 AKOYSIOY> aXXa T?^ MOXHPIAE* ovJ' 'H KAOAOY' 
 
 yag Sid ye ruvrqv') ccXX' 'H KA' 'EKASTA, 
 tv oJg, %ot,} KB a, ij vru,%tg. l\> rovroig 
 
76 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 \ / r \ / t ~ > / 
 
 xoti ffvyyvtofjuri. o yotg rovruy ri uyvocaV) oLxovnag 
 
 X. *lf*tf ovv ov "tiov dioiffcti avra,, rivet, xotl 
 
 <xo<rce, tffri. TIE re <5^, xu,} TI, xot,} IIEPI TI, J EN TINI, 
 
 0g 
 
 viore 0g xc TINIJ oov ogyavu' xa, 
 TINOS, olov crurqgiag' %oc,} nns, olov qgipct. J fffodgot,. 
 avavrot, [ASV ovv ravrot, ovde}g oiv ayvoqirsie, [Ay f/,a,i- 
 
 , us oug TON IIPATTONTA. 
 tuvrov ye ; 'o ^g ^arrg/, ayvoqoreiev oiv rig. olov' 
 hiyovrig (pouriv, IxKtffiiv avrovg' J ovx, eidivai on 10 
 airoppqra, qv, (Za"irtg A'urfcvXog ra (AVffriKcx^)' r t 
 
 &>g o rov 
 uv rig y %cx,} rov vlov 
 
 rov XiOov xta'ff'^iv eivctt. xui g-^l ffuryiia, Ku'urag , 15 
 
 if, a ga< ouofAevog, <rx* o 
 ot,x>go% i Sigi^o[Avoi,) '7rot,ro(,^siev av. vrtgi Travrot, oil 
 ravrct, rqg ayvoiotg ovffqg, \v olg fj Kgu%ig' o 
 n ayvofaag, m*m doxsi Ksvga-fcivcii. xa] 
 
 L.4 ^ V T ^ K y%(T?'J'9 i( *' KLYPIHTATA 5' g/VCC/ 3o^g7 ? EN 'oil 20 
 
 i npoi^ig xa} 'or 'ENEKA. 
 
 rr~^ ^^ r '/ ' 
 
 XI. Tof 0^ ara rqv roiuvrqv ayvoiuv otxovriou 
 'in Jg7 rijv wga%iv AYHHPAN g/va;, xoti 
 
 EN METAMEAEIA. 
 
 3 XII. "Ovrog J' axouriov, TOY BIA KAI AI' AFNOIAN* 25 
 ro ixova-iov do%eiev av eTvai, 'OY 'H APXH EN AYTli, 
 
 EIAOTI TA KA0' *EKASTA EN 'oiS *H OPAHIS. 
 
 XIII. "\<rug yug ov xaXug Xty&rai axovcria, sivai, 
 
 \ TA AIA 0YMON H Al' EniOYMIAN. XgUTOV fASV ydg, 
 
 ovdlv 'in ruv oiKhuv ^a^v txovffitog -/r^a^g/, oiJ' oi'30 
 ^ xaidtg. s7ra, vorsgov ovfitv txovffiug KgurrofAev 
 TUV it IwdvfAiuv xa,} OvfAOv ; r\ roc xcthoi JASV Ixov- 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 77 
 
 v, gvo yg 
 
 ovrog ; aTOKOv Jg 1*4$ ro axovnct, 
 uv Js7 ogzyt(r6(x,i. osi 5g> fcct! ogyi^tarOui ivri rttri, 
 
 ra O.gv aoy<r;a Xysr^a sivoti' rex, og 
 
 Jgot, gr/ Jg, T/ J;a(pg^g/, rJ a,%ov(rux, 
 ra ara AoriSMON, j} YMON, 
 (psvxra, fAtvyoi 
 
 g/va;, ret aXo^a DAQH* aJ 3g HPASEIS roy 
 10 ARO YMOY KAI EniYMiAS. oirowov 5^, TO ndzvut 
 ravrcc. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE MORAL DETERMINATION OF CHOICE. 
 
 I. AiwtffAZvav og roy rg txovoriov xot,} rov dxovtriou' 4 
 
 npOAiPEEEnr ggra/ /gXgv. oxsiorctTov 
 a! aXXov ra 
 
 15THN 
 
 II. 'H wgouigea'ig J^ 'EKOYSION ^gv 
 rcturov Jg, aXX* Eni OAEON TO 'EKOYEION. roy /^g 
 #a) craTJg^ ^a) rclXXct ^Ja KOivuvii' 
 oy. fcot/ ra lt!;ai(pvqg, l%ou(ri<x, ptv hz 
 
 oif. 
 
 III. O/ Jg Xg 
 
 % rivet oav' ovx to%OKriv oug Xg- 
 
 YMOS. 
 
 oy' o 
 
 ov. 
 
 vuvnovrai' 
 oy. ct; ^ gy iirtOuAici) qozog xou int- 
 
78 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 ' f) Trgoaigecrig & ovrs K&nfgftV ovff qdeog. 9v- 
 s ' In qrrov. qxiffra, ydg rd Sid Ovpov, zard 
 
 ivai Soxii. 
 
 IV. 'AXXa u*f9 ovSl BOYAH2I2 ye' xMiMg a-vvey- 
 yug (fiuivouevov. <7rgoaige<rig ftiv ydg ovx scrri rvi> 
 dSvvdrav' xot,} ei' rig Quiri -Trgouiiia-Qai, doxo'iy av 
 
 o 'wr\ rav dSwaTuv, oiov 
 
 ~ . KOLI q {A\y j3ovXq<rtg Ivn not,} 
 
 " ug Si avrov Kafltvra civ olov y vTroxiTTiv rivet, 
 
 vi/e,dv) jj dflXqrqv. TTgootigzlrai SB rd- roiot,vr(x, ovS$}g 9 10 
 ,* aXX* offtx, oi'trai yzvetrOcti oiv Si ctvrov. In S', q 
 \v /3ovhq<rig rov rthovg \ffri ^aXXov" ?J 
 
 N \ /. 7- f f /-) 
 
 rwv vrgog ro rzAog. oiov' vyiotinsiv p> 
 SI AI' 'nN vyictvovfAev tea,} gi 
 
 \V KOLl (fiOlfAtV) nPOAIPOYMEGA 0g Xg^g/Vj 15 
 
 ohag ydg toixev ri vgo&igta'ig, HEPI TA 
 
 E<I)' 'HMIN 
 
 ' 
 
 V. yg AOHA ov tj>]. q {Asv yag oa, 
 
 \ / V v v ^ \ \ .AX 
 
 wtgi TTUVTCX, tivai, %a,i ovozv qrrov wsgi rex. Kioto, 
 x,tx,} rdi dovvara, q rex, g<p' qf/fiv. %a,} ra ^gyjg7 
 KM] otA?7$g7 itwgsfrai) ov ra KMKU tea} 
 
 g, rovroig ^o/aXXov. oXag [A\v ovv, do%y 
 ravrov ffwg otJJg Xgyg; ovoeig. 
 
 VI. 'AXX* ovd& TINI. ru yoig vgoa,igei<rdai rdya- 
 6oi q ra xc&xoty noioi nv&g iff[AW ru og oo^d^iv y 25 
 ov. tea] KgouigoufAzdu (JMV AABEIN,H <!>YrEiN, ^ n ruv 
 roiovruv' io%do&H 3e TI ESTIN, ? rm ffvLtyiiit jj 
 
 Xa/3gn J' ^ (pfygrv, oy wdvv o*o%dofAev. x,di q 
 vgoaigzarig l^c&iv&^rai ru eivoti *OY AEI, 
 opens' i Jg Jo|ot r^, ug AAHG^S. / 
 
 {A\v, ^d^iarroi iffpev dyotdoi ovra,' 
 g, a ov ndvv i<r[Atv. do%ov<ri rz ov% oi avro} DPOAI- 
 
 AOHAZEIN. aX 'ivioi, oiv 
 tv (UtASivov, Sid tcattiav a,igz7crdcx,i ov% u oei, si 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 79 
 
 >0a 77}g KgOi 
 
 ovdlv iiatp'egei. ov 70V70 ydg <rxoKov(Aev, aXX* et 
 
 7UV70V t(T7t 00%7] 71VI. 
 
 VII. T/ OVP vi KOIOV 71 e<r7iv, eKeidq 7&v eigq- 
 ' f *ov<riov fA\v d?} <pot,ive7o,i' 70 $ exoixriov 
 
 / 5 * *5* / 
 
 ov KUV Kgoct,ige7ov. c&XX ago, ye TO IIPOBEBOYAEY- 
 MENON ; vi ydg Kgoaigefftg ^gra Xoyov tccx,} diavoiag. 
 toixt xai T'OYNOMA, &>g ov npo 'ETE- 
 'AIPETON.* 
 
 10 VIII. BOYAEYONTAI Jg TOfffC! 7T6gi WCtVTM, XCtf 5 
 
 (Bovhsvrov ttrriv ; J 5re>! tvivv ou% 'iffri 
 
 
 BOYAEYTON, ov v'TTc ov 
 
 <ratT civ rig faiQiog vj [AouvofAtvog' aAA* i^rg Sv o 
 vow ztov.) ire} og ruv A/AIHN ovde}g 
 
 15010V, <fftl 70V KOffeAOV' fj 79Jg 
 
 or i dtrvfAfAergoi. a"XX' oi^g iregi TON EN 
 
 KINH2EI, AEI AE KATA TAYTA TINOMEN^N, $17 1% 
 
 g;rg xou (vffef q ^/a 7ivct, ai7iav 
 
 oiov, 7go7ruv tea,} avarohav, ovdl <7reg} THN AAAOTE 
 
 f > ~ N j f n * v \ 
 
 AAAfiE' o/oi/, awfcfAav %ot,i ojapga*. ovoz v&gt TON 
 
 Ano TYXHS* o/ov, 6r,<ra,vpov tvpzcreug. otXX' oiJg ^rg^i 
 
 7- ,v ,\ ^ /. ,/ 
 
 7<v AN0pnniKfiN HANTON. oiov' 'Trug av zxvvai u^Gru 
 ovoeig AotzeooiifAovicav /3ovXeve7ct,i, ov 
 
 ovfl&v oi qto 
 
 25 IX. oygyoga g K& TON E<I) HMIN OPA- 
 KTON. 
 
 gr/ 
 
 70 
 
 30 /^b 70,g d%ci/3e7g xa,} awdgxsig 7uv tKiwqfAav, ovx, 
 ovXri olovy Keg} ygctfAfAuruv. ov 
 ug yga,K7eov. 
 
80 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 X. 'AXX* 'OEA TINETAI Al' 'HMftN, MH 
 
 A' AEI* wegi TOVTUV (3ovXevofAe@a,. oiov, Treg] TQV KUTO, 
 
 yv{AVot,<rTix.qv, offu qrrov $iq%gi/3aTar xoii 'in, 
 i TV? ^owuv opo'iag' fAcihXov ^g a! ^rg^! rag 5 
 , yj rag IK wry pug' ^oiXKov yug Trzg} avrug 
 . TO /BovheveffOcu Jg EN TOIE 'ns EDI TO 
 
 nOAY, AAHAOI2 AE OfiZ AnOBHSETAI, KAI EN 'oiS 
 
 AAIOPISTON. <rvft/3ovXovg Jg KagahafAfictvopev elg ra, 
 
 10 
 
 y or IIEPI THN TEAHN, aXXa OEPI 
 npos TA TEAH. OVT& yoig iotrgog /SovXsvsTut) el 
 ' ovrs qra, el wtifti' ovre woXirixog, tt 
 
 og ruv hoiwuv ogj, Tg^ rov 15 
 EMENOI rgXo? r/, nr KAI AIA 
 
 TINHN ESTAI, ffXOKOVffl. 
 
 Ka) AIA riAEioNftN fAtv tpciivofAWov yivt<r6ot,t' AIA 
 
 ' ' 
 
 TINOS PASTA KAI KAAAIZTA, g^r/<r^oToy<r/. AI ENOS 
 
 ga;$ av gX^^r^ !/ TO np^TON aiTiov, o EN TH 
 EYPESEI ESXATON iffTiv. o yoig /SovXtvofASvog 'ioix,e 
 
 tCCX,} dvOthVtlV TOV elqAtVOV TgOTTOV, 
 
 f) ft\v ZHTHSIS ov 7ra<ra, sivai @ou- 25 
 (oiov at f&aDfjftarixai') ij Jg /3ouXev<rig 
 xcti TO 'io"fcct,Tov EN T^I ANAAYSEI, 
 
 Swell EN T TENESEI. 
 
 fAtv U^VVUTU WTV-fcuffiVy utpiffTuvTctr (oiov, el 
 
 olov Tt wour0ijva,t' gai/30 
 
 e dvvotTOv (pMtvqTai) eyfceigov(ri irguTTSiv. OVVKTO, 
 Jg, 'A AI* 'HM^N TENOIT' AN. ra yag> ^/a TM 
 AI' *HMN nns t(TTtv' YI yag 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 81 
 
 tf, OT\ [Atv ra ogyava, ore J' i /f g//a> WHHW ' 
 
 I* 'OY, oVg 
 
 AIA TINGS. 
 
 *- - - - V >/ T 
 
 tigqTai, aitvguKog eivoii APXH 
 
 nPASEHN* 
 
 f V XV '/ 
 
 Ovx v ovv SIT} jSouXgyrov, ro rgAo?, aXXa ra 
 ^ ra rgX^. oiJg 5^ ra ^a^' ga<rra' o/ov> gJ dgrog 
 
 viwtxrttt ag Jg7. otlff6fl<rt*>s yag raCra. g/ 
 
 yAgy<rgra/, g/$ wtigQ9 %l;ei. 
 XI. BoyXgyrov Jg a) vrgoateerov TO avro, ^rX^ 
 
 AO^PISMENON 70 VgOaigeTOV. TO yUQ EK THE 
 
 BOYAHE nPOKPI0EN, TTgOKlgtTOV IffTlV. TTUUSTOll 
 
 nag -/r^a|g/, oral s/'s UVTOV 
 
 CIVTOV tig TO qyovftevov. TOVTO 
 \ / \.~^ v \ 
 
 TO TTPOCtlpOUfAtVOV. OTJAOV. Ot TOVTO XOtl g* 
 
 , a,g "Oftqgog tfAtfteiTO. 01 
 
 
 XII. OvTog g roy T^oa/^groy, BOYAEYTOY OPEK 
 20 TOY T^N EO' 'HMIN* xa) ^ vgoaigs(rtg otv tiq 9 BOY 
 
 AEYTIKH OPESIS TUN E<D 
 
 U rqv /3ou- 
 
 *H {A\v ovv vgoaigtfftf Tvnu eigqtrQu' yccci 
 \ffTi' xoti OTI TUV wgog TO, 
 
82 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON DESIRE. 
 
 6 i. 'H Jg BOYAHSII:, on plv TOV rthovg ttrriv' 
 II. A0fcg7 d\ Tolg fMv, AFA0OY gTi/ar rdig Jg, TOY 
 
 <J>AINOMENOY AFA0OY. 
 
 fA\v " ro 
 
 py efvoti (BovhqTov 'o BOYAETAI *o MH 
 AIPOYMENOS' el u wtrrctt SoyA^rov, zee,} 
 
 /!' V V ' " " V V ic 
 
 ayctvov' yv o , si ovrug gry^g, %ax,ov. rote o au "TO 
 (ficuvofABvov ayotQov TO (SovhqTov" teyova'i' MH EINAI 
 <DYSEI 3ovh7)Tov, aXX* 'EKAET$ TO AOKOYN. 
 
 g/ 
 
 E/ Jg J^ raura ^ ag<r^g;, aa (parson, An 
 
 eivat TAFAOON, 
 
 TO ^AINOMENON ; 
 
 III. Ta [Atv ovv ffirovbaiu, TO XOC.T aX^g/af fiff* 15 
 
 g <payAfiy, ro TW^OV. ucrntg xa,i VKI TUV <ru- 
 
 \v ev ftlCtXllfbivoif vyieiva, \ffri, ra 
 TOIUVTO, OVTO,' To7g & iTivotroff, 
 
 . o 
 
 SXCKTTGC, Kvti oa$, tea v 
 
 . KAO' 'EKASTHN TAP 'EHIN IAIA ESTI KAAA 
 
 KAI HAEA. a /cKpgg/ 9rg<rrov <^ o 
 Iv 
 
 UVTUV CUV. To7<S KOK'holc Jg ^ CCKCLr?}, Oltt, T'/}V 25 
 
 . ov a OYSA aaov, O>AINETAI. 
 
 ovv TO ^of, ^ ccyoL&ov' Tqv og 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 83 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 IN WHICH IT IS MAINTAINED, THAT VIRTUE AND VICE 
 ARE BOTH IN OUR OWN POWER. 
 
 I. "QvTog $)} /Sovhyrov JAZV TOV rshovg, (3ouXevrv7 
 $g jea/ rgoatftrSf TUV wgog TO r'tXog' oil veg} rotvroc, 
 vgu%stg, pcara Kgoctigenv g/gv av, *a/ Ixovrtot' at 5g 
 TUV ctgiTuv Ivtgyeiai, ws^i rayra. E<J>' 'HMIN AE KAI 
 
 AE KAI H KAKIA. V o 
 
 TO WgUTTeiV) XOU TO ^ KgCLTTllV XCtl Iv 01$ TO 
 ,?], XCtl TO VOtl. UffT St TO KPClTTeiV, KCt'Kov Of, g(p' 
 
 IffTf a) TO p?) wpuTTSiv \($ rjftiv gVra/, a/Vv^ov 
 
 v \ \ \ / \ i\ t ~ \ 
 
 0V. XCtl g/ TO fAT} KgOLTTeW, JCCtAOV 0V, g(f> 9] fAlV' KOCl 
 
 WTO TTgciTTtiv, uitrfcgov ov 9 i(f) qpAv. si y i<p* qfAiv TO, 
 
 %c& TO. a/^a, qpoicas g scot. TO 
 ' (TOVTO $ qvy TO ayotdolg xa] xa,xo7g 
 'HMIN APA TO EDIEIKESI KAI <DAYAOIS EINAI. 
 
 T* N V ^ ' e re *, f \ \ v 
 
 io og Xgyg/f as ovoeig IKM irovqgog, ovo 
 xcig'" totxt TO (Atv \^gt;3g7, ro y u'kTiQii. fActxa 
 iv ya oidiig oix^v' q Jg Mntct \xova-iov. jj To7g 
 
 y% vvv figtjfMtQis CLfAfptfffSrjTqTtov' tea,} TOV dlv 
 ov (pargov awqv eivui, ovfti ytvvnTqV) TUV <7rp 
 
 tr \ / > v ~ \ \ 
 
 x,ai Ttxvav. st ot TUVTCX, ^AINETAI, xctt ^ 
 sig aXXa^ a^a$ dvc&yoiyiiv waga, Tag g<p' 
 N KAI 'AI APXAI EN 'HMIN, KAI AYTA EO' 
 
 HMIN KAI 
 
 II. TovTcig o touts [A,agTvgii(r9oi,i, xcti idia, v(f) 
 
 fCaffTUV) XCX,} V'TT UUTUV TUV VOfiodtTUV. X>oXoi^OV(Tt 
 
 %,&,} TifAtvgovvTOti Tovg ogavTug fAoy^Oiypoi, , otroi 
 {MI f3ia, v %i ayvoioiv 'HS MH AYTOI AITIOI* Tovg Jg 
 TOO #aXa ftguTTOVTcig Ti^uffiv* ug Tovg 
 
 Tovg Jg zahvcrovTeg. xatTOf, ova fA?)T 
 
 G 2 
 
84 
 
 THE NICOMACHEAN 
 
 BOOK in. 
 
 
 ro7g et 
 
 i oera 
 
 fjfMv \<rri> ^6' l%ov(ritt,, oudeig fgorgivtrott KgaT- 
 Tstv' ug ovdlv -zr^o Igyov ov TO rturffijvcti, fty 6sgf*at- 
 aXysTi', i Tli^F, J aXX* onov* TUV TOIOV- 
 oufftv ydg TJTTOV TreHrofAsflot aura. xa} yag 
 T&; ayvogTv xo\otovftv 9 EAN AITIOS EiNAi5 
 
 THS AFNOIAS. 0109* 701$ (JtstQvOVffl $l*}> TO, 
 
 yoig MgW ** uvra' zvgiog yoig rov pr} 
 rovro 5' OIITIOV rr,q ayvoictc., tcoti rovg 
 rt 7uv \v rol$ vofAoig, a oei %VKf t fCtff6eu 
 tern, %,oXa, > ov(nv . OfAoiug Jg #a! \v 10 
 
 dfAtXtiav oiyvoziv 
 g9r* avroic ov TO /ATI dyvotlv. TOD yap 
 
 XVglOl. 
 
 III. 'AXX* iV(Wg, TOIOYTOS ESTIN ' nSTE MH EDIME- 
 AH0HNAI. CtXXd To5 7010V70V$ yVt(T00ll AYTOI AITIOI, 
 
 civstfAtvug. xcti TOV t& 
 
 %,ctftovgyovv7g , o! og gv -/roro/j 
 at ydig -TTS^I 
 
 TOtOVTOVg TTOlOVfflV. TOUTO Jg 
 
 qyTivovv ayuvicLv q vrga,%tv. 
 ivzpyovvres. TO ^a-gy ouj/ ayroi?* 1 , or* 
 
 g*flWra ai gfg/ff yivovroti' xofAidy dvai- 
 \n J', aXoyoV) TOV cidiaovvTct, [Ay /3ov- 
 udittov tivai t q TOV dftoXcKrTotivo'JTcx, dxo- 
 
 ot 
 
 IV. EJ Jg /M/^ dyvouv TI$, 
 
 txuv 
 
 vyiqg 
 
 g 
 ys 
 
 av eiq. ov (Ml* 
 %&.} torTOti otxoiiog. ovoz yctg o 
 
 xat t ov7c*)<: 
 
 txav 
 
 net} i"ti0W9 7olg loir got {. TOTS [&t 
 rgotfliva tf QVKITI. &mg 
 
 oyi/30 
 
 A<J>ENTI 
 
 oc g auroi 
 CCUT&; TO BAAEIN KAI 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 85 
 
 MH rENEE0Ai' dio ixov- 
 
 T&g e<rv' ytvofAtvoig OVKITI wn MH EINAI. 
 
 V. Ou [Aovov 5' at Tjjg ^vfflg xuxicu 
 sinv, otXX* \vioig zee,} cti TOV (rupuTog' oig xou \vtri- 
 To7g M9 yoi AIA 
 
 To7g ^g ii oiyviAvafficLV xoti 
 
 oiv oveid'ureis TVtpXa (fivareiy q ix, vixrovy 
 sXg^<rar ru $' gf o\ 
 
 TO (ruu xctxiuv 'AI E<I>' 'HMIN 
 
 J 
 *AI AE MH E<D' f HMIN, 0V. SI OVT6)' JCtt,} gV) TUV 
 
 aX'Aav, at IKITIIAUIAWUI TUV KOMIUV 
 
 V 
 
 9119. 
 
 15 VI. E/ ^g r/$ Xgyo/, V or/ vr&vrsg itpievrai row See c. iii. 
 
 ^ - /v v > / $. iii . of this 
 
 v ayavov, rrjg ot FANTASIAS ou *w 
 
 OTTOiog ^o lx,<x,(TTOg icrn, TOIOVTO /coti TO 
 <I>AINETAI ayrJ 1 " gJ pw ovv sxaa'Tog tctVTu rjjg 
 tern vug atTiog' %at T9Jg OANTASIAI: 
 
 TOV 
 
 row Tthovg TQLVTO, 
 
 oiofAtvog CAVTM TO agurTov 'iffttrflar q $e TOV 
 oux ct,v0aitro{, aXAa <I>YNAI 5g7, 
 
 TO %,CX,T 
 OIVTO 
 
 t/ ~ / s ^ > / 
 
 TOVTO OTI zc&Xtog fttyvjiiy' {TO yag fAt 
 
 olov TS 
 
 , xoi o '/rag tTtgov fAq 
 
 7v, o>XX 0/0 v g(y, ro/oyrov gfg/' ^o 8* sv'^ti, 
 
 30 ^a TO xotAwg TOYTO T 
 
 ^^^ ai> gj'jj tvfvt') &i 3^ rctiJr' go-r/v cthqdij' TI 
 
 g ofAoiuC) TU dya6u aa] TU KUTtw, TO rgXo? 
 
86 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 <pffst, oflwjjflrorg, <DAINETAI KAI KEITAI' r 
 
 Trgog rovr dvatptgovrzg, 
 
 E/Vg Oq TO rzXog ^L>y\ (pvffst Ixdarra (potivtrat oiov- 
 n %di wag aurov tffnv tin ro 
 
 TEAOS (pUfl^fcOV, TO AE TA AOIHA DPATTEIN EKOY- 
 
 TON snoYAAiON, f) dery} iKovcriov io-TtV ovfisv 
 
 fjrrov ncii f] KUfCict, txovffiov civ etq. ofAotug yag xcti 
 TU xotxa uirag'fczi TO AI* 'AYTON Iv rcug HPASESI, 
 
 el (MI iv ru TEAEI. el ouv, oHrKSg Xgyg- 
 i eicnv at cigirai' (xa! ya^> T^N 'ESEON 
 
 nag avro 6puvf HOC, ru noioi TINES EINAI, ro 
 TOIONAE Tf^g'a/g^a' **W at fcatciai txoutrtot av etsv. 
 
 rinses Kotvy fA\v ovv Keg} Tuv dgerav si'grjTai f}fMv, ro 16 
 
 rv-rtu. i ft../ tt //> \r/ r/v 
 
 ygfo^, wg tv TWTTC*)' on [AetroryiTtg et<riv' %at ort gg/f* 
 *,}'ori. v($ ojv rs yivovrai, on rovruv vrgoutrtxcu [&aff 
 ~ xa] on \(fi ijfMv JMU \KOU(TIOI' xot} ovrag, ug 
 
 av o ogffog T^oyog 
 
 VII. L^/ opoiug og at nPASEis sxovortot et<n, 20 
 xa} at 'EHEIE. ruv p\v ydg T^afgiyv, in! dpvm 
 
 /. / / i ->\r ^ ^ /l 
 
 TOV TthOVg XUglOl iCTfASV, SlOOTSg TO, ZCIU 
 
 ruv z%suv i\ 9 rqg tif%nf- &ct,ff ftcurret Jg jj 
 ov yvugijAog, utrTreg tvrt ray dppM&Ttuv. 
 on g(p' tifM* r)Vy ovrag tj ^ OVTU ^g^traffdat' 25 
 
 TOV70 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 87 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 WHICH INTRODUCES THE CONSIDERATION OF EACH OF 
 THE MORAL VIRTUES, SEPARATELY CONSIDERED. 
 AND FIRST, OX THE VIRTUE OF COURAGE. 
 
 I. ' AvaXufBoyrsg iq Ktgi Ixourrqs, si'wufAsv rivsg 9 
 
 IIOSAI 
 
 II. Ka! Tg0r6v Treg} ANAPEIAS. on [ASV ovv 
 
 ESTI OEPI ROBOTS KAI 0APPH, ijtiq KOU 
 
 
 III. tyofiovfAtQct, il iqXovoTi TA <J>OBEPA 
 i \CTT}V, &)g dw'hug tlwiiVj TA KAKA. iio xdl TOV*'** 
 
 (po(3ov OgifyvTCtl) nPOEAOKIAN KAKOY. 
 
 \() (Atv ovv TrdtVTOt, TO, xaxcc,' oiov, dio^iav, 
 
 totv, QdvoiTov. aXA* ov ntgi vdvTa iofcst o dv- 
 tivui. tvia ydg KOL} AEI (po/3g7<7^a/, xoti 
 TO os [Ay, ai(r%gov' olov^ aoof/av. o [Atv 
 og , tTTieixqg xoti alorifAuv' o it {ATJ 
 ;, dvaitr^WTog. XsySTOti i' VTTO TIVUV dv- 
 
 KATA METAd)OPAN. g^g^ ydg Tl OfAOlOV TU 
 
 . a(po/3og ydg Tig x,a,} o dvigs7og. 'Treviav & 
 is7 (po{3e7<r@ct,i, ovi\ vocrov, ovi* o\ag, ova, fArj 
 
 V* e-* ^^ V ' v ~ 
 
 og 01 avTOv. aAA ovo o vregi TUVTO, 
 20a(po/3og, dvigtiog. xiyopev i\ x>ou TOVTOV KA 'OMOIO- 
 THTA. Ivioi ya^, tv To7g voX${Ai%o7g xivivvoig 
 ovTSg, z'h.tvQzgioi slffi, ttui wgog ^^jACiTcov UK 
 svSagffug 'ifcovffiv. ovil iq ei Tig v/Bgiv Trtgi 
 
 'ot yVVcilZOt, (pOpllTQLl) 7} (pfioVOV, y Tl TtoV TOIOVTMV, 
 
 og la-Tiv' ovi' si 0apps7 (At 
 
 dvigeiog. 
 
88 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 IV. rig^i volet, ovv rav (fiofitguv o dvdgeiog ; 
 
 Xtgl TA MEHETA ; Ovfliig ydg VKOfAZVSriKaregOg 
 
 deivuv. (po/3egara,rov 5' 'o ANATOE. Tcigug ydg, x,di 
 ovSkv 'in ru reOvzan dox,ei> OUT dyoi&ov ovre zotxov, 
 elva.1. Jofgjg 5' a,v ovdl wi} ANATON TON EN HANTI o 
 
 tivui' oiov> el Iv Qaharrri, ? \v voroig. \v 
 
 OVV, % \V TOIE KAAAIETOIS; TOiOVTOl Jg *OI EN nOAEM$. 
 
 si/ (Aty'iffrc*) yoip x,cti ttaXXiffra xivovva. ofAoXoyoi 
 Jg rovroig ei<r} X,CM cti rifta,}, at iv rotig croXs<r/, x,ot,i 
 Tagdi Toig [Aovug'fcoig. xvgiug dq hiyoir aMO 
 
 o CEPI TON KAAON ANATON AAEHS, KAI 
 ANATON Eni<i)EPEi, 'rnoTYiA ONTA. roiotvra Jg 
 ra xara TOXfU)!*. OL ^/.i;^ aXXa ai 
 o dtigttog. ov% OVTU 
 
 'Trt'yvux.ua'i Tij9l&t 
 , xou rov Sdvarov TOV TOIOVTOV 
 
 ffiv 
 
 o$ x,a,} dvdgi^ovrai, \v oig ifrwv dhxy), q naCkov TO 
 iv roug roiotVTCtig Jg (pQogaig ovfltregov 
 
 20 
 
 10 v. To Jg OOBEPON ou Kan [AW s avTO. 
 Jg r/, %,&,} 'YIIEP ANpnnoN. rovro ptv ovv 
 <po/3egov, TU yg vovv 'iy^ovn. roi 3g KAT' ANpnnoN 
 
 fta, TU ^aov xou JJTTOV' 
 roi dappct'h.zcx,. o Js dv^pilog dvtKTrXyxTog *25 . 
 
 ovv %ou ru roiotvroc, 
 
 ojq dii 3g, fca) ig o Xoyoc, vKoptvii, TOY KAAOY 
 'ENEKA. rovro yd? r&Xog rtjg dptrrig. t<rrt og MAA- 
 
 e k o ~ /> \ >/ 
 
 AON KAI HTTON TAYTA (pOpeiCTVCtl' %Ctl tri, TA MH 
 
 <I>OBEPA 'or TOIAYTA (po(3&7(r@<x,i. yivtrui Jg 
 
 
 TJ pv on ov g, g o 
 
 g o; OL>^ OTg, % n ruv roiovrav* ofAotag Jg ftoti vrtp} 
 rd QaGLKtu. o fA\v ovv a Jg7, &a! ov zveza, VTTO- 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 89 
 
 pivtov zctt (pofiovfA&vog, xcti ug 3g7, x,c&i ore, opoiag 
 Jg xdl 0appv dvdgeiog. xar. d%totv ydg, x,cu ug oiv 
 o Xoyog, Trdtrffii xcu Kgdrrei o dvdgtlog. r'&og Jg 
 inpyttat l<rri, TO xara rqv t%tv' xa,} ru 
 t Jg, r t dvdgeia, xofoov. roiovrov dy xcti ro 
 , ogi^sroti y&Q zxctorrov ru rsXst. KAAOY 077 
 , o dvdpelog vwofAtv&i KUI Kgoirret rdi otra rqv 
 
 VI. Tav y uirepfBoi'h.XovTuv, o piv rq 
 
 / if v f ~ ~ ' ' V 
 
 {eigqrai o qfAiv tv roig vgoregov> on 
 dvuvufAot') t'lr, tf civ TIS MAINOMENOE H ANAA- 
 THTOE, el pqfftv <po@o7ro, tAqTS <rei(TfAov pyre roc 
 #a0dx$f (pa<r/ rovg KtXrovg. o Jg ru 
 
 ra (oj 
 
 15 VII, AOKEI 5g KUl AAAZI2N 
 
 KriiririKog dvdgetoig.. tug ovv tniivog ireg} rd 
 EXEI, ovrug ourog {SovXercti <tAiNES0Ai. gy 
 olg ovv ovvotToii, [AifAzlroti. oio xcti el<riv ot 
 
 aVTUV 0PASYAEIAOI. iv TOYTOIS 706^ 
 20 TA <1>OBEPA OVfc VTTOfAZVOVCriV.- 
 
 vii r. 'O Jg T<U tiffSou UTiSttXXA^i AEIAOZ. 
 
 xott u d Arj jg?, %,cti &>g ov Og7, xa,} KOLVTU ra TOI- 
 
 avrcx,' djco'kovdil &,VTU. iXXs/Tf/ Jg xa) ra; 0apps7v. 
 dXX* tv raig XuTroug, wrffj3ttXXan> ftolXXov fturatpavqg 
 Sffriv. ducr&X'Trig dq rig o dei\og. -Trotvrct, yizg <po/3e7- 
 ra;. o J' dfigt7ot ivavTiug. ro ydg 6ct,pf)ti\>> 
 
 IX. rig^} roivTci fA\v ovv tffriv o rg Jg/Xo, ai o 
 Ogcurvg, xa,} o dvdge7og. dtot,(po0ug ' 
 30 aura, o/ ^gf ya^> vwegl3<i'hXov(ri xdi I 
 i%tt xoti ug Jg?. xot,} oi 
 
 rc' 
 
 npo roov x,ivl$vvuv, EN ctvro7g J' 
 o vdge7oi tv ro7g ifyotg o%t7g, vgo- 
 regov y qa'V'fcioi. KuduTrsg ovv ei'gqrai, % dvigeia 1 1 
 
90 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 gVri KSQL Octppcihsu, xcti (pofitgu* \v oig st- 
 'OTI KAAON, aigsircti xoti 
 
 AI2XPON TO MH. 
 
 X. To y d7ro0vr)(r%eiv (ptuyovra 
 
 X,OTJ?f0F' ovx dvdgeiov, aXXa paXXov eihov. [Act- 5 
 
 TO (ewtiv ret, fTriTrovct,' KCLI ou OTI 
 
 KAAON UKOf/svSl, aXXa <I)EYr^N KAKON. 'iffTt 
 
 ovv Y) oivctgeicc, roiovrov n. 
 XI. AEFONTAI Jg 
 
 10 
 
 jj noAiriKH* fAdhiffra yag> foUMK 
 yc&p virofAtveiv rovg xivovvovg oi TrolCircti, 
 dtoi ra \K ruv vofjuuv iwtTifMO, x,au roi oniifji xai 
 diu, rag rt{Ao,{. %&,} dioi TOVTO dvdgtiOTCtroi doxou(rtv 
 thai, nag olg oi Jg/Xo) otrtfMl, tea] oi dv^gttoi 'iv-\b 
 . rotovrovs i\ ttOJ Qpj)f6f voitl* oiov, roy 
 
 X>tt,} TOV 
 
 20 
 
 if otVTi} ^d^tffra ry wgoregov tigflpivip, on 
 oi dtTTiv yiv&rai. ii* OLIOU yoti ncti Sicx. 
 
 ydg*) xui tyvyqv ovsidovg, ai 
 
 ovrog. rcai &9 rig xa rovg VKO <ruv 
 
 sig ravro. fceigovg 3', offa ov 
 alow, aXXa dice, (po/3oi>, avro oftSffi' zct.} 
 ov TO 
 
 , . , 
 
 TO Ktrtrypo*. dvc&yzct^pva'i yug 
 
 ov oe 
 
 oy oi otgxiw l<T<riiTiy.i Qvyesiv 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 91 
 
 01 vrgotTTTTOVTeg, xv vafcugufff, rvirrovreg, TO 
 UVTO opart. zat ol Tgo TUV Tcitygcov KCLI TMV TOIOVTUV 
 Ttt,ga,TdTT6VTsg. vdvTtg ydg dvotyxd^pvny. dii 5' ov 
 it' di/dy%7]v dvo*ge7ov e/i/a/, aXA* 'OTI KAAON. 
 
 5 XII. Aflfcg? Jg KU\ 'H EMTIEIPIA 
 
 rig eivui, o0sv KQLL o ^uKgrrig ariri, tft- 
 ztvai rw oivSgeiotv. TOIOVTOI iz, aXXoi JAZV tv 
 
 aXXo;$* \v rolg 7roXtfAi%o7g ^', ol ff 
 
 \ *? ~ \ \~^/ u 
 
 TOAAOC xzvct, rov TroteAov* a 
 
 W(rvvsoi}goi,x,a,<riv ovroi. <DAINONTAI irj &vigt7ot. ort ovx, 
 01 uXXoi oict, tffnv. g/Va, TroiTJa'oit xott ^ 
 
 ~ ti \ *> it r - ,v. 
 
 TOig oiTAotg, tcui roiavrot, t^ovreg, OKOIU 
 
 rgog TO 
 
 ouv a,vo e 7r')\oig uTrXur 
 xoii dflXyra} idiMTaig. (ncei yug tv To7g TOiouTOig 
 
 OVfc 01 d 
 
 01 /ji<rT(x, (rvovTeg> KOLI ra 
 
 o 
 
 o*z dstXoi yivovTcti, OTUV 
 
 o fcvvvog xot, i/ai/ra; Tog fry x,ou rcxg 
 
 oveg KKW TU 
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 25 xcti \% dg txtvdvveuov, &>g KtiTTOvg ovTsg' 
 
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 /3ou[6svoi. o S 1 dvdg&7og ov TOiouTog. 
 
 XIII. Ka) TON 0YMON 5' tiri TTJV dvigeiuv tTrt- 
 (pegovnv. dvigitoi ydg eivat ioxovtri x,cti ol did Qv- 
 
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 vog tftp&ht dupa*" ndl u pivog xdi Qvpov g' 
 
 VN c ~ ' " ^ 
 
 o avot, pivug {Azvog' ttai 
 
92 THE NICOMACHEAN HOOK in. 
 
 wuvra yug ret TOIOLVTU zoi%& 
 TOV vAou ttffiv fcul otir. ol A\v ovv 
 
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 7) $0/3 ii '(r$u /. g-/rg!, g 
 
 irgQPtgffifV**'* ov %*l tirriv av^gTa, ^/a ro yT* ctX- 
 yqoovog xoii QVJAOV tfceXcivvofAeva, vrgog 
 
 TOV xivvvov 
 ovfftv TUV ieivav KgooguvTcx,. tnii OVTQ) ye, 
 
 xoiv ol ovot dvdgzioi zlev vtiw*rt{. rvTrroftsvot yoig 
 ovx dtp'urravToii Tijg voftij$. xoc.} ol f^oi^oi Jg, J/C6 rqv 
 
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 a, 70, Si dXyqdovog n Qvpov t%thavv0fjt,tva 
 
 TOV fClVOVVOV. <V<TlX.C)T(T^ ( gO/*gl/ ? G6 TOV 
 
 ivai' jcex,} 9 vgotrXajSoua'a, Trgouigso-tv KOLI TO oS 
 og&ta, tiyex.1. xai ol a.vQgciO'Troi $77, ogyij^pptvoi fAtv 15 
 
 avo&ta, tiyex.1. xai o 
 
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 i TO KAAON, ovtf v$ o Xoyog ctXXa 5/a TO 
 
 gdrkfaiw $ t-fcovcri TI. . 
 
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 pcva-tv Iv To7g xivdvvoig. Ka,go(Aoioi Jg, OTI tifAfyu 
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 qv TO, 
 
 qt t ONTA KAI <1>AINOMENA, 
 
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 TO EN TOIS AI<I>NIAIOIS 
 
 tj lv To7g 
 
 rot 
 
 or/ rrd g waga(rx.tvjg. TOL 
 cLg) KMV tx, hoyifffAov KCLI Xoyov Tig 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 93 
 
 xv. ' Avdgeiot Jg (pottwrau xai '01 AFNOOYNTEE. 
 i sl(rtv ov Koppu TUV evsXir'tdav' ffiigovg 5*, ocru 
 aiwfAK ovdlv 'poverty, ztciivoi Jg. dio xou fvttowri 
 
 TIVOC ovov' o 9i7Tex,TtAZvoi &v vuffiv on 
 
 v7roKr6v<ru(rt> (pewyovertv. oireg ol 'Agyeloi 
 vregi'7re<rovreg ro7g Kctxua-iv ug ^txvaviois. ot re 
 
 ANAPEIOI HfWTW Kolo'l rtVS$ , X,OU 01 AOKOYNTEE AN- 
 APEIOI. 
 
 XVI. Ilg^! fictppyj Jg xce,} (po(3ov$ TJ avdgeiot, ovirot, 12 
 10 ovfc ofAoiag -/rg^} dfAtyto Ivriv' ctXXa ^aXXov Ktgi 
 ra (fo/Ssga. o yc&g Iv rovroig ara^a^oj xoii Kg} 
 * ug dii z%Mv y dvdgzlog, ^aXXov J o KIQI ra 
 
 XVII. TJ d?) TO, KvwflfU VTTOfAtvsiv, evg 
 g7o/ Xgyovra/. oio xce,} t'TriXv'Trov 9] dvoeicx,, 
 ivoitttirat. ^aXg^Tg^ov yoig rd 
 
 t) n ruv jtav Trroti. ov 
 
 TO xurdi rqv dvdgeiav TEAOS T^y, 
 vwo ruv ftvxXa o d(p(x,vi^(T^ai. olov adv ro7g yv(A- 
 20vitt.o7g dyMiri yivsrou. Tolg ydg Kvxraig TO f6tv re- 
 v, ov svszct, o (TTttyavog %u} al TtfActr ro o\ 
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 nag o Kovog. J/ct Jg ro ^roXXa T&VT eivoit, UL.I- 
 
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 3g Tovro. aXX* ovdzv YITTOV dvdgtlog. t&ag Jg 
 
94 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 on TO |f T&; sroXg KAAON air' txeivav 
 
 ov oq tv aTratraig Taig dgerctig TO 
 vvug^ei, rAjyn EC>' 'OEON TOY TEAOYS E<J>- 
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 . aXXo 5' dyat.&ov f64& g^ovra^. 
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 ) ^gj/ GUI/ dvdgeioig ST! TO<TOVTOV tigf)<r0a. ri 
 
 ov fcaXtKov TVKU ye 7regiXa/3$lv ix, TUV 10 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF TEMPERANCE. 
 
 13 I. Ms-ret 5s TOLUTW weg} Efid)poSYNHZ 
 
 ($o%ov<ri y&Q TWV ahoyav [teguv OLUTOII eivai a,i jigs- 
 
 TOli.) OTl fAZV OVV MESOTHZ ESTI DEPI *HAONAi: Tf\ <TGi)- 
 t if r ~ r \ \ e / 
 
 (ppo(rvv'/]y sigrjToti rjfAiv. IJTTOV yug) xui ov% ofAoiug^ 
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 diqpr l <7@u<rciv ovv [fcal] at SHMATIKAI KOLI al 
 
 a/ -J/y vt f- / / /i / \ 
 
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 ov (fuhriTixog irriv, ovffkv Ku,(r%oi>TOc TOV a-u- 
 aXXa c/aXXof rqg dictvoiag' ol dl vei Tag TOI- 
 
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 ydg 
 
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 VAeag, adotffag, axohao-Tovg ft ov, 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 95 
 
 ov$& rovg 
 
 rdg ffvfuxrtxoit sty oiv q 
 
 III. Ov Kdffctg i\ oyjg ravrag. oi ydg 
 govrsg TOIS AIA THE o^Ens, (olov 
 
 Jtcc uti ovr& tf&tow ovrs 
 
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 rovg yap fcaigovrag fAJiXuv, ? poSuv, rj 
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 15 dxoha,(rroi> on dtd rovruv dvdfAvqfftg yivsrcti uvrolg 
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 T?? touori' on o tyyvg s<rr/, oicx> rqg 
 
 
 xoci cul#, r) ravr 
 
 > v> > \ s\ \ tf. ->\ / V . > f/ 
 
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 IV. g^ rag roiotvrag 
 
 sect,} YI dtiol^atrioc, \ffnv , 'ON KAI TA AOIRA ZOA KOI- 
 
 dei xoti 
 
 avrai ft ei<r}v, Ad>H KAI 
 
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 ovOlv ^rjarffai. rqg ydg ytvfftag l<rnv q xgi<rig ruv 
 ovr&g troiovffiv oi rovg oivovg 
 
<X> THE NICOMACHEAN KOOK in. 
 
 xa! ra o\^a dgTvovTeg. ov wdvv 3s %aigov(ri TOV- 
 roig> rj ov% ot ye axoXaaror aXXa T? aVoXaii<rg/, 
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 xoti 
 
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 ysvs<r&a,i" &>g 
 
 VI. Ko^orar^ 3^ 
 a*oXa^/a. xa} Jo|g/gy av dixotiug I 
 or/ ou ? oivQu'Troi to-Atv VTrdn^ aXX' ? a. TO 10 
 
 TOiovTOig xagttv, X.CLI 
 
 VII. Ka/ ya^> a/ 
 
 dovuv, d<pygn*ra,r oov, a/ ev roig 
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 fl^i -rav TO (FUjia i) TOV dxohcio-TOu a<pi, aXXa 
 
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 '25 
 
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 f ' * N ^ V/ 
 
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CHAi I/niK - O! ARI8TO1 I.! 97 
 
 X. 
 
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 ru ^aigei* o/j ^ g7, J rJ aaXXoF, 5 
 
 
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 ovbzti' OVT avoirs Xwrtircii, wit iiriQvpti' 
 v. ' / *\\ <v * \ ~ > \ > '/ \~ * y 
 
 H 
 
98 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK in. 
 
 TUV TOtovTuv ovQtv. oVa Jg wgog vyieidv tffriv, 
 vrgog gygf /ai>, qdta, oWa, TQVTM ogi%era,i fA 
 
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 \ ^^t\^ ' S> N i N -k ' N 
 
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 xoit (pQeigei Tqv TOV 'i^ovTog (pvffiv* f) $$ qiovij ovilv 
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 XV. Aog/g 5' ot,v ov oAoic/jg tzov(riov 'H AEIAIA 
 
 TOIS KA0' 'EKASTON. avTq (Mv yag 
 OB oia, Xutryv ef/o'T^w UCTTZ xa.} TCX, 
 
 , xoti rclXXct itf^nfMHiv. dto KM] doxii fitcua, 
 ttftti. TU o axo'hota'TCf) avaTrotX/!'. rot [AZV KO.& 
 (Tret, txoiHTia. i'TTidvpovvTi yccg> HOI Oftyof&ivp. TO 5*!' 
 oXoy, VTTOV. ov0e}g yoig imffvpti axoXao-To; etveti. 
 
 XVI. To 5* ONOMA rijg dzoXouriag %a} in] Toig 
 
 yag TIVO, 
 
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 TO, vvv dict,<p'egsi. J^Xof J', or/ TO 5ff*tgQ9 civo TOV 
 ov xctxag J' soutf [AtTtvYivffaQai. KZKO- 
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 \v TOVTOig q TOV qdiog os%ig. el ovv ph 
 
 VKO TO 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 99 
 
 yctg j rov 
 r&> avoqrci). xui q rtjg twiflvfAicig tvsgy&ict a,v%6t TO 
 
 xav gaa/ a iroa, uffi, not, rov 
 
 dto ' 
 
 %%govov<riv. to e fAsrgicis svat avrcg, 
 , KOLI ru "hoyu pr)d\v sva.vnouo'ffai. ro fit 
 
 rotovrov, EYnEiES Xeyo^gv xa,} KEKOAASMENON. 
 rov Koiidcx, JgT, xctroi ro irgoffrctyfict, rov 
 ?v* our a xcti ro iiriflvAqrixov, xara, 
 
 rov hoyov. ho Jg7 rov ffutfigovog ro t 
 I0<p&)vttv ru Xoya. trxoirog yoig dptyolv ro xahov' 
 \iri6 vfitl o <ra(pguv uv Js7, XOLI ug ds7, xoti orf ovrv 
 Jg rdrret xoc,} o Xoyog* 
 
 ovv qftiv tlgi]ff6u 
 
 *** 
 
BOOK IV. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE FOURTH BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF LIBERALITY. 
 
 I. LIBERALITY is defined : A MEAN WHICH RELATES TO THE AC- 
 QUIRING AND EXPENDING OF WEALTH. But it has an aspect more 
 to the EXPENDING, than to the ACQUIRING. II. Definition of 
 
 WEALTH : THAT OF WHICH THE VALUE IS MEASURED BY MONEY. III. 
 
 The two extremes of PRODIGALITY and ILLIBERALITY. IV. Reasons 
 for saying, that liberality has an aspect to the expending, more 
 than to the acquiring, of wealth. V. The general character of 
 liberality. VI. The term properly regards the essential QUALITY 
 
 OF THE HABIT, not the AMOUNT OF SUMS EXPENDED. 
 
 VII. It is the virtue of those who INHERIT, more frequently than 
 that of those who ACQUIRE. 
 
 VIII. The reason why liberal men seldom grow rich. 
 
 IX. The reason why it is essential to liberality, to avoid improper 
 expenditure. X. The conduct which is essential to a liberal man : 
 it is equally regardful of propriety in acquiring and expending. 
 
 XI. The relation of this virtue to the two extremes opposed to 
 it. XII. The extreme of the prodigal, is not so bad as that of the 
 illiberal. XIII. Nevertheless the vice of the prodigal in expending, 
 is often connected with that of the illiberal in acquiring. XIV. In 
 what ways the expenditure of the prodigal, deviates from the rule of 
 virtue, and from the proper character of liberality. XV. Incurable 
 nature of illiberality. 
 
 XVI. The faulty extremes, in relation to acquiring and expending, 
 do not always go together. 
 
 XVII. The vice of illiberality does not relate to very extensive 
 and enormous violations of property. The vice thus incurred, is one 
 
104 SUMMARY 
 
 of a different name. XVIII. Various modes of dishonest gain, to 
 which the term ILLIBERALITY properly applies. 
 
 XIX. Of the two EXTREMES, the DEFECT is, in this case, most 
 opposed to the MEAN. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF MAGNIFICENCE. 
 I. MAGNIFICENCE is denned: A MEAN RELATING TO WEALTH, BUT 
 
 WITH RELATION TO THOSE OCCASIONS ONLY OF EXPENDITURE, WHICH 
 
 ARE GRAND AND SUMPTUOUS. II. The DEFECT is in this case denoted 
 by the term MIKPOnEIIEIA : the EXCESS, by BANAT5IA, AIIEIPO- 
 KAAIA, and other terms. 
 
 III. The CHARACTER of the MAGNIFICENT PERSON is delineated. 
 IV. The proper OCCASIONS of PUBLIC magnificence. V. The PERSONS 
 to whom this virtue is suitable. VI. The proper OCCASIONS of 
 PRIVATE magnificence. VII. The expenditure of the magnificent, 
 will be not only GREAT, but also, PROPORTIONATE. That is : It will 
 be regulated by a special regard to the difference of the various 
 works or gifts, in which it may be concerned. 
 
 VIII. The characters belonging to the two EXTREMES opposed 
 to this mean. IX. These two extremes, though vicious, are 
 not deserving of very great blame. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF MAGNANIMITY. 
 
 I. The MAGNANIMOUS MAN is defined to be: HE, WHO AIMS AT 
 
 GREAT THINGS, BEING ALSO WORTHY OF THEM. II. The tWO EXTH1.M KS 
 
 opposed to this virtue, are those, of him, WHO AIMS AT GREAT 
 
 THINGS, BEING UNWORTHY OF THEM (XATNOS)j and of him, WHO 
 AIMS AT THINGS LESS THAN HE IS WORTHY OF (MIKPO^TXOS). 
 
 III. The chief object to which this virtue, and the two vicious 
 extremes, relate, is HONOUR. IV. This virtue cannot exist, except 
 in conjunction with others. V. This virtue is discriminative with 
 
OF THE FOURTH BOOK. 105 
 
 regard to the honours which it receives, and wholly regardless of 
 dishonour. VI. It has some relation to WEALTH and POWER, as well 
 as to honour. 
 
 VII. It is considered, how far a PROSPEROUS FORTUNE is connected 
 
 with MAGNANIMITY. 
 
 VIII. The general CHARACTER of the MAGNANIMOUS MAN is 
 delineated. 
 
 IX. The two extremes opposed to this virtue, are censurable, 
 rather for error of judgment than for depravity. X. These extremes 
 are described. XI. The DEFECT is more opposed to the mean than 
 the EXCESS is. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON A NAMELESS VIRTUE RELATING TO HONOUR. 
 
 I. There is a virtue respecting HONOUR, which has the same 
 relation to magnanimity, that liberality has to magnificence. 
 II. The two EXTREMES are denoted by the words AMBITIOUS and 
 i N \\tiunous : but the MEAN has no name, and the praise due to it 
 is often expressed by the names of the extremes. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 . 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF MEEKNESS. 
 
 I. MEEKNESS is defined : A MEAN RELATING TO ANGER. II. The 
 DEFECT, relating to this virtue, is described. III. As is also, the 
 EXCESS. 
 
 IV. The EXCESS is more opposed to the MEAN, than the DEFECT is. 
 
 V. It is impossible, with respect to this subject, to fix the exact 
 measures of rectitude. 
 
 VI. Sum of the chapter. 
 
106 SUMMARY 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON THE VI11TUES RELATING TO SOCIAL INTERCOURSE. 
 
 This chapter consists of four parts : of which the first 
 three, respectively, are employed in the separate con- 
 sideration of three several virtues ; and the fourth, 
 points out the mutual connexion and relation of those 
 virtues. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. There is a virtue, relating to convivial and social intercourse, 
 which consists in a well-regulated habit of DESIRING TO PLEASE. 
 This virtue has no Greek name : but the true idea of it, may be not 
 unfitly expressed by the word COMPLAISANCE. II. It is shewn, in 
 what this virtue resembles FRIENDSHIP, and in what it differs from 
 it. III. This virtue is described. IV. THE EXTREMES opposed to 
 it, are described. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 V. There is a virtue, nameless in Greek, but which it may perhaps 
 be allowable to denote, the virtue of MODEST PRETENSION. It con- 
 sists in propriety of conduct, relating to the profession, and to the 
 acknowledgment, of a man's own merits and qualifications. VI. 
 The MEAN in which this virtue consists, and the EXTREMES which 
 are opposed to it. VII. This virtue relates only to those occasions, 
 on which there is no motive of interest to deviate from truth : 
 if there be such motive, it is not this, but a different virtue, of 
 which the exercise is called for. VIII. The character of him, 
 who, respecting this matter, observes the medium. IX. The 
 character of the FALSE PRETENDER. X. The character of the UN- 
 PRETENDING man : that is, of him who dissembles or extenuates his 
 own merits. XL Of the EXTREMES, the EXCESS is most opposed to 
 the MEAN. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 XII. There is a virtue, which, for want of a term more exactly 
 appropriate, we may denote, the virtue of URBANITY. It consists in 
 the due government of wit, mirth, and familiar discourse, on occa- 
 sions of social relaxation and convivial intercourse. XIII. The reason 
 why the credit of this virtue is frequently given to BUFFOONERY. 
 
OF THE FOURTH BOOK. 107 
 
 XIV. The character of the MEAN, in which this virtue consists. 
 
 XV. And of the EXCESS opposed to it. XVI. And of the DEFECT 
 opposed to it. 
 
 PART THE FOURTH, 
 
 XVII. The points of agreement and of difference, belonging to 
 the three virtues thus described. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 ON SHAME. 
 
 I. The nature of SHAME, though not a virtue, nor even a habit, is 
 proper to be here considered. II. To what age shame is suitable. 
 III. Measure of praise connected with the occasions on which it 
 discovers itself. 
 
 IV. Shame is not the only disposition, of which, though not a 
 virtue, the ethical consideration is proper. 
 
CHAP. 1. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF LIBERALITY. 
 
 r. AEFOMEN J' gf5j? Tggu EAEY0EPioTHTos. 1 
 doxei y g/t>a//H IIEPI XPHMATA MEEOTHE. swotive7r(x.i 
 yaj o shtvdsgiog) ovx, \v rolg yo'htfAiKolg, ovS* tv olg 
 o <ru<pgav, ovtf at) b roitg xgi<re<riv aXXa DEPI AOSIN 
 
 5XPHMATON KAI AHVIN, ^aXXflf $* Iv TJ AOEEI, 
 
 II. Xara Jg Xeoi*' Tai^ra 'osnN 'H ASIA 
 
 NOMISMATI METPEITAI. 
 
 III. "Ea-Tt 8s act,} ri AS^TIA, *a) r t ANEAEYEPIA, 
 
 KKI lXXfA^f/(. a) r^v 
 
 ae/, 
 
 rqv 5' iaFwrian 
 
 . rovg 
 
 xaxt&s ijjowttw oi 3i oiKEins 
 
 ra/. /SovXerat yoig Asnror ftvi 9 o gi/ 
 ro (pfaipsiit TtfV ovfftctv. dffarog yug, o 01 avrov d'zroX- 
 . doxzi <? dirofaeioi rig 'AYTOY g/va;, xa) i 
 OYZIAE (pdogct,* <vg rov ijv Stci rovrav ovrog. 
 
 IV. r Ov 3' g<rr! xgeiot) tirri rovroig ftgijtrQai xa,} ev 
 . o vrhovrog $ Iffri ruv 
 %g9Jrctt> o \yjav Tip Keg rovro gtrrjv. 
 
 oigurra,, o 'i%w rqv TT&I rot, 
 
110 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK iv. 
 
 XgflfAoirot dgsrqv' ovrog J* g<rr;v, o \Ktv6tgiog. XPHSIS 
 $* g/i/a; doxel xgqpdrav, AAIIANH #a/ AOEIE' n ^g 
 
 KTHEIS ^aXXov. o*;o 
 ro iiiovai 'ois 
 
 OEN g #a/ E&# Xaai/g/v o0EN or 
 
 ro gy TroteJv, Jj ro eu Kctar'fcziv' xoti TO, 
 ra uur'pcx, f/,9] 
 
 ovx, oi^^ov y 9 OTI ry (AIV dotrei tvrerat TO ev vroiiiv xcti 
 ro aXa irgdrrsiv' rr\ $1 Xti^et, ro sv wdo'fceiv q fty 
 t&rjQPQVfevyw. KOLI q fcdgig ru didovri, ov ra py 10 
 hoifA/Sdvovrt' %&} o 'incuvog fit (AoiKKov. xai paov 5s ro 
 f&ij ha/3e7v, rov iovvat. ro ydg otxeiov qrrov wgoi'ev- 
 rait ^t/aXXov J ov Xotfjt,/3dvov<rt ro dhXorgiov. 
 IXevdegioi Jg Xgyoyra/, oi didovreg. ol Jg pr} 
 vovreg ovx, eig sXtvQegtorqrot, g-ra/i/oSfra/, ctXX* 
 yjrrov slg AIKAIOZYNHN. ol Si hctfA/Sdvovreg, ovtf svoti- 
 vovvrai wdw. tyfaovvrcii 3g <r%6$ov fAdhurrcx, ol eXgy- 
 ruv d<?r dgerrig. uQthifAoi yctg' rovro tf tv r?J 
 
 2 v. A/ Jg *ar' ctgerriv wgctZeig, xaXa), *a/ rou20 
 
 gj/ga. *a/ o' tfavQigiog ovv xrti, TOY KAAOY 
 olg ya, Jg7> a) oVa, *a! org, 
 
 raXXa oVa 'iirtrau rtj op6y iocret' x,di rawru 
 
 \ ^ / \ \ f V f V >\ V. 
 
 u^WTrag. ro yag xctr ctgeryv, you ^ ahwirov' 
 Jg XtnriVptR. o Jg 5/5ou$ o/ ^t^ Jg7, J ^i row 25 
 
 g^gxa aXXa 5/a r*v' aXX^v airtcuf' ovx, gXgy- 
 
 aXX* aXXo? r/f 9]0r}<rerat. ovtf o 
 
 gXo/r av ra jjara, r?$ xaX?? 
 
 ^ Jg7. ouJg ya^ g<m roy ^e/i ripuvrog ra, %g9ifAara 9 30 
 
 roiuvrTi qig. ovx oiv zi'q g o ot,rqrtx.og. ov 
 urn rov tv iroiovvrog, 
 
 o0e 
 
 oev g g, gra/* oov, 
 
 _\ >^.* > \r/ >/ v 
 
 ag xahov aXX ojg otwyxaiov,) onag t^y oi- 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. Ill 
 
 dovai. ov$ dfA&hrio'tt ruv titan' (BovhofASvog yt $10, 
 TOVTcav rtffiv ZKoigxetv. oy^g To7g Tv^ovtri iutrst' !W 
 
 olg JgT, #a) oVg, XCL} ov fcaXov. gXgy- 
 
 ffei ' 
 
 ou g<rr/ trtpogot, xot TO 
 
 iVrg fcaraXgfVgfV tavra Ihotrra. TO 
 
 l(f) sotvTov, 
 VI. KATA THN OYSIAN 3*, T\ 
 
 
 . oy yot ev rc ^rg/ TV iopsvcav TO 
 , ocXX* gj/ r^ TOU didotTO'; g|gr aur^ Jg 
 ovffkv iij x.a'h.vet I 
 
 TOV TO, 
 
 VII. Xgyg^fiyg^o/ g gva< o&ov(riv 9 o 
 aXXa Ta^aXaj8oi/rg$ T^V ovfftocv. 
 rg ya^ T? ivd&iotg. x,ai wavTe 
 ra CLVTUV g^ya 1 AiVsrgg* t)/ yoviig xcii ol 
 
 VIII. nXoi>rg7v 5' oy paiiov TOV tXevQe 
 
 OVTU, fATJTZ (fivXaiCTlXOV, KgOSTtXGV Jg* *a/ 
 
 AI' 'AYTA ra ara, aXX' 'ENEKA 
 
 THS 
 
 o oux, aXoyag TOVTO. ov ya^ olov TS ^grjfAUT 
 
 /^\> \\> x ^ >i~ v f/ \^~ 
 
 IX. (Jy ^v o^(Tg/ yg o<5 ov oei, ovo OTS ^ osi' 
 ' offa aXXa TOIUVTO,. ov yoig oiv ZTI 
 
 " ycex, etg rayra 
 
 av g^o^ elg a og7 avaX/j'^g/f. ufrirsg yap 
 ' tXsvdzgiog iffTiv, o ara TJJV ovffiotv 
 tig a Jg7* o $ vKejSol'h.Xuv, oitT^Tog. Sio Tov 
 
 Tovg 
 
 ov XtyofAev dffcaTOvg. TO yug n'kriSog Tjjg 
 ov Soxti pcidiov tivai Totig do<re<ri not,} Ta7g 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN ROOK iv. 
 
 X. Trjg i&tvfogto'rtffot iijy {AetrorrjTog ova-rig 
 
 v ootriv xdi X^\J//i'' o eXevflegi 
 xa aKavriffei, elg & 5g?, xa,} oira Jg?, opiottog ev 
 xgo7g xai fAeydXoig' xai raura qdewg' xa\ 
 
 , xa] o<ra Js7. Trig upSTyjg ya 
 
 ' * * A > ' \ ~ 
 
 {6&(roT'/irog 9 Troiriffti otfAtporegcx, &jg ozi* 
 
 ry ivtsixe'i dtxrei, fj TOioturr} hr^ig' q 5g u,ij 
 ZVUVTICK, tffriv. a; uusv ovv g'/ro^sva/ yiyvovrai 
 ev ra a,vrw' at 5' tvavriat drjXov ojg ov. loiv ^s 
 TO Siov xu} TO zahag i^o>, <rupt,@ctivn avTa 10 
 
 xot 
 
 ' go-r^ o fXft>l?f*0 g/'j 
 ydg ddixiiffSai, pq TIJAUV yt ra 
 
 gf <n d0oi ^^ 16 
 
 XwTrovfAtvog, el ^YI ($*ov TI dvoiXaxrB. not,} 
 ovx, dg<7%0[Atvog. o ft ciffurog %&,} iv 
 ivei. OVTZ yoig ijiltat Iqf oig Jg?, 
 ourg hwe'iTat . 'ia-Toti Jg vgoiovtri <pa- 
 
 XI. EfTct/ $' ^, or/ 
 
 xoti q v&Xsvtia,* xa} iv 
 
 7] AZV ovv d(rot)Tiu, 9 Tu didovai xcci iAr} 
 
 fidvsiv VKBgPdXXti' Ta Jg \(tfX,(Bcivtn> gXXg/Vg/. jj ^ 
 , rJ oioovcti ptv gXXg/Ve/, rw A<x.fA/3civiv 
 
 rri \ ^ V ~ > / >/ >v 
 
 XII. la ^cgi' oyv r^? a<r^r/ac, OL ^ran* ffvvov- 
 ovyag pddiov {AqdatAoflzv XafA/ 
 ya,g g^r/Xg/Vg/ ^ oy<r/ot 
 xou doxovviv civuroi eivat), g^rgi, o 
 ye ToiovTog do^eisv uv ov fAixgu /SXr/ov g/Va/ row 
 . evia,Tog Tg yap g<rr/, &a! y^o r$j$ ^X/- 
 airogiag' xot,} en] TO [Aetrov 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 115 
 
 TO, rov tXevQziov. xcii 
 
 royro 
 
 ov of./^cf,^st ovosreov o &>g 0g) oy gy. g; 
 
 og s^ %a ov 
 ovx efvai <aGAo TO yog. ov 
 
 ^ {AO%0t)goV, ot>3' uy&MOvc, ro 
 
 ri 7.a,{A/3u,i>ovT(X,' faiQiov is. o Jg rovrov rov 
 /SiXrnw roy 
 
 titett' oicx, rg ra ftlfX&vcty x,ot,t or/ o 
 
 lOXot/?, o' Jg oy^gya, aXX' oy^' avrov. 
 
 XIII. 'AXX' o/ -/roXXoi T&/V ftmttMft ^a^ct^g g/- 
 
 '//I \V~ \ > \ 
 
 ouei> fty oer xai BHTI xctrot, 
 TOVTO, ctfgXgy^g^or XJJOTJXOI Js yivovTai, J/a ro /3oy- 
 
 g royro 
 ayroyg ra 
 
 ro pqffiv TOV xaXov 
 
 i' Xai^/3oivov(nv. oioovai yap 
 ro ^g Tff, ^ -/ro^gy, ovAf ayro7$ itcitpigtt* 
 
 20 XIV. A/oVg oyJ' gXgy^/o/ a/ doreic OLVTUV 
 ov y&Q xaXct,}, oyjg TOVTOV avTOV evsftot, oyjg fiii: ^g?. 
 aXX' gv/org, oy? ^g? -Trgfg^ct/, TOVTOvg vXovtriovg TTOI- 
 oven. KOC,} rolg f/\9 {ASTgioig TO, qfa, ovdlv av do7ev. rolg 
 $6 %oXa%iv, jj Ttv aXhqv rjdovqv -Tro^t^ova-i^ -^oXXot. &o 
 
 2o X.OLI utcoXuarTOi ctvruv ei(riv 01 ToXXo;. evffigug yap 
 
 *a) g/c 
 
 ro 
 
 XV. 'O psv oyi/ a^r^ro^, diraiduytoyyiTog ye- 
 30 vofASi/og, zic rayra grapa^g/. ry<yy o g 
 
 ro AcgVoy ^jc/ ro Jg> dixoiT civ. ij 
 
 ANIATOS gVr/v. cent! yuQ ro yjffaf* %.&.} Troiffoc, ddvv- 
 fAia,, d*tXsv@egovf woiziv. %ct} trvf&fvsirrsgin Tolg dv- 
 VC df&rtocg. oi ydg woXXol, 
 
114 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK iv. 
 
 rj donxoi. xou iareivei w Trov, xa, 
 's Itrriv. 
 
 XVI. IIoXXo! yug rgoTrot $oxov<ri Tjjg dnXtvfigi 
 
 OAOKAHPOE5 
 
 . a XX* eworg /grar ^a! oJ cg 
 
 o 
 
 ra7$ roiavruu; rgeffiiyogiatf, olov (pti- 
 , xtfA@ix,tg' votvreg ry dixrti gXXe/- 
 TOJV y aKtorgiw ovx i<pisvrcx.t, ovdl /SovXovToti 10 
 . o/ ^gy, J/a r/va I9lf/li0^i xa; gyXa/3g/av 
 v. do%ov(ri yu,g 'ivioi, rj (pcuri yg, ^/a rotJro 
 I'Jd, pi] nor u.vct'yzoiff'Qua'iv MtffJfigOi ri 
 KgoilzoLi. rovruv Jg a! o KVfAivoTTgia-Trjg, tea,} -/ra^ o 
 rotovrog. uvofACMrrcii o 9 dwo .rrig v'Tregpo'hqg TOV ^6- 15 
 ol 5' at), ^ci <po/3ov 
 
 oy pciil09 9 TO ayrof ^gv ra frf^AV 
 rot J' avTOv trigovg py" dgt(rxsi ovv 
 ro [tyre Xa^a/Safg/f ^Tg dtdovoti. ol tf av, 
 ^I/ X?\|//f icrg^/SaXXou<r/, r J < 7rdvT00ev Xa^- 20 
 fidveiv xoii -/ray. o/oV oJ -ra^ 0(riXit^f^ot;( IgyoLfriag 
 
 KCC>1 KCCVTBg Ot TOlOVTOi' %.(%} 
 
 i' fotfM ' 
 
 ' " 
 
 HUTU, Aixov ITT] ToXXw' 'TrcivTeg yci ourot, 
 
 o6tv ov Jg7 Xa^c/Saj'oyo"/, xa< oiroa'ov ov oil. xoivov 
 gfl-' avroig q a,i<r%goxtgd&iu, tyaivtrcti. rarrff 7 
 xigdovg, xcu rovrov ftixgou, ovtidq vwofJii 
 
 XVII. Toy? ya^ ra MEFAAA ^ o^gv Jg 
 fidvovrag, fAqXt a Jg7, oJ Xf^/sbiv dveXevfagoug (oiov, 
 7ovg TVgdvvovg, vroXsif KOgQovvTug XOLI hgoi orvXuv- 
 
 ctXXa votfjgovt ^/aXXov, a) dfftfBi'ig, xoc,} 30 
 
 XVIII. 'O ftivroi xv(3&VTr}g, xa} o XuKodvTqg xoti 
 
CHAP. n. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 115 
 
 [o] XqffTTig, ruv dvsXsvfltguv eitriv. aifrwotcegdsis ydp. 
 
 t \ ' \ * ^' ' \ 
 
 xtpoovg yag eitzxev, ot,[A(pOT6goi KgotyfAarevovTcti ?cai 
 
 oveidri vKopivovfftv' KM] oi jctf?) xivduvovg rovg ftsyi- 
 ffTovg zvezct, TOV XqfAfActTog' oi o , UKO ruv (ptXav x-eg- 
 dce,!i>ov<riv, olg dei didovcu. dfAQortgoi 5^, o'0ev ov Jg? 
 
 at roiavrui 
 
 XIX. fLiKOTug Jg T? \Xtv6siorqn, 
 
 ENANTION gygra/. {Asiov re 
 / \~._\ 
 
 CKTMTfoig. teat [AoiAAov tin ravrqv ct,(Augra,vovffiv> 
 
 9ca,Toi rrjv ^fxfliiffav oiffuriav. 
 
 fjwv ovv Ihtv0eoiory)rog, xctl ruv 
 rotruvr 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF MAGNIFICENCE. 
 
 I. Ao|g/g 5' &v ixoT^ovdov eivai, %&} nt?} MEFA- 4 
 15 AonpEnEiAE di&Qitv. doxsl & xct] avTq OEPI 
 
 XPHMATA rig ctgtrr, eivui. oitfc affweg ft rj 
 oictrtivtt TTtpi KeMrcig rag \v ^gfifAOKrt 
 
 DEPI TAX AAHANHPAS MONON' Iv rovrotg 
 
 
 ryjs tfavflegiorqrog MEFE0EI. 
 TovvofAoe, otvro vwotrqi/suivsi) EN MEFEQEI DPE- 
 
 AAOANH iffriv. TO Jg ^gyg0, npos TI. ov 
 TO avTO 5a < /rav^a rgiqgoi,g%&) x,oti ag%i6evg. 
 TO vrg&nrov 5^ trgog avTOVj %,&,} Iv <x>, x,a,} K&gi d. o 
 \v pixgolg, 3 Iv fMTgiotfr xar d%iav da,7rava!> 9 ov 
 Xgygra/ ^gyctXo'/rf'g'/r^* (oiov> TO c< croXXax/ ooiricov 
 dhqTri'") aXX' o \v [AtydXotg ovrvg. o fAtv ydg fAt- 
 ' o $ tXevflsiog, ovffkv 
 
116 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK iv. 
 
 II. Trig rotavTrjg 5' *$f9ft rj pw iXXN-vJ//; MI- 
 
 fj $ yVg/SoX^, BANAYSIA, 
 
 xa} AIIEIPOKAAIA, 
 
 ov 
 
 TU {jutytQti vegi a 0"g7' aXX* b o/ oy 0^7, 
 3^7, hcLfAvgwofAevai, vrregov og crg/ ay- 5 
 
 III. C O Jg l^aXOTflTJJC IfHTTIIMM tOlZSV. TO 
 
 roti $g#?}<m*, 
 Sffqrtg yoig Iv 
 
 rov 10 
 
 roiavrci, r} xa, rc pyct. ovru yap t<TTat 
 / ~ >/ r/ \ \ 
 
 Trptvrov ru tgyM- MfTi TO 6t,g 
 
 di%iov Jg? 6/i^a/, T^ Jg iaTaiJji' TO? 
 
 Jg ra ro/- 
 
 o /gaXoTg? TOY KAAOY mxct* xowov 
 
 TOVTO TOilg dgZTCtig. xa,} trt> r$ict)<; xa,} Trgoertx&tg. 
 ig dxPi{3o7^oyi(x,, fAixgOTrgtTrsg. xa,} 
 
 xoti 
 
 . vayxotov 
 sivoti. xal yd? o 
 
 iov or} xa,} tXevfltiov Tov20 
 
 a Jg7, a! ^ Jg7. gv TOUTOig Jg ro ^g^a rotJ 
 
 rayra TC gX 
 
 ova-rig, xce.} UTTO Trig WK aKcvrig, TO 
 
 ffiiy#KMt(tvtffl(Q9* ov yg r) ocvrrj g&Trj 25 
 xou Ipyov. xTriiAO, p%9 ydp TO "/rXg/Vroy 
 
 / V / >/ v\ \ / 
 
 a%iov TifAiuTMTOv, oiov y^pvffog' tgyov og, TO fAt 
 xce,} xothov. TOV ydg TOIOUTQV rj Osugict, 
 
 TO g gaog'/rgs avucrTOv. xa} t 
 
 . 30 
 
 IV. YjtTTi g TftJi' u7rav>i{AoTUV, oiot, Xsyopsv ra 
 
 oiov , ret 
 
 } flvriai. o^oiug Jg ^al, oVa ^g^) -/rav TO 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 117 
 
 xcc,} otra, vgog TO xoivov svtyiXoTtfAqTd \<r- 
 rtv' olov si' KOV opriiv oi'ovToti Ss7v 
 
 V. f UTotffi 5', ua-Treg et'gqrai, xcii vrgog rov 
 iTTOVTa, dvoKptgtTou TO, Tig av x,c&i TIVUV VTrap'^ov- 
 TUV. di%iot, yuo Jg? TOVTM eivctt' xcx,} [Ay [tovov TM 
 
 TU KOIOVVTI, fffTfJ*. fitO, KtVTjg (A\V 
 
 ovx, otv eiq fAfyaKowgMFTif. ov ya,g tffTiv, a<p' Sv 
 
 o 
 
 TTJV 
 
 x<cu TO otov' XUT oterriv Jg TO 
 
 g>g. ft-gen-ei Jg ^a}, olg TU TOIUUTOL 
 ot UVTUV 9 }} 5;ct TUV Trgoyovav, J uv 
 xoii TOIC evys'Atri, xa,} To7g ivdo%oig' xa,} oara 
 
 (M$ ouv ToiovTog o (MyaXoxptwiK,, tcati iv 
 Toig TOiouToig dairotvfifACKriv f) f69 i yGtX(OFPl9ttGt 9 affntp 
 figijTai. (AtyiffTu, yap ttai itrifwrwct. 
 
 VI. Tuv Jg IAIHN, oVa 6/VaTa| yivsTUti olov yu,- 
 
 XCil Si Ti TOIOVTOV' KUl SI ffel Tl 
 
 q 01 Iv txt*MTI' xot 
 
 ov yag eg &OC.VTOV uwavjigog o 
 slg Toi xoivd' TOL og J^a, Toig dvadrifAUffiv ' 
 TI ZfAoiov. [Atyoi'koTrg&'Trovg Jg, xai olxov x,a,Tce,(r%eu- 
 oKrourdut irpevovTug TU KXovTa. xotrfAog ydp Tig xai 
 
 r \ > '~ '~~ . v ~ '/ 
 
 OVTOg . KUl Ktgl TClUTfX, [AMAAOV OOt'TraVOtV , OffCX, 
 
 voAv^govia, TUV 'igyav. ctXX/<TTct yotg TUVTtt,. %oti Iv 
 \%,d(rroig TO vrSTrov. ov ya- TavTO, dAost 0eo7g 
 
 ov v gu 
 30 tt,7ru,vyipTav, tnctffTOv pytt, v TU yzver xcti 
 
 Ov fAv } TO iv fAtydXa fAtya,' 
 TO gv TOVTOig fAtya. 
 VII. Ka) 5/a(-gg/ TO EN T Epri cga Toy EN 
 
 AAOANHMATI. ffaU Atl> y V) 
 
118 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK iv. 
 
 'i%si fLiyuXotfgi'tstu* Kaidmov iugov' TJ 
 TOVTOV TifAq, fjux.gov %&,} dve"h.Bv@6Pov.) (lia TOVTO 
 TOU [AtyaXoTrgSTrovg, \v S av woiy yivsi, 
 voteiv. TO yolg TOIOVTOV ovx 
 d%iotv TOV 
 
 6 vili. Toiovrog fAtv ovv o 
 
 xcti BANAYros TU Traat, TO diov 
 
 T&I Trctgcx, [AtAog' oiov, tg&vurTctg yctfAizug t&Tiav' 10 
 %<ufj<,&}do7g y^o^yuv^ iv TV 
 
 ol N\.tyagt7g. xa] vcivTce, TO, TOI- 
 woi7)(r6i, or TOY KAAOY g^gfca, aXXa TOV 
 
 TOV tKieiMVfAtvog, XQLI /a TCLVTCC, oopevog 
 ov Atv 5g 
 
 ov oa, croa. o 
 
 WUVTCX, gXXg/'vJ/g*. xct,} ra [At 
 v fuxga TO xc&Xov cc-roXsT. x.a] o TI ctv voty, 
 
 u\> tXaurTov araXflra/. a TOCVT 
 
 T oofAsvog [Atic*) KOMly i\ 5g7. 
 
 IX. E/V! ^gv oy> a; g 
 
 y* iKifytgova'i' ota TO {ATjTe /3Xa/3g^a) rw 
 g/Va/, ^rg X/av 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF MAGNANIMITY. 
 
 
 7 I. 'H Jg MEFAAOYYXIA ^g^; ^gyaXa ^/gv ; ^a! 
 
 . TTZ^I 7ro7ct, 1? g<rr! 
 
 a/3iu^gj/* ($ict<ptg&i J' oL^gy, r^f 'ESIN, ? TON KATA 
 
 'o 
 
 'AYTON ASIN ASIOE HN. 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 119 
 
 ' 
 
 avro vroiav, rjiiog' rav Jg KOLT otgerqv 
 7i"Ki6iog outf dvoqrog. f^eya^o-^v^og (Atv ovv o 
 
 . o ydg fAixgav a%iog , a/ rovrav d%iuv gayroi>, 
 
 oy. gv MEFE0EI ydp rj fts- 
 
 \ / . _ 
 TO a.AA 
 
 o fAixgo trrsioi x,oti (ru[AfAergoi> 
 
 ^> / 
 o oy. 
 
 II. *O 3 
 
 XAYNOS. o Jg [Atipvuv n <%>?<> v KM$ fcuvvog. o 
 10 i' gXarrovwv ijj a|/oj, MIKPOYYXOS* goti' rg ^gyaAfiyy, 
 rs birAW iav rg a}, (Aixguv oi^icg uv, tn 
 
 civ ooei&v o 
 
 v oi^iog. rt yoig a,v Mrottt, el {M] rotrouTuv j}v 
 i%io$ ; WTJ J^ o ^gyaXo-vJ/y^o?, rJ ^a/g 
 
 rJ Jg <ij Jg?* iffog. rou d KUT 
 
 yg 
 uvrov io. ot vKSgovfft ncti 
 
 III. E/ Jg Ji? {AtydXav iuvrov d%ioi oi^iog 
 
 
 /'V*>' / 4 / v \\ 
 
 . f?? o a^/a Agygra/ ^05 ra g#ro 
 
 v 
 a/o'ra 
 
 \\ 
 
 royV av 
 
 X.OU 0V fJ^dXHTT ttylZVTUl Oi tV d%l<[40e,Ti, KCti TO 
 
 ZTT} ro7g %a,XXi<rTOig d6\ov. TOIOVTOV (? q TIMH. ^g- 
 yurrov yd? dr\ rovro ruv txrog dyaQav. DEPI TIMAS 
 
 AH KAI ATIMIAS, fAByuXo^UfcOg IffTIV 0)$ Js7. 06/ 
 
 5s Xoyoy, (pctivovTai ol fA&yuXo'^vfcoi wsgi TI- 
 etvcti. TifAijg ydg f/,dhi<r0' ol (Atyd^oi d%iov<nv 
 V ^ar* d%iotv Jg. o 0g {A 
 
 gayrof, a; ^05 ro roy 
 o SI fccivvog Kgog lavrov ply y-/rg^/3aXXg/, 
 30 0y 
 
 IV. 'O o*g ^gyaXo-vl/f^o^, gJVgf ruv 
 ics, oigurrog oiv e*9j. fAsi^ovog ydg dii o 
 d%iog, %di [Aiyiffrav o dgtrrog. rov ug dhqdag 
 ) Jg? AFAOON giW/. ^a) Jog/g ' 
 
120 THE NICOMACHEAN 
 
 ^ ** f 
 
 TO gi> EKAETH APETH 
 
 T dv gfAOoi ^ya'ho'v'^u (p&vysiv Kapct,- 
 ov(? d^ixtlv. TIVOC ydg tveua, rgci%ti ai- 
 
 no fAKCtv ytXolog tyatvoir v o 
 
 dyaOog uv. ov% si'?} 5' u,v ovil 
 
 uv. rqg olgsrqg ycig dfaoi* q riftfa KCLI 
 
 ro7g oiyaQo7g. loud fAtv ovv fj ja<7Xo%JxtAV/a, oiov 
 
 Tig tivai ruv agsruv. fAtf^ovg yap avrag 
 u ov yhtrctt *iy ixthuu itdi rovro, ^aXe- 10 
 vrov TIJ dXqflsla, fAeyaXo-^vfcov stvut. ov ydg oiov rg, 
 
 
 V. MaX/ff-ra fA\v ovv ireg} ripdg HOLI drifAiag o 
 
 a~ri. KOH vr ftev TCUC METAAAIS, 
 'THO TfiN snoYAAmN, ptTPiug rj<r0ri<rtra.i' uc rav 15 
 ot&etvv rvyjCt,vuv, q KOU thoirrovuv. 
 iruvrehovg ovx, dv ysvoiro a|/a ripr,. ov 
 
 ys y TU fAJj 1^*41 avrovg f&fifyt 
 
 vrag TMV TV^OVTMV^ %u, sir 
 
 WjMFCt* o\iyct)gr,frti. ov yg rovrcav o 
 ok KOI] drifs/iag* ov ydg HTTOU 
 oivrov. wtiwra Atv ovv t<rr}v, 
 
 VI. Ov tqv aXXa, zdi KII nAOYTON? *a/ AYN- 
 
 ASTEIAN, a we** EYTYXIAN 
 gfg/, OKUS dv yivqrcti. x,di ovr 
 gVrar ovr drw^uv, Mrff&iHro$. ov$\ ydg 
 ug p'tyta-rov 01. al ydg 
 
 o irhovTog, did rr t v rifAqv S&nv aigerd' 01 yovv 'ifcov- 
 T&g avrd, Ti(A,d(T@oii Si avruv (BovXovToti. a J^ %.&} 30 
 ^ rifA?} fAix.gov \<rrt> rovru a) raXXa. dio 
 
 owrcti oxovffiv eivai. 
 
 8 vil. Aog? Jg #a/ ra EYTYXHMATA 
 
 v. o't 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 121 
 
 xa,} ol dvvacrreuovTeg, % oi trXovrovvTsg. iv 
 
 TO 
 
 gov. dio xai TO, ToictVTCt, (AsyotXc'^V'fc07tgovg 
 7 1 pa v TO. t yag VKO TIVUV. KU7 uhqdsiKV ft, o tt,ya0og 
 . & ft dA(> 
 
 OV7&.1 TiM. o vsv trrg ret, roiuvra, 
 
 , ovrz dixaiug totVTovg [Atyu'huv dt;tov<riv 9 oiire 
 'Vfcoi fayovraii' (dveu yoig dgZTqg 
 ovx, tffyt Tavra') viregOTrrai $s KOL] v@gi- 
 
 TOiuvra 
 
 oivtv yd? dgsrrig ov pdoiov (fitgziv tfkfAtXHf roi ev- 
 
 ov SvvufAtvoi Jg (pg^s;v, %a} oiofAtvoi ruv 
 
 o 7i av TUfcutri '?rga,T7ov<riv. pipovwat yog rov 
 v^ov, ovfc opoioi ovTtg. 70V70 ^g igutnv iv 
 olg Suvavrai. rd ft\y ovv JCOLT dpt7Yiv ov K 00,77 overt) 
 
 VIII. 'O Jg fA&yaXo-^Vfcog AiKAinr 
 ^a^it ycip dXqQug') ol de croXXo), TYXONT^r. ovx, 
 g j&6jgPdJUy0vJtt, owog tyihoxivovvog, otdi 70 ohi- 
 ya npaiv' {Atya'ho%,iv'bvvog ii' #ai, OTUV 
 
 ov 
 olog tv K0iiiv' zvsyt70vAvog ft ai(rvve7a,i. 70 
 
 TO 
 
 O v 
 
 25ys7i%og irXeiovuv. ov7& 
 
 'i<rTa,i sv v&Kovflag. doxovtri Jg KOLI 
 
 ovg a,y KOiriGvcriv gt), av ft av Trotdtoffiv, ov. 
 u o Ka@tw.evy 7ov '7roir}<rocv7og' /SoyXgrct/ o v 
 . *a) TCC {Mv qdtag ctttovti, 70, ft uqdag. 
 30 teat TVJV Qt7iv ov Xtyetv 7&,g Bvsgyecrioig 7cu 
 ovft ol Aazung Kgo; 7ovg ' Adyvottovg, aXX* a 
 @e<rct,v ev. fbzyot'h.O'^v'fcov ^g *ct) 70 [Aydev 
 yj fAoytg' VKqg&Teiv Xk *go0VfMtf. aoti ngog f/xv 7ovg 
 
 rog SI 7ovg 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK iv. 
 
 fAt(rovg 9 fAtTPiov. TUV fAtv yotg 
 
 orefAvov' TUV $g, pudtov. xcti Iv txeivoig fAtv <rzeAvvvt- 
 (r@ce,i 9 ovx ayevvzg' tv 0g Tolg ra-zrg/voTc, (pogTtfcov' i)ff- 
 sig Tovg atrdsveig i<r%vpt > t<r0a,t. not,} tig TO, tv- 
 
 if i\ r / /. . \ > N 
 
 i&vai, i] ov TrgaTSvovariv ctAAoi. xoii agyov 5 
 
 eivui not.} jMfXXiyrify, aXX* r) OTTOV TI^JJ 
 [titt 
 
 ro ya^ havOaveiv, (fo^ov^vov. xa] 
 Ttjg aXyOsioig, ^aXXoi/ $ ryjg do%qg. xoti Xg- 10 
 
 
 yeiv xoii KgctTTtiv (pctvsgag. vrappria'ia.a'Tqg yag 
 
 TO xa,Ta,<pgove7v. dio xai aXqdtVTtxog , rXiff off a, 
 
 oi siguveiav' eipavot, Jg vrgog Tovg Kol^ovg. xou 'n 
 
 aXXov [Ay ^VVOKT&OII fyv aXX q ngog (fiiXov. 
 
 yag. dio xcx,} TtavTtg oi xohaxsg, Qr t Tixoi' xou oi TO,- 15 
 
 Ketvo}, xohaxeg. ov$t davfAoto-Tixog. ovfftv yag [At^ 
 
 ~/ 'V / v 
 
 UVTU tffTiv. ovot fAvrj(nxKxog. ov yug 
 
 %ov TO ovTropvyfAovevtiV) aXKug rg xoti xaxot,, 
 
 ** ' V * /I ' *' ^ 
 
 fAaXXov Tragopuv. ovo ot,v0g6)7roXoyog . OVTB yug 
 
 OtVTOV tg&ly OVTB KSgl tTtgOV. OVT6 yUg IVM 
 
 TOM, [Athei HUTU' ov&* ovrug oi XXo/ 
 
 ovo av tvrctiveTix.og icrTiv. oioweg ovot 
 
 ovi\ ruv t'xflpuV) ei pri ^l v/3giv. %&,} wee] c&vay- 
 
 /^ ~W - \ \>, / 
 
 KCX,IU\>, 7J fMXgUV , '/iXKTTCC, OAOtpVgTlXOg JCCtl 
 
 ovTug f^fif irtQi TUVTCC,. KM] 
 
 To jcao xai aKOpra, TUV %ap- 
 
 TOV fAzyao-vfcov o%&7 tivai, 
 
 } (fiuvq (3age7a, xa,} Xf^i; o-TourifAog. ov yoig 
 
 o KSP} oXiya ttrw&av, ovSt vvvTovog 
 [Atya, oiofAtvog* q o o^vtycwiot,) KOI} rj T 
 diet, TOVTUV. TOiovTog [A\v ovv o 
 
 ix. 'O J' fXXi/'fwri (JU*fOT$/v%pc' o 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 , 'fcuvvog. ov aaxo] ftlv ovv doxovtriv eivat ovS* 
 
 OVTGt. OV yag XUZOWOlOf etfflV, IJfMtfTltftltQt Jg. 
 
 X. 'O (JMV yug [uxgo'^vfcog, a%iog uv a,yot0uv 9 
 tuvrov otvoffreei uv d%iog Iffn. x,u} toi&B xoixov 
 
 TOV fAT} O,IOVV ZCIVTOV 
 
 ayvoe7v 5' taurov. agiyzro ya,g oiv Sv a%tog j\v y 
 yz ovrtav. ov fAqv fai&ioi ye ol roiovroi 
 tivai, aXXa ^aXXov oxHjgto. 9} roiuvTr] Jg 
 
 TOOV x.ct'hMv, xoii ruv ^irsvDcr^Vj ug 
 
 Of&oinf Jg #a/, r&v txrog ctyadav. 01 Jg 
 
 6101, xa,} tctvTOvg otyvoowrec, za,} TOLVT i 
 
 ug yotg oi%ioi ovr&g, rolg Ivripoig iKifceigovtriv, etra 
 
 ] r-olg roiovTOig. xoii /SovXovroti ra giry/ 
 
 eivai avr&v. tea.} Xtyov<ri vs^i avravy ag 
 
 rovruv 
 
 XI. 'A^rir/tfirai Jg r? 
 
 a yg yyverott 
 
 'H (&tv ovv 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON A NAMELESS VIRTUE RELATING TO HONOUR. 
 
 that a,gerri r/j, 10 
 
 . a,[A(p< 
 
 rov fA\v {Aeyahov dtytffToiffi) ntg} Jg ra 
 ret AiKai, oux,Ti6taa'iv qAaig ag 0&7. affTTS o t 
 
 
124 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK iv. 
 
 TB KCLI gXXg/\j/** cyTo; #cu gv T 
 
 TO 
 
 rov Tg yct <J)iAOTiMON -yofAtv, ug 
 
 Jg7, %(X,} Q0cV 0V Jg7, T^ Tl(A7ig l()l[AlVOV* TOV Tg 5 
 
 AOIAOTIMON , ug ovtf ITT] Tolg 
 
 II. *E0"T/ OTS TOV 
 
 J %,& (plXOKOCXov" TOV g tplXOTlfAOl', OJ$ ^g- 
 
 zoti (ratygova,. oHT'Trsg %ai tv To7g Trgurois siwofAtv. 10 
 o OTI (vr'ktovoL'fcuq TOV (f)^OTOiovTov 
 
 ovx, IKI TO a,>TO ag gojtw TOV 
 
 fAtv, ZTT} TO ^aXAov J o\ croXXol, 
 g-T/ TO ^aXXoi' rj Jg7. avuvvpov ft ov<T7)g Trig 
 ug z^^rig toixtv a,fA(pt(r!3r)T7v TU axea. 15 
 
 olg ft tffT\v y-/rg/3oX^ x,ai in-v/^' xa TO 
 
 g TifJWig %.ct,i ^aXXot/ ^ 5g7, a! IJ 
 OTg ^a), fijj Jg7. S5ra^g7Ta/ yovv 
 
 MESOTHS OY2A DEPI TIMHN ANfiNYMOS. 
 
 lOt,' KgOg OLfAtpOTZgCt. ^g, Ct,(A(:OTep(X, 
 
 vug. IOIKZ Jg TOWT' giW* ^ct! sr$^! Ta^ aXXotf 
 
 i o tvTavQ* oi dxgot (fictivovToti, ^/ct TO 
 
 TOV 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF MEEKNKSS. 
 
 11 I. IIPAOTHE 5' \(TT\ fAZV) MESOTHE DEPI OPFAS. 25 
 
 / v )f ~ / v\ v \ ~ 
 
 cffV uvv uuov o ovTog TOV tAZtroV) o"ytoov oz %ctt TOJV 
 
 CLXgUV' SKI TOV {/,Z<rOV TYIV KgCLOTriTCX, (pg^O^gf, KpOg 
 
 TTJV gXXg/'vJ/^ a, < 7ro%Xivov(T(x,v> avwwfAOv ovtrav. q 5' 
 opriAOTHS Tig Xgyo/T* av. TO IA\ 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 125 
 
 ogyrj TO, 
 
 POVTU. o f&v ovv g(p' oig JsT, nat oig Jg7, 
 
 i/ V \ r V, ~ \ </ \ ff / 
 
 gr/ os, #G6/ cog oei, aoti ore, noti otrov %govov 
 
 V, ~ 
 
 ei 
 
 , s'Treg } <7rgaoTy)g tKc 
 
 rai. Trgaog q ovTog av eiy, s'Treg } <7rgaoTy)g 
 rai. /BouXsTai yu^ o ngaiog, dragaysog Bivoti> net 
 dyttr&ai VKO rov Kudovg' otXX' ag dv o "hoyog rdfy 
 
 ) KCLl SKI TOVTOig, X,Ctl 1<7TI fOffOVTOV 
 
 Jg 
 . ov y&Q rtUstopqnKog o Trpoiog, 
 
 [AUgra,veiv g o^g ^aoi/ gsn rqv 
 
 II. 'H 5' gXXg/4//?, gJV AOPFHSIA TIS g<rr/y, sJV 
 ri d?i TOTS' -^/gygra/. o; yag> ^^ bpyt^ppttvtt \$ 
 
 og g, iid 
 
 oVg ^3' 0/5 JgT. <5o^g7 d OVK ai<r@dve<r@a,i, ov$e 
 
 ovx, 
 
 ro oz < 7rgoK7)Xoi%i^o{/,6vov o,v^^s<rdcx,i, KCU rovg oi&eiovg 
 
 III. 'H J' y-/rg^/3oX^ KOLTOC, KUVTCX, [A\v yiv&rai. xcti 
 
 \ r >,- ^'A* 7 ''^^ v ~^% M 5.~ 
 
 g oig ov on, xoti g(p oig ou osi, %oc,i |ttaXXd> ^ og/, 
 / QMTTOV, K&A xXg/ii; ^Ofoy. oy (Aqv oLTravroi ys ra 
 ov ydg av dvvoiir eivui. TO 
 
 qv oL 
 voiir eivui. TO yu 
 
 ^ 
 
 gqrov ytvsrat. 01 (AW ovv ogyiAoi, r&y^&wg 
 
 O \r>>~ X'-jT'J^^ 
 
 oig ov 0g; 5 %a,i t<p oig ov o&i 9 
 Jg Taytug' o KUI 
 avTolg TOVTO, OTI ov 
 rrjv ogyr)i>) ccXX' civTayodidooKriv y (pavegoi eitri 
 Ttfv o%VT7]Ta, ZIT diroTTavovTai . O^ri^poXw J', 
 01 dxgoy/oXoi, o^elg, KCLI STPOJ waiv ogyiXoii %a,} 
 
 TOVVOfAOl. 01 $ 
 
 TTOXVV ^gOVOV OPyivTOll. KOt,TffaOV(Tl ytt, TOP 
 
 avXcx, Jg yiv&Tui, OTCLV dvr&KO^i 
 travel Tqg ogyqgj qdovqv dvri T?jg 
 . TOVTOV Jg ^ yivopevov, TO (Botgog z 
 
126 THE NICOMACHEAN HOOK iv. 
 
 yolg TO fty iTTityavtg etvai, ovSs fVfMFsidti 
 ovoeig' tv aura Jg Tg'vJ/a/ T^V ogyqv, wovov dei. eta"} 
 y ol TOIOVTOI, toc,VTo7g offlygOTOtTOi xoti To7g fAa- 
 (fitXoig. ^aXs'Trovg Jg Xsyo^gi/ rougy \(f) olg re 
 
 Jg? aXtKaivovTag, xoti aXXov rj 5g7, a! wXsia 5 
 
 %ct r iuaTroAWov avtv 
 
 IV. ? 
 
 xot, yag ^oXKov mrau 
 
 ^ TO TifA6)gs7(r0cx.t') KCLI wgog TO <rvfA/3iouv ol ^a- 10 
 
 See B. II. V. *O Jg a! Iv TOtg WgOTBgOV tlg^TOU, XOU gfc TUV 
 
 heyofASvav dqXov. ov yag pcidtov diogi<ra,i TO Kug, xcii 
 Tt(ri, xcti IK} voioig, %&,} noffov %govov, ogyiffTtov' xcti 
 TO, ^2^/ Ttvog ogQug voiel Tig t ij apugTctvti. o ^^ 
 gov iragexficLiwv ov oj/gygra/, OVT ITT] TO 
 
 OVT \^\ TO 7)TTOV. tVlOTB yltg TOVg 
 
 Tct,g tTraivovtev, KCLI vciovg <ac,gV a) Tovg 
 
 ct,vogaOtg> ag dvvc&fAtvovg dgy^eiv. o $ 
 %oii vug KagexfSaivuv, ^szTog' ov pudiov TU 
 aKodovvai. Iv yag Tolg naff txcurTa, xai T% a 
 73 xg'urig. 
 
 VI. 'AXXa TO ys TOFOVTOV dqXov' OTI q [A\v fAt 
 
 \ /l>^f^~ ' A v 'x.'' ? ' 
 
 ^j #a# r\v oig oti opyu^otAtva, xai t(p oig 
 
 ' iwl Trt.iov ^g, ^aXXof g^r 
 ovv, OTI Tjj 
 
 SXTZOV. 
 
 At fttv ovv TTtgi TTJV ogyqv t%ttg tlg 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 127 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUES RELATING TO SOCIAL INTERCOURSE. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF COMPLAISANCE. 
 
 I. 'Ei> 3g Toug o^/A/a/s, yea,} ra ffv^yjv, tea] \oyrn 12 
 g ay pctT av xotvuveiv 01 fAtv APESKOI doxovnv 
 ol KOLVTCX, irgog qdovrjv tvotivovvTsg xcii ovfflv 
 aXX' oiofMtOt diiv ci^WTroi rolq tvrvy- 
 eivoti. ol o\ gf tv&vTiag rovroig, Tog vroivrot, 
 
 xoti TOV "hwitv ov oriovv 
 
 ATSKOAOI KAI AY2EPIAES XOthoVVTCtt. OTl [AV OVV Of>l 
 
 t%etg -^BXTMI eiriv, ovx didr^ov xcti on v\ 
 TOVTUV iwoiiveTr}' naff qv, a^roJg|gra^ a Jg? a} 
 
 ovofta, cf cux, 
 
 r/. 
 
 II. EOIKE Jg ^aX/erra <J>IAIA. roiovrog yctj> ICTTIV 
 e%iv olov SovXoAsda, \itiv rov 
 
 TO STEPFEIN 
 
 oV/ afgy rotto wr *&> TOV 
 
 15 
 
 f^~'.^v-' ~ V 
 
 $ OBI' aA/.a ru roiovTog eivoti, 
 III. QfAOiag yc6g, Kgog dyvtorc&g ycccl 
 i (rvvr}@ig xa,} drvHiiust oturo TOtJjfftf t 7r\qv xct,} 
 
 20 gv s%oi(rToig, *s 'APMOZEI. ov y&Q opo'iag 
 ffvvriQuv %ctl odveiuv tygovrifyn' ovtf uv XWTT&IV. 
 [Atv ovv e'lgqTcci, on <vg ^{l ofAiXqtrti, dvottyzgav Ok wgog 
 
 TO KAAON #a! TO ffVfJtipigOV, 2TOXASETAI TOY MH 
 
 AYHEIN, H SYNHAYNEIN. 'ioixe (Mv yoig wg} qdovoie; 
 25 zai hwTrag eivai, T&lg Iv Ta7g oftrt/iaig 
 TOVTUV 3', o<rag &tv UVTM IffTi xaXov 
 
128 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK iv. 
 
 U votouvrt rr^qpoo-vvriV <psgri, KOL 
 
 &t&ow, yj /3xd(3qv' Y\ 3' IvavTiufftg^ fA 
 
 ova ei'/roJgf grot/, aXXct 
 
 Tog v tttf*MWi a/ roe 
 fjrrov yvwgifAoig' ojAOiag o\ %ai 9 x,a,ra, rag 
 
 TO 
 
 xafi civro AW ai 
 
 govfASvog TO 
 ' To7g 5' dTro 
 
 TU <rvu,<zov7i. 10 
 
 o fttv ovv MESOS ToiovTog tffTiV) ov% uvo- 
 
 
 IV. Toy 02 ^TL'i'^dL'i'Ofrof * o [Atv TOV qovg 
 
 fAsvog, {Ay ii XXo T;, APEZKOE' o s ', ora$i5 
 
 tig 
 
 KOAAH. o Jg Ta<r^ dvtrsaivuv, ei- 
 
 OTI 
 ivzTCti ra a^a ictVTo7g^ Old TO dvuvvov eivai TO 
 
 20 
 
 PAJIT II. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF MODEST PRETENSION. 
 
 13 V. Hg^ ra avTd 3g r*^fdof g^rr/ ^a; 'H THE AAA- 
 ZONEIAS MEEOTHS. dvavvfAog Jg ^a! ay T^. (oJ ^e/^ov 
 ig *a) ra? ToiavTctg g-rgX^g7i/, ^otXXov rg 
 
 eivat Tag ageTCtg TriG'TevtraiiAS]' MV 
 ovTwg 'ifcov (rvvidovTSg.) iv 
 qdovqv not,} Kwnp 
 
 Ce,"h.q@UOVTGt)V TS KCM $;SVOOfAZV&)V 9 Si' 
 
 iv l.oyoig, tea,} jr$&rn xa} TU 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 129 
 
 VI. A0g? 07] fttV AAAZfiN, 
 lv$0%UV tlVCtl, XOU [AY) VKKg-fcOVTUV, XOt, 
 
 si. o 0g EIPJ7N afctTaX^' dpviitrfloii rci 
 
 * ... , ~ . y * >,,/ / 
 
 , 77 iXarrfl flrofgjv. o 0g MEEOS, otvPszoKrrog 
 
 sivut mgi ttvrofj xoti oiire 
 
 OVTS 
 
 VII. J/ E<rr/ Jg 
 
 /to,} 
 
 o , 0/05 g< 
 , gctj/ t a 
 ffguTT?] . tcaff CZVTO og, ro ^ogv \f/gy00, (fiuvXov x,ct} 
 
 oirw , gctj/ a?J r/vog 
 
 . o5r 
 r, tvamrog. oi 
 
 AtV 
 
 ' TTPOTSPOV 
 
 , ^ v v , b ^ 5 r , 
 
 otXqvBVTitcov. ov yctg vsgt TOV tv ratg o[Ao\oyi<x,u; 
 
 oVa gJ$ ciit*ia9 q 
 v <rvvTzvei aXX^^ ya av riij rat;r' 
 
 aXX* sv 0/5, (AqQwog roiovTov diottptgovrog, KOLI Iv 
 20X07^ ^a! gv /3/ft/ dl.rrfeuti, T^ THN 'EHIN TOIOYTOS 
 
 EINAl. 
 
 VIII. Ao|g^g J' c^ o TOiovrog ixm*W tivai. o 
 
 o/V 
 
 (ri xcx,} iv olg oioi<f)tgt, zn 
 
 ro jjyXa/3g7ro. o og toiovroc fTrouvsTog. I-TT] TO 
 
 EAATTON Jg ^C/aXXov ToJ d\f)&OVfj dwOXXlVSl. \[A- 
 
 ttd TO g-^agTc rag 
 
 tivui. 
 
 
 30 IX. 'O 3g 
 
 oy a av 
 
 r gygr fAorottot g (amrai, ^aXXov xaxog. 
 gj 5' gvg^a T/VO?' o ^g^ oo^qg % rifAJjg, ov X/av 
 
 ug aaw,' o g atouj o 
 
130 
 
 THE NICOMACHEAN 
 
 BOOK iv. 
 
 , 
 
 "*' 
 
 . (ovx tv ry dvvafASi (? ItrTtv o a 
 fyv) aXX gy Ty irgootipso'ei. %a,Toi TJJV &%iv 
 TU Toiorde sivai, dXu^av \ffriv. Sffartf no,} 
 o /^gv, ra i^svoei aura ^otigav, o 
 
 xigdovg.) ol fttv ovv AOHHE ^ 
 * ra, TOIUVTCX, wgoffKoiovv 
 
 7) tudatfAovurfAog. ol Jg KEPAOYS' Sv xcti a.vo 
 Iffn ro7g TgXa?, a! c? J/aXa^g?v gVr^ ^ OVTU' o/ov, 
 ffotyov, 7) ioiTgov. ^a TOVTO, ol 7rXs7<rroi 
 
 s(f) olg 
 
 rex, roi&VTct, xot, 
 
 . gVr; 
 
 * ~ \ 
 
 avTOig rex. 
 
 10 
 
 X. 
 
 r V 
 
 / o 
 
 git(rrsgo^ fAtv rat, 
 
 tvexa, 
 
 ro gAarroi' 
 
 ou yao 
 
 XI. 
 
 a>.Xa 
 
 TO 
 
 ra 
 
 BAYKOnANOYPFOI 
 
 XCLI 
 
 \ 
 
 ret 
 
 xa, 
 
 o aXa^ivv feunwu ru a 
 
 25 
 
 PART III. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF URBANITY. 
 
 14 XII. Ovo-qg 
 
 v rav-T 
 
 a.vcx.'Trcx.vffSug tv ru /Bia, 
 ^trot, waidiag' doxs7 xa.} \vruv9tx, 
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CHAP vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 131 
 
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THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK iv. 
 
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 o agitig> zviot o ov$ av u,x,ov(r<x,i. 
 
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 ovfftv 
 
 gaint. do%ii <5g 77 civd^rava-tg x,oii q vaioioi, Iv T&> 
 @iu eivai ANAFKAION. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 COMPARISON OF THE THKEK. FOREGOING VIRTUES. 
 
 XVII. Te7$ ovv ot,t litiWat Iv 
 
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 fiiov 'OMIAIAIS. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 ON SHAME. 
 
 See B. IT. j. Rg^i Jg AIAOYE Sg Tivog APETHE, ov 
 
 c.iii.^.xviii. _ / \ '*!.* ^ * 
 
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CHAP. vii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 133 
 
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BOOK V. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE FIFTH BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF JUSTICE: AND FIRST, ON THE DIVI- 
 SION OF IT INTO TWO KINDS, UNIVERSAL AND PARTI- 
 CULAR. 
 
 I. A GENERAL NOTION of JUSTICE is given. 
 
 II. III. In order to a FULLER EXPLICATION of it, TWO AXIOMS are 
 premised. II. The first is : That a HABIT may often be known by 
 its CONTRARY. III. The second is : That if the NAME OF A HABIT 
 
 have SEVERAL SIGNIFICATIONS, the NAME OF THE CONTRARY HABIT 
 
 will most commonly have SEVERAL CORRESPONDING SIGNIFICATIONS. 
 IV. Agreeably to these axioms, the nature of JUSTICE is deduced 
 from its CONTRARY : and TWO SIGNIFICATIONS are fixed of the term 
 JUSTICE, corresponding with TWO SIGNIFICATIONS of the term 
 INJUSTICE. 
 
 V. ONE SENSE of the word is that, according to which Justice 
 
 EMBRACES EVERY RELATIVE VIRTUE. VI. The PRAISES of this kind of 
 
 Justice. VII. From the strict notion of UNIVERSAL VIRTUE, it differs, 
 only in its SOCIAL AND RELATIVE ASPECT. 
 
 VIII. But there is A DIFFERENT SENSE of the word. This is 
 illustrated by three considerations. IX. This latter is RELATED 
 to the former, as A PART TO THE WHOLE. The former therefore is 
 to be called, the UNIVERSAL justice; and the latter, the PARTICULAR. 
 
 X. On the DEFINITION AND DISTINCTION of the ACTS of UNIVERSAL 
 justice : and on the EFFICIENT CAUSES of it. 
 
138 SUMMARY 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE VARIOUS KINDS OF THE PARTICULAR JUSTICE. 
 
 I. The PARTICULAR justice is divided into two kinds, the DIS- 
 TRIBUTIVE and the CORRECTIVE. II. The CORRECTIVE justice is again 
 divided into two kinds, corresponding with the difference of the 
 kinds of transactions to which it applies: of which transactions 
 some are VOLUNTARY, and others INVOLUNTARY. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. 
 I. Every JUST ACT is a MEDIUM. II. It is essential to every act 
 
 of DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE, that it should be AGREEABLE TO PROPOR- 
 TION. III. The RULE of DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE is the principle of 
 
 GEOMETRICAL PROPORTION. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON CORRECTIVE JUSTICE. 
 
 I. CORRECTIVE justice proceeds upon the RULE of ARITHMETICAL 
 PROPORTION. II. Reason for saying this. III. Explanation of it. 
 IV. Definition of the CORRECTIVE AIKAION. V. The process of 
 corrective justice explained. VI. Origin of the juridical terms, 
 ZHMIA and KEPAO2. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 ON THE PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCATION. 
 
 I. The principle of RECIPROCATION does not accord with either 
 of the foregoing kinds of justice. II. Nevertheless, it is the proper 
 principle to regulate matters of TRADE : but this must be a reci- 
 procation, not of EQUALITY but of PROPORTION. III. Example of 
 this. 
 
 IV. The necessity, in order to a PROPORTIONATE RECIPROCATION, 
 of a MEDIUM to be used as a COMMON MEASURE. V. Origin and 
 
OF THE FIFTH BOOK. 139 
 
 use of MONEY. VI. Reciprocation of proportion is effected, when 
 the commodities are EQUALIZED, or so treated, that they are rendered 
 
 CAPABLE OF EXCHANGE, AS IF THEY WERE EQUAL I which is done by 
 
 means of MONEY. VII. Which is attended with this farther 
 advantage : that the receiver of MONEY, if the exchange be not 
 IMMEDIATELY needful to him, has a SECURITY that he may effect it 
 WHEN HE PLEASES : thus receiving, in lieu of a commodity which has 
 no PRESENT UTILITY to him, a commodity of PERMANENT UTILITY. 
 It is in this way that money becomes, as it is expressed in the fifth 
 
 Section, 'THAAAAFMA THS XPEIAS, a SUBSTITUTE FOR (PRESENT) 
 
 UTILITY. VIII. For, though cases will arise in which even MONEY 
 will be affected IN THE SAME WAY with other commodities, that is, 
 in which it will HAVE NO PRESENT UTILITY: still, in its design and 
 office, its utility is MORE permanent than that of OTHER COM- 
 MODITIES. IX. The necessity of MONEY to the PURPOSES OF CIVIL 
 SOCIETY. X. Exemplification of the subject. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 IN WHAT RESPECT JUSTICE, AS DISTINGUISHED FROM 
 OTHER VIRTUES, IS A MEAN. 
 
 I. Justice is a MEAN, in a way different from that, in which 
 other virtues are so. II. DEFINITIONS of justice and injustice. 
 III. Injustice is an EXCESS or a DEFECT, in a way different from 
 that, in which other vices are so. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 ON THE DUALITIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF ACTIONS, 
 WHICH ARE NECESSARY IN ORDER TO CONSTITUTE 
 INJUSTICE IN THE AGENT. 
 
 I. The question is proposed : Since some acts may be injurious 
 with respect to the sufferer, and yet not proceed from injustice on 
 the part of the agent: WHAT is THE CHARACTER OF THOSE INJURIES 
 WHICH IMPLY INJUSTICE IN THE AGENT ? II. VI. Of the examin- 
 ation of this question, the first part regards the QUALITY OF THE 
 
140 SUMMARY 
 
 ACTION, CONSIDERED IN ITSELF : VII. X. And the second, CON- 
 SIDERED WITH RESPECT TO THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE AGENT. 
 
 II. Towards a solution of this question, it is found necessary to 
 distinguish THAT JUSTICE, which is so 'AHAflS, that is, which is 
 
 ABSOLUTELY AND PROPERLY SO Called; from ANOTHER JUSTICE, to 
 
 which the term is IMPROPERLY TRANSFERRED, KATA META<DOPAN 
 KAI 'OMOIOTHTA. (See c. xi. . vi. of this book.) The FORMER is 
 the same with the POLITICAL JUSTICE : and it is this only, by the 
 transgression of which the GUILT OF INJUSTICE can be incurred. 
 III. The LATTER is found in various FORMS of DOMESTIC RELATION. 
 To this JUSTICE, it is argued, that the term injustice, in its proper 
 use, has no reference. IV. Injustice, being thus restricted to denote 
 violations of the POLITICAL justice, will be found to exist, in relation 
 to both the two kinds into which this latter is divided ; namely, the 
 NATURAL, and the INSTITUTED, justice. These two kinds are here 
 severally denned. V. The opinion is stated, of those who maintain, 
 that there is NO NATURAL justice, but that all human rights are 
 founded only upon human law and institution. VI. The contrary 
 of this opinion is maintained. 
 
 VII. In passing on to the second part of the examination ; it is 
 found necessary, in the first place, to distinguish the senses of the 
 several words, AAIKHMA, AAIKON, AIKAIIIMA, AIKAION, and AIKAI- 
 nPAFHMA. VIII. It is asserted, that an act, though UNJUST in 
 itself, is not an INJURY, unless it be VOLUNTARY ; and also, that an 
 act, though JUST in itself, does not carry along with it the virtue of 
 JUSTICE, unless it be VOLUNTARY. IX. The modes are specified, in 
 which the actions of men, with regard to their moral quality, are 
 affected by VARIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES OF VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUN- 
 TARY AGENCY. X. The distinctions and gradations are pointed out, 
 of the moral quality of those actions (BAABAi), by which a man is 
 affected with damage. These actions are classed after the following 
 manner: First, MISFORTUNES j- Secondly, ERRORS; Thirdly, IN- 
 JURIES; Fourthly, THAT KIND of injury which carries with it the 
 
 guilt of INJUSTICE AND DEPRAVITY. 
 
 XI. The question proposed, then, is decided thus : Injuries 
 implying injustice in the agent, are those only WHICH PROCEED, 
 EK nPOAiPESEilS, FROM THE MORAL DETERMINATION. These are, 
 those belonging to the LAST of the above-named four classes. 
 
OF THE FIFTH BOOK. 141 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 IN WHICH ARE PROPOSED, VARIOUS MINOR QUESTIONS 
 RELATING TO JUSTICE. 
 
 I. The question is proposed: CAN A MAN BE INJURED WITH HIS 
 OWN CONSENT? IV. It is decided in the NEGATIVE. 
 
 II. The question is proposed : CAN A MAN EXPERIENCE JUSTICE 
 AGAINST HIS OWN CONSENT? It is decided in the AFFIRMATIVE. 
 
 III. The question is proposed : DOES EVERY MAN WHO SUFFERS 
 WHAT is UNJUST, EXPERIENCE INJUSTICE? It is answered in the 
 
 NEGATIVE. 
 
 V. Two questions are here proposed : the latter of which is 
 examined in the last chapter of this book. The question here 
 examined is : whether, in A CASE OF UNJUST ADJUDICATION, the 
 INJUSTICE lies with the JUDGE, or with the PARTY WHO PROFITS BY 
 THE JUDGMENT. VII. It is decided, that the injustice, if any be 
 incurred, LIES WITH THE JUDGE, not with the party. VI. It is 
 shewn, that this determination of the question does not, under any 
 circumstances, involve the consequence, that it is possible for a 
 man to injure himself. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 IN WHICH IT IS ARGUED, THAT JUSTICE IS A VIRTUE 
 OF DIFFICULT ACQUIREMENT. 
 
 I. The DIFFICULTY OF JUSTICE discovers itself, in the difficulty of 
 attaining that DISPOSITION OF MIND which is needful to the acts of 
 justice. II. As it also does, in the JUDGMENT AND KNOWLEDGE 
 which are required in order to a due performance of those acts. 
 IV. As it also does, (in a way which is common to all the moral 
 virtues, namely,) in its AIMING AT A MEDIUM, WHICH IT is DIFFICULT 
 TO REACH, and in guarding against extremes, into which nature is 
 prone to glide. III. This section appears to be directed against a 
 sophistical doctrine, which argued that, because just men are 
 liable to incur unjust actions, therefore injustice might become the 
 attribute of the just. 
 
142 SUMMARY OF THE FIFTH BOOK. 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 ON THE RELATION OF EQUITY TO JUSTICE. 
 
 I. A difficulty is stated relating to the moral quality of EQUITY : 
 " If EQUITY be, as seems admitted, different from justice, and 
 better than JUSTICE: HOW THEN CAN BOTH BE VIRTUOUS? If they 
 are both virtuous : THEY MUST BE THE SAME THING." 
 
 II. In reply, the following distinction is made. Equity is not 
 DIFFERENT FROM justice : nor is it BETTER THAN justice : but it is a 
 BETTER KIND OF justice. It is also truly said to be a CORRECTIVE 
 OF JUSTICE : but in this case is not meant ALL justice, or NATURAL 
 JUSTICE; but only THAT KIND of justice, which is CONCERNED IN 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF POSITIVE AND INSTITUTED LAW. 
 
 III. The principle of equity is rendered NECESSARY, by the ESSEN- 
 TIAL IMPERFECTIONS OF HUMAN LAW. IV. The character of the 
 equitable person delineated. 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 IN WHICH ARE MAINTAINED, VARIOUS MINOR POSITIONS 
 RELATING TO JUSTICE. 
 
 I. The question is proposed: is IT POSSIBLE THAT A MAN MAY 
 
 INJURE HIMSELF? 
 
 II. With reference to the UNIVERSAL justice, the NEGATIVE of 
 this question is maintained. III. As it is also, with reference to 
 the PARTICULAR injustice. IV. And further, on grounds which 
 
 apply IN COMMON TO THE TWO KINDS. 
 
 V. It is shewn, that the DOING is worse than the SUFFERING of 
 injustice. 
 
 VI. Lastly, the question started at the beginning of the chapter, 
 is resumed, and considered with reference to THAT JUSTICE, which 
 Aristotle declares to be improperly and metaphorically so named, 
 and which he had before described. (See chap. vii. . ii.) With 
 reference to this use of the word JUSTICE; it is admitted, that A MAN 
 
 MAY INJURE HIMSELF. 
 
CHAP. I. 
 
 ON THE VIRTUE OF JUSTICE: AND FIRST, ON THE 
 DIVISION OF IT INTO TWO KINDS, UNIVERSAL AND 
 PARTICULAR. 
 
 I. I1EPI 81 AIKAIOEYNHE KOLl AAIKIAS ffXtKTtOV , 1 
 
 re rvotvovariv ov<rcti #& xoti ITOIA 
 
 e<rr}v v\ Sixuiotruvrj' xoii TO dinc&iov, rivuv 
 
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 ex, rvv evexriKuV) q gyg|/ot' #cc} Ix ravrqg, rtx, eu- 
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144 THE NICOMACHEAN HOOK v. 
 
 xat TTJV xca^e^iav eivai, [AotvoTrjTa (ra,gxog t 
 
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 xctiov ago,) TO NOMIMON, it at TO ISON' TO $ oidixov, TO 
 
 OAPANOMON, a/ TO ANISON. 
 
 / Jg xoci OAEONEKTHS o didtxog 
 or IIANTA, aXXa -/rg^/ oVa 
 . (a g<rr! ^tsv 0MrX*c ag! aya^ct, 
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 $&7 5' 0i>' aXX* t5%t04at ftiv, ra dir 
 
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 'O i' cidixog OYK AEI TO OAEON ctigtirat, a 
 TO EAATTON, g^r) Twy OtTXi; XOLXOJV. aXX' on 25 
 
 TO MEION KAKON, AFA0ON nftS g/VCU, TOL> 
 
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 XOIVOV. 
 
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 ^, oV/ DANTA TA NOMIMA ESTI 
 
 AIKAIA. TCt Tg yag tUglfffAtVOl V7TO Ttfg VOfA006Ttteijft 
 
 xdl txuffTov TOVTUV dixaiov tivai (otAtt* 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 145 
 
 o g vofAOi ayogsvovtri 7reg 
 y] rov zoivq (TVf/vfptgotTOt iruo'iv' q rolg ugurroig' q 
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 SriOIHTIKA KAI d>TAAKTIKA THE EYAAIMONIAS, KAI 
 TON MOPIHN ATTHE, TFI DOAITIKH KOINftNlA. 
 
 xeirrtt d' o voAo xa] ra rov dvdfitiov *7<* 
 
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 , 
 
 
 ff v(3gitiv' KCU roi rov vrgdov, oiov, 
 prjOt ftu%r i yog6'iv' o^oictx; Jg K9,l xurcx, rog 
 dgzrcig xai po i )/ j @j>)oiac, roi JJMV xzXevuv, r&l 
 o cATroLyopzvM' ogflug f&tv, o ' 
 
 o o'7re<rsiaff-^vcg. ot,vrri lit ovv fj %iXH40*Vfi APETK 
 
 15 MEN ESTI TEAEIA' a?vX OYX AHAfiE, AAAA DPOS 
 
 'ETEPON. 
 
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 /, 
 
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 AAAOTPION &ya0ov 
 dptroov' on <7T0cg tregov Krnv. otXXiw yag ra (TVJJL>~ 
 t Trgarrei, q a^ovn q KOIVWVU. ftaxHrrog [Atv 
 t o aai Kpog avrov %ui vrpog rove (pihovg, %%~ 
 ry {A0fc@7jgi<x,' agurrog J, ov% o wgog avrov , 
 
 L 
 
146 THE NICOMACHEAN HOOK r. 
 
 rj, aXXa vrgog tTSgov. TOVTO yap tgyov %&- 
 
 VII. Avry) fAtv ovv % dix,a,tO(rvvri ov fAt 
 
 'OAH APETH ZOTTIV' ov$ r\ ivavTia. 
 xotxiag, aXX' oXq XCLKICX,. ri eft AIA<I>EPEI fj agZTr i9 
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 r t avTtf, TO d' EINAI ov TO avro' aXX' r, 
 ITfgOtt ^ix,ct,io(Tvv7i) y J 
 
 4 VIII. 2,j>)Tou{Asv Jg ye, TEN EN MEPEI APETHSIO 
 
 AIKAIOSYNHN. IffTl y&Q T/C, Oiq (pOlfASV. O 
 
 Trig KMTO, ftzgog. 
 
 1. 3,7]fAilOV J' OTl IffTlV. KVLTQL [ASV ydg TO,g 
 
 o \vtQywv cidize7 [Atv, < 7rX&ov&%Te7 
 
 * ol^iv. oiov, o p'f^ctg Tqv do-ftidu, J/a J/X/af- ^ 
 
 it dv&X&vQegiav. OTUV 3g 
 ' ouoefAioiv TUV TOIOVTUV aXXa ^^v oiJg %a,Toi 
 ' xotToi m&nfficw Js y 
 
 Trig o^qg' *a) di&tniv TI, \v 
 
 TOV 
 ddixov, TOV wagd TOV vofAov. 
 
 2. ''Er;, g/ o ^lif Toy xtgicurtt* Htotst, 
 
 ' o eg, TgoiTY40ttt tea} 
 ' ovTog fAtv dxohaa-Tog do^sitv oiv 
 
 soi/s^rpj^, tniivog 
 
 3 " ^~^ / "' v ^ ^ 
 OU. 0'/]A.OV CX,ga, OTl 0/06 TO K 
 
 3. ^Er/, crg>} ,gi/ raXXa 
 
 &r TIVGC, Aoriiotv dsi. oiov' 
 
 , VTT %o/\.a<r{(x.i>' t tyactT thins TOV so 
 gsn Jg/X/av' g/ twdTa%&v, \K ogyriv. ti 
 o txtgoavsv) ST ovOffAiccv 
 i mow. 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 147 
 
 atr, QTI ten rig ci3*xw irapot, rr/v 
 
 . */- . ' ' ' v * < \ 
 
 0A99 ocAA^j 6f {AtgSl ffwuvvfjuogi ort o ogurpog EN T$ 
 
 TENEI. K0 a EN T HPOS 
 
 gv) 
 
 rqv dvvoifAiv. aAA* ^ ftlv, 
 
 %.&,} 01 qoovqv Ttjv OLTTO TOU x& 
 
 o 
 
 IX. "Or; ^Sf o?v g/Vi diitaioa-vvoLi Trheiovg, %&,} on 5 
 
 a; grg^a ^a^a T^ o / X?yi' dgerqv' dqXov, rig 
 \ t / / 
 
 xex.1 OTTOta, rig' AqKTSOv. 
 
 ($7) TO cLtilKOV, TO TS KOlgClVOfAOV K&l TO 
 
 TO Jg diftaiov, TO T& voiov %<x,} TO ttrov. 
 
 XUTOt, fitV OVV TO IIAPANOMON, ^ TPOTtPOV 
 
 15 ^rg g TO ANI2ON KUl TO KOLgOLVOfiOV TTAgOf 0V ro *titv ov. 
 
 TUVTOV, aXX* iTteofi &g frtpog wpog oXov' (TO {Atv *xq&(*i&vy*i 
 
 ,/ ,/ */ b v v / *v\'iov*a V 
 
 avurov avrav KagoivofAov, TO ot KagavofAov ov% anai,]} ^w*v, <rl S* 
 
 \ r ^ \ ' f/ )f ^ V * f ' 
 
 ) \KOLl TO ftKtOV CLKUV aviffOV, TO UVlffOV OV 
 
 Xg'oi/*] &a! TO didixov xcii q ct($ixiu ov raura, 
 grg^a [gfcgmy/]' ra ^gv ^ g TO, * 
 
 MEPOS AYTH ctt#& THE OAHS aitcag. ottong 
 
 V \ < ^ / ~ > / f/ \ 
 
 ot nut YI otfcaiocrvfy] , T?J ottcoctOG'uvqg.- MPTS %ai 
 iv ASSi diKuioffwrigi Z.OLI ^g^/ Tjjg Iv 
 TOV dinaiov %ai TOV c 
 
 X. 'H ut ovv 
 
 z%cc,<rTt]v (Ao^qgioiv tcaXusi, o vofAog. TOO og 
 
 ov -raw 
 
 , 
 
 \'\>/fV~f/- >~v 
 
 vy] KOLI aoitcia,' r, [AZV T^g oAqg a^ZTrig ovtru, 
 gog aXXo^j ^ Jg r?i$ *a*/af* d(f)ti<r04>. 
 
 Ka; TO dizatov Jg ^a) TO uotxov TO KOLT& TOLUTOIC, 
 vBPoy ug AIOPIZTEON <r>^gJoj/ yct^ Ta ^oXXa rft/i> 
 
 yGfAlfAOOV, TO, a<7TO T^ig Ohng CtgtTqg TrgOCTTaTTOfAeVCZ, ^KTTO^VK. 
 
 IffTiv. naff l%,a<TTy]v yoig dftrn* irgoffivetvTSt !riv> xcti 
 
148 THE NICOMACHEAN HOOK v. 
 
 noiHTiKA rqg oqg g&rrig g^rr, ruv vofAiftav o<ra 
 qrui wep} IIAIAEIAN THN npos TO KOINON. 
 i Jg THE KA0' 'EKAETON IIAIAEIAE, (KVL& qv 
 dvqg dyudog g<r<n,) Koregov rqg vroXinxqg 
 icrriv q g-rgW$* vrregov diopurrkov. ov yag i(r<u$ 5 
 
 - 
 
 \ v/i> A** r r -i \ 
 
 ravrov avopi r uycLVu* |_g<va/J tccti wohtrri wotvn. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE VARIOUS KINDS OF THE PARTICULAR JUSTK'K. 
 
 I. jg g KATA MEPOS AIKAIO2YNH2, K0t, TOU 
 
 xct,r avrnv tixaiov' 'EN f&iv tffriv eidog, TO EN TAIS 
 
 AIANOMAIE r/?f, T) WyAOLTUV, '/j TUV aXX^f (5W 
 
 tv 
 divurov teiv xa,} i<rov, irto* ZTtou. 'EN 
 
 Jg, TO EN TOIS SYNAAAAFMAn AIOP0fiTIKON. 
 
 II. Toyroy Jg p<sgij dvo. TUV ya,g 
 ruv roi {tlv 'EKOYSIA g<rr/, ra J' AKorriA. 
 
 rot roictoe' olov wgoio'ig, CMT], dctveifffAog, lyyvr^ 
 7ra.ga,Kot,Tot0f)%y}, (JHfftoffte. wovffiu, Jg Xg- 
 
 or/ ^ a ^ Tiyl; (rvva.ot.'AciTav rovruv zxov- 
 
 ruv J' liltowrioH, rdi JAZV AAQPAIA* olov 
 (Aoi'fctiot,,' QagfAtuttiet) Tgoayvytia, Sovha- 
 ooXotpoviu, ^zuoofAagTvpia' ra, Jg BIAIA* 2 
 olov ctixict, detrpog, Oavarog, dKuyri , 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 149 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE. 
 
 'T 1 v V rf ' *l\ tf v v tf \ Z 
 
 I. SLTSI dor oidtfcog avurog, KOLI ro aoixovv 
 divurov' dqhov, on xa,} fAtrov ri irn rov dvttrov. 
 
 rovro o t(7ri) ro i<rov. tv OTTOHX, yot,g 7rgcx,%6i t<rrt ro 
 xa] ro thctrrov, tern xoti ro icrov. tt ovv ro 
 uvurov ro dixaiov i'crov. (OKIP xoti dvev hoyov 
 
 \ > \ V v / *> 
 
 r<x,<riv.) tirei ot ro ISON fAt<roV ro AIKAION MESON 
 TI v tiq. 
 
 II. "ILcrn ot ro i(rov iv t^oc^itrrotg ovffiv. dvayxq 
 roivvv ro $i*U69 (fAttrov rs xot,} i'ffov) sivoii, xct,} Trgog 
 
 ' (roLvrcc, J' g< 
 
 n<riv. dvc&yKT) cigcx, ro dtxaiov, EN EAAXIZTOIE EINAI 
 TETTAPSIN. otg Tg yoiQ MKUIOV rvy^uvti ov, dvo t 
 
 tv olg ra Kgc&yfAura,, dvo. xcii rj ot,vrq scrroti 
 oir xui EN oiz. &>g yug txtivu, 
 
 )l y \ \ if y s/ tly _ - t tif, 
 
 tfcti. tl yug (ATI IffOl, OV7C UTCt t^OVfflV. CtAA 
 
 tvrzvfltv at fAOLj^ai xa,} roc, tyxhrjfAC&ra' oroe>v q i<roi 
 \ '/ ii\ \ )/ ^ \ / 
 
 EK TOY KAT' ASIAN rovro itjXov. ro yag J/- 
 2Qxa,iov Iv rdig diavofAoiig, ofAoXoyovtri ircivreg KAT' 
 ASIAN rtva islv eivai, rqv fAtvroi al/av, ov rqv av- 
 
 \^/ / r / -,-v' x 5> 
 
 rqv Atyouori vrctvrsg VTrctg^siv. aAA 01 [Atv oqfAO- 
 xgurt&o}) gAgy$g/ar ol J' oXiyotgfcixoi TXcS-rov, ol 
 $, tvysveiuv' ol J' a^ro^ar/fco), ctgerqv. 
 
 25 ElTIN APA TO AIKAION ANAAOFON TI. [ro 
 
 ov fAOvov \(rr\ fAovudixov a 
 ct,pi@[Aov.~\ 
 
 'H VL ANAAOriA ISOTHS EETI AOTHN. KOl IV 
 
 iffroig. (q ftsv ovv AI^PHMENH on tv 
 . aXXa ^a/ ri SYNEXHS. ru yag W 
 
150 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK v. 
 
 ) KOU fi}g Agygr o/ov, ug TJ rov a vgog ryv 
 rov /3, ovrug xot,} fj rov (3 wgog rqv rov y. d}g ovv YJ 
 rov ]S eiyjrcti. uffr \av q rov (3 rtQri d}g> rtrrapot, 
 
 'iorrat rot, dvdhoya.^) 'i<rn Jg ai ro dixcuov lv rir- 
 . not,} o Koyog o avrog. 
 
 olg r& xai ct>. 
 
 III. "Ytffrai digu, u$ o a ogo$ Kgog rov /3, ovrug 
 
 o y vgog rov J. HMt gfaXXct| a^a, ag o a, TTPOS rov 
 
 y, o /3 wgog rov o' acrre KCU ro oXov irgog ro oXov. 
 
 OTreg v\ vojAti (rvvdvdsi. xc&v ovrac a-vvre^, dixaiag 10 
 
 7 fWOVCtu. n a got rov ct ogov r&> y, xa,} q rov (B ru 
 
 J ffvfyv%ig> TO EN A1ANOMIJ AIKAION g<TT/. XO,} MESON 
 
 TO diKcuov rovr tarn TOT ITAPA TO ANAAOFON. ro 
 
 otvcihoyov [Ata-ov ro Jg diaaiov 
 
 KaXoy^r; og rqv roiocvryjv dvcthoyioiv 
 KHN ot pc&QripctriKoi. tv ydg rq yevfAerpixq trvtA- 
 
 /) / \ \ f/_ V \ V ' V < , ' N 
 
 pcttvzi, %.ai ro OAOV wgoc ro oAov OKtg t&otrepov vrpog 
 txdregov. tern J' ov (rvvB^yjg avrq q dvahoyict. ov 
 ydg yivtrcti tig dgiOfAa ogog, a xcti o. 
 
 To pun ovv dixoiiov, TOYTO TO ANAAoroN* ro J' -20 
 TO riAPA TO ANAAoroN. yivsrcti dga, ro f/*\v 
 TO Jg sXaTTov. oVg^ xott gx! ruv 'igyuv a-vp- 
 . o u^v ycig d^iKuv irhsov 'ifctt, o ft ddixov- 
 , rov dya0ov. tiri $g TOL> KOLXOV dvd- 
 \v dyotflov yag hoyu yiveroti, ro 
 xotxov wgog ro fAtiov xaxov. 'iffn ycig ro 
 xaxov, ^a/aXXov otig&rov rov fAsi^ovog' ro <? otigsrov, 
 dya,0ov' xoti ro ^caXXof, fAM^pv. 
 
 To fAtv ovv *tv liftog rov Sixottov rovr trriv. 
 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 151 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON CORRECTIVE JUSTICE. 
 
 I. To Jg X.OJTO* IF, TO AiopermKON' o y'mrou Iv 
 Toig ffwct^dypcuri) KCU Toig ixovtrioig nai Toig 
 dx,ov(rioig, TOVTO 0g TO oixaiov c&XXo si dog t%zi TOV 
 
 TO fA\l> yag AIANEMHTIKON dlXOtlOV TUV 
 
 otti xctTcx, TTIV OLVctXoytav tffTi T7]v 
 yag (X.TO ^Mfuirw xoivuv loiv yiyvqTCti 
 
 il V V - / V > \ tf 
 
 i) Z(TTCt,t XCtTU TOV AOyOV TOV O.VTOV, OVKtg 
 
 aXX>;Xa Toi Ufff9t%&i*T(*' xex.} TO adixov TO 
 v TCO OIKC&'IU TOUTM Kctci TO 
 
 TO EN TOIE 2YNAAAArMASI AIKAION, ffTl 
 
 fA\v i<rov Tt 9 xa] TO udixov, oivurov' aXX' ov XOLTOI 
 TTJV ttva,\oyictv tKtivqVj aXXa ara TTJV APIQMH- 
 
 TIKHN. 
 
 II. Ou^gv yu dioifyiti, it trtUMJJS (payXov a-/rg- 
 
 tutjg (payXo$' aXXa npos TOY BAABOYL THN AIA- 
 <I>OPAN MONON /3xi-7rei o vopoc. %,a,} ^r,T(x,i &>g ttroig^ g/ 
 o Atv dfiixet, o $ ddixMTai' not,} et o Atv g/BXa'v/gf, o ii 
 
 20 HI* ' / ^0"T TO dSixov TOVTO, avitrov ov, 
 
 irtioctTai o di%oicrTr)g. %a] yu>g, OTOLV o {Atv wXqyij, o 
 Jg rtt#vitfr 8 %ou KTeiv, o J' aTO$ai>?r diqTat TO 
 
 /a ISAZEIN, dtyuigwv TOV %tP$ovg. (Xgygra/ 
 cTXaJc MTiij' g-T/ ro7c ToiovTOig, %civ st fAr) TUTIV 
 olxtlov ovofAot, e/9, TO KEPAOS, o/ov TW warala^T/* 
 
 ?5 ZHMIA, T<W KCtOoVTl, 05 XX* OTfltl/ ^g (JL,&TP7l@7l TO 
 
 TO && nu* TO 
 
 TOV [Atv irXsiovog tcai zXctTTovog, TO HTOV ptfrov. TO 
 30 Sg nzoq ZCLI f) 'fcrifjisiu,' TO sv /rXsoi', TO 5' g 
 
152 
 
 THE NICOMACHEAN 
 
 BOOK v. 
 
 TO 
 
 TOV dyu@ov 
 
 TOV KCX.KOV 
 
 TO I'ffov. o 
 
 IV. 
 
 , KEPAOE* ro vavrov, ZHMIA* v v {At<rov 9 
 
 eivott 
 
 TO EnANOPOfiTIKON AIKAION av gfl, TO 
 
 MESON ZHMIAE KAI KEPAOY2 
 
 V- 
 
 A*o 
 
 ttcu, OTCX,I> 
 
 TOV 
 
 TOV 
 
 XGU 
 
 (TTTJV Xtt,Ttt,(pU f yOUa'lV. 70 
 
 ivl g<rr/t/ gcrJ ro 3/*a/OJi. o 
 
 etvcti, oiov dinuiov 'tfA^uy^o 
 fAt(TOV' feat %u,hov(riv tvioi 
 [Atcrov Tv^atrt, TOV Stxuiov 
 TI TO otxctiov, ziveg KU] o 
 svavuro?, xal, 
 co TO {Jt,iicj\> 
 
 TO) 
 
 TO ohov' TOTt (fiawv 
 
 ag, tciv TOV 10 
 pi<rov ago. 
 
 g; 
 
 Tjg 
 
 TOUT 
 
 OTO.V 16 
 
 TO, av- 
 
 T&)\>, OTC&V hd/3&)(ri TO Iff 09. TO IffOV, MESON ESTI 
 THS MEIZONOr KAI EAATTONOS KATA THN API0MH- 
 TIKHN ANAAOriAN. 
 
 Aioi 
 
 TOVTO 
 
 di 
 
 xaiov, OTI AIXA20 
 
 uv ei Tig st^oi AIXAION* act,} o 
 KU.V d dvo i'<ruv, 
 
 TOVTU ago, 
 
 xu, TI 
 
 AIXAZTHS 
 
 Ttgov, Kgog fetTtfW Jg VTfWTt&lf' Su<r} TOVTOig v 
 ; QdTSgov. g/ ydg dfyrigtOy} ^*S ^ VgWfTltii Jg' 
 av povov V'7rtgii'x j 6v* TOV piffov oiga, Ivt' xoti TO '25 
 
 d<p' ov dtyrigiQriy ivi. 
 TI TS dtyshelv is7 dvo TOV 
 
 TU tXuTTOv ly^ovn. [Atv yug TO 
 
 TOVTO TTpOO'Qe'lVai Jg7 T& gXaTTOV 
 >^.~' x ~ ' ' 
 
 a,(peheiv UKO TOV [AsyurTOv. 
 uv AA, BB, FFj aXX^Xa;^. c^/ro 
 TO AE, %di I 7rpofrxzi(r6ca TTJ FT TO 
 AFF T?J EA yTgig/, TM FA 
 
 >/ -i-j T- ~ -w-^ A 
 
 aa BB, TO> 1 A. 
 
 y * 
 
 o V 
 
 130 
 
 \(TCf.i 
 
 at 
 
 A A 
 
 FA. 
 
 -p r-w 
 
 1 Z. 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 153 
 
 
 TUV aXX#j> cfVMM TOVTO. vqpovvro yap av, e 
 
 if \ ~ \f/ ' \ V \ \ 
 
 TO TTOIOVV KGLl OfTOVy KOll 010V' XOLl TO 
 
 TOVTO 
 
 VI. 'EX?iXy$g Jg TO, ovofAUTct, ravra, % re ZHMIA 
 
 TO KEPAOE, 2* THE *EKOYEIOY CtXXay^. TO (MV 
 
 $ rcc tuvrou, KEPAAINEIN 
 ro J' iXarrov r^v g| a^??, ZHMIOYSOAI* o/ov, 
 
 
 o vo[Aoc. oruv {Ayre -rgoi/, [Ayr 
 ayra 3/ avTav yivqrut* -ra UVTUV tyudiv 
 ovre fyi(Aiov(rQcx.i GVTS tcegoaiveiv. utrrs xspdovg 
 xat fyipvttt uuiffov t TO dixaiov I<TTI, TI^N DAPA TO 
 EKOYSION* TO 'urov 'ifcziv %a] vrgOTegov xou vrregov. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 ON THE PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCATION. 
 
 r. Ao#g7 Jg Tiffi %u} TO ANTinEnoNeos 
 as dixaiov. aifTreg ol YlvQctyoestoi ttpatrctv. ugi- 
 yag a-/rX<jy TO ditcaiov' TO ANTinEnoNos 
 TO J' dvTi'TT&'Trov^Gg ovfc t<f>ag{AOTTeii OVT VTT} 
 TO dia,vsf/,yiTi%ov dixaiovj OVT IK] TO iio 
 faaiToi (SouXovTcti yt TOVTO Xtyeiv %ou TO ' 
 20 ftotvdvog dixaiov' 
 
 ra K s^s^e, 8/x.>) x iQelot yevoiro.) 
 
 olov' el ct"iv 'i'cav lira- 
 
 Tagv, ov g a^T/^^yar %a et 
 
 y ' -v ~ / ^~'-v. x 
 
 Tafgv, oy TrXrjyyjvai povov oei, aXXa 
 
 25 g<n, TO g^oy<r/ov ^ai TO d%ou(rio 
 
 II. 'AXX* gy^Vn Ta7^ xoivuviuig TOU$ AAAAKTIKAIS, 
 TO TOIOVTOV Hxctiov' TO dvTiKt'TrovQog) KAT 
 
154 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK v. 
 
 ANAAOriAN KAI MH KAT* IEOTHTA. TU UVTlKOlilV 
 
 avhoyov, (rvfAfttvei H noAis. yg TO xaxug 
 
 <riv' el Jg pi], iovXstot Soxe7 etvat, si [A 
 
 y} TO gy' g; 0g j&c?7, fAeTaoofrig ov yivsTat' T% 
 
 Js (TVfAfAZi'ovonv. ($10 xa} XagiTuv hgo 
 
 v 
 iv a,VTa,7roo<ric . TOVTO yap icv 
 
 >/i ~/ \v^* 
 
 Tog. OLVuvTrrj^Triffai T* ya,g o&i TU 'fcupurufjutvct)) xai 
 
 wot'h.iv OIVTOV oig%ot,t y^agi^OfAtvov.) 
 
 III. rio/g? ^g T?]i> dvTidoo-tv TTjv KdT dvuXoyiuv, 
 
 'H KATA AIAMETPON SYZEYSIS. 01 OV' Ol%odo{AOg \<$ 10 
 
 A, <rx,VTOTO(jL,oc \<f) u B, oi/ \$ a F, tHroitjfMt \<$ 
 
 W A. OS? OVV hot,fA/3(ZVtlV TOV OlXOOOfAOlt KOLQU, TOV <TX,V- 
 
 vov\Ki'mv TOTOfAOV TO SXtlVOV tpyOV, Xtt,} &VTOV ixSlVU (ASTCldl- 
 ' */ \f^ \5- ^ *5-\ \\ 
 
 oovcci TO OIVTOV. gaj/ ovv KQCDTOV y TO xc&TCt TT^V otvcx,- 
 Xoyiav, icrov, g/ra ro dvTi'X'6iroi<0og ytvqTai' ifrm TO 15 
 
 IV. EJ Jg /x^, oyx /Voj', oiJg crvpfAivti. ov6\v 
 
 ^ > ~ V \ > / >/ ,\ \ 
 
 fca>AL>g/, xgsiTTOv tivc&i TO vc&Ttgov tgyov ^ TO 
 
 ($s7 OVV TUVTCt, I2AS0HNAI. gW/ 5g TOVTO 
 
 g^r! ra;v aAXfiyv rg^i'^i'. dvygovvTO yag av, el 
 
 TO 'TTOIOVV Xtt.} OCTOV X,0t} OIOV 9 XCt} TO 
 
 t0dt(TYt TOVTO xoti TO&OVTOV fca] TOIOVTOV.) ov yap ix, 
 
 v/> ~ / / >.^>v ~ \ 
 
 dyo laTguv yivtTai xoivavia' aAA g^ laTgov xai 
 yeugyov, %a] o\ug tTtguv, xa] ovx, t<r&)v. aXXa TOVTOvg 
 Js? icraa-^jjvai. AIO DANTA SYMBAHTA AEI nns EINAI, 25 
 
 'N EZTIN AAAAFH. 
 
 V. 'E(p' o TO NOMIEM' ixfavQe' xa} yivSTai nag 
 f&ttrv*. Travrot, yag fASTgii' a/Vrg xa} TTJV 
 xa} rip eXXvi < v)/fy < Trcxra aTTa oq vKQOri 
 oixia J Tgotpy. $ Toivvv, oveg oixodoftog wgog &XVTO- 30 
 TO<rad} aToJ^ctroc TT^O? oixiav ij Tgotyqv. g; 
 
 ovoz xoivavia. 
 
 TOVTO J', g/ i /Va g/^ 97-^ oy gVrar Jg7 a 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 155 
 
 sv nvt K&VTU 
 
 Tovro y etrrif rr, [Atv aqfia, H XPEIA* 
 ervve^ei. el yoig uqfftv Jgo/vTO, q pri op,oiu$' TJ ovx 
 
 at)r^. o/oi> 8* 'YIIAAAAFMA 
 
 5 THE XPEIAS TO VOfAHTfAa ytyOVS, KATA SYN0HKHN. 
 
 vi. }/ E<7Ta* J^ MrMrflnwA(j oVav irarljf' 
 
 (rx,VToro[AOv 9 TO tgyov TO TOV 
 vgog TO TOV y&M^yov. elg crfcijpa, $ dvcx,- 
 ^el uyetV) OTGLV d\'/^c(, > ct)VT(x,i. g; og ^c^* 
 e%ei rac yTg^o^a? TO &T$gov attgov. aXX* 
 iffot %a,i xoivuvoi' OTI 
 
 dvva,Ta.i \it CLVTUV yivtorOai. ysugyog 
 
 A> TOfy'/} r ffX>VTOTO(AOg B> TO g^Q/OV CIVTOV TO 
 
 fiivov A. gJ 3' OVTAP ^c^ ?P flJfrnrMrofrfiWM' oi ay 
 
 XOIVXVIU. [oT/ J' 'H XPEIA 0Wl^fl| tfrttt ?V T/ 
 
 T, or/, oVav ^^ g 
 
 
 avTog iiijrat Tic, olov o'tvov, diSovTSg triTov 
 
 VII. g T$ MEAAOYEHS Otay, g/ NYN 
 
 or/ go-Tec/ sav ietiOij, TO vopurfAtx, olov 
 25ErrYHTHS g<r^' 
 
 VIII. ao-g/ tcg^ ov 4e TOITO TO AYTO. 
 
 agi /Vov JiJfotTa/. ox^ Jg, BOYAETAI MENEIN 
 
 M AAAON . 
 30 IX. A/0 AEI DANTA TETIMH20 AI . Ot/T<jy ya^ 06g/ 
 
 i, si 02 ToyTo, ^o^cyf/a, TO 5?? vofAi<r{JL>a, 9 
 
 METPON EYMMETPA OOIHSAN, iffal. OVTS 
 
 tcoivavict, 
 
 / v / > '. 
 
 ict, qv' OUT aA- 
 
156 
 
 THE NICOMACHEAN 
 
 BOOK v. 
 
 X. T? 
 
 ovv 
 
 xctwg. 
 V7roQz<reug' J; 
 
 ovffijg' OVT f<roT9jg, 
 
 aivvotTov rat, TotrovTov 
 a yevz<r0oti' Kgog il rqv ff/rtfi 
 n osl eivot,t, TOVTO 5* g^ 
 rovTO yag vuvra, 
 KUVTO, vopifffiUTi. 
 dixct, B, ftX/^ij F* TO Jg A TOV B 
 
 J5rw 
 
 A, 
 
 el KtvTe ftvuv a|/a 
 
 f&t(O$ (ro F) rov B. 
 tcrov oixiqt,, on irtvre. OTI <f ov 
 q yv irg}v TO vofAurpct, g/i/a/, 
 
 fitV 7] KAINAI OENTE Ctkr! MJMOf, 
 
 10 
 
 ovrag 
 dioKfitgB 
 
 'oEOY a! 
 
 9rr*' VVV/V \/\v// 
 
 I/ (AtV OVV TO C&OIXOV, KOt,l Tl TO OMCtlOV ttTTtl/' 15 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 IN WHAT RESPECT JUSTICE, AS DISTINGUISHED FROM 
 OTHER VIRTUES, IS A MEAN. 
 
 I. 
 
 g TOVTW 
 TOV 
 
 , OTI r\ AIKAIO- 
 
 TO 
 
 yag wXsov 
 
 AIKAIOEYNH 
 
 TO 
 
 <TTIV. 
 
 is 
 
 0V TOV UVTOV TgOTTOV TOtig 20 
 
 'OTI MEZOY ELTIN, ^ J' 
 
 TUV c 
 II. Ka/ i 
 
 KA HN o AI- 
 
 KAIOS AEFETAI nPAKTIKOS KATA OPOAIPESIN TOY 
 AIKAIOY, KAI AIANEMHTIKOZ KAI *AYT^ IIPOE AAAON, 25 
 
 KAI C ETEP^ npos 'ETEPON* ov% ovTug, WO-TS TOV [Atv 
 c&VTtu, 'iXaTTOV i\ TM wXqariov, TOV 
 
CHAP. vn. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 157 
 
 rov 'urov rov KMT 
 
 o(Aoa$ g xai aXXa; vrgog ctXXov. q ft 
 TovvavTtov, TOY AAIKOY. TOVTO ft t<rriv 
 'YOEPBOAH KAI EAAEIYIE TOY n<j>EAiMOY H BAABEPOY, 
 
 5IIAPA TO ANAAOrON. 
 
 III. A/o yVg/3oX?i fcot) gXXg/iJ// ^ a&fc/a, Srt 
 'YIIEPBOAHE KAI EAAEPFEns ESTIN* t( uvrov 
 TOV 
 
 rov ^Xa/g^o* g^r g TV aXXo;v, ro ^cg 
 
 ' TO Jg Ta^a TO avaXoyop, ocrorg^o;^ gri>- 
 
 Toy Jg AAIKHMATOS* TO ^gV lXrtO>, TO OtJ/- 
 
 trn' TO Jg V) TO 
 
 KCLI ddixiug, rig 
 
 \GT\V v\ (pvtfig' zl^ffdoi) rovrov TOV rgovrov. 
 ToD J/xa/oy a/ dStxov, 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 ON THE QUALITIES AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF ACTIONS 
 WHICH ARE NECESSARY IN ORDER TO CONSTITUTE 
 INJUSTICE IN THE AGENT. 
 
 I. 'Efl-g/ 5' IffriV AAIKOYNTA, pqK6J AAIKON g^a/' 
 'o nOIA AAIKHMATA AAIKfiN HAH AAIKOE ESTIN, 
 tZOKTTqV Ct,Slzi(X,V 9 010V XgTT?7$, 7) fAOl^OC, }} X??0"T^ 1 . 
 
 rj ovroo (JMV oudlv dio'urei ; xa) ya^ oiv <rvyyivoi*ro 
 20 yvvuixi, eioug TO y' aXX* oy o/a Trgoaigza'&ag MgfflV) 
 aXXa J/a Kaffog. adixei fMv ovv, adixog $ ov% 
 '. olov oyog ^Xg-^T^?, gfcXg-v/g Jg' oi^g 
 
 g* opoiug s zot, ^n TUV aXXa;*', 
 
 oyv gg; TO CLVTtKZ'Trovfloc Kog TO dtzatov, 
 
 II. Ag7 3i ^ Xai^^ai'g/j/, or/ TO 
 
 act,} TO 'AriAnr dixottov, TO HOAITIKON difcuiov. ^ IKai9V 
 
158 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK v. 
 
 TOVTO ^g tffTIVy EDI KOINfiN^N BIOY OPOS TO EINAI 
 AYTAPKEIAN, EAEY0EPftN KAI ISfiN, H KAT* ANAAO- 
 
 TIAN H KAT' APIOMON. <i<rrg, txroig fAq \(TTI TOVTO, 
 ovx \ffTi TOVTOig Kgog aXX^Xoy; TO HOAITIKON it- 
 
 See c. xi. . XOilOV 9 CfcXXct TI CtxaiOV X.CX,} KA' 'oMOIOTHTA. 60*7/5 
 
 vi. of this \ \ ? / 
 
 book. 7 a f AIKAION, OI2 KAI NOMOE VTgog CtVTOVg' NOMO2 
 
 A', EN 'OIS AAIKIA. 7] yag $1X7} tgtfff TOV ^IKOCIOU 
 
 xou TOV adixou. EN 'ois A' AAIKIA, KAI TO AAIKEIN 
 
 EN TOYTOIZ' EN 'oiE AE TO AAIKEIN, OY IIAZIN 
 AAIKIA. TOVTO (? IffT^ly TO wXtOV OLVTU VZfASlV TUV 10 
 
 ayuQuv, tXctTToy dg TUV d-TrXwc KUKUV. 
 o ovx \uAtv tt ex,v0ouxov> aXXa TOV Xo- 
 
 yov. OTI IOLVTU TOVTO TO/s7, nut yi\>tTct,i 
 
 ' TOV dtxuiov x,ui TOV 
 
 , v v, j-.y , ^ , <? . ^ 
 
 *<roy. g-rg/ o oft'gi' avTu TTMOV tivui ooxti, etwee 15 
 ' (ov yag vifAtt wXtov TOV dn'hug ayuQov 
 el {Ay irgog UVTOV avocXoyov IO-TIV') dto \TIQU 
 tccii diot, TOVTO, AAAOTPION eimt Qcuriv uycx,- 
 Seec. i. $. 0ov Tqv dixottocrvvqv' xaOcweg sXg^^ xa,} vrgOTegov. 
 
 vi. of this A^ if ^ / ~ >\ \ \ / 
 
 book. (Mffftf uoa Tig ooTtog' TOVTO 0f, r/^^ xa/ yegag. 20 
 
 5s ^^ ixotvoi TO, re/aura* ouro/ yivovTai 
 
 III. To Jg AESnOTIKON dlXOUOV %0tl TO OATPI- 
 
 KON, ov TOtvTOv TovToig, aXX' o'fAoiov. ov yag 
 
 irgog TO, CLVTOV, ' AOAfiS' TO g ra ^a/ ro *25 
 TSXVOV, lug 061 j Kq'h.ixov K&I 
 
 CX.VTOV' avTov ft ovOug v 
 ov% \<TTIV adizicx, vgog OLVTOV. ovtf ago, oi 
 
 J/^a/OJ', TO IIOAITIKON. "AUTQL lOfAOV yap 7)V 9 
 
 > r _ / v / v v v r < < 
 
 tv oig f/retyvx-zi eivou vofAog' OVTOI ^<rf, QIC vw- 
 TOV ag%it9 xa,} ag%$<r0a,i. 
 
 Xov -/r^og yvvouKct, \TTI dtxotiov, q wgog TZXVO, 
 
 XT?} [AUTO,. TOVTO yctg IffTl TO OIKONOMIKON 
 Jg XCt,} TOVTO TOV 
 
CHAP. VST. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 159 
 
 IV. Toy Jg croX/r^oy hxttiov, TO [Atv <J>YIKON 
 l(rrt, TO Jg NOMIKON. (pvo-txov pfa* TO IIANTAXOY 
 
 THN AYTHN EXON AYNAMIN, KAI OY Tl AOKEIN H 
 
 MH. VOplXOV g' o EH APXHE MEN OY0EN AIAOEPEI 
 5'oYTHS H AAAHS, *OTAN AE 0ONTAI, AIAOEPET 0/OP, 
 
 ro i/Lvaig t^vTgovff&cti' q TO aiyex, Qvziv^ aXAa ftr) dvo 
 . w06/3oi,Tci' fr/i Off* ITT} TUV xaf i 
 otov, TO &ueiv "Rgourtdct' xa,} TO, 
 V. A0#s7 y Ivioig sivai DANTA roiavTa,. OTI TO 
 
 AKINHTON KOLl -TTOC.lfTK^OU T7)V aVTTjV 
 
 dvvotfAiv, (ap'Treg TO Trvg KOI,} \v9 
 xatet') TO, Jg J/(*ia, KINOYMENA o 
 VI. Tofro o OVK tffTiv ovTag 
 
 
 . xcurtu wag ye Tog EOIS /w?, OYAAMHS. 
 
 'HMIN J', g^rr/ ^gv r/ XK] <J>YSIKON KINHTON. 
 f/,tvTOi Kay' aXX' Sf/utf^ IITTI TO pzv <pv<rei> TO 
 volov i\ d>Y2;Ei r^v fidi,^oj 
 
 %,&,} 
 
 . xai Ivri TUV ab&*9 o See $. iv. of 
 N * / % / ^f^r^ ' this chap. 
 
 Tog agtAocrzi oiogi<ruog. d>YSEi ya^ ^ Pfguc XPZITTUV' 
 ENAEXETAI Tivctg df&(f)idt%ioug ysvzcrflai. r 
 
 g KATA SYN0HKHN X.OLI TO fV ft/pig 09, TUV dl%X.(av' 
 
 $<TTt Tolg {AtTgoig. ov yct,g TravTM^ov ira, ret 
 %&,} wnjga, pxrger aXX' ov {t\v avovtrai, 
 &), ou 0g 'TraXovG'fv, \\UTTU ofAoioog og, Ktu TO, 
 (fkuruta aXX' dvdgaTriva, dixaia, ov rayra 
 ovo at TroXtTeiat* atXXa p>u& ftovov 
 (fiver iv fj dgia-TT). 
 
 tea,} VOU/I^MV txatTTOv, ug TO, 
 Ttt x,ct,6 'tKCMTra *%** w* fti* 7^^ 
 
 VII. A<a(pgg; ig ro AAIKHMA, xa/ ro AAIKON, 
 

 160 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK v. 
 
 KC&] TO AIKAIfiMA, KOU TO AIKAION. (HdlXOV [M)/ yOLQ 
 TH <J)YSEI H TAHEI. TO CLVTO 3g TOVTO, 'oTAN 
 
 ct,oi%rj[Atx, gVrr TTQ 
 didittov. ofAoiug Jg KUI 
 
 AiKAionpArHMA, TO xoivov' iiteafofMt Jg, To< r > 
 
 EIIANOP0nMA TOT AAIKHMATOS. XOtff ZXOKTTOV SI 
 CCVTUV, TTOia TB II^JJj ^! ^oVa, KOLi TTZg] 'TTQlCi 
 
 OVTCX,' 
 
 VIII. ' Ovrfiyv Jg TUV OIKC&IUV xcx.} ddiawv TUV 
 
 [AtvuV ddixtl [A\v xcti iixouoirgci'ysi, OTCIV IKUV Tig 10 
 
 OLVTOL ^gUTTy. OTOtl> CIKUV, OVT doiKtl OVTB dtZMl- 
 
 oirgaye?, aXX* ? x,a,Tci <rvfA/3&/3qzog. olg yu^ SYMBE- 
 
 BHKE oixaioig tivcti 77 doixoig, < 7rgdt,TTova'i)>' 
 
 $k KKI dixaio'Trgci'y'/ifAcx. agio-Toil, TU 
 
 dxovfffu. OTUV yi*.Q IKOVGIOV 77, T^gygra/, a^a Jg %ot,\ 15 
 
 d$t1]fJt,Ol TOT tffTlV. WffT IffTUl Tl cldlKOV {A\V, U^l- 
 
 idv ^ TO x,ov<riov 
 
 See B. III. IX. Ag'# $* tX,OV<7tOV 
 
 c. . . x. v 
 
 and xii. WPiyrflU, ay T/S, TiWV 6(p UVTU OVTUV } EIAHS KGtl 
 
 dyvouv wgdrry 
 Ttvcx, 
 
 Tig, Xa/S^f Tr/v 
 
 ov ydg ITT CCVTU. v%eTai g, TOV 
 
 TOV o, OTI [Atv dvOgwTTog q TOJV Trotgov- 25 
 TUV TIC, yivdxrKtiv, OTI Jg Tarijg, dyvotlv.) ofAoi&g Jg, 
 TO TOIOVTOV Sict)gi(r0oi> %,di g-r! TOV 'OY 'ENEKA, xcti Trig] 
 TO $?} dyvoovfASvov % [Ay dyvoou- 
 \TF avrot J* ov' q fiict,' axovo-iov. 
 
 v ~ A / f ' '^ 7 N 
 
 %cx,t Tuv (pv<rei WTrug'^ovTuv, eioortc %cx.i 3^ 
 ov 
 
 ff z 
 
 xov<riov trriv' oov TO qov, r a,<7roi>y](r%,eiv. ICTTI 
 
 ^\ T&JV OLOITCUV xcti TUV oifcuiuv, %ui TO KATA 
 
 ZYMBEBHKOZ. xa! ol UV T1]V KOLUKaTuflriKqV OLKO- 
 
CHAP. vn. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 161 
 
 ooiq Ti$> dxuv xai Old tyo'pov' ov OVTS dixaitx, vrgaT- 
 rs diK<x,io'7rp(x,y 
 
 f ~ r / ^\ \ \ 
 
 )c. oiAOiag og, %ai TOV 
 
 OVTS dixctioKaiiv (aTeov, aXX* q XUTOC, <rv[A- 
 
 tcar 
 roc, adttca vgar- 
 
 rstv. ruv g IKOVO-IUV, ru, [Atv nPOEAOMENOi 
 / \\ . / ./ \ 
 
 y roc, 6 ov TrgoehOfASvoi. Trgo&AOfAevot {Atv, 
 
 ig, otra dwo- 
 
 10 X. Tgtuv 3^7 ovcrav BAABHN TUV Iv ralg 
 ra, pzv fitr dyvoiag 'AMAPTHMATA i<rnv, ortxv 
 ov, fATjTt o, [A7]T$ &>> [tyre ov tvs%,a, y^gA 
 r\ yvLQ ov /3aAg7y, r\ ov TOVTU, r\ ov rovrov, q ov 
 TOVTOV gvg/sa, ir' aXXa SYNEBH ov ov 
 
 iva, r^u(rri aXX* iva xsv77)<rr}, Y) 
 ov> fj ov ag. OTKV ^kv ovv craaXo^^ fj fi 
 
 , ATVXHMA' orav Sk uJn 
 Og #a;t;et$, AMAPTHMA. df/,ct,grav6i [Atv 706^, 
 
 \v avTa q rrjg utrioig' UTVjQU J', oruv 
 
 AAIKHMA. OlOV, Of to T& )t<Z OvfAOV XOl} ftXX Wflj t Off 01 
 
 , ffUfApaitti ro7g d 
 xui dpotgruvovTeg, diiXOVfft 
 } etitxijfJU&TCt lomin ov f&tvroi KM ddixoi dtol 
 
 t. ov yoig Sid f&o%j9iifict9 rj jShdfBq. oral 
 
 o in 7rgocttgff6&)c, AAIKOS xoii fAOfcdrj 
 
 7ol \K Ovftov ovz \K wgovoias Kgiv&rai ov 
 
 o QvtSsU TroiMv^ aXX* o ogyitrag. \TI 3g, ovdt 
 ] TOV ytvirfloti q fM) dptyurfiqTiiTai, ctXXa wegi 
 Sizaiov, g'/r! (pawof&wy ydg a^/Ja, fj ogyr) iffTiv. 
 ov yag, <ucr'7rg gj/ role, o*ykaXXay^a<r/, Tre^/ rov TEN- 
 BE AI df^fHff(By}TOVffiP' uv dvdyKq TOV sregov eivat 
 
 dv fAq did qqv OLVTO 
 hoyovvreg snf j TOV wgdyfAcx,Tog 9 nigi TOV 
 
 M 
 
162 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK v. 
 
 AIKAION dfA<purl3jiirov<riv. o i' tKi@ov\ev<rct,g ovx 
 dyvoii' iWg o (&kv oi'srat ddixiiffdctt, o 5' ov. av 
 y EK npOAiPEEEns j3Aa\f/?r ditxsi. 
 
 XI. Ka/ KATA TAYT* HAH TA AAIKHMATA 'o 
 
 , AAIKOS[J orav Kotgoi ro dvd 
 
 TO MOV, oous e a %ct,io$ 9 OTAN CPOEAOMENOS 
 
 T Jg, av JAOVOV 
 
 
 SeeB. in. T*>v tovffoH rex, u,v t(TTi ffvyyvuiAoviKo,, ra 
 
 chap. i. $. , / r/ \ v \ / , 
 
 viii. ov ffvyyvupoviKU,. o<ra ftiv yag pq ftovov uyvoovvrss, 10 
 
 aXXct tea,} it oiyvoiav, ex,{Att,grotvov<ri' SYrrNHMONiKA. 
 or a, i\ (Ay it diyvoiotv, aXX* dyvoovvreg fMv, iioi 
 ird0o$ il ^/?Jr6 (pvrixov ftrir ditflguirivov, or 
 
 TNOMONIKA. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 IN WHICH ARE PROPOSED, VARIOUS MINOR QUESTIONS 
 RELATING TO JUSTICE. 
 
 11 I. *Aro9iff$H y Av rig, el ixaiig tuigurrat ireg} rov 15 
 
 KOLI ditxw. KguTcv fAtv, g/ Iffrtt, 
 ti'gqxt, Xtyuv droirug' 
 
 xarexra TYJV /^/yV, /^a^u$ 
 'Excov Ixoucrav, ^ 9eAoy<rav oup^ exwv. 
 
 nOTEPON TAP '^2 AAH0^2 ESTIN *EKONTA AAIKEI- 20 
 
 ; rj 03, 06XX' dxovcriov arar, iV^g #a/ ro 
 
 ditxiiv wav txouinov ; ai >a 
 
 xoii ro ddi&tiv nav txovffiov, ?] TO 
 , ro 
 
 II. 'QfAoiag i\ xc&i) EHI TOY AIKAIOYSOAI. (ro ya 
 \Kovffiov. uffr euhoyov di>Tttctiff@at 
 
CHAP. vni. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 163 
 
 xccff sxctTSgov, TO r dSixs7o-0at a! TO 
 
 77 \xoufftoir q ct,%,ov<riov sivai.) OLTOKOV 5* a,v 
 $o%sis xdi SKI TOV di%atov(r0(x,( 9 si noiv sxovrtov. ENIOI 
 
 TAP AIKAIOYNTAI OYX 'fiKONTES. 
 
 5 in. *E?rg!, xoti Tods Sictirogqa'sisv civ rig' IIOTEPON 
 
 *0 TO AAIKON riEIIONGfiS, AAIKEITAI IIAZ; J? OJCTTTSg XOU 
 
 siri rov KgdTT&iv, xcti STTI TOV irda")(Siv \ffTiv \ KATA 
 ZYMBEBHKOS a ivdsSTai ASTtt,h.a.63oivstv sir 
 
 ~ r / v\ *,.. t/ 
 
 TUV AIKAIflN. OfAOHU$ OS 0J}Xd?j OTl 
 
 -. \ \\>/*, 
 
 10 SKI T&V AAIKflN. 0V yot,^ TOIVTOV TO TUOlXtt, 
 
 ovos TO ddixcx, i 7fda"^ j stVy Ty doiKsl<r6ot,i. 
 xou, sir] TOV dixouoKgoLyiiv ndl 
 
 AAYNATON>AP AAIKEIS0AI, MH AAIKOYNTO2* 
 
 16 IV. " EJ J' taiTiv dnhag TO dSixstv TO 
 
 SXOVTCt, Tivd' TO SKOVTOl) StOOTO, XCtl 0\>^ XUl U , X>OU 
 g' J' AKPATHS, SKCUV (B^dlTTSl OtVTOg aVTOV* 
 
 T civ ddt%,o~iTO) fict,} tv^i'faoiTO UVTOV avTOV fx.ois7v. 
 
 (*t \\ V ~ ft ~ > / 
 
 t(TTi OS %(X,l TOVTO SV Ti T6)V UKOgOVfASVaV El EN- 
 
 20AEXETAI AYTON *AYTON AAIKEIN.) STl, SKUV CIV Tig, )l 
 
 VK cihXov fixdnTOiTO txovTog' uffT sty] civ, 
 
 SKOVT adixs7(T0(x,i" q ovx og6og o OiogttrfAog ; 
 
 TU cwTSiv, sdoTCt, XCLI ov 9 not, u, xi 
 
 TO (t TTOltt, T7]V SKSWOV pCV'Kqa'lv! BAAIITETAI 
 
 ovv Tig sxuv, act} T'AAIKA nArxEi* AAIKEITAI 
 
 iragd TTJV /3ovXrj(riv wgotTTSi. OVTS yag pov- 
 \STai ovi)e}g, o yw O'ISTUI sivut o-Kovdaiov' o TS 
 a O'ISTOII Ss7v KgctTTSiv, fl^arre/.J o os TO, 
 ovg, 6JO"7reg"O(Ai)gog ^<ri dovvcti TOV Thavxov 
 " wvcrsa, fcct'hxsiaV) gfcaro^/30/ svvsa,- 
 
 > v " > '* N ^5> / 
 
 ovx aoifcsiTOLi. En AYT$ ya^ S<TTI TO oioovoti. 
 M ^ 
 
164 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK v. 
 
 TO J' ddix,s7<r@ou OYK En' AYT$' aXXa rov d 
 
 TTSp] (JUIV OVV TOV d 
 
 OYX EKOYEION' 
 
 12 V. "Er/ $ uv TrosiXoAsQa dv 
 
 strnv swtv. no- 
 
 TEPON DOT AAIKEI, O NEIMAS CAP A THN ASIAN TO 6 
 DAEION, H *O EXfiN } KOti' El ESTIN AYTON *AYTON 
 AAIKE1N j 
 
 VI. E/ yix>% tvdtfctrou ro wgoregov Xe^ffsv, &&,} o 
 ctXX* oi> o ExnN ro wXsov' g i' rig 
 
 triu J ayrJ vtASi, eiius a) gxa/v oSro? 10 
 
 avrov ddix&i. oirsg doxovriv oi fii 
 o yag 'fTrisixqg ihurrtoTMog Itrriv. q oudt rovro 
 dTrhovvi trtgov y& dyaQov, ti 'irv^tv, l 
 olov do^qg, % rov dvt.ug xahov. en, Xuira< 
 ara TOI/ otooifffAov rov ddixs'iv. ovSsv yug vuga, rqv l. r > 
 avrov TToury^ti /3ovXr}(riv. iVrg ou ditxiirai Sid yt 
 rovro' aXX g^Ve^, /SXa^rrgra/ fM90*. 
 
 VII. Oai/g^oi' Jg a), or/ o AIANEM^N iititti, 
 aXX* OYX 'o TO OAEON EX^N in', oi 7<*i ^ T 
 
 vTctgjflh ddiat7, aXX' <S ro Ixovra, royro20 
 rovTo 5', oifov i i 1 T vatvf' % t(rriv 
 
 .. 
 ^ aXX 
 
 ro To/grv Xfyfrai* cai g<rr/f <y rot 
 
 rog' ovjc dSutii AW* noiii i\ rd aktxa. 'in si 
 
 \ v >' 
 
 ro 
 
 ovtf Aittoi fj %gi<rig ifrriv. l<rn $ 'ns aiixog. z 
 
 See chap, ^n T Q NOMIKON )/CM0f, a) r6 
 
 this boo ic. j'^yj-^fiyf tzgivev otoiKug' irAeovfxrsi xoti c&vrog, q %,&*- 
 
 roc, 77 riAwiag, aorTrep ovv xdv si rig MEPISAITO rov'-W 
 
 xcu o AIA TAYTA KPINAS ctxuf, vr'hov 
 t/ f\\ / 
 
 T sxsivsov, o rov uypov xgivugy ovx 
 
 dygov otXX* dgyvgiov 
 
CHAP. ix. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 165 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 IN WHICH IT IS ARGUED, THAT JUSTICE IS A VIRTUE 
 OF DIFFICULT ACQUIREMENT. 
 
 I. OJ $ divOuTTOt \< tavTofg oi'ovrcti sivai TO 
 
 lv dio> yea,} TO AIKAION EINAI 'PAAION. TO $ 
 ovx. 'i(TTiv. <rvyyzvi(r6cx,i f^kv yug TTJ TOV yetTovog, xoii 
 TOV K^ffiov, *a! dovvoti r? ;*'' TO dpyv- 
 
 f / . \ > 1 J r** ) \\C 
 
 pCtOlOV HC&l IK ClUTOig. CtXXct TO I7AI EXONTAE 
 
 TAYTO nOIEIN' OVT& pcidlOVy OVT SW 
 
 II. 'Quotas Jg xa,} TO TNfiNAi ret dixato, x,cx,} TO, 
 ovdlv o'lovTui (rotyov etvar OTt Keg} uv oi 
 Xeyovnv, ov ^aXg^of %vvitvct,i> aXX* ov TOLVT 
 TO, dixuicx. aXX' J KATA ZYMBEBHKOS. aXXa 
 xoii n^s vtfAOfAeva,, oixcticx,' TOVTO 
 'igyov % TO, vyieiva, eidivai. ins} xd&e7 9 
 KOU oivov, K.CLI gXXepoov, %,ai KOLVGIV xoti 
 
 eidtvat pcidiov' aXXa wag ds! ve7fAoii 
 
 , %ai Tivt, xct,i WOTS, TOITOVTOV tpyov offov 
 v 
 
 SiVOCt. 
 III. A/ CtVTO Jg TOVTO) XCC,} TOY AIKAIOY OIONTAI 
 
 EINAI OYEN 'HTTON TO AAIKEIN' OTI ovfftv JJTTOV o 
 
 AYNAIT' &v txa 
 yvvaizi, 
 
 KCLI o dvogziog, TTJV d0"7ridct, oitpeivai, 
 ffTga(pt}c, \q> OTroTSgctovv Tgtfctiv. aXXa TO 
 xa,} TO d^ixiiv, ov TO TAYTA yotriy g<rr}, 
 otXXot TO 'HAI EXONTA, 
 
 %&} TO ioLTgeveiv KOU TO vyiufytv, ov 
 
 \ 
 
 , 
 
 TO rtUiVtiv 7) pi] Ttpveiv, % (pctgfAoixevetv ri fji,r] (pct,g~ 
 fAOMevtiy, IffTiv' aXXci TO 'OAI. 
 
 IV. "E<r<n Jg roe iiXMiu Iv TovTOig* olg 
 TWV KK^uq dya@vv 9 EXOYSI A' 'YOEPBOAHN KAI 
 
166 THE NICOMACHEAN HOOK v. 
 
 
 B. ii. AEmN. Tog tv ya ovK ffnv 
 
 c ap. i J. ^r^ v^ ^^ 0EOIS* To$ OvtV fAOglOV 
 
 
 AN0pfiniNON 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 ON THE RELATION OF EQUITY TO JUSTICE. 
 14 I. Il6! Sk EOIEIKEIAI KOLI TOV 
 
 vgog itxoiuMrvvqv, TO tf 
 
 TO xouov fcOfAZvov <7Tiv tntv. OVTZ ya^> <g 
 rctVTOv acrXftJj, ovff u$ tTtgon TU ytvti' 
 &oti ore fAtv, TO 'fTrisixs 
 
 TOJ/ TOWVTOV (iiffTt XCti \<X\ TO, aXXflt 10 
 
 (6STtt,fyigo[Aiv> UVT] TOV dyciQov TO 
 OTI (B&Tiov iqXovvTtg') OT\ Jg, TU 
 
 Qot'tveTCLt diTOWov, el TO iirieixig, iragol 
 TO d'uca,tov TI ov, iKouvtTOv itrTtv. H TAP TO AIKAION 
 
 OY SnOYAAION' H TO EOIEIKES OY AIKAION, El AAAO' 15 
 
 H, EI AM<J>H rnoYAAiA, T'AYTON ESTIN. ^ (tiv 
 ovv clirogiot ff"fcsoov (rvfA/3 olivet J<a rayra Trg^l TO 
 
 II. V E^g< J' aVai/ra Tgowov Ttvoi ogQag, xoti ovffs 
 uirevavTiov wvTolg. TO rg yag twttixtg, 
 TINOS ov (BsXTtovy ESTI dt&uioV %t&i otJ, &g 
 
 Tt ysvog o, sTtov I<TTI TOY 
 
 xoti iffisixsg' xoti dAtyolv orTrovSotioiv OVTOIV, 
 
 TO tKi&ixig. woist Se TVJV oiirogiaV) OTt TO 
 
 See chap, gtf/g/xgg AIKAION fttV SffTlV, OV TO KATA NOMON Jg, 25 
 vii. $. iv. of j > / .. *. / 
 
 this book. XX tmvoguvfju* NOMIMOY OMCUOV. 
 
 III. Air tov tf> OTI o [MV voftog xoiQo'hov 
 olov rg o0a siwe'iv 
 
CHAP. x. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 167 
 
 olg ovv dvotyxq {*tv eiirstv xaflohov, p,q olov rs 81 
 ogSug' TO ag gsn ro ^Agoy hafA/3dvei o vopog, ovx 
 dyvouv ro dfAC&gTC&vofAtvov. %at tffnv ovSzv JJTTOV 
 ogSug. ro ydg dfAcigrqfAot, ovx, \v ru voftu, ovtf iv 
 bra vo[Ao6iry> aXX* EN T^I d>Y2Ei TOY 
 wriv. evj)vg yap roictvrq r\ ruv Tr 
 
 > f . / \ / 
 
 ttrnv. orctv ovv Xeyy fAtv o vopog 
 
 y iw} rovrov trot^a, ro xa,0oXoV rore ogffug 
 
 o 
 
 TO thXet<p0tv. o %cu o i/ofA00iryjg avrog 
 vagav, x,oti g; ^g/, ivofAO&zrqo-ev civ. 
 
 v - 
 
 f&tv t<rn t tcai pgr/oi/ TINOS oixuiov' ov rov 
 a rov oiot TO 
 
 xoi arnv avrq q (puffig r\ TOV KIUKOVC EnANOP0fi- 
 
 15 MA NOMOY, '^ EAAEinEI AIA TO KA0OAOY. rOVTO 
 
 cttnoV) x,oti TOV ^ KCMTCX, xarot VOJAOV etvou* ort 
 
 NOMON' 
 
 rov ya dogiffrov, dogurTog %ot} o 
 
 net} Trig AsfffBtocg olxodoprig o fAoXi/3divog 
 (vgog yd^ ro (rfflfAct, TOV \i9ov fAeraxivelrcii, 
 
 ov fAtvti) o xavuv') xa,} TO -^^KT^GL wgog rd 
 
 Tt julv OVV \GT\ TO tKieixlg, XO,} OTt 
 
 Tivog 
 
 IV. l&OLVSgOV 8* gfc TOVTOV) XC*,} g^/g/X^ Tig 
 
 o ydg TO>I> roiovruv KgoutgBTix 
 o ft?) dzgij3o()ix,ctiog ITT] TO 
 
 . xai TI l%ig avrr), EDIEIKEIA* $utaio<rvvri TIZ 
 OYX 'ETEPA rig tfyc. 
 
168 
 
 THE NICOMACHEAN 
 
 BOOK v. 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 IN WHICH ARE MAINTAINED, VARIOUS MINOR POSI- 
 TIONS RELATING TO JUSTICE. 
 
 15 I. IloTEPON A* ENAEXETAI 'fiAYTON AAIKEIN, H 
 
 or' (puvegov \K rvv eigrjfAtvw. 
 
 See chap. i. II. Tot MtV ydp tffTl Ttol> 
 
 TA KATA 
 
 $. v. of this * v ~ / / T- 
 
 book. IIAEAN APETHN V'TCQ TOV VOfAOV TtTOL f ytbt9(t. OlOV' '' 0V 
 
 dvoxTiMVvoit tavrov o tOfAog. [a ^g (MI 5 
 J gT<, orav vagoi TOV vof^ov 
 'z-Tav, ixeiv' ddtx^, Ixuv tit, o 
 
 zid&g x,a} ov> x.ai u. o 8$ oi ogyqv taurGv ^(parr^f, 
 \KUV rovro i^ct ^ra^ct rov CX.UTOV voftov. o oux to, 
 
 f / >x ~ i/ > \ ^ \ /_ 
 
 o vopog. aowei ago.. aXXa TINA; ij rqv sroX/v, 10 
 avrov J' ov ; \KUV yag nASXEr AAIKEITAI 
 Oio x,a,i % TTO'^IS fyjAioi. x,ct,t TH 
 )tuQ0iifa*Th &$ r 
 
 See chap. 
 ttisbooL 
 
 III/'Er/jKA' *O AAIKOS/O MONON AAIKON 9Ca} fAV) 15 
 OS' OYK ESTIN AAIKHEAI 'fiAYTON. (rOVTO 
 
 wag o udixog ovru iro- 
 
 vrjgog, 
 
 iog 
 
 <vg OAHN 
 
 rqv 
 
 av 
 
 gav. U(TT o 
 
 ru avru siy, a(p^>5j<r$a* a) irgorx&iaOai TO otvro. 20 
 rovro Jg dduvarov. aXX* ag! EN DAEIOSIN, a 
 tivui TO dixotiov x,at ro dotx-ov. 
 "Erf Jf, 6 
 
 IV. rf f, 6oy<r/0f re 
 HPOTEPON* (o 706^, J/or/ 
 
 ov doxii ddixslv' avTog 
 
 ro auro 
 
 avr 25 
 
 AMA 
 
 tavrov, ov 
 
 v(k 
 
 KOLI TTOIS. srt, sir} v XOVTCL 
 g Tovroig, otvtv TUV xurd 
 
 roy^o 
 
 rov zavrov 
 
 ov 
 
CHAP. xi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 169 
 
 TTg* rd taurov. o\ag o*g, hveTui ro tavrov aJ*- 
 
 , xard TON AIOPISMON, rov Ktgi rov Ixovriug d 0V this book. 
 
 V. avg0i> g *a< or* 
 
 ro ddt%z7<r@a,t 9 *a) TO dfaxsiv. TO UAV yu 
 TO Jg -TrXgofj l^i'Pf go"T^ 7*oy fAtrov' a} uff"7T&g vyietvov 
 I if largixifi evexnxov Jg gv yvfjt,vtt,<rrix,q. 
 
 XEIPON TO AAIKEIN. TO 
 
 %&,} -^ZXTOV' KUI xctxiotg, y TgXga? 
 
 />\r/ \*/ \ 
 
 ' (OL> ya^ a^raf TO txovffiov fAera, a 
 
 TO 3' a,di%,iicr6ai> oivsv Jtazu xex, ucia,. KA0 
 
 'AYTO f^lv ovv, TO d^utiia-Octi JJTTOV (payXor KATA 
 
 SYMBEBHKOS 5', 0i$gJ/ XaXvSl tilfcv SlVCll XCMOV. 
 
 voVov, Kgoff'TrTOiia-fAotrog. xairoi ytvoir civ 
 ' e 
 
 TO 
 
 VI. KATA METAOOPAN AE KAI 'OMOIOTHTA gj-T/v, See c. vii. 
 
 v f v v/ , N ~ , ~ / $. ii- of this 
 
 ro$ ai>TOv o/aa/oi', aXXa TO;V avrov ruriv. book. 
 
 otJ srav Jg 5/fca/ov, aXXa TO dtffKOTiitov r\ TO oixovo- 
 fAixov. \v rovrotg yug rolg Xoyoig, diiffrqitt TO AoroN 
 EXON ^g^o$ T^$ ^vyfis vgog TO AAOFON. g/'$ a 3i 
 xou donil etvai ddixia, or^o? avrov' on \v 
 \ff<n ^oLff^jnv n Kugoi rag ICLVTUV o0s%etg' 
 ovv oi^ovri xoii dg^ofAtva, eivui vgog aXXijXa 
 rt xoii Touroig. 
 
 TOP rgowov TOUTOV 
 
BOOK VI. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE SIXTH BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 WHICH INTRODUCES THE CONSIDERATION OF INTELLEC- 
 TUAL VIRTUE, IN GENERAL; AND OF THE SEVERAL 
 
 INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES, IN PARTICULAR. 
 
 I. The necessity of embracing in an ETHICAL treatise, a consider- 
 ation Of the INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES. 
 
 II. As, in the first book, the human soul has been viewed as con- 
 sisting of TWO PARTS, the RATIONAL and the IRRATIONAL: so now, 
 the RATIONAL PARTIS again viewed as consisting of TWO SUBORDI- 
 NATE PARTS. Of these, one relates to THINGS NECESSARY AND CER- 
 TAIN : this is called the EniSTHMONiKON. The other relates, to 
 
 THINGS VARIABLE AND CONTINGENT: thlS IS here Called the AOnSTI- 
 
 KON, and, in a subsequent part of the book, the AO3A2TIKON. 
 With reference to these two, the INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES are, in the 
 first place, classed under the two general heads of SCIENCE and 
 
 DELIBERATION. 
 
 III. There are, in the human soul, three powers DETERMINATIVE 
 OF MORAL ACTION AND TRUTH: namely, SENSATION, REASON, and 
 APPETITE. Of these three, SENSATION does not form the spring 
 or principle of any MORAL ACTION. IV. With respect to the other 
 two : In order to constitute the virtuous quality of moral actions, 
 it is necessary, that REASON should conform to TRUTH, and APPETITE 
 
 to RECTITUDE. V. Of that REASON which is PURELY CONTEMPLA- 
 TIVE, the excellence is TRUTH : of that which is PRACTICAL, the 
 excellence is, TRUTH AGREEING WITH RECTITUDE OF APPETITE. 
 VI. The actuating principle of moral action, is the MORAL DETER- 
 MINATION OF CHOICE: and this moral determination consists in 
 
174 SUMMARY 
 
 REASON COMBINED WITH APPETITE. VII. Of both the two parts of 
 human rationality (described in the second section), the proper 
 WORK is TRUTH : and the HABITS, by which each part best accom- 
 plishes this work, are the VIRTUES of each. That is to say : these 
 habits are the INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES. 
 
 VIII. Of these habits there are FIVE: namely, SCIENCE, AHT, 
 
 WISDOM, INTELLECT, and PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 In this enumeration, the terms WISDOM, INTELLECT, and PHILO- 
 SOPHY, are intended respectively to stand for the Aristotelian terms, 
 <DPONHSI2, NOTE, 2O*IA. It is not contended, that the established 
 meaning of the English words is exactly equivalent to that of the 
 Greek : and this applies more especially to the SECOND of them. 
 But SOME English words, equivalent, either in their own force, or 
 else in the sense now assigned to them, it is necessary, or at least 
 greatly desirable, to employ : and these, on a view of the whole 
 extent of their due and unavoidable application, appeared to be 
 preferable to any other. 
 
 Of the term <DPONHXIS, it is conceived, that WISDOM is a better 
 representative than PRUDENCE. It is thus exemplified in our trans- 
 lation of the Bible: THE FEAK OF THE LORD is THE BEGINNING OF 
 WISDOM. And DR. ISAAC BARUOW, in his sermon on the PLEASANT- 
 NESS OF RELIGION, among other characters of WISDOM reckons the 
 following : " that it disposes us to acquire and to enjoy all the good, 
 delight, and happiness, we are capable of ; that it confers all the 
 advantages which flow from clear understanding, deliberate advice, 
 dexterous address, and right intention; that it distinguishes the 
 circumstances, limits the measures, determines the modes, and 
 appoints the fit seasons, of action." In these instances, the use of 
 the term seems to harmonize, both with its popular acceptation, and 
 with the Aristotelian signification of the Greek. Whereas the term 
 PRUDENCE, however it may be defined in the writings of the learned, 
 appears, according to the customary and most frequent employment 
 of it, too narrow to comprehend, that which it is here intended to 
 express, A VIRTUE COMMENSURATE WITH THE WHOLE RANGE OF 
 
 HUMAN ACTION AND HAPPINESS. 
 
 As a name for the other intellectual virtue, PHILOSOPHY has been 
 preferred to WISDOM. The SUBJECTS of the ARISTOTELIAN VIRTUE, 
 are plainly the same with the SUBJECTS of PHILOSOPHY. If any new 
 MODIFICATION OF SENSE is here given to the term : it is no other than 
 that of denoting by it, A RIGHT HABIT OF MIND RELATING TO THOSE 
 SUBJECTS. The comparative impropriety of the term WISDOM may 
 be thus seen. Suppose the case of a man, who accomplishes the 
 most valuable attainments in astronomy or metaphysics : but who, 
 by having his mind absorbed in such pursuits, and by consequent 
 
OF THE SIXTH BOOK. 
 
 inattention to his affairs, ruins his estate and reduces himself to 
 want. The case is one, which realizes THK INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE 
 of Aristotle : it is one, to which the name of PHILOSOPHY, according 
 to the current use of language, cannot be denied : but it is not one, 
 to which we should apply the term WISDOM ; and the character is 
 very remote from, or rather contrary to, that of him whom we 
 should call, A WISE MAN. Nor does it avail, in contradiction to this, 
 if it appear, that we sometimes designate as WISE MEN, such as 
 THALES, and perhaps other GREEK PHILOSOPHERS, to whom 
 Aristotle would not (according to his own remark in the sixth 
 chapter of this book) apply the term <I>PONIMOS. For this may have 
 arisen from a prevailing misconception of the Greek epithet : and 
 similar improprieties of diction have sometimes become familiar 
 and inveterate, though they at first originated in a false notion 
 relating to the true force and parallel import of native and foreign 
 words. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF SCIENCE. 
 
 I. The nature of SCIENCE is described. II. The two processes 
 by which it is attained are, INDUCTION and SYLLOGISM: which are 
 here described. III. Science is defined : A DEMONSTRATIVE HABIT, 
 
 PROCEEDING FROM FIRST AND INDEMONSTRABLE PRINCIPLES, AND 
 DEDUCING INFERENCES FROM TRUTHS, WHICH ARE BETTER KNOWN TO 
 US THAN THOSE INFERENCES, WHICH ARE PRIOR TO THEM IN THE 
 ORDER OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, AND WHICH ARE THE CAUSES AND REASONS 
 
 OF THEM. (See the Posterior Analytics, Book I. chap. ii. . 1 12. 
 Buhle's edition.) 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF ART. 
 
 I. The difference between ART and WISDOM, corresponds with the 
 difference between MAKING and DOING, PRODUCTION and MORAL 
 ACTION, noiHSlS and nPASlS. II. ART is defined : A RATIONAL 
 
 HABIT, EFFICIENT OF SOMK PRODUCTION, AND i'UODUCING ITS EFFECT 
 
170 SUMMARY 
 
 AGREEABLY TO TRUTH. (It may be noted, that the term ART, as here 
 employed by Aristotle, does not signify the MERE PRINCIPLE, so 
 named in distinction from NATURE : but a RIGHT HABIT relating to 
 the use of that principle. The former signification of the word 
 occurs, however, in the fifth section of the next chapter. For there, 
 the word denotes that which is susceptible of either a right or a 
 faulty use, and which may be either agreeable to virtue, or not : 
 here, the sense of it is restricted to the right use, and to that which 
 is in itself a VIRTUE.) III. The SUBJECTS to which art relates. 
 IV. The similitude between ART and FORTUNE. V. THE HABIT 
 which is CONTRARY to this intellectual virtue. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF WISDOM. 
 
 I. Towards determining WHAT WISDOM is, one step is, to consider 
 the appropriate conduct of the WISE. II. Another step is, to 
 ascertain WHAT IT is NOT. It is not SCIENCE nor ART. III. WISDOM 
 is defined : A PRACTICAL HABIT, AGREEABLE TO TRUTH, ACCOMPANIED 
 
 BY THE EXERCISE OP REASON, AND RELATING TO HUMAN GOOD AND 
 
 EVIL. IV. In what manner it happens, that MORAL DEPRAVITY is 
 PECULIARLY DESTRUCTIVE of this intellectual virtue. V. Points of 
 DISTINCTION between WISDOM and ART. VI. Of the two parts of 
 human rationality, it is the virtue of that which relates to deliber- 
 ation, and which is conversant upon things variable and contingent. 
 (See chap. I. . ii. of this Book.) VII. Reason why it is not 
 enough to define it simply, A RATIONAL HABIT. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 OF THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF INTELLECT. 
 
 I. Points of distinction between the intellectual virtue of INTELLECT, 
 and the several virtues of SCIENCE, ART, WISDOM, and PHILOSOPHY. 
 II. INTELLECT is that intellectual virtue which relates to FIRST 
 
 PRINCIPLES. 
 
OF THE SIXTH BOOK. 177 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 I. PHILOSOPHY, and SKILL IN PARTICULAR ARTS, being both 
 denoted in Greek by one common term, though with some variation 
 of use: the two are here distinguished. II. Philosophy is denned: 
 
 THE COMBINATION OF SCIENCE AND INTELLECT, EMPLOYED UPON 
 
 THINGS OF THE NOBLEST NATURE. III. This definition is illustrated 
 by EXAMPLES. IV. The DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHILOSOPHY AND 
 WISDOM is explained. This is done, by specifying those characters 
 of WISDOM which do not belong to PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 CHAP. VIL 
 
 IN WHICH VARIOUS OTHER INTELLECTUAL HAMITS AND 
 FACULTIES ARE DESCRIBED AND DEFINED, AND COM- 
 PARED WITH THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF WISDOM. 
 
 This chapter consists of five parts. The first explains 
 the nature of political wisdom, and its relation to that 
 wisdom which is private and personal, and which is com- 
 monly denoted by the word. The second, explains 
 the nature of good deliberation. The third, treats of 
 intelligence. The fourth, of that mental virtue which 
 is exercised in equitable decision. The fifth, displays 
 the concurrent tendency of this last-named virtue, of 
 intelligence, of wisdom, and intellect. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. The difference between WISDOM and POLITICS : the former 
 term having a common relation to things both PERSONAL and 
 POLITICAL, but being in general use restricted to the former. 
 II. According to this restricted use of the word, there often occurs, 
 in the characters of men, a striking contrast between the two. 
 Nevertheless, the wisdom which is PERSONAL, is not perfect, unless 
 
 N 
 
178 SUMMARY 
 
 there be combined with it some degree of that which is POLITICAL. 
 III. The frequent DEFICIENCY of political men in personal wisdom, 
 may be accounted for by the DIFFICULTY of attaining it : this 
 difficulty being created by that essential character, in which this 
 virtue differs from the virtues of SCIENCE and INTELLECT, and con- 
 sisting in the want of EXPERIENCE: while this last cannot be 
 obtained without TIME and some ADVANCEMENT OF YEARS. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 IV. It is proposed to examine the nature of GOOD DELIBERATION : 
 termed in Greek, ETBOTAIA. V. It is something different from 
 SCIENCE ; from each of the mental talents denoted by the terms 
 ETSTOXIA and ArxiNOlA; and from OPINION. VI. From an ex- 
 amination of the thing itself, and a comparison of it with other 
 things from which it differs, is deduced the following definition : 
 which discovers to us at once, both its own nature, and the relation 
 in which it stands connected with wisdom : GOOD DELIBERATION is 
 
 A RECTITUDE OF COUNSEL, RELATING TO THE MEANS CONDUCIVE TO AN 
 END, OF THE FITNESS OP WHICH END WISDOM AFFORDS THE TRUE 
 DETERMINATION. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 VII. In what INTELLIGENCE (a mental talent denoted by 2TN- 
 E2I2) differs from SCIENCE. VIII. In what it differs from WISDOM. 
 IX. Its proper function consists IN FORMING A RIGHT OPINION ON 
 
 TO THE DISCOURSE OF ANOTHER MAN, ON THOSE SUBJECTS TO WHICH 
 WISDOM RELATES. 
 
 PART THE FOURTH. 
 
 X. The mental virtue called rNfiMH, is THAT WHICH is EXERCISED 
 
 IN THE DECISIONS OF EQUITY. 
 
 PART THE FIFTH. 
 
 XI. The MENTAL habit exercised in EQUITABLE DECISION, and those 
 of INTELLIGENCE, WISDOM, and INTELLECT, have this common pro- 
 perty: they all relate to EXTREMES. This is the case with the 
 three former, inasmuch as they all relate to PARTICULARS. XII. It is 
 also the case with the last of the four, inasmuch as it relates to 
 BOTH PARTICULARS AND UNivERSALS : the former being the extreme 
 
OF THE SIXTH BOOK. 179 
 
 limits, from which we commence our reasonings, in cases of 
 practice; and the latter, in cases of science. XIII. rNllMH, 
 INTELLIGENCE, and INTELLECT, are the gifts of nature connected 
 with a certain advancement of years : but PHILOSOPHY is not so. 
 XIV. It is for this reason that we ought to regard the SAYINGS of 
 aged and experienced men, with as much attention as is due to 
 
 DEMONSTRATED TRUTHS. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 IN WHICH IS VINDICATED, THE INSEPARABLE CONNEXION 
 OF INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE WITH MORAL VIRTUE ANO 
 HUMAN HAPPINESS. 
 
 V 
 
 This chapter consists of two parts : the first of which 
 contains a statement of difficulties relating to certain 
 intellectual virtues ; and the second, a solution of those 
 difficulties. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. A question is proposed, respecting the UTILITY, IN RELATION 
 
 TO HAPPINESS, OF CERTAIN INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES. 
 
 II. As an objection to the utility of PHILOSOPHY it is alleged : 
 That it is INEFFICIENT OF GOOD RELATING TO HUMAN LIFE. III. As 
 an objection to the utility of WISDOM, it is alleged as follows. 
 " Either a man ALREADY POSSESSES the MORAL VIRTUES, or HE DOES 
 NOT. If he does, wisdom will not be required in order to produce VIR- 
 TUOUS ACTS ; inasmuch as they will flow spontaneously from HABITS 
 already formed : If he does not, then, the ACTS of those virtues, as 
 in the case of education, may be produced by the CONTROL AND 
 GOVERNMENT of another person, and thus the HABITS of virtue may 
 be formed in him, as well as by the WISDOM RESIDING IN HIMSELF, 
 Thus, in both cases, it would appear, that this intellectual virtue, 
 is not necessary in order to any PRACTICAL EFFECT." IV. It is 
 objected to as an inconsistency : That while philosophy is declared 
 to be MORE SUBLIME than wisdom, it appears that wisdom ought 
 to exercise the DIRECTIVE POWER OVER IT. For this appears to be 
 a consequence flowing from the definition of wisdom ; which 
 ascribes to it, a practical exercise in relation to all human good 
 and eviL 
 
 N % 
 
180 SUMMARY OF THE SIXTH BOOK. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 V. With respect to the foregoing objection against PHILOSOPHY. 
 In order to prove the inutility of an intellectual habit, it is not enough 
 to say, that it is inefficient of any good ulterior to itself. For the 
 mere EXERCISE OF THE HABIT, is, in itself, one of the real consti- 
 tuents of human happiness. VI. But it is not true respecting 
 philosophy, that it is inefficient of good. For there are EFFECTS 
 SIMULTANEOUS with their causes, as well as EFFECTS SUBSEQUENT to 
 them : and the efficiency of good, in the present case, is of this 
 nature. 
 
 VII. With respect to the foregoing objection to the utility of 
 WISDOM. Towards the purposes of human happiness, there is a 
 necessary conjunction between moral virtue and wisdom : it being 
 the office of the former, to choose the OBJECT of pursuit ; and of the 
 latter, to direct the MEANS of attaining it. VIII. The utility of 
 wisdom is further seen, from considering the difference between 
 WISDOM and CUNNING. These two, with regard to the mental 
 faculty, are exactly the same: it is the MORAL DETERMINATION, 
 which makes the difference between them : and it is essential to 
 the character of WISDOM, that the MORAL DETERMINATION should be 
 VIRTUOUS. IX. The utility of wisdom is further seen, from con- 
 sidering the difference between MORAL and NATURAL VIRTUE. The 
 latter of these may exist, as the gift of NATURE; but the former 
 cannot exist, in a state of SEPARATION FROM WISDOM. X. With 
 reference to this last distinction, and in further evidence of the 
 same point, it is observed : That of the NATURAL virtues, a man 
 may have some and be destitute of others; but that of the MORAL 
 virtues, if he possess one, he will possess all: such being THE 
 EFFECT OF WISDOM, acting as the inseparable companion of all 
 moral virtue. XI. Though it should even be granted, that wisdom 
 has no practical effect : it would still be desirable, as being an 
 appropriate virtue of the rational part of the human soul. 
 
 XII. With reference to the INCONSISTENCY alleged in the fourth 
 section. It is not true, that wisdom exercises a directive power 
 OVER philosophy. It exercises that power, RELATING TO philosophy, 
 and for the sake of its advancement : but this is only in the same 
 way, in which it does, relating to every thing connected with human 
 life. 
 
CHAP. I. 
 
 WHICH INTRODUCES THE CONSIDERATION OF INTEL- 
 LECTUAL VIRTUE IN GENERAL; AND OF THE SEVERAL 
 DISTINCT INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES IN PARTICULAR. 
 
 *T? v V ' ' ' ' tt rf 1 
 
 I. hnsi 0g rvy^avofAev KgOTSgov tigqxoTtg, '* on 1 
 rqv zXXei-biv' TO 5g uui<rov ipnv, ug 'o Aoros 'o opeozSee B. n. 
 
 c.i. . *. 
 
 ti? roiic etgrjfAtvciig g|g<r/, ^a^a 
 
 x,u} IT) ruv cix'huv' \ffri rig ffKOKog, agog ov 
 
 o rov Xoyov ^ojv^ triTHtH xa, avqariv' 
 rig l<rr}v ogog ruv ptfforriruv' ag fMTa%6 (pctfAtv 
 
 tjg xui ryg tXXei-^zag, OYSAS KATA TON 
 
 10OP0ON AoroN. tfTt SI TO fU9 l/Vi7i ovrag, 
 fA\v, ovffkv Jg (ratp'tg. %a} yug lv ralg 
 
 otrag \ffr\v g^r/o-r^a^, TOVT 
 
 
 ' OTI OVTZ frziiv OVTS zuTTa oil 
 
 ra ^g<ra, xa,} ug o ogffog "hoyog. 
 os fAOvov 'ffcav (iv Tig, ovQtv av slot!?] vXtov, 
 lOV) votcx, Jg7 Tgo<r$Sgf<r0ai vgog TO o-^a* zi' Tig 
 on oora, q lurix,?} xehevti xai ug o 
 
 
 Tfx.vrqy *%uv. dio 5g7, fcou KIQI rag r 
 z$ig Atf [AOVOV aXTjdtg sivon TOVT 
 
 20 #a lUglO-fAZVOV) TIL T EZTIN o OP0OS AOFOS, KAI 
 TOYTOY TIE 'oPOS. 
 
 Tag dq TYjg ^vyyig agtToig di&optvoi' Tag fAtv 2 
 stvui rov HGOYS 6<patgf, Toig Jg rqg AIANOIAS. wegt 
 
182 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vi. 
 
 {Mv ovv rav HOIKHN $tt\ii\v0a,f&ft. wtgi 3s 
 Keg} YYXHS TrgaJTov 
 
 See 13. i. II. TlpoTSpov ILW ovv IXt^Qri) dv zivc&i {At 
 
 c. v. . . 
 
 ytirfcW TO rg AoroN EXON, xat ro AAOFON. wv 0g, 
 HEPI TOY AoroN EXONTOS, rav avrov rgonov J;a/- 
 psriov. xa.} v<7ro%e{<r0a AYO TA AOFON EXONTA* \v 
 
 v-y-i^ \ ~ >r tt 
 
 gf, to veagovfAZV TO, roioLvr&t TODV OVTMV, otrav on 
 
 *gO{ yai rd ru yivti grg^ot, xctt ruv 
 fAopiwv, tregov ru yzvei 9 TO irgog zzotTSgov 10 
 
 ttVfP xaP 0{AOl!)TqTCt, TIVCX, XOt,} oiKZlOTriTCX, 
 
 / b ' ~ \ ' /I V ' v 
 
 i) yvotxrtg WTrawei CLVTOI$.) Ae f yz<ruoj ot TOVTuVy TO 
 
 (AtV EniSTHMONIKON, TO Jg AOFISTIKON. (^TO yag 
 BOYAEYEXGAI %,&} AOriZE20AI, TGLVTOV OV^S^g SI /3oU- 
 
 Xgygrot/ <7rep] TUV ^ twtvofiiwv eXX^ t%eiv. ucrTt 15 
 
 \ /f/ / ~ / )t N 
 
 TO AoyurTizov tffTiv gv TI [Atgoc Tov Aoyov z^ovTog . ) 
 X^crrgof ap txctTtgov rovrav rig H BEATIETH EHIS. 
 UVTIJ yag APETH gxarg>ci>* TI $ agSTq, vrgog TO 'igyov 
 
 TO oi%&7ov. 
 
 III. TPIA J* so-r/^, gv rjl ^y%? ^ KVgtU rg&~ 
 
 xa aX^g$* AireHni:} NOYL, OPEHIS. 
 , ovoifjuai a-ZXy #(&*&( 
 cticrdriffiv fAtv Iffifv, 7Tgc(,%eug Jg ^/^ 
 
 IV. E(T7-/ , ogf 6 1/ AIANOIA XCLTCttpOHrtg XOU 25 
 
 ' si; OPEHEI 
 
 , 
 , 'EHIE HPOAIPETIKH* ^ Jg ^o- 
 
 , OPEHIS BOYAEYTIKH* JgT^ J/C6 TayTCt, TSMf T 
 AAH0H g/VOt/ Ctl T^V OPEHIN OP0HN, 
 
 snoYAAiA* a! ra aira, rw ^gi/ 
 \ v >> / 
 
 ^V Og OIUKZIV, 
 
 V. Ayr^ cg^ oi)f ^ 5/afo/a a) ^ aX^g^ot, IIPA- 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE, 
 
 183 
 
 KTIKH. T9Jg $g EflPHTIKHZ dtCtVOtCtg XO,} ft)} 
 
 XTixyjg fA7]$k trotyjTixjjc, TO ev %ai xuxug T'AAHES 
 
 ESTI KAI EYAO' (^TOVTO yUQ IffTi TTCtVTOC diav07}Tl- 
 XOV 'igyOV'^) 70V 8t gttrfOtJ KCtl SlOt,VOr,TlXOV, *H 
 5AAH0EIA 'oMOAOmS EXOYEA TH OPESEI T^ OP0H. 
 
 VI. 
 
 ovv 
 
 ov% *OY 'ENEKA') npOAiPESEns Jg, 
 %ig KUI Xo^og o tvzxa, nvog. dio, OVT vev vov 
 } diavoiotg, OVT dvsv i]di%jjg 60*r!i> g^giyj, f) vrgouti- 
 EYHPAHIA ya^, xou TO ENANTION EN OPASEI, 
 
 AIANOIAS KAI H0OYS OVX, 'iffTlV. fitOtVOlOt (? 
 
 AYTH ovfftv xtvel, aXX' 'H 'ENEKA TOY KAI HPAKTI- 
 KH. (UVTYI yag tea,} Ttjg noiHTiKHS *%** 'ENEKA 
 
 TAP TOY, KOltl Koig KOIUV. XCU 0V TEAO2 'AHA^S 
 
 (aXXc6 Kgog TI xai Tivog) TO HOIHTON, aXXct TO 
 CPAKTON. fj yoig EYHPAHIA, rsXoc. q $ ogefyg,. 
 
 TOVTOV.^) 5/0, % OPEKTIKOS NOYS ^ Tr^OtX.l^O'tg , 7} 
 
 AN- 
 
 OPEHIZ AIANOHTIKH 
 
 pnnos. 
 
 XOU Y) TOIOLVTY) 
 
 20 
 
 not,} 
 
 ov ov6\v ysyovog. olov' ov- 
 nKtwu. ovd\ ya^ /3ov- 
 
 weg TOV yeyovoTog' aXXa ^g^i TOV ieropevov 
 ^ofAtvov. TO Jg yzyovog ovx, 
 dto oOu 
 
 Movou 
 
 AAH 
 
 oturov xoii Qso$ 
 oislv c*,o'(r' OLV f t 
 
 VII. 
 
 EIA ro tgyov 
 
 $7} TUV VQTITIKUV 
 
 ug ovv 
 
 a,[/,()o7v. 
 
 30 VIII. ' Ag%oc,[A$voi ovvdivadev, 
 ^, olg ct,Xr]@&vet fj 
 
 IIENTE TOV 
 
 UVTUV 
 TW 
 
 V. TXVTOt, 
 
184 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vi. 
 
 TEXNH, EDISTHMH, OPONHSIS, O4>IA, NOYE, 
 
 et yclg Ktit do%?i, 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF SCIENCE. 
 
 I. EmsTHMH fA\v ovv Tt IffTiv* tvTtvdev (pavsgor, 
 
 si e 
 
 orq<rtv. vdvrsg ya vwoXaA/SctvoASV, o wiirTot,- 5 
 
 dtXXug, OTUV g|o; TOV 0eage7v ytvjjrai, 
 
 SI \ffTlV 7) fAT}.^) ES ANAFKHS dig 01 \<TT\ TO 
 
 A/AION OLPOL. ra yap 1% avctyxyig ovrct, 0MrX*f, 
 
 'AJ, N V >./.> > / \ if^A 
 
 TO, cttoicx, rot o audio,, aysvjircx, xcu utpvagra,. gr/ 5 IQ 
 
 AIAAKTH ^-ao-a 'TTtffTri o&s 6tvai' %a ro 
 EK nporiNfiSKOMENfiN 
 
 rog 
 yoptv. 
 
 II. *H f&kv yag it 9 tKuycayris , q Jg ffvhXoyto'fAcu. 15 
 7} f/,tv dr] EOArnrH, dg^fj lorn KCLI rov %<x,0ohou' o 
 $s SYAAoriSMos, g TUV xctOoXov. Sffflv digot dgfccti, 
 
 ES 'flN (TvXXoyifffAOg, 'fiN OTK EOT (TV^Xoy Iff '[60$ . 
 \ # 
 
 siruyayT] otgct,. 
 
 III. 'H fttv diga, \Kiffri] [Ay Iffriv, 'EHII: AnoAEi-20 
 KTIKH, xoc,} ova, aXXa 7rgo<rdiogip[Ae6ot, EN TOIS 
 
 yctg 
 
 ANAAYTIKOIS. OTUv ct Ku KiffTtv, xoii 
 
 CLVTU Sffiv at dgfcot* EniZTATAi. 6t yg 
 
 Xov TOV ffV{6<7rsgu,<rfAot,Tog' KATA SYMBEBHKOS 'ESEI 
 
 THN EDISTHMHN. 25 
 
 i fttv ovv tirurTy] (&?]$' diag'ur&a TOV 
 
 TOV70V. 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 185 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF ART. 
 
 I. ToS $ Ivde^ofAtvov cih'hag 'ifcttv, tern n xoti 4 
 
 nOIHTON fcCU DPAKTON. gVg^OV $ IffTt Koiq<rig 
 
 fl"f#;f'. (KitrrevofAev d\ ireg} avruv %a,} ro7g 
 xolg Aoyo/j.) &>Vrg #a) i ^gra Aoyoy t& 
 
 ffri 
 
 VK aXA?}Xfiyi', oyrg 
 
 ovre f] 7roir)<rig, Kuis arriv. 
 
 II. ^rg oiKootAix,} Te^n rg gerr/, 
 
 ovr eg g|/ r/j ^w/gra Xoyoy KOIYITDCTI' %a} ovdefAiot, -A , 
 
 g<rriv, 
 
 oy rg?* TUVTOV oiv ti 
 
 TEXNH, a/ 'EHIS META AOFOY AAHOOYS HOIHTIKH. 
 III. v E0*r/ ^g Tg^?? 7rot(ra crg/ ittw x,cti ro 
 
 xoti 6ea67i> OKag oiv tvqTOii TI ruv 
 
 15 ve^ofAtvuv %&, eivai xcti pq eivoii' x,cti Sv i\ 
 
 Iv TU woiovvTt, aXXa fAy \v ra noiovfAtva. OVTS ycig 
 vruv> tj yivo^ivuv^ q T6%vq g<rr;V 
 (f)v<riv. zv avro7g 
 
 rqv agfflv. gcrg) Jg woiqartg z>ai vgafyg trsgov' 
 20 ctvctyxq rqv r&fcvqv XOifatott* aXX* oy vrgaL%6ag> etvott. 
 IV. Ka; rgovov rivd, Keg} ra ayra lenv n TYXH 
 TEXNH. 
 
 V. 'H ^gj/ oyv rg^j/^, cuffTreg eigrjrai, e%ig rig 
 25 fAtroi Xoyoy ctXq6ovg Troiqrixr} s<rrtv. q S* ATEXNIA, 
 
 rOVVCMTlOVt META AOFOY YEYAOYS DOIHTIKH ' 
 
 } ro ivde^ofAevov a 
 
186 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vi. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF WISDOM. 
 
 5 I. Heg] H <DPONHEEfiE OVTCOg v \Ot,@OifAl9 9 
 
 (ravTSg, Tivag Xtyopev Tovg (pgovipovg. Soxei dy 
 <pgovifAov eivar TO ivvaa-Don xaXa;? /SovXtvffaa-ffui 
 wig} TO, avTa a,ya0ci xai o-vfAtptgovrct,* ov xuroi 
 
 o0f, voet wgog vyeiuv TJ a")(vv' 
 vrgog TO ev ^v. ffqfAitov i\ OTI tea] TOV$ KSgi TI 
 OTCLV Trgog TtXog TI (rwovdoMov ev 
 
 "h.oyi(rc>)VTCx,i 9 uv fAq ICTTI 72^77. a/Vrfi %a} o\<ug uv 
 (pgovifAoc, o BOYAEYTIKOI:. 
 II. BouAgygra/ 3' ovflug Keg] T&V diuvctTuv 
 
 gg/y ovi\ ruv 
 
 fttv [AST dTrodst^ztoS' wv o at u 
 
 TOVTUV Ay tffTiv 
 
 KO 
 
 KOLVTOC, ya^ vtfctTCti xa, uug g^g/f, xa ovx 
 'ia-Ti (3ov\tV(roL<rQai Trtgi TUV gf dva'yxqg OVTUV ovx, 15 
 av sty 7} (p^ovyj(rig UrurrqfAii* o 
 OTI ivo&^STCit TO Kgctxrov 
 , OTI aAAo TO yivog Kga%&ag ncti voiq 
 III. Ag/Vgra/ a>a air^ g<W/, 'EHIN AAHQH 
 
 META AOrOY OPAKTIKHN DEPI TA ANPfin^ AFA0A 20 
 
 SeeB. I. C.KAI KAKA. Tijg iA\v ycip 7roiq<reag , &TZPOV TO TtXog' 
 
 i. $. ii. and ^ . N , y , , N b ,/ ,/ x b , x f 
 
 iv. T%g ot TTgaziat, ovx av eiq. grr; yu^ UVTYI y EYHPA- 
 
 HIA rgAos. J/a TOVTO Ilg^xAga a; Tovg TOIOV- 
 Tovg, (fiPOvifAovg olo(At6cx, g/var OTI TO, avTo7g dyadol 
 
 Tog vguvoig, vvavTUf ttiguv. stvott 
 ovTOvg fjyovfAeQa,, Tovg oixovofAittovg x>cci Tovg 
 Tixovg. 
 
 IV. J/ Ev^gV 9CCU THN SnOPOSYNHN TOVTU 
 
 TCJ) OVOfACLTl' US ZnZOYEAN THN <1>PONHIN. 
 
 g Ttfv TOictVTqv vTroXyj^iv. ov yag 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 187 
 
 ovil iiot,(TTi(i TO fjdv %ai TO 
 
 ov (oiov, on ro Tgiyuvov iv<riv ogQoug i 
 
 7} ovx, 'iffii') aXXa rug Keg] TO 7rgu,x,TOv. ai 
 
 ydg dg%a] T v Kgaxr&Jv, TO ov svsxex, ra 
 
 ,' TU tit dte<p0u,gfAiva it qdovqv jj 
 
 ov <>aivtTUi ^ ovi\ is7v TOVTOV 
 
 ovil dial Tovff aigtio-ffat Koivrot, KCLI KQUTTIIV. EETI See B. I. c. 
 
 TAP 'H KAKIA O0APTIKH APXHS. UffT dvayxq TJJv"'^* 
 
 , $%iv tivat ftBTci hoyov dXyOij, weg} TO, 
 10 dv0ga7riv<x, dyuda vgaxrtxjl*. 
 
 V. 'AXXot ftrjV) TEXNHS fA\V tffTlV dgT7]' (f>flOvfl<rSOi)g See c. iii. 
 y > '/ v ' v / f \ ' / . ii. of this 
 
 OVfC tffTlV. X(X,l gf (AW T&'fcVri, t%toV OtpOtgTavaV book, in the 
 
 ' yegi Jg ^lOtyfii', VTTOV' ZffKZg %a,} wegi Summar y 
 
 ovv, OTI tTri Tig g<rr;, xou ov 
 
 VI. Avo7v y OVTOIV (Mgolv Tqg ^v^g TUV hoyov 
 
 ' 6u,TZgov av siy dgSTrj, TOV AOSASTIKOT. ?Seec. i. . 
 
 \ v /v \ \ 5, / it^ % >t \ f ii. of this 
 
 TS yag ooza, vregi TO tvotftoptvov aXX^ t%tiv, xot,t q book, in the 
 
 Summary. 
 
 20 vil. 'AAXa usriV) ovi' %%tg fABTci hoyov 
 
 OTI yri Trg ptv TOtavTqg teug ffri, 
 oux, term. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 ON THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF INTELLECT. 
 
 I. 'E^g/ J* 7] tKtffTqfArj Keg} TtoV 
 
 ig, xot,} ruv g| dvuyxqg OVTCOV' sidt 5' APXAI 
 
 KOM ftcLffrig g < /r;<TT^^$' (^grcc Xoyov 
 
 7} IffHTTqfA?)'^) TJJg APXHS TOY EOISTHTOY, OVT 
 av IffUrTTIfATj ZtT), OUTS T&fcVT), OVTB (pgOVTJffig. TO fitV 
 
 ydg IKHTTYITW, dxoistxrov' al i\ Tvy% f ccvov<riv ov<rat 
 
188 THE NICOMACHEAN HOOK vi. 
 
 rovrav tffnv. rov yg <ro<pot, 
 ^/fiy gVr/v. 
 
 II. EJ $i o/ d\q&euofAtv 
 
 *, srg^l ra ^ g^Jg^o^gva, J 
 
 trri, 
 
 NOYZ' royrwv g ra/v 
 
 (X,y. 
 
 srgra/, 
 
 T/a, 
 
 NOYN g^a/ TON APXnN. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 7 I. T?7i> Jg so<J>iAN, gy rg raTj rg'^ya/?, ro7g a^;- 10 
 (Bt<rrciTOt$ rag rtftvotg dwroiiiofttv' (oiov, 
 
 tv ovv, ovffiv aXXo ffijfM&ivoJrtS rqv 
 ori APETH TEXNHS g<mV g?ia/ Jg T/j/a? <ro(povg 
 
 ns, oi ^ara ^g0, ot>J' aXXo T/ i x <ro- 15 
 . atrvreg ' Oftijgos (pqcriv iy ru 
 
 Tov 8' owr' a^ (rxoarr^got fleoi d=crav, OUT a 
 OUT* 
 
 II. o"Tg Xoi>, or/ 
 
 sit) f) troQta. JgT aja rov (ro^oi', ^ [Aovov<20 
 
 TA EK TON APXflN EIAENAI, OtXXtt a CEPI TAS 
 APXAS AAH0EYEIN. W0*r gJ^ 06V JJ (T0(/06 NOYS 
 
 EOISTHMH, o-Trg^ g(av l^oura l-<(TT, ran' 
 olrovrov ya, gj 7 r/ r 
 
 , ffTrovdaiorotrqv oiercti sivai, el ^ TO 25 
 aigurrov rav Iv ru nofffAu av0guwog larnv. &i 3^ 
 
 , srsgov vguTroig KCLI 
 an' TO Jg Xgy^oi/ ^a) gy^y, ravTOv dei' %ct,} TO <ro(pov 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 189 
 
 TAYTON vdvTtg civ BiKoitv, (figovtfAov 0g 'ETEPON. TO 
 ] ayro txcurra gy faapovv, <pa,7&v dv sivott 
 
 ^ ' ' f ' ' * v 
 
 <I>PONIMON' KOLI TOVT6J fTTtTg&ystav aura, oto, 
 TUV Otjgiuv gf/a tygoviftd (pourtv sivar otrot TTS^I rov 
 /3iov tfcovra, <pa/i/sra/ dvvapiv TTgovoqTi- 
 (fiowzgov 5s ^a), on ov% otv si'rj f} (rotpiot, xau ij 
 fj avrq. ti ya rqv ^eg] ra i^gX/^a ra 
 avroig Igovart (rotpiav OOAAAI Ifovrcu ffotyu&i. ov 
 [ticx, wig} TO iafiarm dyudov TUV 
 gJ ^^ ^a/ ;ar^/ 
 OVTUV.' si i\ OTI (B&XTHTTOV div 
 zlinN* ouogv diutytpei. za,} yap 
 
 if^ . ^^/l/ v^ f* // 
 
 aXXa -/roXy VSIOTSOCX, Tqv <f>v<rtv' O;OH, (pa^g^rara 76 
 
 , . 
 
 oij TUV eiqAtvav 
 
 ^ o xotrfAog ffvvt<rT7)x,v. tc 
 ov, or/ ^ <ro(p/a g<rr/, KAI EHISTHMH KAI NOTE 
 
 TON TIMmTATfiN T^ <DYEEI. 
 
 ill. AJO 'Arajayojar, ^a) 0aX?^, a/ roy? 
 
 TOlOVTOVg, SO<DOYS ^CgJ', ^PONIMOYS i' OU, (fH&fflV 61- 
 
 vat' orav 'i$a<riv dyvoouitTctg ra 
 20 ^a! 
 
 evat otuTOvg 
 ra dvOguvriva, dyada 
 
 IV. 'H Jg (ovno-ig IIEPI TA AN0pnniNA, KAI 
 
 DEPI 'rm ESTI BOYAEYSASAI. roy 
 
 TOVT 'igyov etvcti (pa^gv, ro gy 
 . /3oyXgygra; J* ovQeig vep} TUV d^vvuTuv aX- 
 * oyJ' oV^yj/ ^^ rgXo? r/ g<rr/, a) royro 
 dyaSdv. o $ a^rXi; gy/3oyXo$, o ? roy ag/- 
 
 , \ \ 
 
 <rroy uvOtoKct) TUV KnKruv ffTO'UffTiKos ara rov Xo- 
 
 ' KAOAOY MONON* 
 
 aXXa Jg7 ;ja; ra ^a^' g^a^rra ywifytv. 
 
 ra 
 
 oy* gJJorg grgiyf eldoTav 
 
 ro7j a'xXo/s, o< 'ifAirttgot. si ydg etdein, on ra 
 
190 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vi. 
 
 ~ / / \ * ^ ** i^ "* / 
 
 dyvoo7' ov KOiriff'ei vyistotv. ctXX* o eio&g, OTI rot, 
 
 xovfycc, XKI vyisivct,' Koiriffii ^aXXo^. 9} 0g 
 / tt \ ~ 11 n ->\ / 
 
 |. GtHTTt 061 (X,f/,(pOt) SfcSlV) 7) TOLVTTJV 
 
 } ivTctv&ot, d 
 
 CHAP. TIL 
 
 IN WHICH VARIOUS OTHER INTELLECTUAL HABITS AND 
 FACULTIES ARE DESCRIBED AND DEFINED, AND COM- 
 PARED WITH THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE OF WIS- 
 DOM. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 ON POLITICAL WISDOM. 
 I. "JLtTTl 5g KoCi 'H nOAITIKH, fCOli 7] <DPONHIIS, 7\ 
 
 EINAI% ou 
 
 1 rjjg Jg nEPi riOAiN, y ^gv, ug ag^irexrovixq 
 
 NOM00ETIKH' ^ 5g ug rix, xotff ga<rra TO 
 
 xotvov t^ei ovofux,, noAiTiKH. twrq Jg, OPAKTIKH x.a] 10 
 
 BOYAEYTIKH. TO ya YHO>ISMA TCUtrOVi &>$ TO 
 
 povovg "kyovffiv. 
 
 WpOtTTOVO'lV OVTOl, GtHTTTtg 01 "fcZlgOTt^vai . 
 
 (pgovrj(rig fic&hiG-T tivai, 'H REPI AYTON KAI 
 ENA. #a* sg; ai>r^ ro KOIVOV ovoAot, <J>PONHSIS. 15 
 
 \KllVtoV Jg, tj fA\V OIKONOMIA, ^ Jg NOMO0EEIA, ^ Jg 
 
 noAiTiKH. ai rctvTqg) v\ {A\v BOYAEYTIKH, T\ Jg 
 
 AIKASTIKH. 
 
 II. EIAOS tcgv oyv r; av g<^ vaffBagy TO 
 
 o 
 
 } airov gJJfiyj tea,} diargifiav, <tPONiMO2 s!vui' 01 
 
 . dio Y.viKi'brig' 
 
CHAP. vn. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 191 
 
 ay 
 
 'Ev 
 
 v l<rov 
 
 a^ 7ref>i<r<rov$ xa/ TI 7Ta<nrovTa TrAsov. . 
 
 H> * 
 
 TO avro7g a,yot,6ov, %a} oiovrc&i rovro 
 \n rctvrqg ovv rqg do%qg ixfavffe, ro 
 
 rovrovg (pgovipovg stvai. xairoi itrag, oux, l<rn TO 
 
 avrov gt), cLvtv dix&ofAtctf, ovd' oivev 
 
 III. r< g, ra avrov wag s 
 10 a) (rKsKriov. (rqtiov $ tcrri rou li9fM9CV 9 xcti 
 
 yvov- 
 ra/, ^ct! <ro(po! ra ro/aura' (pgoviftog J* ou 
 
 ai'nov ^', oVi TftJv ^a^' g^aerrct g(Tr/v 
 a yivsrai yvugtfAU, EH EMDEIPIAS, i>go$ 
 
 tir&i KOLI rovr civ rig j'fcga/a/ro* ;a r 
 iTixog [A\v Troitg yivoir a,v, (rotyog 5' % 
 (fivtrixog ov. fj on rot, (M* 9 it OLtyctigifftcag tffriv' rav 
 a/ aa;, gf g^c^g/^/a?' a! ra ^gv ot5 fturrtvov- 
 aXXa Xgyotxr^" r^v Jg, TO ri Iffrtv ovx 
 'in, }} dfAaria, ? Ke] TO a^oXoy, iv 
 
 TO a ga<TTOi'. yj 
 
 OT/ TTc&vrct, roi (Ba0V(rrcx,@[A(x, vootrot, (payXa* ?;, OT/ ToJ) 
 ort 3' ^ (pgovqirtg ovx EDISTHMH, 
 
 ^ov. TO ya^ ESXATOY g(rT/v, atrTTSg eigqrat. ro 
 Trgctxrov roiovrov. avrixtirat fAtv 3^ T&; N^l. 
 
 vovg, TN OP^N, HN OYK ESTI 
 
 Jg, EEXATOY, ? OY OYK ESTIN EHISTHMH, aXX* Ul(r09l- 
 
 s c ~'>,/ *%-v f/ >/l x A / tf N 
 
 <r^* oy^ 7) ru\> IOIM, aXX o/a utrvoivofABVot, (on ro 
 30 sv ToTg fAot,0?]fAtt,rt%olg 'ifffcurov) rgiytavov. <rrri<r$roii 
 xdxit. aXX* auV^ ^aXXo^ Aisensis, $ <ppovq<rtg' 
 
192 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vi. 
 
 PART IT. 
 
 ON GOOD DELIBERATION. 
 10 IV. To ZHTEIN Jg, XCti TO BOYAEYES0AI, ^$ff*. 
 
 See JK 80. T Q y^^ /3ouXtVg<r00t,l, ZHTEIN TI \ffTlV. del Jg Xa/3g?V 
 
 KIP EYBOTAIAS, TI ffTi' voTtgov tKHTTrifAy] Tig, 
 
 n\ / i\ >/ . / 
 
 jj evffTOfcicc,, q aXXo TI ytvoc. 
 V. 'EnisTHMH ^ff J^ ot5 frriy. oy yct^> 
 i &>v iffctffiv' q o gypoyX/a, /Sovhq Ttg> o Jg 
 
 aol 
 
 EYSTOXIA. divev TZ yot,o Aoyoy, a ^a^y r/, 
 evtrTOfcict,' /SovXevovTcti Jg 
 
 TO, ovhzvtvTct,, ovX&vt- 10 
 
 gr/, ^ AFXINOIA grgoi/ a) ^ gy- 
 
 AOHA ^ gt)j8oyX/a ovosfAta,. 
 
 VI. 'AXX' g^g) o ^tgj/ xaxag /SovXevofAtvog, d 
 Tctvet, o y gy, o^a;? /SovXeveTCti' dfaov, OTt opeoTHS 15 
 Tig }) gy/3oyX/a ffT/f. 
 
 OyV gT/<rT^j Jg, oiVg do%i>)g. EOISTHMHS g 
 
 OYK EZTIN oOoTqg. oyJg a 'AMAPTIA. AOSHZ 
 
 See B. III. J* Og00Tqg, AAH0EIA. Ot^a ^g a! U^lCTCCl 
 
 c. ii. $. v. r v/*- > / >. . \ \ v v V / /o 
 
 andvi. oy oo^a gerr/i'. aXXct ^^v oyd avgy Xoyoy TI gypoy- 20 
 
 X/a. AIANOIAS ct^a Xg/Vgra/. ayr^ ya^ oy^riy <f>a,<ri<; 
 (x,oii yoig % io^a ov fyrqa-ig, aXXa (potcrig Tig ^J^. 
 o Jg (SouhevofAevog, sdv rg gy, ga^ rg xowug flovXevq- 
 
 'AXX' OP0OTHS Tig ICTTIV q gy/30yX/a BOYAHD. 3/o 
 >J /3oyX^ ^TTfrga TfifOfj TI xa,} vregi TI. 
 
 oV; oy 
 
 
 o yap ot,%pu,T7]g KCLI o <payX0> o 
 
CHAP. vii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 193 
 
 og0&jg 'iffTcti (Be/SovhevfAZvog, xaxov il pi* 
 
 ioxe7 y aya&ov TI eivcti, TO ev 8e/3ovXev(r0ai. r\ yap 
 
 / rt ~ /> / ft t* 
 
 voTqg pov^jjg evpovXia> tj ctyctvov ray- ^^ 
 
 ;XX* \(TTI zcti TOVTOV ^eviel 
 \t\\v~ ~ ,*,f 
 
 i o [Asv oei 'Troii'iffoti , TV^eiv, 01 ov 
 
 -v > v I *~ N ' tf ? r/ >^r" "*" w 
 
 x/Xa yjevoq TOV [Atffov ogov tivcti. VCTT ovo ccv e > 
 
 xctff 9jv ov de7 p&9 TvyfcWBi, ov (AIVTOI it 
 
 a it _ \ / r> / 
 
 ov list. 'irt, 'i<rrt ToXuv %govov (ZovXtvofAevov 
 TVfcelv' rov i\ 9 Toi'fcv. ovxovv ovi' ipcs'tvy K&> ev- 
 10/3oyA/a' aXX* ogQorqg fj KCLTO, TO &>(p'z\i[Aov, xcii ov 
 or*. ' ' 
 
 XOLI npos TI TEAOS. q f&tv j wXug, j 
 TO TtXog TO dTrXottg xoLTOflovtrct,' q og Tig, % vog 
 
 15 E; i?j TUV (pgovifjiuv TO tv (BefiouXevcrffai, q sv- 
 
 CX, 619] CIV, OP0OTHS *H KATA TO ZYM<J>EPON 
 TI TEAOZ, 'OY *H <DPONHSIS AAH0HS 
 
 E2TIN. 
 
 PART in. 
 
 ON INTELLIGENCE. 
 
 ^//i-/ x \/ \ a M r/ 
 
 20 (&ctV etc XtyofAev crvveTOvg xcti ot,<rvvZTOvg>) ovv o/ 
 v \ / "& \ f y / f N ^ 
 
 TO OLVTO tvt<TT9if*ti ?] oot,9] (ffce,vTeg yctg CK.V 
 ffVtlroi') OVTB Tig [Aicx, TUV XOLTO, f^zgoc, 
 
 f > V . \ *> * / V 
 
 oiovy ictTgixri Kegi vyieivav^ q yeafAeTgiot, vregi 
 Qovg. ovTe yap mpi TUV ctei ovTcav itui axivqTav fi 
 TTIV, OVTS we^i TUV yiyvofAtvav oTOvovv' aXXa 
 uv a.7ropf]<reizv civ Tig %,cti povXev(raiTO. <t^-<*> <~^ 
 
 A X X ~ / \ 
 
 Vlli. A/o, REPI TA AYTA JAW Ty (f)pov f /}(rei eorTiv, 
 \ffTi i\ TAYTON (rvrtfftg xcti (pgovqffig. ij (Mt 
 
 (pgOVqffig EniTAKTIKH IffTIV' TI yQLQ i$7 
 
 o-" 
 
194 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vi. 
 
 81 <rvve(ri$) KPITIK.H 
 
 fAtfy TO TSAOg CtVTqg ZffTlV 
 
 MONON, (TKUTOV yotg (rvvztrig, xcti tvorvvtorict,' xex,} 
 
 ffUVBTo}, %&} eVffVVSTOt.) 
 
 IX, v E<rr/ y OVT& TO l^ff' r^i/ <pgovq<riv, OVTS TO 
 
 q ffvvzffic. aXX uffKtg TO 
 Zwttvai, OTOLV ^5jra/ r^ HFttfTfj 
 
 EN T$ XPHS0AI T^ AOH^i EITI TO KPINEIN HEPI 
 TOYT^N, IIEPI 'ilN 'H <DPONHSI2 ESTIN, AAAOY 
 AEFONTOS, KAL KPINEIN KAAI2S* (ro yag BV TM 
 
 TOLVTOv). Xtt,} tVTSvdeV gX?JXl^S TOVVOfACt, 7} tO 
 
 xex,ff r,v zvffuvtTOt) Ix Trig \v TU { 
 yag TO fAuvOavtiv SYNIENAI 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 ON THE MENTAL VIRTUE EXERCISED IN EQUITABLE 
 DECISION. 
 
 X. 'H Jg xahovfAtv?} TNIIMH, (naff qv suyvuf 
 xoii 'i%eiv f(M9 yvtifMl*^ 'H TOY EDIEIKOYS ESTI 
 
 KPIXIE OP0H. ffqpiov g* TOV ycig tirieizq fActhurTct, 15 
 
 si vat (rvyyvufAoviKOv x,al tritixlg, TO tfow 
 g/a cvyyvufAqv. ij Jg wyytufjutj, ynufMi grr! 
 roy tvritlXWt ogdq' bg6q i\ q TOV d 
 
 PART V. 
 
 ON THE CONCURRENT TENDENCY OF THE VIRTUE OF 
 EQUITABLE DECISION, OF INTELLIGENCE, OF WISDOM, 
 AND OF INTELLECT. 
 
 12 XI. E*V) Js ncia-ai al &%eig evXoyug zig TO,VTO 
 
 zoci 
 , K&I vovv' \K\ Tovg otvTOvg IfttytovTeg yvu- 
 
CHAP, vii, ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 195 
 
 ffvvtrovg. 
 
 yug cti dvvctfASig avroti ruv EEXATON sir} x,ot,} 
 KA0* 'EKASTON. KCM \\> utliv raj zgirtxog eivat 
 uv o <pgovi.u,og' (rvv&rog, KOU evyvuf/,w 
 5ra yd^ EFIIEIKH, xoiva, ruv dyaQuv oiKctiirav IffTiv 
 ru Trpog a^Xov. trrt ot rav xocff g^a<rra not,} 
 KCMTOL rci vguxrot,. KOC,} yu^ rov 
 avrd. xcti fj crvvtffic, xou q yv 
 
 \ / ~ \, / 
 
 ra 9rara. ray ret o t 
 
 10 xil. Ka/ o vovg ruv itr^druv En' AM<I>OTEPA. 
 ug ruv wgaruy ogwv, x,ott ruv g0"^ara;v, vovg g<rr/, 
 ) ov Aoyoc' xcti o fttv, Kara, roig d'7rodei%Big, rav 
 
 oguv %& vgurw o , v rag 
 rov \a"drov x,a} tvdefcOfAZvov x>ex>} rtjg 
 
 tt yug rov ov Iv&xu avroti. \% ruv xct,ff 
 ro zctOoXov. rovruv ovv 'iiv Dtl oil- 
 
 ffiv. otvrrj 5' Iffri vovg, 
 
 XIII. A*o xoti <I>YZIKA Jog7 eivat rc&vra,' xoii 
 trotpog ^v ovdeig' yvupqv $ tfc&iV) 
 vovv. ffyjfAtlov 5', on fcoti rctig 
 dxoXovQs'iv' K&I ^Jg ^ qXixiot, vovv tffii xcit 
 ug rye (fivtrsag airiag oilffyg. $10 xcti 
 
 vovg. Ix rovreav ydg cti 
 %ct,i wtgi rovruv. 
 25 XIV. "Clcrre tit! Kgoffi'fcziv ruvtp'Trzigtov xoti 
 
 v roug ANAHOAEIKTOIZ <J>AEEEI 
 
 KAI AOHAIS, ov% qrrov ruv AnoAEiHE^N. 
 ro tffiiv t% rjjg ipwrufMtf ofAfAU, ogutriv 
 
 T; fitv ovv ttrnv q (p^ov^trig^ KC&I q trotpiu' 
 
 rivoc> zaartga, rvy^dvei ovtra,' ncti on AA ACT See chap. i. 
 THS ^FYXHS MOPIOY dosr)} wur'zpot,' si'pqrcu. 
 
 o 2 
 
196 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vi. 
 
 CHAP. VIIL 
 
 IN WHICH IS VINDICATED THE INSEPARABLE CON 7 - 
 NEX1ON OF INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE WITH MORAL 
 VIRTUE AND HUMAN HAPPINESS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 A STATEMENT OF DIFFICULTIES RELATING TO CERTAIN 
 INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES. 
 
 13 I. A<a < /ro^<rg;g 5' civ Tig Keg] avruv, TI XPHEIMOI 
 
 EISIN. 
 
 II. 'H fjCsv ydg EO<J>IA ovSkv Seagei g Sv 
 
 ovguTrog. ovsfMag yg ffri 
 III. 'H Jg <J>PONHis TOVTO \ 
 
 dei 
 
 ; eivrsg rj [&tv gOMjert &ffnv, 
 TO, oixctict,) xcti fcaXa, xcci dyctfla,, civQguTra' vuvrct, 
 6 tffrivy a TOV dyctflov \<rriv dvdgog DPATTEIN. ovfikv 
 Jg KgaxrixaTSgoi ra Bidivui avTct IfffAtv ffotg 'EHEI^ 
 at dgerui eiffiv. (uffrt&g oijg ra vyietvot, ov$t roe, 10 
 
 BVS9CTIX.CC' (MTCt, [Atf TU KOlilV) CtAXfiC TM CLTTO TTJg %&)$, 
 
 Xgygra/. ovffkv ya,g Tganrttc&rtgot, ru EXEIN 
 
 xo yvfAvaa-Tixqv tfffAtv. e g rovruv 
 Aov @eriov, aXXa TOV riNESAi' To7g OYSI 
 ioig ovfav civ eiq %gr}(rifAog. 15 
 
 , ovdl To7g MH EXOYSIN. ovffkv yoig 
 
 AYTOYS EXEIN, 9} AAAOIE EXOYZI nEIEE0AI' 
 
 T 'ifcoi oiv yjfuv, uffirsg za,} Trtgi Tqv vyieiotv' j3ov- 
 
 ov 
 
 oi yap vyiuveiv, oftag 
 
 IV. Il>o Jg TovToig, ATonoN oiv swat do%eiev, g/, 20 
 w Tjjg <ro(pia,g oy^ra, ^ywrga avrr/g 
 
 noioYSA, ati KO.} ixitdrrst Kti zxaarrov. 
 
 rovrav Xtxrot. vvv (JMV yug 
 
CHAP. vii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 197 
 
 PART II. 
 
 A SOLUTION OF THE FOREGOING DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 V. Tlg&JTOv (A\v ovv XtyofAtv, on KA0' 'AYTAE 
 aigtToig otUTcig eivctt, dgerdg y overotg 
 EKATEPOY TOY MOPIOY* xa! si fty noioYSiSeep. is-2, 
 
 1. 6. 
 
 vi. "E^g/rot, xa,} noioYSi p'tv ov^ ag ia,rgix,)i eft 
 * 
 
 uovcx,v. tzog yu ovtra, rqg ohqg cSTijg, ru 
 
 ' XX tug ] vytia,, ovrug q <ro(pa, 
 yuQ ovtra, 
 ENEPFEIN, 
 
 VII. J/ Er/j TO EPFON a aVorgAgrra/ xoirdi 
 
 chap. iii. 
 
 lQ<pgov9j<riv %ai rqv rifft^v agsrqv. 73 ptv ya^ ct^gr??, $. v. 
 
 TON EKOIION ^ro/g for' g gottjets, TA npos 
 
 TOYTON. (roy Jg T&roigTov fAogiov rr t g ^v^}?t ovx> 
 
 q rowvrri, TOV PEIITIKOY. ovffiv yap ITT See B.I. 
 
 chap. v. 
 
 VIII. g g TOV MH0EN EINAI FIPAKTIKftTEPOYS 
 
 AIA THN OPONHSIN TUV K(X,\UV XO, 0*l%CX,av 
 
 dgxr&ov, Xct/Sovrotg ugyyiv ravrqv. 
 yoig fcou roi dixotux, \iyoptv 
 rivag, OVTTU ditcaiovg sivui' (oiov, rovg ra vwo 
 
 TBrctyfAtvci, woiovvrug ij oixovrag, J it oiyvoiuv, 
 )] oi sregov n %,(&} fAq oi aura,' xcttrot Trgarrova'i ys 
 Jg7, xa,} ocra, %gq rov o-ToyJa7ov*) owra^j &g 'ioixw, 
 tffn ro nns EXONTA irgurrtiv tMaffra al<rr eivcti dytx,- 
 Qov 
 
 vrgoctgsffiv, nct avruv 
 rqv ftlv oyv OPOAIPEZIN 
 ' TO otrot EKEINHE'ENEKA Tg(pyg 
 
 ovx. Z(rn rqg deTijg, ctXX* 
 
 
 7 A 
 
 rig vvctAig, yv %,cx,\ov<ri AEINOTHTA. 
 
198 THE NICOMACHEAN HOOK vi. 
 
 tffrt TOtcturyjy M<rrt rd vpog TOV vfforeQtvrce, 
 crvvretvovTa,, $vvct,<r9ai Tcwrct, vgdrrttv xa] 
 
 CLVTUV. dv tlv ovv o orxowog ? Xo, swaivsrq ffTiv' 
 
 dv 0g (payXo^j Travovgyiot. ^<J<o fcoti Tovg 
 deivovg *di vayovgyovg (potfAtv sivai.) 5 
 
 OYK ANEY 
 
 q tig TM ofAfAOtn TOVTM 
 rvg -vfflg, ovx, avsv oigeryg.' ag ' 
 . ol y&Q <rfXXoy/<r^o* TUV 
 sinv. t^rsid?} TOIONAE TO ri"Kog 
 
 ' \' >//>/ \^/ i ^ 
 
 ) OTidqirore ov (tarra yctg, Xoyoy ^af^ 5 TO 
 V) TOWTO 3', g/ ^ T dyaQcjiy or <DAINETAI. AIA- 
 
 STPEOEI TAP H MOX0HPIA, KAI AIATEYAEE0AI OOIEI, 
 HEPI TAX nPAKTIKAZ APXAS. UffTS (fiav&gOV, OTi 
 AAYNATON <J>PONIMON EINAI, MH ONTA AFA0ON. 16 
 
 ix. 2*g^Tgov Syj Trdhiv not,} vrt*i dp&rijg. Trapot- 
 
 , x f , v *\' % , / / 
 
 irXi>}(ri<ug ya^j iyg 77 (Pgovqfftg vgog rqv otivorqra, (ou 
 
 \ \ r/ v \ f/ v. f > \ v 
 
 TayTOf ^a/gv, opoiov og,) OWTO; a/ ^ <J>YEIKH ctgw/j Kgog 
 rr/v KYPIAN. 
 
 Hucrt ydg doxit, incurra, rwv qQuv vrtig%W <pv- 20 
 vet vug. KOU ydg dizaiot, x.di ffArtppOHXAt, xdi dv- 
 
 ?o/, xoti TaXXa f^Q^$r, gy^yg g^ ytvtTqg 
 tregov n, TO KYPins AFAGON, 
 
 cu (fvariKcti VKa,P 3 % / ov<riv t%etg' aXX 
 vov, j8Xa/3g^a! (fioiivovTOtt ovarcti. ^Xiff roffovrov tot- 
 
 on, 
 
 (TVfA@ct,tv6i (TfydKhiffQui iffyvgug Sid TO 
 
 gav o^g Xa/3?? 
 
 TU KgOLTTSlV 0/a<pgg/. Y) ttg OfAOtCt, Oy-TOC, TOT* 3 
 APETH. 
 
 7c TOV AOHASTIKOY,, 
 
 book, in the gJ^, Jg/vOT^? ^Ot) (DflOVyjffig' OVr<k) X.OC,} i'TTt TOV H01K.OY, 
 Summary. 
 
CHAP. VTI. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 199 
 
 Svo SOT/ " TO f&\v agerri OYSIKH, TO $ y KYPIA. teal 
 rovreuv, 'H KTPIA OY TINETAI ANEY <i)PONH 
 Ttvtg (faffi Kaffag rag agSTag 
 
 op&&>g gQ 
 9 
 
 / 
 on ,tv a (ovqff&ig atro eivcti 
 
 rag a,gBTa,g> ifAotgTotvev' OTI $* ovx avev 
 
 eyev. 
 
 vvv Kctvrts, OTO,V 
 
 , " THN 'EHIN (g/Vovrg? 
 
 10 ffgog oi IffTl) THN KATA TON OP0ON AOFOK. Ogfog 
 
 C KATA THN $PONHSIN." ioixOUTt 
 
 wag ffuvTzg, OTI H TOIAYTH ESIS APETH EETIN, H 
 
 KATA THN ORONHEIN. 
 
 Ag? Jg [AtXjOV (AlTOtfiwCU. 0V yug fAOVOV 7} KATA 
 
 \5Tov ogdov Xoyov, aXX* ^ META TOV ogdov Xoyov 6%ig 9 
 tffTiv. op6og 5g Xoyog wept TUV TOIOVTUV, 
 
 9 ^ ' ' \ V * 
 
 tffnv. zvxgetrw (&tv ovv AOFOYS Tag 
 USTO eivai' (tvrtff'TqfAag yag eivat 
 t, META AoroY. dfaov ovv ZK TUV 
 
 20 OTI OYX '(DION TE AFA0ON EINAI KYPIHS, ANEY <DPONH- 
 
 ' OYAE (&PONIMON, ANEY THS H0IKHS APETHS. 
 
 X. ' AXXa xa} o Xoyog TavTy. XVOIT av, M SiaXe^&trj 
 rig av, " 'OTI XHPIZONTAI AAAHAON 'AI APETAI' ov 
 yag o avTog tvtyviffTaTog wgog dwaa'ag' iVrg TTJV 
 
 TTJV 5* $&r*j eiXr}(pag trrcu" TOVTO yag, 
 [A\v Tag <DYSIKAS agtTag, fpdfvirar naff ag 
 Xgygra/ dyaflog, ovx. Ivtiiy^Tai. 'AMA TAP 
 
 <DPONHSEI, MI^ OYEH., DASAI *YnAPHOYSIN. 
 
 XI. A?XOV Jg, KAN El MH DPAKTIKH HN, OTI 'iStl av 
 
 , did TO TOY MOPIOY dgeTqv sivar xai OTI ovtt See chap. i. 
 
 it f / > /i\ }t t \i a ^.ii. of this 
 
 g<rra; y vgoaigetrig ogUq, aveu d>PONHSEnSi QUO a^gubook. 
 
 APETHS. fj (AW ydg, TO TgXo?' % Jg, TU TgOg TO 
 
 XII, 'AXXCC AW OV$t KYPIA \(TT\ 
 
200 THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS. BOOK vi. 
 
 See chap. i. ouflg Tov pgAr/0t><3 MOPioY* uffffip oi^g Tjjg vytsiotg fj 
 
 . ii. of this , /\ *, w 
 
 book. ictrgixq. ov ya^ Xgyrai avrri 
 
 EKEINHE OYN ENEKA tKirfrTrtl, aXX OVX, 
 6T/, OfAOtOV XCIV 81 T/? THN DOAITIKHN (fa/^ 
 
 See B.I. <ig%tiv Twv Qewv, oTi gV/rarrg/ ^-g^/ woivrcx, rot, Iv rri 5 
 
 i! viii. 
 
BOOK VII. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 WHICH INTRODUCES AN EXAMINATION OF CONTINENCE 
 AND INCONTINENCE. 
 
 This chapter consists of three parts: the first of which 
 opens the subject ; the second sets forth the leading 
 opinions respecting it ; and the third, the most remark- 
 able difficulties and questions relating to it. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. The treatise, taking here a new beginning, presents to our 
 notice AN ARRANGEMENT OF MORAL EVILS under the three following 
 heads ; namely, VICE, INCONTINENCE, and BRUTISHNESS. To these, 
 respectively, are opposed the following; namely, VIRTUE, CONTI- 
 NENCE, and HEROIC GREATNESS. II. The two opposite dispositions 
 of HEROIC GREATNESS, and of BRUTISHNESS, are both uncommon 
 among men. III. The subject and method of the ensuing enquiry 
 are distinctly unfolded. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 IV. A statement of various leading OPINIONS relating to the 
 subject. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 V. An account of the most remarkable DIFFICULTIES AND QUES- 
 TIONS, which have been started relating to it. 
 
204 SUMMARY 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF INCONTINENCE AND KNOW- 
 LEDGE. 
 
 I. THREE LEADING QUESTIONS are proposed for examination. The 
 FIRST of these questions is : WHETHER INCONTINENCE is COMPATIBLE 
 
 WITH KNOWLEDGE? IF IT IS: WHAT IS THE KIND AND DEGREE OF 
 KNOWLEDGE, WITH WHICH INCONTINENCE IS COMPATIBLE? 
 
 II. With regard to this question, it makes no difference, whether 
 it is KNOWLEDGE, or FULL CONVICTION OF OPINION, against which 
 the transgression is committed. III. With regard to the same 
 question, it is necessary to DISTINGUISH, between the SIMPLE POS- 
 SESSION OF KNOWLEDGE, and the POSSESSION OF IT, COMBINED WITH 
 
 ITS ACTUAL PRESENCE IN THE CONTEMPLATION OF THE MIND. It 
 
 seems perfectly natural to offend against the former: not so, against 
 the latter. IV. It is also necessary to remark, that in all KNOW- 
 LEDGE APPLICABLE TO PRACTICE, there are concerned TWO KINDS OF 
 PROPOSITIONS. Of these, one is UNIVERSAL, and embraces a general 
 rule: the other is PARTICULAR, and relates to the present subject 
 and occasion of action. Now if BOTH these propositions be KNOWN 
 in the way of SIMPLE POSSESSION, but ONLY THE UNIVERSAL be 
 known in the way of ACTUAL PRESENCE AND CONTEMPLATION : against 
 SUCH KNOWLEDGE, it is possible for a man to offend. Again : Of 
 the PARTICULAR* proposition itself, there are two kinds : one of which 
 relates to the AGENT; and the other, to the THING ACTED UPON. 
 Now, if a man should possess both the KNOWLEDGE AND IMIESKNT 
 
 CONTEMPLATION of the UNIVEUSAL, and also, Of THAT PARTICULAR 
 
 a AIA*EPEI AE KAI TO KA0OAOT. In these words I cannot discover 
 any rational meaning or coherence. Of propositions relating to moral action, 
 it seems plainly the purpose of Aristotle, to distinguish, in this place, two 
 kinds, not of UNIVERSALS, but of PARTICULARS. I have framed my inter- 
 pretation on the principle of supposing KATA MEPO2, or KA' 'EKA2TON, 
 in lieu of KA0OAOT, to be the genuine reading : and this, or equivalent to 
 it, I find to have been the r eading of the copy used by the Greek inter- 
 preter, whose Paraphrase has been ascribed to Andronicus. The three 
 propositions may be exemplified thus. No MAN CAN SAFELY EAT 
 POISON: I AM A MAN: THIS is POISON. The case supposed, is that of a 
 man, to whom all these three propositions are KNOWN : but who, AT THE 
 
 MOMENT OF ACTION, is FULLY SENSIBLE ofthe FIRST TWO, but INADVERTENT 
 
 of the THIRD. 
 
OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. 205 
 
 which relates to himself, the AGENT; while he possesses only the 
 
 SIMPLE KNOWLEDGE, UNATTENDED WITH PRESENT CONTEMPLATION, 
 
 of THAT PARTICULAR which relates to the THING ACTED UPON: against 
 this kind of knowledge, it is easy and natural for him to offend. 
 V. It is also useful to distinguish, in another way, between the 
 SIMPLE POSSESSION of knowledge, and the POSSESSION COMBINED 
 WITH USE AND ENJOYMENT. The former is exemplified in the cases 
 of SLEEP and DRUNKENNESS : and it is also the case of the INCON- 
 TINENT. VI. Against this position it does not militate, that INCON- 
 TINENT men will sometimes discourse well on scientific subjects. 
 The reason of this is stated. VII. Another explanation of the case, 
 is founded on the supposition, that while the UNIVERSAL proposition 
 
 is ENTERTAINED, it IS OBSCURED AND DROWNED BY APPETITE. 
 
 VIII. The question then is decided in the NEGATIVE. If by 
 KNOWLEDGE we understand, the FULL USE AND ENJOYMENT, as well 
 as POSSESSION, of what we know: it appears, That INCONTINENCE 
 
 IS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON THE SUBJECTS TO WHICH INCONTINENCE RELATES. 
 
 I. The SKCOND leading question is proposed : namely, WHAT ARE 
 
 THE SUBJECTS TO WHICH INCONTINENCE RELATES? 
 
 II. Towards a solution of this question, the efficient causes of 
 pleasure are classed under two heads. The first are, THINGS NE- 
 CESSARY AND CORPOREAL : the SCCOnd, THINGS NOT NECESSARY BUT 
 
 DESIRABLE. III. The second of these, ARE NOT, properly speaking, 
 the subjects to which INCONTINENCE relates : and the TERM, INCON- 
 TINENCE, when applied to them, is applied only in a RELATIVE AND 
 QUALIFIED SENSE. IV. The first ARE, properly speaking, the sub- 
 jects to which INCONTINENCE relates : and it is to them only, that 
 the term applies in a PROPER AND ABSOLUTE SENSE : they being the 
 same subjects with those, to which INTEMPERANCE relates. V. IN- 
 TEMPERANCE and INCONTINENCE are to be DISTINGUISHED thus. 
 
 THE ACTS OF INTEMPERANCE are AGREEABLE TO THE MORAL DETER- 
 MINATION of the agent: THE ACTS OF INCONTINENCE are CONTRARY 
 TO IT. 
 
 VI. With regard to lawful appetites, in general, criminality con- 
 sists, not in mere INDULGENCE, but in EXCESS. VII. And thus also, 
 with regard, in particular, to the SECOND of the above classes : ( sec 
 
206 SUMMARY 
 
 . ii. of this chapter :) though there is no criminality in the simple 
 GRATIFICATION of our desire, yet the EXCESS, of such desire and gra- 
 tification is vicious. VIII. Nevertheless, such excess does not con- 
 stitute INCONTINENCE : which relates to THE SAME SUBJECTS WITH 
 INTEMPERANCE, and to no other. When, therefore, THE TERM, IN- 
 CONTINENCE, is applied to other subjects, the use of it is not PROPER, 
 but ANALOGOUS AND METAPHORICAL : for which reason, its signifi- 
 cation is, in such cases, limited by a RESTRICTIVE FORM OF SPEECH. 
 IX. With reference to the question which forms the subject of 
 this chapter, the case is considered, of PLEASURES CONTRARY TO 
 NATURE. X. The habits addicted to such pleasures are pronounced 
 to be those of BRUTISH NESS : and the causes are stated, in which 
 they originate. XI. These pleasures are NOT those to which IN- 
 CONTINENCE relates : nor can the term, INCONTINENCE, unless modi- 
 fied by some limitation, be properly applied to them. 
 
 XII. ANGEII, being one of the things, to which INCONTINENCE, in 
 the proper sense of the word, does not relate, and to which the 
 term is applied only in a restricted and relative sense : occasion is 
 taken to shew, by four arguments, that INCONTINENCE OF ANGKK is 
 
 LESS CRIMINAL THAN INCONTINENCE PKOPEKLY SO CALLED. 
 
 XIII. The question then, started at the beginning of the chapter, 
 is decided thus: THK SUBJECTS TO WHICH INCONTINENCE RELATES 
 
 ARK THK NATURAL LUSTS AND PLEASURES OF THE BODY : these being 
 
 the very same with those, to which INTEMPEHANCE relates. 
 
 XIV. Comparative magnitude of the two evils, VICE and BRUTISH - 
 NESS. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON THE MORAL HABIT OF ENDURANCE. 
 I. The THIRD leading question is taken up : namely, WHETHER 
 
 CONTINENCE AND ENDURANCE ARE THE SAME? It is pronounced that 
 
 they are DIFFERENT, inasmuch as the SUBJECTS to which they relate 
 are different : the former being exercised in ABSTINENCE FROM 
 PLEASURE, the latter in THE SUFFERING OF FAIN. II. The nature 
 of these habits is further unfolded, from a combined view of the 
 RELATIONS in which they stand, first, to TEMPERANCE AND THE 
 
 HABITS CONTRARY TO TEMPERANCE; and Secondly, to THE HABITS 
 
OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. 207 
 
 CONTRARY TO THEMSELVES. (See Book V. chap. i. . ii.) III. From 
 this view is COLLATEKALLY deduced an inference, that INTEMPERANCE 
 is worse than INCONTINENCE. IV. It is also argued, that CONTINENCE 
 is more meritorious than ENDURANCE. V. The character and 
 criminalitv of the HABIT OPPOSED TO ENDURANCE. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 CONTAINING VARIOUS MINOR POSITIONS AND QUESTIONS 
 RELATING TO CONTINENCE AND INCONTINENCE. 
 
 I. INCONTINENCE wears, in some persons, the character of PRE- 
 CIPITATION ; in others, of WEAKNESS : the former being the fault of 
 those who offend THROUGH INCONSIDEUATION ; the latter, of those 
 who offend AGAINST-CONSIDERATION, 
 
 II. III. IV. That INTEMPERANCE IS WOHSE THAN INCOVTINENCE : 
 
 is an inference COLLATERALLY deduced, in the third section of the 
 last chapter. The same position, (in the way of negative to one of the 
 questions proposed in the first chapter,) is here MORE FULLY main- 
 tained on the ground of THREE principal considerations. II. First : 
 Because it is NOT FOLLOWED BY REPENTANCE, and is therefore less 
 CURABLE. III. Secondly: Because intemperance is a VUCE; whereas 
 incontinence does not involve the full criminality of vice, nor does 
 THE TERM, VICE, properly apply to it. IV. Thirdly : Because in 
 the state of intemperance, THE PRINCIPLE OF ACTION is DEPRAVED : 
 in the state of incontinence, it is SOUND AND UNDEPRAVED, though 
 borne down for a time by the violence of passion. 
 
 V. The question is proposed : Continence maintains its purpose 
 against temptation : but is IT ESSENTIAL TO THE PROPER NOTION OF 
 
 CONTINENCE, THAT THE PURPOSE, THUS MAINTAINED, SHOULD BE 
 
 RIGHT? Or does that notion apply to any purpose whatever, which a 
 man may happen to have formed? VI. The question is answered thus : 
 According to the ABSOLUTE AND PROPER SENSE OF THE WORD, it is 
 essential that the purpose should be RIGHT: in any other case, the 
 term applies only in a QUALIFIED, OR RELATIVE SENSE. VII. Distinc- 
 tion between CONTINENCE, which maintains its purpose against THE 
 PASSIONS, and OBSTINACY, which maintains its purpose against REA- 
 SON. VIII. A case sometimes arises, in which a man does NOT MAIN- 
 TAIN his purpose, and yet does NOT INCUR the fault of incontinence. 
 IX. It is shewn that CONTINENCE is a MEAN, and the two EXTREMES 
 opposed to it are denned. 
 
208 SUMMARY 
 
 X. The terms CONTINENCE and TEMPERANCE, are not equivalent: 
 neither are the terms INCONTINENCE and INTEMPERANCE. 
 
 XI. Incontinence is NOT COMPATIBLE WITH WISDOM. 
 
 XII. Circumstances which EXTENUATE THE CRIMINALITY of in- 
 continence. 
 
 XIII. Both continence and incontinence SURPASS THE GENERAL 
 HABIT of mankind. 
 
 XIV. Certain forms of incontinence are MORE CURABLE than 
 others. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON PLEASURE. 
 
 This chapter consists of three parts. The first con- 
 tains a statement and examination of opinions relating 
 to pleasure. The second examines the quality of 
 pleasure, in relation to the legitimate objects of human 
 pursuit, and especially to the Sovereign Good. The 
 third embraces several detached questions and positions 
 relating to this subject. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. Reasons for embracing in the present treatise, an examination 
 of the subject of PLEASURE. 
 
 II. On this subject, THREE leading opinions are stated. The first 
 
 is, THAT NO PLEASURE IS GOOD. The SCCOnd is, THAT SOME PLEA- 
 SURES ARK GOOD, BUT THAT THE GREATER NUMBER OF THEM ARE EVIL. 
 
 The third is, THAT THE SOVEREIGN GOOD is NOT A PLEASURE. III. 
 Relating to these opinions, EIGHT several arguments are advanced. 
 
 IV. It is asserted, that none of the foregoing arguments will 
 warrant an inference, either THAT PLEASURE is NOT A GOOD, or THAT 
 
 THE SOVEREIGN GOOD IS NOT A FORM OF PLEASURE. 
 
 V. VI. VII. The FIRST of the foregoing arguments seems to be 
 framed upon a current DEFINITION, taken from the school of Plato. 
 By this definition, if it be allowable to convey its meaning with 
 some enlargement of expression, the nature of pleasure is thus set 
 
OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. 209 
 
 forth : A SENSIBLE AND GENERATIVE MOTION b TOWARDS AN END 
 
 PURSUED BY NATURE : TENESlS EIS <t>T5lN AIS0HTH. Now it is 
 
 maintained to be an essential character of GOOD, that it is not the 
 attribute of any MOTION OR PROGRESSION TOWARDS AN END, but only 
 of things which are in themselves ENDS ; that is, ends or objects of 
 human conduct. V. But in opposition to this it is shewn, that 
 though it were admitted that pleasure is a MOTION TOWARDS AN 
 
 END, it does NOT THEREFORE FOLLOW, that it is NOT GOOD : VI. VII. 
 
 And that it is not EVERY pleasure which consists in a motion 
 towards satisfying a want, but that some pleasures belong to the 
 SATISFIED, as distinguished from the CRAVING, state of nature. 
 
 VIII. From the FIRST and the EIGHTH of the foregoing arguments, 
 it would appear, that the SOVEREIGN good is not pleasure, because 
 the END is BETTER than the MOTION TOWARDS THE END : whereas it is 
 essential to the notion of the SOVEREIGN GOOD, that NOTHING SHOULD 
 SURPASS IT IN GOODNESS. But in opposition to this it is main- 
 tained, that all pleasures are not motions GENERATIVE of an end, 
 some of them HAVING IN THEMSELVES THE NATURE OF AN END, and 
 being properly of that class of OPERATIONS OR ENERGIES, of which 
 the good is INTRINSIC AND NOT ULTERIOR TO THEMSELVES. IX. Ob- 
 jection to that definition of pleasure, which is contained in the FIRST 
 of the foregoing arguments. The following is substituted in the 
 place of it : AN UNIMPEDED ENERGY OR EXERCISE OF A HABIT WHICH 
 is ACCORDING TO NATURE: ENEPFEIA THE KATA OTSIN ' 
 ANEMIIOAISTOX. 
 
 t> Of MOTION, according to Aristotle's philosophy, there are six kinds: 
 ONE of which is TENESIS or GENERATION. See the chapter of the Cate- 
 gories, entitled, IIEPI KINHSEilS Aristotle denies that pleasure is either 
 a GENERATION, or ANY OTHER KIND OF MOTION ; and asserts that it is more 
 connected with HPEMIA, the state opposed to motion, than with motion 
 itself. See the last section of this chapter, and the earlier part of the tenth 
 book. The term here employed may possibly serve at once, to further an 
 insight into the meaning of his philosophical language, and to dispense with 
 what would have been incurred by a literal version, but which it is always 
 extremely desirable to avoid: a harsh and unusual form of expression. The 
 difficulties contained in the present chapter, and in the early part of the 
 tenth book, may be in a great degree solved, by reading the chapter of the 
 Categories which is above referred to. It may be useful to add, towards 
 explaining the proper force of the word SENSIBLE, as it occurs in this defini- 
 tion ; that it serves the purpose of distinction from certain processes of 
 nature which are UNACCOMPANIED WITH SENSATION, but to which the 
 definition would otherwis apply : such, for example, as the germination of 
 seeds and the growth of plants. 
 
 P 
 
210 SUMMARY 
 
 X. Reply to the SEVENTH of the foregoing arguments : which in- 
 fers, that pleasure is not a good, because some pleasures are NOXIOUS 
 
 TO HEALTH. 
 
 XI. Reply to the FOURTH of the foregoing arguments : which infers, 
 that pleasure is not a good, because it IMPEDES THE INTELLECTUAL 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 XII. Reply to the FIFTH of the foregoing arguments : which urges, 
 that pleasure is not a good, because it is NOT THE PRODUCTION OF 
 
 ANY ART. 
 
 XIII. Reply to the SECOND and THIRD of the foregoing arguments : 
 in which it is urged, that pleasure is not a good, because it is TRAN- 
 QUILLITY, OR EXEMPTION FROM PAIN, and NOT PLEASURE, which IS 
 
 pursued by WISE AND TEMPERATE MEN: And to the SIXTH: in which 
 it is urged, that pleasure is THE OBJECT OF PURSUIT WITH CHILDREN 
 
 AND BRUTES. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 XIV. It is proved that PLEASURE is A GOOD. XV. It is proved 
 that THE SOVEREIGN GOOD, is one of those things to which the name 
 of PLEASURE properly applies. XVI. It appears as an inference 
 from the last consideration, that PROSPERITY is A NECESSARY AP- 
 PENDAGE TO HAPPINESS. XVII. Nevertheless, it is NOT TO BE 
 IDENTIFIED with happiness. XVIII. A further evidence of the 
 position contained in the fifteenth section. XIX. An explanation 
 of the circumstance, that the term PLEASURE has 'been peculiarly 
 and improperly applied to the PLEASURES OF THE BODY. XX. A 
 further evidence of the position contained in the fourteenth section. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 XXI. The question is proposed : ARE ALL BODILY PLEASURES 
 ESSENTIALLY EVIL. XXII. XXV. It is decided in the NEGATIVE. 
 
 XXII. This inference is grounded on the nature of that which is 
 CONTRARY to them, namely, PAIN, which is allowed to be EVIL. 
 
 XXIII. The MEASURE and the SENSE, in which bodily pleasures may 
 be pronounced GOOD. XXIV. The CRITERION of their quality rests 
 on the following principle. Of habits and actions, (such as those 
 of virtue,) INCAPABLE OF vicious EXCESS, the appropriate PLEASURES 
 are so likewise : but the CONTRARY is the case with those habits and 
 actions, which are CAPABLE OF SUCH EXCESS. Now of this latter 
 kind are BODILY INDULGENCES : and it is WHEN THEY INCUR THIS 
 EXCESS, AND THEN ONLY, that the PLEASURE resulting from them is 
 EVIL. XXV. It will not avail, to infer, (on the principle alleged in 
 the twenty-second section,) THAT PAIN is NOT AN EVIL, because it is 
 
OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. 211 
 
 the CONTRARY of vicious pleasures : for the PROPER AND ESSENTIAL 
 
 CONTRARIETY of pain, IS, not tO PLEASURE IN EXCESS, but to PLEASURE 
 SIMPLY CONSIDERED. 
 
 XXVI. The question is proposed: WHY ARE THE PLEASURES OF 
 THE BODY UNDULY PREFERRED? XXVII. First, because they EXPEL 
 PAIN. XXVIII. Secondly, because they are peculiarly attractive to 
 
 PERSONS INCAPABLE OF ENJOYING OTHER PLEASURES. XXIX. Thirdly, 
 
 because a propension towards it is formed by the unavoidable HABIT 
 OF YOUTH. XXX. Fourthly, because MELANCHOLY is always inclined 
 to fly to bodily pleasure, for a power REMEDIAL TO GRIEF. 
 
 XXXI. The difference between NATURAL and ACCIDENTAL 
 pleasures. 
 
 XXXII. The reason why the same thing does NOT ALWAYS RETAIN 
 its power of giving pleasure. 
 
CHAP. I. 
 
 WHICH INTRODUCES AN EXAMINATION OF CONTINENCE 
 AND INCONTINENCE. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 THE SUBJECT OF INQUIRY IS STATED. 
 
 I. META Jg rctvra, Xexreov, aAX?^ 
 
 gfflV) on r&v K&gi ra JiQq (ptvxrwv rg/a \ffriv 
 
 ' KAKIA, AKPAIIA, 0HPIOTHS. TO- ' 
 
 [Atv Jufl-), 3?Xa' TO ftlv yotg APETHN, ro 
 SEFKPATEIAN, aXot5^gy. 7Tgo$ Jg rqv 
 X/j-r av a^orro/ Xgyg/v, THN 'YHEP 'HMAS APETHN, 
 
 r HPi7IKHN TINA KAI 0EIAN. ' 
 
 ov Hgia,[Aov y on (rtpodgtx, 
 
 10 ou 
 
 ys dvrjToD TraV^ gju.jtx.svai, aAAci dsolo. 
 
 yvovrat 
 
 ctgtryjg vir&g/So'h.rjv' roiavrrj rig av BIT] dijXov on 
 ry 0iudsi avrtnOeAtviq zig. x,a,} a affTrs ov 
 
 \ffri xctxia,, ovtf agerq' ovrag ovdl 
 XX' ^ fA\v, TtfJudrBgov aggr?f f) V 9 eregov n y& 
 
 II. 'E^rgi 5g ffTTCiviov TO 0s7ov 
 
 o/ axa/i'g? euafft wgoa'U'yogevW orav aya- r 
 
 20 ffSZffi fftyodgu rov, " (TgToj ctvqg" (pouriv') ovra xa,} 
 
214 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 
 o Qriiu^qg gf rolg ctvBuKoig c-Kaviog. Ac&hurru $ tv 
 
 roig j3a,g/3a,goig tffriv. yivtrui 8* 'ivtot, %oti dici vo- 
 trovg %ct} <7rr i gu(reig. z,a,i rovg oia, xcuttctv o& TUV av- 
 yfc-gj8aXX0jra$, ovrag ivtivatyfjfJMUfi'iv. aA- 
 
 g^! {A\v rjjg roia,vTq$ diuQttreug, tirrtgot voi- 5 
 
 riva, 
 
 III. g^ g AKPA2IA2, KCU MAAAKIAE, a TPY- 
 
 <I>HS Xg^rgov xcti Ke} EFKPATEIAZ *a) KAPTEPIAS. 
 
 ours yoig ug wep ruv AYTON gg^v r 
 
 avrav 
 ETEPON yivos. 
 
 Ag? 3', wWg gcr) ro'i' aXXfiyv,) nSivrag ret 
 
 
 vrgarov ^n^Tro^troLVTCcg' ovra 
 
 IIANTA ra 'i^o^oc irtg} rotvrcx, TO. 
 , ra HAEISTA KAI KYPIHTATA. gay ya^ 15 
 C 3y<rg xa) xaraXg/V^ra/ ra gyJof a' 
 ay 6jj xavag. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE LEADING OPINIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN DELIVERED 
 RESPECTING IT. 
 
 2 IV. 1. AOKEI 3i, rg gy^arg/a 
 
 SnOYAAinN KAI EHAINETfiN 
 
 n re> a aXaa, ra;v ^AYAHN KAI NEKTON. 20 
 
 a) EMMENETIKOS Ti^ 
 EKSTATIKOS TOY AO- 
 
 2. Ka) o ayro? gyxar^, a EMMENETIKOS 
 
 TIZMOY. 
 
 3. Ka/ o w/g^ a^par^, EIAHS ori (pauXa, vpdr- 
 
 * V N " ~^ 
 
 rg; AIA nA0os* o o gy^ar???, EIAHS or/ (payXa; 25 
 a/ g5n$y ( &&/a/, oi^ a^oXoy^g? AIA TON AOFON. 
 
 4. Ka) Toy sn<i)PONA ^c/sv, gyx^ar? 
 
 xov* roj> 3g To/ourot 1 , o/ jM/gv ^rayra troi^gova^ oi 
 ov. Kcti rov AKOAASTON, a^arjj, xai rov 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 215 
 
 x,o\a<rrov , SYrKEXYMENas* ol 'ETEPOYZ 
 iv. 
 
 5. Tov ^g <I>PONIMON, 072 fA\V OV (poKTlV g 
 
 i eivoti dxgurq' org i\ Iv'iovg (pgovipovg ovrag 
 AEINOYE, d%oa,re7g tivoii. 
 
 6. 'Er/, *cf7{ Agyovra/, a) 0YMOY, 
 
 TIMHS, a/ KEPAOYS. 
 
 Ta gv oyj' AEFOMENA ravr tffriv. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 THE MOST REMARKABLE DIFFICULTIES AND QUESTIONS 
 WHICH HAVE BEEN STARTED RELATING TO IT. 
 
 V. 1. AnopHZEiE y oiv rig' nag, 'YHOAAMBA- 3 
 
 opnz, d%,PUTtvzrai rig; EDISTAMENON #tV s *. the !?** 
 
 ' sectlon - 3 * 
 
 -r - / *' T v > 
 
 ov (pouri riveg oiov r& swat, osivov 
 
 ivotHrqg, &g aizro *2,a%goiryjg, aXXo ri 
 xoti Tregtehxeiv cturov Srtrtg dvdgd<7rodov. 
 f&lv yoig oXug l^d^ro vrgog rov Xoyov, ug OYK OY- 
 ou@sva, ydg, 'YOOAAMBANONTA, 
 wotgoi TO /3&Xri<rrov 9 aX?\.a it dyvouzv. 
 Ovrog {Liv ovv o hoyog ol[A(pi<r/3q7e7 rolg (pawo- 
 tvctpywg. xou iiov Cyrtiv we?} ro vrctOog' si oi 
 
 9 rig o TPonos ytvsrai rqg ayvoi&g ; on Seethe next 
 
 v/ f i / \~ chapter. 
 
 ova oierai yz o axgoLTtvopzvog, Trgiv tv ra 
 
 . 
 2. E;V) 5g riveg, oi rot ftlv <rvy%agov<ri, rd, 5' 
 
 ov. ro {At]* yg, ECIZTHMHS wv svcti 
 
 ro 9 fAqsva wgrreiv vctg ro AOSAN 
 opoXoyouffiv. %,cti did rovro,rov dxgot,- 
 rq (pcurv, ov% EHISTHMHN 'i^ovra, Kgariia-flcti vwo 
 ruv qdovav, aXXct AOHAN. 
 
 3. 'AXXa [AVIV, ei'ye AOSA, %di ^ EDISTHMH, 
 
 dvrirtivovfftt,, ctXX* 6- 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 
 v Tog 
 iv ctvTciig vog *tvAiag (rvog' TJ 
 
 aStYEKTnN * ^PONHEE^E a a uvTiTeivovo-yg. avry 
 
 5 
 
 :-. See the last 4 'AXX* UTOKOv. 'ivTCti yoip o avrog, 'AMA 
 
 section, 5. , ' b , " 
 
 <I)PONIMOS KAI AKPATHZ. (p^treie o ovo av etg 9 <pgo- 
 
 vfJL,ov tivaii TO vg&rrffy txovra, ro 
 SeeB. vi. vrgog Jg royro/?, dideixroii yrgoregov, ort OPAKTIKOZ 
 
 E2XATI2N r/f, XOt) TAS AA- 10 
 
 
 andc.viii. AAS ExnN 
 
 See the last 5 ^Er/, g/ ptgj' gv ru IwiOvfAiug 'ysiv ISXYPAS 
 
 section, 4-. v rS / ^ 
 
 <J>AYAAE, o gxar???* OYK ESTAI o 
 
 
 EFKPATHS, OL 
 
 OVTB TO (fotuXoig EXEIN. aXXa ^^ 
 
 ^ ~ . \ \ t > / /. < 
 
 dg/ ygM g/ ^tgv ya^ XPHSTAI a; IVJCWJCMOM, (patX?; ?j 
 
 % ou 
 
 Ta<ra o*TOL>5a/a. g; 5' ASOENEIS KAI MH OAYAAI, 
 
 l 
 
 OV SI (DAYAAI KAI AS0ENEIS, ogV 
 
 20 
 
 See the last g. *Er/. gJ DASH Jo|^ EMMENETIKON 
 section, 2. , , / * r ' , v ^ f ^ 
 
 gy^>arg/a* (fayX?;. o/ov, g/ a/ r?? \f/guog 
 
 DA2HS Jo|?J? i dutCWta EKSTATIKON" ICTTOU Tig 
 
 xgoicrct,. ooi/, o 
 
 gV T<W O/XOT^T^. g 
 
 oig IWiiffj VKO TOV 'Odv(T<r&ag, Sioi TO 
 
 [7. ^Er/, o ffotyitrTiKog "hoyog YEYAOMENOS, 
 TO TTU 
 
 oetvo} uffiv OTC&V Z'TTiTv^atrtv' o ysvofitvog ffv\\oyiff- 3 
 fAog dwogiot yivsTai. dedsTai yu.% q dtoivoicx,' OTO.V 
 See the last MENEIN iMv yw /SouX^ra/, J/a TO tw dflitrttsiv TO 
 
 section, 2. ,* ../ ^\ N v / N b \ 
 
 v&v, Kgoitvcti og py ovvqTcti, diet. TO 
 TOV 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 217 
 
 [8. 2t^frj3flt/i>fj y g* rtvo$ Xoyoy, fj A<J>POSYNH 
 ra, dxgacrtotg, APETH. rdvotvriot ydg Kgdrrei Sv 
 
 /a rqv xgottrav' 
 
 HOMO, eivai, noti ov $tlv irgctrreiv' acrrs 
 xa,} ov ra, zutcoi, a|g/. 
 
 9. "}LTI, o TO nEnEiE0Ai KgcLrrav X.OLI Suuxuv ra '=- 
 
 rov f&q 
 
 aXXa 5/ dxgcwi&t. evtctroregog ya^, 
 o/ct TO fAsraTreur&ijvcii dv. o o djcgotrqs, tvoy^og ryj 
 10 wag 01 [At a, tv rj (pct&iv " orctv ro vdoog ftiyy* ri ^g? 
 
 / ' > v \ / rt J / ' 
 
 g; ^gv ya^ g^-gsrg/(TTO a vrgarrst, fterct,- yfy & l 
 
 dv Inoivffoiro' vvv Jg, weireurfAivog, 
 f /- / 
 
 JJTTCV aAAa WflGlTTSl* 
 
 10. v Er/, g/ vep} HANTA ditgucriot Icrrl a/ See the last 
 
 > / /ft / > ,, \ \ section, 6, 
 
 >tyxga,rsicx,) rtg o AHAfiE axgoirrig ; ovveig yap and the 
 
 >/ \> / \ \* f / '.I-,. 
 
 AIIA2A2 g^g/ raj ag>a<na* (fa^gi/ o g/j/a/ 
 
 A/ ^tgv oyi/ ADOPIAI, roioivroii rtveg 
 TOVTCM 3g, ra gf dvtXiiv Jg7, ra ^g aTaX/crg?v. 
 
 Icrriv. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE COMPATIBILITY OF INCONTINENCE AND 
 KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 I. Ilfwrov ^gv ouv <rg^rTgoj/, DOTEPON EIAOTES HSeec. i. $. 
 OY, KAI nnz EIAOTES. g?ra, nEPi noiA TON AKPATH b ok. 0f this 
 
 KAI TON EFKPATH ETEON* \iy&) ^g, WOTtgOV 
 
 xcti Xvirqv, 
 
 o AYTOS H 'ETEPOS ESTIN. of^oiag Jg ai tree} 
 
 f/ ~ ~ A / > \ r 
 
 ocra <rygi'^ r^$ veaiag tern 
 
218 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 
 woTtgov o iyKgarqg xdi o 
 
 xgctrqg stri ru vreg} &, q ru vug t%ovrtg rqv 5<a- 
 (fiogdv, Agya; Jg TOTtgor TU TTS^I rud} eivai [AOVOV 
 
 ' \ \ >\ ^\ .. .. \ ~ t\ %\ 1\ '... 
 
 qg o a,x,ga,Tr]g 9 q ov aAAa ra ag> q ov aAA 
 
 \<rriv y\ dxgouriu, x,oCi 5 
 TI tyxgareiot q ov' ovre *& fftgi vravr tcrrtv o 
 aw'h.&jg ctxgotTrjg, aXXa -/rg^/ ctTrg^ o a,%oXa,<rTog, ovre 
 ru wgog rctvra, d^'hug s^eiv (ravrov yoig oiv yv ry 
 dx,oX(X,<ricx,) , aAAct ru uoi z^siv. o fAtv yoip uytTai 
 wgoatgovfAwog, vofAifyv as] de7v TO irctgov qdu diuntiv 10 
 
 Vi if \ V' \' ~\ 
 
 o o ovx, oierai ptv, oiaxei ot.y 
 
 5 II. Ilg^! fMV OVV TOV AOSAN AAH0H, CtXAa MH 
 
 Seec. i. $. EniSTHMHN EINAIj nag* % v dxgotrevovTcti' ovffsv Sta- 
 ei i-gog TOV Xoyov. ^ivioi yoig ruv io%afarw ov 
 
 ) aXX* o/orrttj dxgtpag eiotvoti. el ovv 15 
 
 TO ^fg^a WtffrtUM oi io$olpvreg ^caXXov ruv 
 iroigct, TTJV WTroXq^tv Tr^d^ovfftVy ovdtv 
 
 two/ 
 
 f * % r ' 9 'rt <' f / 
 
 Ty-Troy o/? oo^a^oyj'/j', ^ tregoi oig iKurTOLVTOLi, 
 
 tf 'Hpdzheirog. 20 
 
 o EXHN MEN or XPHMENOS AE 
 
 in. 'AAX' gTg! Aixns "hiyoptv ro 
 MEN or XPHMENOS 
 or, Xgygra/ gV;Vra 
 Otugovvrtx, Jg, a ^^ 
 
 doxe7 deivov' 25 
 ot, g; ^t/^ Qtuguv. 
 
 IV. 'Er/, gTg! owo rgotroi ruv TrgOTdcrzcav' EXONTA 
 t ovfllv xahvei Kgdrreiv wagd rqv 
 
 XPfiMENON fAlVTOl T1J KA0OAOY CtXXfit 
 
 fAq 7i KATA MEPOE. ^a^Ta ya^, ra ^a^' ga<rra. 30 
 
 See the A/a(pSfg/ 5g a) TO KA0OAOY* TO [6\V yd? <!>* 
 
 Summary. t * v v , ' f/ 
 
 EAYTOY, TO EHI TOY nPAFMATOS tffTlV. 010V' OTl 
 
 wavri d^QuKci) ffvfytti ra |a, xdi OTI ovrog civ- 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 219 
 
 * ? on Zvgov TO roiovd$j aXX* gJ r 
 
 ovx, g;g/5 ovx> tvsgy. nur rg q TovTovg 
 ot<rsi Tovg TgOTrovg, ctfifyoivov offov. aarre 
 
 dro'Trov' dAAojg 0g, &a,u- 
 
 V. J/ Er/, TO eiv rqv IffurrqAyiv ctXXov 
 
 vvv pqdsvruv, vKctg^si ro7$ otvOgawois. b ru yat,^ 
 
 EXEIN MEN MH XPH20AI AE, dlOl,(p'sgOV(ra,V OgUfAtV rqv 
 
 t%eiv nag x,al [Aq t%eiv' oiov, rov 
 xcii fAutvofA&vov, %&,} oivwfAtvov. 
 
 OTTO AIATI0ENTAI oi EN TOIS OA0EEIN ON- 
 
 TES. Qvfjuo} yoig, xocl ZKidvfAioti cttpgodurfw, x&i ' 
 ruv 70ioura)v,< iKidfaug xtx,} TO <ru[Aa, pt 
 
 Ivioig $s %cii [Auvic&g noiovffiv. dqXov ovv, OTI 
 
 / \ ~ / 
 
 /y ASXT&OV Tovg axgc&TSig TOVTOig. 
 
 VI. To 5s Xsyg/v Tovg Xoyovg rovg c&wo Tjjg 
 
 ovotv (TtffAMOv. fctx,} yup 01 tv Tolg 
 ovTtg, d'Tro^ei^eig xcii 'ivy "hiyovffiv 
 
 XCM Ot TTgUTOV [AOtoVTSg, ffVVSl^OVfft fAV TOVg 
 
 TOVTGJ 
 
 g wovov g. MffTt xotc'Trep Tovg 
 
 tr f / . / \ \ 
 
 ovTtug vffoAri'X'Ttov Atysiv nan Tovg a 
 VII. V Er/, xa,} Se (vtrixvg av Tig 
 
 ctfTtav. q [Atv yagt x,ct@oAou oo^ct,' r\ o grg 
 ruv Kud* tJtuffTu, tffTiv &>v ttfo&ytfig %!$?] 
 og fjuicx, TENHTAI gf otvTuv' dvciyx,?] TO 
 V) 'iv0ot {A\V) tydvui TTJV $vyyi9i tv Jg Toug 
 
 potTTeiv evflug. oiov' el vravTog yXvxzog yev- 
 g7, TOVTI ^g yAvxv (ag tv n rav naff g 
 
 TOV 
 
 TOVTO %tt,l KOLTTSlV. OTO.V OVV V\ JL>tV KA0OAOY 
 
 ivy, xaAvovff-a ytvwQcu' q Sg, OTI vaiv ro 
 qdv, TOVT} ^g y\VKV' a,VTr t Jg inpyti* ruffl 
 6v(julct Ivovtroe,' fi fMv Atyti (fizvyeiv TOVTO, fj 
 
220 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK VH. 
 
 See B.I. $y/j,/ a dysi. 9CIVBIV yap 'EKAETON tiwarClt TON MO- 
 
 C V ^ 111. . * f \ * .-.'!- 
 
 and vii. SeePIflN. fiy<Trg (TVfApCllvety W7TO 
 
 also B. VI. / ,, '1 
 
 oi^ ^ AOSA, rJ o$ Xoya;. (alffre %&} dioi roDro5 
 
 on ovx, tt ruv 
 
 Jg Xygra/ ^ ayvo/a, 
 
 o dxgarqg' o avros Xoyo? ^a; Tg^J oiv&tfAtvov 10 
 gyJovro?, xai ou TJ/o^ royroy roS vrciffovg. 
 ov del craga T^J/ fva'ioXo'yottv dxoveiv. 
 
 viii. 
 
 * 
 
 KU.I xvpia ruv 
 5 
 
 f 
 
 Seethe I > \ * / v 1 ~ ~ /j^ 
 
 last sec- < &tmi(A09$*09 OfAOlUg UVKl OOXSIV TV XOttJoXoV, TOV 
 I / r/ r \n ^ ti y/ xj, / 
 
 (^ g<r^aroi/ ogov' [a/J go/^gi' o g^rg/ 2u%got,T9]g pup- 
 
 (BaiMlV. Of TAP THE KYPinS EDISTHMHS EINAI AO- 20 
 KOYSHE, nAPOYSHS, TINETAI TO DA0OS, OYA* ? AYTH 
 HEPIEAKETAI AIA TO OA0OS* AAAA TH2 AIS0H- 
 TIKHZ. 
 
 } {tlv ovv rov sidora, *ai py, xcii Kug sidorct,, 
 dxp t a,T6veo'0a,t' rotroivrot tlghffSv. 25 
 
CHAP, in ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 221 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON THE SUBJECTS TO WHICH INCONTINENCE 
 RELATES. 
 
 I. Horsgov y Iffrl rig 'ATIASI? AKPATHE, J TTOIV- 6 
 rsg KATA MEPOS* xcti ti ifffi. DEPI noiA Itrrr s e th 
 
 , , chap.$.i. 
 
 XgfcTgOV e<pg??, See also 
 
 c. i. . v. 
 10. of this 
 
 f/ -^ S V \ * N linnk 
 
 II. On fASV OVV TTSgt HAONAE KAI AYDAS 
 
 r> oi r iyxgotreig jcoti xagrsgixoi, nau oi dxgotriig 
 
 ffr ra fAtv vayxouct,, rav TTOIOVVTOIV 
 roi i', aJ^gra fA\v xaQ* ayra, 'i^ovra, S' 
 ANAFKAIA [&\v, ra (rcof^artfcoi. "h'tya Jg 
 lor rotavra' roe, re Trei rqv roqv, xcti rqv ruv 
 
 xai rot roiavroc, ruv 
 
 OEPI 'A THN AKOAASIAN E0EMEN KAI THN EflOPO- 
 EYNHN. rd y, ANAFKAIA MEN OY, *AIPETA AE KA0' 
 
 'AYTA. Xgya; J', o/ov vixqv, rtftqv, ^rXoyrov, xa/ rd 
 15ro/ayra Ta/v dyct,0&Jv KCM qozuv. 
 
 III. Toy? ^&gj> oyv ^o$ TAYTA ^rot^d roy o^ov 
 yTg^/SaXXovra? rov gv avroig, 'ADAHS ^ogv oy 
 
 dxgoirtig, nPOETi0ENTE2 Jg, ro " wqf&arw 
 \ / v > \ , ~ \ 
 
 xai %tgoovg y zai ' rifAqg, xai 
 
 in'h.ug y ov' &>g 'ETEPOYS KAI KA' 
 r OMOioTHTA AEFOMENOYS* *Wg " avdguwog o rd 
 vvi%,7]%ug" (ixeiva yd^, o xotvog Xoyog 
 
 '%/ ~V' A 's-s' r/ " V \ 
 
 idiov fAitcpck) oiztpsgeV ctXX ofjuag trepog jjv.) (rrj- 
 ii' q 
 
 SOAMAPTIA fAovov, xx a fij KAKIA r/j, 
 ovtrct,, % nctrd rt fAtgog' rovreuv 5* ovfaig. 
 
222 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK VH. 
 
 IV. Tuv is crg>; rag 
 
 tig hiyofAev roi/ (rutygova xa} dxoXatrrov' o MH 
 nPOAiPEiAi, rwv rt qd'zav duvxav rag 
 
 xa ruv hvwijguv (peuyav, Trevqg, xa 
 xai aXtag, %au ^vy^ovg^ fcoci Kctvrav ruv *tgt 
 xcti yevffiv, ctXXa HAPA THN HPOAIPESIN xoc,} rqv 
 
 AKPATHE XgygTOt/, OY KATA OPOZQEEIN, 
 
 on KZgi ruoSy xaOa'Treg ogyqg, a AX* 'AnAfiE JAOVOV. 
 <rrj[At7ov Jg' a/ ya^ MAAAKOI Xgyovra; we^i rc&v- 
 rag, ireg} txetvav & ovd&fAiav. JCOLI dioi TOVT\ eig 10 
 ravrov TON AKPATH KAI TON AKOAASTON 
 
 EFKPATH KAI SHOPONA, aXX OVX, 
 
 dioi ro crgf) roig avToig nag qdovag zcu 
 
 nPI TAYTA, OtXX OYX fiSAY- lo 
 
 stvut. 
 
 Seec. i. $. V - &' 
 
 iv. 4. and $. Tns 6 i ff ' tVt ^XX' O/ ^b OPOAIPOYNTAI, 01 5' OY 
 
 v ' % ^ -^ . /^ v 
 
 nPOAiPOYNTAi. o/o aXXov uxoXcttrrov av 
 
 
 , dtuxei rag 
 
 xoti <pewy&i [Aeriug hvvrc&g' q TOVTOV, o<rrig /a ro 
 ri yug av txeHvog Koiqo'etsv, e 
 
 roig rav 
 
 (pol$gct 
 
 votyxc&av 
 
 tvdsiag 
 
 VI. 'Efl-g! 3s rav evtOvfjuSv xoti ruv jiovSv, at 
 iv stffi ru yivti xuhuv x,oti ffTTOVoctiuv* (ruv ya 
 diuv 'ivtot, (purei aigera, roi J' ivavrtct rovruv, 
 
 olov 
 
 para, KCLI xigdog, %ai vi%y] 9 xcii ri {/,%') ngog divavra, 
 
 xot roi rotavra, xa,} roi fAsrau, ov Tli DASXEIN, 
 xa,} (p/Xglv, ^iyovrat' aXXot TjQ 
 
 xa} viregjBdhXeiv. 30 
 
 VII. A*o, offoi ftiv wagd rov Xoyot* [^ xgarovv- 
 ] $i<ax,ov<ri ruv (fiuffei n xahav xa} uyaOvv' 
 oi vs} rijbqv aXXov ? Jg7 ffTrovdavreg) 3j 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 } rsxvot, *a! yoviig* (XOLI yole ravrot, ruv ayot- 
 xa,} evaivovvrat 01 vei ravra, 
 
 ofAug, s<rn rig j^rg/30A^ xcti \v rovroig' si' rig, 
 } N;o/3*7> [Aot'fcoiro xou Tgog rovg 0sovg 9 ?, 
 
 rov KMTtPcc,. Xiav yup idoxtt {Atopaivtiv.) MOXHPIA See page 
 
 v r S >V' 5 r 5 v 5> NV, / 221.1.25. 
 
 JAW ovv ovoepicx, DEPI TAYT g<rr/, otex, ro etgyptvov' 
 OTI (fivffti ruv ,ex,ip&rc*)v zx,(x,(rrov ten 01 avro. (f)av- 
 Xa/ Si xc&l <psv%ra,} civruv tiwv 'AI 'rnEPBOAAi. 
 10 VIII. 'OfAoiag Jg oiJg AKPAZIA. ij yag a 
 
 OU (AOVOV (pZVXTOV, OtXXcfi a) THN NEKTON Iffrlv. 
 
 ofAoiorrjTcx, $z rou ffctOovgi irgoffSTrirtfavTeg, rqv 
 
 criccv Keg} txatrrou \iyovffiv' oiov, ' 4 xowov targov" 
 
 xoii " acixov * vvroKtrw'" ov 'AnAns oux, av 
 
 <r#*g ovv ovtf ttT&Sfa, dia ro 
 
 sivoti ZfcapTiiv avruv, aXXa r<w avuXoyov OMOIAN* 
 OVTCU ivXdr, on &oixe7 9 vKohiiwrzov [Aovqv d%got<ri(x,v 
 syxgareiav sivai, 'HTIS ESTI REPI TAYTA T^ 
 
 KAI T^ AKOAASIA. -ZTg^! $6 0V{AOV, KA' 
 
 20'oMoiOTHTA h&oAtv' Sio 
 
 xct xtgoovg 
 IX. 'E-/rg! y 
 
 ru, Atv a^rX^y TOO og xara zv) xoti 
 
 
 ro ovx, ESTIN, aa ra fAv 
 ) roi Jg it I8q TINETAI, ra Jg did 
 
 t^} rovruv 
 IAEIN 'ESEIS. Xgo; ^g, rag HpmAEis. oiov, rqv oiv- 
 
 ) yjv Xzyovn, roig xvovtrotg dvot,<r%iouff'ot,v roi 
 xar&ff'Qtsiv' ? oi'oig fcotigeiv tyouriv svioug rw 
 ct t '7rrjygioi)[Aivcii)v Kzgi rov Tlovrov, rovg (Aiv afAolg* rovg 
 
 rovg dl roi wottdia 
 eig zvaicw' } ro 
 
224 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 
 X. AvTCti fA\V HPIfiAEIE. at Jg, Sioi NOEOYE y't- 
 
 *^%N ' " ' N ' 
 
 VOVTCU, XOll OlU, MANIAN tVtOig' CtHTITSg T9JV fAVTtgO, 
 
 xa&ieg&viroig xou tyat,yuvt xou o rov ffvvdovXov TO 
 
 * olov 9 
 
 tea,} 
 
 rovroig* yj ruv goouruv roig dppscriv* 
 rolg $ g| 
 
 oiov, TOIC vgiofAtvotg x, 
 
 XI. "Offoig fttv ovv (p6<7tg Birife* rovrovg fAt 
 
 ovdeig av eiireitt dftgotTSig' uffirtg ovtfe roig yvv<x,7-\0 
 
 on ovx OKviovtriv aXX* OKVIOVTMI. &xrcx,vrug g, 
 x,at ro7g vo<ri>)(A(x,rudug typoin ii 'i&og* TO ptv ovv 
 
 EXEIN ZXOKTTCe, TOVT6t)V 9 t%&) TWV OtoV IffTl TJJg KAKIAS> 
 
 0HPIOTHS. TO EXONTA KPATEIN 
 
 rr>s ' / ^^ 
 
 K.PATEI20AI, OV% H ADAH axga<riOt fiftXX H KA0 
 
 'OMOIOTHTA* xa^a^rg xa/ TOI/ flrg) Tovg YMOYS 
 
 TOVTOV rov Tgonov rov Kctovg* AKPATH ov 
 
 xa ctxoatra, xa ^ag^roT^^' a/ |X6H 
 a,i ^g Wfjp&rt&Ht tiffiv. o ftkv yoig 
 ToiovTog, olog otditvau irctvrct,) xctv 
 
 Jg/X/av Jg/Xo* o Jg T^V yaXJJy gjgj/g/, 
 
 
 AIA NOEON. xa rav tpgovav, o fttv x. 
 d'h.oyurroi xcti [AOVOV rjj alffiiiffsi cfivrtg, 
 AEIE, (iV'/rg^ g^a ygi/?? r^f wop pa (Bagfidgav^)' ol 
 5g 5/a ^o<roy?, (o/ov ra$ NnXjpmJta?, ? ^taf/a^,) 
 
 N02HMATOAEIS. 
 
 ', gVr/ ^tgv 6^e/i T/i'd gVorg fAOvov, {ATJ 
 
 vaidiov (fiuyiiv, ij wgog d 
 qoovrjv. 'tffn og xa,} x^arg7<r^a/> ^^ JAOVO 
 
 ' 
 
 ' ovv xct,} MOX0HPIA, ?) fA\v xctT 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 'AIIAHS "hiytrcti f&ojfjfqgirt' ij Jg, KATA nPO0E2iN> on 
 
 Oqgiadqg TJ votrq pur u$ rig, cx,7rAug $ ov' rov avrov 
 rgovov STJAOV, on xoti AKPAEIA \(rnv> r t ptv 0HPin- 
 
 AHS. ^ Jg NOSHMAT17AHS, dwAag ^g, *H KATA THN 
 5AN0PmiINHN AKOA ASIAN MONH. 
 
 XII. On [Atv ovv a,% POUT i a, KOLI tyxpuT&ia, tarn "J 
 
 \ r/ > \ / \ v 
 
 ov Tttgi otftsg a, %o Aetna, nai cr&)(p^o(ruvy}' xat on 
 
 rot ctXXa \<rnv aXXo g/^o a^aer/a, AEFO- 
 
 MENON KATA METAOOPAN KAI OYX 
 
 ' 
 
 10 hov. on Jg xa,} 'HTTON AIEXPA iuGo&itt'H TOY 
 
 
 0YMOY 7) H T^N Eni0YMinN' 
 
 1. "Eo/fcg a o Qvtog AKOYEIN MEN TI rov Xo- 
 
 DAP AKOYEIN g' ^actcrg^ o Tctfctig TM 
 xovuv, o\ srjiii ctfcovarctt vciv TO 
 15 sirot dfAagroutowrt T^C, vgo<rr&$sw{' xcti oi 
 7rp]v o-Kti^Ka-Qui si (p'tAog, oiv povov tyoty' 
 ovrug o OuAog, 5/a OeAonyrci, %,oti 
 
 rqv nfAugtuv. o {Atv yug Xo- 
 tcx,) on v(3gig q oAtyagioe,, toqA&Hrev 
 (rvAAoyto'cifAtvog on Jg7 ru TOIOUTW iro- 
 
 ffvy on ^v o Aoyog, yj fj cc,i'<r@7}<rig' o 
 
 u<rd* o ptv Ovpog ct,%oAov@e7 ru 
 r\ (f tKtdvfAicx, ov. otifffciav ovv. o fA\v 
 
 rov flvpov uxgurrig, rov Aoyov wag rjrrurat' o 
 ryjg iKiflvfAictg, fcoti ov rov \oyov* 
 2. Er/j rotig <f>YZiKAi2: ^aXXof ffvyyvupri axo- 
 o^ecrtv' lvz} x,oti wridvpticug rctlg roiuvratg 
 , ocrott xoiva,} woia-i, xcti g(p' otrov xotvui. o Jg 
 0vfAog (fiver itcarsgoV) xcti r\ ^ctXe'Trorqg , ruv i 
 rav rqg vffsgPo'h.ijg, tcotl ruv fAq ot,vuyx,ct,iuv. 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK VH. 
 
 on TOV irargct, TVKTOI' " xou y 
 ovTog" g<p?7, " TOV tuvrov, xdx,e7voc TOV avuSev" xcci 
 
 v V V /y \ 7- ' v ' "x.. ,t " 
 
 TO iratoiov oei%cx,g, xat ovTog tpt, g(p??> " oruv 
 yevqToti. (rwyyevt$ ya^ ijfAiv. xcci o gXo- 
 VKO rov viov, 7ravt<r0a,i txzXtvz vgog ralg Qv- 
 * xai yug avrog tXxv<ra,i TOV 
 
 3. ''Er/, AAIKHTEPOI ol iirijoouhorepoi. o 
 
 ovv Qvpoodrig ovx, gsn/SoyAo^, oi>(? o Ovftog, aXXa (pa- 
 vegog. t) y ZKidufAia,, K&QoL'xiQ Tr\v ' Atygobiri)* (pa<rr 10 
 
 TOV 
 
 (pgov&ovTog evffT eiwzg atxuTtga, x,oit 
 \ axgotcrtot, avTq, Tjjg nto] TOV Ovftov 
 aVXa)? ax^a<r/a, xa) a/a ^a;?]. 15 
 
 4. "Er^ oyJg!^ y/S^/^g/ AYnoYMENOs* o' J' 
 
 XwovfAevog' o ft v/3giav, 
 
 qoovqg. el ovv olg ogyict<r6(x,i ^aA^ra Sixaiov, TUV- 
 rct, aJ/x^Vg^a" xai ^ a^afl"/a ^ 3/ t<7ri6v[JL,ia,v. ou 
 tv 
 
 XIII. ^ fttv Tovvv a,<r%av TJ 
 
 tot,, Trig Ktgt rov 6v(juov xa,} OTt ESTIN 'H 
 
 EFKPATEIA KAI *H AKPASIA DEPI Eni0YMIAE KAI 
 
 'HAONAZ snMATiKAS* djjXov. UVTUV Jg TOVTUV TOLC 
 diatyogag XrjWTtov. ao-veg yc&g ttgfjTCU XUT dg^ac, 20 
 at f&tv uvfiguKitcat tin xcct <J>YSIKAI, %cii TU yivsi 
 } ra ptyidtt' at Jg enprnAEir* a/ 
 
 xa,} voa-qfAOLTcc,. TOVTUV g, Trti Tag 
 
 See iv. ^ \ 
 
 See iv. ^ \ / //" >,v ^^ 
 
 of this chap. <Pgo<rvt>y w axoXtoffict, ftovov iffTiv. oio xai TCL 
 TZ ffutygovcx, OUT aoXa<rra Xgyo^gy, ctXX* J 
 era,<pogav 9 x,u,} ei rtvi o\ug aXXo vgog XX 
 g^g/ yivog rav ^aav, vfigtt, oii (rivuftugfa,, xcx,} ra 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 eivai. ov yag 'i^st wgoaige<riv 9 oiJg Xo- 
 ryjg (putrtugt <iWg oi 
 
 
 XIV. "EXarroi/ Jg tilgioriK xotxiag, 
 
 OV yug AIEO0APTAI TO fii^TlOV, ffKtg tV 
 
 i EXEI. opoiov ovv, f*Sg ci 
 wgog 'ifA^wfcov, Troregov xotxtov. 
 vsorriga, yug fj Qav'horTis de}, f) rov [MI 'i^ovrog 
 o Jg vovg dwf). KUPct'Tr'h.fjffiov ovv ro orvpfi 
 
 > ^ / \ v A *r\, \ 
 
 uoixiav Kgog avvguTcov uoinov. i<rn yag 
 xotxiov. [AvgioKXcuria, yag uv xuxa, 
 xowog 0q!ov. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON THE MORAL HABIT OF ENDURANCE. 
 
 I. Hg^l Jg roig }/ d(ffig KVLI ysvareug r^ovoig zcti 8 
 
 N \or/ 
 
 (fivyug, Kepi ag q rg 
 
 o oei r, 
 
 . f : - 
 
 . ' : 
 
 16 a#oAa<na ^ot; ^ ffortpgoffvry oitogurvyi Kgorepov' t&ri book. 
 
 a>ffTi rjTraffflai act,} Sv oi 
 Jg, 
 
 jca <vv o -/roo TTOug. 
 TOVTUV , o &ogy ^g' HAONAS aar^, o J' EFKPA- 
 
 THS* o Jg srg/ AYHAS aXa^oj, o 5g KAPTEPI- 
 
 20 KOS. ^grafu J' ^ rwy wXeiffTav z%ig' %a 
 
 %av g/ 
 rotg 
 II. 'E^/rg) o gv/a/ rcwv qdovuv cx,vcx,y%ciuu,i tiffiv, cti 
 
 -> H \ ' \ t \> t /) \ ii\ > v f 
 
 oy ct/ tti rtvog, ui o virzgpo^ou oy, oyo a/ 
 
 25 XyTaj' o ^cgy rag vvegfiohoig dtaxav ruv q& 
 
 KegfioXqv, xoti AIA HPOAIPESIN, ii avrdg act,} x*ff 
 
 \iw /5^. / x ) 
 
 Ot ZTSgOV OLKOpOLlVOV AKOAAETOS. 
 
 rovTOV ri tvcti AtTGtAqTitcoV uffr otvturog 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 o yoig otfMToifAehiiTog aviotTog.) o tf tXXetvuv , 'o 
 
 ANTIKEIMENOE* Jg fASffOS , SOPHIST. OfAOlug Jg JCOil 
 
 o tyevyuv rag (rcufAoiTtxoig hvTrc&g, py it JITTCX,V> aXXa 
 
 AIA nPOAIPEEIN. TUV Jg MH nPOAIPOYMENHN, 
 
 fA\V AFETAI AIA THN 'HAONHN. Jg, dioi TO <!>EYrElN5 
 THN AYOHN \_T7]V citfC T7}g tWffvfMUf^ 'ftSTE AIA<J>E- 
 POYSIN AAAHAfiN, 
 
 Seec. i. . in. Ylavr} $ oiv do%ei6 fceiguv etvcti, tt rtffMJ 
 
 v. 9. of this /i~s\/ / ^ * ' ^'^ 
 
 book. tirwvp&v r\ qgZfAtt,, Kgurroi n CCKT^OV, q et ortyooga, 
 
 ' KOU el pi} ogyifyptvog TVKTOI, J g/ ogyi- 10 
 rl yoig oiv ivo'tei Iv KocOei oiy ; 5/o, 'o AKO- 
 
 AASTOS XEIPfiN TOY AKPATOYr. 
 
 "See line jy. Twv ] htydtVTVV, a TO ftv MAAAKIAS tlog 
 
 4 of this r , v / 1 V ~ v 
 
 page. [ J M,aXAoi> t o o , ctxoXoiffTog J' ANTIKEITAI og, r^ fttv 
 
 AKPATEI EFKPATHr, T^ Jg MAAAKli KAPTEPIKOS. 15 
 
 TO tAtv yap xupTSPs7v I(TT}V sv T& * 
 
 , ~ b ~ f/ v ^ 
 
 gj/ ro; Kgctretv. tTtgov os TO 
 affKtg xa,} TO fAq qTToLffQou, TOV vinciv. /o 
 'AIPETHTEPON iyxgotTBice, ttagTZglotg \<TTIV. 
 V. 'O 3* gXXg/T<yy ^og a o/ ^oXXo) a/ avTiTti- 20 
 xa) t/varrM* 'OYTOS 
 
 yu,P rj Tpv(pj UM^aiua Tig IG-TIV. og tXxei TO 
 
 IVCt, (A 
 
 xo fAifAoutAtvog TOV xufAvovTot, ovx, OI'STOII 
 
 efvut, a.Q\i<[) o'ftoiog uv. opo'iug $ l-fctt xct,} TTS^I 25 
 
 v xoti otxgouriav. ov yug el Tig 
 vffegfBciXXouffuv 
 
 aXXa (ruyyvufAovixov, el dvTiTetvav' 
 o QeodexTov O/XOXTJJT^J, vwo TOV e^eug 
 p'evog' % o Kagxivou Iv Ty 'AXoV?? Kegxv&tv' xcti 30 
 
 01 xc&Teeiv KeiuAevot TOV 
 
 oiov <rvviwe<re *5<evo<()a,vT<f)') aXA' ei 
 rig, Kgog ag 01 ^roXXo/ duvavToti dvTe%eiv. TOVTMV 
 tea,} ivvarat avTiTtiveiV) pri iia, <p6(riv 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 229 
 
 rov yivovg, 
 
 vo<rov (olov, \v To7g 2y&yi> (Bouri- 
 
 Siot, TO yivog' xoii ug TO 
 ygog TO cipptv Sit(rT7]ztv). do%e7 Jg KOU o 
 AHS 
 
 sivai. \(fn fit 
 
 j 
 dvoLirotuffig' TWV og 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 CONTAINING VARIOUS MINOR POSITIONS AND QUES- 
 TIONS RELATING TO CONTINENCE AND INCONTI- 
 
 NENCE. 
 
 I. 'A*&r0tf Jg, TO (MV nPOHETEIA, TO y AS0E- 
 
 NEIA. o; ftiv yug* (Bovhev<ra{Aevoi 9 ovx, t 
 
 otg tfiov'heva'otvTO, ^a TO <7rct,0og' 01 Jg, dia TO 
 
 TOV 
 ou 
 
 'ivioi 
 
 OVTOJ) 
 
 xoct 
 
 zcti 
 
 Ttg lotVTOvg xu} TOV Xoyicrpov' 
 
 ~ /A >/^\'> l ^'5* /s\ 
 
 TOI iravoug, OVT a,v qov ^ OVT ow 
 
 15X/<rTC6 J' 01 OHEIS XOt,} MEAArXOAIKOI, T7JV 
 
 sltriv d%cx,Tei. 01 
 
 vi>T?jTa, 01 g <a 
 \^/ %\ v 
 
 TOV Xoyov, diet TO 
 
 ovx, vot,fAtvov(ri 
 v ~ 
 
 sivott Tq cw- 
 
 20 II. "&(TTI y o {A\ 
 
 OY METAMEAHTIKOE. tfAfASVBl 
 
 , 
 
 T 
 
 iio 
 
 5Ta. 010 OVfo nsnEP See c. i. . 
 
 '. ~ * \ ^ v. 9. *of this 
 
 aXX o [AW ANIATOS, book ; 
 
 HnOPHEAMEN, OVTU %,CX,l 
 
 o' y IATOZ. 'ioixe yug fj [Atv fAO%0qgict,, TUV 
 25 row, oiov vdtgw xou <p0'uret f YI $ axgoxria, To7g i 
 
230 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 
 . f) ftlv ydg trvve^g' q (f ov 
 
 ill. Ket/ oXag J', 'ETEPON TO TENOE AKPASIAS 
 
 KAI KAKIAE. ^ [AtV ydg KOMIO, XotvOuVSt' 7] ft dzgCA- 
 
 ov hoivQctvti. avTav Jg rouruv, fieXnovg ol g- 
 01 7ov Aoyov ty^ovreg {Atv, [Ay zpfAtvovreg 
 
 ovx, 
 
 regoi. oftoiog y&Q o xga,- 
 
 rfjg Iffn rolg ru^u [AeflvtrxofAtvoig , xoti UK o\iyov 
 oi'vou, xoti tXarrovog q ag ol ^roXXo/. on ^v ovv 10 
 
 ovx, 
 
 TO {Mv yog OAPA HPOAIPEEIN, TO s KATA 
 nPOAiPESiN tffnv. ov [Aqv aXX OIAWOV ye XUTOC, rag 
 
 nPAHEIS. UffKtQ TO &1JfMOOXOV Big 
 
 *' "NliXqcrioi d^vveroi [A\v ovx, tfariv, dgua-i $ 
 01 <x,%vveTOi" xoii ol dtcgctTiig adixoi fAtv oi>% 
 
 TO DE- 
 
 book. HEISGAI, t&t(9 Toig %ct,P vveg/SoXriv KOL} vaga, rov 
 
 ogffov hoyov ffca[A<x,riK,u,g ijiof&s' o Se nEriEirrAi,20 
 itoi TO TOiovrog s7voe,t oiog diuxtiv a,VT<ig' 
 
 fAlV OVV EYMETAIIEIETO2, ft OV. *H TAP APETH 
 KAI *H MOX0HPIA THN APXHN, *H MEN O0EIPEI, *H 
 
 AE snzEi. tv Jg rctlg ^a|g<r/, TO 'or 'ENEKA 
 
 Iv role fAotdqfAunxolg, oti vvofaffetf ovrt 
 ' 
 
 , 'o Aoror oiootcrxaXixog r&jv dg^uvy ovre tv- 
 aXX* c^gT??, J $U(rix?) ij iQirrij, TOV OP&O- 
 
 >,v~ \N' / \ f * ~ 
 
 oo%eiv wegi rqv APXHN. ffatpgojv fAZv ovv o Toiovrog' 
 o 
 
 o zvavriog. t<rn g T/J, oi 
 rov oQov \oov ov 9 
 
 TOV OP0V \OyOV, KgUTtl TO 
 
 JtfTi y eivat TOIOVTOV, olov nEDEiEGAi J/J^g/p dvtiip 
 oiiv Toig ToiuvTcts rioovdg' ov xgarst. 'OTTOZ ESTIN 
 'o AKPATHZ' fifXriw TOV dx,oXce.(TTov, ov(?k 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 yag ro (BsXrirrov, 'H APXH. di\Xog 
 $ Imvriog* o IfAfAeverixog tea,} ovx, i%(rrot,rt%og 9 did 
 y& TO vrciQog. (fiavegov dy \x rovrcav, on q {A\v, 
 
 SIIOYAAIA gff' fj Jg> <J>AYAH. 
 
 5 V. Hortgov ouvzyzgctrfjg Iffriv, o 'onoi^OYN Aoyo;, 10 
 
 'onoiAoYN Kgouigta-ti, iftfAtvw, 9) o T^ OP0I^; ^g ^'^ 
 ris ii, o owoiaovv psir, iftf*tv*9 vgoaigitrei, book - 
 
 xoti OKOIUOVV oa;, o 
 
 ivsi Tr t og0y ; uffireg qTrogrjOy] vrgorsgov. 
 
 10 VI. H KATA MEN SYMBEBHKOE, OKOtUOVV' KA0' 
 
 'AYTO Jg, ru (iKr${i hoy KOU ry og0y wgoctigta'eh 
 o fA\v \p,(JL>tvit\ o 5' ouz tftfAsvsi ; st yag rig ro$i 
 roJi aigtirai Jj itwttt' xaff CCVTO plv Tovro 
 x,ai uig$ircH 9 otra (rvp/Sefiqxog Jg TO 
 . dir'hwg Jg Xsyo^g!/, ro naff auro. 
 [A\v, ug oKoiaovv do%r} o 
 
 
 VII. E;V! ^g r^j/g? a! IAzviriico} r $o%i>], ovg 
 
 ' oov, ov<r i ?reiff'roi) x>ou obx> 
 
 20 tvfteraxsHrroi. o opoiov JAM <ri y^ovffi ru 
 
 o ci<r<urog TW tXevffegiu, %a} o Qgourvg ru 
 slo"} 5' tregoi xoira, TroXXct. o (A\v y&g 
 
 AIA HA0OS KAI EHI0YMIAN 0V {ABrCt/SotXhSl, ly- 
 
 * 
 
 25o g, o^ Yno AoroY. g-/rg vtvpuo^ yz 
 fSoivovtri, KUI ciyovrui croXXoi VKO rw ydovuv. 
 Jg i&fcugoyv&ifLoveg, oi ioioyvufAOvsg) KU} 01 atAot 
 x,ou oi oiygoinoi. ol fAtv idioyvafAoveg, di qdovriv 
 yae vix,b)vr&g> ZMV [A 
 
 ret auruv ?5, 
 
 Sffrt AuhXov ra aarg? loi%a<riv, 
 
 VIII. E/V5 Jg TlVtg, 'oi TOIS AOHASIN OYK EM- 
 
232 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 
 MENOYSIN, OY A I* AKPAriAN* 0/OV, tV TU 
 
 ru 2o<po#Xgoy o Ngosrro'Xg^/os. xairoi it qdovqv ov 
 
 aXXa xuhrv. TO u uhqQeueiv OC.VTU 
 
 $ VTTO rov 'Qdvptriag -<l>tv!)e<r0ai. o 
 o it 9 qSovqv rt rgotrran, our uxoXaffrog, ovre 
 
 OVT 
 
 
 11 IX. Eff-g ffr rig xoti roiovrog, oiog qrrov 
 
 iei ro7g {refAot,Tix,o7g %ptif*f 9 xa] ovx iftfAtvuv ru 
 
 y roiovroc' rovrov xcti rov oi&garovg, MESOS o\0 
 
 o (JLZV yag otxguryig, oux, ifApivet ru \dyu 
 iot, ro AoiXXov n, ovrog og, o;a ro qrrov n' o J* 
 xa) ovcfe 3/ frivol 
 
 og* og, g^^g^ ^ gy^otTg/ot ffKOUOOLioV) afAtpOTtgcig rce,g 
 tvavriag t%eig (fav^ag eivai' axr'Tre^ KOL\ (paivovrui. 15 
 aXXot o/a TO, T^^ grg^ai/ gv ohiyoig xcti 
 eivai <ptx,vtgotv' Zff'Trig q o-utpgotrvvji] ry 
 
 svctvrov tivai [AOVOV, ovru %a ) yxgctrtia, 
 
 Seec.i. $. x. 'E-rg/ Jg atf' otAOiorqro!, ToXXa Xgygra/' ^a! 20 
 
 iv. 4. and * f 
 
 j. v. 5. H EFKPATEIA H TOY Sn<J>PONOS KA0 OMOIOTHTA 
 
 i)%oXov0)i%Bv. o re ya,g tyxgaryig, olog fAqdlv Kugoi 
 rov Xoyov iioi rag a-afACLritcoig ydovdig iroitlv' xcc,} o 
 
 o (Atv \yjtiv, o o ouz 
 o Mv, rotovrog olog w 
 
 rov Xoyoi/, o ^', olog qot(r0cx,i aXXa pri 
 O[AOIOI Jg, xa! o dxgotrqg xct} o d%oXa{rrog, 
 
 tv ovrtg' dtortoi Jg ra trwfiCWtca r^ku, 
 
 aXX* o ^c/g^j a! oioftsvog Siiv, o o 9 oux oiopsvog. 
 
 Seec. i.j. XI< Qu^ *AMA <1>PONIMON KAI AKPATH 
 
 Mr. 5. and v , , v , v 
 
 $. v. 3, 4. g/i/a/ roy otvrov. upa. ycx,p QgovifAog, xoti 
 
 it 
 
 TO T^of, ozoeiXTUi &v. gr/ ou T&; g/og^a; JAOVOV 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 233 
 
 viftog, aXXa a< ru Kgot,%rt&6g' o S* dxgoirqgt ov 
 TTgotxrixog. rov Jg AEINON, ovSiv xaXvei d&garij 
 eivoti. dio x-di Soxovtriv Iviore (ovitoi iv etvoti 
 
 nveg, dxgarsig Jg* J/a ro, rqv Szivorqrot 
 
 rov eipqtAtvov rpoirov tv ro7g wp&roig SeeB.vi.c. 
 
 \ \\\./ N *5*5. viii. . viii. 
 
 x,cx,i xuroc, f&zv rov Xoyov tyyvg etuai, oiot- 
 g ara rqv Trpouipeffiv. ouJg djj 9 ug o 
 
 V A ^. ' ' A '* 
 
 / veaguv aXX #5 o xotveuoav 
 
 XII. Ka/ g^i/ ^gv' (rpoTTov ydp TWO, EIAHS, 
 
 10 v ' ~ \ 7- w \ % v * 
 
 LU y zvtza.') vovqgog G ov. y\ 
 
 'HMinoNHPOS. xcti ovx 
 
 ov yag gV//3otAo. o piv yoig CIVTUV, ovx, I 
 
 oig oiv fiovXtvtrqrcti' o Jg fAeXa i y% / o'hix,og, ovftt /3ov- 
 
 Xsvrixog o\ag. xcii 'ioix,z dq o 
 
 TO. 
 
 Jg ovd'tv. a 
 
 rj TTO^ /oy?, ]j vopwv ovfiev p^e\si. 
 
 *V\ \ /Nw/ ~V 
 
 o oi vrovqgog) wafAtvri u,tv roig vofAOig, wovqgoig ot 
 
 XIII. <rr/ ( x,oot<rict,y %,&, tyxgorsta,, tip ^ ee c - \ v - 
 TO 'YOEPBAAAON THS TON noAA^N ^ESEHS. o 
 
 o i' yjrrov, rqg ruv 
 
 25 xiv. EYIATOTEPA Jg rftJv dytgouriuv, qv o/^gXay-See . i. of 
 
 / ^/^" / \\ (his chap. 
 
 ar&vovruiy TUV povXtvofttvuv ptv ^ 
 Jg. sea} ol ii \6tffflOV dnguriig, ruv 
 paiov yd^ 'i@og ^gra^v^a/, Qvfftuq. Sid 
 g rovTo xu,} TO 'idog ^aXg^rov, ori ry <pv<rei EOIKEN. 
 
234 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK VH. 
 
 xa 
 rat/njv 
 
 T/ 
 
 #a>rg/a, a) r ^aaxa' *a STO i^ovj*/* a 
 /$ avrai Kos aXX^Xa?* g/ra/. 5 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON PLEASURE. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 ___ A STATEMENT AND EXAMINATION OF OPINIONS 
 RELATING TO THIS SUBJECT. 
 
 12 I. rig) Jg f HAONH KAI AYDHS EnPHEAI, 
 
 c C il vii T ^" voXirixqv <piXo<ro(povvrog. ovrog ya^ TOY TEAOYS 
 
 vi. APXITEKTON, Kog /SXgVofrgf, tXCLffTOV) TO IAIV 
 
 xcct 
 
 xctxov, TO y ay oiQov, UTrXag XiyofAev. 'irt 
 
 TUV ct,vtt,yx,tt,iuv g^/o'^g'-vl/a^a/ srg^/ UVTGJV. rfa rg 10 
 See B. II. v , N VN / \ > A \ 
 
 c. i. . xv. 7 a f a^gr^i/ ^a; r??i/ ^a^/av T^V yjvix.j>)v, OEPI AYIIAE 
 
 t ' \ \ >> / f 
 
 KAI HAONAS E0EMEN. XOtl Tt]V tVOtolfAOViav OI HAEI- 
 See B. I. < f / \ \ \ \ 
 
 c . ii. . vi. 2TOI ME HAONHZ g/5/a/ QoUTlV OlO XCt/, TOl' ^C-a- 
 _,.j i;;/ '/ \ .-.''/ 
 
 8 xiii' xv KGt '^ ()V UVOfACCZCtOriV OLVO TOV fcOUgSlV. 
 
 II. 1. To? j^g" 0^ 5og7 OYAEMIA *HAONH EINAI 15 
 
 yrg a$' auro, oiVg ara orv{A/3e{3y}9cog' 
 ov yot,g eivat TO.VTOV, aya^oi/ xcii qdovriv. 
 
 2. To7? 5', ENIAI MEN EINAI, 'A! AE OOAAAI 
 <J>AYAAI. 
 
 3. 'Er/ og TOVTUV TiTOv' si %ot,} 
 
 MH ENAEXEE0AI EINAI TO APIETON HAONHN. 
 
 ' 
 
 III. 1. QX&f fjukv ovv oux, ayuov' on 
 
 VV TENESIE ESTIN EIS (DYSIN AIS0HTH' 
 
 ygyg<r/> (rvyyevqg rolg ri^ffiv' oloV) ovdefAict, olxo- 
 
 oixta,. 25 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 235 
 
 2. "Er/, 'o sn<Dpr2N <DEYrEi rug q 
 
 3. "Er/, o <pgovi[Aog TO AAYIION 5/#xg;, ov TO qdv. 
 
 4. v Er;, EMHOAION T$ <DPONEIN a; ^ova), xa) 
 
 iuv' ovd'tvct, yug civ dvvot<r@at i/o?<ra/ r* gv otvry. 
 
 5. J/ Er/ TEXNH OYAEMIA 
 
 
 6. Er/, riAiAiA KAI HPIA iaxei rag 
 
 7. Toy Jg O*i KcMfag ffTrououiotg' on elf} 
 
 
 10AIEXPAI KAI ONEIAIZOMENAI, XCC, n BAABEPAI* NO- 
 \ 
 
 tvicx, rav qozuv. 
 
 8. "On i 9 OYK APISTON q f}doV7}' OTt OY TEAOS, 
 
 AAAA 
 
 IV. Ta ( ^gf ovv XsyofAeva, ffy^^ov rctVT l<rnv. 
 
 y OY EYMBAINEI AIA TAYTA, fA?j SlVUl Ct,yCL00V, 13 
 
 TO agtffrov' tit ruvde KfKw. 
 
 V. Hgurov {A'W g^rg} TO u,yu0ov %*%? (TO 
 TO i\ rif/*') %toi at (fivrsig, KUI 
 at 
 
 20 al TENESEIE. xa) o&! (payXa; ^onovffui et\>oti, ai 
 
 ' 05, aXX* aigeTO,} Tads 
 oiJg r^J^g, aXXa TOTS xa; ohtyov %govov, 
 ov' al y OYA' 'HAONAI, aXXa OAINONTAI' 
 
 evsxev, oiov. at TUV 
 
 VI. *Er/, gorg; r05 dya&ov TO fM9 zvtgyeici, TO 
 
 g' KATA EYMBEBHKOS al KA0ISTASAI S/? T9JV $ 
 
 qv g|/v ^Jg7a; g/V/y, grin 5' ^ gfg^yg/ 
 THS VnoAoinoY 'EHEHI: KAI 
 
 KAI ANEY AYHH2 KAI Eni0YMIAE, 
 
 oiov, oti TOV Qzugiiv Ivigyeiai' Trig <pu<rztvg ovz zvdsovg 
 
236 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 
 VII. 2^g7ov 3', ort ov TU otvry ftottgovfftv jj^gT, 
 
 rog ALIA^I; ?jg<nv, voi- 
 Jg, xai rolg ivavrioig. xoti ydg og<n 
 yaufiWfi*' a>v ovXiv, ours (fiv^si qdv, 5 
 
 //)> .v~ <\' tt 'Vl ' * N * *\' 
 
 ovv oLTrhag qov. caffr ovo qoovai. ug a ra, qosot 
 
 \ I/ tl \tt\\t 
 
 rovr&v* 
 
 VIII. v Er/, ovx, dvdyKYi 'ETEPON TI EINAI BEA- 
 TION THE 'HAONHE, uffvreg rtvig <pa,<ri TO TEAOI: rijg 10 
 
 ov yoig ytvifftig e'uriv, ovdl ^a/gra ygj/g- 
 aXX* ENEPFEIAI KAI TEAOS. ouJg TINO- 
 ffvf6@(X,ivou(riv , ctXXa xp^MENfiN. xa) 
 OY nASHN eregov n, aXXa ri> g/? 
 AroMENftN T?J (py<rgay?. 15 
 
 IX. A/o xa/ oi xaXftJ? g^g/ TO, AIZOHTHN TENE- 
 ZIN <POLVCU that rqv qdovqv' aXXa 
 
 ENEPFEIAN THS KATA OYS1N *EHE17S' 
 
 aio-titjTqv, ANEMnoAiSTON. doxei il yivtfflg rig e7- 
 vat, on xvg'iug dyuQov. rqv yag ENEPFEIAN, TENE- '20 
 ZIN oi'ovroti tlvai. 'iffTt J* 'ETEPON. 
 
 X. To 5' g?ia/ <payX, or; NOZHAH ENIA 
 TO at>TO *a/, OT/ vyitivoi mat (payXa sr^o? 
 rotvrr) ovv (f)ot,vXoc, Kfjufu. aXX ov 
 xoii TO 
 
 XI. EMIIOAIZEI J 
 
 j} A*^ 'EKAETHE qSovy)' aXX* aJ AAAOTPIAI. 
 ott dvo TOV Qeagtiv xai fAotvfdveiv, MAAAON cro/- 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 XII. To dl TEXNHS (JUT) stvat 'igyov 
 
 , evXoyug orvfAJStfBrjxev. oy^g yoig oiXXqg ENEP- 
 TEIAS ovdepiag ri^vri \<rr}v, aXXa rqg AYNAMEHI;. 
 xcttrot %&,} 
 5 doaii qiovijg eivat. 
 
 XIII. To Jg rov ffutygovct, (psvytiV) x,ui rov 
 
 fAOv dtaxtiv rov AATHON /3iov' xoti TO roi vraidia x,oti 
 ret drjtot fii&xeiv' ru OLVTU Xusrott iravrcx,. tirsi 
 
 dyadai dirhug, XOLI wag ovx, dyaffoti, 
 at qSovoti' roig roictvrag rot Qqgia, fcoti rot, 
 iuSxu, xu} rqv rovrav fliXfflTMftp o QfOtlfMf. 
 rolg J' iwfvfMKf xou hvvoig roig ffMLkctriKctg' (rot- 
 
 r 7- v n ; x 
 
 otvrat' ) %oti rag rovruv vvsppoAotg, **' 
 
 /! a ^ \ .'/_. ' /- V V * * 
 
 KOIV a aj, o axoXotffrog otxoXoHrrog . oio o* 
 
 1 5 (rwtpgav (fisuyei rocvrocg. tnti elffiv rioovoti xoti (ra-* 6 
 
 (figovog. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 ON THE QUALITY OF PLEASURE, IN RELATION TO THE 
 GENERAL OBJECTS OF HUMAN PURSUIT, AND ESPE- 
 CIALLY TO THE SOVEREIGN GOOD. 
 
 XIV. 'AXXa ftijt, on xcx,} q Xvvq xtx,x,ov> opoXo- 14 
 yeirctt, %<x,i <p>ev%rov. q fAtv yolg, axX^wf XOMOV' f] 
 Jg, ru try IpKodurriKri. r&> 5g (p&vxry ro ivowrtov, ? 
 
 f rs %ou xotxov, oiyuQw. dvotyxq ovv THN 
 'HAONHN AFAOON TI EINAI. ug yolg 
 
 ov (rv{A/3cx,iv&i rt hung' " aff'srs ro 
 
 xoii ru ffu> zvoivrov. ov yap ay (pa??, OTTSP 
 *? \ t *, / ' 
 
 ri eivoti rqv qoovriv. 
 
 25 XV. APISTON r ovdlv xuhvst qdovrjv nva eT 
 
 
 
 st wtai (ayAa/ riovct,' uffKzg %a, iri<rrri[Ariv rivo, 
 tviav (pavhuv ovtruv. i'vug Jg a) dvayxotiov, 
 
238 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 
 t%eug eitriv tvsgyeiat dvefAKodurroi, tiff q 
 
 gvg^yg/a leriv evdaifAOvia, ei're q rtvog avrav 
 av y ANEMnoAiSTOS, otig&rarotrrjv eivat. rovro ft 
 lffr}v qdovy. ucrre EIH AN TIS 'HAONH TO APIETON, 
 qdovuv (bavhuv ovtruv. el 'irwyev, 5 
 
 XVI. Ka! J/a royro, woivreg rov eudaifAOvu, $vv 
 (Blov SIVKI, xa,} tfAK\ixov(Ti ryv qdovijv tig r^i/ 
 ioiv' evXoyug. ovdefAtcx, yag> Ivzgytia rtheiog, 
 ' q 3* gu^a/ov/a, ruv 
 
 ruv ixrog, fcou TTJS rvjffl? wag 
 
 ol SI TOV rgofct^ofAevov, xcx,} rov 
 
 w*giwi*TO9TC^ tvbcufAOfa (pourxovreg eivat, 
 ioiv y dyctOtx;' J g^ovrgj, J axovreg, ovdlv Xiydvnt. 15 
 XVII. A/a Jg ro nposAEiseAi T?^ rvg, doxti 
 
 See B. I. riff TAYTON EINAI H EYTYXIA Tl^I EYAAIMONI^, GVX, 
 
 c. MI. . 17 - jJ0. a> g Tg ) xa ) ayr^, yTg3aXXoy(ra EMOOAIOS 
 
 xa! iVw$ ovxin EYTYXIAN 
 
 6vda,i[Aovi<x,v o ogog ccvrr/g. 20 
 
 XVIII. Ka} TO itvMt* J' axaira, ^a! tfjj^/a ^a/ 
 dttgtlwovft rrjv r}$ovqv' fffjf&tio* TI, rov EINAI nns TO 
 
 API2TON AYTHN. 
 
 8* ou T/ ye fatp/ifetv 7ro'XXfTai 3 >jv Tiva Xaot 
 
 25 
 
 ovr soTiv, cure doxti' outf yjdovqv ^IUKOVGI THN AYTHN 
 -ravrg?' 'HAONHN ptvroi vdvrtg. ttrug i\ x.ai iut- 
 xova-iv oufc qv otovrcii, ovtf qv av (fiaZzv' aXXa 
 avrqv. wra ya> (pycrg; g^g; n fliiov. 30 
 
 XIX. XX g<X?<a<n rv ro ONOMATOS 
 
 v at LflMATiKAi qSova,}, J/a ro wXeurrcixig re 
 
 auraj, a) ^ravra^ greg^ avruv. 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 239 
 
 $10, 
 
 TO ftovug ov yvagpovg tivcci ruvrag, {Aovag ot- 
 OVTCLI eivoii. 
 
 XX. 0avg>ov SI fccx,} OTI, si [Ay f] r^ovri dya@ov , 
 &a] % evsgysia' ovx, 'irrai jjv yjdzug rov tviaifMva. 
 brivog yag tvs&a dioi civ avrvg, siirsg py dyuQov, 
 d\\a KOI,} KwqgStf Ivisffircti $t>- 9 ovre xazov yoig, 
 oir dyaQov, rj AYDH, siwsg ^^^''HAONH. iJffTi J;a ri 
 uv (fievyoi ; ov Jg iij ijiiejy o (Slog o rov (rvovdoiiov, si 
 [At] %ai ui zvtgyetoti UVTOV. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 CONTAINING SEVERAL DETACHED QUESTIONS AND 
 POSITIONS RELATING TO PLEASURE. 
 
 10 XXI. Hg^i ^g $q ruv ffuficiTixuv fjdovuv, liri- 
 rolg \iyov<rw' ** on Iviui yt rjdovot} ouftrtft 
 olov at fcaXa/, aXX* orx C AI SHMATIKAI, 
 
 .. . 
 
 zai iregi ag o 
 
 XXII. A/a ri ovv al ENANTIAI AYHAI f&6%09igai ', See B. v. 
 J yag dyaflov ENANTION 
 
 XXIII. H 'OYTOS AFA0AI / ANAFKAIAI, fl 
 
 TO MH KAKON dyuQov tffriv, j$ MEXPI TOY ay 
 
 XXIV. Tj> gv ya 'ESEHN KAI KINHSE^N, 
 
 MH E2TI TOY BEATIONOS a 'YHEPBOAH, OVJS T?ff a Seep.227, 
 
 t / v v v ~ < 5> ~ / ^ v line 5. 
 
 20 HAONHS* offm o SffTi, %at Trig rjoovrjg tffTiv. ruv ot 
 
 dyaQuv ESTIN vKeg/Sohq' xa} o 
 ru iwxttv rqv 'YOEPBOAHN \<rriv y aXX* ov rdg ANAF- 
 
 
 KAIAS. wavrsg yug y^ottgovari 
 xa} ct,(pgodi<rioig' aXX* 0!)% ag Jg7. 
 25 XXV. 'Evavriag ^' IK} rqg AYDHS. ov yag rqv 
 (fisvyst, aXX* o\ag. ov ydg Iffn ry 
 
240 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vn. 
 
 See B. V. VTTSgpohq XvKf} ENANTIA, CtXX 7] TO) 
 c. i. 6. ii. 
 
 15 xxvi. 'Etfg* d' ov (AOVOV o*g7 T'AAHOES g/ 
 ) TO AITION TOY YEYAOYZ* (TOVTO 
 
 orai> 
 ro J/a r; (a/vgra; aX^^gg oi ov 
 
 TO; aX^^g? pahhov. uert) 
 
 AIA TI <DA1NONTAI *AI SfiMATIKAI ' 
 
 TEPAI. 10 
 
 XXVII. nTOV M/gV O^V Ji, oV/ EKKPOYEI THN 
 
 AYHHN. 
 
 771V 
 
 ictrgiiat. Sto xa,} 1)iux,ovTct,i, ^/a TO DAPA TO ENAN- 15 
 
 TION <J>AINE20AI. KB,} OY SHOYAAION J 
 
 ^a oto rai>ra, dxr^s^ ttgijrctt' oTt at 
 
 9rag/$, 
 
 J/ g^o?, o/ov, a! T6;f (pa^X^v dv@g<mrw at 
 , largudu, on witovt, xa] EXEIN jSg'Xr/ov J riNES0Ai,20 
 
 a/ 
 
 oyv <r < 7rovoa7(x,i. 
 
 xxvui. >7 Er/, AI^KONTAI AIA TO S<J>OAPAI EINAI 
 
 f YRO TUN AAAAIS MH AYNAMENUN XAIPEIN. 
 
 yovv av7o7g di-^ag 7tvoig Kaga(rx,evu, 
 ovv d3Xa3iig, dveiri7iA]>70V. orav 
 
 QavXov. ovre ycig t%ov<rtv srega, iff oJg %aigov<rt9' TO 
 7 MHAETEPON, ToXXo75 hvTnjov dtdi rijv 
 
 wovei TO ov. ao-Ke %a} '01 OYSIKOI Aoroi 
 
 TO ogav %a TO xovetv 
 aXX* fjiij (rvvqQstg \<y[Atv> u$ Qcurit. 
 
 XXIX. 'OfMtVG y, Iv fASV 7q NEOTHTI, Std T 
 
 ot 
 
CHAP. vr. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 XXX. Ol SI MEAAFXOAIKOI THN <DYIN, Ctg} 
 
 taTgeiag. xdt ydg TO Grape*, 
 xgunv, xoe,} dei \v og 
 vet Sk fjtiowi "hvinqv, % r Ivavrta,, xoCi q 
 v y i<r%vgd. tea} 5/a rayra, 
 yivovrat. 
 
 XXXI. C Al A* ANEY AYIIftN OV% 
 
 See . xxiv. 
 
 ? v * * of this chap. 
 
 Ct,VTtt,l 02, AI TON <I>YZEI HAE^N KAI MH KATA EYM- 
 
 BEBHKOS. Xgycy g KATA SYMBEBHKOS Pga, TA 
 
 IOIATPEYONTA. on yoig orv[6/3aivei iotrgevsffflat, rou 
 vyiovg Kgcirrovrog n' J/a rouro qdv 
 
 sivcti. OYSEI A 
 
 A IIOIEI HPAHIN THS TOI- 
 
 AEAE 
 
 xxxil. OYK AEI A' OY0EN 'HAY TO AYTO, &a 
 MH 'AHAHN 'HM^N EINAI THN <J>YSIN, aXX* tvtivui 
 
 flo 
 
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 . rovro 
 
 UCTTS cv n 
 
 lordly, OVTS 
 
 orav 
 
 ov 
 
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 Irrcu. 
 
 (fvffig 
 
 dio, o 6eog 
 
 TO 
 
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 ivtgyeia, 
 
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 AKINHEIAS* KCLI 
 
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 AN0pnnoz 
 
 AIA no- 
 
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 x,oii axgourag' KOU wegi 
 i' xou TI zxaffTOv' xdi 
 
 30 vug TO, tkv aa$a UVTUV t<TTi 9 TK og JCOMOC,. 
 
BOOK VIII 
 
 u 2 
 
SUMMARY OF THE EIGHTH BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 WHICH INTRODUCES THE CONSIDERATION OF FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 This chapter consists of two parts. The first expounds 
 the reasons for embracing in the present treatise a con- 
 sideration of FRIENDSHIP : the second states the most 
 remarkable doubts and questions connected with the 
 subject. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I, II, III, IV, V. Reasons which shew the necessity, towards the 
 purpose of this treatise, of examining the subject of FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 VI. The opinion of those, who hold that friendship is founded on 
 SIMILARITY. VII. The opinion of those, who hold that friendship 
 is founded on DISSIMILARITY, or CONTRARIETY. 
 
 VIII. Waving other questions, those which Aristotle intends to 
 consider, are such as practically relate to human life, and to the 
 morals and affections of mankind. 
 
 IX. A false notion relating to one of these questions is briefly 
 dismissed. 
 
246 SUMMARY 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 IN WHICH THE TRUE NOTION OF FRIENDSHIP IS FIXED 
 AND ASCERTAINED. 
 
 I. The first step towards a definition of friendship is taken, by a 
 regard to the MOTIVE of it : which motive has in view, one of these 
 THREE objects; namely, GOODNESS, PLEASURE, or UTILITY. II. Of 
 these three, the two former are desired as ENDS ; the latter, only as 
 a MEAN. III. By the advantage which forms the motive of friend- 
 ship, we do not mean an ABSOLUTE but a RELATIVE good; nor one 
 which is REAL, but one which APPEARS SUCH to the individual. 
 
 IV. The next step is taken, by a regard to the SUBJECTS between 
 whom friendship exists. From this class are excluded, first, inani- 
 mate things; secondly, persons between whom there is benevolence 
 without reciprocity ; thirdly, persons whose benevolence is mutual, 
 but unknown to each other. The definition of friendship is given : 
 
 MUTUAL BENEVOLENCE, KNOWN TO THE PERSONS BETWEEN WHOM IT 
 EXISTS. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 IN WHICH IS PROPOUNDED A FIRST DIVISION OF FRIEND- 
 SHIP, INTO THREE KINDS; AND IN WHICH THESE 
 KINDS ARE DISTINGUISHED FROM EACH OTHER IN 
 THEIR ESSENTIAL QUALITIES AND CHARACTERS. 
 
 I. According to the foregoing division of the motives of friend- 
 ship, the kinds of friendship are declared to be three : namely, 
 
 FRIENDSHIPS of VIRTUE, of PLEASURE, and of UTILITY. II. Of 
 
 these, the two latter are only ACCIDENTAL. Ill: And it flows from 
 their nature, that they are liable to be EASILY BROKEN OFF. IV. 
 Friendships of utility prevail most among the OLD. V. Friendships 
 of pleasure prevail most among the YOUNG. VI. The friendship of 
 VIRTUE is the only perfect and ESSENTIAL friendship. VII. The 
 comprehensive excellence of this kind of friendship is deduced, 
 from COMPARING it with the other two kinds. VIII. It flows from 
 the nature of this kind of friendship, that it will be of RARE 
 
 OCCURRENCE. 
 
OF THE EIGHTH BOOK. 247 
 
 IX. Friendships of utility and of pleasure derive their character 
 as friendships, only from their SIMILITUDE to friendships of virtue. 
 X. With regard to friendships of utility and pleasure : they will 
 be most permanent, when the advantages experienced by the two 
 friends are not only of the same KIND, but also derived from the 
 same SOURCE. XI. But even on this footing, friendships of UTILITY 
 will, of all the three kinds, be the LEAST PERMANENT. XII. Friend- 
 ships of UTILITY and PLEASURE may be formed PROMISCUOUSLY; 
 but those of VIRTUE will be confined to the virtuous. XIII. It will 
 very rarely occur, that the SAME FRIENDSHIP will be grounded on 
 
 BOTH UTILITY AND PLEASURE. 
 
 XIV. Recapitulation of foregoing matters. 
 
 XV. The distinction which has been already applied to VIRTUE, 
 between a HABIT and an OPERATION, is here applied to FRIEND- 
 SHIP. XVI. From this distinction is deduced, the great importance 
 of SOCIAL INTERCOURSE to friendship : since it is social intercourse, 
 which makes the difference between the HABIT and the OPERATION. 
 XVII. It is thus explained, why friendship is rare, when intercourse 
 is repulsive j and why the friendship of VIRTUE is more firm than 
 any other. 
 
 XVIII. A distinction is here made between FRIENDSHIP and 
 
 ATTACHMENT. 
 
 XIX. Cases in which there may be MUTUAL BENEVOLENCE WITH- 
 OUT FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 XX. The friendships of UTILITY and PLEASURE will admit of 
 MANY friends. The friendship of VIRTUE will admit only of FEW. 
 
 XXL The friendship of PLEASURE is more LIBERAL, and more 
 allied to the friendship of virtue, than the friendship of UTILITY is. 
 
 XXII. The principle on which the friends of great men are 
 selected. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 IN WHICH IS PROPOUNDED A SECOND DIVISION OF FRIEND- 
 SHIP, INTO TWO KINDS. 
 
 I. Friendships are again divided into two kinds; EQUAL and 
 UNEQUAL. II. UNEQUAL friendships are subdivided into many 
 kinds, with reference to the difference of MOTIVES, SOCIAL RELA- 
 TIONS, and DUTIES. 
 
248 SUMMARY 
 
 III. The true principle belonging to the constitution and main- 
 tenance of such friendships, is PROPORTION : for this serves as a 
 
 SUBSTITUTE FOR EQUALITY. 
 
 IV. The difference between JUSTICE and FRIENDSHIP, with regard 
 to equality and proportion. 
 
 V. A VERY GREAT degree of INEQUALITY is wholly incompatible 
 with friendship. 
 
 (VI. A collateral question arising out of the last section.) 
 
 VII. The character of the FLATTERER is explained, on the prin- 
 ciple which has been laid down relating to unequal friendships. 
 VIII. But this explanation does not warrant a supposition, that the 
 motives for DESIRING KINDNESS, and those for DESIRING HONOUR, 
 are the same. 
 
 IX, Friendship consists in the EXERCISE, more than in the EXPE- 
 RIENCE, of kindness. X. It is therefore the exercise of kindness, 
 which constitutes the VIRTUE of friendship : XI. And which, when 
 regulated by proportion, INTRODUCES AN EQUALITY into friendships, 
 which are IN THEMSELVES UNEQUAL. XII. On this principle it 
 will appear, that the friendships of VIRTUE, though in themselves 
 UNEQUAL, are most capable of BEING EQUALISED, and are therefore 
 of the most ABIDING nature a . 
 
 XIII. With reference to a question stated in the first chapter, it 
 is here collaterally noted ; that if there BE any friendships founded 
 on CONTRARIETY, they must belong to the class of friendships of 
 UTILITY. An error relating to this subject is exposed. 
 
 a Thus, for example, in the case of friendship between RICH AND POOR : 
 the inequality is removed, by balancing the greater RESPECT AND OFSERV- 
 ANCE of the poor against the greater POSSESSIONS of the rich : but riches 
 are uncertain, and SUCH a friendship will therefore continue, only so long 
 as the HICHES do. But the case of VIRTUE is different : for this, according 
 to Aristotle, is the most PERMANENT of all human things : and therefore, 
 the friendships established on this basis, whether originally EQUAL, or 
 EQUALISED by proportion, will be MOST PERMANENT. See B. I. c. iv. . x 
 
OF THE EIGHTH BOOK. 240 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 IN WHICH FRIENDSHIP IS CONSIDERED, WITH REGARD 
 TO THE VARIOUS FORMS AND DEGREES IN WHICH IT 
 ENTERS INTO THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF HUMAN 
 ASSOCIATION AND COMMUNITY. 
 
 This chapter consists of four parts. The first exhibits 
 a general view of COMMUNITIES. The second exhibits 
 a general view of POLITICAL COMMUNITIES. The third 
 shews, how far the element of friendship intermingles 
 with Political communities. The fourth shews, how 
 far it intermingles with the various other Associations 
 and Relations of mankind. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. FRIENDSHIP belongs to every form of SOCIAL COMMUNITY: a 
 property which it has in common with JUSTICE. II. These forms 
 being various, the kinds and duties of friendship will vary in pro- 
 portion to them. III. All OTHER FORMS of human community, are 
 so many separate PORTIONS of the POLITICAL : and the political 
 community has in view, the GENERAL UTILITY of its members. 
 IV. In like manner, and consequently, PARTICULAR communities have 
 in view some PARTICULAR UTILITY. V. Nevertheless it is acknow- 
 ledged, that some particular communities SEEM to have for their 
 object, PLEASURE, as distinguished from UTILITY. VI. But these 
 communities are still comprehended, as PORTIONS, within the 
 political community. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 VII. There are THREE KINDS of POLITICAL COMMUNITY: each of 
 which is subject to its peculiar DEPRAVATION. VIII. These forms 
 of government are MONARCHY, ARISTOCRACY, and TIMOCRACY. 
 
 IX. Of these, the BEST is MONARCHY, and the WORST is TIMOCRACY. 
 
 X. The depravation of monarchy is DESPOTISM. The difference 
 between the two. XI. The depravation of aristocracy is OLIGARCHY. 
 The difference between the two. XII. The depravation of 
 timocracy is DEMOCRACY. The difference between the two. 
 
 XIII. These political communities have their similitudes in the 
 relations of domestic life. 
 
250 SUMMARY 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 XIV. Each kind of POLITICAL COMMUNITY has its appropriate 
 kind of FRIENDSHIP. XV. The nature of the friendship, belonging 
 to the relations BETWEEN KING AND SUBJECTS, FATHEK AND CHIL- 
 DREN. XVI. The nature of the friendship, belonging to the rela- 
 tions between HUSBAND AND WIFE, ARISTOCRACY AND PLEBEIANS. 
 These, and the foregoing, are cases of UNEQUAL friendship : in 
 which it is required, that the friendship should be equalised, by 
 making the respect of the less person proportionate to the superiority 
 of the greater. XVII. The nature of the friendship belonging to 
 the mutual relation of BROTHERS and COMPANIONS, and of the 
 MEMBERS OF A TiMOCRACY to each other. This is a friendship of 
 
 EQUALITY. 
 
 XVIII. Of all the DEPRAVATIONS of political communities, the 
 nature is such, that very little friendship can subsist in connexion 
 with any of the social relations which they comprehend. 
 
 PART THE FOURTH. 
 
 XIX. Certain forms of human association which differ from the 
 general character of communities. XX, XXII. Grounds and cha- 
 racter of friendship between PARENTS AND CHILDREN. XXI, 
 XXIII. Grounds and character of friendship between BROTHERS and 
 more remote KINDRED. XXIV, XXV. Grounds and character of 
 the friendship which belongs to the MARRIED STATE. 
 
 XXVI. The rules of intercourse belonging to the relations of 
 FRIENDSHIP, are the same with those belonging to the relations of 
 
 JUSTICE. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON THE CAUSES WHICH LEAD TO THE DISTURBANCE OF 
 FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 This chapter consists of three parts. The first enun- 
 ciates a leading and important principle, which Aristotle, 
 in treating of friendship, has frequent occasion to apply. 
 The second discovers the sources of quarrel in equal 
 friendships. The third, in unequal. 
 
OF THE EIGHTH BOOK. 251 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. In order to the maintenance of friendship, in EQUAL friendships 
 there must be an equality of kindness; in UNEQUAL, the disparity 
 must be equalised by a PROPORTIONATE return on the part of the 
 inferior. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 II. In friendships of VIRTUE, quarrels are impossible. III. Nor 
 can they very easily occur in friendships of PLEASURE. IV. The 
 friendship of UTILITY is that, MOST LIABLE to the disturbance of 
 quarrels. 
 
 V. Towards explaining this matter, there is suggested, a dis- 
 tinction between MORAL and CONVENTIONAL friendship. VI. The 
 CONVENTIONAL is not very liable to quarrels. VII. The MORAL is. 
 VIII. The reason why it is. IX. A practical direction of duty 
 relating to this latter case. 
 
 X. The question is proposed: Whether the return of a kindness is 
 to be fixed, in its amount, by a regard to the MERIT OF THE DOER, or 
 to the ADVANTAGE OF THE RECEIVER? It is answered thus: in friend- 
 ships of UTILITY, by the advantage of the receiver; in friendships 
 of VIRTUE, by the PURPOSE OF THE DOER. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 XL UNEQUAL friendships are also liable to quarrel. XII. Feelings 
 on the part of the SUPERIOR, which lead to this result. XIII. 
 Feelings on the part of the INFERIOR, which lead to this result. 
 
 XIV. BOTH are right in their pretensions : and the true adjustment 
 of the case, on the principle of proportion, is, that the SUPERIOR 
 ought to have more HONOUR and the INFERIOR more ADVANTAGE. 
 
 XV. This principle is exemplified in the case of POLITICAL COM- 
 MUNITIES. 
 
 XVI. The measure of the return must, in some cases, be determined 
 by the POWER OF THE RECEIVER : for it will occur, that an EQUI- 
 VALENT is NOT in his power. 
 
 XVII. Consideration of a particular ^case, connected with the 
 relation of father and son. 
 
CHAP. I. 
 
 WHICH INTRODUCES THE CONSIDERATION OF 
 FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 REASONS FOR EMBRACING IN THE PRESENT TREATISE 
 A CONSIDERATION OF FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 
 I. MET A Jg ravra,, wtgi $IAIAS gWr ai> J/- 
 
 wri yug APETH r< 5 y\ MET' ugsrijg. 
 
 II. "Er/ 5', ANAFKAIOTATON EIS TON BION. 
 
 ehoir oiv $v 9 'i%u 
 wctvrct,. %<x,} u vXovrovo'it xot,} 
 
 T tat 
 
 at. TI ycig otyeXog ryjg TOiavrqg evsrqgiotg, &.$- 
 aige@ei(rt]g Bvs^ysa'icx.g ; i yiyvsrott ^aX/<rra, xoti 
 , wgog (fi'tXovg. 0} nag av 
 <p/Xa;i> ; off a ycx>g irXstuV) 
 Iv <7rsvia rt, xou ruig Xoiiroiig 
 
 V \ V \ 
 
 oiovroti xarcifpvyqv eivott rovg 
 xot vtoig g, ngog TO avufAoigryiroV xa,} Kg 
 %&} ro iKhtiKOv r^g 
 
 roig r Iv d%[Aij, Kgog rag 
 ig vg$ug. " crvv re Jy' Igfcoptvu" x,oii 
 
 xoti 'Tr^oi^on Swotrarsgot. 
 III. OYSEI T evw7ra,g% / eiv louts wgog ro 
 
 
 ru ytvvriravri, act vgog ro ysvvqtrciv ra ysv- 
 ou *6vov \v dv0u7roi> aXX a/ \v 
 
254 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vm. 
 
 itcti ro7g vXeiffroig rav %ft<uv' ncti ro7g 
 
 vgog aXX?yXa* a) MAAIETA roig dv 
 
 rovg <pfocc,v0gaKovg IvcwovfAtv. i'doi !? civ ng KOLI \v 
 
 rotig irhctvuig, ag oixsiov aVa$ oivffgawog d 
 
 IV. "Eo/6 Jg ai roig DOAEIS EYNEXEIN fj 
 '' 
 
 ol vofAoStroti poi'h'Kov Keg} 
 rqv Sixouotrvviiv. q yao oftovotot, 'OMOION n ry 
 toixtv eivoti' ravrijg Jg |/aX/<rr itpisvrat' not,} rqv 
 
 xoti 10 
 
 ovrtg, iroff^iovrcti (pihiotg. xcti ruv dixotiuv TO 
 
 fAot,hi<rra, 9 (fitXixov eivoti doxel. 
 
 V. Ou fAOvov y dvctyKouov SffTiv, aXXa a/ 
 
 KAAON. rovg yiQ tpihotphovg tKctivoufASv* y rg no- 15 
 o&ei ruv xaXvv 'iv n eivcti' nut Ivioi rovg 
 
 auroug o'lovrcu oivigag dyaQovg sivot,t> tea} tyihovg. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE MOST UEMARKAULE DOUBTS AND QUESTIONS CON- 
 NECTED WITH THE SUBJECT. 
 
 2 VI. AiafA<pur@qriirai fit Tregi avrqg ovx, oX/- 
 ya. ot fAtv yd^ 'OMOIOTHTA rivet, rifaouriv avrjiv, 
 xu,} rovg opoiovg QiXovg. (o&ev, rov oftotov, <pot,<riv, a 
 rov ofAOiov x,cii xoXoiov tori xoXoiov %&,} otrot, rot- 
 
 St^^^A^t ** \ ' v * y * ' -* / N 
 
 aura). 01 o , t% tvavrtag, xsgufAetg vravrag rovg 
 rotovrovg aXX^Xo/^ (pcitriv eivcu. 
 
 VII. Kai Kep} avruv rovrav, dvurtgov tff 
 (pvffixarsgov Ey^^r/J^s [A\v, (pourxuv, " tgoiv 
 yalctv %qgc(,v&si<ra,v, tgaiv Jg fftpvov ovguvov 
 v opfBgov Ktffiiv Ig youuv'" xoti f H^a- 
 
CHAP. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 255 
 
 , ro dvri%ovv ffufAtpsgov, %a} IK, ruv AIA<J>E- 
 PONTON jcoXTuVr*)* jifrOKMftIj xcti iravra, %u,r 'igiv 
 1% ivavriag dl rouroig, aXXo< rg xau 
 . TO yaig opoiov rov oftoiov &<piecr0ou. 
 
 5 vin. Ta ply ovv OYSIKA 
 
 ov y&Q olntict ryjg vrotgovffqg ffxt^eag. o<rce, 
 
 Iffriv dvot)7Tix>a 9 a} dvr^xst tig ra qdq x,ou ra, 
 
 vrotn' ravr wurxe''afAecx,. oov' irorsgov v wan 
 
 yiverou (p/X/a, r\ ovv oiov rg, u>Q'v6^Povg ovrug, (pi- 
 
 * 
 
 IX. OJ /^gf" yct 'EN oiopwot, on gTT/Sg 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 TO caof *a TO 
 
 I5ra 'ETEPA Ti EIAEI. gJTa< 5' y^rg avr&v 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 IN WHICH THE TRUE NOTION OF FRIENDSHIP IS FIXED 
 AND ASCERTAINED. 
 
 I. Ta^a J* civ y'tvotro ireg} avr&v tyotvegov, 
 
 PI20ENTOS TOY <J>IAHTOY. 
 
 aXXa TO ^A??ToV TOWTO ^' g/Va; AFAOON, jj 
 20 'HAY, $ XPHSIMON. 
 
 II. Ao|g;g 5' av fagyo'ipov elvoti, it ov ytveroti 
 
 n q qdovri. Zffrt <p/X^Ta ai> gJ^ rd f yot,6ov re 
 TO i^y, ^ TEAH. 
 
 III. nOT6OI> OVV T*ArA00N Ql'hOVfflV, 5 TO *AY- 
 
 25 TO i2 AFA0ON ; tuQuvti yu wort 
 
256 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vm. 
 
 ro HAY. og TO UVTU 
 
 \ V ' -L ~ ^ ' 
 
 z&ourTog' %oc,i eivoti, awAag fAtv> T AFAQON 
 Tu Jg, TO 'EKAET$, (pihei $ sKUffroS) 
 ov TO ON OIVTM dyaOov, aXXoc TO <J>AINOMENON. J/- 
 o'urst y ovdtv. sffTott yag TO <p/X^rof, (fiaivofABvov. 5 
 
 IV. Tgiuv y OVTMV oi a (p/Xou(r/y' g^} JA\V 
 TUV d^wfauv <ptXq(rei ov "KiytT&i (p/X/a. ov 
 Ti(piXy}<rig 9 ovoz /3ovhq(ri$ zxetva 
 yoig 'iffus, TU ol'vu f3ovX&(r0<x,i 
 
 OLVTOV, t'vex, 10 
 
 T&> ^g (p/Xa; (pouri diiv (3ovXe<r0ui 
 ixeivov gvgfca. roy? og (BovXofAtvovg OVTW 
 ETNOYS Xgyouo'/i', gai/ ^ rayro a; cra^' txeivov 
 i' EYNOIAN yug EN ANTinEnoNeosi, 
 
 evut. 7rgooreTSov> MH AANGANOYSAN; 
 
 0/5 ot)^ g^a^a<r^, v t 7ro\<x,fA@civov<ri 
 g/W/ ? ')( J gV<rip'OV<;' TOVTO Jg 
 1X9(909 Tig ndQoi vrgog TOVTOV. EYNOI ^ogy ouf OVTOI 
 <I>IAOYS Jg vrug civ Tig 
 
 lavTOig ; ^g? a^a 
 Toiyada, MH AANOANON- 
 
 *See. i.ofTAS, }/ gV T/ TO/V EIPHMEN^N 3 . 
 this chap. 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 257 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 IN WHICH IS PROPOUNDED A FIRST DIVISION OF 
 FRIENDSHIP, INTO THREE KINDS; AND IN WHICH 
 THESE KINDS ARE DISTINGUISHED FROM EACH OTHER 
 IN THEIR ESSENTIAL QUALITIES AND CHARACTERS. 
 
 Sk ravra &XXifA0 ei'Sei. KOLI a/3 
 ago,, xcii at <>/X/a/. rgiot, dy TO. Tijg <fi- 
 
 ov 
 5 II. OJ $z (pihovv7eg aXX^Xoy^ /Sovhovrcu ruyct- 
 
 00, aXX^Xo/^ TAYT^ 'H <1)IAOYSIN. Ot {JMV OVV dlto 
 
 ro XPHSIMON (pihovvreg aXX^Xoy^, ov %a@' avrovg 
 yiyvtrui TI avTolg nag aXX^Xa;y 
 g ^a! 01 01 'HAONHN. ov yap ry 
 nvctg eivc&i, dyawuffi rovg 
 on qieig avTo7g. 01 re dq J;a ro %gi 
 reg, hoc, TO a,vTo7g dyaflov ffr'zgyov<ri, xa,} 01 Si $o- 
 a TO ct,v7o7g qov' %di ovy^ y (fiihovfAevog 
 hh' ? %%i](npog y qdvg. KATA SYMBEBHKOS 
 15 Tg orj at (p/X/ot; ayra/ siffiv. ov yctg y tffr}v 
 o (>iXovfAevog 9 ravry (p/Xg7ra;* aXX j 
 
 01 M9 u,ov 7t 01 
 
 III. EYAIAAYTOI dq al roiavrai g;V/ 
 
 ft] 
 
 ofAouv. v yg ftqxrt qug tj 
 ' Kavovrat (pi^ovvTSg. TO Jg %%fi<ri[AOv ov 
 a?\.x' aXXorg aXXo yiyvercti. dtro'h.vOzvrog 
 ovv Si o (fiihoi q(rot,v, SiuXvtTUi xoti f] <p*X/a' &>g 
 
 IV. MaX/o-rot 5' \v ro7g DPESBYTAIS, ^ 
 25 Soxe7 (piXia, yivtffflai' (ov ydg TO qdv ol 
 
 aXXa TO utthitov' a! ruv iv 
 

 258 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vin. 
 
 KOLl VtUV, OffOl TO (TV{A<ptpOV dlUKOVfflV. 0V KC&VV ft 01 
 ~ <-,~ > /.. / \ v v 
 
 ToiovTOi (rvQuffi {Atr BAAJjAAN'. svtOTB yug ovo euriv 
 
 gs TCHTOVTOV 
 g(p* oorov \\viiag ty/ov<riv dyudov. eig 
 
 KOLl rqv HENIKHN 
 
 V. 'H Jg r^f NEHN (p/X/a, J/ 'HAONHN 
 %et. aura Kc&Qog yug ovroi Wi, acti 
 
 TO qdv cc.vro7g> KM TO vragov' rqg 'HAIKIAZ 
 xcx,} TO, 'HAEA yfotmtrtget. J;o 
 nrNONTAi (p/?^o;, ^a/ DAYONTAI. a^t/a 
 
 
 71 [AtTOtoXr}. %& tgUTtKo Ot VlOl. 
 
 yag zcti Si* rjiotfjf, TO TTO^U T^C, 
 xijg. diOKSP (pihovcri %&} Tctyiag Kctvov 
 
 ~ > ~ r / / ' V 
 
 Trig avTqg qfAtgoig f/^TK'TriTrTovTSg . (Tvinjf&sgtvfU os 
 } <rv?qv OVTQI fiovXovTcti. yivSTUi yae avTo7g TO 
 
 4 VI. TgXg/a 5' l(TTtv 9 q THN AFA0fiN 
 
 otgerqv opo'iav. OVTOI yag TayuQu ofAOiag (Bou- '20 
 
 ' ' ' 
 
 Xovra; aXXXo/?, uyao' ayot,@o} 3' g/ 
 vg. ot Jg /SovXofASvoi Tayada, Tolg 
 
 . ii auTovg yag ovT&g Z 
 
 ov 
 VII. AtoLAivei* ovv ij TOVTUV <pihict>$ag MV 
 
 SfflV 'H A* APETH MONIMON. %Ul Z(TTIV IXUTSOg AHAfiE 
 
 TO <DIA$. o; 
 KOLI dXXrjXoig ityfatpot. ^ opo'iug 
 
 o/ dya&o] 4^fff, ^a/ AAAH- 
 
 AOIZ. g^cto-r a ^a 01 e//v, a/ o;'fcg7a* 
 
 aJ TOiavTUi* TUV dyuQuv Jg, a/ avra,} }j 
 g (p/X/a MONIMOS evXoyag lirriv. 
 sv avTy, navf otrct, To7g (f>iXoig Ss7 
 yag (p/X/a 5/ dyaQov ICTTIV, q it 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 259 
 
 A 
 
 rivet,' ravry s y tav vKKgy/ei ret sgqfAtvct 
 
 . ravry) yu oAoia a! ra Xo^cra, TO 
 
 ro 
 
 nct 
 
 VIII. SDANIAS J 1 ' fi^Of T<i$ roi&vrus elvai. 0X1- 
 yoi yu ol rotovTOi. zn Jg> Kgotroiirai y/govov 
 
 
 aXag trvvuvcx,- 
 
 av g^arg^o^ f< 
 . o; Jg ra!* ra 
 
 voiouvrsg, BOYAONTAI 1 (pXo/ gvar ou^ EISI 
 
 15 g ^ ^a (p/X?jro, ^a royr t<rct,(nv. BOYAHSIS 
 
 <J>IAIA 5' oy. 
 
 ra 
 
 \^/>/ \ x / / /, 
 
 7*gAg/0& t(TTl* iCOf/l fCUTOL 'TTCZVTOd ^/IVfr/y.i fa.vra raw 
 
 
 sxuregu Tag taaTtgov* ov&g ost roig <p/Xo/$ j ^ M . 
 
 IX. *H Jg J/d ro ^5j, ' 
 
 o; 
 
 ro >iiM&. *a) ct TOIOVTOI 
 
 25 x. MaX/<rra ^g ^a) b rovrotg at (p/X/a/ 
 (Atvovffiv, STOW TO AYTO yiyvqroLi KQS.Q d?*X 
 olov qdovfi' xoti [MI {AOVOV oyretf) aXXa xa) ADO 
 
 
 . ov p TT roig avrog qoovTCti ovroi' 
 
 30aXX o 
 
 rov i 
 (p;X/a 
 
 rov gotffTov' XqyoiHrqg g r$ ^a? ir/or* 
 jr r ^sv ya oi>^ gr/ 
 
 ' 
 
 ^J 5' ov yivtrai YI @tga*tict. croXXo/ J' ay 
 
260 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vin. 
 
 y zdv IK Tr,g <rvvqdeia,g TO, 
 6tig ovT&g. ol Jg ^ TO you a 
 ctXXa TO YfftfiyWi tv Tolg tguTixoJg, xa,} EISIN ^r- 
 rov <p/Xo/ Kc&i AIAMENOYEIN. 
 
 XI. Ol $t dux TO XPHEIMON ovrsg <p/Xo/, a^a 5 
 rS (ru{A(ptgovri diahvovrai. ov yag 
 , aXXct TOV 
 
 XII. A/ 7}doV?!V [A\V OUV, KCLl filM TO 'fcgrj 
 
 xou (pauXovg ivdzfcSTat (fiiXovg tivat aXX^Xo/?* 
 iwieixs'is (pctvXoif' xot,} {AydtTegov OKOIUOVV' AI' 'AY- 10 
 TOYS Jg, J?Xov OTI [Aovovg TOV$ dyaQovg. ol yug 
 xctxo} ov fcotigova'iv zoe,vTo7g, fi ^ Tig axpgXg^a yiy- 
 VOITO. xa,} potty] $g ri TOJV dyctffav (p/X/a AAIABAHTOS 
 \tTTiv. ov yoip paidiov ovotvi 'TriffTevcraiy Kegi TOV iv 
 
 VK CLVTUV dedotciucKrAtvov. xcii ro 15 
 
 zv TOVTOig' %ct,i TO ^r t o^^OT av 
 i o'(rot, aXXa Iv TJ ug 
 
 Totig iTtougy ov$\v Ku'hvti T&l TOiuvTU 
 
 svii yoig ol &*0pmrot Xtyovtri (pihovg, xa,} Tovg 3/a 
 TO fcgqcrifAOV, vwig oil Koheig' (dozovcri yag a/20 
 ,')(icx,i Toug yoXetri yiveffOat zvexot TOV 
 ) %a] Tovg $? qdovqv aXX^X 
 ol KOtidtg* 'iffug 1<,iytiv u)w ^ yea 
 Tovg TOiovTOvg, ttir t Jg rqg (p/X/a? 
 
 %&,} KYpms T?IV TUV ayaffoJV) r\ ayctflot, 05 
 Tag ^g X0/sra KA' 'OMOIOTHTA. y yug uyaQov rt 
 
 
 TO 
 
 Toig 
 
 XIII. Ov KCLVV 5' CLVTCtl ffWOLKTOVO'tV' OV$6 y'l~ 
 
 vovTctt ol UVTO} (/Xo/, J;a TO WFtA* xa} J/a TO 30 
 
 qdv. ov yap vruvv <rvv$vct^STat TU XUTOI, 
 @e(Bi>)Xog. 
 
 s 
 rik. XIV. E/ff TUVTCX, ^ T 6% 7? 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 01 [Atv (pauXo; 'i<rovrat Qi'hoi ii $ovqv $ TO 
 vLVTii OfMioi ovTSg' ol & ctyctdol, it' av- 
 Tovg (phot. ij yug ayadoi. ovroi [AM ovv, ' 
 
 ' 1x61901 Jg, KATA SYMBEBHKOS XCt) TU 
 
 XV. ff<xtP n rav APET^N, o u, 
 
 t r v A v ^ ' ti chap. iii. 
 
 EHIN, 01 Ot KAT ENEPFEIAN, ayOLVOl XtyOVTOtt' OVTQ). xiv. 
 
 ITT] rqg <I>IAIAZ. ol fAtv yag ffv 
 
 al Kogl^ovffi Tot,yu,6a,' ol 
 
 10 xs^vgurfAtvot rolg TOTTOK;, ov% ivegyovtri fM9 9 ovrca 
 o tfcouffiv U<TT tvsgyiiv (pihixug. ol yoip roirot ov 
 Trjv (piXiuv #&$) XX ryv tvigyeiuv. 
 
 XVI. af g 'fcgovios TI clvova'iex, yvyjrat, 
 
 . oflev ttgrjrou* 
 
 15 
 
 XVII. OL (fiaivovrai o ovtf ol 
 ol ffTgvtpvo], tyi'kiKo} elvui. (3gct,%u yug Iv avrols ro 
 
 T9Jg qoovq$' oi>oz}g og ovvarai trvvyfASge 
 
 ~ * ~ ^*>~ f ^ ^ f 
 
 TU pq qoti. (A&,\i<rru, yag q 
 
 TO {A\v twr^^ep (gwys/v, iea-cti g roy 
 ol o d'TrooBfcOfAevoi aXX^Xoy^j ^^ arvfyvvTBg Jg, EY- 
 NOIS 
 
 TO o*yv. gta gy a o/ 
 
 (rvi>7][Atgzvsiv og, ^a o; 
 ftzv yoig sivat, TovTOig qxiffTa vrgocrfaet. 
 
 o; fActx 
 q 
 
 To7g ot,VTo7g' o 
 
 OVV \GT\ /?vC6, ?j TftJl/ 7 
 
 * oo%s7 yoig 
 
 ,gy #a ugSTOv TO 
 g, TO avTa TOIOVTOV' o y dyaflog TOJ ayafla 
 
 >/ 
 
 TOLVTGb. 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vm. 
 
 XVIII. "Eo/fcg y 7) fMV <DIAHEI TTcifl&l, 71 8t 
 
 X/a, gg;. q yoig (plx^trtg ov% qrrov Kgog TO, cl- 
 
 N, o secret -/rao?, 
 rov <pi\ov, TO ctvrolg 
 
 6ov (piXovtriv' (o ya^ ctyaQog (p/Xoc yivo^og^ 
 Qov yivtTKi (pihog). Ix-aregog ouv (p/Ag? rg ro 
 
 ro 
 
 XIX. v 
 TOV yiverat f] (p/X/a, oV^y wnwXr<f<j g/V/, 
 
 7- / / ~ N 
 
 ^frror ra^ ofAihtotig fcaigovtriv. TUUTC/, yug ootcei 
 p,tiKi<rT tivai (p^X/xct, ^a! xoiqTtxa (p/X/a;. 5/o, vgo; 15 
 ^gv yivovroti <p/Xo* ^a^y, 7rge<rj3vTai ft ov. ov yoig 
 yiyvovrcti (p/Xo/, 0/5 ay ^^ fcuigcuxnv. opolug $ ou$ 
 ol (rrgvQvoi. aXX* ol roiovroi EYNOI ^gv g/V/v AAAH- 
 AOIS. jSofXoyra/ yd^ raya^ctj ^ai dyravTaHriv etg 
 rag ^geiag. OIAOI A' or ^ra^y g/V/, J/ct TO ^^ o*yy- '20 
 i fcuigsiv aXX^Xo/?* ct 3i pd'hiffr 
 
 etvcti 
 
 XX. HOAAOIZ 5' sivoii (p/Xov, za,Toi rqv TEAEIAN 
 <p/X/av, oux tvdixerai' airx-sp oi^' \poiv ?roXX<yi 
 
 \ ~ v v f/ 
 
 TO TOIGVTO OB VPOg ZVOt, ' 
 
 . 
 
 , oi paidiov' 'Strug J', oiJ' aya^oy? g/y/. 0*g7 ^g 
 ) g^a^rg/^/at/ Xot]8g7v, fca/ gf (rvvqfaicx, ysvzo-floti' o 
 
 TO XPHSIMON g #a TO 'HAY, 
 dgi<rx,tiv tvdifcBrott . croXXo/ yct^ oJ roiovroi' 39 
 a! 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 263 
 
 xxi. TOVTCOV i\ ^aXXoy zoit&s, (fiiX'tot, q did TO 
 
 'HAY' Srctv TUVTU VTT dolv ivTai HO,} 
 
 > . / -A ~ ~ r / , x , 
 
 ariv ctXX?7X0/, 77 TOtg avroig' oioct TMV vtav et(riv at 
 
 
 yap tv ravTotig TO viPiov. j g 
 
 V N N / \ f ' / V 
 
 OUX. TO XPHEIMON, ttOUttUV. KCtl 01 fAOMC&plOl 02 
 
 ig /SovXovTcti run' TO Sk "hvirq^ov, oX/yov ftsv 
 ovov, (ptgovnv ffvvz'xuq $*, ovdiig civ vKOfAeivoii 
 ovo C&VTO TO ctyotOov, ei hwrrjgov UVTU siq. dio, TOU$ 
 (pihovg qietg ^Tovffiv. ($ii $ 'iffug %oti 
 roiovTOvg ovTug> %cii 'tri avTolg. OVTM yoig 
 
 xxn. OJ 5' Iv Torfg i%ou<riaig, iiygqftHQiG (paivov- 
 Toig (fiihoig. ctXXo^ ydg avTo7g sir} 
 Ttgoi $iig' ci[A(f)oi) J' 01 CIVTQ}, ov 
 irctvv. OVTB ycig fjietg [AST dgeTqg fyjrwa'if, OVTS 
 
 sig TO. xotXoi' aXXcc Tovg fM t tvTga.' 
 j TOV qdzog ztyiZAevoi, Tovg Jg, deivovg voi 
 
 TO tTriTU'tV. TUVTO, OV TTcw vtTUl \V TU 
 
 CHAP. IV, 
 
 IN WHICH IS PROPOUNDED A SECOND DIVISION OF 
 FRIENDSHIP, INTO TWO KINDS. 
 
 I. 'HJt/s 3g *a! nftMK *a stqrui ort o 
 
 ff"7rovda7og . aXX* 'YHEPEXONTI ov ytvsTott o ToiovTog 
 <pihog> av {W xct,} rij dg$Ty vKegtfflTcii. si 3g ^i, 
 OVK ISAZEI ANAAOrON VTTSSOASVOg. OV * 
 
 TOIOVTOI 
 
264 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vni. 
 
 E/V/ y ovv at ftgjf&itfat (p/X/a/, EN IEOTHTI. ra 
 t aira ylyverai d^r dfj^<po7v 1 xoti fiovhovrat dh- 
 y trtgot dv&' zrsgov dvTtxaTuXXotTTovTatj 
 olov> $ovi]v dvT utpeheiag. on ft qrrov g/Vlv avrai 
 at (ptXiat, KOU (Aivov<riv, ttgQTOU. 5 
 
 Aoxovcri d\ xa,}, ii ofAOiOTqra, x.a,} d 
 eivctt TS 9 %ce,i ova 
 
 yv.% ryjg KMT dgsrrjv, (p&ivovrctt fyhiat' (^ [&\v 
 a, TO qdv 'ly^h ij 3g ro XfjJtfftfW ravrcx, 5' ysr- 
 
 xdxtivri') 7&> Jg, rqv ^ ddtd/SXwTOv xa] po- lo 
 vipov eivoii, rocvrag Si roi^ug fJt,tra*i*rtiy, aXXoig 
 re $ic(,(pspeiv ToXXo7?' ov (potivovTUi (p/X/ct/, ii dvo- 
 
 KA' 'YOEPOXMN' 
 
 
 wgog voV) %cu ohug fftffvTtgQ wgog 15 
 repov, dvdpi re vrgog yuv&lxciy Ktti Tarn 
 
 II. /a(goLo"/ y avrcti xou d^hfaav. ov 
 
 avrq yovtvcrt wgog rexvot,, % 
 
 aXX^ oy^g ^ar^/ wgog vov, xct va r 
 pot,) ov(? dvigi Kgog yvvct,lx,ct) xat yvvctm,} Kgo 
 
 vgcx,. ETEPA yag> Ixdrra rovruv APETH, tea TO 
 EPFON' grgpa Jg ^a/, AI 'A (piXovnv' eTegat ovv 9 x,ot} 
 cti (piXyretg x,a,} at (ftXiai. TAYTA fMf J^ ovri y'iy- 
 
 d floiTegov, ovTe oel curtly. oTa,v2~> 
 
 AEI 
 
 yovtlg Se vte<riv, 'A AEI TOig Tzxvoig' [AovifAog q ruv 
 
 III. ANAAOFON J* Iv wdffatg ra7g nut) 
 outraig 
 rov d/Attv uo (tsi<rat q <tev, xat rov 
 
 , KM} ruv aXXaw etcourrov Oftot&f. orav 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 265 
 
 y? KAT ASIAN ) (pXqtrig yyifjjra/, TOTS 
 
 M %L \ ,V / S* 
 
 nns ISOTHS' o oq Tqg (fiihtag sivoti 
 
 IV. Oufc ofAoiag Jg TO l'<rov, 'iv re To7g 
 iv TJJ (p/X/ot, <pa/ygra/ g^g/v. g^rr/ yag> sv 
 i<rov, Trureug TO KUT d%iav, TO 
 
 7ro(rov evTtgojg' tv g TJ (p/X/a, TO 
 
 TO 
 
 V. A?Xof J', gctj/ noAY 
 
 , q xaxtag, J gy^r6^/a$, ^ r/yo; a?^Xoy. oy 
 JOgV/ (p/Xo/ g/V/f ctXX* oyJ* d^iovffiv. l 
 
 og TOUT' g^i ro;y ^giwi'. ^"XeiTTov yotg OVTOI Koia'i 
 
 U7regt% t ov<riv. dijXov Jg a) g^; TWV ficuri- 
 ^ Tovroig d%iovffiv eivoti (p/Xo/, o; T0Xy 
 oyjg ro7^ d^itrToig rj ffofytoTaiTOig, ol 
 dxgtfBqg [A\v ovv Iv To7g ToiovTOig 
 ovn ffnv opicrfAog, 'E^S TINOS ol (piXoi. -jroXXft/v ya,p 
 
 9 - /if I . \ V\ At f 
 
 a(pcx,igovfAtvwV) ZTI fAtvei' ^roXy og fc&)Pi<rvzvTog, oiov 
 
 TOV fl&OV, OVJCZTl. 
 
 VI. "Qflev nat dirogiiTUi, fAq KOT ov (BouXovrai 
 "20 01 (p;Xo/ Tolg (fiiXotg Tex, fityurTa, TUV dyuQuV) oiov, 
 
 Oeovg elvoLi' ovfik yug JTI <p/Xo/ 'ivovrut avToJg, ovfie 
 dq dyaQd' ol ydg (p/Xo/ dyctfloi. si dy xctXag ei'- 
 pqTCM) OTI o (p/Xo$ TW <p/X&; /SoyXgra/ TciyaOoc. tmivov 
 svezct,' fttvsiv av Jgo/, oiog KOT \ffr\v Itieivog. [dv- 
 ra Jg ovTt, /3ouXrj(reTcx,i TO, [AiyurTot, dyct,0d. ' 
 ov KavTct. UVTW yug 
 
 VII. OJ ^roXXo) Jg dotcov<rt, AIA <I>IAOTIMIAN, 
 ^a; (p/Xg7<r^ot/ ^caXXof J (p/XeTv. J/o, (p/Xoo- 
 o/ TroXXo/. y^rg^g^o^gt/os ya^ (p/Xoj, o KOAAH* 
 
266 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vin. 
 
 rotovrog sivai, xoti ftuXXov (pihiiv q 
 
 ' TO Jg <f?/Xg7<r$a*j lyyvg sivctt dons! rov 
 TIMAI0AI* ov oq o'l croXXo! gcp/gvrot/. 
 
 VIII. Oi A i* 'AYTO $ loixcuriv cugSiffat rqv 
 
 TIMHN, CfcXXfifc KATA EYMBEBHKOE. CtiOVffl ycl, 01 & 
 
 ruv t 
 EAOIAA. oiovrai 
 
 dv rov ozavToti' d>g OTJ ff^i^ziu rqg 
 
 77\ TlfAq. 01 y VW 7UV IftltlXUV XO,} 
 
 i riftijg, fi&fBotwtrai rqv olxtiotv do%otv \tyi- 
 7reg} CLVTCUV' ^aigovfft oq OTI eioriv otyaOo}, 
 wurr&vovreg ry ruv Xtyovruv zgicrsi. ru <j>iAEirAi 
 Jg KA* 'AYTO jQeiigoortt* dto do%eiev av 
 etvai rov n^oio'^ai' xocl q <p/X/a, x,a,@' avrqv ui 
 
 IX. ofcfi v TQ <I>IAEIN, ^aXXov v Tfi <i>i- 
 
 AEIS0AI, siv&i. ffrifAtiov J' at fAqregeg, ru 
 . tvicti yoip di$oa,<ri roi ioivruv 
 
 Mv tiiviou, avritpihiiffdai 8* ov 
 fftv, lav otfAtporePot, py tvd&fcqroii' aXX* tttuvov 
 
 ~>; T , \ t. -..'/ \> 
 
 rotig toixev eivai, tav oguffiv &v ffgurrovrag* %ai civ- 
 rot,} <pihov<riv ctvrovg, %dv txsfvoi [Aqfttv, uv 
 '7rgo<rq%i 9 oLwovtfAaa'tt o/cc rqv ayvoictv. 
 10 X. MaAXov Jg rijg (pihictg ovffqg iv ru 
 
 ruv <>/Xo(/Xfiyi> g^ra ivovAtwv' <l>iAfiN APET ro -* 
 
 ZOIX.&V. 
 
 xi. "l<rr iv olg rovro yiverat KAT' AHIAN* ovrot 
 (p/Xo/, xcx,} ri rovrav <p/X/ot. ovru 5' civ x,a,} 
 ot civiffoi [AciXurr eizv (piXot. ISAZOINTO yag av. q 
 S* Itrorrig KOU ofAOiorqg, (pihorqg. 
 
 xn. Ka) [Ao<,Xi<rrot, [MV, q TON KAT' APETHN 
 * See page ofAoiOTqc. {AOvifAoi a yag ovrtg %ot,@ y avrovg) KOU Kgog 
 
 258, line >_./. ' \v *>' '~ //p 
 
 * ovr& otovrai &v^W ovv 
 
CHAP. iv. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 267 
 
 roiuvra, ctXX , &g sftstv, x,ou 
 TWV ayctfov ycx>g, {ATIT ctvTovg oif 
 Tolg (piXoig ITTITIKZIV. ot og MOXGHPOIJ TO 
 
 ovoz 
 
 ovrsg' \TT oXiyov $z 
 VOVTUI (fiiXoi, %otigo*rf$ ry dixxfaav f**0%filgt<p- ot 
 
 XPHSIMOI Js, KCM 'HAEIE, g-r! irXeiov $ia,[Atvou<riv' 
 av xotatHTtv qoovctg rj a()$Xsi(x.s cJ 
 
 XIII, EH ENANTIfiN Jg, ^aX/<rra IMV do%z7 f H See chap. i. 
 
 ^ r v / $ v - of this 
 
 IOAIA TO XPHSIMON ytyvsorvoii (piAtcx,' oioV) TTZvjyg TTAOU- book. 
 ert6> 9 oi[Act@7]g BtdoTi. ou yag Tvy^avei rig witqg &)v, 
 TOUTOV ztpiefASvog, uvrtivgtifeu oixXo. ivra,v0u ft civ 
 rig zXzoi %ui igutTTqv xa} tguttsvov, xoti xuXov KKI 
 not,} 01 igcLorrcti ysXoJoi sviore, 
 ug (f>iXov(riv. ofAoiag 5i 
 
 Jg TOIOVTOV 
 
 y&Xoiov. 
 
 "\(foi)g Jg, ovo itpisrai TO ZVCWTIOV TOU 
 
 >/ '"^ \ 1 A J 1* * 
 
 20 TOY MESOY tffnv. TOVTO yotg ayuvov oiov, TW 
 f^J, ov% vygu yevztrflui, aXX' tiri TO f^iffo 
 xcii TM fagf&Si xa,} Tolg uXXoig, opo'iug. 
 
 ovv <et(r<v. #a) 06 IG-TIV 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vni. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 IN WHICH FRIENDSHIP IS CONSIDERED, WITH REGARD 
 TO THE VARIOUS FORMS AND DEGREES IN WHICH IT 
 ENTERS INTO THE SEVERAL VARIETIES OF HUMAN 
 ASSOCIATION AND COMMUNITY. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 A GENEBAL VIEW OF COMMUNITIES. 
 
 11 I. "Eoitte Jg, (fca^asrg^ tv dig^y eigrjrott,) IIEPI 
 TAYTA, xoti Iv rolg avrotg, tivcti, yj ri (pihia, act,} TO 
 . Iv dirourri yotg KOINHNIA Soxs7 n dixuiov 
 i (p/X/a Jg. (Kgo(rctyogevov<ri yovv u$ (f>i- 
 , rovg (rvfAirXovg xu,} rovg (rvfrrgunuras' opwiwg 5 
 ^g xcx,} rovg \v rc&ig aXXaig xoivuviaig.) KA' ' 
 Jg xoivuvovff-ty, Eni TOSOYTON tffri <p/X/a. yea] 
 ro 
 
 EN KOINHNIA 
 v 
 
 II. v E<rr/ 5' ctJgX(po7? JMV %cti raoig, DANTA 10 
 
 ro7g 5' ctAXo/s, A^fiPiSMENA* KOL] ro7g 
 
 ro'ig (? EAATTH. xoti yu% TUV (fiiXioov, at p\v 
 at J* tfTTOv. oicKpzgei og xcti ret, AIKAIA. 
 
 ov ycig ravrx, yovtvtri Kgog rtx.va 9 KM 
 
 ou iragotg KOLI xohratg' opoug 15 
 SB xoti liri ruv aXX#f (fu'hiav. trsga oq x,ou rdi 
 AAIKA, vgog wdtrrovg rovruv. KM} av^ffiv 
 vet, rai ^aXXov JTfOC tyihovg eivai. oiov, 
 d'Troo'r&^ffoii IrotigoV) oeivoregov q irohirqv. ncx,} 
 /3o'/j@r](r<x,i aJsX^iW, ^ oQveia' KCL} Tarawa/ ^rargpa, 20 
 
 q OVTIVOVV 
 
 
 X/a, %,cci ro xaiov' ug v roig avrog ovrat, xa, 
 
 i<rov 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 III. A; Jg xoivaviai naffoU) MOPIOIS lowaon 
 
 noAiTiKHS. (rvfATTogevovrui yg g nvt 
 xcti voipfASvoi n ruv sig rov @io 
 
 %tt,l 
 
 *oi9U9tct 9 rov SYMOEPONTOS "fcugiv Sottii xcti 1% 
 (rvvsh@s7v 9 xat dtotfASvsiv. rovrov yoig xoti ol 
 
 ' %0t} AIKAION (faff IV Stvai) 
 " TO KOINH SYMOEPON." 
 
 IV. A/ [Azv ovv c&AXa; xotvaviott) KATA MEPH rov 
 ffv^fytgovrog ztpisvrcti' oiov, KXarqgeg [Atv, rov xurct 
 
 10 rov irhovv, irgog igya,<ria,v %gi)fi&r09 w n roiovrov 
 rtarai Jg, rov Kara rov vrohsfAGv, sirs ^^~ 
 
 zi'rz vinwc. 7\ tfohsag opsyoiASvoi' ou,oiug igj 
 t \ / 
 
 V. "Eviai Jg ruv KOIMVIUV AI' 'HAONHN AOKOYSI 
 
 <uruv no,} igotvurruv. avrcti yag 0v- 
 (rvvovrfctg. 
 
 VI. Tloicrui (? avroti VTTO rqv KoXtriXTiv loixcuriv 
 sTvoLi. ov ycig rov HAPONTOS ffvptysgovrog q 7:0X1- 
 rifcq ztpisrui, ctXX* sig MTravra, rov (3iov y Qu(riot,g rg 
 
 %Q voiovvrsg zee,} irs^} ravrotg ffvvodovg, npcig d^ovs- 
 ro7g @so7g, xot/i (x>vro7g otvct,'7rot,v(rsig wopii^pvrsg 
 Sovqg. ai yag d^cx7cx>i ^vtriai xoti o-vvodoi 
 (fioiivovrai yivs<r@ce,i {Azroi rag rav xugvav rvyzo- 
 fAidoig, oiov UK UP "foot, 1 ^o6A/<rra yctg tv rovroig 
 25s0"fcoXa,pv ro7g %uigo7g. naffou 3^ (puivovrui at 
 zoivuviai Mopia rr e g <7CO\iriMig sivut. d%oXov@rj<rov(ri 
 Jg at roiuvrai <DIAIAI roug roiavratg KOINHNIAIS. 
 
270 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vm. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 A GENERAL VIEW OF POLITICAL COMMUNITIES. 
 12 VII. HOAITEIAS 5' IffTIV EIAH T/a' 'iffCtl Jg KOLI 
 
 IIAPEKBAZEIE, oov (oPui, rouruv. 
 
 VIIT. E/V! 3* a/ cgy ToAmTa/, BAEIAEIA Tg, 
 
 APIETOKPATIA, T/T?J 5', ^ UKO TlfAqfAOirW 1>]V TI- 
 MOKPATIKHN X&tlV OIXMOV (OilVSTCil' HOAITEIAN J*5 
 
 avrqv eicu&acriv ol 
 
 IX. Toyr^ Jg, BEATISTH ^gy jj /3a<r/Xg;a, XEI- 
 PISTH 3' ^ TIJJUOZ^OLTICC. 
 
 X. Tlagtzfiaffig Jg /3a<riXtia$ ftkv y TYPANNIS. 
 
 overt ot 9rXg7<rrov. 010 
 
 TO zctvru ffVAtov (?KO<7rii' o 
 
 , TO Ta;f OL^^O^VUV. ov yoig tcrrt (Scttri- 
 , o [At] avrctpKYis xct,} vciffi ro7g oL 
 
 f V " ^ N ^~ N 
 
 * o og rotovrog ovoevog KoffOBirai' ra, 
 
 TO? 3* 
 
 ovv O.VTU f/v, OVK av rdW7, TO? a0^iw/f. o 15 
 ya^> ^e/i To;oyTo;, A^iypvroi at* T/^ gj'^ fiottriXevg. q 
 Jg TL^a^^'!f, g^ IvotvTiotg roivrri' TO yct^ tuvru ayct,- 
 0ov diuzei. xa] tottttirtw liil Tuvrc) on 
 
 g, TO ivctvriov ru pgAT/o*T<jy. 
 
 iag, r, rugawig' o 08 p<o%&)igog /3a<r/Xgyjj Ty- 
 ytverui. 
 XI. 'E| fiumix&rittf Jg> g/j OAIFAPXIAN, 
 
 01 vtjAOVffi rex, rqg Koheag Trotgot, TY^ 
 
 TO?, xa/ Ta^ OLWVLS a,e rog uvrog' KB? 
 
 ' \ > - / V V >/ \ 
 
 vfAevoi TO < /TAoyTg;j/. oAiyoi or] ap^ovfri xui 
 
 XII. g T/^OC6Ta?, g/$ AHMOKPATIAN. 
 
 i & e'unv avrai. 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 271 
 
 96011 ri TlfAOXgaTta SlVOtt, XCtl IffOl TTaVTSg Oi 6V TW 
 
 ta-Ttv, 
 
 gVi puxgto ydg vragexfiaivet TO ryjg woXiTtiug 
 dog. [ASTafBaXhovtrt [Atv ovv ^aX/<r$' ovrag at 
 
 yag OVT&, %&, 
 
 XIII. 'OMomMATA 5' avrav, a; otov 
 
 rig v %a v rag OIKIAIS. 
 vgog vislg xotvontcty 
 
 xtti, OAqog rov A/cc 
 
 &>g Sovhoig Tolg vlirtf. Tv^oLvvut.r, Jg a/, 
 
 oovXovg. TO y^g TOV osffwoTOV ffV(A(pgov Iv 
 *rgatrrtrt. avrq ftsv ovv og0r/ famfcu* fj 
 
 q S* 9 ftfbctgnjf&ww TUV di<x,(pepovTav yap, at 
 - > x v ^ v 
 
 9^ 0; - avogog oz scat yvvaixog , 
 
 aivtTai. KC&T d^totv yug o dv?ip 
 ork \ \ ~ * % .\ Jf % f/ >,\ 
 
 20 #a/ crg^/ rayra a os* TOI/ owdga otrcc, ot 
 
 dpuLo^et, txsiv/i dirodidwa'iv. dcTonr&v d\ xvgievav o 
 slg oXiyag^iav lAzQ'urTqffiv. vragoi T^V aj/ai 
 
 airo ^ro/s7 ^a/ oy/ ^ dASivuv. IVIOTS Jg a 
 
 c ~ '/.'?' ^\ 
 
 at yvvaiKZg., zirifcAqgoi ovffai. ov on 
 
 at u' "* dXXa dta TT^OVTOV tea] duv- 
 
 v Tag 
 
 dtaXXaTTOvcrtv. oiotfsg, av croXy Talg 
 dia(ptga(Ttv 9 ouxert ditXfptx^ yivsTat q (pt- 
 Jg, /66aX*<rra jBtsv gf ra?^ aJgo-sro- 
 ' (\vTav9a yap vcavTtg gf t<rov') 
 xai tv aig d<r@svqg o d^av xdi IxaffTu $%ou<r!a. 
 
272 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vnr. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 THE MANNER AND DEGREE IN WHICH FRIENDSHIP IN- 
 TERMINGLES WITH POLITICAL COMMUNITIES. 
 
 13 XIV. KA* 'EKASTHN Jg fSv Trohireiav OIAIA 
 
 i<p o<rov KCII TO dixotiov. 
 XV. BASIAEI fAtv ngog Tovg j3ce,<ri\vo[Atvovgy EN 
 
 EYEPFESIAS. gy 
 
 fAtvovg, siwtg dya^og av gV/^gXg7ra/ avT&iv, i'v 
 irgctTrucriv* affftsg vofAevg Tgofictrav. o$e 
 go$ TOV ' Ay a, {At {Av ova, "noipiva, \ct,uv" ei<7rzv. 
 ^ HATPIKH. 5/a<gg^ Jg rw 
 
 ccl'nog yoip TOV tivou, oxovvTog 
 : yio-TOv, xoti TPo(Dq$ xoti KUiSeiots. act} To7g vrgoyo- 10 
 
 ate*'* **"'% y ~ ' ' ^^ > v 
 
 ^ J VO/f Og TMVTtt, UTrOVtfASTOtl. (f>V(TSl TS CtgfclXOV 
 
 viav, xai ngoyovoi txyovav, %&,} 
 
 See. vii. oiAtVUV. EN 'YIIEPOXH Jg a/ QlhtOlt OtVTOll' 
 
 and vin. of f ~ \ \ ^ \ > / 
 
 the last TIMHNTAI Of yOVSig. %OC,t TO AIKAION 07} IV TOVTOig 
 
 ov TAYTO, aXXa TO KAT' ASIAN. OVTU ycig 
 
 <DIAIA. 
 
 XVI. Ka) d 
 
 dgurtoitgaria,. KAT' APETHN 
 
 dycx,0ov 9 xcii TO 
 OVTU g ^a ro ixatov. 20 
 
 XVII. 'H Jg TiVf AAEAOHN, T? ^TAIPIKH! 
 
 
 'itroi a, %&,} qixiwToti' ot TOIOVTOI 
 
 i Tqv TIMOKPATIKHN. 'icroi yoig ot irolJTOii /3ov- 
 
 \> ~ ( v > / v\\>/ 
 
 KUI SKieixeig tivoti. tv Atzi orj TO 
 E~ 
 
 XVIII. 'El> Jg TOUg IIAPEKBASESIN, iWg #C6/ TO 
 AIKAION gTT/ IAIKPOV tffTlV, OVrQ) KCtl $ <1>IAIA IffTl' 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 273 
 
 v ry %eig<rrri. v rvguvvi yog ogi/, 
 otg yoig [A$\]> ycoivov \<rn ru 
 
 xcti ra agfcOfAtvu) ovfo <p*X/a* (oiJg 
 
 aXX* olov rsfcviry Kgog ogyctvov, xcti 
 
 ) xoti oe(r7ror7] vgog dovhov. u 
 
 WOLVTCX, rotVTot, VTTO ruv 
 
 ov tffrt Kgog rot, a^wfca,, ovdl dixouov. a 
 trgog '/Kirov, Oj (Bovv ovdl wgog SovXov, y dovXog. ov- 
 $tv yag xoivov tffnv. o yug dovXog, 'ip-^wfcov ogyot,- 
 10 jw ro 5* SgyetW) oi-^v^og dovXog. y [&iv ovv Sov- 
 ou% urn (fiiXia, irgog OLVTOV, y tf dv@P&i'7rog 
 
 ag etvai TI J/*a;oi ^raj/r) a,v0gwra 9 wgog Kotvrct, rov See B. y. 
 
 1>0[AOV Xtt,} (TVvdilKYig' KM,} (fil - . ti^'iii!!* 
 
 /I * v N ^\ N 
 
 vgto'Trog . tin ftixgov or t x,m tv 
 rvgavvitrw, ai (filial ott TO dixcuov. Iv Jg rou$ 
 iv] whiiffrov. -sroXXa yolg rol 
 
 OVfflV. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 THE MANNER AND DEGREE IN WHICH IT INTERMINGLES 
 WITH VARIOUS OTHER ASSOCIATIONS AND RELATIONS 
 OF MANKIND. 
 
 XIX. 'Ev KoiNnNi (MV ovv iraffct, (piXict, tffriv, 14 
 t'tgqrcti. ct,<pogi(reis $ oiv rig rqv re srr- 
 
 20TENIKHN, KOLI rr,v ETAIPIKHN. a/ 
 
 scat o<rai roictvrai, 
 . oiov yag %a0* o^coXo- 
 
 yiuv rivot, (fa'ivovrai wcti. elg ravrag Jg ra|g<gv oiv 
 rtg jcou rqv HENIKHN. 
 
 25 XX. Ka) % srrrENiKH Jg (fc&ivsrctt vrohveidqg et- 
 vcu, figrqo-tioti Jg 9ra<ra EK THS HATPIKHI:. ol yovs7g 
 roi rixva> ug \otwruv n ovrot,' 
 
274 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vin. 
 
 
 ra g rgfcva, rove yovtg, &>g a txetvav n oa. 
 (? 'icraffiv ot yovtig ra gf avruv, ? ra ygy- 
 or/ g rovrav. a/ ^caXXoy <ri>r#;g/Wa/ ro 
 
 a<p oy n ygw?7$gi>r/, J ro yzvopzvov TCO vroiinruvri. 
 
 ro ya^ g| avrov olfciiov ru &,<$ ov, oiov odoug, ^ 
 
 v y * ' ~ ~ >f / V ' /l v N ' ^' ** 
 
 tKtiva o ovvev ro a(> oy 
 
 ru KXyiflsi Jg roS ^ovov. 01 JJMV y (*>(>> 
 ev 
 
 &vg yevofASvot,, a-rigyovffiv' ra Jg, T 
 
 rovg yoveig, crvvttriv jj aiff^triv Xafiovra,. g* 
 
 
 a (iXovffi aXXov a/ - 10 
 
 i' oyi/ rgxva (fiiXovtrtVy &>$ totvrovg' 
 o/oi' grg^o/ a tiro/ raJ 
 rtxva, og yoyg7f, 0/5 ct^r' itcsivav wstpvxoTot. 
 
 XXI. AAEAOOI A' AAAHAOYS, rJ g raJi' OLVTUV 
 
 15 
 
 rat, Toiuvrct. g/V/ J rairo 
 
 og 5T0 (p/X/a^, xa/ ro ffvvrpotyov #a/ ro 
 
 o/ 
 
 o/ Aoinoi srrrENEis, g royrav <rvi>a%eitovrce,i. 
 yug aVo ra;i> OLVTUV eivoii. yiyvovrcti 5' o/ ^gv 
 , o/ J' aAXor^/Jrg^o/, T^fc STNErrYE H 
 
 noppn TON APXHFON EINAI. 
 
 XXII. v Eo-r/ J' ^ cgj/ npos TONEII; 
 
 di? ^POJ dyctflov 
 
 \' 
 
 ra 
 
 xa/ r^a(p^a/ a/r/o/, a/ ytvopivoig, rov 
 
 TO 'HAY KAI TO XPHZIMON 
 
 (p/X/a, ^aXXof rwv o^vg/W, oVa; a/ ^o/vorg-30 
 ^ otvro7g tffTiv. 
 xxill. "Efl-r/ Jg a/ gv r^f AAEA<DIK^, a 
 
 o 3/o^ otvro7g t 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 275 
 
 oX&tg v ro7g opooig* offu oxeioregoi, xci,zx ysv&rqg 
 (rrzgyovreg aXX^Xoy?, xcti otra 
 
 01 & rav avruv xot ffvvrooi %&, 
 
 flzvrsg ofAoiag. xoii YI xurol rov %govov 
 
 nai (Be (Bator dry . iivctKoyov Jg a/ gv ro7g 
 
 ruv ffvwwv rci 
 
 XXIV. ANAPI AE KAI TYNAIKI <p/X/a doxsi xaroi 
 
 ry <p6(ref 
 
 Kgorsgov yea 
 10 xuioregov owict KoXtag, %cu rexvovoiiot, 
 
 rdig yoig. rolg [A\v ovv aXXo/?, g^r; rotrovrov q %oi- 
 vaviot, Icrriv' 01 ft &9$g6nr<H 9 ov JAOVOV ryjg 
 
 eig rov /3!ov. 
 
 roi g^yct, xa,} tffTiv srega, dvdpog X.OA 
 . lw<x,gKov(riv ovv ex,XXqXoig, tig TO xoivov 
 TU tdiot. dioi ravrot, Jg, tea} ro ^^fft^ov 
 xctl ro $v 9 ev rccvryi ry <p/X/a. g/'jj <? 
 av xcx,} di dgtrqv, st tTrietKMg stsv. 'iffri yoig sxct- 
 r&gov otgjzrri) XCLI y^otigoiev ctv rco roiovru. 
 
 20 XXV. 2YNAE2MOE Jg TOt Tg^VOft do%&7 eTvOtl. till 
 
 6oirrov oi arexvoi diahvovrui. roi yoig rixvct, xoivov 
 
 ro xoivov. 
 
 xxvi. To ^g nns SYMBmTEON dvdgi vgog yvv- 
 xoti o\ag (piXu vgog (p/Xof ovd\v zregov <f)ui- 
 25 vercti reifffluh ? nns AIKAION. ov n ravvov 
 
 ra tyfaca wgog rov (p/Xov, xot,} rov oflveiov, 
 xoti rov Iroiigov, xoti rov 
 
276 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vin. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON THE CAUSES WHICH LEAD TO THE DISTURBANCE 
 OF FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 THE LEADING PRINCIPLE RELATING TO THE SUBJECT OF 
 THIS CHAPTER. 
 
 15 * j/Trv ovffuv (pihwv, xucvxtg v 
 
 xcti %u,0' tx,a,(rri>iv, rav [Atv EN IEOTHTI 
 
 ruv z KA' 'YFIEPOXHN' 
 
 yivovrai, KMI ape'ivm 
 ' yea,} dia ro %gfl<Hf/t09 
 
 rag atpsXtaig, xcti diutyiovrsg)' rovg trovg 
 
 KCX.T ifforqra, Jg7 T <J>IAEIN KAI TOIS Aomois iera- 
 
 g/v, rovg avroug, TQ ANAAOFON TAir YDEPOXAIS 
 
 AOOAIAONAI. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE SOURCES OF QUARREL IN EQUAL FRIENDSHIPS. 
 II. YiyVtTKl Jg Tflt EFKAHMATA XOI Ott ^i^^g 10 
 
 Iv 7ij ard ro fcgqo'ifAov <p<X/a, q fAOvy, q 
 
 ol (ttv yat>(> AI* APETHN <p/Xo/ oi/rg?, gu 
 goOvfAOuvTou. rovro yat,(> agtTijg xcti 
 wgog rovro $ dpi^apivuvy ovx, t<rnv 
 
 ^ca^a/. rov yag> (ptXovvrot xoti ev 15 
 woiovvrot, ovde}g dv0"fcgtx,iv&t, aXX* gctf ^ ^agieig) 
 ev Sgav. o 3' y^rg^>/3aXXa;i', rvy^cwuv ov 
 a,v 
 
 rov 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 277 
 
 III. Ov Ka,vv $ ovtf gi> rolg AI' 'HAONHN. apex, 
 
 a[A<pofv ytverat ov ogeyovraiy st ra 
 
 % f ot,tgov<rtv. ygXo7o 3' av (paivoiro xoti o 
 
 ra p rgwovrt, tov [&% ff 
 6 IV. 'H SI AIA TO XPHEIMON 
 
 rov 
 
 , xoti harrov s^eiv ototrat rov 
 fAifA()ovrah ort ov% offuv d&ovrctt, rotrovrav rvy- 
 % f ot,vovo'tv> ol%ioi ovreg* ol 3' gy vroiovvreg ov dvvotvrott 
 otruv ol Kot,o'% t ovr&g 
 
 V. "Eo/xg Jg, xa^aTg^ ro dixotiov i<rn dirrov, ro 
 TO 8s ara vopov' x,a} rijg xaroi ro 
 fj f//*v HIKH, ^ Jg NOMIKH efvoti. 
 ow rot, tyjcXqfAotrct, [AoiXior@\ *OTAN MH 
 
 15KATA THN AYTHN SYNAAAAS^SI KAI AIAAYflNTAI. 
 
 VI. v E<rr/ O] NOMIKH fA\v, fj tiri pqrolg' 
 
 eg %govov, %a6* Ofuwyt g ri oivr 
 rvog. qhov 5' Iv ravr?} ro o(pg/X^a, ov u,fA<pi- 
 
 20X0701*. ^iXixov Jg rqv ava/3oX^v ^Yftk $to, nag , A 
 
 / \ / %,/ ^-/ V~ ' H-JfT' ifJt *^t 
 
 tvioig ovx, sicri rovrcav oincti' aX?w otovrai osiv <rrsg- *& \ 
 ytiv rovg nuroi iriffnv ffvvuhXoiZavrag. 
 
 VII. f H 5' H0IKH, ov* ini prirotg' ctXX* ug <pity 
 
 AflPEITAI, 5 OTlilpFOTl XXO, KOMIZE20AI AE ASIOI 
 
 25 TO iffov 7) ^rXgov, fi5j ov deduxug aXXa %g(io'otg. 
 Jg 
 
 VIII. Touro Jg (rvftfioiivei dux, ro BOYAE20AI 
 wavrag % rovg Trh&'urrovg TA KAAA, npOAiPEi- 
 
 Z0AI AE TA lifcEAIMA. ^OfcXoV Jg TO SV TTOieiV, fAl] "vet, 
 
 ro 
 
 IX. AvvctfAtvu 2^, diraToJorfon r^v d%iotv v 
 
 xovri. cxovra, ya (pXov o 
 
 gj> r a, #a! gi) Kaffovrot, v 
 
278 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK vm. 
 
 ov ovx, tist' (ov ydg VKO (fi'tXov, ovis it avro rovro 
 iguvrog' KaSaKsg ovv sir] pqrolg svtgysrqQivra^) 
 ituhvrtov. %a} opoXoyriffoii J' av, ivvdpsvog dvo- 
 ' divvctrovvrot, ovi* o oovg Yi%iufftv civ. 
 
 ei 
 
 , r\ 
 
 X. ' AfA$t<r(3riT9]<riv i' t%st, Kongo, itf r? rov 
 
 nAoNTor H^EAEIA pMTfwi xa ^o 
 
 rqv c&vrc&'Tridoa'iV) TJ r? rou APASANTOE EYEP- 10 
 
 o 
 o;y gyg^ygr^f, a 
 
 trtguv hafieiv xcx,rct,(rfAix,giovreg. ot ft, uvu,- 
 ra gy<j*ra TO;J> ^ra' avroig' KUA a sra' 
 
 roiotvrutg %t#4fi 15 
 
 AIA MEN TO XPHSIMON T^J (p;X/Ct? oi'- 
 TOY nA0ONTOS n<DEAEIA fttTgOV \ff7lV, 
 
 o dtofAevog, xoii liroLgnii avru ug xofAio 
 rqv iffqv. rotravrq ovv ytyivqrc&i {3 \<xiKovgi(x,, offov 
 ovrog atyihqrai' ncti cmodoTSov dq avru ocrov twqu- 20 
 vrXtov' 
 
 'Ev il TAIS KAT' APETHN, gy*X^ara ftiv ovx, 
 ttrgto ^ 'iowev, 'H TOY APASANTOS HPOAI- 
 . ryjg ugsrijg yag Hot rov ijtiovg, \v ry HPOAI- 
 PEZEI ro xvgtov. 25 
 
 PART III. 
 
 THE SOURCES OF QUARREL IN UNEQUAL FRIENDSHIPS. 
 
 16 XI. AiuQsgovrat is xat Iv roctg KA' 'YDEPOXHN 
 Qthiaig. cx^iol yag Ixdrs^og wXtov 'i%ttv' orctv is 
 rovro yiyvqrai, iiahvsrcu rj 
 
CHAP. vi. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 279 
 
 XII. Qterat ydg S re /3gXr/a;j/, " wgoffrjxtiv aura; 
 ' TU yoig oiyaQu vt{AS(rdot,i vrhzov'" oftoi 
 
 o atetAWTSog. eov y ovra, ov" 
 
 <pa,<ri " deiv i'ffov 'i%piv % heiTovgyiav re ydg 
 x,a} ov (fiiXioiv, si fAq %a,r d%ia,v ruv 'tgyuv 
 
 roi 1% rs (ihiag" otovrcit a ^at^rg v 
 
 xoivwa, irsiov afAvou(riv o 
 wXe7oV) OVTU diiv xa,} \v ry 
 XIII. 'O S* ev^g^j xex} o 
 10 " p/A0y ya^ dyuflov eivai TO twagxitv ro7g tv 
 ri fug" <pa,<r}vy " otpehog 
 tivott, pqfi'zv yg ^g 
 
 XIV. o;g g EKATEPOS ogug 
 
 TT^MV vipziv \x rqg (fiX'tag* ov rov avrov 
 og* aXXa ra tv VTrsptovrt, TtAjjg, ?u o g 
 
 tfAjg 
 
 xzgSovg. rqg ft\v yu^ dgerijg xa,} rjjg evegyetriag, fj 
 TIMH yzgag* rtjg 5* evdeiag tirixovgia,, TO Ktgdog. 
 
 XV. OVTU S' 'iffitv TOVTO MOM tv Tcifg TroXiTsiatg 
 (puivsTai. ov ya.% rifAUTUi o fAqdlv dyutiov TW xoivw 
 20 <7rogify)v. TO nomv yoig SiSoTUi TU TO KOIVOV evegyt- 
 TOVVTI' q ri(Ari Ss xoivov. ov yug 'iffTtv a pot, XPHMA- 
 
 TIZE20AI irO TUV KOIVUV, XCX,} TIMA20AI, V KC&fft 
 
 yag TO 'iXc&TTOv ovdeig vnofttvet. TM 
 ftaTtx, l\u,TTOv[jt,ivU) Tiftqv dKOvtfAOViri' x,ai ru 
 25 godoxa, xgriftarct. TO XUT d%iu,v ydg t 
 ffafcet rqv (pthiotv 
 
 XVI. OVTU dq xcti Totg dviffoig otihiiTSOv' xai 
 
 TU stg xgqfAUTtt, utys'KoviAivU) q eig 
 
 dvTotirodtdovTot, TO ENAEXOMENON. TO 
 
 30 dvvaTOv ydg yj (f<X/a g^r/^rg?, ov TO XKT d%iav. 
 ovdl ydg Iffnv Iv noiffi' ycafdireg Iv Toug vgog Tovg 
 ffsovg TifActig, xcti Tovg yoviig. ovdiig ydg civ 
 
280 THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS. BOOKVIII. 
 
 rw d%iav dwodoir}. sig AYNAMIN Jg o ffegairevuv, 
 
 sivcti 
 
 XVII. <o> xuv oeitv ov% t%eivott via 
 d'7rti7rot,cr@ou, nar^i 3' vtov. otysthovn yaig d 
 doriov* ovffkv Jg cr0/?!<ra, %iov ruv vKrigyp'svuv Jg- 
 ffT dei o(pg/Xg/* olg J* o(pg/XgTa/, e%ov<riot 
 xoti ry xurgi irj. a [AM 5' 10-0$, ovdeig KOT 
 
 ay 
 
 v- 
 
 y Siu0e7(r@ai. ru Sg, (pevxrov yj ov 
 ro gVafcg7v, (*o%jt)i>ig ovn. sv w 
 TO J 
 
 oui/ royrwv gw! rorovrov 
 
BOOK IX. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE NINTH BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 CASES OF FRIENDSHIP DISSOLVED BY VIOLATING 
 PROPORTION. 
 
 I. Inasmuch as the due PROPORTION, belonging to FRIENDSHIP, 
 cannot, like that belonging to JUSTICE, be determined by a COM- 
 MON MEASURE : there arise a variety of considerations relating to 
 cases, in which friendship is DISSOLVED BY VIOLATING PROPORTION. 
 
 II. One of these cases is, when the GROUNDS of friendship are 
 not PERMANENT. III. Another is, when the RETURNS of friendship 
 011 the one side, do not correspond with the MOTIVES of it on 
 the other. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE TRUE PiSTIMATE OF FRIENDLY SERVICES. 
 
 I. The question is proposed : In order to a due return of good 
 offices, WHO is TO ESTIMATE THE VALUE OF THEM, the giver, or the 
 receiver ? 
 
 II. In such cases, it is sometimes recommended, for the pre- 
 vention of strife, that there should be a PREVIOUS CONTRACT*. 
 III. But even this, in cases where the remuneration is given BEFORE 
 the service is performed, does not always exclude litigation. 
 The practice of the SOPHISTS furnished an example. IV. In the 
 friendships of VIRTUE, no quarrel relating to this point can arise : 
 and the requital will be determined, by a regard to the PURPOSE 
 
 a Such is the import of the verse from Hesiod, of which Aristotle here 
 cui tails the quotation : 
 
 ?{} (p/Xw EIPHMENOS ei^xies 'ifru. 
 
284 SUMMARY 
 
 and INTENTION of the benefactor. V. In other friendships, the 
 return should be fixed in its value, if it be possible, so as to be 
 satisfactory to BOTH parties. VI. But if this be not possible, it is 
 most equitable that the RECEIVER should be the person to fix the 
 value of the benefit : In doing which, perhaps, his judgment will 
 be most correct, if he regards the value he entertained of it before, 
 rather than after, receiving it. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON CONFLICTING CLAIMS OF FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 I, III, V. Difficulties arising from conflicting and unequal claims 
 of friendship. II, IV, VI. Principles of conduct relating to these 
 difficulties. VI. Of these principles, the leading one is this : 
 
 That WE SHOULD RENDER TO EVERY ONE, THAT WHICH IS 
 APPROPRIATELY DUE TO HIS STATION, AND TO THE RELATION IN 
 
 WHICH HE STANDS TO us. VII. This principle is EXEMPLIFIED, and 
 applied to particulars. 
 
 VIII. The points to which, in adjusting the CLAIMS OF PREFER- 
 ENCE, attention is due. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON THE MANNER IN WHICH FRIENDSHIP IS AFFECTED 
 BY A CHANGE IN THE CONDITION AND CIRCUM- 
 STANCES OF FRIENDS. 
 
 I. Friendship is to be considered, with regard to a CHANGE in the 
 CIRCUMSTANCES under which it was CONTRACTED. 
 
 II. The case of friendships of UTILITY and of PLEASURE. III. The 
 case of friendships, in which one motive is PRETENDED and another 
 ENTERTAINED. IV. The case of friendships of VIRTUE, in which, 
 after a time, one of the friends CEASES to be virtuous. V. The case 
 of friendships of VIRTUE, in which, after a time, one of the friends 
 GREATLY SURPASSES the other in virtue. 
 
OF THE NINTH BOOK. 285 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 ON SELF-LOVE, CONSIDERED AS A STANDARD FOR RE- 
 GULATING THE DUTY OF FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 I. The following opinion is proposed for consideration : namely, 
 That A MAN'S LOVE FOR HIMSELF is THE PROPER STANDARD OF HIS 
 
 LOVE TO HIS FRIEND. 
 
 II. In order to the trial of this opinion, certain DEFINITIONS are 
 proposed. III. And thus, according to these definitions, the 
 opinion, with regard to the VIRTUOUS, is confirmed by arguments. 
 IV. According to the same definitions, it is shewn, with regard to 
 the vicious, that this opinion cannot apply to them. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 I. BENEVOLENCE differs from FRIENDSHIP. II. And from ATTACH- 
 MENT. III. It is the beginning of friendship. IV. The way in 
 which it GROWS INTO friendship, and the KIND of friendship into 
 which it grows. V. The CAUSES by which benevolence is EXCITED. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 ON CONCORD. 
 
 I. CONCORD, which is allied to friendship, is not exactly the same 
 
 as AGREEMENT OF OPINION. II. The SUBJECTS OF MENTAL DETER- 
 MINATION to which concord relates. III. Concord is POLITICAL 
 FRIENDSHIP. IV. It can subsist only among the VIRTUOUS. V. 
 Reasons why it cannot subsist among the vicious. 
 
286 SUMMARY 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 CONTAINING VARIOUS DETACHED QUESTIONS AND POSI- 
 TIONS RELATING TO FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 This chapter consists of six parts : each of which is 
 severally concerned in examining so many several ques- 
 tions relating to friendship. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. The question is proposed : WHY ARE BENEFACTORS MORE AT- 
 TACHED TO THOSE WHOM THEY BENEFIT, THAN THE LATTER TO THE 
 FORMER ? 
 
 II. An opinion offered by some towards the solution of the ques- 
 tion : namely, That the benefactor feels an anxious interest in the 
 welfare of the man he has obliged, because he is desirous that the 
 latter may enjoy life and opportunity to requite his kindness. III. 
 This solution is rejected. IV. Another solution is offered : namely, 
 That the affection of the benefactor to the obliged is grounded on 
 the same cause, as the attachment of the artist to the production of 
 his labour. V. This last solution is vindicated on the ground of its 
 agreement with nature. VI. A second reason offered towards the 
 solution of the same question : The pleasures of virtue surpass 
 those of self-interest, and the pleasures of our own actions surpass 
 those which we derive from being in any way affected by the actions 
 of other men, VII. A third reason : The fruits of activity and 
 exertion are more dear to us, than those advantages which are 
 quietly and passively obtained. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 VIII. The question is proposed : WHETHER THE SELFISH, OR THE 
 
 SOCIAL, ATTACHMENT OUGHT TO PREDOMINATE IN FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 IX. Arguments AGAINST the selfish feeling. X. Ai'guments IN 
 FAVOUR of it. XI. In order to the decision of the question, it is 
 necessary to distinguish between two different USES of the word 
 SELFISH. XII. The IMPROPER use of it. XIII. The PROPER use of 
 it. This is fixed by ascertaining the true and exact idea of SELF. 
 XIV. According to the proper use of the word, the question is 
 determined in favour of the selfish principle. XV. It is shewn in 
 detail, that all acts of benevolence, even the most generous and 
 heroic, contribute to the truest ends of self-love. 
 
OF THE NINTH BOOK. 287 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 XVI. The question is proposed: WHETHER THE POSSESSION OF 
 
 FRIENDS BE NECESSARY TO A STATE OF HAPPINESS. 
 
 XVII. Arguments for the NEGATIVE. XVIII, XIX, XX. The 
 AFFIRMATIVE is maintained by THREE ARGUMENTS. XXI. An argu- 
 ment for the NEGATIVE is again stated. XXII, XXIII, XXIV. This 
 last argument is encountered by the THREE following arguments 
 for the AFFIRMATIVE. XXII. First, Happiness consists partly in 
 the CONTEMPLATION OF VIRTUOUS ACTIONS : but this contemplation 
 
 18 MORE READILY EXERCISED ON THE ACTS OF OUR FRIENDS THAN ON 
 
 OUR OWN. XXIII. Secondly, Virtue, in itself essential to happi- 
 ness, DEMANDS OBJECTS ON WHICH TO EXERCISE ITSELF: which de- 
 mand is most readily satisfied by the opportunities arising from 
 familiar society with virtuous friends. XXIV. Thirdly, The same 
 pleasures which arise from the CONSCIOUSNESS OF LIFE AND VIRTUE 
 IN OURSELVES, or pleasures similar to them, are derived from the 
 
 KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE^ AHD VIRTUE IN OUR FRIENDS. 
 
 PART THE FOURTH. 
 
 XXV. The question is proposed: Is IT DESIRABLE THAT THERE 
 
 SHOULD BE ANY LIMITATION, AS TO THE NUMBER OF OUR FRIENDS? 
 
 XXVI. If we consider friendships of UTILITY AND PLEASURE, it 
 cannot be necessary that they should be more than a FEW. 
 XXVII. The question becomes then confined to the friendships of 
 VIRTUE. XXVIII. With regard to these last, the RULE is, that our 
 number of friends ought not to comprehend more than those with 
 whom we can CONVENIENTLY MAINTAIN INTERCOURSE. XXIX. 
 There is however one case which, WITHOUT VIOLATING the principle 
 of virtue, admits of NUMEROUS friendships. Such is the nature of 
 POLITICAL friendships : but these are not the same with those, 
 which Aristotle SPECIFICALLY considers as the FRIENDSHIPS OF 
 
 PART THE FIFTH. 
 
 XXX. The question is proposed : WHETHER FRIENDS ARE MORE 
 
 NEEDFUL IN PROSPERITY OR ADVERSITY. 
 
 XXXI. Friendships of utility most suited to adversity; and of 
 virtue, to prosperity. XXXII. The essential and disinterested 
 pleasure of friendship, which renders it desirable in prosperity, is 
 forcibly discovered by the MERE PRESENCE of a friend, unattended 
 by any other advantage, in adversity. XXXIII. The presence of 
 friends in our adversity is a source of MINGLED pleasure and pain. 
 
288 SUMMARY OF THE NINTH BOOK. 
 
 XXXIV. VARIETY OF HUMAN CHARACTER, which discovers itself in 
 relation to the foregoing remark. XXXV. The CAUSES of the 
 pleasure which we derive from the presence of our friends in pros- 
 perity. XXXVI. PRACTICAL RULES relating to the intercourse of 
 friends both in prosperity and adversity. 
 XXXVII. General conclusion. 
 
 PART THE SIXTH. 
 
 XXXVIII. A proposition in an interrogative form : FAMILIAR 
 
 INTERCOURSE IS MOST HIGHLY DESIRABLE TO THE PURPOSES OF 
 FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 XXXIX. This proposition proved and illustrated. 
 
 XL. The influence of familiar intercourse on the moral cha- 
 racter. 
 
CHAP. I. 
 
 CASES OF FRIENDSHIP DISSOLVED BY VIOLATING 
 PROPORTION. 
 
 I. EN neurons Jg ToiHg avopoiotidiffi (piXiaig, ro 
 
 ANAAOrON l(7(X,fcl KOLl ffto?tl Ttf 
 
 }/ r \ i ~ 
 
 eigqrai. oiov KOM zv TT} woAinxy, Tea 
 kvri ruv iHroivfJuirw , c&fAotjS)] yiv&roti KMT a%iai>' 
 i ru v(pdvryi\ x,ai rolg \oi7colg. IvrctvQcx, (A&v ovv 
 KOINON METPON TO vourAex,' tcou npog 
 
 ~ \\ t *. ~ \ ' 
 
 TOVTO ori TruvTu c&ya<pggra/, ttoii rovra 
 
 rui. Iv Jg Ty tp&rtxy' eviors [Atv o 
 
 Xg7, on VK'ityi'h.tov , OVK, c&vritpiXtirat) ovtv 
 
 , si ovrwg 'irvfoev* TroXXctxig 3' o i 
 OTI iFgorsgov ZKa'yyzX'hofAtvof wdvTO,, vvv ovfllv 
 
 II. ufActwti s ra ro/a;ra, 
 $ovr t v rov tgctftttw <p^X^, o og oiot, TO ^ricri^ov TOV 
 
 TUVTCX, g U^ (ZAOlV VVM'ri. OlOt, TUVTOl 
 
 EFIEIAAN 
 
 MH TINHTAI ^N *ENEKA E<J>IAOYN. 0V yVLQ CtVTOVf 
 
 , aXXa T&l ysroc^ovra, ov ftovifAot, OVTU. 
 fcoii ai $t\icu, fi Jg TUV iiQav, K&,&' 
 20 ctvTqv ovcrct,, [Azvsi' xctdd'Treg tigfjTOU. 
 
 III. A/acpg^ovra/ Sg *a/, 'OTAN 'ETEPA nrNHTAi 
 
 AYTOIS, KAI MH 'flN OPEFONTAI. 0^0/OV ya TO; /^^ 
 
 , orotv ov g(p/gra/ ^e/^ ryy^ai'^. otov, 
 xoti ru jtifloiada o 
 
 u 
 
290 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 vov uffetev, rotrovru -rXg/ar tig 'ia $ awotirouvrt roig 
 tirzig, KV&* qdovqg $ww d 
 
 fA&v ouv zxuregog rovro t/3ovhero' ixavwg av 
 
 V * v / r V'^> \ t \ ti f V 
 
 et o o fAtv rt\l/iv 9 o o& xzoog' xai o ptv zeh o ot 
 
 ?}' ovx, oc,v 6iy] TO Ktx.ru rqv tcoivuvtav 
 
 rovroig sea,} 
 xslvov yt fctogw rc&vrtx, 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE TRUE ESTIMATE OF FRIENDLY SERVICES. 
 
 I. Tyv dZ'iuv Jg noTEPOY TASAI ESTI, TOV vgo'i- 
 TI TOV wPohu/SovTog ; o yap vrpoitfAevog 'ioi% 
 
 >/(! \ \ -p-,- / 
 
 wtivu. OTTSO (pouri %ai Ligaroiyopuv voieiv. 10 
 ore yag didoi%ziev a^-rorg, rifAqtrat rov 
 
 oarov oxs oicx, vffTOttrai' xoti 
 ftcx,M rotrovrov. 
 
 II. 'Ev ro7g rotovroig ft ivioig dgiffxit TO, " MI- 
 roi: A' ANAPI." 16 
 
 III. Of Jg npOAABONTES TO dgyugiov, tiro, f^tj- 
 fftv iroiovvrsg Sy 'itpcurctv' J/a rug vvegfioXoig rav 
 
 Sizorag .ev tyn'KyifActffi yivovreu. ov 
 
 rovro $ i'vug 7roie7v 01 
 
 ANAFKAZONTAI, 5/a ro pyiQivu av $ovvai 20 
 v tTr'urravrcti. ovroi [Atv ovv, 
 rov fAicrflov, ^ KOiovvreg, eixorag \v l 
 
 llfflV. 
 
 IV. 'Ei> oig Jg {w ylyvtrut SiofAoXoyia, rqg vv- 
 ovgyiag' oi fAtv ii avrovg wgoiifAevoi etgtjroti or/ 25 
 dvtyxXqroi. roiavrq yag *H KAT* APETHN 
 rqv dfAOtfBqv rs wotqreov tcaroi, rqv npOAiPEriN. 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 291 
 
 ycig TOV (ftiXcV) xot,} Trig ctgeTqg. ovro* $ 'ioixe xcii 
 Tolg (piho<ro<piot,g xoivuvri(rct,(riv. ov yag irgog "fcgqfAuff 
 ri af/a f&trgtfrott' Ti^fi T iffoppovog ovx civ yivoiTO. 
 I'ffug ixuvoV) KadoLirs nou vros 6tovg 
 
 TO 
 
 V. M?? TOic&VT'/jg 5* ovffqg rrjg oorgug, aX>v.' gT/ 
 7 'iv i* fActh terra [A\v Iffoug^ ($ii TT^V uvroiTrodoff'tv yiy- 
 
 VS<r00t,l AOKOYSAN AM<DOIN KAT* AHIAN eTvOCl. 
 
 VI. EJ ^g TOVTO (Ay orvftfSotivoi' ov povov avay- 
 do%eiev av, TON HPOEXONTA rarr&iv, aX?^ot 
 
 \W V \ <? 'A-V'/I ^ ' /I ' f/ 
 
 I oiKutov. otrov yag ovrog v$t\tivii 9 n nw offov 
 
 qdoi>7]V g/AgT* Kit' TOffOVTOV dl>Tl'h.CX,p&V> t%tt 77JV 
 
 tx, rovrov^ d%tav. x,ou yag gj/ roig uvioig ovTeu 
 yivofAevov tviotfcov r eta 1 } vofAOi, ruv txov- 
 <rutA/3oXa,iav dixug fAq eivoti' ag Jgov, a tvt- 
 (Trev<re, itcthvfijtett vgog TQVTOV %u,@a,'7rsg sxoivavqffev. 
 &> yag sVgrg>a(p$77, rovrov oisrcii oixottorsgov etvctt 
 TOV t'7ri7gZ'(l>(x,VTog. ra ^roXXct ycig ov TOV 
 
 i'<rov Ti&u(Tiv ol 'iovTsg xou o 
 
 20 ra ydig oi%e7a, KCII a diSoottriv, zzdtrTOig 
 
 a|/a. aXX* o^cag^ TJ dfAotfiq yivsTui 
 
 roirovTov, oarov ,v TUTTcuffiv ol AABONTES. 
 ' ov TotrovTOV r;a^ offov EXONTI 
 
 o<rov npiN EXE IN 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON CONFLICTING CLAIMS OF FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 25 I. 'Acro/av y 'iei x,cu ra TOILS' oJov 
 
 del wcivTot, ru OATPI 
 
 Kupvovrcx, ftlv IATP$ KetffTtov, (TTgotTriyov 
 
 rOV91TtOV TON nOAEMIKON. OfAOWg Jg, <I>IA$ 
 
292 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 SIIOYAAI$, y-r^grjjTsov* #a/> EYEPFET^ ANTAIIO- 
 TEON %dgtv> ^aXXov $ 'ETAIP$ AOTEON, geti> c^a,- 
 ?i> fAij ivWffflrcti. dg ovv irdvrot, rot roiavroc, 
 f/Jtv Siogitrott ov pddiov ; KoKhoig yu^ MX,} 
 
 IJ. "Or* J' OY DANTA T^i AYT$ AnOAOTEON* 
 
 a/gy EYEPFESIAS ANTAnoAO- 
 
 TEON, ttE EOI TO nOAY, MAAAON H XAPIETEON 
 
 'ETAIPOIS* a! Axr^rg ddvsiov, '^ OOEIAEI AHOAO- 10 
 
 TEON, MAAAON H fiTAIP^ AOTEON. 
 
 III. "\ffa<; $ oiJg royr' ag/. o/ov 
 
 TON AYEAMENON vrihvrgu- 
 
 rtov, KMV offTurovv y' 7} Kcu fAq gaXw^or;, dwoii- 
 rovvn Jg, dnodoTtov' ? ^0" OATEPA XurW66 ; Jo- 15 
 
 UVTOV aov, ro 
 
 IV. ^rg^ oyv Uffyrai, KKO^OV [AZV, TO O^EIAH- 
 
 MA AHOAOTEON* 
 
 npos TAYT ADOKAITEON. 
 v. 'Ewori a OYA' ESTIN IEON, TO T^V cro- 20 
 
 
 
 tv voi^ey, TW j\ ij dvrotirodoff'ig yiyvqrui) ov 
 oi'trat fM%jfoigo9 g/va/. oy^g yct^ ra; 
 
 , tddveursv ImtiKii oWr o 
 
 o ^gp yct^, oopsvog 
 
 ovx 
 iiffOui Kugoi wovygov. tin roivvv ry dXtjffiiet ovrag 
 
 g^g/, OL> JVov TO dfytlfMt' g/V g^g; |C66V 
 
 otovrou Jg, OL av io%aiev ttrvra 
 
 
 See B. I. VI. O-Tg OUV /ToXXot^/g Glqrar OI FIEPI TA 
 
 andx. 1X nA0H KAI TAE nPASEIS AOFOI OMOmS EXOYSI TO 30 
 'fiPIEMENON, TOI2 HEPI 'A EI2IN. 077 gV 0?V OU 
 
 vroio'iv dwooortoV) oyjg TA> 
 
 oviik ru A/) Ovsrcit,^) ovx, a^Xor. g^g; 5' 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 293 
 
 ysraig' 'EKAZTOIS TA OIKEIA KAI TA 'APMOTTONTA 
 
 ADONEMHTEON. 
 
 VII. OVT&) SI xoti wottiv tyaivovrai. elg yupovg 
 f&\v yug K.cx.'hovffi rovg srrrENEiL. rovrotg ydg KOI- 
 5vov TO ytvogy xou ai Kegi rouro dq wgot^stg. xa,} eig 
 puhurr oi'ovrai $iiv rovg <rvyyeveig 
 rotvTO. do%ete 5' av Tofjjg gv ro- 
 
 ug 
 rig arotg rov etvui xdxXiov ov yj zavroig tig rotvr 
 
 xot rifAyv g yovtvcrt, aa-/rg^ eog' ou 
 Jg. oiog yot,Q TTIV avrqv TTUTP} tcou ftrjTpi' 
 ovff av T7)v rov <ro(pov, J rov ffrgctrriyov' aAAa r)jv 
 jra,rgix,i)9 9 opoiag SI xui rqv {ATjrgixriv. xtx,} wavr] 
 SI ru nPESBYTEPll, ri^rjv rqv %a,0' riXuciotv, VKOIVOC,- 
 15<rra,(rei, %<x,} xurotxX'urzi, xa,} rolg roiovroig. ngog 
 'ETAIPOYS o 
 rav 
 
 VIII. 
 
 KUI rolg howolg aKUGriv, d&t Keiarioy TO 
 
 20OIKEION AHONEMEIN* %&, EYFKPINEIN rol %O,<rrOtg 
 
 xcx,r OIKEIOTHTA, KCLI APETHN, }j XPH- 
 roitv ulv ovv ofAoyevuV) paav q xgiffig' ruv $& 
 tpyudzffrtpct,. ov ^v ota ys rovro 
 otXX* ug av ivdtfflraij ovru 
 "ibtrriov. 
 
294 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 ON THE MANNER IN WHICH FRIENDSHIP IS AFFECTED, 
 BY A CHANGE IN THE CONDITION AND CIRCUM- 
 STANCES OF FRIENDS. 
 
 I. "E;^e< & uKOgiow xui trig] TOV StciXve<r&ai r 
 7j ijj, riPOE TOTS MH AIAMENONTAE. 
 
 II. *H wgog fAtv Tovg dtoi TO XPHZIMON rj TO 'HAY 
 
 OVTOig, OTOLV fATJXtTl TCWT IJQtMWt Ovd\V UTO- 
 
 vrov dtaXvsorffcii -, IJMJMW yoip fj(r<x,v (fiXoi' uv ot,7ro-*5 
 
 evXoyov TO 
 
 III. 'Eyxuhiffeie i* oiv Tig, g/, dice, TO XPHSIMON 
 yj TO 'HAY dyanuv, nposEnoiEixo dux, TO HGOS. 
 
 f/ \ 1 1 rv I/ ~ ^, \/ 
 
 c. vi. $. vii. 
 
 OTCf,v (Atv ovv oiayzvtrvri Tig, %ai VTTO- 
 <pihe!<r@(x,i J/a TO q0o$ 9 pqfftv TOIOVTOV txsivov 
 lavTOV atTiaT oiv. OTOLV J' viro Tj 
 
 zxevou KgO(r'7roiq(rz&)g c&TrotTrjq' dixatov 
 
 c&TraTqcravTi' #CH ^aXXov J Tolg TO WfMTfta //^- J5 
 
 Xevovcriv, otru TTS^I TifAiaTSgov % xaxovgyia,. 
 
 IV. 'Eav J' acroJg^pyra/ ^ ct,ya@ov, TENHTAI Jg 
 doxy' oig ITI (pi^yjTtov, ij ov JyvarWi 
 X^rov, aXXct TuyuQov ; oiVg Jg (p/- 
 OVTS Sg7. ^Xoroy^oi ya^ oy ^^ 20 
 
 ovo o[Aotov<jQoii (fioivXa' zipqTCLi o> on TO 
 
 ~ * / _/^ v'r 
 
 T&) OfLOica (ptAov. ctg ovv EY0YS 
 
 ot3 KoiffiV) aXXa ro7^ dviocToig %cx.Toi TJJ 
 
 /3oq@qTtov slg 
 
 TO qdog q TJJV ovffiuv off /3gXr/oj/, xa) r? (ftXiag 25 
 oixttortgov. do%eis 5' > o AIAAYOMENOS, oyJgv afro- 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 295 
 
 ov yug T$ TOIOYT$ 
 Qevrct, ouv d^vvurwv dvuff'aff'oii, dtyi 
 
 V. E/ 5' [A\V AIAMENOI, (? EniEIKEETEPOE 
 
 ysvotro noli noAY J/aXXotrro* r? dgery' dpot %%- 
 ovx, Ivdefcercu ; Iv MEFAA^ Jg dtct- 
 
 JSjXov ytverat' oiov, Iv rou$ 
 <ptXioc,i$. si yag o (Mv itcx,f^ivot rqv 
 o J* dvqg sl'q oJog %g<x,rt<rrog' vug a,v siev <pi- 
 
 a,vro7g, 
 10 KUI, XvwovfAevoi ; oyi yx*% weg} 
 
 ex,vro7g' oivev Jg TOVTOJV ovx, rjv (fiiXovg eivott. 
 yoig ovfc olov rg. etgyjrat Jg ^rg^; roy- 
 ruv. dg ovv ovfftv dXXoioregov vgog avrov 
 TJ ei yu] tyeyovet (fiihog fAqdtvors ; 77 Jg? 
 
 ? ysvopiviyg (rvvqQsiag, xui, 
 tj odveioig oiofAeOct, de7v fcagifya-flott, OVTU 
 ro7g ytvopivoig dirovefAyiTtov r/, AIA THN 
 
 MENHN (DTAIAN, 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 IN WHICH IT IS CONSIDERED, WHETHER SELF-LOVE IS 
 A PROPER STANDARD FOR FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 20 I. Ta (p/X/aa Jg ra ^05 royj <p/X6y;, 
 
 J <p/X/a/ ogiovru,t, toixev EK T^N npoi: 'EAYTON 
 
 II. Tga<r; ycc^ (pXov, " rov BOYAOMENON KAI 
 DPATTONTA raya^a, J ra (pa/vo^gi^a, EKEINOY 
 gVgfca*" J, " rov BOYAOMENON EINAI KAI ZHN rov 
 (p/Xov AYTOY ^af /v." (oVg^ a/ fArjTtgeg tfgog ra 
 
296 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 TUV <Ao/v o wpoa'xtxpovxoTeg. o 0g> 
 
 "TO* 2YNAIAFONTA Xtt,} TAYTA 'AIPOYMENON'" J, " TOV 
 2YNAAFOYNTA KVLl SYIXAIPONTA TU 
 
 TOVTO Tregi rag [AqTegag trv(&@atttt.) TOVTUV 
 nvi Kctf rqv (p/X/av ogifyvrui. 5 
 
 III. HO gayrop 5g rovruv txatrrov T EHIEIKEI 
 
 rig g o/Toj 5 roiovroi 
 triv etvai. (toitte yct, xa^a^rg^ ttgfjTCLh 
 
 ri xa,} o ffwovdotiog eivou.) ovrog yoig O{AO- 
 
 See the yVUfAOVsl tUVrq)' KCt,} TfiN AYTON OPEFETAI a fcO&ra ^ra- 10 
 last section. - BOYAETAI AH *EAYT$ T*ArA0A a , 
 
 i ra <J>AiNOMENA a> nut nPATTEi a> (TOV yu, 
 rdy u,0ov di Kirov el v) xai 'EAYTOY 'ENEKA*. (TOV 
 
 AIANOHTIKOY fcUglV' OTT&g SXOKTTOg EINAI ^0g?.) 
 
 ZHN AE BOYAETAI 'EAYTON a , ftOU <Ttos(7@a,l, XOil [AOL- 15 
 
 X/<rra TOVTO, a (pgovti. dyaQov yug TU ffKOV^uiu TO 
 EINAI' tftouTTog $ tc&VTu /3ouheTa,i T&iyoL&ct,' [ysvo- 
 iftevos aXXoj, oiJalj algiiTcu TTUVT g^s^f EKEINO 
 *^.^* I TO rENOMENON ' >g/ ^ 6; y^g *u vvv o @&og TuyaQov' 
 
 .CtXX* UV, Tl 7TOT t<TTlV.~\ do%SlS J' v TO NOOYN'20 
 
 txarrog EINAI, rj fActXurTot,. rYNAiArEiN a TI o TOI- 
 
 < ~ ft /- t\' \ V ~ 
 
 ovTog IUVTU povfaTcti. qctug yag auTO noisi. 
 
 rg a wtTrOLAtvav tTriTSirsg at AviAou %ai 
 
 a 
 
 J TTJ hauoia. ZYNAAFEI rg25 
 
 2YNHAETAi ^^iff lotVTu . vvrOTi yg 
 TO avTO Xvvrrjov rg %OLI ^Of ^a) ovx, aXXor* 
 
 CTTI 
 
 yg, ug tntv. TU 
 TOVTUV vKUg'fceiv TU tvisixit, vgog g 
 TOV (fiiXov tffiiv GtHrweg irgog ZCIVTOV' (ZCTTI yag o ^^- 
 . ' ,; air'nt ),*<! hog aXXo? avrog') q (p<X/a TOUTUV eivai TI oo- 
 g7, not} (piXoi olg Tcx,vff vTrd&i. npos 'AYTON Jg 
 
 KOTIPOV ffTiv, rj ovx, ffTt (p^Xa* tyzffu K TOV 
 
 / V/y V^ / ^ ->'r\5, / 
 
 ovrog . oo$sit o av ruvr uvai (ptXia, t<rn ovo 
 
CHAP. v. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 297 
 
 \K ruv eigqiAtvtvv' xoii ori q viregpoXq rjjg 
 T^L npoz 'AYTON opoiourui. 
 IV. OAINETAI Jg rot 6i*iA*t& x,oii ro7g 
 
 xctiirsg ov<ri (puvhoig. dg ovv 
 
 xcti v < 7roXot,{AJ3a,vov<riv iniziniig eivai 
 
 avrav ; g^rg) rav ye x,o[Aioy (ficivXav 
 ivotriovgyuv, ov0&v] ravfi Wt&gXfi* aXX* ovdl d>Ai- 
 NETAI. cr^gjov ^g oyjg ro7f (f)u,vXoig. diottp'zgovrai 
 yuQ lavro'is*, xa,} trzgav fA\v EmeYMOYSiN, aXAa Jg a See $. ii. 
 IOBOYAONTAI* olov ot oMgar{i$. ctigovvrut yugt avri 
 rav doxovvruy lavroig uyaduv eivai, ra, ^Jg'a, /3Xa- 
 jSe^ct oWa. ol i' av> 5/a itthiav %oii dgyiav, dty'iff- 
 TOV TrguTTtiv A OIONTAI EATTOIS BEATISTA 
 
 EiNAi a . olg Jg ^roXXcfc aii Jg/fa TgV^a^ra/, J/ct 
 [Ai<rov(ri rz xou (pevyovri TO 
 totvTovg. cirovffi re ol 
 
 'EAYTOYS AE a 
 
 xot,} v<reav %a 
 
 irsga &'?rov<ri. K& totvrovg ovreg, 
 20oWg, wihoivdaivovrai. ovQiv re (pihqrov 'ifcovTtg, ovffzv 
 < 7T<x,o"fcov(ri vrgog lavrovc. ovok oq 
 
 ZIN, oiJg SYNAAroYSiN a , ol roiovTOi tuvrolg. 
 
 rivuv, ro qtrW xct TO 
 
 g; 
 
 rg 'AMA Xy^rgTcr^a/ a! jjo&(T0Ge,i' a 
 
 META 
 
 MIKPON yg 
 
 ^Jga ravrct, ytKffdou avru. METAMEAEIAS TAP '01 
 OAYAOI TEMOYSIN. ov ^ (putverut o (f)ot,vXog , OYAE 
 30npos 'EAYTON (iXtxag dicMtiiffQai, 5/a TO 
 
 EJ J^ TO OUT^ gg/y X/F g<TTli/ 
 rqv 
 
298 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 . ourw ycig KCM vrgog iavrov (pihixug otv 
 xc&i ir'tga <J>IAOE TENOITO. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 ON BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 5 I. 'H 3* EYNOIA <p<X/a ftiv soixev, oi ftqv Itrri yg 
 aj euvoiot, *a) Kgog dyvur 
 /a o ou. tea,} irporepov og 
 
 II. ot>g <j>iAHis ffriv. ov 
 
 oiS* oge%iv' ry (pihrjffsi Jg rar 
 ^gv (piXqtrig, {A&TO, ffvvqdeicig' q ft tuvoux,) 
 Ix, Kgoffgcbiov' olov xa,} we?} rovg dyavitrroig avp- 10 
 fiotivzt. tvvoi y&Q otvToig y'lvovTai) KOU 
 
 tev J' ay ovQ'tv. Sir eg yoig eiwofAev, 
 evvoi yivovrui xa,} l'jriKo'hcx,iug 
 
 III. "HLoixe J^ APXH <1>IAIA2 g/yar affKt rov 
 
 
 rjdovq. fAq yug i 7TgOYi<rQz}g 
 g^a. o g fcuiguv ru g/Jg/, 
 a* a XX* oray ^ai dvovrct, nody, xat 
 
 ovriotg tKiv[Ai. QVTU a (fitovg ov% oov r 
 etvui, [Ay evvovg yevopivovg* ot $ euvot, ovfftv 
 
 . (SouXovrat yoig ftovov rdyaQoi oig g/V/ 
 rvfAirg<x,%<x,iev 5* ay 
 avruv. 
 
 IV. A/o, purttyiw (pa/?? rig civ avrqv APFHN 
 
 tvqv, riNEZQAi <p/X/ay' ou r^y J/a ro XgilfftfAOVi ovi\ 25 
 
 TO ^Jy. ot55g yclg evvoict, tin rovroig yinroo* o 
 gy ydg evegyenqQelg, dv&' uv 7eiKov6iv dffovtfAti rqv 
 
CHAP. vii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 299 
 
 svvoiuv, roc, difcaiot, Sgav. o Jg (BovXofAevog nv 
 
 evTrogictg it lx,tivov, ovx 
 
 evvovg EKEIN^ em*/, aXXa fAuXhov EAYT$' 
 oyjg <p/Ao$, si Qegotirevei avrov iia, rivet, 
 
 V. "OXag i\ v\ svvotct, AI* APETHN KAI EHIEIKEIAN 
 TINA 7/vsra;, orctv ra (poivy xotXog rig, q dvdge7og> 
 n ri roiovrov' x<x,0a,'7r&g x,a] gsn ruv dyavurruv 
 
 SlTTOfASV. 
 
 * CHAP. VII. 
 
 ON CONCORD. 
 
 10 i. <Pihixov Jg xai f] 'OMONOIA Quiverou. iio- 6 
 KIP OVK l<rnv 'OMOAOHIA. rovro fA\v yoip 
 
 - >--/^ ' / Y > f V N 
 
 ayvoovffiv aAArjAovg vTragzeiev av. ovo& rovg 
 
 r ~ f M f / V 
 
 OTOVOVV ofAoyvtofAOvovvrctg, OJAOVO&IV (pcuriv' oiov rovg 
 Kegl rav ovguviw. ov y (fiiXiKov ro irtgi rovrcav 
 15 opovoiiv. 
 
 II. 'AXXa rug noAEis opovoilv (padiv, oruv 
 
 roj]> SYMOEPONTnN Q***MVuf4t tea,} ravra, 
 
 not, irgoirra<ri, TA KOINH AOSANTA. ^rg^ ra 
 HPAKTA 3i ofM>voov(ri9. xoii rovrav, nzgi TA EN 
 
 20MEFE0EI, KCli TC6 ZvdffcOfA&VCt, AMOOIN VffcigfcZlV, 7j 
 
 * oiov at voXeig, orotv noiffi dotcy rag dg-fcug 
 eivui, ? ffv^^^lv AoM$ai{AQ/ioig, jj 
 TlirroMov, on xtx,} avrog ij&sXsv. oroiv 
 $ Ixoiregog totvrov (BovXyjrai^ (uffireg ol Iv roug 
 25 <>oii>i(r(rot.ig,) ETASiAZOYEiN. ov ydg \ff ofAovoilv ro 
 avro txoiregov Ivvoiiv odfaore, ccXXa ro Iv ru avra* 
 oiov, orav xoti o ijjftog KCLI ol iirizix.^, rovg 
 iv. ovru ya,(i naiari yiyvzroii ov 
 
300 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 III. floAITlKH AE <I>IAIA (potivtrai f} OfAOVOKX," 
 
 Qci'zrsg %ot,} Xgygra/. weg} TO, crvfAtptgovru, ydg strn, 
 t ra, tig rov jBiov dvyxovra,. 
 
 IV. "E<rr/ y q roiuvrq opovotot iv rotg EIIIEIKE- 
 
 EIN. ovru y&(> %& otwrog ofAovoovrt, Kui aXXXo^' 5 
 otvrav ovreg, we, eiweiv. row TOIOVTOJV 
 
 ra /30yX^o,ara> a) ov fAsrotppsi, acrveg 
 vog. /SovXovroti re ra 5/^a/a xcti ra 
 
 rourav Jg a) xoivy 
 
 V. Tovg Jg OAYAOYS ov% olov re o[Aovos7v y vrhqv 10 
 ' xuStt.'Trzg xa,} (fiihovg etvat' 7rXeov 
 iv roig aQtXtfAOig, \v Jg ro7g novotg 
 rctig "hiiroviaig gXXg/Vofra^. taura 
 
 (SouhofAtvog rotvra,, rov vthotg t 
 
 rqgovvruv ro xo/vof, aWxXyra/. <ry^c/3a/j'g/ 15 
 
 ovv oivrois (rrotcriufyiv' aXX^Xoy^ fAtv 
 
 rag, avrovg Jg fty fSovhofAtvovg ra 5/*a/a iroitlv. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 IN WHICH VARIOUS DETACHED QUESTIONS, RELATING 
 TO FRIENDSHIP, ARE EXAMINED. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE QUESTION : WHY ARE BENE- 
 FACTORS MORE ATTACHED TO THOSE WHOM THEY BENE- 
 FIT, THAN THE LATTER TO THE FORMER ? 
 
 7 I. Of y EYEPFETAI TOYS EYEPrETHENTA2; AO- 
 
 KOYSI MAAAON fciAEiN, $ ol sv wot,0ovreg rovg 
 
CHAP. vin. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 301 
 
 ' KMI wg ffczgot, Xoyov yivofjusvov, tTrtfyi- 
 
 reirai. 
 
 II. Tofg ptv ovv KXei<rroig Quiver at, on ol 
 
 ro7g Jg oQeiXerat' %,ot,0d<7reg ovv SKI ruv 
 iuv, ol [A\V otysiXovreg (SovXovrut yJi\ sivui olg 
 ol og ooc>vsi(rcx,vrsg xau sirtfAtXovrcti r? 
 ruv o(p&iXovrwv <rwrijgtct,g' OVT&) KUI rovg svegyzrri- 
 (ru,vrcx,$ (SovXecrQoti eivui rovg wuflovrag, dig KOMIOY- 
 
 MENOYS TAS XAPITAS* 70ig OVX, SlVCtl $ e XlfitKt$ TO 
 
 'T 1 ' \V/i\ / 
 
 ui. j^^f^P^oq ptv ovv rav av (potty) 
 
 / \> ~ A / >/ v 
 
 Azyetv uvrovg, IK vrovrjgov veafAtvovg' toi% o 
 cifAvqfAoyeg yoig ol ^roXXo), xcti pcl'h.'hov 
 gy vrdo-fctiv q KOiiiv Ityievrai. 
 
 III. Ao|g;g ^* at/ OYSIK^TEPON g/ya/ ro 
 
 ofAoiov ry Keg] rovg oavenrocvrocg. ov 
 
 7rsg} ixsivovg, aXXa rov 
 Tjjg xofttdijg svzxce,' ol $ ev 
 
 dya,Ku<ri Tovg irsirovOoTcig) noiv 
 , [Ayo elg vffrtgov ysvotvr uv. 
 20 IV. ' O^rs^ Kcii Iv] rav rf^viruv crv{A/3z/3q%,sv. 
 wag yag ro oitceiov zgyov dyawM, ^aXXov i aya- 
 av VTTO rov 'igyov, l^-^v^ov ysvopsvov. 
 
 rovro Treg rovg 
 yoip ovroi ra o/'#g7a -/ro/^ara, crrip- 
 
 tf / / *\ if V \~ 
 
 25yovrtg uffTrs^ rzxvoi. roiovru or] tows xoti ro rsav 
 tvsgysrav. ro yag ev KfTrovGog EPFON \ffr\v ctvrav. 
 
 ' 
 
 rovro yuTratri, ^a/aXXov ro gyov rov 
 
 vra,. 
 V. Tovrov 8* ai'rtov, on ro EINAI noiffiv aigsrov 
 
 ENEPFEI^.. ra yv yug xoc,} 
 . zvsgyeta, orj o vroirja'ag ro tgyov t<rn wag. 
 oij ro tgyov> dton x,di ro &IVKI' rovro Jg 
 
 \ 
 
302 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 <DYSIKON* o yg Em wftsi, TOVTO tvegyett, TO 
 
 EPFON MHNYEI. 
 
 VI. "A^a Jg a/, TU piv evegytTrj, ttctXov TO 
 
 rijv nPASiN' affre %aigeiv v u TOVTO' TU 
 
 nAGONTJ, ovtv xaXov v ru 
 
 rvfAtpegov' TOVTO y qrrov qdu xoii (piXjjrov. 
 
 tffri> 7ov fttv Koigovrog n tvtgyiiU) TOV Sk 
 
 7) gX^r/?, TOV ok yeyevqfAtvov q [Avi][Ari' 
 
 TO xotToi T?}v tnpytiW xcti <ptXt]Tov opo'iug. TU [Atv 
 
 y / / \ if \ . v \ 
 
 ovv vreTTOiyjX'OTi) ftzvet TO zgyov. TO JCCCAOV yug wow- 10 
 Xgovtov. TU Jg vadovTi, TO %gfafA09 7ra,goi%eTa,i. % 
 
 T fAVq[A7j> TUV [AW ZCth&JV l^fTfll 4 TUV Jg XflJffpLtH, 0V 
 
 TJTTOV. f} Koo-doxict, o^ dvd'Tru^iv 'ieiv 'iot- 
 
 %tv. %a 7} uv (qtrtg, iroiriffti toixsv' TO 
 
 ~ / ~ /* v \ \ ~y 
 
 g, TO) l ffCt,G"X j tlV. TOtg WTTtgt'fcOVO'l 0^ KSgl TtfV STPOt^/J/, 
 
 STTSTCtt TO (tXetv KOLl TO, 
 
 VII. "ETI Jg, TA EninoN^s TENOMENA 
 ffTtgyovffiv' olov KOLI TU %gfif&ar 01 
 TUV irctahaovTuv dox,e7 Jg TO M9 ev 
 
 , dtfovov &ivct,i, TO o ev TTOIS'IV, tgyuoeg. oia'2Q 
 Jg xa] cti 
 
 r\ ytvvritrtg, xa,} j&caXAov iffcurtv OTI 
 av TOVTO xcti To7g evegytTottg oixsiov tivcu. 
 
CHAP. viii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 303 
 
 PART II. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE QUESTION : WHETHER THE 
 SELFISH, OR THE SOCIAL, FEELING OUGHT TO PREVAIL 
 IN FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 VIII. 'Asro^iTra/ Jg *a/, HOTEPON AEI OIAEINS 
 'EAYTON MAAIETA> H AAAON TINA. 
 
 IX. EniTiMnn ydg Tolg lavTOvg ^aX/<rra dya- 
 %u} &>g \v ct,i<r%g&), <DIAAYTOYS 
 
 {I rg o fizv QuuXog SOIVTOU ^dgiv KOLVTO, 
 , K&I offcp oiv [Ao^dygoTegog %> TOtrovTca 
 tri dq a,i>Ta 9 OTI ovfftv d<$ totVTOV 
 o $ e'Tritiftqg, Sid TO xuXov icdi o<ra oiv /StXTicov y, 
 
 $HX, TO %(X,XOV' %OU (bl^OV tVSXOt,' TO $ CtVTOV \ 
 
 X. To7g Xoyoig <fe TOVTOig TO, 'gyct Sia(ptv&7' ovx, 
 
 v ^^~>*-v~ '-v N ' 
 
 . (patri ya, o&tv (fiiXtiv fAKhurTex, TOV pat,- 
 
 
 
 ixtttov inx&, xot,} el [Aq@e}g et<r- 
 15gra/" rayra J' viragffit f^cL^iffT O,VT<U vrgog OLVTOV' 
 zou TO, Xo/Tot JJ rat i^*, olg o (fii 
 Tat yag, OTI oiir UVTOV KUVTCI, TK (p/X/xa, a 
 Tovg dhXovg oiyxet. x,oti oil TrocgoifAioii og 
 OftoyvafAovovtriv' oiov, TO "/* ifoxfl" %oti 
 
 iXw" %<x,} " io-OTqg (piXoTqg" xoti " yovv 
 uqc, vyytov. 7rdvTc& yc&g TUVTO, Trgog OIVTOV 
 
 xct,} 
 
 " 
 
 otVTOV. 
 
 XI. ' AKOPSITUI J' slxoTcag KOTtpoig Y.PSMV gVg- 
 
 ^ ~ ' ^ / */ v \ 
 
 /j ct,{A(poiv ty^ovTOiv TO KurTov. urag ovv Tovg 
 
 TOiovTOvg Jg7 TUV Xoyav Siaigw, xctl iiogifytv, i<fi 
 
304 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 offov tttdrsgoi, %di TJjf, d\Yi@ivov<riv. si olj 
 
 TO <DIAAYTON II fiE 'EKATEPOI AErOYEIN* rd% av 
 
 yivoiro }$Xo*> 
 
 XII. Ol (Atv ovv eig oveidog oiyovreg airo, (fii- 
 havrovg %oihov(rt, TOYS 'EAYTOIE AIIONEMONTAS TO 5 
 HAEION gy xgrifJMUrt) net,} n^Aoilg^ a; $ova,lg 
 (7Ci)[6(x,Tixtt,7g. rouruv yug ot croXXo! ogiyo 
 t^l uvroi ug dgurra ovrot,. 
 tcrriv. ol 0% wegi ravrct, 
 raig ivtffvfJttiatg, &,} oXcog rog 7roe<ri, 10 
 ra ^oyu rqg ^W)(r,g. roiovrot 5' tldiv ol -/roX- 
 Xo/. Sio not,} q Kgoirq'yogia, ygygyjjra/, aVo TOY noA- 
 
 AOY, <1>AYAOY ONTOS. ilJtCtlttf dq TOig OVTOO 
 
 roig oy&idieTot,i. on oe rovg rdi TOiavQ' avrolg 
 
 siadourt Xsyg/v ol -/roXXo/ Qi'huvTovg' ovx, 15 
 
 XIII. EJ ydg rig AEI EHOYAAZOI TA AIKAIA 
 npATTEiN aurog ^d^iffTa, ncivruv, T\ roi 
 
 ruv xuroi rag dgsrdg' %u} oXug 
 
 ro fcetXoi' ta,vru iregiTroiolro' ovds}g tgel rovrov (pi -20 
 
 ' 
 
 o roiovrog MAAAON 
 
 >v? EINAI <J>IAAYTOS. UKovipzi yovv 
 
 hurrot, xoti fjud'hitrr dyafld' %a,} arai avrou 
 
 ru fcvpiurru, % wvrcx, rovr&j 
 
 ro nvgiururov [tdXKrr eivoti doxe'i, 
 
 efcXAo (ruffrTiAU) ovra xa, ovuTrog. x,oti 
 
 Xotvrog y [AhHrra,, o rovro ycwuv %i rovru 
 fcugi^ofAevog. %di lyKgurqg $$ KUI dxgarqg 
 rai, ru zgare7v rov vovv q [Ay' ug rovrov 
 ovrog. xoii rtrpct'yirat Soxovtriv avro}, zoti 
 
 \ N-' '^ f/ \ T ~ A* *' ' 
 
 ru, fAtra, Aoyov [ActAKrrcx,. on [Atv ovv rovu z%,a<rrog 
 rot, ovx> doqhov' xai on o i<7risi%,ijg 
 rovr dyawa. J/o, (fihavrog (Ad\t<rr av 
 x,ot,6' zregov sidog rov ovsidifyjutvov' xdi 
 
n,u>. MM. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 TQ(TOVTOV y OCTOV TO KOLTU, XoyOV jjl>, 70V X.CX,TO, 
 
 , KOCI oyz<r&ui TOV xu'h.ov, q TOV 
 
 XIV. Tovg f&tv ovv KZgi Tag xahoig 7rga,%sig 
 
 ^ovTOt.g, KVATIC, otv 
 TTOLVTUV fe dfAi"}\.\ct)[Atvui> Trpog TO 
 fAHw TO, ^aXX/^rra T^arn/v, xowyj T 
 av TrctvT eiq ra otovTct,, xoti idtcx, IftcurTu TO, [&i 
 TUV a,ycL$tov' sfaeg ij agSTy TOIOVTOV 
 
 TON MEN AFA00N AEI 4>IAAYTON EINAI. MX, 
 
 c&iiTog OV/IO-STOU, TO, xahoi varrwi %OLI 
 
 tXtftrzi. TOV o$ (Ao%@yjgov ov d&7, 
 totvTOv, %ai Tovg vrzXag, (potvXotg 
 
 . Ta^fAo %&'/] a f^v ovv $iet$wti a fit! vgaT- 
 Ibretv, act,} irgot,rrsi' o $ liritixr/g, a, J 
 x>oe,i KpuTTtt. Troig yoip vovg aipurau TO 
 
 t ~ f v > V A ~ 
 
 SGLVT&)' o o Z7rizi%r,g TttVCtg^Sl TCt) va. 
 
 XV. 'AXj?$g Jg, <nrei TOV a"7rovda,iov, KOU TO TUV 
 
 tv oty, wegct'X'v&trnrxw. vgotttftrcu yag tea, 
 
 , noil TifAotg, %ai oXug ret TrsgifAUfflrce, ctya,- 
 
 ytrQijvoii ff(f)odgtx, 9 {AoiX'hov sXo/r' av, ^ 
 9)g6fM&' xoi} /3iv<rai xahug IVIOLVTOV, r\ croXX* gr^ TV- 
 act,} fAtai Kga^iv zuXyv %a} ^gyaX^f, }j 
 tea] Atxpfig. Tolg $ VTrtU'TroQvqa'xova'i TOVT 
 
 isi' aipovvTui on [Atyct. zt&Xov lotvTo7g. 
 xct,} WfifActrsk KQCXHVT av, g<p* u xXf/oia 
 ol (p/Xo/. yiyvsToti yoig TM fjutv <>/Xa> 
 Jg ro xaXov TO dq piifyv a,ya,0ov 
 xot} wee} TifAcig 3g ^) ct^a^, o otvTog 
 yag TM (f)iKu TOLVTU, Kgori 
 TOVTO xoti tvaivsTov. eixoTag dq ooxs'i 
 
 
 r > \ / c / ^ / 
 
 eivotty avTi vravTuv aigovfAevog TO 
 
 X 
 
306 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 ig ru 
 
 eivut xcihXTov, TOV OC.VTOV wa%tt,i 9 TO ainov 
 ysvt(r@a,i. gv 'TToiffi dq Tolg 
 
 lavra TOV uahov nteov v'tAav. ovru 
 
 GVV <1)IAAYTON EINAI AEI' X,(X,Q UK S g tfgtjrCU' to$ ^ 01 
 
 , 0V 
 
 PART III. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE QUESTION : WHETHER THE 
 POSSESSION OF FRIENDS BE NECESSARY TO A STATE 
 OF HAPPINESS. 
 
 9 XVI. ' A^(pKr/2rjriiTex>i ^g xai we^i rov giJa/^ 
 
 EI AEHEETAI <J>IAI2N H MH. 
 
 XVII. Ovffkv yd^ (pair i Jg?v $Xw rolg 
 gioig zou avragKZffiv' vvagfceiv yug avroig rd- 10 
 yaL&d* avrdgxeig ovv ovrag, ovoevog TrgotrdeJirlioir 
 TOV 3g (p/Xof, trffw CCVTOV ovra, rogifytv a if uv- 
 
 TOV advvarii. o0sv TO, "oVai^ o daituv zv J/J&5, ri 
 
 XVIII. *ojfltf ^' ttT&Bty TO HANT' dKovzfAovTcig 15 
 
 yaa TU tvaifAovi, <&IAOYS ftq trotovat' o o- 
 
 rv ~ ' \ > /I ~ V 
 
 f raj/ g^ro^ ayavav MEFISTON g/fa;. 
 XIX. Ef rg (p/Xoy jftaXX0K g^rr/ ro gy TO/7>, J 
 
 y dyuQov, %a} Tjjg dgeTijg, TO 
 ' gy vroieiv (fiiXovg oQv&iuv' 
 
 EY DEISOMENfiN AEHSETAI (TTTOV^OUOg. (tiiO KCbl 
 
 Iv 
 
 ' a>g %&,} TOV a,Tv%ovvTO$ d&opzvov TVV 
 xai TUV evTUovvTav, ovg eu 
 
 crovffiv. 25 
 
(HAP. vui. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 307 
 
 XX. "ATOKOV ft iff&tg zdi, TO MONHTHN DOIEIN 
 
 TON MAKAPION. OV@s}g ydg shOlT OtV, K0,ff OtVTQV, 
 
 ret 'TrdvT z^siv dyafld. wohiTizov ydg o 
 ! (rv^jjv nEtfYKOS. %ai TU evdatpovi 
 
 . ToL ydg TTI (pvtrst dytoflot, g^e/. oqXov 8\ 
 
 dug [A&TM <plX&jy %,&,} tTlSlfCWV* XgelTTOV, JJ fAtT oQvtlCdV 
 
 xa,} TUV TVfcovTtov, (rvvTifAegsveiv. AEI APA TO EYAAI- 
 
 MONI <&IAfiN. 
 
 XXI. Ti ovv "ktyovffiv ol vrgMToi, KCII -/nj dXq&sv- 
 ; )j OTI ol oroAXo! (fiiXovg O'IOVTUI Tovg XPHEI- 
 
 slva,i ; TUV TOIOVTUV f&sv ovv ovffzv JgjJ<rgra/ o 
 igiog , gorg/5^ ToiyuScx, Vfdgffit CLVTU. ovoz ori 
 Tew Sid TO jJJy, i ST/ fAiagov. qSvg ydg o piog JQN, 
 
 OV@tV (UlTOU EIIEISAKTOY jJ^OI/^C. OV SsOfASVOg Jg TOt)V 
 
 XaV) ov SOXM Seltrfloti (pihav. 
 
 rpi N V ' " V J ^ A / ' ' ~ 
 
 XXII. lo o ovx, IPTIV urag ctAjjt/gc. sv 
 
 tgqrou, on q tvuifAova, ENEPFEIA ng 
 <? Ivzytia dqXov on TINETAI, } ov% 'YDAPXEI 
 
 TI. tl Jg TO tvaiAoviv ffnv v 
 
 20 r}'J KVA ivtgyttv' TOV $ dya,6ov q Ivtgysta, 
 
 qdzia, KA0' 'AYTHN, (ttuOoi'Trep Iv dg^q si- 
 
 if v f w 
 
 tvn og KAI TO OIKEION Tvv qotav' EHPEIN 
 
 AE MAAAON TOYS HEAAS AYNAME0A, ZUVTOVg, 
 
 Tag ticeivtov <7rp<x,%eig, rj Tag oixsiag' at TUV 
 25 dc&itov dy <7rpa,%ig, (fitXuv OVTUV, qSeliai Tolg uyaflo'ig . 
 (tfttyei yoL% 'i^ovtri TO, T% (fiver si qdict, o 
 $q (pi\uv TOIOVTUV dsrjtrzTut' si'vrsg Qtugilv 
 Tui Tr^d^Big iTrizixMg yea,} oixtiotg' TOIOLVTOLI J' ai 
 TOV dya,0ov, (pi\ov ovTog. 
 
 130 XXIII. OlOVTUl TS $tlv 'HAEfiL <$V TOV SvdotifAOVCt. See B. VII. 
 / \ V * /w \ f /^ ,. c. vi. . xvi. 
 
 fAOveary psv ovv, XAAEnos o piog. ov yag paoiov, %aV 
 CZVTOV svegyeiv a-vvsfcag. ptfr tTtgav 8s KOU vgog 
 
 PO.OV. 'iffTai ovv q ivegyeux, SYNEXESTEPA, See B. vil. 
 
 o. vi.$.xxxi. 
 
 x 2 
 
308 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 ovtrcx, %ct,@' otvTTjv' o de7 f/rg/ rov 
 
 eivoit. o yag (TKOvdaiog, y <7<7rovdct7og, 7<x7g tear 
 
 o fAovcrixog 7og 
 
 iff} Sk 7o7g (fxx.v'koig XwTrefrai. yivot70 $ a,v 5 
 xtx,} AZKHSir TIS THE APETHS \K, rov <rvfjv roig u 
 
 xxiv. <I>Yi:iKfiTEPON ^' I 
 
 TU o-Kovduiu T^ <J>YSEI 
 
 10 
 See B. i. c. To yap T^ <DYSEi uyct,Qov> etpyrai O7i TQ 
 
 , A \ \ f v , , / 
 
 ctyavov KCM T\OV t<rri, %a,v uvro. 
 To Jg qv ogifyvTOLi TOIZ z^iois, $vipLjAi 
 ' AN0pfinois J*, ai<r@ri<Ttug q voqtreug. rj Jg 
 
 AYNAMIS tig Tfl* ENEPFEIAN dwitTOLl' TO Jg KYPION, 15 
 
 gf rjj tvegye'ux,. fdiJtf J^ TO J^ f^a/ xvgiugy TO AISGA- 
 
 NEE0AI H NOEIN. 
 
 To ig ^v 
 
 ' TO a)i<rAtvoV)Tqg TAFAGOY 
 
 ) . 
 
 -<.'. TO Js T^I O>YSEI dyuQov, tea] TU EDIEIKEI. J/oV^, 
 OASIN 'HAY EINAI. (oy 3g? 3g Xa^/B 
 
 <V7}1> X0(>} Olt<fr0CtgfM9W 9 OVO tV Xv 
 
 yag fj TOiavrri, %a@d<7reg rdi VTrd 
 v Tolg l-^o^ivoig ig ^rg^i T^ ^unrig 'i<rra,i 
 
 25 
 
 V ' v vo~ > A\ \ f ^ / />/ ^\ \ 
 
 / o auTO TO pji ayuvov %at qov (tome og, ^a/ 
 TOW KavrKC ogtyetrQcti avrov, not,} ^aX/0-Ta rovg 
 rovroig ya o /2iog oti 
 
 TU,rog 9 xa 7\ rovruv {Aot 
 
 ort opal a,i(r0civerai, %a,} o dxovav, OTI dxovei, %ot} o'3() 
 
 /-)V/o f /OV / 9 \'\ >*> >/. .. ' / 
 
 puoi^av, on puoifyi, %ai wri TMV aXXai' OfAoiug, 
 TI 70 ctiffvetvofAtwv 071 ivfgyovfAev' (uarTS ctiffSat,- 
 
 av 071 ai<r0ex,voAeQcx, UK] voo7Aev 071 
 
CHAT. vin. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 309 
 
 TO y OTI cti<r@a,vofAe0a, 9) voovfAtv, on itrpiv' (TO yotg 
 
 votlv') TO $' a,iar@oive<r0ex.i OTI 
 
 that, qv 
 
 TUV 
 
 OtVTO' 
 
 TO 
 
 TO 
 
 OTI 
 
 TO EINAI dyctQov \<TTIV uvTolg xoii qdu' (ffvvcturQavo- 
 (Atvot yag TOV fcot,0* UVTO oiyaflov yi$oTat') ug j\ 
 vgog ZOIVTOV \yjti o ffTrovdofiog, KCU Kgog TOV <p/Xof* 
 (jiregog yug ccvTog o (pihog \ffrtt*) KA0ADEP OYN TO 
 
 10AYTON EINArAIPETON ESTIN 'EKAST^, 'oYTfl KAI TO 
 TON <DIAON, H DAPAnAHSmZ. 
 
 To J' EINAI % v aigtrot, ^;a TO 
 AYTOY otyaQov ovTog' vj Jg ToiotvTrj 
 
 ZYNAISANES0AI APA AEI KAI TOY 
 
 !5<i>iAOY, OTI IffTiv. TOVTO il yivoiT av, EN T$ EYZHN 
 ,oivave7v \oyuv %a} itctvoiag. {OVTOJ 
 TO EYZHN, g^-1 TUV ANprmn 
 
 fat TUV BOSKHMAT^N, TO v TU OC.VTM 
 
 20 E; iq TU f&axagta TO tivott 
 (dyaflov rrj (pvo-i ov xa} v}dv>) 
 TO TOV (piXov tffTiv* xoci o (fiihog T>\> 
 o o IfTTiv OIVTU aigz-TOV TOVTO 
 TotvTT] zvdtitg s<rTctt. 
 
 25 AEHZEI APA 
 
 AAIHN. 
 
 xaff 
 
 CLVTO, 
 Sk xoti 
 
 a,\> 
 
 EYAAIMONHZONTI OIAON SOOY- 
 
tflO THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE QUESTION I WHETHER ANY 
 LIMITATION BE DESIRABLE, WITH REGARD TO Til K 
 NUMBER OF OUR FRIENDS. 
 
 10 xxv. v Ap OYN 'flE nAEiETorr <DIAOYE FIOIHTEON; 
 5, xaQdw-sg ITT] Tjjg EENIAZ \fapAfap$ ugjjff&ou <5og7, 
 " fA7jT& 5r0Xyf g/foc, fiyr a%eivog" x,a] \iri ryjc 
 iot,g dgfAOor&i, [Ayr atythov elvui. {Ayr av iroKv- 
 
 XXVI. Toig tisv fa npos XPHSIN, *a) wdvv do 
 
 av iotv TO 
 
 xa! ov% ix.cc,i>og o /3iog otvTo7g TOVTO 
 TZIV. ol vrhsiovg fa TUV Kgog TOV oixe7ov fiiov 
 wegizgyoi, xa,} IJAITOOIOI Kgog TO xaXug fjiv. ov@zv 10 
 ovv Jg? avT&Jv. xct,} ol IIPOE 'HAONHN $t dt 
 
 r To(? ro 
 
 XXVII. oys snoYAAiorx, voreg 
 
 ov 
 
 KVLT dglQfAOV, ?7 tffTl Tl [AtTgOy X,Ct,l (plhlXOV 
 OVT6 
 
 OVT \x dixoi {Avgidoivv \n voXig IO-TIV. TO 
 Si yorov ovx, 'iffTw I'crcvg \v TI> oiXXct TTUV TO 
 
 ~ r / 
 
 TIVUV UPlG'fAtVfoV . 
 
 f XX VIII. Kai 0JXAN fa \ 
 
 XCU IffOJg *OI OAEIITOI, ME0' 'fiN AN AYNAITO TIE '20 
 
 TOVTO i(> oxei utvrrov eva,i. ori 
 
 olov rg < /roXXo7g (rwr, a AIANEMEIN 
 5 if)hov. ITI Xt, xdxeivovg Sit AAAHAOIE (fithovg 
 
 stvat, 6i (AtKhowrt KuvTeg [AST 
 
 TOVTO gytozg v -roXXo? wrug%pt9* %ot,- 
 g yinreu not,} TO SYPXAIPEIN, ^a! TO SYN- 
 
 AAFEIN, 
 
 li f i 
 
 *% 
 
CHAP. vin. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 311 
 
 ' ovv gy 'iyjti) ft*! fyirilv &>g oroAiKp/xJraTov 
 
 *^^ ~* ' f/ ^ 0~f 
 
 * aXXa TorovTovg, offoi sig TO ffv(r\v ix,ot>- 
 voi. ov$k 
 
 5<y<x,g rig eivoii ovXsTui $1X10,$' TOVTO g wgog 
 xoc,} TO (T(p6dga 5^, Kgog o^iyovg. OVTU 3 
 touts, nut em TOJV t xpcx,y{hU'Ttov. ov yiyvovTUi yap 
 
 ara Tqv 'ETAIPIKHN (p/X/oti/* at 5* - 
 tv dva 1 } XzyovTUt. 
 XXIX. Ol Jg <7roXv(piXoi act,} ircx.a'iv oixziug \vTvy- 
 
 eivai (o/, ^rv HOAITI- 
 oyj a) Ku'hovffiv APESKOYS. woXiTixug [Atv 
 ovv ttTTi, KoXXo'ig sivoti (fiiXov' xai ^ c&gtffx-ov ovra, 
 ij^j ssng/fcji. AI' APETHN Jg ot! it av- 
 OVK &(rri Kgog voXXovg' ay any TO v Jg xoti o7^i- 
 yovg 
 
 PART V. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE QUESTION : WHETHER PROS- 
 PERITY OR ADVERSITY IS MORE IN NEED OF FRIENDS. 
 
 XXX. IIOTEPON A' EN EYTYXIAIE MAAAON <J>I- \ } 
 AfiN AEI, H EN AYSTYXIAIS ; tV Uptyol 
 
 . 01 TS yag UTV^OVVTSS SZOVTUI t 
 ,a} ovg eu 
 
 yag sv 
 
 XXXI. ANAFKAIOTEPON {AIV Sn tv Taig ot, 
 TUV XPHEIMHN svray^a 5s7. KAAAION J' Iv 
 
 Sio KCLI Tovg EniEiKEJS fyirovfftv, TOVTOvg 
 UTtgov tv&gytTtlv, x,ou fASTci TOVTUV Sux,- 
 yziv. 
 
312 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK ix. 
 
 XXXII. 'E<rn a> xa\ q IIAPOYEIA AYTH 
 
 01 hVTTOVfASVOl, (TVVU,lkyOVy70t)\> TtoV 
 
 xocv oc,7rogr}ff6itv 7ig, vroregov aar'Treg /Sc&govg 
 ha,fApce,vov(riv' q rovro fAtv ov 9 v\ wag overt a, 3' OLVTUV, > 
 
 oven, xcti q IVVOIOL TOV 
 
 
 t Atv ovv iot 
 
 fit aXXo rt 
 
 ovv 
 
 TO 
 
 XXXIII. o/fcg % V&g&WiOt MIKTH 71$ UV7UV 10 
 
 mar av70 plv yag 70 ogoiv 7ovg (phovg, ijiu 9 aX- 
 76 Kcii ct7V%ovp7t' x.ni yinrai 7ig zwixovgiot 
 70 (Ay XvirMcrOou. rt0<tf&v&j)rt&ov yap o (fiXog 
 it 771 Itytb a! 7u hoyu, iotv y iTtH%tO{. oids 
 
 70 rioct xct,i t( og yot7cx,i x>oci virwoLi. 70 
 
 70,7$ av7ov 
 nag ya,o (fievysi ^WTTTJC oti7tog ft tat 7o7g 
 
 XXXIV*. /OTTg^, 01 fit* ANAP^AEIS 
 
 7ovg (ptXov 
 
 7j tmK, 7qv ixzivoig 
 
 ' ' x ^. ^ 
 
 ov '/rocr/gra/, oiot, 
 
 70 p,?i av7og stvoci 6gw/i7ixog. TTNAIA g, xa ot 
 
 ~ i/ \, ~ / / \ 
 
 70tov7ot ai/oeg, 7oig crv(T7Zvova'i a,iov<rt' xat i- 
 
 xat 
 iv awwj 37 ^Xoi/ 071 7o 
 
 XXXV. 'H J' gv Ta7c EYTYXIAIS 
 7Y\v rg 
 
 70tg av7ov 
 XXXVI. 
 
 7ovg 
 sivcti xocXov' tc' g 7oig trv^ctg 
 

 CHAP. vin. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 OTCLV ^gXXoKnv, oX/'yct o%Xq9tvrz;, ^c,gyaA avrov 
 - IGVOU J' avetfl-aXfv frog a^o^g/, ^o$ 
 ATYXOYNTAE, afcX^rov fca) irgoOvftag' (<p/Xoy 
 
 gv roy 
 
 ov ycg xaiov xa qiov' 
 
 ig Jg TC6 EYTYXIAS, SYNEPFOYNTA ^gP rg00V(6af 
 
 rayra %^g/a (piXuv') nog EYHAGEIAN 
 iug' (ov yoig xct^ov ro 
 5' dtitet iv 
 
 XXXVII. 'H nAPOYSIA AH TON OIAfiN EN * 
 
 EIN 'AIPETH OAINETAI. 
 
 v 
 
 PART VI. 
 
 AN EXAMINATION OF THE QUESTION: WHETHER FAMILIAR 
 INTERCOURSE IS GREATLY DESIRABLE TO THE PUR- 
 POSES OF FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 XXXVIII. 'A>' OVV, flWg Tolg IgUffl TO ? 
 
 u, f ya,7ry}Tora,rov sen, KCLI ^aXXov algovvrai 
 
 hurra, rov tgarog ovrog x,a,i yivoiAtvov ovru xut 
 
 TOIS (DIAOIS, AIPETOTATON EETI TO SYZHN ; 
 
 XXXIX. KOIN^NIA ya^ ri (p/X/a. a! 'fir npos 
 'EAYTON EXEI, 'OYTH KAI npor TON <I>IAON. crg^) 
 art iffrw, otigtrir %a,i Trt^i TOV 
 
 7} ENEPFEIA yOlTCU OtUTOtg \V TU 
 
 eizorag rovrov i(pievrcti. tea,} o ri 
 jror g<rr!v ga<rro/$ TO g/va/, ^ o 
 
 TO riv' v TOVTU, 
 
 oi <TVA7rivov<riv 01 
 
314 THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS. BOOK ix. 
 
 tv rovrw 
 
 o rt ireg fAaXurra, ctyaKUffi ruv iv ra p'ta. 
 g povhofA&vot [tsra ruv fyi'h.w TOCVTCX, 
 
 010V 
 
 XL. F/J/gra/ ovv q [A&V rwv ^AYAHN OIAIA, MO- 
 X0HPA. xoivavovcri ya>g (puvXav, <x,/ 
 
 ofAOiovfA&vot 
 
 TUV fTTieift&tV, VKktiKYtC,. (TWOLV^O^VO^V 1 )] TCCtg 
 
 doxovtrt ^g xa,} fithrtovg yinfd&i) Ivegyouvreg, not.} 
 
 wag 
 
 l {LtV OVV OIAIAS \^\ TO&OVTQV tlpt)ff0&. tKO- 
 
 oiv ti7) iv 7re HAONHS. 
 
BOOK X. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE TENTH BOOK. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 AN ENQUIRY INTO THE NATURE OF PLEASURE. 
 
 This chapter may fitly be divided into seven parts. 
 The first of these, sets forth the REASONS FOR EXAMINING 
 THE SUBJECT. The second enquires, whether pleasure 
 is the SOVEREIGN GOOD. The third enquires, whether 
 it has in ANY DEGREE the nature of GOOD. The fourth 
 fixes its ESSENTIAL CHARACTER. The fifth discusses 
 the VARIETIES of it. The sixth ascertains which, among 
 these many varieties, constitute the real and essential 
 pleasures OF HUMAN LIFE. The seventh embraces the 
 consideration of that kind of pleasure, which is afforded 
 
 by AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. Reasons for examining the subject of PLEASURE. And first, 
 those which arise from the INTRINSIC NATURE of it. II. Additional 
 reason, arising from the variation of the SEVERAL JUDGMENTS 
 which have been pronounced upon it. 
 
 III. The probable MOTIVE in which this difference of judgment 
 has partly originated. 
 
 (IV. Collateral remark, on the danger of preferring expediency to 
 truth, in philosophical enquiries.) 
 
318 SUMMARY 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 V. The reasons of EUDOXUS, for thinking pleasure to be the 
 SOVEREIGN GOOD. VI. One of these reasons makes it evident, that 
 pleasure is NOT the Sovereign Good. 
 
 PART THE THIRD. 
 
 VII. Pleasure must have the nature of good, inasmuch as it is 
 the object of UNIVERSAL PURSUIT. VIII. Exposure of a FALLACY 
 designed to prove the CONTRARY. IX. It does not follow, as some 
 contend, that, because pleasure is not a QUALITY, therefore it has 
 not the nature of good. X. Nor does it follow, because it is 
 susceptible of INTENSION AND DIMINUTION. XI. Nor does it follow 
 from the consideration, that it is either a GENERATIVE MOTION, or 
 ANY OTHER KIND OF MOTION whatever. For, first, it is not even a 
 MOTION OF ANY KIND : And secondly, much less is it a GENERATIVE 
 MOTION 3 . XII. Nor does it follow from the consideration, that 
 pleasure consists in the SATISFACTION OF A WANT: for ALL pleasure 
 has not this character. XIII. Nor does it follow from the fact, 
 that SOME pleasures are DEPRAVED AND DISGRACEFUL. 
 
 XIV. It appears, however, that the character of PLEASURE in 
 some instances differs from the character of GOOD. XV. For 
 PLEASURE, in a state of SEPARATION from GOOD, would sometimes 
 be DECLINED. XVI. And GOOD, in a state of SEPARATION from 
 PLEASURE, would sometimes be DESIRED. 
 
 PART THE FOURTH. 
 
 XVII. Pleasure is A THING ENTIRE, UNCOMPOUNDED, AND PERFECT 
 
 AT THE MOMENT OF EXPERIENCE, SO AS NOT TO DEPEND, FOR ITS 
 ATTAINMENT OF PERFECTION, ON THE PROGRESS OF TIME. 
 
 XVIII. From which consideration are deduced further arguments, 
 that pleasure is not, according to the philosophical language of 
 Aristotle, a species of MOTION: this latter being, either IN ITSELF 
 
 IMPERFECT, Or else, REQUIRING TIME FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF 
 
 PERFECTION; and relating, not to things ENTIRE AND UNCOMPOUNDED, 
 but to things DIVISIBLE. 
 
 XIX. The most perfect ENERGY or OPERATION, is that, of the 
 PERSON best affected towards the best OBJECT of that energy : this 
 energy is also the MOST PLEASURAHLE : and it is the CONCOMITANT 
 
 * See the note at page 209. 
 
OF THE TENTH BOOK. 319 
 
 PLEASURE which perfects the energy. [It is therefore to be con- 
 sidered as the most essential character of pleasure, that IT is THAT 
 
 WHICH PERFECTS THE ENERGIES OF THE NATURE OF MAN.] 
 
 XX. XXIV. An explanation of the MODE, in which the ENERGIES 
 or OPERATIONS of man are PERFECTED BY PLEASURE. XX. This 
 mode is different from those, of both the SENSITIVE FACULTY, and 
 the SENSIBLE OBJECT, from which pleasure arises b . XXI. The 
 DEGREE of pleasure will be proportioned to the CONDITION OF THE 
 
 SENSITIVE FACULTY, and to the AVORTH OR GOODNESS OF THE OBJECT, 
 
 which are concerned in producing it : thus, in the case of music, it 
 will depend, partly on the performance, and partly on the ear. 
 XXII. And thus, PLEASURE WILL ALWAYS ARISE, wherever there 
 exists, both a SUBJECT CAPABLE OF AFFORDING IT, and a FACULTY 
 CAPABLE OF RECEIVING IT : as, for instance, when there are melodious 
 sounds, and their influence is not impeded by deafness or by un- 
 susceptible organs. XXIII. It acts, not after the way in which a 
 moral or intellectual HABIT perfects itself in ACTIVE OPERATION ; but 
 as a FRUIT, EFFECT, OR CONSUMMATION, of that active operation 11 . 
 XXIV. Pleasure will always connect itself with those ENERGIES or 
 OPERATIONS, which are accompanied by a CORRESPONDENCE OF 
 MUTUAL ADAPTATION, between the ACTIVE CAUSE and the PASSIVE 
 FACULTY; that is, between objects capable of affording pleasure, 
 and a power of sensation capable of feeling it. 
 
 XXV. From the principle, that pleasure perfects the energy with 
 which it is connected; is deduced the reason, why PLEASURE CAN- 
 NOT HAVE A CONTINUAL DURATION. 
 
 XXVI. On the same ground it is shewn, that the DESIRE OF 
 
 PLEASURE IS INSEPARABLE from the DESI KE OF LIFE. 
 
 PART THE FIFTH. 
 
 XXVII. From the same principle is deduced, an explanation of 
 the difference which exists among the many VARIETIES OF PLEASURE. 
 As the ENERGIES of man are various, so will his PLEASURES be 
 marked by a corresponding variety. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. This 
 foundation of the difference of human pleasures, is confirmed and 
 illustrated by THREE striking considerations. 
 
 b The meaning of these two passages may probably be illustrated by 
 supposing cases like the following: which are sometimes, it is conceived, of 
 real occurrence. A man may be a good judge of poetry, at a time, when he 
 is quite unattuned to its delights and raptures : or he may have a very refined 
 discrimination of flavours, without any sense of the gratification which they 
 afford to other men. 
 
320 SUMMARY 
 
 XXXI. The same principle explains in detail the difference of 
 various pleasures, considered with reference to the several ways 
 in which they may be classed and distinguished. First, of the 
 various pleasures, distinguished from each other by the characters 
 
 Of VIRTUOUS, VICIOUS, AND IN1HFFEUENT. XXXII. Secondly, of 
 
 the various pleasures of INTELLECT and SENSE. XXXIII. Thirdly, 
 of the various pleasures of VAHIOUS ANIMALS. XXXIV. Fourthly, 
 of the various pleasures of VAKIOUS MEN. 
 
 PART THE SIXTH. 
 
 XXXV. Of the various pleasures of various men, those only are 
 REAL and accordant with nature, which SEEM so TO THE VIRTUOUS 
 MAN. XXXVI. Others are merely ACCIDENTAL, deriving their 
 quality from the depravation and unnatural temperament of the 
 individual. 
 
 XXXVII. General conclusion. The pleasures which, by the 
 constitution of nature, belong to the human species, are THOSE 
 
 ONLY, WHICH PERFECT THE ENERGIES OF THE VIRTUOUS AND HAPPY 
 MAN. 
 
 PART THE SEVENTH. 
 
 XXXVIII. This section embraces a RECAPITULATION of matters 
 contained in the foregoing parts of the treatise. The sum of it 
 consists in these leading points : That HAPPINESS is NOT a HABIT: 
 That it is an ENERGY or OPERATION : That it is an energy of that 
 kind, which is desirable on account, not of MINISTERIAL UTILITY, 
 but of INTRINSIC VALUE : And, that the ACTIONS appropriate to 
 this energy, are those of a VIRTUOUS LIFE. 
 
 XXXIX. Hence, as an enquiry supplemental to both the GENERAL 
 design of the TREATISE, and the PARTICULAR design of THIS CHAPTER ; 
 occasion is taken, to consider the case of PLEASURABLE RECREATIONS : 
 and, with reference to the nature of the ENERGY, or OPERATION, 
 just now described, the question is proposed : ARE SUCH RECREATIONS 
 AMONG THE ACTIONS APPROPRIATE TO IT? XL. Arguments are 
 stated for the AFFIRMATIVE. XLI. The question is decided in the 
 NEGATIVE. The grounds of argument for the AFFIRMATIVE are 
 partly denied, and partly shewn to be inconclusive : and the REAL 
 VALUE of pleasurable recreations, arising from their MINISTERIAL 
 
 RELATION to HAPPINESS, IS Set forth. 
 
OF THE TENTH BOOK. 321 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE HAPPINESS DERIVABLE FROM CONTEMPLATION. 
 
 This chapter may be divided into two parts : The 
 first of which declares the perfection of that happiness, 
 which arises from contemplation ; and the second treats 
 of the limitations and circumstances, under which human 
 life is susceptible of such happiness. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 I. PERFECT HAPPINESS is that, which arises from PURE CON- 
 TEMPLATION. II. This position is confirmed by six SEVERAL 
 REASONS. III. The same position is repeated in the form of an 
 inference from the foregoing reasons. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 * IV. It is declared, that the happiness of contemplation is a kind 
 of happiness TOO EXALTED FOR HUMAN NATURE. V. Nevertheless, 
 
 tO THE UTMOST EXTENT WHICH HUMAN LIFE WILL PERMIT, it is 
 
 desirable that we should pursue this kind of happiness. VI. Acting 
 under this limitation, we are to remember, that we are not beings 
 of PURE INTELLECTUALITY, and that human virtue is the virtue of 
 a COMPOUNDED BEING, endued with affections as well as with 
 reason. 
 
 VII. The exercise of contemplation demands much less of ex- 
 ternal goods, than the exercise of moral virtue does. 
 
 VIII. That the highest human happiness is that which partakes 
 most of the contemplative ; is inferred from considering, first, the 
 nature of the GODS : IX. And secondly, that of BRUTES. 
 
 X. The ENJOYMENT of contemplative happiness demands, in the 
 condition of humanity, some portion of EXTERNAL GOODS. XI. But 
 it is not required, that this portion be VERY LARGE. XII. This is 
 confirmed by the TESTIMONY of wise men. XIII. Which testimony 
 however, is not, in a case of this kind, so valuable as the evidence 
 
 Of FACTS AND REALITY. 
 
 XIV. Under these limitations, the contemplative life will be at 
 once the happiest, and, as it is most CONGENIAL TO THE DIVINE 
 NATURE, most distinguished by the PROPITIOUS REGARDS of Heaven. 
 
322 SUMMARY OF THE TENTH BOOK. 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON THE POLITICAL CULTIVATION OF VIRTUE. 
 
 I. Moral discourses, such as the preceding, being unable of 
 themselves to PRODUCE VIRTUE AMONG THE GENERALITY OF MAN- 
 KIND: it becomes needful to enquire, by what methods this end may 
 be attained. 
 
 II. Virtue, according to Aristotle, being produced either by 
 NATURE, INSTRUCTION, or HABIT: the FIRST lies beyond the power 
 of man, and the SECOND will be unavailing without the THIRD. 
 III. But this third, namely HABIT, which is properly provided for 
 by education, and requires even in manhood a further super- 
 intendence of conduct; cannot be obtained without LAWS ENACTKD 
 FOR THE PURPOSE. IV. The foregoing views of this chapter 
 corroborated, by a reference to the opinions of others. V. The 
 NECESSITY OF LEGAL PROVISION FOR MORALITY is further set forth, 
 by insisting on the INEFFICIENCY OF ALL PRIVATE EFFORTS of in- 
 dividuals towards that end. VI. The LACEDEMONIAN COMMON- 
 WEALTH is commended, as being almost the only one in which this 
 point is duly attended to. 
 
 VII. But this object, though it demand a POLITICAL provision, is 
 not by any means to be neglected as a matter of PRIVATE 
 LIFE : it is also to be noted, that the nature of domestic relations 
 is such, as to afford PECULIAR FACILITIES for the attainment of it. 
 VIII. It will however best be attained, even in its application to 
 particulars, by a SOUND KNOWLEDGE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 
 
 IX. It is therefore universally desirable, in all endeavours to 
 reform mankind, whether they aim at the reformation of many or 
 of few, that we should understand the BUSINESS OF LEGISLATION, 
 and the GENERAL PRINCIPLES on which it proceeds: whence is 
 deduced the necessity of EXTENDING this enquiry from an ETHICAL 
 to a POLITICAL design. X. Which is rendered the more necessary, 
 by reason of the science of POLITICS being peculiarly circumstanced 
 in the way of distinction from other sciences. For, with regard to 
 these, latter, those who PRACTISE, and thos who PROFESS TO TEACH, 
 are the same persons. Whereas, the science of politics has derived 
 no propagation of its truth, either from those who practise, namely, 
 the STATESMEN: XI. Nor yet from those who profess to teach, 
 namely, the SOPHISTS. 
 
 XII. Transition to the ENSUING enquiry relating to POLITICS, 
 and exposition of its DESIGN and METHOD. 
 
CHAP. I. 
 
 ON PLEASURE. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 REASONS FOR EXAMINING THE SUBJECT. 
 
 I. META Jg raSrot, nzpi 'HAONHS 
 
 TENEI i)U>vv. oio 'Traidevcviri rovg vzovg, oictxi^ovTSg See B. II. 
 
 f \ ~ \ / ^ f v\ \ \ \ ~ c. i. 6. xv 
 
 qoovq %ai Awry. ooftti ot KOLI vrgog rqv TOU HGOYS 
 ^APETHN [Atyurrov sivui, ro %cx,igsiv oig Jg7 ^a) [Auriiv 
 S. d. diureivei yag ravru $10, iron/Tog rov (3!ov, 
 ' &i ovvctfAiv, vgog agSTqv rg, ^a} rov 
 
 j3iov. TO, ptv yag qozu ffgootigovvroct, ra> 
 Gci (psvyovtrtv. 
 
 
 10 II. 5Tg g TCt)V 
 
 ersov eivoti' aXXa^ TZ %oti FIOAAHN EXONT^N AM- 
 
 . 01 A\v u T'AFAQON 
 
 ol J' g| ivwriaf, KOMIA^ <J>AYAON, 
 
 III. Oi fttv i<rug, wjreifffAtvoi ovru xui tftW ol 
 15 Jg, OtOfAtvot (BtXnov Sivai vrgog TOV @iov Yipuv, Ano- 
 
 <J>AINEIN rr t v yovqv ruv <pa,vXav, nui s MH EDTIN* 
 pivstv yiiQ rovg voXXovg vgog UVTW, za,} douXzveiv 
 7oc7g rjdovaig' J/o, isiv tig TOVVUVTIOV ayetv' gX^g7fSee B. II. 
 
 v <\ r/ ' \ v / c. iv. 8. iii. 
 
 cc,v ovrag SKI TO 
 
 20 iv. M^ nors Jg ol liotiMt rovro hiyzroii. ol 
 
 TOJV Iv ro7g Kuiffi xcti rcx,g 
 
324 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK x. 
 
 j]Ttov eiffi wurro} TUV tgyav. orotv ovv dia,(pot)V6)(ri Tolg 
 U TTIV a,i<r@7]<riv' xctrottygovovfAtvoi, xct} rctXqOlg 
 . o ycig -^iyav T^V qdovriv, otpfleig WOT 
 ivsiv dotes? irgog uvTqv, ug 
 
 ov<ray ciTraffuv. TO AIOPIZEIN TAP OYK ESTI THN 5 
 noAAfiN. iotQi<rtv ovv 01 dhqQsig ruv 'h.oyav, ov 
 fAovov irgog TO eidzvai ^qtritAurctroi zlvoti, 
 Kgog rov jStov. ffvvuoo} yoig ovrsg ro7g 
 (rrevovTut. 5/0, irgOTgtTrovroit rovg %vvizvTO(,g 
 avroug. ruv fA\v ovv TOIOVTUV uXig' roi J' 6/^^sva 10 
 } Tjjg 7]0ovqg 
 
 PART II. 
 
 IT IS ENQUIRED, WHETHER PLEASURE IS THE 
 SOVEREIGN GOOD. 
 
 2 v. EYAOHOS (A\v ovv T/JV f}iov)]v TATAQON 
 
 EINAI, dice. TO DAN' *OPAN E<1)IEMENA AYTHS, XOtl 
 
 oiXoya,' \v naffi 5' ztvai TO 
 
 TO ^aA/trra, KTKTTOV' TO q TTOWT 15 
 g-zr! TUVTO (fzg&rdai, {Aqvveiv> ug vari TOVTO 
 Hxaa'Tov yoip TO UVTM uyctdov svp'u 
 TPo(pf]v' ro Sr) TT&linv uyaQov, KOU ov KMT t 
 
 /i\ v /> ' V f -v x 5> v x 
 
 TGe.yat'ov uvui. ^KKTT^VOVTO o 01 Aoyoi, dice, TYIV TOV 
 
 qflovg agtrWi j^aXXov ? J/ OLVTOUC. 
 
 yag idoxsi fofy/fW ZIVOLI' ov d/} ug (fiihog 
 
 l^oKti TCIVTCX, Xzysiv, ctXX' ovrug 
 
 9eicx,v.) ovfc JITTOV $ M&T etvui (fiavzgoV) EK TOY 
 
 ENANTIOY' TtfV y&lp "hVKYlV %U@' CCVTO 7TU(Tt QtVX 
 
 eTvai' opo'iug dq TOVVUVTIOV aigBTOv. pdhurrct, 
 , o MH AI' 'ETEPON, ^J' ZTWOV ftoig 
 
 ~ V f 
 
 TOtOVTOV O 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 ovdevct, yug tTregarav, Tivog tMxto qdsTcti' ug 
 ' otvrijv ovffctv ulgtrqv rqv qdovqv. npoSTi0E- 
 MENHN rg or MOV v ruv dya@av, aigST&jrtgov 
 
 oiov, 
 
 
 TO 
 
 VI. o;fcg OVTO$ yg o 
 
 , %a} OYAEN MAAAON 'ETEPOT' 
 tr'tgov ayaflou, aigeraregov yj povov- 
 TOIOVTM ifj hoya tea,} Tlxdreav oivcuge7, on 
 
 1(>OYK ESTIN 'HAONH 
 
 f \ t \,\ r>f 
 
 SlVOtl TOV 7IOVV ptOV [ 
 
 TO [Aixrov xgeirTov, ovfc eivcii rqv qdovqv 
 
 ovdzvog yag KgoiTTzQivTos UVTO TuyaOov 
 
 ymfficu. ^JJXoy ^' 5 ug outf dixXo ovdlv rdyaQov o^seeB. I. 
 
 , r >t t\ / ~ /i> f\ 
 
 *^g^, o {Aercc, nvog rav fcc&v avro 
 
 gov 
 
 PART III. 
 
 IT IS ENQUIRED, WHETHER PLEASURE HAS, IN ANY 
 DEGREE, THE NATURE OF GOOD. 
 
 VII. T/ ovy ItTTi rotovrov, ov not jfi*6i$ xoivavov- 
 v 5 Toiovro* yag ZKifyTzirui. oi 3' IvurrdfAevoi, 
 ova ayufov, 'or HANT' EOIETAI* fit) ovffkv \iyca- 
 o yoig OAEI AOKEI, TOVT EINAI <pap,6v. o & 
 Taurqv Tiyv KHrnv., ov Taw TTKTTOTSPK 2g?. 
 
 yug rot, avoqroi agtytro ctvrav' r t v ot,v n TO 
 Xtyoptvov. g; dk act,} TO, (pgovifAu' vug Xtyoiev a 
 
 g Jg %ai Iv ro7g (pavhotg g<rr; 71 OYSIKON 
 %g$7rrov ? naff aura, o ityitrcu TOV oixeiov 
 dya^ov, 
 
 VIII. Ovfc toize 3g oyjg srp TOY ENANTIOY, 
 hty&(r@a,t. ov yag (potffiv, el q Xt5irj 
 
326 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK x. 
 
 TTJV qdovqv dyoL&ov gTvar dvTix,$7<r@ut yoig 
 
 zaxu, %a aa TU 
 
 ov xaxug, ov ft,j* g; ye TUV 
 
 yoig OVTUV naxuv, za <J>EYKTA 
 
 tivou' tArjtTpuv g, 
 
 vuv OS <p&tvo\>rcti rqv ptv (pevyovreg, ag xct,- 
 rqv o aigov/ASvoi, ag dyctOov. OVTW J^ tcott a,v- 
 
 IX. Ov ftqv ovtf si (Aq run noioTHTftN \vr\v q 
 fjoovq, oict, TOVT ovoz TUV dyaQuv. ov%\ yoip oil 10 
 rtjg cigerrig ivsgyeiat KoiaryiTtg ii<r(v, ov(? ij evdai- 
 
 fAOVlOC,. 
 
 X. Aiyovfft Jg TO (JMV oiya,@ov vgitrfott, ryv & 
 
 $ovqv dogurrov tivui, on AEXETAI TO MAAAON KAI 
 TO 'HTTON. si ptv ovv 1% TOV 'HAESGAI TOVTO %gi- 15 
 ' xct,} 7rsg} rqv Stxaiotrvvqv, KUI Toig a 
 
 gt (xctQ ag tvctgyag (pour] ^cctXXoi/ %a] 
 
 rovg Koiovg vwdg'fceiv [xotToi roig a^ira;],) larreu TO 
 
 yug sin ^ci^Xov, %&,} 
 
 KOLl 
 
 , 
 
 JJTTOV. el y Iv Tafig 'HAONAIE* fAq KOT ov "hiyovn 
 TO aiTtoV) u,v uffiv ai [A\v upiyiig at il [Aixrai. TI 
 yot,g %,u\vti> xadowtg vyieia, 
 
 TOti TO {AttXXoV XCtl TO fjTTGV' OVT6) %&,} T7]V 7]($OV7)V J 
 
 ov yag q avT?) G'vfAfAergia, \v KCKriv tffTiv, ovtf I 
 
 v 
 
 
 CLVTM pct, Tig cter aXX wiffx,tj) t iotfAtvei eag Tivcg, 
 xcti oicttpzgei TU y^ctXXoi' tcsti VTTOV. TOIOVTOV d 
 
 TO 
 
 See the note XI. TtXeiov TB Tuyotflov Tiflzyreg, Tag 02 
 at p. 209. ' Tqv fidovqy KINHSIN 
 
 TENEZIN air<pw/Ft x-etgwTCU* ov xahcug 8* toi 
 wif tivcti KINHSIN. crair?? yag oixeJov 
 fcog xoti (Sguivryg* KOI el ^ KA' 'AYTHN, 
 
 otov TY\ TOV xofffAov, irgog aXXo* TJJ ft qdovri TOVTUV 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 327 
 
 . y](r0jjvai (&tv yag 'tern ragtag, 
 
 ov. ov npos ETEPON* 
 
 BAAIZEIN Jg, KOLl AYHEE0AI, Xtt,} WUVTa TU TOlCLVTOt. 
 
 ovv EIS TTJV 
 Icrnv' tvsgyiiv Jg KAT* air^, OVK 'itrn 
 
 TENESIS TS wag av ei'q ; 
 ' yug OVK e% rov rv^ovrog TO rvy^ov 
 g| ov ytyvBTcti, sig TOVTO diaXvstrflui. KUL ov 
 
 TENESIS YI yj^OV^y TOVTOV 7} "hVWTl O0OPA. 
 
 10 XII. Kai xiyovn Jg, rrjv fA\v Xvvqv tvdeiuv rov 
 stvai, TJJV 5' qoovqv, 
 
 TUVTO, Jg (rafAMTixa, Icrn roi cri^jf. g/ &J g<rr/ row 
 
 70VT oiv HOI '/jfioiTO' TO ZftMA UgU. OV Jog7See B. VI. 
 \' > v " 'i ' .. / f ^ / 
 
 15 OB. ovo ttrnv ao, avuTrAYiuffig q qoovrj 
 
 ' 
 
 otr av rig, 
 
 hwrolro. y do%a, S' aprjj ^o^ 
 ZK ruv Keg] rifi r^o^ifff XWTTUV K&I ifboi*' Iv- 
 
 ydig yivo^ivovg fta,} TrgoXvTrqOevrag , rjdetrflai r? 
 oy TS^! iraffag <rv{AJ3a,ivet 
 
 roig qovag. awTroi yu tf<ri!>, a rs 
 
 TUV xarci, roig aiffflrjeztg, at Sioi T^g o 
 ogj %ui o goc, fAotr '&, 
 
 /rr 
 
 g. rtvog ouv avrcti TENESEIE t<rov- 
 ; ovdevog yoig 'iv^ziu yeyzvqrai, ov yivoir uv 
 
 XIII. Ilpos Jg roy$ Kpotpipovrag TAS EnoNEi- 
 
 ^ ? > ~ . / ></ 
 
 AIETOYI: rav qoovuv' fayoi Tig a,v, OTI OYK ESTI 
 
 Tay^' ^Ssa. ov yug, el Tolg xowug dtctycsifAtvoig 
 
 r \,f J\ / >\ \f^/ V \ / 
 
 I3Q 7)0 ttt, t(TTlV) 017]TZOV CtVTtt. KCtl qOZU, SIVOCi 7TA7JV TOV- 
 
 Toig' &ct6ot,veg ovXk TQL Tolg zafAvovcriv, vyieivu, ?j 
 93 iriKgu,' ovd' av Xsvx&l, ToL (p&ivouutvu, Tolg 
 oMrtv. ? ov-TOt) XzyoiT oiv' on al LLW qdo- 
 
 vcci aieTui tinv ov r\v Ano TE TOYT^N* 
 
328 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK x. 
 
 KUI TO tr'hovTtivy vrgooovTi 5' ov' x,oti TO vyiuiveiv, 
 ov fAqv oTiOvv (potyovTi. ri T$ EIAEI diutytgovoriv at 
 yoig al dvo TUV zuX&v TUV dwo TUV 
 feat ovx. tffTiv 7)<r@7]vot,i TTJV TOV di%cx,iov, ftr) 
 
 OVTCt, dlKCMOV) OUOZ TTjV TOV fAOVfflXOV, ^7} OVTCX, [AOV- 5 
 
 oftoug s fca g^r TUV 
 
 XIV. 'jtfc$flt>*f*if il doxei xcu o <p'iXog, tTSgog 
 v TOV xohaxos, OYK OYSAN AFAQON THN 'HAONHN, 
 7) diex,<pogov$ ei'Sei. o fAtv yolg wgog Toiya&ov O 
 
 o g Kog qovriv' za, TU /v ovziTat, TOV 10 
 
 ug wgog ZTS 
 
 XV. Ovdeig T S,v 'EAOITO ZHN, waidiov 
 
 'ifcuv 5;a /S/oy, 'HAOMENOZ g(p* oig TO, vat J/a, &>g olov 
 re O-aX/ora' ovftk ^ctigziv TTOWV TI TUV otlffyiffTon^ 
 
 uv hvKqflyjvai. 15 
 
 XVI. gu ^roXAa rg 
 
 EI MHAEMIAN Em<J>EPOI HAONHN 
 
 eid&vat, Toig dgSTug l^tiv. si J' g| 
 
 
 TOVTOig ova, oti 
 av raDra, a) g; ^c/^ yivoiT OLTT av- 20 
 
 ? c / >,~_ >/ v \ v > / 
 
 a/^gr??* oqAov toixzv eivoir xcti OTI &i<rt Tiveg 
 
 /I' f N V A' ~ >/>> V ' -^ 7* 
 
 f^ \ V if 9 A\ t t \ \ >/ ~ 
 
 Or; ^gj/ OLV oyrg Tuyavov q tjoovij, OVTB Kot,<roi, 
 
 \ v > / 
 xcti OTI &i<rt Tiveg 
 
 ~ >/>> V ' -^ 7* 
 
 TU eioet, q a<p uv. 
 AEFOMENA 
 tl griff 6 a. 
 
 ovv AEFOMENA orgg>} Trig rjovr t g xa, Xvirrig, 25 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 ON THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTER OF PLEASURE. 
 
 XVil. T/ ft Iffriv, 7j TTciiov riy %(x,rot,(paM(r 
 yzvoir av aTT Mgfflg uvc&'h.Mfiova'iv. oo%>s7 yag q fA\ 
 'OPASIEJ %u@' ovnvovv %govov rgXg/ct eivai. ov yet,? 
 Iffnv gvJg^ ovSevog, o, g/ vffrsgov yevofA&vov, rsXei- 
 5 u<rsi otvrqg ro eidog. TOIOVTU 5' go/^g ncti i] 'HAONH. 
 
 'OAON TAP TI ESTI* KOtA KMT OVvcX, %090 
 
 TIC av rjdovqv, qc, ty 
 
 ro 
 
 XVIII. ^og^, ofc KINH21S SffTlV. EN 
 
 ivrjfric, xoii TEAOTS TINOS. oiov T\ oxo- 
 TEAEIA, $T9 90 tii<r q ov Ityitrou. q gf 'AOANTI 
 iij ru %g6w, % TOYT^. 
 
 'Ev Jg ro7g MEPESI rov %goyov> Karai ATEAEIS. 
 zregcu ru sidei rr^ oXyg, xtzi 
 
 0"vv@(rig, zrzgcx, rtjg rov KIOVOC, 
 
 avrai, rqg rov vaov 7roi'/](rtug. tea ri ftv rov 
 vaov, rtXeict. ovdevog yag ivdzrjg vgog ro 
 r\ 3'g rjjg xgwifiot x,c&i rov r 
 govg yag zzotrigu. ra sidei ovv 
 
 20 Ka; ovz trrn b 'OT$OYN %owy hufSziv %,vri<riv 
 ru ei'dsi, otXX* eiTTZg, \v ru 'ALTANTI. 
 
 ruv oifftov. e 
 no0EN nor KCU rctvrqg 
 roe, 
 
 o roiavra. ov [tovcv ovrag, aXXct KCU v avry ry 
 /3ad'urei. [TO yotg no@EN noi, ov ravrov Iv ru <rra,- 
 $!u, xcti Iv ru ^g^g/, zcii Iv Irtga pigti fccci \r^Qu' 
 ovdl ro dit^itvui rqv yaAATjv rqvde, ftctzttvqv. ov 
 
/rh<rt \\sfrfyv ff~Tr rrvv fwv* r "B^nrvvtv^T* 
 
 330 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOKX. 
 
 yag ygappw itotwogeveroii, aXXa #a; Iv rovw 
 ' \v trigy ft av77i ixeivrjg.^ 
 
 A/ dxtpstdf fttv ovv 7T2] xivqffeug iv aXXo/ 
 
 t 
 
 it { nf\ T' 
 
 so/^s o _oy;tj gv AOANTI 
 
 ' a! croAXcci ctrgXg7j[, xa) dia(pzgov(rci,i TV zi'dei' 5 
 TO TO^gf ToT fiJWt. r?^ qdovrig 3', gv' 
 
 ro ziooc. o^ov ovv, coc tTSgcii r a,v 
 stev aXX?J?viyv* KOI ruv 'OAHN n scai TEAEmN, jj 
 Ti^ovri. do^sit 5' ay rot/ro, ^a! g^ Toy 4 a^ bdi^f- 
 j-^a/ x,w{i(r&oLi fAq \v %goi"f>> ifitfftiat Jg. ro ya^ gi/ 10 
 rw VL>^, O'AOV T/. 
 
 'E rovruv ^g J?Xov, *a) or/ oy xaXug 
 %ivy)(rtv ij yzveariv eivoti Tqv qoovqv. ou ya 
 ray-rot ^Jygra/, aXXa rftJi/ MEPIST^N xotl 
 
 affeag l<rn ytve<rig, oy^g (TTtyfAqg, oyjg 15 
 g rovruv ovfftv &!vt}0'({ 9 ovtit yivwig. oyJg 
 'OAON a r;. 
 
 XIX. Ai<7%<rwg Jg cra^$ Tij ro 
 
 ? gy dicMStAtvqg wog ro 
 
 Xttrrov ruv VKQ TIJV mfdqfflV (TOIOVTOV yug ^a 
 o^gT ^ rgXg/a ifffy/a^ 
 
 gi> g<rr!, 
 
 g, BEATISTH ESTIN H ENEPFEIA TOY API2TA AIAKEI- 
 MENOY FIPOE TO KPATISTON TfiN *Y<J>' *AYTHN. aiV^ 
 
 J* av rgXgforar?; g/^> Pta/ 'HAISTH. ^ara ^ra^rav ap 25 
 
 ct,'i<r&q<riv Irnv r^ovri' ofAoiag Jg ^a) 
 
 roy gy g^ovroj T^OC ro crKovoMiorurov TUV v() 
 
 TEAEIOI AE THN ENEPFEIAN ^ TJ^OVT). 
 
 XX. Oy rov ayroi' Js r^oTov ^ rg 'HAONH rgXg;o7, 30 
 TO AIS0HTON TE KAi ? 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 331 
 
 ovra' *f* ov ] juyisia, xa o argos, 
 atrid ttrri rov vyiaiveiv. 
 
 XXI. Ka$' txdo-rqv $ at<r0t](Tiv on yivzrai 
 
 ydg Ogdftara XOl aXOVfff^ar 
 
 5V; MAAISTA, g-rg/Jav j' rg 
 
 (Tig J KPATISTH, Ct} T^d$ TOIOTTON 
 
 XXII. Ta/oyrfiyf 5' ovrav rov re, VtitrdijTW %cti rov 
 
 AEI ESTAI HAONH, rnAPXONTOE TE 
 
 TOY nOIHZONTOS KAI TOY HEISOMENOY. 
 
 10 xxin. TgAgjo? Jg T?JV \nyywt* fj ^Jovi?, ci^ ^5$ 
 
 i C ESI2 ENYHAPXOYSA, OtXX* &>S EniriFNOMENON TI 
 
 TEAOS* o/oy, ro?s dxgjti&tc rj uot. 
 
 XXIV. f/ E^? UV OVV TO TE NOHTON H AI20HTON 
 II 'OION AEI^ KAI TO KPINON H EfiPOYN* tffTOU Iv 
 
 7"?; SM^yf/a ?5 tfdovfj. oftotuv yug ovrav, zai vrgog 
 TOV avrov TPOTTOV zovrwV) rov rg riA0HTi- 
 
 KOY #a ro noiHTiKOY* ravro nE<i>YKE 
 
 XXV. IlfiS OYN OYAEIS SYNEXfiS *HAETAI ; tj 
 
 ; riANTA TAP TA ANQP^HEIA AAYNATEI 
 s ENEPFEIN. ov yiv&rctt ovv ovlt yjdovq. eTrerut 
 
 r% tvspysia. 'ivia Jg reWg/, aaiva ovra' vcrrsgov 
 >' < / ' \, \ > / \ \ \ ~ 
 oia ravro. ro (&tv yag 
 
 '/] didvoia, %a] di&r&rafAtvag 
 ccvrd zvegyel, (&(T'7rsg fcara rqv o^iv ol 
 
 (? ov roiavrq TJ tvegysia, 
 J/o a) ?? ^Joj/i apavgovrai. 
 
 XXVI. 'Qgzystrflai Jg 7?$ qdovyg oiqdeiq rtg av 
 civavrag) orz zal rov ijv awavreg i$/fmej| ?? Jg 
 ^iwi tttgytid rig ifri, KoCl txarrog Ktoi ravra xal 
 
 SOrovroig ivsgyz7 a, zu.} f&c&itr dyava' oiov, o plv 
 {Aova-utog rrj azoy Keg} roi [AtX?}, o Jg fyhOf*M0ilc rrj 
 dtavotu Keg} rd QtugqfAura' ovrtv Jg xa,} ruv 
 
332 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK x. 
 
 j) 5' qiovq rsXeio7 ra; bs^yuo?, #a} TO 
 
 ogzyovroti. evhoyag ovv 
 rgAg/o? yag> tadcrru TO yjv, aljSTOv ov. 
 
 6 AIA THN 'lIAONHN TO ZHN 
 AIA TO ZHN THN 'HAONHN' B$fitf00 gj/ T< 
 
 ve^svfcdoti [Aiv yoig TUVTCX, (fioiiverai) KOLI 
 ov dt% t e<r(3cx,i. oivev re yoig ivtgysiat ov ytveroci 
 iroi<roiv rg ivtgyeiav rzheiol 
 
 PART V. 
 
 ON THE VARIETIES OF PLEASURE. 
 
 XXVII. gf oXOVffl XOt TQ EIAEI AIA<DEPEIN. 
 
 ra yoLP gTgpa rw gJog/, v(f> vrtguv olofj^s&cc rgXg/oy- 10 
 060,1. ovrto yoig (potiveT&i %cu TO, (pvcrixoi, %ct,} rd 
 vvo Tt'fcvqg' olov fyptx,) xcii ozvoga, %&,} ygufyili 
 not,} oixia,) *ai (rxevog. OAOitof Jg 
 
 roig ivegyBiag, rag diutyBgoixroig ru si'dst, vvo 
 
 $ al ryjg 15 
 TOJV xaroi rug cuffOfjffW *a! KVTOU aX- 
 
 XXVIII. Qani* $ av rovro act,}, EK TOY SYN- 
 THN 'HAONHN 'EKASTHN TIJ ENEPFEIA 
 TEAEIOI. ' 
 
 ttairra 
 
 (riv> ol fA&&* qdovqi; tvtgyovvrec. olov' 
 ytvovrui ol 
 
 ti . . / v v r 
 
 txoKrTct ^aAAOf ofAoiu$ og %ai 01 
 (piXoiKodofAOt, za,} rvv 0frXX0y s*owro/, 
 
 g/$ ro oittslov \g 
 
 oti qdovai' TM og <rti'ayoi'7a otxia. rog rspotg 
 
OHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 333 
 
 XXIX. "Er; Jg, puXXov TOVT ay (pavsiy, EK TOY 
 TAX Ad>' 'ETEPHN 'HAONAE EMIIOAIOYI; TAIS ENEP- 
 TEIAIS EINAI. ol yag (piXavXoi dfivi>aTov<ri Tolg 
 Xoyotg T^oo-g^g/f, lav xa-TOMoucratriv avXovvTog' 
 5 Xov %atgovTeg avXyTixy T^g Tragovffyjg 
 
 XCITCX, rqv MvjyTtKqv ovv rtoov?}, rqv irs^} rov 
 
 rovro %a} ITT] 
 
 orav ofAu, nig vo tvsgyrj. v\ yap 
 rqv tTtav ixxouei' naiv 
 
 10 TTIV qovriVi (AaXhov WITTS fAq v^yv ZUTO, rqv 
 J/o, fcuigovrsg oruovv fffoigot, ov navv igv- 
 ' yea,} otXXa Troiovpev, oihhotg rigspcx, &gt~ 
 ' olov scat Iv rolg faurgoig ol rgayqpciTi^ov- **&& 
 (payXo/ 01 ccywt*OfAt90t ucri) TOTB pahtffr 
 
 15 OtVTO ^PWfflV. 
 
 XXX. 'E-Trg! J' 7\ fAZv oittict qiovq e%otxgt(3ot rag 
 ivsgyeiotg, tea] ^goviaTtgag %.cti ptXriovg woii!) al 5' 
 
 $9Jhov 9 &>g iroXv otiftahrtv. 
 
 yag, AI AAAOTPIAI HAONAI noiorsiN ODEP 
 20 c Ai OIKEIAI AYDAI. ffaigowrt yug rag tvsgyelag at 
 oiz&7a,i hvTrai, olov' si' TM TO ygutyziv a,qd\g 
 \iri\V7roV) rj TO Xoyt6<r@cii' o fAtv ov ygatpet, 
 J' ov Xoyf^STat) Xvirygag oixriyg Tjjg zvegysiag. 
 jSaivei dr f TSP] Tag tvsgyeiag TOVVMVTIOV, CLTTO TUV 
 TZ %a.} Xvxcuv' oixeloti o 2/V;v, at iv} 
 zvegysia, %a@' OLVTYIV ytvofAsvai. al o aXXoTgtai 
 ' OTI Kaga'TrX.qa'iov n TJJ Xwz"/} woiovcriv. 
 
 yag' rAJjl ov^ ofAoivg. 
 
 xxxi. taiowrt s TUV vigytiuv EOIEIKEIA 
 
 OAYAOTHTI* Ka T&]/ f/,ZV agZTUV OV(T6iV) TUV O 
 
 TOUV 8* ovdtTSgcw' ofAotug tfcovfft %a} al 
 z%d<rT7]v yag tvegyeiav, oixeia, qoovr) 
 
 
 r t [&v ovv TV trTrovoa.a otteta, 
 
 oa.ia 
 
334 THE NICOMACHEAN LOOK x. 
 
 EDI0YMIAI, 
 
 ruv o aig^gcov., ^e%- 
 Tut' oixsioregui Js ralg ivegyeiaig oti zv oe.vTcx.7g 
 'HAONAI, rav OPESEHN. al ulv yag di&gi<rfASvct,t g/V!, 
 
 I ociiogtovoi ovrug, MPT 
 si 7&VTOV Iffrtv q ingyeia, ry fi^ovy, ov 
 
 qv 'ioizz 72 ?} TI^OVTI dioivoiu eivat, ov$> a,i< 
 o 
 
 aroffov yag. aAAa oia ro ^r t %&gis(ryoti, <I>AINETAI 
 run ravTOv. wo-Trsg ovv at Ivzgysiat %T6fCU 9 %a] at 10 
 
 XXXII. /a(pg^s/ g i cms AOHS, 
 xoti daoyi %a} oartpgqtriCi yevffeag. 
 
 %&,} at qdovai' KUI rovruv, ai 
 
 AIANOIAN" %at zxaTSgai, aAArjAav. 15 
 
 XXXIII. Ao^g? 3' etvott l%a<rra zfyQ %al qdovv 
 /r/ \ n (\ \\/ 
 
 tgyov. YI yag %ara rqv zvtgysiav. 
 
 ^g 09&PdVVTi rovr av (pai/eiy. ZTtga 
 YI-) &ai xvvog, %a] av&guwov' 
 
 
 . qdiov yot,g ygvffov rgo(py) ovotg* 0,1 [A\v ovv 
 
 ruv tripuv TW ztdei, iialplftOVirw ftott' rag Jg ruv 
 
 ~ > ^ L ' #* ^ 
 
 c&vrav, aoiot(pogovg evhoyov eivou. 
 
 XXXIV. A/aXXarroyo-; J' ov fAtzgov 9 Ivri yz TUV 
 ^.NprmnN. ret yag avra rovg fLtv rtgret, rovg Jg 
 Xy/rg7* KQLI roig f/,tv hviryiga %ai (Aurqrcc, tern, To7g 
 Jg, qSea %u} (pihqra. zcii g^ri yKuxiw i\ rovro 
 
 <rv[AJ3aivti. ov yap rex, avra ^onil TM 
 
 \~< / ^ v /i x ' 5 ' ~' 
 
 i TU vytaivovri' ovoz UfgfAOv sivoti, ru o 
 
 og TOVTO ' 
 
CHAP. i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 335 
 
 PART VI. 
 
 ON THE REAL AND ESSENTIAL PLEASURES OF HUMAN 
 LIFE. 
 
 XXXV. AofcgT J' lv diKUfft 7o7g rotovrotg swat, TO 
 
 <J>AINOMENON Tfy ZIIOYAAlO. St OS TOVTO fcX0f See.B. Ill, 
 
 A / \ \ >r t / i f c. iii. $. iii. 
 
 lauci'Trsp oozzi, %,at t(rnv zza<rTou {Atrgoy q 
 xcx,} o otya^o^, ^ roiovrog' %oti qdovoii g/gy otv, 
 
 5 CCi TOVT6) (pOtlVOfABVOtl) JCOlt 7jOZCX,) olg OVTOg 'Y&'IPll' 
 
 XXXVI. -Tec Jg TOUT dvtryspv si roj 
 
 isce,' owJgv QavfAGtffrov. Trohha,} yog Qtkga,} xotl 
 ylvovrui. Y\Q^CL o outt tffTiv, 
 
 TOYTOIS KAI oTTfi AIAKEIMENOIS. TC6$ SV Ot)f 
 
 &>^ oy 
 
 eivai, K^YIV rot; 
 
 XXXVII. a>!' lirtei*uv evott 
 ? T/VO& (pctrsov TOT ANQpnnoY g*W; ; jj EK 
 ENEPFEmN JJJXot 1 ; ravraig yag ZKOVTOU at y 
 15 g;V o?j/ ^/ot g<rr/v, IITI T?.g;oyg, a; TOL rfXf/0t) 
 
 dvigog' at TAYTAS TEAEIOYEAI ' 
 Xfyo/w* av AN0pnnoY jjoom} tivat' at $t 
 
 , AEYTEP^S KAI nOAAOST^S' #Wg Oil \VIO- foA 
 
 yg/ar 
 
336 THE NICOMACHEAN ROOK x. 
 
 PART VII. 
 
 ON THE PLEASURE DERIVED FROM AMUSEMENTS AND 
 PLEASURABLE RECREATION'S. 
 
 XXXVIII. ElP9l&f)W Jg TUV 7reg} rctc agSTctg rg, 
 
 AIEAGEIN* iTTSio} rgAo$ avrqv ritfAzv TOJV av- 
 
 i iq rot 
 av eq o \oyog. 
 
 3\ Sri OYK ESTIN 
 
 did (3iou vvrctg^oi cU, (>VT&V Qvitri fiicv' 
 
 TM dv(TTV%OVV7l 7CC fAtyUTTCt,. el $7) TOtUTO, [ATI 
 
 ENEPFEIAN r/va ^srg^f, 
 
 i)' rtuv o zv&gyzitoV) 10 
 a/ ^gy g/V;v avotyxoiiai %a] ii triga aigsra,}, ai 5s 
 ^a^' uvrag' J^Xov, or< T^V tviaifAOVtav TI2N KA0' 
 'AYTAZ 'AIPETHN T/i/a $grgoy, %a} ov TM it 9 
 ovoeitog yuQ zv$&qg q tvoottfAOVict, aXX 
 xctQ* avrag J' g/V!v ougtrou, a(f> 5v [Aydlv 
 ra/ ?ra^a T^V inpyiiav. rotavrat d' elvott 
 AI KAT' APETHN npAHEir. ra 
 TMV it avToi a 
 
 XXXIX. KAI TUN nAiAmN AE 'AI 'HAEIAI ; 
 
 XL. Oi yctg it trsga uvroig aigovvrcu. /3Xa- 20 
 
 KTOVTOLl M MK OtVTUV AClXhoV 7] 
 
 ruv trvfACtrw KCLI ryg arricreug. 
 yovtri $ \<xi rag TOiavrug iiuyooyoig ruv fv 
 
 ol -/roXXo/ 
 
 ol zv ralg 
 
 uv yg (pisvTai, lv rovroig Tragt^ovtri fftpog ctvrovg 
 7}is7g' ieovrai il TOIOVTCM. AOKEI MEN OYN EYAAI- 
 
< HAP i. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 357 
 
 MONIKA TAYTA EINAI, did TO TOVg \V SvVOLffTSlOtig \V 
 
 XLT. OvStv $e 'Iffug ffypsiov ol TOIOVTOI ei<riv. ov 
 
 ydg \v TU dvvcurrevsiv r) dgSTq, ovS* o vovg' ot,q! Sv 
 
 5 a; crwov^uiui tvepysioti. ov(? ei, dysvorroi OVTOI ovrsg 
 
 TT] 
 
 Six rovro Ttzurag oirjTeov 
 
 gotg sivcci. %ot yug ol vcMOsg rcc wag fx.vrog 
 pevoc, xgctTia-Ttt, oi'ovTui eivat. tuXoyov J^> 
 
 i xoii olv^pd(riy trtgct <paiy&ra.t rifAta' OVTU icaii 
 
 \ ' /I ' V -, -v ' " 
 
 KC&I tTTisitcziriv. tcctvcx.'Trsp ovv TroAAaxig siPfl- 
 
 UUTOt, OVTU'- tKC&ffTU 3g, 9J aUTO, 771V QiXtfCM t%lV 9 011- 
 
 t,' xoii TU (rirovoatA) OS, ^ 
 ouz \v va,idi<z oigot, q tvduifAOvia,. 
 
 ATOnON TO TEAOS EINAI FIAIAIAN, a 
 
 KCU xoHCovaOiiv rov /3iov dTravra, TOV 
 
 yuo, d>g s/Vg7/, 'ETEPOY 'ENEKA aJ- 
 rqg zudaifAoviotg. riXog yug 
 tv Jg zoii Kove7v DAIAIAI; XAPIN, 
 tea,} A/av voiidixov Trais iv J* ft 
 
 ydg soixtv YI Kctidid' ddvvctTOvvTsg 5s 
 sag dsovTui. ov dq TtAog q 
 25^?- yivzrott ydg svezot Trjg tvegytiug. ootcsl o o 
 svJSctifAuv /3iog Kur dotT^v eivc&i' ovTog 
 ovx. iv vraidid. /3gAr/# rg 
 
 as! KCM MOPIOY, 
 
 potv Tqv vsgyei&tv. ] og TOV 
 xgiirrvv zcti evdutfAoi<i%Mrtgcx. ijiij. 
 av Tutf ffusCiTiKuv lh>wV) o TVtoV zai 
 
 \ n ' 
 ',i piov. ov 
 
 I 4. ' * 3 > 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
THE NICOMACHEAN HOOK x. 
 
 iv TCM$ TOictvTuig diuyuyctic rj svooufAOvitx,, aXX >> 
 ralg XUT dgSTtjv Ivsgyeicttf' K&Qivxt^ fcni vgorsgo* 
 
 ttgqrat. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ON THE HAPPINESS DERIVABLE FROM CONTEM- 
 PLATION. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 ON THE PERFECTION OF THAT HAPPINESS WHICH ARISES 
 FROM CONTEMPLATION. 
 
 7 I. EJ y \ff7\v q wdoupoviot, %O,T dgerqv 
 
 ) xctToi rqv zgariorrriv' uvrq $ av eiy rov 5 
 
 sirs dy vovg TOVTO, &ITS aXXo n, o dq 
 (fiutnv Jo^g? *^^> xui qyeJirflai, xai ' 
 ei'rs Qziov ov 
 
 TUV ZV JJfMV TO 0S10TOLT6V' fj TOYTOY ENEPFEIA, 
 
 ri| e//M/ai dtrw, sit] av q TEAEIA EYAAIMO- 10 
 
 ' 
 
 LNIA. or/ g^rr; EHPHTIKH, ei 
 
 i\ TOUT Siv $0%SISV SlVUl) HO,} TC>7$ TTOTSOV, &0,} TU 
 
 II. 1. KPATISTH rg 
 
 o votJ?, r^ Iv qfAtv' xct, ruv yvourruv, irsg 
 a o vov$. 
 
 2. "Er/ Je, ZYNEXEZTATH. ffsuoeiv TS yag tivvot,- 
 
 OTIOVV. 
 
 3. OiofAsQoi rg, Jg7^ qdovqv 
 ,. 'HAIZTH Jg rJi/ #ar' 
 
 arct ry crotpav o^o^cyov^vcoc, kffnv. oon yovv 
 GuvpuffToig qiovas g'^/v, 
 iu. evXoyov og ro7? g/do0"/ 9 
 
HAI>. ii. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 339 
 
 4. "H re X&yo{Atvq ATTAPKEIAJ xeg] rqv faugjjrik 
 
 av g/ T*VV f&v yctg fgog TO v a,vct,yxaf&}, 
 
 xa] <ro(pog, xai Sizaiog, tea] 01 
 
 TOIOVTOI^ ixavag 
 
 vrgog ovg 
 
 %a] o ffwQguV) %&,} o dvdgiiog> zai ruv 
 ' o d\ ffotyog, notl K&9' aurov uv, 
 xa,} offM oiv ffotpartgot y, ^aXXof. (3'tXriov & 
 tff&$t (rvvsgyovg t-'^jw* aXX o^wc avragazcrTarog. 
 10 5. Ao|a/ T av uvTTi MONH AI' 'AYTHN ArAnAE0Ai. 
 QV$S yu% die avTriS y/vgret/, -/ra^ct TO 
 
 Og TUV ' 
 
 6. Aofcs7 TZ i] tvicttftoviu, EN T^ SXOA9 
 
 iva, 
 
 iv eipqityiv ayujAtv. TUV [Atv ovv irp 
 
 6V 
 
 ravru, 
 
 AOI sivocr at fAt 
 20 ycx*p aig&'iTMi TO TroXg^sTv TOV iroXefAuv 
 
 wohsfAov. do%Ki ydg oiv 
 Tig tivai, si rovg (pihovg iro^^l 
 
 i'vct, p,dyjx.i xex,} (fiovoi yiyvotvro. tffTi og K&I q TOV 
 cLa"^o\og' %&} wag OLVTO TO 7ro'h.iTue(r@cti, 
 vvoKrT&iag, %M} TifAcig, TJ TTIV ys gyJa/- 
 avT&J xa,} Tolg ToX/ra;;' grs^af ovtrav Trig 
 qy xcti fyrovf&tf oijhov, ug tTtgctv ovcrav. 
 III. FJ J^, TV* fAsv %a,TO, Tag GtgtTag 
 al KoXiTixa} KM} voXeAixce,} xotXXet xct] 
 
 GLVTUI & a<r/oXo/> ^a! rsXovfc 
 
 ov J/' auTug aigZTCti g/V/v' r\ os TOV 
 vov ivzgyeux,, (r-xcvSyi rs SiatytPZiv oozef, SZOJ 
 ovtrot,' zezi KCIP avTr/v oud&vog t<pie(r@ot,i Tt 
 oixsiav 
 
 
340 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK x. 
 
 TO araxt #a oao-T^ov, # arfvro* 
 
 'u) tea otra, etXAo. 7&> fjt,u,%agi& 
 
 av7r t v r%9 ivi'gy&iuv (fatverat ovra, ' 
 
 TEAEIA AH EYAAIMONIA ^AYTH AN EIH 
 
 /3ovo~ot f^r,fcog fiiov ri 
 evd 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE LIMITATIONS AXD CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH 
 HUMAN LIFE IS SUSCEl'Tl JJLE OF SUCH HAPPINESS. 
 
 IV. 'O Jg roiov7cg av tfi) j3io$ KPEITT^N H KAT' 
 ov yu r t OLvfwrof IVTIV, OVTU 
 
 ., aAX* 7? 6ll6V 71 \V UV7U WFCtgfttt. Off&J Jg 0101- 
 
 Zl 70V70 70V ffwQ$70V' TOffOVTM %&} f] IvSPSlCt, 10 
 
 aXXjjJ agwqv. si dq 
 not] o fco(,7cc 70V70V 
 
 70V Ot,V0gU7TtVOV jSlOV. 
 
 V. Ov fcgYi Jg, KU.70, 7o 
 
 lv UvGpUTTOV Ol>70t, OVO& @Vr t 7oi 70V Qvr t 70V' 15 
 Ed> ' 
 
 
 70 v %a,7(x, 70 fta.7i(r70v 7uv Iv 
 
 s yu^ zoi 7u oyxu, {/sizgov <T7i' 
 
 . KO'h.V fJLO,XK09 '7r<X,V7CCV VKtgZffil. ($0%lt 
 S.V %0t] EINAI tKOLffrOS 70V70* WTSg 70 ZVPIOV) / 20 
 
 . d707rov ovv yivoir av, el ^ 70V av7ov (Siov 
 , a?,Xa rtvog aXXoy. 70 Xefcfev rg 
 vvv. 70 &l olztlov 
 
 , KCX,70, 70V VOVV /3tOg' tlTTZ 70V70, ^OCA/<TTa 05 
 
CHAP. n. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 VI. Aevrtgug 0, o Kara rqv aXXqv dgerqv. cc/ 
 ydg XUT avT'/iv zvsgyeiai, AN0pnniKAi. dizain, 
 ydg, xa} dvdgiiot, xal ctXXot Ta xaTa rag dotTag, 
 
 , sv <rvvaX\dyfAa(ri, net,} 
 
 
 rog 
 
 TO TT^TTOV ezacrra. ravroe, 
 woivrct, avflg&j'Trizci. tvtct ok %&,} 
 CATTO TOV <rcij{/,arog oozsl' zu] woXXoi crvv antiwar 9 at 
 ro7g vdffsffiv, fj rov Ijtfovg dgZT?}. (TWI^VKTUI $\ zou See B. vi. 
 ^ (Pgovqfftg ry TOV ijflovg cigsTJj, act] MUTT], ry (pgovq- 
 o cci fAtv Tyjg (pgovyj(ret/j<; ag^oti xotrtx, Tag 
 
 g zl&iv apSTac, TO cf opQov TUV 7i@t%av, 
 TTJV tpgovfjffjv. (rvvr,PTYi[Atvai 5' avrai aa] To7g ^d- 
 0e<ri y Keg} TO SYNOETON av zitv' C AI AE TOY SYNE- 
 15 TOY, deZTa] dvdg&xiHMi. nui o /3fog 3'^ o ^ar' au- 
 Tag, xa] v\ sudaifAOvia. q $k TOV vov, 
 MENH. TOtrovroy os wegi av-rjjg Bi^ffffot). 
 ydg, fbiifyv TOV Trgozetfttvov 
 
 VII. A'OJffll 3* ay ^Cti THE EKTOS XOPHFIAS EOI 
 20MIKPON, H En' EAATTON AEIS0AI TY^ t}0lXJJf. TUV 
 
 ftzv y&Q dvayzaiMv, a^(polv %0ia) fca] gf irov 
 (^\ zdi jCcaXXav QiciTrovtl vregi TO <r&{Aa 
 xa} offct, TOiavTo,' [AiKgov yap av n Oia<ptgQi.) 
 8k Tag Ivzpy&iag, <7roXv QioitTfi, TU pAV yag gXgy- 
 S&y}(rsi fcgijf&Mr&f vrgog TO ngaTTSiv Ta zXsv- 
 ' %,&,} T&) SifcaiM J^, g/j Tag d^Ta7rooo(rsig' (al 
 
 /-)./ /^. ~ V \r\ 
 
 povA.r}<rig aoqXoi TrgoVTroiovvTcti oz xai 01 fAiq 
 
 iu 8k 9 
 
 tivrsg t'TriTBz TI TUV xaTa Tr t v 
 TW (TvQgovi) t?ov<riag. vag yag OJjXog HTTOtt yj 
 Tig , MA<f> 
 
 
 KVPiMTcPOV Tr t q pZTtg, q Trpoaoetrig, r\ ai vpsig' &tg 
 
 ' ~ '/ * ^^ '\ i-^ ' ' ' 
 
 *v au(poiv ovo"/]g. TO ori TlXtfov, or/hoit ug tv a 
 
342 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK x. 
 
 iv eijy. Kgog ^s rag &Pfr$6t$i sroXX&f de7r(x,i. fcct) ocrw 
 uv fAti^ovg a <ri za} *aXA/ou, K^tiovvv. ru is $go;- 
 govvriy ovOzvoc rouv 70iouT<yv, Kpoq ye rqy tvtgyeioiv, 
 
 / ~ ^ ' ' ~ \> f\ / 1 / 
 
 ' XX , a;g eiKeiV) zui tpKooicx, t<TTi> Kgog ye 
 
 ictv. TI o avfipMTrog Krri) xa} 7rh&io(ri <rvfy' 
 \'\ / * , /j-"^ 
 
 TO, %O,T aSTqv Trotrreiv. og^^sra; ovv r&)v 
 
 rotovTaiv, vgog TO 
 
 VIII. 'H og reXg/ct zvoaifAov'ux, OTI QtugriTtKri rig 
 trriv ty'tgystct,' KOLI tVT&vflsv av (fiavttr}. rovg 6tov<; 
 
 ^ot^gi' (&axagiovg %oti evdai- 10 
 a^eig Jg TO/^ dvovz7pai 
 otVTo7g ; Torg^a 7a$ oixcucig ; J yzXolot 
 
 %&,} 
 
 xct] ocrcx, Toiuvrct.; aXAot rj dvogtiovg, w 
 
 rat, (pojSg^a ^a! xiv^vvt uotroig, on xut^ov ; J ra$ 1^> 
 
 /OVi ; T/J'/ 06 QtHfOWFW ; CtTOTTOV 0\ Bl fCCX.1 
 
 ttrrat avroJg vdpitrfAtx, % TI TOIOVTOV. ai 
 
 rt oiv g/gf ; ? (fioTixog o Zvatvog, on ovz 
 
 Travra, 
 rug 
 
 ^o^v v re Kcvrtg vTreiqOa&iv avrovg, %ai 
 oigx,' ov yag %q zafaudeiv, oitrvtg rov ' 
 
 ru ori ^ojvn rov vgdrrziv d(paigov^evov, tn oe 
 
 t) rov 'TTOitV r tvirai^ -/rXv zuc(, ; u<rre 
 71 rov @sov 
 
 ay tr/j. aa] ruv dvGguKivuv dr,, fj ravry (rvyye- 
 
 IX. <7}tAiov g %K, ro ^q ieri* rc 
 
 TC rotavrqg zvzgyeag 
 . ro7g [Atv yap @to7g, uwag o (Sicg pazdiog' 30 
 
 rog va7rotg> g< offov oAou n 
 
 ruv J' aX? v ^v C v ovoiv 
 
 xotvuvs ivag. g< <oy 
 
CHAP. n. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE, 
 
 % fa&gioi, KOL] ij wicufMvictf tea,} olg 
 TO flsagelvy zcx,} wiottf&om? ov KKTU 
 (SsjSqxog, otXXot %UTU TTJV Qsagiuv. ctvr?} yoig 
 
 ict,. MITT eiq uv q svdctifAovict,, Seugiot Tig. 
 
 X. so-g/ g ^a Tg fCTog 
 
 if > \ > r * ^' 
 
 OVTI. ov yuQ avTUgzqs % (pvcrtg TTPOS TO 
 
 %<x,} TO (ra^ot. wytuivetv, %oti 
 qv Qsgaveiotv VTrdgfcztv. 
 
 XI. Ov [A7}V OiqTtOV yt nOAAHN KAI 
 
 10 oVj<r(r@ai TGV &vda,i{Aov7i(rovTfXy si u^ ivdz 
 
 TUV i%,Tog uyce.O&v putMeifto* etvoti. ov yix,% iv Ttj 
 
 v-7reg{3oXij TO avTOtgxiz, ov$ q wgaiZig* dvvuTov Jg, 
 
 fji>Y) oigfcovTo, yqg no,} ^aXarr^^, trgctTTeiv TO, 
 
 %,& ya cvo ttre vvuiT civ Tig 
 
 
 X,CX,T<X, TV gtTtfv. TOVTO t<TTiv ozv 
 ol yap idiwTKi TWV 'bvvua'TUV ovfc JJTTOV doxovori 
 imsizq KPciTTSiv, a'xxd flt) ^aXXov. txoiw 5g 
 TOSAY0' VTToigfcSiv. gVra; yag o (Siog evdaifAav, TOV 
 
 20 XII. Ka! 2oAi2N Jg Tovg evoaifAovctg i 
 SIKUV, AZTiwg Tolg lx,Tog 
 
 TU a;<r 5 cug 
 
 xcti ziuzoTug (ratgovug. VOS^ZTCLI yug fiingm 
 a Jg7. 'ioifcs Jg fcot} ANAHA- 
 
 *25roPAE ov Khova-iov, ovSt dvvdtTTTiv, VTroXa/St'iv TOV 
 
 OTI ovx, av OoivfAOKrsisy, ti Tig 
 OVTOI ao 
 
 ZZTOC, TOVTUV ai(r0ot90fM9Qt povov. crvptyuvtlv J^ 
 Tolg Xoyoig toixoi<ri9 oil TUV crotyav oo^at. 
 30 XIII. tticrrtv [tzv ovv teat TO, TOIMVTCL ffcti TIVOC,' 
 TO t? aXqftg, Iv To7g vpaxTofg, EK Ti7N EprfiN KAI 
 
 TOY BIOY KPINETAI. SV TOVTOig ytZg TO ZVglOV. (TKQ 
 
 iij Toi Xotitbifa tw] ret 'ia zui 
 
344 
 
 THE NICOMACHEAN 
 
 BOOK x. 
 
 */ ru 
 
 /3i 
 
 ov 
 
 xcu 
 
 vTtov IAZV Tog tgyoig, 
 toy) diatyuvovvruv Jg, hoyovg wraAj^rrtiv, 
 XVI. 'O ^s Kurd vovv Ivzoyav xa,} TOVTOV 0zga- 
 agurra, 
 
 toixev eivai. si ydg rig t7ri[AtXsi(x, ray 
 
 VKO 0suv yiveToti, uffntg Sozei* fcoc,} tit] av 
 
 / > \ - / \ 
 
 y^aigtiv rt avrovg ra a,gurru 
 
 (TOVTO J' ay si'/j o voug,) tcotl rovg d 
 TOVTO za] Ti[AuvTaq, avrevTroiii 
 ro7g ivifAeXovftsvovg, xu} ogQug re xau tcaXag vgdr- 10 
 on Jg -/TC/'J/TCC raura TU <ro()u 
 
 &VTOV 
 sty o 
 
 ovx 
 
 EO<I)IAEITATOS 
 
 rov 
 
 10 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 ON THE POLITICAL CULTIVATION OF VIRTUE. 
 
 I. ^Ap* ovv ti 
 
 xoti (fit^'iag, sea, 
 
 rovrav, xa TUV 
 
 izawg tigqrat rolg TV- 
 
 TEAOS EXEIN OIHTEON TTjV TTgOOlgefflV ; t, 
 
 rog 
 
 rt*Aog> TO 
 ov TO 
 
 xct,i 
 
 OUOZ 0% TTSg} OC^ST^g ljCOt>909$ TO 20 
 
 fifrXX* I'fcZiv xai ^ffiffSau KZiguTtoV) q st vug 
 
 dyaflol yivofAsdu, ; 
 E/' [Atv ovv q&otv 01 Aoroi avrugjtsig, vrgog TO 
 
 \7ritixzlg' woXXovg civ fturflovg %&} 
 itxcciug tfigw, xoiToi TOV Qzoyviv, %ai 
 rovTovg I 7rogi<rix,cr@i*i. vvv os, (pctivovTui KgoTg 
 
 Iff- 
 
CHAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 545 
 
 eiv, q&og T evytvtg zai ug d 
 
 K0ir t (rc&i av tcuTozaiAOv # Tyjg dSTijf' Tovg 
 
 vg, ddvvoiTslv wgog xaXoxaya^iav WPOTPZI^CI- ^JbJfa **(* 
 
 ' X /k 7 '^~ /J ~ >.-\ r* * ' 
 
 ov yotg 7rt(pv/c(x,<riv onooi wsivotg'fceiv, aXAa /, 
 
 TO 
 
 rug rifAagiag. nciQei ycig ^avreg, rd 
 ix$ta{ qdovoig ittmowrt, %ot,i 01' uv avrai 
 
 2 rag dvri&eifAZvcig Xwnrag' TOU 
 i ug dhqflug qdtog, ovd' 'ivvoiuv 'i 
 
 lOoyrsg. 
 
 TOY2 AH TOIOTTOYS TIS AN AOFOE METAPPY0MI- 
 
 EAI ; ov yag oiov 7g, q ov pcioiov, TU tx, 
 rolg %Qe<ri arr/X^^ctsraj Xoy 
 ov o ttr&ig ztrnv, si, KCAVTUV 
 
 tv ytv$<r0tt,i t fUttti&ifiM&ft rqg 
 
 II. Tittfficu 5' oiyaflovg oi'ovTUi, ol fAtv <I>YZEI, oi 
 
 E0EI, ol Jg AiAAXl t l. TO [A\v ovv Tq 
 
 ov% ttp fifMv wrcLg%S6, aXXa dttx, Tivotg flsictg ai- 
 iag Tolg ug ctXqflag IVTUjgun* VTroigfcti. o Jg \oyog 
 A KOT OVK sv 
 
 Tqv TOV OMPOOLTOV ^ ep B - T - 
 
 ^ ~ / V ~ b C. I. . XI. 
 
 TO xaXft>$ ^utgtiv ftcti pursiv 
 
 * \ - yl ' I ^ " \ 
 
 f r^v tJPS'ysovffotv TO (TirtgfAex,. ov yctg 
 
 ay 
 
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 MH TOO TOIOYTOIS TPAOENTA NOMOIS. TO 
 
346 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK x. 
 
 fl-oAAoJf, aAA# rs sect} vsotg. J/o, NOMOIS AEI TETA- 
 
 X0AI THN TPO<I>HN KA1 TA EHITHAETMATA. OVX, 
 
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 %&,} ANAPHOENTAS 
 
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 ? 
 
 c. i. $. viii. 
 
 rag Xvwag, ai fJUA&HTT vavnovvrai rcug 
 pivaig qdovctig. 20 
 
 See B. ii. V. EJ 5' ou> zct,0a,<7r&g sigqrai, rov lorotABvov 
 
 > /i v .,.' > > ~ \ > /i /i~ v/i* 
 
 ayuvov, rgaQyjvott zctXag 06t 9 %ui iffttrarivcu, tiv 
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 TAHIS OYK EXEI TO 1EXYPON, oijg ro avayxalov, 
 ovos ori oXvg 7} tvog ctvogog, [Ay /3a,(rihiag ovrog, ij 
 nvog rotovrov. o Jg vopog ANAFKASTIKHN EXEI 
 AYNAMIN, \oyog av CLKO nvog (pgovyjreag xoti vov. 
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 oug ra7g Ggfioiig, %uv ogQug KVTO dg#<nv' o Jg voi^og 
 
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 VI. 'Ev [Aovyj Jg rr, ActfAtduitAOViav vo^ti, [Air 
 
HAP. in. ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE. 
 
 347 
 
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 Kpocujiio'dc&i yg. {ACtXiarTtx, i' av rouro 
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 nw 
 
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 VIII. 
 
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 OAOY EIAHS, or/ Ko(riv> q rog ro/o<r 
 
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348 THE NICOMACHEAN BOOK x. 
 
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 oiv, 
 
 See B. VI. OTl TTSp} TOV@' Otl i 
 c. ii. . ii. 
 
 IX. Tct^a Jg xot} TU fiovhofAtvu $i i 
 (ZeXriovg Koiiiv* ei're Kohhovg BIT ohiyovg, NOMOGE- 10 
 
 HEIPATEON rENESOAi* st / 
 
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 NOM00ETIKOS TENOIT' AN 
 
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 >/. v <'-..- \ / ' ^ - 
 
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in. ETHICS OP' ARISTOTLE. 349 
 
 V7rdg%ct,t KgozXoivT uvy ^aAXoy Trig roiavTqg 
 {Asag, ovdl $% Tolg (piXrdroig. ov fAqv [Atxgov yt 
 
 I0f6> TI tfMCftgia a-vfAfidXhtcrOcLi. oyjg ydg lyiy- 
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 XI. Tew z sotMSTfiN ot tTTcx.'yysXXotA&voi, 
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 ot yix<% tfMntgot we^t 6#a<rr 
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 ywoiT civ TIC, q TOVC dg'urTovg zgivotr, ov yaig 
 ovo iciTgixo}) zx, Tcuv <rvyygctf/,[A(x,T6}v y 
 
 Kctroi rtigff&i ys heyeiv, ov ftovov TO, 
 #a! &ig luQiitv av, xct,} ug 5g? 
 IfcdfTTovg, oiehofAtvoi Tug t%etg. TOLVTU 
 Tolg [Atv tfAKsipoig, &$iXtfAct, sivoii do%e7' rolg 
 ^gTot. "crag ovv, zcti TUV vopuv 
 at ffvvaycijyut, Tolg fAtv ovvcttAtvotg 
 zcci xgtvat TI xotXag, rj TOvvetvTtov, xa} 
 iroiotg a&6rrsi, t5ijirr ctv etrj' rolg $ dvtv 
 
 rd TotavTU oi&%iov(ri, TO [&tv tcgiveiv 
 ova uv vTrdg-fcot, ti uJr\ dgot, <x,VTO[Aot,Toy. 
 got J' etg ravTex, Td% av ysvotvTO. 
 
.'350 THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS. 
 
 HOOK x. 
 
 XII. TlagahiTrovrav ovv TUV 
 TO ^tgi rrig *${&>$ wtag, civrovg 
 AOP, fizhriov 'iffug' %&} ohug J^, vregi 
 
 EIS AYNAMIN 'H DEPI TA ANGP^niNA <DIAOSO<DIA 
 TEAimH. 
 
 Ylgurov [Atv ovv, si Tt tcaroi [Atgog ^i^r^i xaXag 
 vwo ruv irgoytvsa-rzguv, TretgaffafASv I'fft'hQiiv' etra,, 
 ffuvwyfAtvuv TrohiTSi&v 0e&)gr l <rct,i) rci <7roloc, 
 xai (pfleizi rdig wohsig' %ou ra ToTct, Ixdcrrag 
 
 K&I /a Tivotg ct/a^, a/ iv zaXag, 10 
 ai Js TOVVUVTIOV, Ko'h.irevovTtt.i . SzwgrjQtvTuv yap rov- 
 ruv, rcx,% oiv fAaKkov ffvvidoi^tv, #a! ^o/a ^roX/rg/a 
 dgHTTri, xai vug tKUffTq rcx,%0ii(ra, %a] rift vopoig 
 xoti \6i<ri "uivri. Xea-gf cvv K 
 
 THE ENH. 
 
 liAXTEH, PRINTER, OXFORD. 
 
By the Editor of this Work. 
 
 I. 
 
 THE HARMONY OF THE LAW AND THE 
 GOSPEL with regard to the doctrine of a Future State. 
 
 II. 
 
 THE ALLIANCE OF EDUCATION AND CIVIL 
 GOVERNMENT. With Strictures on the University 
 of London. 
 
 III. 
 
 A TREATISE ON CONFIRMATION. With Pas- 
 toral Discourses applicable to Confirmed Persons. 
 
 IV. 
 
 The POPULAR EVIDENCE of CHRISTIANITY: 
 
 stated and examined, in Eight Discourses, preached at 
 the Lecture founded by the Rev. John Hampton, M.A. 
 
4 
 
 
 
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