A 960'760 Gjh b P5L E6 l V.' ^^^ BH H ~~TY O ~~X~tY0p \ PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER CLASSICAL SERIES No. III THE LAWS OF PLATO BOOKS I-VI Published by the University of Manchester at THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (H. M. MCKECHNIE, M.A., Secretary) 12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD, MANCHESTER LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON: 39 Paternoster Row NEW YORK: 443-449 Fourth Avenue and Thirtieth Street BOMBAY: 8 Hornby Road CALCUTTA: 303 Bowbazar Street MADRAS: 167 Mount Road THE LAWS OF PLATO THE TEXT EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, ETC. BY.. E. B. ENGLAND, LITT.D. LAIE WARDEN OF HULME HALL AND ASSISTANT LECTURER IN CLASSICS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESrER VOL. 1 BOOKS I-VI MANCHESTER AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, BOMBAY, ETC 1921 P5 L No. CXLIII PREFACE ONLY two commentaries on the whole of Plato's Laws have hitherto been published, that of Fr. Ast, Leipzig, Weidmann, 1814; and that of G. Stallbaum, Leipzig, Hennings, 1859 and 1860. Many critical editions of the text, however, have appeared, of which I will only mention those which I have used in writing my notes. These are the editions of Rutger Ressen, Louvain, 1531; H. Stephanus, 1578; I. Bekker, Berlin, 1817; C. E. Ch. Schneider, Paris, Didot, 1877; C. Fr. Hermann, Leipzig, Teubner, 1852; F. W. Wagner, Leipzig, Engelmnann, 1854, 1855; J. G. Baiter, J. C. Orelli, A. W. Winckelmann, Zurich, 1839; M. Schanz, Leipzig, Tauchnitz, 1879 (the first six books only); J. Burnet, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1906. To all these my debt has been great, but I have derived more help from Professor Burnet's edition, with its critical notes and its revised and repunctuated text, than from any of the texts or commentaries, while he and the Clarendon Press have laid me under a further great obligation by allowing me to use the Oxford edition as the basis of my own revision. Students of the Laws have derived valuable assistance from the many translations which have been made, whether into Latin, or into a modern language. Of such I have constantly consulted those of Marsilio Ficino, Venice, 1491 (twenty-two years before the appearance of the first printed Greek text); C. E. Ch. Schneider, F. W. Wagner, and B. Jowett, 2nd ed., Oxford, 1875. Every page of my notes reveals indebtedness to scholars who have dealt with the text or interpretation of separate passages. The two works of C. Ritter (Platos Gesetze, (1) Darstellung des Inhalts, and (2) Kommentar zum griechischen Texte, Leipzig, Teubner, 1896) deserve special mention. v /s THE LAWS OF PLATO They approach, from the large number of passages treated, to a regular commentary. Platon by Dr. von WilamowitzMollendorf did not come into my hands till this book was in type. Vol. II. contains about fifty emendations in the text of the Laws. A few of these may be generally accepted, and all merit careful consideration. To Professor Burnet, and to my own teacher, Professor Henry Jackson, O.M., I am indebted for much readily given help on passages of special difficulty. The late Professor J. B. Mayor of King's College, London, was good enough to read through and comment on my notes on the first half of Book V. Two more names I mention with a grateful recognition of invaluable assistance, that of the late Mr. F. H. Dale, C.B., and that of Mrs. James Adam. The former, without whose constant encouragement my work could hardly have been done, read through and discussed with me my notes on nearly the whole of the first ten books. Mrs. Adam has laid me under a great obligation by reading through all the proofsheets. She has set me right many times, but she is not responsible for all that remains after her criticisms have been adopted. Notes in brackets with the initials F.H.D., A.M.A., J.B.M. record the chief instances where these scholars have differed from without convincing me. In the text square brackets denote the rejection of enclosed words or letters; angular brackets that the enclosed words or letters have been added conjecturally to the MS. text. Clarendon type has been used to denote all other alterations which have been made in modern times-at any time, that is, since the invention of printing. References to any other part of Plato are to the pages and divisions of Stephanus's edition, and where the number of the line is added, it is that of Burnet's text. E. B. E. HIGH WRAY, April 1921. vi CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION.... 1 ANALYSES OF BOOKS I-VI 9 TEXT OF BOOKS I-VI 33 NOTES. 195 vii I I e ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA p. 14 line 14 from bottom. for to read in NOTES 624 a 4 line 6. for Platos read Platens 630 a 5 line 4. for 7rvTr6r77 read 7rLo-r6rqs 630 c 8 line 3. for Cs read cs 634 c 5 line 10. for by a magistrate or by an old man read by an old man to a magistrate or 635 e 4 line 4. for Xeyw fagv read X\ywo/ev 637 d 4 line 11. for /elevetv read!ue6Be'v 638 b 2 line 6. for 456 read 356 639 a 7 line 8. for pres. read pres. ind. 639 c 1 line 8. for eop. read ewp. 643 c 5 line 4. for 7rralia read 7ratcid 643 c 7 line 1. for iracstwv read 7ratt&bv 643 c 7 line 2. for vraneelwv read TrateeiwP 647 a 5 line 3. for 7rai&at read raL6sai 647 e 2 line 3. for otos read olov p. 279 line 5. for y read. 660 d 8 line 2. for applied read suppliedj 665 c 2-7 line 9. for alxtrTularo read aixtuaraioL 666 d 9 line 4. add-MSS. riv, Ald. a^, Schmidt rTy Yp. 666 e 2 line 6. for o/ouv read 3ova 667 a 1 line 7. for 6IOKot read 8lOIKOL 667 b 5-c 3 line 22. for e'yKararerVq/e'vov read y7KararerT/l7^lov 667 e 3 line 1. for draKoXovXOu0 read draKoKovouO 668 a 1 line 8. for etlrT read ed rTL 669 e 6 line 12. for 648 e read 648 c 671 a 6 line 7. for afer read after 680 e 6 line 5. for If... proleptically. read But cp. below 683 a 5 and 7. ix THE LAWS OF PLATO 683 b I line 8. for 7re read ri 683 e 5 line 33. for IfwrLO read IKto-ra 684 b 5 line 5. dele of 687 e 2 line 5. for befel, read befell 688 b 6 line 5. for 7rpeof-&vmK~ read 1Ipeo-fiurcK' 688 d 2 line 3. for &LaK&aXf6o-et read 8taKWX60eL 688 d 2 line 7. for 60ei 3i' read 60eP6i 689 d 05 line 11. for 7rpoaXp-q)kvy read 7rpoaeXpw/i~vq 691 a 1 line 2. for e 7 read c 7 693 b 2 line 1. for v6v5'q read vvv6h 695 b, 2 line 1. for absolue read absolute 698 b 5 line 10. for practical read poetical 699 d 8 line 1. for rl read -rc 708 a 3 line 7. foradci\-r- read /~ciXta-T' 709 c 1 line 16. foruh read 1 g 710'a 1 line 7. for use read use it 712 e 7 Jine 4. for 8aat ppt61.keov read 8tccoXvpt~61Fevos 717 a 8 line 9. insert ) after " predicate " 719 d 6 line 2. for " timeless " (aor.) read (" timeless" aor.) 730 c 3 line 4. for el~ol~ read deaci,1 730 4 7 line 3. for alva-yopeuh-Ow~ read aivctyopeuindw 731 (I 6 line 7. for proud read fond 732 4 6 line 2. for Wmlo read dv~pa 739 c 1 line 9. for suggsetion read suggestion 739 d51line71. dele - 739 d 5 line 18 insert ) after considered 745 a 6 line 6. for aIo0XpoKeFp~fti read aie-XpoKp&6eLa 752 d 6 line 4. for sterotyped read stereotyped 75-4 d 8 line 5. for ~,20 read ~16 756 c6 line 4. for e 16 readL1 16 756 e 41'. line 15. for e 19 f. read 1. 19f. 758 a8 line 3. for a6 read d6 760 e 7 line 15. for inaedifleare read inaedificare 763 c 3 line 13. for da'(TUv6kwv read ac'a-vv61cjv 7 66 b3 line S for it read TCOV 773 e 4 line 4. for " stands per read stands "Iper 774 c 3 if. line-24. for pecunia read penuria 775 b 3 line 3. for gen. read acc. I INTRODUCTION THE treasury of pregnant truths which Plato in extreme old age left, under the title of Laws, as his last legacy to humanity falls into two distinct parts. When the three pedestrians of the dialogue had reached the place of noonday rest on their midsummer day's walk from Cnossos to the Cave of Zeus, the Athenian calls upon the others to observe that, while they had been talking about laws half the day, they had not yet made, for their new colony, a single law. If, on this hint, the reader of Plato's treatise will turn to see what proportion it contains of actual legislation, and what of "talk about laws," he will find that the "talk " bears to the "laws" the relation of two to one. Of the 321 of Stephanus's pages occupied by the Laws not more than 107 contain definite statutes with their penalties.1 To describe this supplement to the actual legislation Plato uses the term rpooi uov, pleased, as usual, to find a linguistic analogy in established usage. Besides meaning custom, convention or law, vo4los was used for a musical " piece" or "theme." Every substantial piece had its prelude: what better name then could be found for the prefaces to the whole treatise on vg ol or to particular laws than 'vo6JUor 7rpoolMa? Of one of these two kinds all the supplementary matter consists. Either it is an elucidatory introduction to the 1 In this latter total are reckoned the necessary directions in Bk. VII. for the nurture of the very young and the education of the adolescent, though the author, while declaring, at 790 b 2, that they are the foundation of all legislation, expressly disclaims for them the name of laws. VOL. I 1 B THE LAWS OF PLATO subject as a whole, or it is such an introduction to one important law or to a section of the code. The former, or general, introduction, which is resumed at times in later books, comprises what is at first sight a perplexing variety of subjects. The perplexity becomes less when we find a key to it in the perception that, with Plato, Politics is a branch of the life-long 1 process of Education. The subject under consideration is Man in Societyav~ponr1 roXt TEUroVfEvoL.2 About Man it is clear 3 "that every living creature has a smaller, and inferior, vows when it is born than it has when it is full-grown. About Society likewise4 we conclude that, in its early stages, many possibilities for both good and evil are still unrealized. The education of the former is to be in the hands of nurses and schoolmasters, under the direction of the most distinguished of all state officials: that of the latter mainly in those of the lawgiver alone. The possibilities of development (1) of Human Nature, and (2) of Society, and the agencies by which satisfactory developments may be produced, are therefore the main subjects of the lawgiver's consideration. Roughly speaking, the latter part of Bk. I., Bk. II., the first part of Bk. V. and many individual preludes-including the majority of those in Bk. VII.-cover the ground of (1). The early part of Bk. I., many of the irpooiua, Bks. III. and IV. cover that of (2). Among the preludes to special classes of laws the long theological argument in Bk. X. occupies an outstanding position. Though technically the prelude to laws against impiety, and dangerous superstitions, Cleinias at 887 b 8 speaks of it as fit to rank as "v rEp aCravrwv TWV VO/L&)V KaXXtoT-ov Tr Kal aptrov Torp ooWULOv." This claim indicates the supreme importance attached by the lawgiver to religion as a sanction and preservative of law. Another prelude which stands out from among the rest is the dissertation in the eighth book (825-841), on the unhealthy and the healthy indulgence of sexual appetite. 1 807 d 4. 2 676 b 3. 3 672b 8. 4 678 b 1-3. 765 d 8. 2 INTRODUCTION This is not a preface to a law, for no law is made. The community is not ripe for it. The author's dissertation is merely a Xo'yog.. VaO/,0 EWLXELPGJV )ay'-VEo-6hu '-an argument which does its best to impose itself on men's consciences. He speaks " before a corrupt tribunal " as the " single-handed opponent of overwhelming desire, with reason for his only help and support." 2 The only satisfactory law would be one forbidding all indulgence of the kind except that between lawful husband and wife, with a view to child-production Ithe pair to be faithful to each other for life-as Plato beautifully expresses it4E/LJEV0VT1E3 fla' TaL-3 7pW'Tat3 rj3 (4ktag o"p0okoytat3. The nearest approach to this which he contemplates as possible at the time is the arousing of the sense of shame whenever this high standard should be publicly transgressed. The most influential of the agencies with which the educator and the lawgiver alike can work are pleasure, and.Pain,' honour and dishonour.16 We are told 7 that education consists in being brought to like and to dislike the right things, and so to secure that '8ovacd and XvSwa, 'rt a and a~rqdat are no longer at variance with aLpET7) and i-~ &'Katov. At 697 b2iff., 716 d4iff., and in the first eight pages of Bk. V. stress is laid on the importance of right regard for various advantages and characteristics, and the hope of attaining to an honourable rank in the community is at many points held out as an inducement to patriotic and virtuous conduct.8 In this connexion two remarkable institutions claim special attention: (1) the, Acovi60-ov 7rpco-3VToWV Xop6'1, " Old Men's Dionysiac Chorus," of Bk. II. (66 5 a 8 if.); and (2) the Nocturnal Council (lescribed in Bk. XII. (951 and 961 if.). Both institutions are to be powerful conservatives of that a'PCT-qwhich is the indispensable condition of the -EV&LaqLovt' of either state or individual. The second of these two institutions is elaborately devised as the best possible a-woqpt'a 70AMtEtag KaLL v0'okv.9 The former is the receptacle of the ' 8356e5. 2 8356C5. 3 839 a1, 840 d, 841 d. 4 840 d8. 5 636 d 6ff. 6 643 c 8ff. and 653 a 5ff. 7 689 a. Ise.g. 697 a10. 9 963dl ff. 3 THE LAWS OF PLATO highest educational wisdom, and constitutes the standard of "Musical" taste for the community-and so acts as a o-rTQptac TWSx oppfs 7rat8ea.s,1 a 7ra8Le&as vXaaKr.2 Enjoyment, whether spontaneous and individual, or organized and gregarious, may have a good or a bad effect-it may increase or decrease the Jpe-r of both performers and audience. It is a task for the keenest artistic insight, combined with an enlightened and patriotic love of virtue, to guide and to regulate all kinds of artistic representation. The legislator's duty in this matter is explained and enforced in the long dissertation in Bk. II. on the connexion between Art and Morality. The Xopos Aovw'oov does for Art what the Nocturnal Assembly of Bk. XII. is to do for Religion and Philosophy. In the endeavour to estimate our author's drift we are not left altogether to ourselves. Plato gives us his own view of the significance of his treatise on Laws in two aspects: (1) as to its relation to his Republic; (2) as to the appreciation he hoped to secure for it. (1) On p. 739 he distinctly explains that he renounces, as a practical ideal, the complete communism of the earlier political treatise. The main ideal is, however, to remain in theory, and among " second-best" practicable regulations the legislator must choose those which come nearest to that ideal.3 (2) At 811 c 6 ff. Plato naively declares that the Laws is the sort of book which it would do everybody good to study, and further, that agreement or disagreement with its teaching is to be a test to which all literature must submit. The same 653 al. 2 654 d 8. s On one point-that of sexual relations-the author of the Laws seems to have abandoned his former advocacy of communism. In the passage above referred to in Bk. VIII. where Plato reaches the highwater-mark of monogamous morality, there is no indication of a theoretically superior state of things. Here, too, there is a "first-best," and a "second-best," but the first-best is the cordial recognition, in its regulation by the state and society, of the monogamous ideal; the second-best is the partial acknowledgement of its superiority by a society which is ashamed to disown it, but shrinks from adopting it as imperative and official. 4 INTRODUCTION appreciation of all publications on the subject of Law is expressed at 858 e 5 if., where Plato claims that such writings ought to be considered as literature, and ought to be written in a persuasive and kindly style. Again, at 957 c 4 ff:, " the study of Law is of all others the surest to make the learner a better man." More than this: Law itself must be an object of an almost instinctive reverence. While to be consistently and continuously law-abiding is to be one of the surest roads to rank and distinction,' a still higher civic excellence is that of the man who feels bound, whenever occasion offers, to take upon himself the duty of a modern policeman. "The man who interferes to prevent wrongdoing2 is worthy of twice the honour of the merely law-abiding citizen."... " The man who helps the magistrate to punish offenders is the perfect citizen, the paragon of virtue." Often, after ordaining the penalty for an offence, he points to the duty of the bystander to help to bring an offender to justice-ordaining at least the penalty of social disgrace if this duty be not fulfilled. To a modern Englishman this demand seems significant of oppressive interference, by an almost personified state, with individual liberty. Nor is this the only regulation which he might resent on the same ground. Many restrictions are placed on the citizen's freedom by the legislator of the Laws. For instance: (1) the family KXk'pog must never be sold or divided,3 nor (2) must other property be acquired by its owner than land, its stock and equipment, and its produce,4 and even this kind of property was limited in amount by law.5 (3) Testators are much restricted in disposing of their property after death.6 (4) Parents are compelled to send their children to school.7 On the other hand the liberty of the individual citizen is, in important aspects, recognized by Plato as a state necessity as well. "Do not," he says, "make your magistrates big and irresponsible: the statesman must cherish freedom, as 1 729 d 4 ff. 2 730 d 2. 3 741 b. 4 741 e, 7ff., 846d. 5 744e. 6 922 b f. 7 804d. His comment on this regulation is "Don't forget, parents, that your children belong to the state more than they do to you." 5 THE LAWS OF PLATO well as wisdom and fellow-feeling. "1 But this freedom cannot, as things are, be complete. A spontaneous, enlightened social instinct ought to bring every man voluntarily to undergo these and other necessary state restrictions.2 He should realize that it is to his own advantage as much aseven more than-to that of the state, if the common good comes first in everybody's thoughts, and his own private interest second: "rb IEv yap Kotvbv w(rvvS, rb 68e 'tov Siao-ra -as TroAXS." 3 Such, however, is human nature that, though a man may see this, the allurement of pleasure and the dread of pain prove stronger than wisdom. Only a divinely inspired man, if such were to arise,4 could act aright without the constraining bonds of man-made Tradt and vo/'Aos. These fetters are no disgrace to Wisdom, but only to the blindness of men. Wisdom's supreme authority is sacred and J universal. Positive, compulsory Law and Order have only a delegated power, and would be unnecessary if men were perfect.5 Much thought and discussion, along with much experience of life, may enable men to grasp the idea of a service " which is perfect freedom "-may even open their minds to the vision of a Divine Law-of a wisdom whose sphere altogether transcends their own capabilities of insight. Three or four passages in the Laws-which at first sight seem merely pessimistic —are probably meant as helps to a humble attitude towards the supreme Novs. Three times 6 he calls men "God'suppets." He even says that their so being is the best thing about them.7 Great natural and historical catastrophes, he says, impress on him the littleness of all that human forethought and endeavour can achieve.8 Again, "after all, men's affairs are not much worth being in earnest about, but we cannot help being in earnest all the samemore's the pity!" To such views, he tells us, he is brought when he contemplates the stupendous nature of the divine excellence.9 "Bear with me, Megillus! My words of depreciation were due to a sudden revelation of our insignifi1 693 b 2. 2 875. 3 875 a 6. 4 875 c 3 f. 5 875 c6 f. 6 644d 7 ff., 803c 4 ff., 804 b 3. 7 803 c 5. 8 709a. 9 804b. 6 INTRODUCTION cance in the face of God. Perhaps there is some good in mankind, perhaps he deserves our care, after all." 1 Such lofty themes as these stand side by side, in the treatise, with humble pictures of every -day life. As 0. Apelt says, in an admirable short aperqu prefixed to a critical study of some passages in the Laws (Jena Progr. 1906), "Based, as the work largely is, on the various experiences of daily life, and so bringing, as it does, the 'divine' Plato down to our human level, the very informality of its construction and style heightens this sense of familiarity. Its natural abandon touches us more nearly than the perfection of art. The one thing on which the author's heart is set is safely to house a rich harvest,2 and he does not trouble himself much to sift and arrangeehis matter by art and rule. Not that he gives his thoughts a dull and trivial form-he would not be Plato if he did that-but the tone is often louder, and the expression more far-fetched, or more poetical than usual. The balance and finish of the Republic's style are wanting. The sentence construction is particularly loose. The talk pours forth as it does in actual conversation; the rush of thought gives it at each turn a fresh form; but the thought gets expressed all the same." We are richly the gainers by this pouring out of the aged philosopher's stores of meditation on daily life. Many an unforgettable piece of practical wisdom we may glean from the pages of the Laws. For example: "There is a most deadly evil at home in most men's hearts. Nobody takes himself to task for it: nobody tries to get rid of it-it is 1 More truly pessimistic is the mysterious and isolated speculation contained in 896 d 5-897 d 1. Here he feels constrained, by his doctrine of Vvx', to recognize, at all events in the lowly sphere of human mind and character, and in man's immediate physical surroundings, a rival to the supreme Nois. No motive is assigned to this so-called bvx'6. The language in which its activity is described is altogether of a negative character. It is a mere personification of unwisdom and misrule. It is as if Plato said "it must be there, but I do not understand it, and can say nothing more about it." The whole K6o/xos is manifestly under the sway of the dploT771 vUxh and all that proceeds /xavicLKW Te Kait a&adKT does but serve to make its brilliancy more visible. 2 At 752 a 8 we get a hint of Plato's sense that the time left him is short, and his powers limited: "f a- ravor'," he says, " bv Oebs eOay Ka yippw eTrLKpaTU/Aev r6 ye TroroUTOv. 7 THE LAWS OF PLATO self-love, and the belief that it is right to be one's own best friend: whereas in fact all kinds of mischief flow from this source. Here, as elsewhere, the lover is blind, and cannot distinguish right from wrong or good from bad: more respect, he thinks, is due to himself, than to the truth." 1 "A good way to get on good terms with friends and comrades is to think their services to you greater than they do themselves, and t6 hold your services to them of less importance than your friends think them." 2 "There is nothing deadly about complete ignorance of a subject: it is much worse when much has been learnt in a bad way." 3 "A slave should be safer from wrong than a free man: it is a sham goodness which only avoids wrongdoing when it is difficult." 4 "It is a disgrace for a mistress to be called in the morning by her maids: she ought to call them." 5 " No man is fit to rulewho has not first been under rule himself; moreover, to have served well is a better title to distinction than to have been a good ruler. For among a man's rulers are the Gods, as well as his elders and betters among men." 6 "Ilatolv 8e a8'w Xpo 7roXXr)v, ov Xpvcrv KaTcraXaTrev.7 The best way to give this to children-and to yourself at the same time-is, not to admonish them so much as we do, but to let them see that we never fail to do what such admonition would direct." 8 " What you do not see, in your little corner of the mighty universe, is, that things do not happen in it for your sake: you, like all that takes place there, are what you are in order that its perfection may be complete." 9 To conclude this rough sketch of the contents of Plato's Laws, we may ask what is the abiding impression left by its perusal. Is it not this? Not only has he given us a code of political and social law which has been the foundation of much subsequent legislation, but he leaves us with increased reverence for the rule of right and goodness, and a quickened faith in its ultimate victory over folly, superstition, and vice. 1 731d6. 729 c 8 ff. 3 81 4 777 d 2. 808 a 3. 6 762elff. 7 729 b. 8 729 c 2. 9 903 b 4. 8 ANALYSIS OF BOOK I 624 a 1. Spartan and Cretan institutions, which claim to have been the work of divinely inspired legislators, are based on the assumption that the state is a fighting machine. If it cannot fight, it loses its independence, and~d-epower of enjoying its property. 626 c 5. But there are other fights besides (1) those with foreign states. (2) A country may be at variance with itself. (3) A man's "better self" has to contend with his baser inclinations (and for a right termination of the third kind of fight the noblest qualities of all are required). 626 e 5. In fights (2) and (3) the victory of the better elements is spoken of as a victory of the whole being. 627 c 2. In civil strife the important thing is to reconcile the combatants, not to exterminate, or reduce to impotence, the vanquished side. 628c 4. This opens up a wider view for the vouoOtlrjs. Of course he aims, in his legislation, at producing the greatest excellence, and therefore he must not organize his state solely with a view to external war, for this develops only an inferior kind of excellence. Instead of thinking of war when there is peace, he ought rather to be thinking of peace when he is conducting war. 629a 4. Success in civil strife demani s~ Tgher qualities than success in foreign warfare, inasmuch as, to succeed in the former, a man must win the trust of his fellow citizens. This cannot be done without more virtues than that of bodily courage. He must have all the virtues. 630 b 8. Therefore, in framing laws, big or small, the vo/oOoT'S must have in view the production of excellence of akLkinds, and, in estimating different kinds of excellence, he must put the mind before the body, and, of the virtues of the mind, he must esteem those most highly which have least to do with the body, and most 9 THE LAWS OF PLATO with the minkf Herein we have the key to the proer classification s. 632 d 8. As all life is a figt, and as, in all fights, the excellence of the fighter depends prominently on his Kap-reprlo- (power of resistance), it may be expected that in other virtues there will be an element like that which is rominent in bodil courage. A legislation which tries o nJytencourage the power of resistance to bodily pain and danger,is a lame lefthaed of legiation. There are all the temptations of leasure to be resisted, and these are ignored by such legsTati r 635 e 4. In other words, if the Spartan and Cretan institutions are to stand examination, they must be able to show that they develop temperance, which comes next above courage, in order of precdence, of the virtues of the character. An exclusively militarflifesfisimulates excessive pugnacity, and a too exclusive devotion to bodily development has, incidentally, brought unnatural vice in its train. The two questions (1) "what pleasures ought not to be sought?" and (2) "what pains ought not to be avoided?" go to the foundations of the philosophy of Law. 636 e 4. It is urged that, if the discipline of the military state is rigid, it makes for virtue by putting down excess-such excess, for instance, as any degree of intoxication-witiis;rgona and. 637b 7. This contention opens up the consideration of the proper way of ensuring virtue. Ought the ultimate controlling power to be external or internal? Even wherea foreigner would think there was the extremity of licence, there may be safeguards to morality in the Kaprep1r-ps-the power of baying no-possessed by the individual. 637 d 3. Take the question of wine-drinking; Is it absolutely wrong that any man should, on any occasion, take enough wine to intoxicate him-as we say, " to get into his head "? 2 Are we not 1 Here follows an apparent digression, for the length of which the author apologizes beforehand. The ensuing discussion of z0qr (1) throws fresh and original light on the nature and process of education, the moral effects of pleasure and pain, and the testing and formation of character; and (2) introduces us to a kind of mechanism by which, in dealing with.LOVULKO, the svotoOTrqs can guide this process in the right direction. This second division forms the main subject of Bk. II. Incidentally, the demonstration of the similarity of the suggested process of education in temperance to the process of education in courage, emphasizes the closeness of connexion between the two virtues. 2 In the Republic, p. 403, we are told that the 0bXaxes ate never to get into this state. 10 ANALYSIS OF BOOK I in danger of associating eOre in our minds with attendant evils which may conceivably be dissociated from it? It may perhaps be admitted that, in human experience, these evils always have, so far, accompanied /u-Yq. 640 a4. Every assembly of men who meet with a common purpose must have a leader. The leader of an army must be brave: the leader of a drinking-party must be sober. 641 a 3. "But even if it be well-conducted, what good will it do? Can it produce anything to stand side by side with the victory which an army aims at winning?" The answer is, not only do the victories it ensures Ieave no unhappy memories, such as are left by the victories of armies, but-astonishing as it may seem -it is a valuable means of education.643 a 2. Education in general is the training of the young for the activities of life, but, as used by the wise lawgiver, the word means the formation of a virtuous character. In this sense 7rat8ela is Trpw'Tov T'V KaXXt'crr( in goo0dmen's eyes. 644b 6. A wise calculation (Xoytuo6s), on the part of the state, of the advantage, or disadvantage, to be secured by any course of action-i.e. a balancing of prospective pleasure and pain-results in, or rather embodies itself in, law. This law must be such as will come to the aid of a man's better self, when pulled this way and that by the attractions of pleasure, and the fear of pain. Thus law becomes a sort of conscience to the state, which dictates external and internal policy, and throws light on the nature of A7rTr78evJ/ arTa-such as drinking-bouts-and on the aims to be pursued by the process of education. 645 d 1. Much wine heightens the sense of pleasure and pain, heightens anger and desire, while it confuses and deadens the intellect and the judgement. You ask: " Who would willingly put himself into a state in which his moral character is, for the time, made worse?" In return I ask: "Does not every one, when he incurs great bodily fatigue, or takes a strong drug, knowingly put his body, for a time, into a worse state?" 646 d 8. You ask again: '" What good can uEO,1 do, which will stand comparison with the muscular efficiency produced by hard bodily exercise, and the cure wrought by the drug?" Well: there are two kinds of fear. One, the fear of pain; the other, the fear of disgrace. This last we call shame; and while we fight the former, we encourage the latter. At Sparta you fight the former kind by making the young undergo dangers and hardships; i.e. they are artificially put in positions similar to those which, in 11 THE LAWS OF PLATO real life, will call for the exercise of the virtue of courage. These artificially contrived exercises not only train; they enable the educators to form an opinion of the strength aind-orth of individual characters. A similar power of endurance is demanded when temptations to pleasure have to be faced. What better occasion can be imagined for practisiirThi ngjn the right sort of fear or for discerning which of them are temperate, than a symposium presided over and watched -'by - rsei- iors? The young are there brought by wine into i-state in7wwich they are specially susceptible to tempt 'on y are thus at once trained to endurance, and their characters can then best be judged by their educators. If a faIpp/IKov existed which would temporarily stimulate fear in the same way that wine stimulates the tendency to vi/ppL and self-indulgence of all kinds, it would be a valuable agent, and would save much trouble in the training in avdpeia. Why then should we discard the use of pleasant w*ine as a training in qbfpOcO"vV) B -----—? ANALYSIS OF BOOK II 652. The right use of wine may do more than test character; — it may be a preservative of the effects of EducaFi;on. —What is real Education? Long before the judgement is mature, the habits may be formed of liking and disliking the right things, and it is just in the formation of such habits that real education consists. But the feelings of pleasure and pain thus fostered tend to lose their strength in the workaday world. The gods have arranged holidays to keep these feelings alive, and have sent us the Muses, Apollo and Dionysus, to teach us how to celebrate these festal days. What Apollo and the Muses do for us is to add, to the child's innate delight in flinging itself about and making noises, the delight in the systematizing of these noises and motions-in other words, they inspire us with the sense of and love of pv60,'s and aptlovta. For choice performances are not only for the festivals of adults; they are also for the education of the young. This is the main way in which that training of the likes and dislikes by habit is secured. It is not only, remember, the skill of 12 ANALYSIS OF BOOK II the young XopevrTis that must be kept in view by the educator, it is his taste as well. There is a moral and an immoral Xopeia, and the child must be habituated to like the moral sort. What is moral JAOVo-CKj and Xopetla We can only say that /LOVo-LKrf (is a langauge, and) interprets the mind; and if the mind and intention is good, the /OVol-K~ will be good. E.g, anyone can tell from mien and tone whether a man is a coward or not; so it is that songs and dances may be made to reveal all the virtues and vices. But /LOVc-LKr is a language which it needs a trained eye and ear to read. Everybody's judgement is not to be taken on the question what is the best zJovo-LKf? Here again we come to the importance of good habituation: not only will a taste for bad /ov-LKc, if indulged, make a man himself bad, but nothing but habituation to the good can ensure a genuine pronouncement on the side of what is right and good.1 Poets, who compose the materials of Xop~Ea, must be under constraint and guidance. The wise Egyptians have for ever stereotyped their art, and allow no deviation from fixed forms. What has been done once can be done again. Let our legislators look to it then, and make arrangements for the proper supervision of poets and musicians 657 c. To return to the question of what is the right /LOV(ILKo. Delight is the spring of motion in the young and active, and the more mature and aged, whose activity is flagging, feel a reflected delight in watching and superintending the performances of the young. The popular notion that the best povr-Kr7 is that which gives most pleasure is right in a sense. But it is these mature and aged people whose judgement must settle the question of what is pleasantest-i.e. best. A child may take more delight in a puppet-show than in a tragedy, so we must correct the bald statement that the best /LOVc(TLK is that which gives most pleasure, by adding " to the best judges," and these, as we maintain, are the old and experienced; it may even happen that there is one man who is the best judge of all, and, if so, he should decide. The matter ought never to be settled by the noisy crowd in the theatre, as it is in Italy and Sicily-and with disastrous results to the poets, who are made worse by their audience, instead of making their audience better, as they should. Again, then, we are brought to see that education draws the 1 It would seem to follow from this that the first educators must have been inspired by the gods, and the education and training of the young by habit was the means of passing this inspiration on to other generations. 13 THE LAWS OF PLATO young in the direction that wise experience finds out to be the right one, and that the drawing consists in the right formation of the sentiments of pleasure and pain. To secure this end the lawgiver must call in the aid of the poet-acting under the lawgiver's direction. 660 e. The main duty laid on the poet will be that of convincing the young that no physical or worldly advantage, even when coupled with the lowest of the virtues-bravery-are of any good to a man-are even bad for him-if he has not the higher virtues as well. I would make it a crime for a poet, or anyone else, to talk as if there were any real gain for a man apart from goodness, or any pleasure in doing wrong. 663 a. You tell the young stories full of impossibilities, and they believe them. Use this childish belief: even if I had not proved that virtue means happiness, you can see the necessity of making the child believe it. The chanting which fills the ear and moves the tongue of the child must enchant him to believe that heaven has ordained that real pleasure lies in goodness, and is inseparable from it. 664 c. For this same chanting let three kinds of chorus be constituted: (1) the Muses' chorus of children; (2) Apollo's chorus of the youthful; and (3) the mature, from thirty onwards to sixty, must serve the Music of the state in diverse ways. Some of these -the oldest, no doubt-must tell myths to the young, while the younger men perhaps will actually sing; but the main use of the mature will be to form a standard of taste, and regulate the Music of the whole state. And, this chorus, as being the repository of real wisdom, is the most valuable to the state of all the three. 664 e. Now, inasmuch as to the mature all kinds of activity are no longer promoted by the imperative instinct which will not let the young keep quiet,-and which we saw to be the soil out of which all the Muses' art was developed,-the gift of Dionysus comes in to supply an artificial stimulus to activity and to suppleness of mind and body. Hence the chorus of the mature is to be called the Chorus of Dionysus. 666. The very "fire" which wine puts into the mature and elderly-and which is beneficent in the way described above-is superfluous, and may even be dangerous, if applied to the already "fiery" young. 666e. The "old men's chorus," then, must mean something quite different to what it does in Sparta; nor must the education of the young be what it is there-ie. the manufacture of soldiers. 14 ANALYSIS OF BOOK II The chanting of this "'chorus" must be, not the Music of the theatre and the dancing-ground but, the enchanting of the young, to make them love virtue. 667 b 5. What then is ~ KaAXtlo-ir-,8? Is it merely that which gives most pleasure? In all pleasant things-in all gifts of heaven-there is something else besides pleasure. About them all we ask, not only (1) are they pleasant? but (2), does the intellect pronounce them to be correct? and (3) does the moral judgement pronounce them to be good? In the realm of art, where we deal with representations or imitations, the pleasure which these representations give proclaims them the gift of heaven (XapLs). But it is the intellect, not the feeling of pleasure or pain, which answers the question: "Is it like?" Therefore, even if there is no question of the good or harm it does, pleasure can no longer be the only criterion of a work of art. 668 b. But, if it is to be more than a toy, or harmless amusement, the artistic representation must manage to represent something morally beneficial. 668c. The true and competent judge, then, must have (1) a knowledge of the thing to be represented, (2) the power of comparing or measuring the e.g. picture by or with the thing represented; and (3) the judgement to pronounce on its moral character and effect. 669 b 5. Music needs greater skill in the critic than do the other arts. Music represents states of mind and character; not only do these need more experience for their recognition, but the evil they can do is more intimate, and reaches further. And our poets and musicians are no Muses; anyone can see by their senseless vagaries that they are capable of doing much harm. 670a 6. So you see there is good reason in saying that the chorus of the mature must know more about Music than the other two choirs. They must have the trained faculties that the other choirs have, but they must add, secondly, the technical knowledge necessary for the poet and musician, and, thirdly, they must know what sort of Music does them good, and will make the young love virtue. 67I a4. Now let us consider wine as a help towards securing this object. Wine, we agreed, makes the mature, for the time, more plastic and susceptible to external influences, but it also makes a man over-confident-even shameless, sometimes. Therefore an assembly of mature drinkers will need a ruler of the feast, 15 THE LAWS OF PLATO no less than does the symposium of the young. These rulers would naturally be men over sixty,-to see the rules kept, and to keep the peace. 672 a 4. So far, then, from the " madness " caused by wine being an evil, inflicted by a malignant power, as some say, the " fire" it puts into the blood has the same effect on us, when we are grown up, as the exuberant spirits and activity of childhood have on children. In both cases this liveliness is the soil out of which Music grows. 672 e. You two Dorians would, I know, like nothing better than a full discussion of the gymnastic training necessary for the bodily half of Music-i.e. dancing-which springs from the same soil as the other half; and you would discuss the subject admirably. But first let us finish off the topic of wine-drinking, by pointing out that the adoption of this mechanism by the state for educational purposes involves strict limitation by law of the production and use of wine. No city that adopts these regulations will need to have many vineyards. ANALYSIS OF BOOK III 676. What is the nature of political organization? Since the world began there must have been countless civilization which have arisen and been wiped out, with all their arts and devices, by natural cataclysms. After each cataclysm only a few scattered, uncivilized men must have been left on the mountain tops, and these would have to begin their civilization and the formation of communities all over again. To learn the nature and ground-work of political organizations the best way will be to follow, in imagination, the steps by which such scattered remains of unsophisticated humanity would coalesce and grow into a political community. 678 c. On overcoming the horror of the plains, caused by the recent catastrophe, these men would be driven, in the course of many generations, by social instinct to congregate; their wits would be sharpened by intercourse, and tEe arts would gradually revive-and among them the art of acquirng property, the art of lying, and the art of war. 679 e 6. In the course of this sketch we may be able to see 16 ANALYSIS OF BOOK III where and how laws come into _bing. The first form of community would be like what Homer described that of the Cyclopes to be, i.e. a family in which the father's will was the only law. 680 d 7. This family would naturally grow, in after generations, into a clan, of which the representative of the father of the original family would be the chieftain; it would have its own_ rough notions of what to do and what to avoid, and its own character. One clan might be braver, or more orderly, than another. 681 c 1. The next step is taken when separate clans-each wedded to ils own customs, and each with its wn charactercoalesce to form a community. There would then have to be some compromise and common understanding as to whia~ o ll the various customs, it would be goodor the united community to adopt. lieiwe have the beginning of the positive eiacltmentjL fws. / 68I d 7. Whereas the first community would settle probably on the lower slopes of the hills, the third stage would be reached when-all memory of the dangers of the plain having vanishedmen ventured, in course of time, to build a city on an elevation in a plain. In this same age men would begin to traverse the sea, and city would begin to war with city. This brings us to the time of the Trojan war, and the beginning of history 682 d 5. We next come to the foundation of the Dorian Confederacy of Sparta, Argos, and Messene; we return, that is, to an examination of the same Dorian institutions with which Book I. began. 683 c 8. How was it that that confederacy, in spite of all the advantages which its founders had, and of the formidable aspect which it presented to foreign powers, was yet a failure? 686 c 7. When we talk of the success or failure of a nation, we must not think exclusively of its ability to force its will on other nations, or of its lack of this power. The question is not, "is a state, or a man, strong?" but "is it (or he) wise enough to make a proper use of its strengt?" That is what tests its laws and its lawgivers. The worst unwisdom (folly) is that of the state, or man, when conscience oints one way, and desire another. That state of folly means r in to a community, and to an individual: and there is no mental disability in a man which is such a complete disqualification for any political office as this want of harmony between the desires and the judgement. 689 e 4. There are seven titles to power over one's fellows: there is I VOL. I 17 a THE LAWS OF PLATO (1) The right of parents over children and descendants; (2) The right of those who are royally born to govern those who are not; (3) The right of the older to rule the younger; (4) The right of masters to rule their slaves; (5) The right of the stronger to rule the weaker; (6) The right of the wise to rule the less wise; (7) The right which is decided by the fall of the lot. With all these claims in the field, conflicts between claimants are inevitable. 690 d 5. It is an overweening sense of their own importance, and a desire to get too much out of their position, that generally brings ruin on kings. What saved Sparta, when Argos and Messene sank, was that the kingly power was halved by the fortunate birth of twins in the royal house, and was further restricted by the recognition, on the part of its legislators, of some of the other claims to power, besides that of birth-and the appointment of co-existing authorities. 62 d 1. So great was the defection of Argos and Messene, whose monarchs were left with an unrestricted power, that, as far as the interests of Hellas went, they largely nullified the good which Sparta was able to do. 693 a 5. A wise lawgiver then will recognize many fountains of authority in a state, and will see that only in this way can he secure the three main civic requisites, i.e. freedom, statesmanship, and unity (or public spirit.) 693 d 2. If these three objects are to be secured, the government must be neither an extreme autocracy, nor an extreme democracy, but must be a judicious mixture of the two. 694 a 3. Persia's history shows us how all its misfortunes came with the withdrawal of all restrictions from the kingly power. 698 a 9. In the days of Athens's glory a respect for law tempered the desire of every man to do as he liked; but this desire got the better of law in time-showing itself first in the realm of Art, where the untrained and uneducated many asserted their right to judge as against the educated and judicious few. 702a 2. "How," asks the Athenian, "can we test the truth of all these principles at which, in our discussion, we have arrived?" Cleinias answers that there is a practical way open to them, in which they can embody and perhaps test their political principles; for he has himself been entrusted-with a few other citizens-with the task of framing laws for a new colony. 18 ANALYSIS OF BOOK IV ANALYSIS OF BOOK IV 704. A city should not be a seaport, but should be at least ten miles inland from a harbour, on soil which produces many kinds of crops, but none in such abundance as to leave a surplus for exportation. Foreign trade is demoralizing; so is a navy: it takes the steadfastness out of a land-army to know they can get out of harm's way by taking to their ships; besides, seafighting gives no scope for merit, and no chance of winning honour. It was Marathon and Plataea which, respectively, began and completed the discomfiture of the barbarians, and the salvation of Hellas. If it was the navy which saved her, it would have been better for her to perish than so to be saved. Wrong living is worse than death.. 707 e. If the colonists of the new city come, like a swarm of bees, all from the same home, they will pull together the better for it, but then prejudice against any improvement in constitution or legislation will be invincible. It will be better to undertake the difficult task of welding a heterogeneous populace into one. No man who is not equal to a great and difficult task is fit to be a lawgiver or the founder of a city. 709a. For all his cleverness, however, the lawgiver may find chance too strong for him. Still, that is no reason for pronouncing skill worthless. If skill is helpless against bad luck, good luck is useless without skill. 709 d. Given a heaven-sent lawgiver then, what must a city like our colony ask of luck? This: that absolute power and influence over the whole body should be with one virtuous, wide-minded man, who can rule himself as well as the state, and who will take the lawgiver into his confidence and follow his advice. 7ForB-ur purposes it will be best, I say, for the power to be in one man's hands, always supposing that he possesses the above-mentioned virtues and qualifications. The difficulty of endowing a city with a perfect polity will be greater, the more the supreme power is, in the first case, limited, or subdivided. It is true that it is asking a great deal of Chance, to postulate such a conjiunction of virtue and liberality of mind in a ruling power of any kind. But it is the only way to get a perfect polity, and it is an easy one. 712. If you have faith enough to take this from me, you will perhaps listen to me when I tell you what the, best polity is, and what are the best laws. 19 THE LAWS OF PLATO After soliciting divine help let us proceed to consider the form of polity to be chosen. — 713. The ordinary titles given by political philosophers-those ending in -cracy-all denote that one particular part of the community is supreme over the others; this is never the case in a real polity.' T —I~ the Golden Age Cronos appointed Saltloves-superior beings-to rule over mankind; this analogy will explain what I think the right course at the present day. There is in man a divine part-his mind-and this divine element must do as Cronos did, and appoint suibordinate ministers for our government. These ministers of mind's ordaining are the ordinances which we call Laws. These must be sovereign over the state, and over every member of it But as we have seen tEat~no real polity exists where one element of the populace is supreme over the others, so no laws have any binding force, which are made in the interest of any separate element in the state. To be binding they must be made ti- the-best -n-tiestor the state as a whole; and obedience to these laws is the crowning virtue of thestatesman and the administrator,-the main title to honour and office. No state can thrive unless the rulers are the slaves of the Law. I would begin by charging the citizens to remember that God's rule is inevitable and all- ervading, and that righteousness and vengeance against unrighteousness are his constant attendants. Therefore wickedness is folly, and though the wicked man may prosper for a time, his prosperity will only make his ruin the more disastrous both to himself and to society. 716 c. How then is man to please God? In all God's works " Measure" is discernible. Like, as the proverb says, clings to like, and man's wisdom is to live by measure. To break bounds, to be lawless, is impiety, and even the offerings/ and the prayers of an impious man are hateful to God. For the pious, however, it is the first of duties to pay worship and honour to all Gods, both the higher and the lower; next after them to the memory of "divine" men, and next to one's parents. To our parents and to their care we owe our being: nothing that we can do for them can overpay them, and remember that the time when we can repay is the time of their greatest need-when the payment is most valuable. The greatest care must be taken never, by word or deed, to show disrespect to parents. When they are angry with us, we must 20 ANALYSIS OF BOOK IV not resent it. When they die, we must pay due honour to their ashes. 7I8. So much for our duties to our superiors/ We must go to the laws to learn how our life is to be adorned by duties done to our family, to our fellow-citizens, or even to strangers. Before each class or chapter of laws it will be well to set a preface, to explain the principle of the enactments, to recommend their adoption, and generally to bring the subjects of the laws into such a state of mind as will be favourable to their acceptance. 719. As it is, the way of evil is easy, and the path of virtue hard: the voice of the law is precise and prosaic; all the more need for some adornment of the subject. Such a preface may be compared with the confidential talk which a skilful physician will hold with an enlightened patient, before prescribing his medicine and treatment. 720. As a sample, take the bare law as to marriage-which may well be among the first things to be regulated-and add a disquisition on the principles on which it is founded, and the desirability of the objects it seeks to attain. 722. Even Megillus, with all his Spartan love of brevity, prefers a law with such a preface to one without. And the Athenian assures him that the excess of benefit is far beyond the excess in length. Further, the Athenian compares such a preamble to the prelude with which a skilful musician brings his audience into accord with his main theme, and hints incidentally that great skill, comparable to that of the musician, will be necessary for its composition; for the "themes" of different classes of laws differ widely, and all laws, with some trifling exceptions, need to be accompanied by such a preamble. Fortified with this instrument, we will make a second start. As to religion and religious duties, what has been already said may suffice. Next follow duties affecting (1) our own souls, (2) our bodies, and (3) our property. 21 THE LAWS OF PLATO ANALYSIS OF BOOK V 726. Honour the soul next to Heaven! There are in practice many wrong methods of honouring the soul which must be avoided-such as self-opinionatedness, and self-indulgence. 728d 2. As to our duties to the Body, and Property, we must remember that a middle state is best in both.-Duties there are also to one's family, relatives, friends, the state, and foreigners. 730 b 1. Of desirable personatqalte th stands highest; next comes Justice-and personal efforts to see right done and wrong punished; honourable too are Temperance and Wisdomprovided these virtues are of a social character, and tend to spread to others and help others. Even Anger is necessary, in its placebut Mercy too. 73I d6. The most general, ugly, and disastrous blemish in human character is selfishness. It clouds the judgement, and is fruitful in folly and error. 732 d 8. Such conduct as has been recommended is not only right in itself, and so pleasing to Heaven; it is best and pleasantest for man. 733 d 7. This may be seen from the consideration of various kinds of lives-that of the temperate, the intellectual, the brave, or the healthy as contrasted with that of the intemperate, the simpleton, the coward, or the diseased, respectively. The balance of happiness will throughout be found on the side of the former, though the latter may have moments of acuter enjoyment. 734 e 3. The political framework of a state consists of (a) the Magistrates, who are of a superior nature to the ordinary citizen; and (b) the Laws, which the magistrates have to administer. 735a 7. Applicants for citizenship in our colony must be tested, and the unsatisfactory applicants rejected-summarily, or on some specious pretext. 736c 5. As it is a new foundation, all citizens can start fair, unhampered by debts, and the overshadowing influence of great estates which mar the peace of an old-established state. But peace will not reign long here unless the pride of possession can be mitigated, and the love of gain for itself eradicated. 737 1. Supposing for the sake of argument that the size of the territory, the nature of the soil, and the size of the neighbouring state will admit, we will imagine a community of 22 ANALYSIS OF BOOK V 5040 householders. The number lends itself readily to many kinds of sub-division. 738 b 2. Advantage must be taken of any religious association the land enjoys, and of all possible religious sentiment on the part of the members of the community-such, e.g., as respect for Oracles. Each local division must have a patron deity, whose shrine and TCr/ACvog will form the centre of tribal life, and social intercourse among the tribesmen. 739. This is a practical treatise: it will try to find ways out of all kinds of difficulties, and where perfection is impossible, it will advise a course which may be only second, or even third best. But it holds that the philosophic lawgiver's first duty is to hold up before his hearers an ideal perfection, so that we may pake comparison with it a test for every proposal. The nearer it comes to the ideal state of things, the better it is. 739 e 8. Our first deviation from the ideal will be in the matter of property. In an ideal state all will be in common, but our citizens are to be allowed to possess land and houses. They must always remember, however, that the land is part of the state, and owned by the state as well as by themselves; and also that it is sacred, as being a part of the divine Mother Earth: hence let their holding be sacred to them, an inviolable unit. It must be a main object of high statesmanship so to regulate the size of families that each generation shall be roughly of the same size as the preceding one. 74 a 6. I would charge the citizens to respect the equal distribution of property, and the numerical arrangements connected with it. It must be a sacred duty with them to preserve their holding intact, and to shrink from adding to their property by trade; for this would upset the numerical distribution. Trade in general is debasing to the character, and should be discouraged. 741 e 6. No citizen shall be allowed to possess gold or silver money. The baser, small, currency which will be allowed, will be in use chiefly among artificers and slaves. If a citizen has to go abroad on public or private business, he will be furnished with money for his journey by the state. 742 c 2. Dowries are to be forbidden; and so is credit and usury. 742 d 1. The wise lawgiver and politician will not look first to the greatness and wealth of his country, but to its virtue and happiness. It is impossible for the very rich to be very good. To be the former a man must have no scruples about gaining, and no impulses towards spending more than is absolutely necessary. 23 THE LAWS OF PLATO 743 5. The absence of money, and money-making, and credit, will remove many obstacles to peace and good-feeling-there will be far fewer la4suits —and men will have time to spare for the real interests of their (1) souls and (2) bodies. Property must take its place as of only third-rate importance. This order must be recognized by the state in all honours it confers; and the lawgiver must test his laws by asking if they recognize this order of precedence. 744 a 8. Still, property mlst count for something in the state. Our new citizens will (unfortunately) not all bring equal properties with them when they come. Those who have much will be able to add to their store-and this will be permitted within certain limits.-And so we will have Four Classes in the state, arranged on a property qualification. The state must see to it that there is, no abject poverty, and that there are no millionaires. It must be a crime to divide the KXApos, and a crime to hold more than four times its original amount of land. Any property gained beyond that must go to the state, and the gods. There shall be a Public Register of all surplus property-of all, ie., beyond the original KXqpo9; which any citizens hold. 745 b 3. The city must stand on the middle of its territory, with a central "acropolis sacred to Hestia, Zeus and Athena." From this shall radiate lines dividing (1) the city and (2) the country into twelve parts-not necessarily equal in size, but equal in productive power. 745 e 2. Each KXjpoG shall consist of two parts, one near the city, and one at a distance, and there shall be a dwelling-house on both. 745 e 7. In all this I say again that the lawgiver must have an ideal, and, in practice, you must come as near it as you can. 746d 3. Let mathematics preside over all tribal and other divisions, as well as over all measures and weights in daily use, and let them all be arranged so as to fit in with and be readily interchanged with each other. There is no mental discipline so efficacious as mathematics, if it be kept liberal, as a science, and not debased for purposes of trade. We do not want our citizens to be Egyptians or Phoenicians. (It may not be their fault, poor fellows: there is something magical in climate and situation, as all politicians ought to know.) 24 ANALYSIS OF BOOK VI ANALYSIS OF BOOK VI 751. We have now to choose fit persons as magistrates, and assign to them administrative duties. It is imperative that they should be capable. Not only must candidates for office have a good record, but the electorate must be trained in the constitution and its ways. 752. In the case of a newly formed state, with new laws, and a heterogeneous population, such education is impossible. In the first election of officials, then, the parent state must intervene. To begin with, they must help the colonists to select from among themselves and the parent state a body of 37 voLofvXAaKes. This body is to be permanent, and future elections to it, in days when the state has taken shape, must be conducted in the following manner. Voters to be all who bear arms, or have seen service, whether in cavalry or infantry; election-in the most sacred temple-to proceed by three stages; at the first stage 300, at the second 100, at the final 37 are to be elected. For the first election, however, and for all arrangements as to elections and qualifications of all magistrates, a committee of 200-half colonists and half Cnossians-is to have full powers. 754 d 4. The body of vouo4)vXaKes must (1) exercise general supervision over the laws of the state, and (2) must keep the register of each man's property; and (3) if it be proved to them that any man possesses more than a trifle above the legal amount, they are to ordain the confiscation of all but the original KX'jpos. A vojuo4(vXa must be over 50 and under 70. In addition to the three duties named above they will have many others which we shall have occasion to mention in connexion with the laws concerned. Now as to the other magistrates. 755 b 6. The three o-Tpar)yol are to be elected, by all who are serving, or have served as soldiers, from a preliminary list nominated by the vo/lzo)vaaKes, but subject to the criticism of a popular vote. They must then pass the 3oKL/jta-c'a. The Hipparchs are to be elected in the same manner, only the actual voters (according to 756 b 1) are to be the cavalry. The Taxiarchs and Phylarchs are to be nominated by their superior officers and elected by the hoplites and cavalry respectively. The officers of the light-armed auxiliaries are to be appointed by the generals. The first elections are to be presided overby the vo/uo4>voXaKes; subsequent ones by the w7pvTv'isvs-of whom more hereafter-and 25 THE LAWS OE PLATO the presiding magistrates must decide between candidates who on successive occasions have obtained equal votes. 756 b 7. Next as to the /oovkX. Three hundred and sixty fovXevra{ are to be elected-90 by each of the four property-classes. All members of the community may vote. On the first four days candidates are nominated-an unlimited number-from each of the four classes respectively; on the fifth day 180 of each class are to be selected by all voters from among the nominees, and 90 out of each 180 selected by lot. These, when they have passed the oKqcwarcla, are to serve as povev'rat for the year. On the third day of nomination the fourth class are not compelled to nominate, and on the fourth day the third and fourth classes are not compelled to nominate. At all other stages, nomination and voting are compulsory. 757. In this form of election, while the introduction of the lot prevents the richer classes from having absolute power, the preponderance of power given to these classes is for the good of the community. True equality consists, not in giving equal power to every man, but in giving power in proportion to worth. This can really be done by God alone, but it is our duty to attempt it, and not to acquiesce either in the absolute power of one or a few-i.e. in oligarchy or tyranny-or on the other hand in the absolute equality of all-i.e. democracy. We must never lose sight of the difference between the worth of different individuals, though of that true equality-which consists of inequality-we can, in our human communities, only get a passable imitation. This is one. reason why we must submit to have our judgement " watered " by the lot; another reason is that the lot may be guided by a higher and wiser power. At the same time the lot must not be our master. 758. That there may always be some officials on the look-out for dangers-whether external or internal-to the state: that there may be- representatives of the state ready to deal with foreign states, and to preside over state assemblies, a twelfth part of the /3ov)X must, in monthly rotation, form a standing committee called -7rpvravEs. 758 e. For local surveillance both in country and in town the twelvefold divisions (cp. above, 745 b 6 ff.) will form convenient administrative areas. Besides providing for the charge of religious edifices: and the land annexed to them, we must institute three kinds of local magistrates: (1) aorvv0to/ for the. supervision of the city, (2) dyopavoco/L for that of the market-place and. trade,' (3) aypovo&,oL for the defence and policing of the country districts.' 2, 6 ANALYSIS OF BOOK VI As to the religious officials, families already enjoying hereditary priesthoods are to be left in possession of them. In their appointment we must observe a similar admixture of choice by lot to that advocated in the case of the /3ovXEvra, and the 8oKt/zacrac must be strict. The Delphic Oracle will communicate directions as to worship and religion generallyto six (?) official eyrpaw elected from groups of the local tribes, and partly selected from among a larger number by the Oracle. Like the priests and priestesses they must be over sixty, but while the former only hold office for a year, the E'q7y17)Ta are appointed for life. Vacancies caused by death are to be filled in by the tribe from which the deceased Crjyvr T-s came. Temple treasurers are to be appointed from the highest property-class by an election and 3oKtlao-ia like that of the orTpaT-?jyoL. 760 a 6. For the protection of the city we have the generals and other military officers, as well as the 7rpvr-dvet, and we shall deal later with two other classes of city officials, i.e. the Astynomi and Agoranomi. As to the country districts, to each of the twelve equal divisions a tribe will be assigned by lot, and this tribe will have to appoint five Phrotrarchs, who must each choose twelve active young men, of their tribe, between 25 and 30 years old. Each tribal corps (of five officers and sixty men) shall serve for a month in one tribal area, and the whole body shall rotate twice through the areas, first from left to right, then backwards, that they may learn the country thoroughly in different seasons. This will take two years, after which a fresh corps will be appointed. Their duties will be (1) to watch the frontiers and construct defensive works of all kinds, (2) to keep internal peace and facilitate communication within the country, (3) to guard against floods on the one hand, and drought on the other, (4) to add to the amenities of the landscape, and provide gymnasia and public baths, (5) they are to constitute a tribunal for petty causes. They may "commandeer " slaves and beasts of burden for the public work-studying the convenience of the owners as far as possible in so doing. Any abuse of power or any corruption is to be regarded as a serious and disgraceful offence. They shall live a military life, under strict discipline, and with frugal fare: any desertion or dereliction on the part of the officers shall be punishable by the rank and file, the voofov'XAaKes being the supreme authority in such cases. This discipline should create devotion to and respect for loyal service, which is far more important and valuable to a state and to individuals than skilful command. 27 THE. LAWS OF PLATO 76S3 3. For the City three Astynomi-chosen partly by lot, and partly by universal vote, from among the members of the highest property-class-are each to take four divisions of the city area into his charge. Their duty will resemble the non-military part of the duty of the Agronomi-roads, water-supply, townplanning will be under their charge. By a similar method of election five Agoranomi are to be appointed from the two highest classes-to police the dyopa and have charge of the templebuildings and fountains in it, and to enforce the state laws as to trade Astynomi and Agoranomi are to try petty causes separately, larger ones in conjunction. 764 c 5. The next officials to be elected are those who have charge of Education-mental and physical. Of these there are two kinds: (1) those who superintend schools and school-work, and (2) those who have charge of the arrangements for public contests. In this latter class the variety of subjects will necessitate a subdivision of provinces into (1) athletic contests and chariot-races; (2) musical and dramatic individual performances, and (3) choric performances. For the third class one superintendent will suffice, who must be at least forty. For contests between single performers also one superintendent official will suffice; he must be at least thirty. The choric and the solo superintendents must be chosen in the following manner: only musical adepts will be eligible, and only such will be compelled to elect-the vo!Ao~VXaKie being the judges of who are such.-Of the ten who get most votes the lot is to choose one, who must further stand a SoKLCaarla in which the only point considered is his musical ability. They are to hold office for a year.-For chariot-races and other gymnastic contests the superintendents-three out of a preliminary twenty-are to be elected from the third and second property-classes, and pass the requisite SKKqtao-ra —tthe three highest classes being compelled to vote& 765 d 4. The superintendent of Education proper is by far the most important official in the whole state, for the first stage of the growth of plant, animal, or man has more influence than any other upon its ultimate development; and the higher the organization the greater the possibilities for evil as well as for good. He must be above fifty, and the father of legitimate offspring; he must be a vojuo4vAa, and be selected by the whole body of state officials -not counting the /ovAevral or TrpvraveLs as such-and the election must be by ballot, in the temple of Apollo, and be succeeded by the 8oKLaoria. ANALYSIS OF BOOK VI 766 2. Vacancies in any office-or among the guardians of orphans-are to be filled up by the original appointers. In the latter case the vacancy must be filled up within tel days, and the appointers-relatives on both sides-are to be fined a drachma a day each as long as they are in default. 766 d 3. As to Law Courts-the judges in which are a kind of magistrate —full details cannot be settled till all the laws are made; but we may give here a sketch of the principles of their constitution.-We expect wisdom and enlightenment from our judges-not bare decisions only, but reasoned judgements-therefore they must be few and good. At the same time certain public offences must be tried by a democratic tribunal, for everyone is wronged by offences against the state; and there must be no kind of court of first instance in which any citizen is disqualified from holding a place-this is a fundamental right of every member of the community. (In some courts at all events the position of the public seems somewhat to resemble that of a modern jury.) Private causes should be first tried before an informal assembly of friends and neighbours, with two appeal courts above it.-In private causes, if both sides agree to refer the decision of the matter to a particular court, the decision shall be final. Where one man impeaches another, whether the offence be private or public, there are to be two appeals. The final court of appeal for all causes is to be instituted thus: on the last day of the old year all the state officials are to assemble in a temple, and choose on oath one judge from each set of officials; and then to scrutinize the list.Bouleutae and the magistrates who choose the magistrates must be present when the court delivers judgement; it must be open to the public, and judges are to be liable to impeachment for unjust judgement before the voLuoqvaXaKes. 768 d 7. So much for the magistracy - the framework of government-: now we turn to the Laws, and in these we must not expect finality at the first attempt. With a view to their modification as the result of time and experience, we must endeavour to imbue the Nomophylakes with the true legislator's spirit; they must see clearly that the result of all legislation is the perfection of the individual, and the removal, and the discrediting of all that hinders it. Neither individual nor state must be content to survive the abandonment of this ideal. 771 a5. All laws should have their foundation in religion. The number of households indicated above is 5040. There is an adaptability and a consonance with the general order of things 29 THE LAWS OF PLATO about this number which should make our people regard it as sacred. Each twelfth part of this number is to form a community with a patron deity of its own; and two monthly festivals, one in town, and one in the country are to be celebrated by it. The effect of these will be not only religious, but social; they will bring the people of the community together, and make them known to each other. Above all they will facilitate suitable marriages between the families. The diversions, especially for the young, at these festivals will be under the superintendence of the directors of choruses, and the vo,/oXVAaKSc. It will take at least ten years to make satisfactory arrangements for these festivals; when once fixed, they should only be altered by an unanimous vote, and with religious sanction. 772 d 5. Every man should be married by thirty-five. The sort of marriage must be that which is best for the state, not that which is most to the taste of the individual.-Rich should not aim at marrying with rich; if they do, wealth will pile itself up at one end of the scale, and poverty increase at the other. Like should not seek like in character either: the marriage of people of opposite temperaments will keep the balance more level in character as well as property. Another important point in the exhortation to be addressed to young men will be that marriage is a duty to the community.-A man who is unmarried at thirty-five must pay a yearly tax according to his property-class, and shall be held dishonoured thereby.-Another penal offence will be the giving or receiving a dowry beyond what is necessary for the trousseau suitable for each class.-Relatives on tbe father's or mother's side shall have power to act as legal representatives of bride or bridegroom, in proportion to their nearness-the father's side to have precedence.-For wedding ceremonies the Exegetae must be consulted.-There must be a sumptuary law to limit the sum expended on the wedding-feast. Above all the bridegroom and bride must be abstemious as to wine on the occasion: then if ever " tq begin well" is a sacred duty.-The newly-married pair should migrate to the country-house of the family; so much separation will improve the family relationship, and the young couple will rear their familyoflike good citizens, by themselves. 776 b 5. Next to marriage comes the subject of Property, and the property that will need the most careful treatment is household slaves. Very various are the opinions expressed as to the character and value of slaves, and very difficult it is to give rules for their treatment-mainly because both slaves and masters are 30 ANALYSIS OF BOOK VI of such different characters. There are slaves who might be trusted to be masters, and there are masters who would be better as slaves. Two practical precepts may be given on this head: (1) slaves should not be of the same race as their masters; (2) we should guard against injustice towards slaves more rigidly than against injustice to a free man.-Nowhere does a man display his goodness more clearly than in his treatment of his dependants. Still, when they have deserved it, slaves should be punished, but you should not argue with them-nor should you ever be familiar or intimate with them; it will make the relationship worse both for the slaves and for yourselves. 778b. Though the house must naturally be built before the family settles in it, the importance of marriage is an excuse for postponing the question of Building till now.-Temples should be built round the agora, and on elevated ground all about the city. -Adjoining the temples should be the official residences of the magistrates, and the law-courts for capital cases.-The city need not have walls: they make a city unhealthy; they tempt armies to retire within them, and diminish the caution of the guards; the rural and other forces and the frontier and rural defence-works will render walls superfluous. At the same time, a partial substitute for walls may be provided, if it is thought necessary, by turning the blind side of all houses towards the streets, and building them in continuous blocks. The Astynomi will have to arrange the houses with this object, and to take care that no private building shall be an obstacle to defensive operations.-The surface-drainage will also be in their charge. Here, as elsewhere, the Nomophylakes must revise and emend the laws, where necessary, with a view to public convenience. 779 d 7. In dealing with the regulation of the life of the newly married couple we enter upon difficult and dangerous ground. There is a general notion that the lawgiver should only touch public life, and leave private life alone. I expect much ridicule and opposition, therefore, to my proposal to make both husband and wife members of syssitia, and so to interfere with the private life of women, who have hitherto been allowed to. shrinjompletely from all publicity. The syssitla for men was a great innovation, and nothing btut a fortunate chain of circumstances could have served to establish it where it exists. N'owI say that much of the good which such an institution might d6Tos lost at present because women are not included. Not on]yis —law and oraer more efficacious rfor good in a civic community than in an 31 THE LAWS OF PLATO individual, but its absence is more mischievous. The danger is all the greater in this case, because women are morally worse than men to begin with (!). In view of te iimmensei- iges which history and observation of other nations show us to have taken place in men's feelings about all manner of thngs, I-do not despair of the possibility of assent tothis legislation. 782 d 10. The fact is, there are three imperative desires, on the satisfaction of which the existence of the race depends: that for food, that for drink, and that for sexual union-and the good, both of individuals and the state, depends on these desires being satisfied in the right way. To put it shortly, the right principle' which should guide men in the satisfaction of these desires is that the good of the community should come to count for more than the pleasure of the individual. The means to be taken to bridle these dangerous impulses are also three-fear, habit, and philosophy, and the help must be invoked of the Muses, and the religious festivals. 783 b 2. I will leave the subject here, in the hope that the spirit of my remarks may pervade the legislature, and that in the complete code room may be found for such a regulation of private life as I have advocated. 783 d 8. All communion heightens the effect of right endeavour, but also increases the mischief of carelessnes or slackness. In this marriage-union both the parties should strive above all to give the state the best citizens they can produce. A class of wise women officials should exist in the state to enlighten the newly married in the methods for securing this end, with powers to keep them up to their duty during the first ten years of their -married life. Failure of offspring during these ten years should be held to be a ground for divorce. The ultimate tribunal in cases of divorce should be the relatives of both sides, with Nomophylakes as assessors. When right feeling pervades a community, many of these regulations will remain a dead letter, but they should e there for the punishment of offenders. X 785 a 3. Birth registers should be kept by public officials in each ffparpla. 785 b 2. A woman should marry between 16 and 20, a man between 30 and 35.-No woman magistrate must be under 40; no man magistrate under 30.-The age for military service for a man is between 20 and 60; for a woman-if she has to servebetween 40 and 50. 32 NOMOI (A —) AOHNAIOZ EENOZ KAEINIAS KPHZ MEFIAAOX AAKEAAIMONIO0 VOL. I 33 D BOOK I SHORT ANALYSIS 622 a-632 d 7.-Spartan and Cretan State institutions teach us that law should foster virtue-i.e. aim at producing human perfection-but they take too narrow a view of what virtue isthey look to bravery alone, and that is only a part, and that the least valuable part, of virtue. 632 d 8-636 e 4.-How virtue is to be fostered-e.g. temperance. In the case of courage and temperance tbe processes seem similar. 636 e 4 to end of Book. M('OJ. 637 b 7. -MEWrl bad because unregulated. 64I a 3 to end of Book. The right use of luE877q 643 a 2.-What education implies. 644 b 6.-Education consists in the regulation of the effects of pleasure and pain. S. I 645 d 1.-The practical application of 14Ory in education. p. 624 AO. OE&'7 TL3 CaVOp(irwv V1IALVV, CO) ~EVOt, ElAE 7'jv a cwnLav '73S Trl rlUc)Y7n' 74uiw 3iy~O ~ aOVsLIEcrEco&; 1 g / I Tq KA. 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[(ETa 8E i-cVi-a b aVCayKr) i-Ol v)o/LoOti-7jlv i-as- KT-70UELs- i-WUV ITOACTi-OV KalL i-a cavaAwo/ai-a 0WAa'TTEtV ovi-w a'v yLyVl-i-at 'TP0TOV), K~at i-a 7Tpos- aAM Aovs- Iwauw i-ovi-os KO~lwcoviaL KatL OiaAVaCT~S- EKOVMVL TE Kal aLKOVrtLV KaL6 OTTro-cov av E'KaCT'ov ITPC — WfVTil5 TOCOUTwl 7Tpos- &aX4Aovs- LTGC1EVI 'TO TI &aLK l Kt () El) 0 Cs E(Ti-v [i-e] KatL El) oks CAAEl~lltE, cat' TOES- iUEl) E3VIt0ELOCYl) i-WV vl)ovLl i-LIas- alT vc-E[LEv, T-OES' SE SVa7T~tE`OEU &tKas- TaKci-OS EITMTOElvat, [(EXPLTEP a'V 7T~POs i-EAos- a'7Jcr~ls- IToAvlTELO EI- C CecA O~ol), i-W ccv-crVWV'TCa 5eLt i-pOTTOl EKaa(TO~sryty)Eorc Ta&s- i-aqds- Kal. 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TeTaprov Se, rTE7rrTTov el Avva/,LEOa, A,'yev 7retLpfzuLa. 5 ME. "ET 7TOLVVY Kal TO TETapTov EyQyE 7reLtp4Lr7v av AE'yeLV, rT wrTep ra KapreprjIreLES 7 aAyorlvtov roAv irap' l)v" YLYvofIevoV, ev re Tras' pos aMAA7Aovs ra's Xepal.iaxas Kal ev aprraya Zs' TL 8, a 7TroA)v crArlyoy EKaTdroTe yLyvouevaLc. EfTL e Kaal KpvrTTeca TLs ovoCadleTa OavuacrT(g roAvtC 7rovoS Tpos TS Kapqepro'UELS, XelJLbVWv TE avvToro87rlaL KaCl daTpcOiat Kal avev OepaTrov'wv avToLt EavrUTtOV aKovYjacEL iE'pav. ETL 8E Kav TaLS yvlvoTraLtlats 8ELval KapTEP7aCELS 5 7rap l7/ULV ylyvovTraT T rrov TrvLyovs pcWLu) S LaEaXoILEvOv, Kal 7rapTroAAa sepa, aXESov O a a OVK av "IavaaLTo TLS EKaarOTE AE). E3 ye, c AaKeSat, LovLe {EV, AcEOyEcS. rVv vSppeiav 8e, -epe, rI OLuEV; rTorepov dTrAisS ov Sros ETvat rpos Oo6fovs 44 NOMQN A 633 d Kal Aviras gLalxdXrv! Lovov, i) Kal rpos V'roOovs re Kal rb8ovds d Kat rvas oaELVas GWTrelta KcoAatKLKaS, at Kat rcov ae/zvwv OtojLUevw) etvat Tovs OUV/JtOVS Totovatv Krpivovs; ME. O'J Lat pev ov'ir' Trpo rav7ra avuFjravTa. A~. El yovv uyE~vW7zLE0a rovs ' SUTpoaOev Aoyovs, 7'rrw 5 7Tva OSE KCaL K TOALV Aeyev av'rrLv avCrTs Kat avopa. r yap, d feve Kvco'Te; KA. Ka' Trcvv ye. A~. Nvv oiv 7rorepa AXyo1tev Tov i-Jv Av7rTCv 7'7TTo KaKdv e 7) KaL Tov Tr)V 7'fSov65v; KA. MaAAov, E(OLYE o80KEiC, r7ov r7V 7qSovV6'V Kal adrvres rTov FJiaAov AeyoIeEv Tov VRTO 7TO)v '1ovv KparTovevov 7ov0 o 7ov 0 7TOVELtcrTcos 7T770rova Eav1rov 7Tporepov 7 rOv V7TO riv 5 AVTCWv. AO. 'O ALos0 o0v 87l7 Kal d IlvOcKOs voJLOOE'Trs ov or87rov 634 Xor,7v 7r7v advpelav vevoMLoOe'7rKa7ov, 7Tpo S 7aptarepa.Lovov SvvaEv-yv avYT3alveLv, 7rpos ra 8E{a Kal KOyola Kal c 7coWertKa advvaTovcaav; 7 7vpOS ad poL6epa; KA. 1-po s ciwLqgorpa eycoyE aye. 5 A~. AE'ywC v rTovvv Trd Atv E7Ttr773evfJara Trola E'cr' V/t1iv ajUfOT7rpaLs 7alS rrOAEc(cV, a' yevovra rjOv )80ovCrv Kal ov ofevyovTa avrras, KaOacTrep Tar Avvras OVK Ef'vyev, dAA ayov7a el9 ILeoas, '7vayKcaE KaL ETreLOev 'ri-aLc Ca(ore KpaCrelv a7repyadE7at Vi5,lv ol0oiWs rrpoS e aAyroovas Kal 7Tpos 78sovas Tov av7ovs avOpe0ovs, VLKCvrOs re a 8et vKav Kal ov acos 77rTrov's TroeAFcov tWv eyyvTwraa eavrtov Kal 5 xaAcEr7TaoCtv. ME. 0VTCOc {LEV TOLvvv, a) E a1E, KaCOa7rp 7Tpos Trs dAyr]7 ME. Tv, ',,, Sdvas EtXov vodlovs advt7rerayeIvovs ITOAAovs EL7TEtV, OVK av LoSg ev7ropolv7 Kara (LeyaAa flep7r KaC SLa~avrl eycv Trepl C 7cov O78ov0ov Kara o' cOTJLKpa 'LCTaw evTropot77v av. KA. Ov iLqv ov38' dv av'os EywyC ev Eros Ka7ra Kpj'rr7v vou/os eXOLpLt )Eoaves ootlos rroteLv ro roTo07rov0. AO. 'Q apCaroFt ev)Wv, Kal ov8e'v ye 0avjtaaro'v. daA' 5 av apa T7s ryICOv 7Trep tovs SKa, ToWv o'0KoL VOOoS er7 tL, PovAo evos L8ev 7o 7E arA0)es a/La Kal ro peXrtaTTov, P) XaAe7rcW dAAa 7rpawos dro8EXu/SeOa dAAXAcowv. 45 634 c IIAATfNOZ KA. OpOsf, S, 5eve 'A7nvaZe, ElpI7KaS, Kal ' eLcrrOV. d AO. Ov yap av, c KAewva, TrALiKOo-8 a vSpdmav 7rpEroL 0TO r V7oroY. KA. Ov yap oav. AO. El ei TOltvvV Op0sj I JL- 7tS Terlcpa Tj 7re AaK&W5 VLKW Kal T'77 KprTKrj ToALTela, Aoyosr av e'rpos e 'L T&a 6' ovv AeyoJLEva 7pos TCOr'v 'roAAv 'laus e'yco,iAAov e(oqli av vtCulv aJLorTEpCv AEyEewL. vi-Lv ELEV yap, ewrep KaEt LeTrpLWs KaTErcKEVarcTaL TL TCv vov, ELS TCO KaCtXAACTv dv ELr' vcoLtwv tL'7 trIetEv TCv veWIv 7) a oev a:v o KaaAas' e avT6v 77 rJ /aA KAcos' XE,,wi a 8s (Ovr KaL eE evos' UroELa0os trav-ras av!LbwveELv w ryavTa KaAXs KeiLraL evWcov ~EW0V, Kal Eav Tis aAcos' AEy-X, L7 CveXeaat TO 7wapdarav aKou'ovTras yepwv 8e EL TLS TL aUvwoeL TWV rap v, Trp 5 dppXovTa TE Kal 7Tpos 'AWLKIVT7^v rLersEvoS evauTvov veov 7otecaLaL TOv'S TOLOVTOVS Ao'yovs. KA. 'Opodrara ye, V, c Eyees, AEyeKs, al KaOaTrep fIzavT 635 'a7rcov 'rs ToTe SLavoLas TOv TLOevroS avTr, vvv ETLIECKWS FOt SOKELS EcraroxarEOa Kal aooSpa adAXrq AE'yeWv. AO. OVKOVv 7'7L 'v Ta YvV EprlJIa uELV vEwv, avToQ 8' EveKa y7lpwCso aebELyje v6 T ov VO t O oeTOV SLaAEyoLCEvo Trepl 5 avErcv TovUrTv LuovoL 7Trpos,tovovs jrLev dv 7TArqLoeAeZV; KA. "ETot TavTa ovS [CEs a] KaL LJrSev yE &vfs ~7rLTfrjcoS TOLS voYLOL r' JUCv' ov yap TO y yvwval TL TcoV P7r KaAc)v daTtov, aAa ac'claavw avTov av(alvet yLyVeaOat b ra) L'7 (6vcowV Tar AcEyo',va daAA' evvoLa 8eoXO/xeVW. A~. KaAcos' ov tu'Iv eI7T4lUJv yE EpC TOLSo vOlOL$s' 7T), iTplIv eflatcWS elS Svvagtv ScaaKE'aobLate, t,AAMov Se arop6Av. vzltv yap o vobLoOegrJs i6ovots 'EAAqvcowv KCaL apflBpwv, 3v 5 rIjpets 7TvvOavofeOE0a, TrWv LoEytaT7Wv '?7qO8VCv KaL 7TratcLSv EIETaEev a7TrejecaEaL KaL /yeVeOatL, TO SE T v AV7Y TCOV Kal I l st I 6o1flwv, 07Tep aprT SLEXrXvBAvLOaev, 'y77aro EL TLS EK Tralcov C #eveE~TaL SLa TreAovs, oTroTav ELs dvayK aovs AXfr} TrovovS Kal I>o'ovs KaL A'vras, e~vELe~GOac Tovs ev EKElVOLS yEyV/Lvaqp.evovs Kal 0ovAXEfaTE aUvroT. TraVTOV Sn TOUvT, otuLaL, KaL Trpos Tas 78oovas ELL, 8cIavoeLcrOaL, TOv av'r vo VoOeETrv, 5 Aeyoiva a3T0v rTpos eavrOTV (cS r'7LfLV EK EWVe El adrELpOL TwV /LeylarTcov 7Sovv o[ TroZiTaEL yev'crovTaOt, Kal afEAETr7TOtL tyvuEVOL,eo v 7raL rovaEs KapTepeWv Kal r,7 v Tr3v alaXcrp6v 46 NOMQN A 635 c avayKa eEUGaL TroELlv, eveKa " rjs y\vKvOv/uiaS 7s rpos cras sov'as, Ta'o Ireaovrav roos ruFveVOvL TCV Od8a, -OV- d AEUvOOVOct 7po7rov e7Epo Kal ET atlcroX Trots ye OvvaJUEVotS KCaprepeEv ev 'Tat 's8ovats Kal Tots KEKTr]7)jEVLoS rTa TepL Tas 7?sovas', a'v0pT)TrLS Evio'e 7raV7TraTaL KaCKOLS, Kat TIV r VX(,XV \ 'C \ ^I lot T g 5 rj. tEV ao5vArv -~7 E EAEveApav EcovtV, Kat oVK,tot,TXA6s 5 avSpe LO KatC eAevOeptOt scrovTaLt TpooayopevecrGaL. ac octTrre ov v Tt Tv vv XyoLevv Etv Kaira ra poTrov SOKAE \~yeo'aO. KA. AoKEZ!tv ljltr yE rrYvS Aeyot&evov rov AoXyov' Tept e 86 T-AtKoiVTov EVGVS 'TrecrTTevKevaat paccoWs pL7 VE covre TE atAAov Kal avo'jrcwv. A~. 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"EoLKEV sj7ra, c( eVOL, XaAEoe7rov Ecvac 7TEpt Tacs ToAX-reas ava turL7fT'r7Tcor OrOloloS W' pyc, Kal Ao'ycp ylyveacatL 5 KLtV8vveve yap, KaOa'rep e TOv ros TacoY, o0u 8vvarTov elvat TaP, 7TpocrrfdCaL Lt 7Tpos ev acrclta ev Et rr77evIa, ev C OVK av bavetrj iavTrov Tovro ra ev fAd&ri-ov rTa 1rtoYv oaCi-aTa, ra oS Kal Ve o v. erIel KatL ra yvutvaata ravTa Kal ad b ovacrtila oToAAa lIe'v aAAa vvv cWeACt T'as 7T0oAEt, rTrpos- 8 ira aTacretL XaAETrac — SAovCatv le MtAcLXratWv Ka Botwoi-rov Kal OovptlOv 'traSes-Kal 87 KalC Tc&Xa Ov v6pL tov ocKE70ovo r7 eL7rrSevyLa 'T& Ka'ra VOtvL [Tras] Treptl T a Qpo&8ota 5 -7aovas' ov uo'dvov dvlOpY7Trwv daaAAa Kat Orpcpwv, &eq0YapKevai. \, Kal ovrv ras vle'repas TroAeLS rrpr -as av rts aLitoio Kat oaaI TcrOlv dAAov tdCAtiCr7a alTrrovTat ruv yv7uvalov Kal EcTE C TralTovra Ei7e C7roovSCaLov'a EVvOElY 1 -ea rd otavTa, evvo'T0eov ori ir- O2,XEla Kal ir- ir-v appev'cv VUoet elS KOtlvloVLav Lovcr) r?7s yevv7creaoUg S 7Tept Tavira 7)8ovwq KaTa v)tvL ad7Too0o6C0aC 8OKEL, appevov Se &rpos acppevas O6AEXtucv Trpo's 0rAeaS' 5 Trapa 'vcal Kat 7v 7TpiVT rd- -J'rlaL eETval tL' aKpa'etav 7a0Sovs. r avT's Se 87' Kpr7T-Ov Trv rrepti ravv'L '7- 'LvOov sKaTryopoLev CLs XoyorTOLtcavwr vOrc-7v' E'TEL87 rrapa Atos d 47 i36 d HAATQNOf aVTOCS Ol6 l'OfkOl 7TE1rtO`TfVpEV0&?)Wuv yeyOl'vcu&, Tjovrov Tov viOov IwpocrTEKcvat KaTa Tov^ L\XOS, ~Va E1To'levo0L7 T(,^) OGCq) Katp7To-lTat Kal TaVT?)?V T7V)? 7180V-V. TO /.LEV OVV? TO?) 5 pvUOovXape) o VLQWv 1TrfpLc SacTKoTToviV(LEvW cLvOpW7o.W 'A aa'carv'acls Wp TIF ' SO Lo77p'T Tag t78oag KaL& TagS AV'rrag El' TE 7rO'AEatV KCa~ l' ev&OL9?)Ecaw Sv'o ya~p a;urat -1T-qyat /EOIEWVTaL SbV'EIE pEW, dI 0 /Lkf' capVTo/LLkl'oT QOP e 8EL6 KaLt 0'TTOTEr KaLL 7OITE~'ao EV&LqatOVCE, KaLt 77TOALs' Jop4otw' KalL L&8wTY)& KabU ~p('oo al7Tav, 0 3' a'vE~rTWTI)ov)we a/Lka Ka& EKT0S',rWV aLPWVTaVCLVTLE aV? EKEWCU ) j ME. AecyETac I-kEl TavTaL, w" ~el, KEA(Og 77wg9 oi3 1-qv 5 (!AA' dqoaua y' -qW-zag Aa,43avet TI. TTOTE XPI) AE'yECV 7rpO'g TaLUTEL, O/UOS 8 E~lkO1.7 op~co SOKE& To' Taeg 71T l I58 %'OVdg qIEt'yCL &caKEA~vEaEEaL TrO'v yE ev AaLKe&a4LoV l'O/.OGETIJV, 7TEP& S r6ov eV Kvuqvuv0E L)EE7, J3OI)G7CEL. 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Na' auwqpovoZ yap <(v>, eve, al 0d otoOvos ovTrc 7TrpadTrV. 60 NOM2N A 649a A~. HIIdAY s8 7rpos ro v vo!oOcrv Alycoyiev rTa8e Etlv, 649 0) vo1LoOea, 'rov 0jev 8r) 6fl6o0v acXe8ov ovT' 0CEOS E6S KEV aVOpo7TroS' rowoVTov QaptLaKov ovre avrot 1LEr7X"avpkjlEfa7o-s yap yoraS OUK Ev Oo'vr Xe'ycu —7rS 8$ dolas Kal 7ov Aiav Oappetv Kal aKaltpCuS <Kal> d t7) Xprj wdepov TEcT'v 5 7rpJua, ) 7T roAs AyoLev; KA. "Ecrvw, 7oacEt Trov, rov otvov Opacowv. A~. 'H Kacl 'rovavrTov EXEL 'oiVro T r vvvr8s) AEyo/tLevC; 7rtovTa rov avOpw7rov avraov avrov 7TOLEl rTpWTov IXEWCV EVVS JaXiov 'i Trporepov, Kat orroaco av re avro v avov yevrra, b Tooovrcp 7rAELovov eArrTcov aya6cwv 7rATXpovaOal icat vvdLEW~S Et5 8o(av; KalC TrEAEVErv 87 TgraJro ro Ovos' 7rTappr)caas caS croobs CSv tcaro-rae KaSt,evOeplas, 7dcrr'Es $s dToplTas, corrce elIetiv e aoKvcoS OTLOVV, doaavrwc)s 8 Kal IrpaCaL; rTas 5 'l' cv, o t-LaL, rav' aiv crvyXcopo. KA. T L/v; AO. 'AvaLvr)aCOtJLEv 8r) ro8o, o'r o8v E(f>afv tElawv ev raLs tfvXaLs oeWv Opa7reveaOaL, TO JLEV OTrTWS o7t,taAcrTa Oapprjcrofev, To Se rovvavrlov 7r fJactarr7a ooPrlacy6eOaa. C KA. "A r7js atSovgs AEyes, wS oloLCea. A~. KaAo-s [Lvr7yLLovevere. c7reL87 8e 'rrv 7e avopsEav KaC r'qv adooplav Elv rTOlS o'SBots' SEE KaTara/LEAXCeTra0a, 0`KE1rreov apa ro evavr7ov ev ro 7 evavrlotLS epacPareveceaaL ov 5 av E I). KA. To y' y ov elo's. AO. "A 7ra0v'vTEs dapa reC(f)Kajuev tSLaepO'vrcus OappaAEot 7 EtLva KaC OpaCL ro, EV TVLS 'OoK C ve 7O ilEAETcav Cs?7KLtrTa elvaL avatcXvvTovS Te KaCt OpaovrT7rTros' yeLovTras, jofepovs 8E ' TelsO6 'T oAyv EKaacrore Aeyetv d ' ' % 8 - s e C 7 7rTacrXELv 7) Kat 8plv alaXpov OToVv. LKA. "EotKEV. AO. OVKOiV ravTa'r eaTr 7rwava ev olCs EaClev TOTovrot, Ovpos', 'piws', vBptis, daaOla, iLotAoKepSEL, <CE >SecAla, Kat eT 5 rodt8e, 7rAoVroS, KaAAOS, lo)Xvs, KaCt rdvO' oaa st 'Sovr7s av L~e0vaKovTa rrapaqdpovas vroteL; rovTcov 8s evTreAr re KaL acLveaoepav T pc rov pLEv 7rpos 7r XaLafldveLv Trelpav, ECra ELs r6o 4oEAETErv, TrXA7v rrjs ev o vco pacrdvov KCat 7TadsLCo, riva eXOfev s7o80vv El7Telv sE//e'rpov,iaAAov, av Kai orcarOUovv e /CrE Eva /3ELas ylyvr7rat; (YKorjLwtevycpp $r' svrKoAov ivX' js 61 649 e IIIAATfDNOY, NOM&N A Kal ayptas 'S' a tKat 1lvptat yiyvovl-at, '7TOTEpov i~vra ELST l-d avppfldAca 7re-pav AcqjizflvELv, KtVsV~evSov1a i7Tept 650 avrwov, cnboaAepw~rEpov, -9 crvyyEvOjiEvov IETa 'TrJS Tov to vtkaov GEcoptcL; -q -rrpog~ racppooacna 'TTjp1XVr'qS TW69 bVXfj /3aaavov Aa/i3cdvecv, EITLcTpE7ToVTcL acTOl) GvycLTCpas- TE Kal VECS' Kai, yvva Was9, oVTOS~, eV' TO Ls, btA~a7TOL' KLa VVEv~cavP-ct, 5 MOos v -g GfcaaUrOct; Kat jivpia o-q AE'ywV Oii aV T-Cg ITOTE avvacteEv OUCI) O&aof'EEt To' tIETa' ITcLLOtaS T7')V 'aiXAWS0 JvEv fW760rOV )-qLtwaO8Vs90GEWpEW-. KaC1U Ka', TOVJTO ~tevaEvTo Tep& b ye -rcv5-wv ovi- aLv Kipyi-as ovT- aAAovsg avpowrovsg oo)e'vaS OcoptEOa d(L uflpy-7)aa, /L-t7 ov' 7r-pa'v TE a5AA?4A(OV ETTLELK? / / 1 - 1 % I TaUT'?? C EWCL, TO Ire T)7S9 EVTEXelELS KalL a&aaAEt'aS KalTa~v &c bepE irpo's- Ta'g JAAas' Pacrd'vovs. 5 KA. 'AA-qO's- rov-To' YE. A~). Tov-To uE'v a'p a'v Tow Xp-qat1IklWTaTW0V EP Eol'? TO yv %a ia (1VU T KL ge lELS' TcOV O~VXW V, T?^ T X V?7 E E& 7 ~gEUTTV TaV^Ta Ocpa7TEVEtVl EaTLIV SC' 17OV, oal-dev, co's o~tiat, ITroAMTKI7. 7 Ya'tp; 10 KA. Ha'vv ~&t'v oi~v. 62 BOOK IT SHORT ANALYSIS 652 a-664 c.-Music, if of the right sort, acts as an enchantment, to train, and form, and keep alive, right sensations of pleasure and pain. 664 c-667 b 5.-To direct this art aright, and form standards of taste, great experience is needed: this implies at least maturity, if not old age. Here Dionysus comes to the help of the Muses, and adds to age some of the fire and inspiration of youth. This is a second use of )uh'9-q 667 b 5-67I a 7.-A disquisition on aesthetic criticism, especially (669 b 5 if.), as applied to music, singing, and dancing. 671 a to end of book. Details as to the constitution and conduct of the chorus of Dionysus: the subject of bodily training is referred to, but not discussed. B A~. To 8~q fLEd TrO VTO, W09 EOLKE, UKE-TEOV EKE~VO ITEpl 652 LVTOW, IrOTEpa TVTlJ-ro -lOvov cyaBP EfXEC, TO KaICEL6EW 7TCOg EXOIPEV TagS Obv'UEtgS, r Kt TL TtLL YEEOs WoEAlCLS aetov rwoAAX OITOV&7S' E'VEcTT EJV T1 KaT OJOOOV XPEL' T77S EV OYLVP OYVVOVI I ~ cdta'a. T& OijV &v) AE`YOokEV; EbEaO, ds Ao'0yo- EOLKEV fot'- 5 AEca6aL UrJ/itacvLvyLV' oIT?7 aE Kca' OITW&, EKOVW/0_LEtV 7TPOU7EXOVTES TOP P0V1, 1q 7T77 iTapa1rostooGw/XEv VIT' aVTOv. b KA. AE'y' o~V. A~. 'Avatvrju6OvcvaTOLl'VP Eyw7E IEcLALV E'&6rt 65 LC-OTITOTE AE'70LEy q 0 Lt EqT at T7aV opG'pi TaL ELaP. 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IP WTOV 517' TOvUTo aIToSe~e6,1Ea; OW/pEl' I7rtELLSLEa ETl'at ITrpwTqV Sta, MovaWYV TE KEL' 'Aff0AAcl'og ', )ILS 64 NOMQ2N B 654 a KA. Ovwcs. A~~. OVIKOVV o LbEv aTraL8evTos aXOPpeVroS rlu v EU-rTa,TOv 8e 7r7raTL8ev/JLvov IKavW KEXOpEVKora OerEov; b KA. Ti,u'v; AO. Xopela yE /-tv opXrats TE Kal 4co Tro avvoAov KA. 'AvayKaZov. 5 A~. 'O KaAcoss pa 7rErratcoevjfevos aov8EtvE Kal opXEZacOat 3vvaros' v a' ELr KcaAwS. KA. "EOLKEV. A~. "IScoLEv 8r T ro0 Eor arc ro vvv aV Acyo'/Ctvov. KA. To,rotov S; IO A~. "KaA)s a'ecE," qaELv, Kat KaAws opXrait 7OTepov EL Kal KaXa aSeEL KCaL Kaa opxelraT rTpoacrOWev 7 C 7; KA. Ilpocr0ti/lV. Ai. T 8' aiv ra KaAa Te r^yov'yevoS Ecva KaXa Kal Tra alaXpa alaXpa ov'rcs av-roZs Xpy'rat; P/A-rtov o rotovros 5 7TEracO8EV1LEvos jL'tV ECarat T7rv opelav TE Kal OVCvtKr-V 7) os' av To /v icrV, oaTt7l Kal Trj (wvf7 ro oavor70Ev etvatL KaAoO lKavCS' V7T7)p7eiEVOvvrl7UJ EKaoT07EX alp Se o7 ),roLS KaAots rTO acrofJtarL /rl rTdvv vvargTOs KacropOovYi h slavoCl'ar, r1j d 3E 7?$Sovr Kal Avurr KaTropoti, rda Lv doarragotLEvooS OcraKaad, ra a v vaXEpavcov, o troca Lrp KaVa; KA. HIoAt' r6 mOa epov,, e YeL, A IeTs' Ts raSLas'. A~. OVKOiV ed eyv TI Kaoahv (oirs TE Kal oPXa7JewS 7TEpL 5 yt, yvco'(7KOlv rpeL oTvreS,,lULev Kal rTv Tre'rarLev"$evov ~e Ka' drai8evrov p s EC 8e ayvoovev ye oOvro, ovTS' el rLSs rraioelaS (cTrlv bvAXaK~j Kal OtroV st&ayLyvWrUKeLv dv Trore SvvalteLa. p our OW; e KA. Ov'rco Lev ovv. A~. Tavr' apaerda G rov0' 7,)tv ag Ka0'caa7p KV'lvLXVEvovUtaaSS LEpEvvr TOV, CX7r'a kTE KaOOv Kal eXAos xKaT:' Co3v Kal opX7rJlv el ErcoavGO' as t avyovraolrj yaEracvLaios 5 o Lerd rav90' 7FLV repit raSeCas opl r's eP S 'EX, rEvEA) tKV r eTE,pBapLKapKs Aoyos dv EL). KA. Nal. AO. EtEv ri o or) To KaAOv XP71 #dvat C XKa L a 7r CeXos VOL. 65 F 54 e IAATQNOZ Io etvaL iTo'e; #epE, avOptKLKrs V SvX'S E yr VOtS gXO(levr7S Kal 655 8ELATXs eV TroS avrots TE KaL LaOLS ap opoLa Ta TE crat-7aTa Kal ra f Oeyq aOa avupfalvet ylyvEcQaL; KA. Ka" 7IT-S, o'e y7E fL78e Ea Xpu aa; A~. KaAhs- ye, 3 ECTatpe. &AA' ev yap Liov(/rLK7 Kat 5 Xcru',ara -LEv Kcal LeA evetv, V rEpl pvLpov Kal apttovtav owvr)s i-r's p/LOVaLKr/S, WaUre EVpvOULov,Lev Kal evdapLoarov, I Cn\ I 3 J a evfXpv 8 e f,AOS ' aX7jLa oVK E(aTL aTreLKacavTa, WroTep OL Xopo8saacKaAol ac7reTKacLOvatLV, opwcoS' oe0ye'Ca0al To 8c rov 8eCAov o e Kal avSpelov 4XTjqEa a Le7os Co r eiv Te, Kal b OpOcs TrpoaayopeveLv EXE Ta LiEV ti v o avSpeLcv KaXd, Ta T-6v 8ELAcov 8 alarxp. KaL tvca Sr -r ) LaKpOAoy'a -TrorAA Tis' ylyvr7rat '7Tep& ravW rfJtv a.Travra, CarIA6s0 eCrC S ra e ' s X ' n ' X 'S ^ '5 aper'sg eXoJLeva vs 77) rcoaaTos, et-re avTrrjs eLtre 'Tvos 5 ELKOVOS, avtLrraYva aX'77}1ara e KaL [LEA I KaC, Ta 68 KaKlas av, TOvvaV'LOv Ca7av. KA. 'Opfs rTe 7TpoKaA77 Kal Tav0' l'v OTWS EXEv d7rOKEKplcTC0) Ta vvv. AO. "EO 8'O Troe' s7oreEpov aITravTe ST aatCs XopelaLs C.lotctS xalpolev, ) vroAAovo Set; KA. Tov TravTro'g v ouv. A~. 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'A7TOKEKp'u~cu~ eyLwy av' cLE caLqv orXe3Ov TaV^T',EpolJkevoV aacL w9, Ka.L /ULcLOfLv(L) cuS E~pwQJT7)Ls, ovaTC avT7) c 85 73 c IIAATQNOZ 'Ta vvv a7TOKpL&S' 'TE EcTwL, (S6 eJTTOV, KaL E'rL 7Tpoara'TLS SLaTLrpadvaaOaL rTa 7ept yVu/varrLtKrs. KA. "AptaO' v'nAXa3es TE Kca ov'TW 877 7roiEL. 5 AO. HoLr7Eoiv0 o03e yap Travv XaAEroY Ec(TLV ELrrEL VUv fJEl7TfEpiaS' 7 ev EKEKv7, FJLETEXETE. KA.,XESov aOr7j AEyELS. A~. OVKOVV av 'av'Trs apXrl uev Trrs Trat8LaS TO cKaTa d vtwv 7rSa&v el0 tlOaaLt rav;wov, To 8e avfepc'Trtov, Wc eau.ap, a'cr0oL7vL XaaSv rov pvAV6UOv eyevvacev Tr opxawtv 'Kat fETreK, 'T rov ) fLteovs V7roxt,1tLvr7Kov7TOs KCL eYELpYTOSvr TOV pvO/LOV., KowwOevT atAA)XoLs X0opeiav Kal TraL&Sav eTe5 KET)V. KA. 'AA7Ge'ra'Taa. A~. Kai TO tkev, fapdv, j &77877 &eXA7vOaVev avTOV, TO 3e Tretpaaocr eOa C'e{Trs 8eEXOelv. KA. Havv Iev oWv. o1 A~. 'EzTr roLwv r'j rrs ItdOs XPELa TOV KoAoa0va e 7TpWrTov e'TOi3CLEY, el Katl acOv aVV8OKEL. KA. noLov 87) Kal TIva AEyeLs; A~. 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KaA(JkJ, Kat2L UrVV80KE(t. 87 BOOK III SHORT ANALYSIS Book III. is, in general, a study of the origin and development of civic communities, undertaken specially with the view of finding how laws arose, and what is the effect of laws on the organism. 676-68? e.-Prehistoric times: early forms of polity and the origin of law. 683-693 C.-The Dorian Confederacy: reasons for the decline of Argos and Messene and for the rise of Sparta. 693 d-698 a. -Persia as a type of autocracy: the evils of too great power in the governor. 698 b-7o1 e.-Athens as a type of democracy: the evils of too great freedom in the governed. F 676 A~. Tai-ra ptv oiyv 8r) 1-av'-rr 7roAuv-daSd S 7TOTIE 9%/~LEV YE7OVEVat; IIWV OVIC EVGEIV'E rTS av Q3ri)Yv pauTE KCl KdAAcuTca Ka~l-ot; KA. 1106Ev; 5 A~. OOEVnrEp Kt T7JV TWV 7TO'AEWV EWIWSOLV ELS apeTrJv MkETqlPaLvovaav dqta Kat KcXKLaV EKdaTOTIE 0EaL-E`OV. KA. AeyeLs 86 'To6Ev; AO. OLaL (ev drro XPOVov (JA7KOVS TE Kal d7rTEtplaS' Ka b T-c V /UE-rafloA6Zv Ev TC0 TocLoV'W. 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KaALarT' eltpjKarov. aiap 7TetpELpLEOa Aoyp) TTpWiov KaTOlKLELV T-7'V TdAtOv. 116 BOOK IV SHORT ANALYSIS 704-707 e.-Foreign trade and a navy are dangers to the honesty and the bravery of a people. Therefore our colony should not be too near the sea, and its soil should produce various but not over-abundant crops. 707e-7o8 e.-Better face the difficulty of welding into one a heterogeneous mass of colonists than that of overcoming the general prejudice against any improvement in polity or legislation which you will encounter if they all come from one city. 708 e-7o9 e.-Though bad luck may thwart the highest skill, without skill the best of luck cannot be utilized. 709e-7I2 b.-The best chance for the establishment of a perfect polity is that a " divine " lawgiver should enjoy the complete confidence of a revered and public-spirited despot. 712 b-7I6.-The only true polity is one in which Law is supreme, and in which laws are made in the interest of the whole community. 7I6-718 b.-Our whole duty towards God and all superior powers and existences is here set forth. 7I8 b to end of book.-The need of rational, persuasive, and artistic prefaces to the laws. A~. (IEpE b3j, rvta e S 8tavorOrjvai TroTe 7rqV o7TALv 704 EaUEaac; AEycW ~C ovTL rovvopUa avr7js p- porov O t LTOT EcrL ra vvv, ovSE ELs TOV E7TEtra Xpovov oT' SEr OE7 Katelv avrrv% /,,I A\, C e ), it 'rovro [Luv yap TaX' v 'ctraw Kat 6 Ka-roLKtLTLos a-vr-s - rLgs r7TOS), 7 7TOcrat/LOv TLVOS ) Kp7)V77S 7) QE~cV E7TWcVViTa TCUV EV Tyo 5 Tro7TC) TrpoeErl7 Trr7) avUTav q!)^/Lrv Katvy yevoevjTV?7 7ro 'AEL- b rdSe 8~ Trept aorijs acTv o8 PovAodlevos LAAMov erepuco,, 7Torepov C7TraaAarr'Los eacratL rs D XepaaIa. 117 704 b IIAAT2NO0 KA. SXESoV, Z CElve, ai7TEEt OaAIXrrjs 7E?1 stoAtS, S r'pic 5 Ta vSvv AEXOEwr a 7I'tLV, efS 'Tvas oySorjKovTra aTao8ovs. A~. TI e; Atfe'ves ap elaov KaTa Tavra avi-7qs, 7 T Wraparav adXAitvos; KA. EvAsqevosv ev ov Tavr ye s SvvaTov eav,u.atora, C {Eve. c A~. lIacad, otov Aeyews. rt 8e 7rep avrlv Xc6pa; 7TOTEpa 7rvi9opOOS ' Kai T&vwV -E7TrJSS; KA. SXeoOv ov8evosI 7TLsE7S. AO. reTcW)v se avWrTs r oAts &ap' a ecra&t TS rA7cnaov; 5 KA. Ou1 7ravv, 8co Katc KaTOLCKiETaL' TraCAaLa yap TLS EOCKr-aLS Ev Trcr TOTo) yevotLev7) rT'r Xopav ravTr-v Epr-jLov aTrcpya'aca Xpovov apLXcavov oaov. A~.. TI oe rweOiwv rT KaL opCv Kal vArs; 7rw pepos EKao'Trcov 7rfCV E&Ai7Xev; o1 KA. lnpOC(OLKE T71 Tr7S AA-M s Kp4TrJs' UaEL 8AX. d A~. TpaXvTepav aVT}rv T 7rEStEWvoTepav av A'yoLs. KA. Haivv tev oiv. A~. O rotvvv ro aVLT7 E C EL7 7Tpos' aper7rs KTrCLcv. EL EYv yap E7mtLaAaTrTa T~E EfEAAXEv ELvaI KZal evALEVOs Kat 5 1LoI 7TCJLauopos daM AAErLsers 7roMXAAv, tLycAov Tvos EoSEL acWrrTpos Te avj Kat voFuoOETWrcV Eov elco v ^, el jt TvoXAA Te fLEMEV ' K07 Kal TroIAa Kal OavXAa ECEWV TOLavdCr) V(let yevouLevrI vvv &e rcapaUvtov EOXEEL r Tr)v oySo7rKovTa raasIco. EYYVTEPOV LEpVTOL rTOV EOvTOS KELTat rL 7g aAa6rrTs, 705 aXEOV ov evAo JewoEpav Ev V e av Trjv / sE elval, ozcos 8e dyaTT'7TOV Kaf T0VTO. 7rpaoO&Kos yap COdarra XTcpa rTO fev Trapc EKdaoLv ul/epav Svi, dXaa ye FLrv ovTrcS aApUvpov Kal rTKpov yeTrovMuza' ELrropias yap KaL Xp7iaTLro ouv S&d KaTrr7 -5 AEias' cEj17TtLrAcTa a-vTav, 'j877 rraAlca,3foAa Kal arcLTLa TraCL o PvXai tS EVTKTOVaa, aVTriv TE 7Tpos avT7rv 7rjv IoAtv aMTrov Kacl a(ItLAov ITOt Kal rTpos ToUs dAovs avOp(lroVs O'LaavTcos TrapafJvLtov &e aro 7rpos 7avTa Kal 7rod trt >opos etvaY KEKTr7Tat b TpaXEta Se oera 8-Aov cos oVK av 7roAX5opod [re E'rI KaL ardtcLpopos] dj-a' Trovro yap Exovaa,.TroMAAv Eaycwy7v av. 7rapEXoJLevw1, vooFLiauaTOS apyvpov Kal Xpvaov Tdav w avTepTIr7AatL' av, ou LElSov KaKOV cOs Eros EL7TreY rroAe adva' 5 evos v ovSev dY ylYVOL70 ES' yeaVCCI KCa S'KaCIwv E'E, vO KTiLatv, cos EaLev elt,LrEu7'LEBa, e'v Tros IrpoaOev Aoyots'. 118 NOMQN A~ 70o5 b KA `AAMad JLLE/.Lv-q/LLEC L, Kal' av)/Xcopov1Lev ToTE AeyEt -9/ka- p S'Kal Ta ivvP. A~). TI SC 8&q; vav'iriy Iorqzg i;Ag J~ Toirog 7'7i' rfjgT C Xcjpag 'ii"s-Ex t KA. OVK 4EOCTW OVTE lT!9CEAaLTV) Ao~yov aela, ovT cav 7rEVK'!), KVITapLtT-OS -r~e ot) 7roAA-q' irtIrvP ' aJ /cal vAd-ravov oAtly-qv ay EVPOL Ttsg, otg9 & ' rpogS Tat TOW3 Ev/Tog TCOW ZiAOLCO/w LEpv ca1/CyKaLov Tots& /avIT7r7yotg )Xp7)YOat EKdCLTOTE. A~). Kal Trav — OvJK aLV KaKOUSg exot T,, Xcwpa Trgvac KA. TI, Sq; A~. Mtw~cetsg ITo/77pasg /J4tE~cT~a& Tovsg 7ToAE/uLOvg /v) pa l&'wg &vaur~at Ti-a 7rc'At d'ya0O'v.d KA. E k3 Sq T -r TLv EtP-pYJ `EPOJv flAe'f` g ElITc9 o Aeyets'; A~). "KQ 8atu~ol/L, ObAaT-re j LEl. 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E7TTA aIToAE~aaL =Zatas aa3To-tg UVI/I EY E, iTr al' L 7 E -W '7TA CT WP /LoL'i/I.zwv vaVT&KOVSg C 119 jo6 c 11AAMhNOY I TVICV % al '7TI)8 avTas', 8PO1LU K W-S' EI c S yEV0/.LEV01)S' qv t 7V va d To c aL )(O isTra voaV9 TcLxi 7cLAtv dIoXcopEV, KaLL 8OKE`FV /LTJ6E'v ac~o Tc Jt7) TOA 1LLO vTag aEL2ToOV fl K L b'o a ' E T c/ E 07LJ W TO IE - 5 UtwV tA' EKvtcLS aVTO LS' ytyvE rOact 7TpoodXLEtS KalL or ko 8ipa EI-0 las' orrAa TE dToAaVOW Kac' OE'E1y0vaYt 87) TWOaSOV ataxpcas', ( S fC UV,a(V C g VT a yap EK vVC YTLIC7S' O7 A TEMkLS pqjlkaTa Of&AELZ u1vpi~alvEL, Ov"Kale c a EwatCvW (o vroAAaKtcrd twLplwv, a'AAa To1vvaVTb0V' E67) yapL 1TOV7)pa' 0 v8E6TOTE EOI~EW S,Kal TaV-Ta To' T7(1 7tOAtTW~V lE~A1TCUTOV jLL'pOS'. q'v SC' '7Tov 70OV70 YE Kat 7Tap O1Lc7pov) ACa/3E, O'Tb TO EITLT7)O&v/Lta 7) 1v TO TOLOVTrOl 0t KaAOv. 08vc~aEvS's yap av'Tw)ALOE 3 5'Aya~u wova, T (20V 'AXatc-V TOTE 2'70 T(1)1v TpOCOwV KaLTEXO - l~EVWAv IcdX7) KAvOTa Tag vavgs Els- T7v OdAaTTav KaGEAKEW, 0 E XaEra`E TE aVTp) KaL EEL e 0OS KEAEU ioA4poto a1vvELrTT OTOS! 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Ka' yap O TAAO% 7(T -V EAA'4VwJV TE KaXt /ap/cpdpwv c Ae'yovart Tav^Ta. 7)/1.4&s' 0E (1) co OAE3 EYWO TE Kal o8E, MEyLAA s', Olqcpf V 77)1 7Tec-q)v WaX7)1v 77)1' E M apa663vt yEvo1LE'V?)V 120 NOMQN A 707 c rjv ~E re'Aos mOeOEvat, Kal Tas tev f EArtiovs rovs "EMrAvas rrotrcrat, Tas' EATOv, Z$ o erovs, 'v S ovr 'os yWoJev rreptl 5 ToTe vcrvocracrctv 7/Juas tLaXpcv 7rpos 7yap rT 7repp IaAapuva p 'v TrEpl 'o ApreILodv aOL rrTpocOlcr a) Kara OaAarrav uaX-rv. dAM yap aTofiAE`TovTes vvv 7rpO 7os ArTEXas apETr7 Kal d Xcopas v'ocJV aKo7roV/LE0a EKal vdCtcov TradL, ov ro a(co' EaoBa TE Kal EtvaL JtLOVOv avpcowrTOLs TliLraTrov 7jyovjUevoL, KaOa7Tep ol TroAAMo, ro ' os PEArIXrrovs yIyvecala Tre Kal Elvat Troaovov Xpovovv o av aoot ELpTvaLL ' e fjLtv ot`Lat Kal Trovro ev ro 7S rTpoOev. KA. Tt ILV; AO. TovTo Trovvv aKKO7TCLe0a 1odvov, el Kara rT v avTrrv oo'v epXO6LEOa 3eATrTr77rv ovrav Tro'AtEL KaroCKL(aECOv trEp Kal VO00LE0CTLw)V. 10 KA. Kal TroXv ye. AO. Aewy S ro TOilV To TOVTOLS' Es' TlS K OKaToK o- e Z'v ' o s AE ~T'tS' FeEvos VCie'V WeS EcUratL; TrOTEpOV fE ara'CTs Kp'jTes o 06'Acov, os oxAov r vos ev ralS ITO'AEotv Kao'Taas yeyevqrlevov 7rXAlovos ') KaTa r7rj' EK TrS yfS. Tpo(rjv; OV yap 7rov TOV 3XovAXoLEvov yE 'EAXrjvuv avvayeTr. KatToL TLvs v0 IIV K 5 Te "Apyovs opJ) Kal Alylv"rs KCal dMAOev T'cov 'EAXvwcv els r)v Xopav KaT'KtalJeV1ovs'. TO 5E 6Tj 7rapov iLv, Aeye, 708 7TrOev 'cre(aaL (7s TrpaTrotroov r'a)v ' ro ticLv r' vvv; KA. "EK TE Kp7'rrs o'vfTraO'1 s EOLKEY Yev7aecETOac, Kal TrSv MCAAov 8e 'EAAr'vcv cdaAtar' <a'v> pLOL qaivoV7aT rovs aro7 IIEAo7rovv1orov 7TpoaoseaocOaL oCvvolKovs. Kal yap o vvv 5 7) hAeyELS, aAXr76Oes padELS, do E' "Apyovs eclrv, KaCl T yE dcArXT' E'VSOKLsLOVv ra vvv evdaSc ye'vos, Td rop7VVIKO' EK FrprTvos ya7p TvyXdveL dar,:oT:KKos rTavT7rs Tr7) HeIIorTovv7lCLEaKr5s. AO. 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'OpOOTaTra AE'YELSv. 138 BOOK V SHORT ANALYSIS 726-734 e2.-Conclusion of the General Prelude, the first part of which came at 7 15 e 7-718 a 6: " Honour the soul in the right way, and cherish the right kind of human characteristics." 7346e 3 -7476 11.-Regulations (1) As to selection of members of the conimunity, and the rejection of undesirable citizens. (2) As to Numbers of Households. (3) As to Arrangement and Division of Landed Property. (4) Limitations as to the nature and the acquisition of Property. E A~. 'AKicov't & -q V~ag OarTcp VVV8VJ, Ta, ITEptl OEW^V TE -qKOVE 726 Kat~co TWV91Acov po2Ta-r pWov rraVTcov yap Tcov avT-ov- KT7)[LCL'Tcov [/f"Ta" OEOV'SJoVX)) GEtOTaTOV1, oLKEwOTaTov OV. Ta' 8 aV'TOV8tT~d' 7TaVT EUTt lT6a@Lv. Ta% "kEl O5v'vKPEtTTC0) Kat a"Etivo)S(o~Va Ta 8E?7TTWC Kat XetpWo SoiAa- TcJV oIvv av'TOv)Ta' 81Ea77TO~VTa 5 aEC ITpOTCJI7k-TEOV TCOV? SOVAEV6VTWOV. 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KaC or) Kat vvv r7v OLE5EPXO155 743 e IIAATh2NOI: 1LEa, iroAm-lav, El uJE~v T-as 1-L/aCL OVT10 T-aT1eT-at, op ogs l)El)OjLLOE`T-q)1at- ElSE T-Ls Tc-Wv 7TpOuT-JaT-r-o/t Ev)Wl CLV 1-06 l)OjL/&Wl 744 cTO aoO Vl7s E/Jk7TPoaOEv V'yLEtal El) Tfl 'TAEL 9oav)EL1at 7tOL T~kc ) -q7TA0v1Tol) 1ytEtas- Ka T-oi acoO~pO)E-tV, O131K O3pGi-g aal~aqcvlE a-Tat T-LGE~kEV)0s. /TOVT1 OOiv &-q TToAAa'KLS- E LU7)-/Jk Cv)EcrOcL Xp)q TO'V VOL~o~toE'l-qv-T I TE flov'Aoika; KaLL Et' pot 5 cYV/43pac)Et T01)-T0 7) KaU aLiTOT-VyXCaV) TOV (YKOTOV;-Kal 0VTCW TaXavicC0 EK Tq V)0)LOOEatag aV~ EEKpaclvoL KtT aAAovs- aLITcAAELTTOC0, KaT1 caAAov SE' Tpo'7Tov) ov'Sa ac Eva 7rT01E` c0 &j AX(' KEKT-qaOCLUWa, Ev T' KAipovE9 0T b Lp-qK cqLEV 27l) /.XEV 7 KaI) aq1 d a L avTTCl1,EXov)1a EVa EKaU1r0ov EWOEW CE~s T-27v aw ot0K~cla EITEta7 aE 01) avva~rov, aAA0 ILEV T&g TTAEtW KEKT-77tLEvos caqpl4E1-at Xp4-q /ka1-a. 0 a'c~-ola E aq COAW EVEKa, TCWV TE KCLTCL 5 ITOAL CaO~ cUO1-7)1Os- EVEKaL, 1-Lql7)ar-a avLtaa yEv)EcO LL, apXa& TE KLLL ElLaoppact Kai" Savao)0-Lal 1-r-7l 1-r7-q celas- E'KcLU-rots i-Lqv ik-qL? KaTr apE1-qJVUOJVOVl 1-r-V TE 7TpOYOVCWV KaU 1-7)v av5-ov, C,r a-L UW ~ T Y LaX~s- Kal EvLuopc la, aAAa at KaLa, 2TA0V1-r0V Xp7)ULV Kal 7TEvlav~l, -ras T-l~as TE KlL ap~as- cogtoUaL1-ala w avlacuO auVlALE1-pc aE' c7TroAa/43ckg oa 1-E- taLL~b~ p ~ )1-a. 1-0 )1-W ET ~a p a A.LEy 'EGE T-77 O VU 'a - 1 L L ) ~,~ a a T -EL O atL Xpe W'v, irp w1 o )s L EV 1 EpOVS- K a' - ul0 S Kat T-E1-apT-01), 17 T-LUtl CLAAots- 7To a o ~ ok'ov Ol)O1 ka acLUv.$ 01-aV TE uLEVWUL1v E) 1-y aVTCO Tq-q/7)LLaL- KalL 01-al ITAovULwT-EpOL EK 7TEl)2p"Wl Kal EK 7TAovat(l0 7EV71Es YLYl)OAel)Ot d ALe1apaU'V0WULV EIS TO0 7TPOG7)KOl) EKacUToL Eav1o -OtvTLV 1-qL7)pa. TUaE a EIM'TvTL1O-Ocs g a V'OLO1) Ux'v1a XllE`YcyE a'vTCLEL'7)V) osEITOAL~Evovl) aELZ yap El) 7T6AEL ITov, 0ajkaLEV, T-7 TOV1 ILEYLU1-0V l)O U7)FLLu a -0s 01) /Il EEoc 0v U7), 0 a& U -CLT M1O Y O) 0 T01EP OV av vqT KEKAI7aTLaL 1.k /-E ITEl)Lapl 177l) xaAE~7TTlv El)Evdva ITLapa T-WV T-aV1-C aqL o1Epa- lVVV 0VV O)POV aEt 1-OV1-Wl EKaT1EpOV) 1-Ol l)01LL06ET-7)v qpa'~Ecl. EU1-W a8 7TEVtaS- /JL)V opos- 7) TOV e KA7)poV T-LAL7, 0l) aEE 1LLE`)ECl K~al' e al) IX WV oMaE4s ova El) 7TOTO1 2T pOt' E1-ac EAcLT-1- 7Lyl) /L l 0l, v- l 1-E aAA c l) K a 1-a 1-av1 -OvaELs- O U1-Ls- q~)AO1rt-LJos EIT' C~pE1-7. AEl -Pol aE% aV1-TOl OE/ LElV)OS0 voiLoOE`T-q )s aLIAdtov EaaEL 1-01)1-01) K1-CLUoOaL Ka~ lTpm~Aaawv 5Kat ALEXPL T-E1pa7TAacTcov - wM'AOva a' JVl T-Ls K1-CL1-t 1OV1-Wl) EVP WAV -9 aoo0 l)1-A)v ITO G l,17 Vp7)j-LaT-LUa jlEl0.T, 77 1-Ll) 1-VX-2 166 NOM2N E 745 a ToLavTq Krjdaa/Evos oAD Tx a rTreptycyvoFLeva Tov Ierpov, j) 745 7roeL adv a'ra Kal Tols rr)v 7roAw eXovatv Oeois aTroveLwov EVOOKL[LWo TE Ka adjtLLOS aV E17' Ea TtSea a7retOr VoIM Trc vo/Lj, obavEt eLEv o povAo',evos E7L TOLS?7JLUCTELVW, 0 oncAc)v aAAo TorovQTov (LepoS avo7TEiXEL Trrs avUTOV KTj(EOS, 5 Ta '?7laUa L TO)? 0co. '7 ~e KToroLs XCpS TOV K r)pOV 7TravirTcv 7raa ev Tr vep) yeypo'cO Trapa v'actv apXovutv, ols a v o vo Cos 7TpocrTC4rJ, rTS av at SKaL 7Trep rEvrwv o0a lS xprE Ptara paLac te ' L Ka craoSpa aaLeoEs. b To r3j ULerTa rovroT 7rTpT7ov 0 EIIV T)v TdOAhLV t$pvcrOaL SeE r7s Xoaspas Ort pdAAtcrra ev eadCp) Kal TrAAa oca a 7rpdocqopa 7TO'AE Tc)v vrrapXovToJv 'Xovra TO'TOV e/KAEcaLevov, a vocrai Tr Kal ElrTE'I ovSev xa '7TA ro'v/ ea e avTa epri 8 EKa 5 OSEAErEOac, OE['levov 'Eartas 7rpWrovT Kal AtOs' Kal 'AOrva^ lEpov, aKpodTToAv Ovoi/tCaovra, KVKAOV 7TepLfdcAAovTa, dJ' ov Ta 3o63eKCa /JESp7 TEjL velv T'rV TE TOrdtv av3r'v Kal rwarav C Tr7V Xpcpav. c0a sE 3EL y7yveaOat rda oSc8EKa tLEpr 7 Tr) [Le/v ayaOsg y7s EtIvaL ar/kLKpa, Ta e XeLpovoS /LeEI). KA\rpovS Se sEAXELv TETTapaKOVTa Kal 7TEVTaYCLLXtAlOVS, TOVTO re awr ^ *m, %ovrwv TE av sXa TEeLELv EKauTro Kal CrVyKAr7pwcaa 3v'o Tr/jy'ara, 5 TOV Te eyyvS Kal rov TroppO) [LETEXOOTa eKaTepov, TO 7Tpos T 7roAEL Jpo s TOC) Tps proS s TC rXaol [e s' KA' jpO], Kal TO BSevTrpov aro ro eTEcos A ToU) e7aXacrTCv 8evTepCO, Kal TaAAa d ovTO)s 7Tavra. rj7xavaoaUaL &s Kal ev TOtS' tX'a TfzrL'afrtae TO vvvSj Aeyd/evov (aavoThdrr7To T Kal apeTr7s Xcpas, e7ravl(UovLEVovS TO) -ITA'Oe1 TE Kal OAtlyo'TrTl rTS. ltavo!/ls'. veiLaLm e3 $'7 Kal Tovs davSpas 3oScEKca tuepr7, TrV 17S aA'M/ s 5 ovcr as eLS Zcra o& (ctaALora ra 3 6a)Ka l epr' avvTraadFivov, a7oypa(pTs TaCvTco)v YEvoALevr/S' Kal 5r1 Kal ILETa TovTr SOc)8eKa OEoLts O)eEKa KAqpOVS Oev-as, eTOVO[Lcacrat KCL KaOtepwcraL o Aaov LepO EKacTO) TO OE Co, Kal vv avv e E7TovoLdaoaL. rTEIVELV ~O avy Kal Ta 80~sEKa TrjS ITroAcoS 7TjL' LarTa Tov avrov Trporov OV7rep Kal T7rv aAr7v Xcupav ~iEveJLLov Kal 3vo vellEeat EKaTrov OIKrqcreS, T-7V TE EYYVs Tov /LOuOV Kal T7v Tco)v EoxaTO)V. KaL T)rv /LEv KaToKLtiv 5 OVr7C TeAoS EXELV. 'Evvoeiv oe rj'Ls "' TO" TOlOVeSE Er TV XPEWV EK Travros' Tpoe / I, I. 7TOV, cos Ta vvv Cfp7/Eva ITavTa OVK av TroTE Eis TOLOVTOVS' Katpovs crv[L7TEcro, COUTE auV,/7vaC Kara ' oyov ovTr) aov-' 157 746a IIAATANO0 746 rWavTa yyevlEva, tavpas re oT F S8vaXepavovat rv Totav'7-v avvolKlav, dA' v7roevovaAv XptEafa r re eXoves a'ctra Kal 'Ta-VTOg KOl q yEVE o'eS' Lp7)Ka/EV JuerpTa Sta Fov Tavrds Kal traicov yeveaEts as alprjKaievL KC&TotIS, Kat Xpvrov arTEpOdLEVOI Kat ErEpcov &v 48jAos O 5 vYo.Oevs Tpooarc wv CrlCv EK TOV7TCV T)V YVV elprJLevYv, CEL 8E Xwpas 'e Kal aoreos, co ELprKIev, /FLEorrF-Tas 'r Kal Ei KVKC O'KtES ' iLxvrTrE, XE8 ov o ove paora AXywv, 7rAdrTcoV KaO0adrp.EK KrpOV Ttva TrrOAL Kal TroA'as. EXEc b 8 s ri rotavia ov KaKWS twva rpotrov cdPr7L'eva, XPr 8' crTavaza/LPavEtv 7rpos avrov ra TroLdS. 7radtv dpa '"L7 LV O voLoE00erv pa EL TO' 'Ey ovrois TroLs Ao'yoLs, d) 0lAot, lt8' avTov KETE o LE AEAr)OEva To vvO AEyo/Levov Co a dhOr87 S&EPXepXraG Ttva Tpodrov. aAAd yap ev EKCLarois rco fLEAOvr7V crecBOat &LKaLoTraov ol/atc TOSe elvat, ToV r' 7rapaEiyptLa EtKvv'vra, otov 8et TO ErrTLXEpovteLvov ytyveaOaC, /kn8ev a7roAIE7TreLE Tco KaAAtlcraToV TE Katl da7)ea7arcoWV, co 8 C avvarTov FL ovpPiawEL roVrCWV ylyveaOatC, Tovro /LEV avro EKKALVElV Katl a ITpaTTeLV, OTl SE TOVOTOV TWV AocLnv eyyvTara ECTYV Kal avyyeveartaToV E'Tv ic-Ov TrpoaqKOVTrcO rrparretv, TOUT auVo 8iai]XavSa0ac JWCos av ytyvr'Tat, rov 5 vYO~oOerJV ' Eadat TiAOS e'TtOElVat Tfl povAXE, yEVO/tEvov 86 TOVTOV, TOT r8 KOwVl oiET' EKElVOV CaKOITEWV OTL TE avOEpEL TcOV Elp7(EVWCV Kal Tl 7TpoaavTes E tp7)Tat Tqrrs voPoOealasT' T yap oJLoAoyovtLevov avTo avT SEl 7Trov TravTraX d drTepyadeuOat. Kal To'v Trov javAorda'ov 8rjp, ovpydv (Lov Eaopevov Aoyov." NVV 87) ToVT' aV'TO 7TPO0Vrn7qTEOV ISEw (LEia 'T; 80o&Crn; V Sa Ipavro 8rpoOvtrlreOV l8elv i~era 8' S aolo r~)v o8 ~Kea p,~pxv o$avojlxCsg, ro riva Trpo7rov gorov or ' r 5 8a~Ka.p 'r] v ev'ros a.5 r~e~aras e'ovra 8avo,vas, Kal -a TOUTOlS voveETOuLeva Kat K TOVTCV yewcoWJeva, UEXPp T3v TeTTapaKovT Tre Kal 7TrevTaKLtUXtA'ov —OeV qopaTptas Kal &7(LOVS KaCl KwJLagS, Kal Trpos yE Tras 7Tr0AELUKaS TatELs TE e Kal ayCoyas, Kal ET& voUcaj/aTra Kal p/ETpa 7pd' Te Kal vypa Kat aTraOa-7TravTa TaUVTa ElfLETpa re Kal aIA^ocs uv4L(jmva 8el To'v ye VO1LOV TaTTEWv. TrpoS Se TouTro ova EKeva 0flrqTEra, 8eLcaavTa Tn7v 8o6acrav av ~ yiyve0at au t/5 Kpo/oyiav, av TLs TrpocrTaTT avra oTro' av aKEVV) Ki-viraL, Lr'7Ev CaLferpov avTcov Eav etvat, Kat Kowvcp Ao'yo voplcrav-ra 747 7rpo's rawvTa devat Xpraqiovs Tas rcv apTW jOov $cavopJga Ka158 NOMU2N E 747 a ITOCKLA(YElS, o&ra Tc av'Tot Ev EavTots, TTOKLQAwr'at KaU ocaa 1 / KE t Ka E' /3CLGECT& 7TOCKIA tL CLTr t, K a' 8 Ka 'L E' 06 oy O Km~ KI17ueut Ta tsg TE KaTca T-7lv EVOV'7TOplcav T?7s- avW KatL KacTci) 0bop6. Kat' T~ KVKAq) 7TEpLcbOpaSg2 7Tpo's yap Tav3Ta 7rl'Ta 8E 8APlhcaTa Tov ye l'o'uoUET-v7TpocLTTTTct' -rots- 7ToAItats7TaUtW Eis5 3Va/ltt TovTWov 1W17 k7ToAE~1TEcr~aL T?7& 0`VVld'Tc EW-. '7TPOS' TE yap OtCKOol'OaVC KCaL 7Tpo05 7TOAtTElaV Kat' 7TP's T's- b,LtcyctA-7l, LO's -q7 7Tept Tov's a'pLO/0juV5s 8tLLTptP/3 TO' &E /4eytCTTOl, OTC TOY l'VLT iOTL ~ aqxt6? bVUELt E7ELPEC Kat Evf~aO27 KaL A-l"?)I[Lova Kal atyXWOVl' a7TEPyaLE apa~cfX T?7lv aLvTov L/Lv 5 E1TL t30'T-a 0EI'a rE'Xl'?7 T( a &7 iT ~'T-a, E l utE'v aAAotg l'O/ULtS' TE Kal E~rvT'pSEV(Lic rctvl cJ qatp'rp-al' TtS' T-l'v a~'EAEvOEp cll'v I 0acAo~p,%a~tav'E Ol OvJX l' T-l -v LLEAAl'vTcl av3Ta tKal'WS- TE Kat OV'70lt/LW(S' KT '7OEor~at, KaLAat Ta' 7at3Ev/Lama Kalt c '7TpOcflJKOVT L YLYl'OLT av' EV8 14, T l KaAov(Jzel'tl al' TtS' 7Tal'OVpy~cal aVlT1 UOrbUXag arEpyaaa/-jLEl'Os' Maoot, KaL~aIEp Aly v iT riio V K atL (?ot'PtKaS5' Kalt 7TOAAaL E'TEpa al7TEtpycaor/LEvac 7El'77 lVvv EUTtl' ISELv VITo 777 T Oc l' cAA wOV El tTIJ8EVLLCLTC0 Kat 5 KTI71LLLTCOv al'EAEVOcplcta, ELITE TLS' l'OILLooET77S aVTOtS' Oac$osavY yevo0LEpos' E$7)pyaaaI7-o, 7a TOtatvT( ELTE XaAE;Th' TVXI?7 7TpOCa7TE(YOVcTCa ELITE Kat ~ LX7 TS OCVT'1. Kalt yap, d CL3 ME'YCAAE' TE KCLL KxAEvtl'a% jLL77& TOOF -q'/La- Aav~avETW 77Ept TOITCOVl LS' OVK ELCatV DXAMO TWCE'9 &Ca/)Eov7TeS' WAAov TOTTcol lTr0S' To yEV'lLdl a6l'pw7rOVS' d4LEwOVS KaLL XE'povs-'S, ot El'aVlTLL vOtkO UET-7Te`0l' Ot 1tLelv y 'wo ' 7E TOVOfX I 'VlLLaTaL 7Tr LlTOtE 5 Kat SLS CIAI)0TECS' ~a"AKOTO'Ao t TE ELUtl Kal Elcvaflort LvTwv' OLt c St' V XTaL, ot 8E' KatL 3t tV'Tl'V T-qV EK T7)S' 7775 TpOk 7'v, Cal'a&3ovcTOav ov' fJ6VOV' TO`S' 0rw'/-Ltaorl' alALEW(L) KaU XEdpLo, TaLLSE e OtvXa-ts olx I7TTr-OP 8val't(El'?7l' 7Tatl'Ta Ta TotaLVTa E/lIT-OtEt', TOVT(Ol' 8' av) -TLVTCOl' ALEYCCUTOl 8&a09EpocEv' at' TOITOt XWopag~S OE Tr8at 1)v es 5 vTo's a, ' KaLTOtKt~0jUE`VOVS' AEO) 8EX6tLEl'Ot KaLL TOvl'avlTLol'. OS'0 7 l'ovl' EXcovl V')OUO ET77S', E7lUTKE~dctbtEl'Os oS'g Cdlv'UC0'TOl Ot&l T' I S N ' t, I EaTtl' UKOITELY Ta TOLtaVTaL OVTLO 77TEtPCOT al TLOE'vaL TOVS' VO0 ILOVs*. S'& Kat ao' IWOrqTe`Ol, dZ KA~tvi'a lTrLOTOl TpE7T-TEOl' EtTa TOLtaVTa MLAA0Vl'T YE KaLTOCtKLcEcV XWupavl. KA. 'AAA, d' el've A67va-tE, AE'7ELS' TE 7T-ayKaAC0,S' 4O' TE OVTLOS' 7TOL-qTEOl'. 159 BOOK VI SHORT ANALYSIS I. 'ApXOVTOwv aL'pEc-EtS KCLL EWLtTT/1v'/LcTaL. (1) 752 e 1.-No/.o4niOaKC3. (2) 755 b 6.-ETpaT-q1yo4 6rrwapxoL, T-a$(ap~ot, 4,v'apXot. (3) 756 b 7.-BovXeVTat' (757 -q a'k-q6EG-Ta7Tq Kalt a'pW'GTr &rTOT71; the lot as an auxiliary agent in elections); I1PVTa'vct,. (4 5-IEpE' and other temple officials. (,5) 760 a 6,-'Aypovo'lot. (6) 763 C 3.-'AorTVV0'o~. (7) 763 c 4. ---'Ayopuv0'oL0. (8) 764 c 5.-MOVOTt-LK3 TE KCLt yv/JkvJa0TtLKT), ap~oVTCS (a) ratSEi'a% (b) dywvtag. (The raL~tcL'a EWLrThjEX1JqT'1 far the most important of all state officials.) (9) 766 d 2.-AtKaO-TaL' (768 e 1-77I a 4.-We must make the No~uo~k'XaKES capable of legislating, for many rectifications and additions to the laws will be needed as time goes on.) 77i a 5.-Distribution of the 5040 households into tribes and other divisions.-Social Festivals. 771 e 1.-Marriage. 773.-The principles which should guide the choice of wife or husband. 774 a.-Marriage a duty to the state. 774 c 3.-Dowries forbidden. 774 e 4.-Legal and religious ceremonies attending marriage. 776 a.-The young couple to remove to the country house. 776 b 5.-Property, especially in slaves-their treatment. 778 b.- Building, public and private. 779 d 7.-The regulation of the first ten years of married life, and the state's interference with private life, especially that of women: advisability and possibility of such interference. 785.-Ages for marriage, military and official service. 160 NOMUN 9 75i a AO. 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ECaY 3 S' a CC!18a 7)T7)~'9 T~S' ytyY7qTat 7rEPC TCOV EKaTEpOLS' T~PETTOYTWY KaLL IwpoaopWYv, 8E'KC TWY0 Vo~O(OqVAaK WV EA /lke'VOVS', OL5'al e n~ "'WU&1 01 OE 70 Wcat~, C TOVTOL5' CtW~EVELV. ELULovaEL 3 g5 TaL5 OtKiaS' TCOiL VEOJv at yvvaLLKE5', Ta /,LEV VOVOETOvUELL, Ta 34E KaLC a7rMAoiknat, 7TELOVYTWY aLVTOV5' 77)5 acqapTlas' KalL captaolas- EaY 3a a 3 VE TO UL I po ' r v s' vo to A aK a S' t OVETELL cp a Co YT w Y, Oit 3 ELp OYTWYV. avLY Ka'L KEZVOlt 7TWS' aL VVCLT7CToat, 17T205 TO 837)ALOLTLOY a17T097YaiVTWYJ avaEypaLIaELTE5 TE KELL o/koECrYTEs7i aL7)v a'SvYETEWZ TOY KalL TOY PEATI'W 7ITOLEW. J~ U daypaoclg d arL/J-tog' EU W L CAO) EL) K L T)lco Trovs' Eyypaoavras', TO) 3E' - LL7)TE yap ELS' YaI-OVS' ~70) /L77TE ei a'o ' Scov EITvrTEAEt(WUrEcs', a'V QE ~77, 7TJA7) TELLs,' 0 povA7)UEL'g' o aucps'LTO a a co a 614003W yap TWYv yvYELLK ELWY KELL -TL[LW Y KELL T WYv ELS' 70o ) ycq' v ' ca y Y tedt <TW L)> 7TalL3W V bOCT ) EW LI 'A T XE W EELY EKOqu/.ovaE coaavLTcogS avaypac nEL L) E 7 L71) OK7. e oTELv 3E' 37) 7TrELLaLS 7EYY7)(7o)VTELL KELTE Yo)luOV 5', EEaL) aAAO rpLaj TL' ITEp& TEL ToLELvTE KOCVWOV7) yvL)ELKt 7) YVV-q avY3pl, Eav I-LEV 7itELSoviocoV/zLc'vots ET&, TEL ELvTE EmTL na/cLE aLI)TO tS' EEJrT W VOL. I 193 784 e IAATONOE NOMQN E 5 Kaa07Tep TOLs' ET r yEVVWcopeOLS Etlpr7Tar' erTa 8e rTava o,tLEv Ca'opovKv Kal oawcpovovora els Tra Troavra Eac 7TravTa EVSOKLtLOS, OC 8 -rovvavrtov evavTtcrw T-qaU'O,!iAAMov 8e aTLnpa5E'ca. KaI eL ETptaortcov,ev LE 7rEpt Ta otavTa Trov 785 rAetovwv avofVLoOerrqra cryO KEUoOWt, aKoaJOrVT'V 8S vouofe'rT7evTa Tavrt'7 rpaTTrrea Knara rovs Tore Treevras vo'LOVS. flov pLv. ap X)r Tov) Tav'ogs EKCcTro'ts o Trpc3Tosg evavTrosg ov yeypaOSat XpeWv ev iepolct TrarpcoOs's W77s 5 apx7. KopOt Kat KopV crapayeypadOw ' ev ToXP AXAevKWCopevl v ra' 1aU paTpa TOv apLtov Tcwv a&pXovTrv '7&v c'm rols rsoeatv aptL OVyevwov' 'rs 8e ( parptas acdl rovs b 5-rVTas exEv yeypdaoaL A7TXrf'tov, TovgS ' V7TEKXcpovTas rov fSlov eCaAEi)beLtv. ycJ/Lov 8e Jpov elvat Op ev Q IPOV ELvaL KOf)7 IIEV arTo EKKaieK a ETWY els ELKOMC, 7TV pLaKporTaov Xpovov (CPLaJtpJVOV, KOpCO 8 adiro TrptaKOVTa CEXPtL WrV 7TEVT Kal 5 rptaKovTra els 8e apxas yvvatKtl Uev r7E7apaKovTra, avSpl 8e TptpaKovra T'rrL' TTpoS 7n'repov 8e dvpl pEv e EKOo, LeXptL TWV ESrKovTa eTWv yvvactl 8s, rqV v SOKfl Xpeiav 8erv XpCcjaOal Trpos Tda roAECLKa, e7TEt8v 7ral8as Syevvrjaj, TO SvvaTrv Kal /rpeSroV EKaruTaLt TTpoarTerrEtW EVXPt TrV 7rTevrfKOv7ra ETcV. 194 NOTES I NO 0TE S BOOK I The Drarnatis Personae. Lacedaemion and Crete were famous for 624 a their codes. Hence the appropriateness of the nationality of the two inferior members of the committee. The Athenian philosopher who propounds a new code must not be supposed to disregard what had already been done in that line. Besides, Doric institutions, having more of positive enactment, and greater interference with the liberty of the subject, present, to Plato's view, a better starting-point, for a consideration of the whole matter, than would those of his own country. 624 al1. elX?) oe Tr1'v alLTiav TOW- rwv o'pxov Sta~o-ewg, "has the, credit of your legal arrangements." Cp. Rep. 59.9 e o-~' ~ -rig avta~crat i7o(Ag voJLoEt7/'rv ayaO~w yeyoe'~vat; a 3. W/E Tye r' StKato'-aTrov el7reEvl " most decidedly." a 4. 7rapa' /4ev qpv ZEV'93... 'Awr6XkAowa: this sentence is typical of many in the Laws. A gentle anacoluthon is brought in to heighten the effect of variety. Two strands, so to speak, of the thread are intact, the third is broken. We shall often find a more violent rupture. For an excellent characterization of the style of the Laws cp. Apelt, "1Zu Platos Gesetzen," Beigabe zur Jahresb. iu. d. Gymn. C.-A. zu Jena, 1907, pp. 1 iffi a 7. KaO' 'O~Wpov: T 179. Cp. Minos 319 c 5 ff.-For W4 with an absolute construction after a verbum declarandi cp. below 626 e4, 636 d 1 644 b6 and Rep. 470 e Kalt 8cavoe-UrOat W'3 8caLaX/?ayJ-o/LEVWtV Kalt 0v'K d'Et 7rOXC/LE)-OG0VTO)v. Lobeck, on Soph. AJ. 281, traces the genesis of this not uncommon anacoluthon from such a construction as Laws 964 a &tavooi' W', E'W b 2. 4n',ij is a solemn word (cp. 6 64 d 4)-properly used of the utterance of a god. b 5. JKovCETE: for the tense cp. Gorg. 5 03 c, and y 1 93 3A1-pE t'8?v 197 624 b THE LAWS OF PLATO 8e KaCL avTroL aKOVETE vo'lV " OITCS, 'S T' JX0'. We use the (habitual) present tense of the verbs read, to be told, learn, notice, and find in the same way. 625 a 3. For the superfluous avro'v cp. Gorg. 482 d 2, Tim. 28 a 8. (Riddell, Digest ~ 223.) a 5. ev TOLOVTOLrs SEcrt vo/ZLKOlS: TOLOVTOtS does not, of course, qualify VOtiLKOZS as our such in the sense of so might, nor is vofLKol, as Stallbaum says, epexegetic of ToLovros; but the two words 0IECo VO/LtKO0S go closely together, and TOLovTOtS, which qualifies them both, gets from its context a complimentary shade of meaning-"among legal institutions (lit. "in law - bred habits") of so distinguished an origin" (or "character"). Of. 751 c 9 TeOpadOat ev QOIe(r vOflov E wreraiSevt8EVvovs. a 6. wrpo0(rQSKo OVK dv ad8Wts... woLrOrawOLa, "I fancy you would not find law and government an unpleasant subject of consideration now, supposing we discoursed to each other about it as we walk." There is Io need for the f/js which L and 0 insert after ad8^s. The only suggestion that the Athenian would bear a part in the discussion is made modestly by the word dKo1ovTas. The exceptional advantages enjoyed by the Cretan and the Spartan in the matter of law are urged as a reason why they would enjoy a talk about it: if I/hag stood as the subject of S&aTrpjilv 7rotrc-acr-Oa it would be a suggestion that the Athenian too was an authority on the subject. This he does not make. b 1. IrotrjaerOat MSS., VroicracrOat Schanz. - w7vr'ow S', "there is no doubt that... " p. Symp. 173 b 6. b 2. Ws daKovopoev, " if my information is correct." b3. s elKO'S, "we are sure to find." —rvtyovs 6'vros T7a vv, "ut par est in hoc aestu" Stallbaum. b6. OVT" /Umra paor-Twvr: cp. a7rX3sg oiros 633 c o9, oV 'rtvovTas 7rpbos q8ovy)v Symp. 176 e. c 3. op0Ws X7yeLs, "a good suggestion!" c 3-6. The division between the persons of the dialogue given here is that of the MSS. Schanz and others have made various alterations in it, for the worse, I think. c6. raT' ~E, "be it so. Cp. Rep. 349 c 10 e'rt avTa.KaTra ri; cp. Aesch. P. V. 226 o 8' ovv EporaT., atlrtav Kca' vTtLYa alKItra te,, TroVro o o(rarlvti&, Gorg. 482 d KaLt yoye KcOT' avrb ToVTro OVK ayaL.atI HIlov, O'Tt ro- (TVVEXOpr)Oe TO a&8KEtv a'oXLtov ELvat TOV ad8&KEtcoat. c 7. TrVv Trv o'lrXo ev '$: not "the practice of carrying arms," but, as the scholiast says, rXrAXs orrX'rwv, "your accoutrement," 198 NOTES TO BOOK I 65. 625 C " the sort of arms you usually have." The Cretan's answer explains, not why Cretans carry arms, but why their distinctive weapons ar-e bows and arrows. For the periphrasis ep. Tim. 7 3 a TgTOV W7rEPCLEV~7JOO/LE'VOV 7rW'/JaTO3 f'8ECTJr/1aTO'3 E E$Et for T46 WrEptyEv~qfroLEVYy rtwfparL Kat f o-earat, and 74 a T')V 3 aV' T-1 OGLTftEVTJ 4~VcT'EO) 'E$LV. C 10. TU' -q'JrE'pa, " our institutions," not " our local conditions." d 3. wrp' r v iv ~rfc- 8puO'tV a"OW1-KroW:0 -V W Cleinias answers the second of the Athenian's three questions first, then the third, then the first. - Running was the mnain exercise in the Cretan gymnasia, which, according to Suidas, were called 8p t So Stailbaum, who is doubtless right in taking E'XOVra to be masculine. e 5. aLvotaV KrX.: as we might say, " Minos's legislation is a witness to the folly of the nations who have no such institutions (and who thereby show that) they are blind to the fact that war is always at the door." I would put a full stop (instead of a colon) after roXELa~. e 8. Kat' TrtVas &"pXovrao KT)X., "tand that relays of men and officers should act as sentinels for them." 626 a 1. 8taLKfKO0T(L'iqLE'VOV13 EIVat: to be taken closely together as perf. infin. pass. a 4. 'K-'~pVKTOV: not here = alow7ov~og, but (as Stallbaum) merely "though it may not have been duly proclaimed (it is its natural state)." The scholiast says "1needing no herald to prepare the people for it." a 7. Kaa'i- T'Ta~a oiW, "just with this view (he bade us keep them)." Cp. the KOca ra' T'Of 62 5 c 6, to which this is an answer. b ")1.... KpaT~i'J, "in the belief, i.e., that no peaceable possession or pursuit" (&Xkkwv means other than the equipment and practice of war) "would do any good to men who did not manage to win their battles." b 4. y5,yveorOat: Stallbauim cps. the same inf. following J~s with gen. albs. at Charmides 164 d 04 TOVirov IA'V OVK pOPOO OVTOS 'TOy rpocrp )/LaTO3 'TOV Xapev OVE 8EV TVTO wrapaKXETa. b 5. yEyv/-tvacr0at KI-X., "your training at all events has fitted you to discern the nature of the Cretan institution." The word ycyv/Jzvcdof0aI is used with a jocular reference to the abovementioned gyinnasia. It is a polite way of saying "1you are very ready with your answer." b 7. o8v ya~p O'pov WGov KTX., i.e. "the criterion of the 199 THE LAWS OF PLATO excellence of a state's institutions is their suitability for ensuring victory in war over other states." Op. o'pov O'E'evog 739 d. c 4. The scholiast says this reply is quite Laconic in style. 6cZo- is a favourite, Spartan epithet of prai-se; only it should, in strict dialect, be oreiog. c 6-d 2. With this description of life as a fight we may compare H. G. Wells, New Worlds for Old, p. 218, "Human nature is against human nature. For human nature is in a perpetual conflict; it is the Ishmael of the universe, against everything, and with everything against it; and within, no more and no less than a perpetual battleground of passion, desire, cowardice, indolence and goodwill." It will be observed that Plato insists, as he develops this idea, that the narrower the field of conflict, the nobler the characteristics which are required to bring the fight to the right conclusion. d 1. Ast takes UaiTr4t ipbg cavrrov as parallel to the two previous datives followed by vpag c. ace., i~.gverned by Ta' 6-v o'pOo' 1EO-Tt understood; but it seems better, with Stallbaum, to take cavTwp as dat. agentis with StavolqTE'OV. We are thus brought to the self-conscious standpoint. d 2. ALO have 19' r7T(O I E t X1E'yOJLLV; all modern editors substitute the X' o~e f Eus. and A2anVt.12 foXyeiv Herm. joins 7' 7rw-g; to the previous sentence, and proceeds Tt XEyopsIV; d 4. Trqj; NEov..Erovo/icL'CecOat: for this attraction of what, in a simpler form of expression, would be the object of the dependent infin. into the case governed by the word on which the infin. depends, St. quotes many parallels: e.g. Gorg. 513 e CVC XftP~?7TfOV Eo-1TL r 7roXEL' W Oepwre 'eLv. Other cases are Rep. 4 16 a ECrtXetllcat TOV9 7rpoftaTOLS KQKoVpy/ELv, Laws 700 c 1 TO 8E' KV^poS IKat elx 1'vvv ToVTWV YVWVat TCKt /L yv' va Sao-rat: the infin. thus becomes epexegetical. d &. Ast and Schanz follow the " apographum Vossianum " in inserting Ka't before e'Ka&JTOv3, and Stallbaumn approves, though he does not (in his 1859 edition) print the Kai. Burnet does not accept the iat" but puts a comma after i-c. The reading with the sa' is easier. The speaker simply re-enumerates the three contests mentioned above-between communities, between individuals, and between our two selves, so to speak. I would, however, follow Burnet, because I think that the author here intends to direct special attention to his following subject, i.e. the contest betweenD the worse and the better self, and, to lead up to that, divides all 200 NOTES TO BOOK I 626 d contests into two classes: (1) those fought in public (8-quocr-`,) and (2) those fought in the privity of a man's own consciousness. It is hard to see how the Kcai before CEKaW-1OV3 Could drop out, because, at first sight, it gives such a satisfactory sense. The same reason makes it easy to believe that somebody inserted it. e 2. Ka'vraD^a, "tand in that very war." Cl. has just said that life is a fight. (This is better, I think, than "1and just that victory," i.e. " the victory over oneself.") e 4. rTa3-rcL: i.e. this talking about victory and defeat.-For the construction cp. above on 6 24 a 7. e 6. aJvao-rpf'eq/-Ev, i.e. "1let us go backwards from the individual to the state." 67a9. Tr~ oT0MV'ry Vbq: cp. Dinarchus iii. 9 V'LLeo peV,7rapal 7ratLv aLv~pwA)rot3 E7rtcLveF0cTE Tat-L3 7e)'ev'q/Leva~ts C?)T17cr-EGtV. b 1. The T~ (before liev -rot'vvv) goes with the Et' clause.-The paradoxical nature of the idea of self- conquest, where both combatants are self-which Plato forbears to notice here (cp. also c 8)-he has pointed out at Rep. 430 e f. (cp. also Gorg. 489 c). He is more concerned here to hint at a more serious error in popular thought, i.e. that of supposing that the really superior could ever become in any sense infer~ior. b 5. SovXov"evoL: conative. C1. wrorov: the scholiast points out that the apparent absurdity springs from the twofold sense of the word KpdEr-rov, which is a name not only for T6 /3eXIrtov but also for r6 ClrtKpaTEo-TfpoV. c 3. e'xe 8q': see on 639 d2. C 8. ov' 7rpcrov (?'Jztv), "not our business." C 9. O'qPEv'ctYV: used in the same sense as 8LOJKELV at Rep. 454 a KaTr avT6 T6 ovo/ULa ~SL&KEW Toy^ AEXOCVTo3 'rqV cvavrioxrtv,. Op. also the use of lxvev'Ev at 654 e and Parm. 128 c,-"1 to hunt after a notion." At Gorg. 489 b Plato uses the fuller phrase d'vo4para ()rpe1JELv (aucupari verba), and Boeckh (quite unnecessarily) proposed to read here EV -rOVTT- ovo'p=aa 0-qpe1Setv. Badham proposes to take 05-rc as the neut. of 0`o-,rts, i.e. (" it is not our business to inquire) whesrein lies the victory or the defeat " (which would be said to put the worse above the better, or vice versa). But this is no criticism of the ordinary way of speaking, and deprecation of verbal criticism is what the context demands. d 1 If "1The object of our present examination of ordinary language is -not to find what is proper or improper as an expression, but to find what is naturally right or wrong as law." I think 201 627 d THlE LAWS OF PLATO CTKo7J-ov/JLe~a 7rpos should be taken closely together, like GTKOITEZ0at eLs in Eur. Med. 1166, in the sense of examine. Cp. below, 645 d 7rpo', it' & TKO7T0VtkLEV03 aVr~J EbravepwT1-~L; and Rep. 589 C 7rpO'9 TE yap rj'1ov-qJv KUaL rpo~ fv'SO$LcV Ka't 4-E'XEuV TKo70IIO/.EV9). d 4. 44r'Get may be translated by putting the adj. "1essential" with the nouns "1rightness and wrongness." d 6. '9YE E'JLO't 0-VVSOKEEV: 6Gorg. 482 d W' Y' 4E'O't SOKEW, Meno 81 a Epol ye ~SOKIEEl, Euthyd. 273 a eolWL 8oKIEw; St. cps. Ar. Plht. 736 W3 YEot,0 80KIEt. d 8. T08C~: the Athenian's next point is that the dissentients would not, in a civilized community, be left to themselves. There are tribunals which would set bounds to the fighting instinct. Thus he leads his audience round to the consideration that -there are other things for laws to do besides getting men into fighting order. See 628 a 6. We must bear it in mind that the investigation of the Cretan and Spartan institutions here begun is not, as some have thought, meant to be the main business of the book, even at starting. From the first the author intended the deficiencies of the two systems to serve as an introduction to the philosophy of law and a philosophical code. dl i f. There are two difficulties in this speech: (1) KO'VI~ag in e 3, and (2) TrptTov 7rpbg a'perq'v. (Op. 739 a f. r'q'V aipkr-rcqV 7roXtTEt'V Kat' &Evi'pav Kai 7TpL'7-V... T.u apT, 7,Tq 'rtrivAa &,ve'r~a Ka p v.) The latter expression seems at first sight to mean the third in excellence, but it is dvident that both speaker and hearers at once see that the third kind of judge would be far more useful than either of the others. Jowett translates "a third excellent judge," apparently taking 7rp0' aTIvas if it we-re a qualification of 8tuao-Tiv. The question may even be asked, could 7rpo- a'p-ErqV possibly mean par excellence,? I think it is best to suppose that the speaker, taking it for granted that everyone would see that his second j udge was better than his first, uses Tpt'o3 in the sense of third in an ascending scale. Three was held by the Greeks to be a lucky number (op. Soph. O.C. 8, O.T. 581, Aeseb. Eum. 759, Soph. fragm. 389 with Nauck's note, Pind. Isth. vi. 10), and 'rpt'log had none of the associations of our third-rate. Hence TpcTOg 7rp'o aJpEi-rv here means more excellent than either of the other two. (Op. 717 c 2 if.) The former difficulty is a greater one. Wherein, if we read EKOv-ra~g, lies the superiority of the third judge? Ritter says no satisfactory answer can be found to this question, and reads 202 NOTES TO BOOK I aiKovraL;. There is much to be said for this, but I think the MS. reading is correct. Judge number two secures that the majority should submit themselves voluntarily to the rule of the few (indeed it is hard to see how he could do it if they did not agree). The superior wisdom of No. 3 is shown in this, that for the personal rule of the minority he substitutes a code of laws. When both sides recognize the authority of this code they are more likely to remain friends than when it was a question of personal rule. There is something in the form of the description of the third judge that confirms this view. In this description there is a manifest reference to the shortcomings of the other two. -No. 3 doeis not (like No. 1) put anyone to death; he does reconcile them (like No. 2), but he does more. This reference to No. 2's action, which may be seen in the word 8taXXJa3, will not be there if we read aKovrasg, for then there will be no real reconciliation in the second case.-The friendly relation resulting in the third case implies that the majority see that it is their own interest to obey the laws. 628 al1. I insert a comma after StaXkca'~a SC, to emphasize the coninexion of E13 T0v C'ri'Xotwov Xpo'vov with rrapa(v-?XLIrctEv. Judge No. 3 not only brings about a reconciliation, but cements it by the laws he lays down to govern future action. As Cleinias says, he is not merely &KaWTT'17% he is VoJZo6OT&q as well. The three optatives aL7roAf'(ftELE in d 11 (with,irpoo-T4$ELtEv), a&v Wotm'o-EEv, and a'7rok'ETiELv in e 5 (with &;vatTro) subtly vary the form of phrase, and deserve attention. dwOXE'o-ELEV in d I11 is like the assimilated opt. at Ar. Nub. 1251 Oi~v' KaVd-0803o-v 0V38 a'V 6/3oXov OVUEVL I CTL3 KcLXYEL0,E Ka'p8o7roV Tfl)V Kap8O'7Fq7V, i.e. we should supply &V ct~ with dL.eL~vwv; av 7roLtJcTetEV has the form of the apodosis of a conditional sentence with which we may supply "1if occasion offered." diroXE'treLEV again in e 5 is opt. by assdimilation to e14/.-Other slight peculiarities of expression which give a special flavour to the passage are 'LlTIE (e 5) followed by SE (see 649 b 5), and the lrapa0VXa'TELv WocG-TE -E/L'X 4[Xov,kV " to secure that they should be- friends," for the simple "to make them friends" (7rpo' QXX'kov-3 goes with Ot',ovg).-It is a question whether we ought not to put a; after 01Xkovg. a 6. Trom'vavriov q' 7rpb' 7WoAe/xzoV: not only is the lawgiver in this case not looking towards war when making his laws, but he is looking exactly in the opposite direction: he is trying to make peace. a 9. 7rp0'3' 7rO'XE/ov am'Tqri K TX: though we have seen that a 203 627 d 628 a 628 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO lawgiver sometimes looks towards peace, there is a sense in which he may be said to be looking towards a war in which his state may be involved: but it is civil, not foreign war, and it is with a view of avoiding it, not of making one side efficient fighters, that he makes his laws. For the distinction betweenG Ta'a-v and 1ro'Xqikog cp. Rep. 470 bif. The phrases06 r'qv rw'Xkv o-vvap1,ao'-ri-ov and TrOY /3tov aiT7r1 KOO-/.LELVthrow light on Plato's views as to the function of the lawgiver. The former contains the samie metaphor as is used by St. Paul at Col. 2. 19 of the Christian community: T')V Koc/aX'v E$ oi5 7 aVTo' 1-6(Th)1La ta' TOWi~ aO4WV) KaLL (TivV'-(o([v E2iOP7OILE KLL 9UjA4L0~LPMjLEVOV av'$EL r T'V a'1iV i-o_ OEom. For the latter cp. Eur. Cyci. 339 where the Cyclops, an enemy to law, speaks of lawgivers as 7roLK1'XXov-rE, ai'vpWonrwv /3t'ov. b 6. Ei'pVqVV crTao-TEwg: Plato allows himself to use the same gen. with Eflp-v?) at Rep. 329 c ravrc'rao-t /a'p TW)V YE i-OLOVnmw IEV T1-y9)V 77~~ roXkij p 'vy y7yv7VEat Ka't E'XEVOEPta. In our passage the expression is made less strained by the nearness of ca7raXXacLTTreGOat used of the same a-i-acr&s, and in the latter passage by the addition of EXEvOept'a to elpqv-q. (Ast wants to read E'K Tr rj TJaoEwg, and Stallbaum, reproving Ast, tells us that the gen. goes with UE~atTO b~aXkov, and is equal to '9 o-i-a-tv.) It seems strange to us that the definite E&rEpov should precede the indefinite i7-oTEPoWV; the English form would be: "that, after the victory of one or the other party, the other should be put to death." All through the speech the gen. abs. clauses contain, as Stallhaum says, the primaria notio. For 7r~o-WV cy p. 673 b7, 914 d, Charm. 171 b, Phil. 20 e, Rep. 499 c, 509 a, Theaet. 145 a, Soph. 252 a. b 9. Though long inclined with Schanz to bracket aLva'yK-IJYtva -indeed I suspected the words before I knew that he did-I have now decided to follow Burnet in keeping them. It must be remembered that the infinitive depends on SE$avr' a&v. The question resolves itself into: "under which of the two circumstances would you prefer to be forced to turn~ your attention to a foreign foe" ('V JKr/V d~vat is therefore the equivalent of "when so compelled.") c 6. Trov JplaUT0v EVEKaL: here is slipped in, as if it were a commonplace, the root of Plato's philosophy of law; it is not, in his eyes, so much a means of repressing evil, as a means of producing good. c 10. acLWEVKTOV 8~' 1-6 81Erq,Oivat TrovIwv: parenthetical, "these are things which we should pray to be spared"; lit. "the needing them is to be deprecated." d 1. OV'K jv K-TX.: the past tense contains a reference to their 204 NOTES TO BOOK I62d 628 d previous conversation on the subject: "the victory which we were talking about comes under the head of things necessary, not of things that are best: "-a variety of the so-called "philosophic imperfect." d 2 if. 5',totoy tog et... Jxr-av%-o 8E1: the simile is not drawn out in regular form, but the meaning all through is perfectly clear. It is implied, but not said, that it is a mistake to be so deeply interested in the cure of a malady as to forget that it is better not to have had a malady to cure. We shall meet the same medical metaphor in another connexion below at 646 c. d 6. In 7wokt-rtK~ d'pO^03, followed by vo1AoOC'ijq aiKptp/3ij, we see again the characteristic preference for variety of expression. The style of the Laws is loose, and at times almost dreamy, but the thought is definite and clear.-alKpt -qg is used of a vop_4oO5',-rj3 as at Rep. 342 d of an t~a-po~ ---perfect (in his art). d 7. aJwoj3Xl4E~wv is epexegetic of 8taVO0 I4LcVOS OVT'W. e 1. TOWV 7rok-ELLKWV e`VCKa Tra T-q Etp'qv'q,: thus the Athenian has brought round the argument to a condemnation of Cleinias's interpretation of the root notion of the Dorian institutions. Cp. below 803 d 3 ff. e 3. Oavjta'~w... ci I.. "I am much mistaken if (they have) not." For the same idiom in a past tense cp. Aristoph. Pax 1292 -q' yap eyw' 'Oai'4erLaov aLKOvW(V El 0V f') E1J9 49 a'V8Po' /3ovXo/_taXov Kat KkaXVOLLUcLAoV TtV(\ v1o3. For Oav/LfL'Cw El in the sense of I am surprised if cp. Prot. 349 c ov' y ap ctv Oat)/Xta'otL 'Et' TOT-E a'77MOEpW/LEVOg fLtov ravrd rT&)3 EXE7-Es. 629 al1. Tax' a1V Io-ew, "that is quite likely."-Hermann, the Zdrich edition, Schanz and Burnet adopt Bekker's emendation of the MS. ai')roi\ to au'ToZ3. Stalibaum stands by the MS. reading. "1Sed libri oinnes mordicus tenent accusativum. Atque is sane defensionem. utcunque paratam. habet. Pendet enim non ex verbo proximo, sed potius ex remotiore L'VCPWTaV." I do not agree with St.'s interpretation, but I think that the MS. reading does admit of a 'defensio.' I take the connexion of ideas to be this: "1You say fighting was the one thing the old legislation had in view: I am not surprised you should think so; but we on our part (al')Toi') must not at any point (oiv'vEt) be too keen fighters; " i.e. "1do not let us insist on our view, but try by discussion to elicit the true view." (To those who still prefer av'iro17 I Ni ould suggest taking it as neuter, the following EKEtLvO being the first reference to the authors of the v6,uttka.) a 2. J'3.u'kar. 702Tv&~o'vTwv, " in the name of our 205 629 a 629 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO common devotion to the subject "-" not forgetting that they cared about it just as much as we do." TU-V^TC is "laws and governament." 3. Ka' JL. 7. Xo'yp a-vvaKoAovO?)-aT1E, "chelp me, please, to conduct the argument." a4. 7rpo o-o4-q- 'cL yoih', "I'm sure you won't mind if I appeal to Tyrtaeus." 7lCrpot-0crat means "1to put in a position of authority over us. Schol.1 "ovoiiov o'~ vn XWYpO 7'rca~Xff e 'A6,qvatiog ~'vog, (O9 Ka't avr7O'V 7roXE/Lov crTILPoVXov 'yeyovo'-a." a 6. 'rairTa here (like the -rvoimwv seven lines higher up) refers, to war, not to law.-Ii ' torac 6vp~o'rrwy: ",v0pWnroW enim superlativis ita apponitur ut eorum, significationem augeat " Ast, who quotes Theaet. 148 b alptar'n Y a'v JOpW"rrWv, Hipp. Mai. 2 85 c a'Kpt. /3GcrTara cavop47ro, and many other examples from Plato and other authors. Cp. below 6 37 al1 KaLXt(rT' aJv0p(6rrWV. b 1. OVT'.. r oi MSS., oiv'S.. oi'S' Boeckh (following Tyrtaeus). b 2. Etdwvw crXE80iv &lravr-a, "and he goes pretty well through the list of (worldly) advantages." Cp. the fragment of Tyrtaeus, Bergk, A.L. 12. b 4. 0'8E I/LEV y/ap rKT, "as to Megillus, he has them at his fingers' ends." b 9. SOKIEL' )'. &. LTO(Pf 7'7. IEL K. c'ya~OO3, O'Tt... EYK1EK6)/LdaKas2 at -first sight it looks as if 8takepdv-ro, (i.e. T.'s poetical skill) contained the whole ground for the bestowal of the epithets (oqo06s and dya069, but a consideration of the whole argument, and more particularly of the comparison in 630 c and e between the heaveninspired legislator who aims at producing virtue (and whose code is pervaded by one principle), and the hand-to-mouth human legislator who meets special needs by special (repressive) enactments, -this consideration shows, I think, that the words here mean: "Cyour insight and your right feeling are manifest from the high praises you bestow on high virtue in war"; i.e. it was not merely the excellence of T.'s poetry that makes the speaker call him co-ko4s and Q'YatOdk, but the fact that he praises virtue, even though, as he shows in 6 30 b, he takes a narrow view of virtue. d 2. xaXerw'-raTog, "1deadliest "; rp,~'.6repov, "1milder." d 7 if. Badham, brackets E'7ratvbwv as being an impediment to the construction, while many emendations have been proposed Of 7rpbS1 i-Oi' EKIrok (of which the best seems to me the 7rpb i-05v eKT~O~ of Baiter and Badham). I would in the text adopt a less extensive emendation than any of them, suggested to me by F.H.D.,-that of transposing Iro'Tcpov and 7ro ' oug. The latter 2G6 NOTES TO BOOK I62d 629 d word may well have been put first by a scribe who thought vwrcpEw7Vr-a bugt to have more of an object than it has, or the transposition may have been made inadvertently. The construction of E'riaicv(^v is thus made easier, and wrpo' TON CKTO'gneeds no emendation. We must supplyTioVIR IIEV from the i-ok 8E. Plato often lightens a sentence by such omission. Cp. Laws 648 c 1, Phil. 35 e, 36 e, and Prot. 330 a. 7ro'Xcfzov in this case would be used loosely for the fighters in the war, as we speak of "the meeting" or "the cause" or "the trade," meaning the people engaged in one or the other. e 2. -roXu o'-Wo-t: roXkzo-ovo-t, which Stephanus and Stalibaum read, has no MS. authority. The same subjunctive without a&v following a relative occurs at v. 34 of the same poem of Tyrtaeus: OVTJAv a~ptTTEVOVTa JLEVOVTa TrE /L~apvcaLEvov TIE I7Yk73 WE'pt KaL Wcat/S)v VoPo "A v k.- Tbe exact words of T. at this passage are: ov yap aLV/7fl ayaO0i3 yt'yvcrat IEv 7roAk Ew c'24 Terkalr, puc'v 6'p&4ovov a /Loa-oEvi-a KatL &'tew VopE'yoL1' E77IV'OEV 1rJT',xtvos. Plato has reproduced the pE'v K at' while varying the other points. 630 a. The Athenian now proceeds to show that while the milder warfare brings out one sort of virtue, the deadlier warfare, wherein a man's foes are those of his own community, brings out more kinds. It is not only that the danger is nearer and greater. The difficulty at such times is to know whom to trust. The outward bonds of society, which keep men straight, are broken, and it is then seen who are good really, and who were only kept apparently good by the restraints of social observance. Both Plato and Theognis may be held to have assuLmed that in a -aat the right was all on one side. a 5. wtoro0'3 is best taken absolutely (not with E'v XaX". 8tX.): "tat a time of deadly civil strife a loyal man is worth his weight in gold." This way of taking 7tG-To`9 is quite consistent with the following rtonrTs Kai vytn' Ev o-1-a'oeotv, and vorVGTrT-S &v ToZ 8-Etvotq, inasmuch as it is in these trials that his loyalty is shown. This passage prepares the way for treating oo(poo-Vv-q (as he does later on) as a fight. The three kinds of fighting are: (1) against foreigners; in this the virtue is c'opda 2 gis fellow-citizens: in this the virtue of 6LKatocTVV2J is required most of all; (3) against oneself: in this fight the virtue displayed is Gtokpoo-Vv2,. b 1. C'XkoV'o-at Eus., Proclus, GXo~o-ca MSS. b 2. The words ai'Tqr, /po'Yr1, a68petag, which are added in iEusebius's and Proclus's quotation of this passage, and are trans~207 THE LAWS OF PLATO lated by Ficinus, are missing in all MSS. They are almost necessary for the sense, and the.repetition of the word pcvpe'c might well divert the transcriber's eye, and cause him to omit the word.-V'ytL' is used as in the passage of Simonides quoted at Prot. 346 c i"& dv4p "sound "in a moral sense, "oet" (e above on a and below on 639 a 7.) So in Ep. x. 358 c r-' ya'p /3qflatov KaL ItTcTov KfLL V)'LE To, 'rVOE/O~?~ TcL r)a c~-qtv, (k cocoo4[~av. b 3. taflcaVTES: used in the sense of taking a -firm stand (lit. straddle) as in the passage of Tyrtaeus from which the above quotation comes (1 1. 2 1). b 4. Again Eusebius must be held to have preserved the correct reading c'v qi 7roXk' (so Winckelmann conjectured), where the MSS. have bv Tq 7roX4e' Clemens, who reads 'EV T1, 7roX' y, in quoting the passage, saves the sense by omitting 4pa'Cet UTaMR-co. b. i 1uAa 3X'ywv Eus., j1xQ~a dW wv MSS. A matter of rhythm. As Eus. seems often to have been right in this passage when differing from the MSS., I follow Burnet in -choosing the former, especially as the addition of 6~ seems to improve the balance of the phrase.-The mention of mercenaries suggests a further difference between Tyrtaeus's ideal and that of Theognis. The mere fighter does not care which side he is on. Theognis's loyal man fights for what he thinks right. b 8. Now that the Xo'yo3 we have followed has shown us a higher and a lower excellence-one four times as good as the other, we may say-can we imagine that any "1decent " legislator, let alone a divinely-inspired one, would have only the lower in view in framing his laws? (Cp.- above 628 e.)-We shall find Plato's common personification of the Xo'yos lower down at 644 e in the phrase c/nyntv O' Xoyos. c2.- &E i: i. e. in Crete. c 3. For aXUo MSS. Heindorf conjectured &X~oo-c, comparing Theaet. 202 e -qj ot'ec aXkoo-c irot flXEirovra TraVTa deur~v. In spite of Riddell's defence of &Xko (Digest of PI. Idioms ~ 21) I adopt H.'s correction because I believe that in the idiom in which some part of 7ro&JiV has to be -understood with a&Xko, there is always a rtwith the QLXUo, and the negative to it is not oi'K &Xko (irotc~v) I, but oV'8I'Ev &`Xko (Tote~tv) 'j. So in a question at Xen. Mem. ii. 3. 17 Tt' yap cLX0o, if(V1 0' YWpaT~ KWE38VVEVELt f'rt&F~at; (cp. also Euthyd. 287 e). Perhaps the c of a&Xkoor was elided, and that may have facilitated the change to &Xkko. c 6. &tKato-V'V?/V TfX~Cav: for the whole of this passage it 208 NOTES TO BOOK I 630 c is important to compare Aristotle, Eth. Nic. v. p. 1129 b 11 ff. especially (at 1. 26) avrTj /iue v or & tKaLocrvvTI apeT-j pu Ev TL, adA' ovX ad7rXw5, d)kX 7rpSo eTEpov, and 1. 29 where he quotes Theognis 147: E v 8E 8tKatorvv7 kkvXX/3Sv rao' aperTr [eI] (Bergk '(rTv). Aristotle's definition of 8tKaLoa-rvvr as the apeTri that shows itself in one's dealings with one's neighbour (7rpos rTEpov) explains and coincides with Plato's identification of O&KaLOoTVv) with 7rtorTTs. c 7. KaTa Katpov: as KaTa Tpo7rov (below 635 d) means "in the right way," so KaTa Katpov means "opportunely." Cp. Pind. Isth. ii. 32 XeLpa... rav NLKo/uaXos KaTa Katpov Velt aWtrat-atg aviatS. c 8. vvaduJEi TOV7 'rtta Etva: a still more complicated verbal phrase depending on ovvac1tiL is to be found at Phaedo 99 c r7v 6E TOV (5 OtOV TE peX. a avTa TeOvat rvvayL'v ovT3 KElCat.. Cp. Rep. 433 d q rov E(KaIcrov ev avTr 7 Ta aTroU 7paTTECV vafLs. Varieties of verbal construction with $vvaluts are (1) simpl. inf. Phil. 58 d UvvapLts epav re TOV dXra0ov^s Kal 7rdvTa 'veKa TOVTOV 7rpaTTEtv, Rep. 364 b vvaJLLS... K.. aKeOat: (2) inf. with 'TV: Phil. 57 e and Rep. 533 a and 532 d, 1 roV 8taXeyeoOacral vvazts, Rep. 328 c ev ovvdaJLEL TOV p'[ows 7ropeveroOaL 7rpoS rb oarTv, Rep. 507 c Tr7V TOV opav Te Kat opaCtOa ovva/jv: (3) go —re with inf.: Rep. 433 b TrvV SvvafJLtv 7rdpeTrXEv CWOrTE yyEveo-OaL: (4) 7rpos T' c. inf.: Polit. 272b rapowrlgV aVroLV oLOV 7TroWXs; crXo0A s Kal ovvcd/Le(s 7rp S'b To P i ovov avOpwrotos a ak Kal Orp[ots 8t X6owv o-vyylyveoOa^, Laws 657 b &1 a/vaLv 'XeEL 7p0S rTO 8t&aQ0epa Tr')v Ka0LepWOe'crav Xopetav. d 3. TOVS ro'ppoj votLoOezas MSS. Fault has been found with this expression (1) because of the occurrence of two cases of the word voo0eTr-s in one sentence, and (2) because 7roppo was thought an inadequate expression: "Nam aperte fateor etiam istud woppo sic indefinite positum mihi displicere" (Stallbaum, who, like Ficinus, prints the sentence as a question). Ritter would read vo/uoOeo-ias for yo/oOeras. At Rep. 620c the soul of Thersites is discovered 7roppw ev vro-aroLS. Perhaps here and there 7roppw has the sense of our " low down," " out of the way," " beyond the pale." (Ought vo/toOeras perhaps to be rejected?)-For the use of ad7rofPdXa ofJv cp. below 637 e, where aoro/laXXo has even a stronger condemnatory force. d 4. oVX ULEts ye KTX., "1no, we don't: it is ourselves we are depreciating: we are quite at sea in imagining.. d 8. Tr 8E, "but," cp. Heindorf on Theaet. 157 b. (C. W. E. Miller VOL. I 209 . THE LAWS OF PLATO Am. Phil. Ass. Trans. vols. xxxix. and xl. denies Heindorf's statement -in vain, I think.) For rb 3e in a question cp. 886 b 3, 967 a 6 To 8) 86 riw eXv v EA ); and see E. S. Thompson's note on Meno 97 c. d 9. The substitution of rTO dXrOES for JdqOX e is like our putting "it is truth" in a similar sentence for "it is true." Cp. 659 b 3 us ye rb &tKaLov. e 1. Badham's guess that OfEov dvSpog, written with contractions as Oe'afi, was first copied Oetap and then changed to 0edas gives us what, in view of the following T[0er, is, both for grammar and sense, indispensable, i.e. a person. Odeas cannot stand. There is no substantive, with which it would make sense, that could have been left out. Even if, with the scholiast, we supply 7roXtTLeas (which Stephanus prints), or (better) with Gottleber, vo/uo0ertas, and grant that it might have been omitted, Er10ec still has to go back to Cleinias's last speech but one for a subject. (Cp. also the &rT0EL and the avrTOv in 631 a.) Cousin was looking in the right direction when he suggested supplying KE~aXXjs with Otas. Cp. Meno 99d Kat ol AaK(ovs, orav anrva EyKWpLtadt(o'v ayaObv dv8pa, Ecows dvrfp, 4aov[, oZTo, and Arist. N. E. 1145 a 28 EreC Se (TTravLov CKa To OELov alv8pa ELCaL, KaOdrEp ol Arowv~ E cOa^rL 7rpocrayopeviEv, orav dyac'aOwoa o'-C6pa Tro (oreTos acvjp facrLv), ovrTo Kal 0 Ot rpL2&S, ev Tros av6p'7rots ot-ravtos, below 642 d 5 'EtrT evL'&s... avp O'tos, and 666 d T1s dv oZv 7prrot OEcot dv8padc-v; e 3. Kal Kat EL'37] 7T'ELV avTY roVs vofJovS ov8' (a7rep ol TWV v Ev etr1 7rpoTrOeLevotL Troo-LV: this difficult passage has been variously interpreted as it stands, and variously emended. The first question to decide is whether the ed3& are classes of virtue, or classes of laws. Stallbaum held the former view (as did Ast), and he took avrwv as referring to the dperTWv implied in 7rarav dperTV. Though this seems impossible, Steinhart's emendation of avT&r to avirT^ provides a good construction for this interpretation. And this interpretation would be satisfactory, if the sentence stopped at VO/lOVS. But what have the modern, narrow-minded, hand-to-mouth legislators, who are referred to in the latter half of the sentence, to do with Elr/ adpe-g? The point made against them is that they do not look to aperr at all. In the latter half of the passage the el'& must be kinds or classes of laws. Inasmuch as avrTw seems to be contrasted with rOv viv, I do not adopt Ast's alteration of avorv to avrov. I would, with Schneider, take ov8' as ov 8~ (I would even suggest that we ought perhaps to read ovX 210 NOTES TO BOOK I 630 e for ov8'), and would translate: " and (we ought to have said) that he tried to devise" (the Xp^v and the 4is 'zTrE empower us to translate rlE'v as referring to past time) " the laws of the men of that time in classes, but not the classes which the legislators of the present day have in mind when they devise laws." Seeing that a divinely-inspired legislator must always have in mind the production of virtue of all kinds in the members of his state, the classes or heads under which he would arrange his laws would correspond with classes and kinds of virtue and excellence-those e.g. which are enumerated at 631 b and c:-this is implied, but not directly expressed.-The meaning of CiretV, which I have translated try to devise, is, as Ast says, illustrated by the TO 7repp vo/zovs fC-rrJLa occurring a few lines further down. It denotes the practical side of the inquiry into law-the trying to get, the casting about for laws, excogitating laws. Cp. Soph. O.T. 658 /lot Wr'Tv oXAOpov V bvyr)v (K Tr7o- ypy, and especially Politicus 299 b 5 and e 7 KVfEPvqTWLKrjV... rTwV rapa ra ypUtaLara. (Fr. Doering, De legum Platonicarum compositione, Inaug. Diss. Leipzig 1907, takes avr3ov to refer to Minos and Lycurgus, and translates rfrCv rovs ViOf OVs "(in leges inquirere," and makes it depend on Xp^v; "jubet socios (in leges eorum inquirere)." This takes no account of eCrOe P)3lArtWv, and though the following yTroVrtV might be taken in the same sense, 17IE? in the next line could not. Also he wants not Xp^v, but XPr for his interpretation.) e 4. oi yap KTX.: I think Ei'oovs has to be supplied with od: "whatever kind of law any law-maker finds to be needed, nowadays he devises, and adds it (TrapaOe/ervos) to its class: one adds a law about division of property, or the treatment of sole-heiresses, another one about personal violence "; i.e. the modern legislator finds his code arranged under several headings (such as inheritance, or assault), and all he can do is to add something to one of the existing chapters, if he comes across a case that the existing law fails to meet. The philosopher, on the other hand, like the original divine lawgiver, imagines himself to be unfettered by existing codes. He begins all over again on philosophic principles -the principles which he says he can discern in the divine lawgiver's enactments. (Cf. Rep. 427 a where Socrates has just compared the details of the work of modern lawgiversVO/LOETOVrVTrS re Kal E'ravop0ovvr'1s-to the cutting off of the ever reappearing Hydra's heads.) Cleinias, the Athenian says, is on the right track. He sees that you must ask what is the 211 THE LAWS OF PLATO educational value of law. In thus saying, it must be admitted that he rather reads his own views into the Cretan's statement that what Minos wanted was to make good soldiers, and Cleinias must have been rather surprised (after the manner of M. Jourdain), to find he had been a philosopher after all. The Athenian next asks if he shall show him how he ought to have gone on after such a promising beginning, and thus skilfully gets into the professor's chair without seeming to claim it for himself. This manoeuvre is dramatically perfect. 631 a 1. TwVv E C.: what is implied here is: " and this is the way Minos and Lycurgus must have sought for laws." a 2. crov: Ast is, I think, wrong in writing o-ov, and taking it as merely possessive with E7rLXetpior-v: it is best taken as governed by dayapcat. The two constructions that follow are marked off by 1;ev and e', as if OVK aya/Aat were to follow in the 3e clause: a parallel to the former may be found at Eur. Iph. in Aul. 28 OVK ayapcu Tav a dDvpbs apL(rTeos, and possibly at Prot. 335 d E'yye oov Ti-V Q(LXtooo[tav aya/zaL. That (OVK) ayap/at might have stood before a O'Tt clause may be seen by Hipp. Mai. 291 e dya/a( (rov o'7t /lot 80KES... Instead, however, of going on OVK dyajuza he varies the phrase, and goes on as if the jLmv had stood at the beginning of the To -yap dJr' apeT-s appXcr0at clause. The perfectly regular construction of the complex sentence would have been: KCu o-ov v T LEV E rr. aya-/at. p. op0ov yap 0 ' e... OVK ayata, o'V yap opUov. a 8. SL.eXO'LEVOV means "expound," which goes closely with X.yeav. b 4. /a'T71v, sine caussa: cp. Ale. L 113 c 4 ep'e 8E al-,t [criV, Laws 715b KaL Ta TOVOTWV &Kat a, aacrvv ei'pjCrOaet. b 8. troAXs KTa'Ta MSS. and Eusebius, KTarat Theodoret, orapo-rao-Oat Stobaeus; 7raptr'uraat Badham conjectured, rporKTrrat Hug. 7roXts is out of place here: (1) the point of view is that of the individual members of the community: ro's aCros p XpjLevovs b 5; (2) it is moreover unnatural to speak of a state as possessing e.g. iXTs Eds lpoJipov; (3) if 7roXts stood it seems more natural that it should not have a rts agreeing with it (Eusebius, in his quotation of the passage, leaves it out). rtS, no doubt, was the only subject of 8eX-r7at, and Stobaeus's 7rapltoraa-Oat-he fancied the sentence as reported, or dependent - points the way to Badham's 7raptDraTat, which is palaeographically not unlikely to have been corrupted to -ro'Xts KTraiaL. (IC was read twice, the second time as K.) I would follow Schanz in adopting it. It may be noted that 8;X7frat is aptly used of gifts which come from 212 NOTES TO BOOK I 631 b the gods.-For the sense cp. St. Matthew 6. 33 ~_qj'rdif SE' 7rpw~rov i-rv /3artAct'av Kat' i-r'v 8tKatou-V'v?1v alrol) icat ravra irav-ra 7rpoG-TEO'Io-e-rct V'1Jtv.-For 7wapt'o-i-ao-Oau thus used cp. Laws 707 a KaKov Ev Oakaoro-a- Tpt-qpco;07 tii atigei WapEOl-Toxa-a p~a~o/votg. -At 697 b ciyaO6' are divided into three classes: (1) Ta' WEpt T?)V ~,vyi)jv a'yaOa&, (2) ia& WEP't TO crw^4j KcLko' Kacu JyaOJ', and (3) Ta4 7WEP' T-qV ov~o-caV KaLt xpuaTwa. Of these divisions the second and third together correspond to 1a 'vop~wv ee c 2. r-a pcE~v EL\karrova: the same four "1worldly goods " are enumerated in Bk. II. 661 a: at Gorg. 451 e i'o-XV'g is left out, while in the well-known o-KOXtoV, to which Socrates there refers, after health, beauty, and honestly-won wealth, comes (as fitting on a social occasion) -q,f3aiv JLEI-a T-~v /htXovw as a fourth. The addition, in the passage in Bk. II., of vpwpta 8~ &a~a Jya~a' Xf'yerat shows that we are not to lay stress on any particular three or four. c 4. KtV 'TOEL13 -r~ o-Jtpa'rt: a genitival dative of the instrument, going closely with the verbal noun; so below 633 b i-ako XcPoIaXav-ov T-V0kX': the proverbial blindness of wealth is here spoken of as a malady incident to its possessor. o 6. ( jpo'V-q-ts3: for this repetition cp. below 82 3 c 4 and Heindorf on Gorg. 501 a.-For the sense cp. 688 b 2, 963 a 8. c 7. JLET-a vov~v is the reading of the MSS. and of Stobaeus; Eusebius and Theodoret read JLE1a' voi3-, which I follow Schanz and Burnet in adopting. Badham, independently, suggested the latter reading, referring to the passage (7 10 a) where Plato speaks slightingly Of T'5V Srn-wi8-, o-W0poo-v'v-qv as contrasted with that which is accompanied by q4p0'vqj-t3, or rather is,bpo'vryo-t, as well. At 696 d also a-w~poa-v'v-q alyEv raco-,qq T-q a&XX ap1ETrq /.E1LEOVol [4EVy is spoken of as a very poor thing. The stress laid, all through this passage, and elsewhere in the Laws, on the importance of the conjunction of the virtues is in favour of Eusebius's reading. (We might almost say Plato holds that one virtue~by itself, or at all events the -natural tendency to it, needs to be corrected by another -e.g. above at 630 b, and below at 831 e, he, talks of the danger that the mere d~pEdo3 may become a nuisance. In different passages in the Laws we are told that two things are necessary to perfection of character: (I) the natural disposition to a particular virtue must be trained in action (791 c -ro VLWcLV 8edIacvra C'rtT'8,Ev/Ja av8pet'as, 815 e yEyvjw~aoyIzCvos; rrpo' dav~pcav, 816 a a'y~pV'/a0oTro 7,EyovO) Wrp~S TO o-w(efpovE'v); (2) one virtue cannot stand alone; it must be helped by others. Above (630a if.) the Athenian speaks of 7t0T6'TTq as involving o-vp.twraima apE?-q, and he says we 213 THE LAWS OF PLATO might call this reXea LKaLoa-cvv' —" perfect righteousness." In the present passage he uses StKatLorvvq in the narrower sense. All this shows that our present discussion is practical, not speculative. The author wants us to. have in mind the perfect character, and the way to produce it, rather than a classification of the virtues, or a scientifically exact nomenclature for a treatise on Moral Philosophy.) 63 d 1-632 b 1. raVra e 7drav/a KTA., "nature has set all these above the other four, and the lawgiver must put them in the same rank. In the next place he must proclaim to the citizens that his other commands to them have these blessings in view: that of the blessings themselves the human wait upon the divine, and all the divine upon their leader wisdom. (As to the commands I spoke of) he must (el) so dispense honour and disgrace as to watch over (the whole life of the citizen): he must regulate the marriages they make, and his care must next extend to the production and rearing of both sexes, from youth to age. To do this he must carefully and closely observe them in all their intercourse with each other, and notice what gives pain, what gives pleasure, what excites desire and ardent affection. His laws must themselves be the instruients for rightly administering both blame and praise. Moreover, in anger, in fear, in all the troubles that misfortune brings, in the relief from trouble that comes with-prosperity, in all the chances of disease or health, war or peace, poverty or wealth, what the lawgiver has to teach and to define is, in each of these various conditions, what is right, and what is wrong." I have translated this difficult and somewhat loosely jointed passage in full, to show what I take to be the connexion of thought between its different parts. (d 3) PAErwovo'as Elva is equivalent to P3XErELv (cp. 963 a 2 7rpbs yap 'v Eqf>a/ev 8tv aEt 7radv' rtzjv Tra T p'v VopoWV XwroVr' etvai), and 7rpoorTadEt is its subject: the dat. 7roXt as is governed by 7rpoo-rTacs: avro' (i.e. the citizens) is best taken with G8aKEXevro-rov: TOVTro refers (not to TrpocrTace$L but) to dyaad (from TovroWv 8 to f3XCarev is a sort of parenthesis). - If this explanation be adopted it will be seen that there is no force in Badham's contention that these words mean that the legislator is to charge someone else(e.g. the magistrate) to make the detailed enactments of which a summary is given from d 6 onwards, and which the legislator himself is to make. To obviate this supposed contradiction he reads rpadeis for 7rpoo-rdraes. (He does not say how we are to construe tveLt.) Fr. Doering (ut supra) makes this supposed contradiction the basis of his view that the 214 NOTES TO BOOK I whole passage, from 631 d 6 wept TE -/apovg to 632 d 1 /n~orqhta was written by Plato after he had changed his views about the task of the legislator. He began the Laws, D. says, with the view expressed at Rep. 42 5 c (and 4 27 a) that the legislator had only to make general arrangements for the outline of the state, and especially for the educative influences under which the citizens are to grow up: detailed enactments were to be left to the magistrates, or even to the good sense of individuals. d 6 if. WrEpt' TE y/ap/ov5 and CV TacEs y/EVtrqo-EO-tV go with E'wqLEXuo-,6at, which, I think, also governs the genitives v~wv oi'vTowv and LOVTO)V (For vept' with ace. after E~rt/XAEWc~-Oat cp. Menex. 248 e Tn73 SC' WroXEkoJ tU0Tr 7rOV Ka1t aVTOC T-iJv EWLMEAELCLtv, 0'Tt vl/Ofov~g Oe/leJ/v) 72Tpt ToV4 TWVY El' TVp rToXELq) TEXEvTrno-atvTev wrat8as; TE Kat 71EVV71TOPQ.g E7rtufLEXEat.) Ast says the ge-nitive vEiov OVTWV agrees with 7ra(8wv: but even though rpo4ae', as he says, includes educatio et institutio as well as nutriendi ojijicium, it could hardly be used of the care to be bestowed upon the aged. Stallbaum strangely takes vowv OJVTGv as the subjective genitive to rpobat'-~ "the care of the children, whether exercised by young or old." e 3. I would not follow Stallbaum in introducing TC after CV 7roa~rt, because the participial clause goes very well in a kind of subordinationtT to -uvYa Ka't adTtqLa'oVra Cwt[LeXELO-at, expressing the way in which the legislator can get the power of so doing. 632 a 2. With 1/e' ety we must Supply 8E from above. a2 if. Ov p-ycL TE.V x akXV KaLL juq': Ritter remarks that whereas the previous words refer to the ordinary course of life and social intercourse, the key-word to this passage is Trapa~at' It deals with all the extraordinary occurrences that "upset ",the mind, as we say. He is perhaps right in saying that even in IEVTYVXta there is a disturbing influence, but few will follow him in his translation of (a 4) roWV TrotoV'TOV Jro<Pvy/aL He says TO~~vmeans the educative influences to which, in ordinary life, a man is subjected. No doubt Ast and Stallb. are right in saying that Tr^v Toot~rOV'v refers to Tc'OV ((ea' 8VO1TVX1'aV) Tapa~w-v T7 #VX-q.g a 6. 7raO jAara may mean emotions (so Stallb. apparently), but it is better to take it in the general sense of occurrences; cp. Symp. 189 d 8CE~ 3~' wpW^OVv iuace uLaOEZt Ti"V dav~powtrvi~i /n~tv Kat Ta wra1rlLaTa al'T)')g. b 1. TO' TIE KaXoV Kat A~ "1h.e. quatenus affectioni obsequi deceat necne," Ast. (There are two other notes of Ritter's on the passage above 215 63r d 632 b THE LAWS OF PLATO translated which are helpful. He says, no doubt the place for the lawgiver's pronouncement (631 d2) on the relative value of the spiritual and temporal excellences would be one of those wrpootpta or prefaces to branches of enactments, of which the Laws contain many, and which Plato compares, at the end of the fourth book, to the prelude of a musician, or the conversation of a wise doctor with an educated patient on the-subject of his disease and its treatment. The other note is the comparison of the outline of man's life (d 6 if.), in which the salient pointsevserve as hints for the classification of laws, to 9 58 c a" vspi TOi~ Jmi-a TOVTO, 71EVYVIOE'VTL KCLL &T'pU(LCJEV K7lL y1Evv-qc-aVrt KaLt EKTpi/~av'M TEKvaL, KaL cFV JljletLav-te c Tv /fl/3Xata fLEp'rp 0o), 8LSO'm'F a(LKL E' m rj&K 'KC Ka\1 7rap IETE'poV E'Kka,83OVTt, o-v"v Trow Vo/.1Lot3 EV ALtP9 y~acraVTL TEXIEVrq' yiyIVOvr' ~V icaT- a\bihomV.) JZLETa 8E\ TaV'Ta... EXXEt~ret: in this passage 1~oth sense and construction have been obscured by the idea that it deals only with the way in which money is made and spent. Ast, for instance, says KotVoW~ta3 and taXv'o-et, are governed by - vXdcfrietv, and, as he naturally wants something to connect SbV~acTTEWV With fE7rtcrKo7CtEV, he proposes to alter KaG to calt: also, both he and Stailbaum understood KotVWVC'a3 to refer to business partnerships. This involves them in further difficulties with wraort Tovi-oet, and with 'K0VO(L`V TFE Kat (KOV(TtV. The former they take to be neuter, and add C'v before rraiotv (though St. does not print it). St. says that E'v 7ra -tv- Tov'Totg "1refertur ad Tag~ KT O)tTgt Kat TtL avaX ' ara civium." Many of the difficulties disappear when it is recognized that the passage deals with two distinct subjects, and falls into two divisions at the word -pwo'7v. The first subject is the regulation of money-making and moneyspending; the second the supervision of fellowships and associations, a very different matter. The Kat after Tpoirov connects jvXcaiTTELV with rtO-KOWEZtV, the genitival dative rzao-tv Tov~ovg is masc. (sc. iro~iratR), and E'Ko1)Orcv and aLKOVOLtv agree with it: with Oot-oov I think we must supply T-po'7ov from the preceding sentence. The word has occurred so recently, and would fall in so naturally with KaG 0&7roitov that the omission is not extraordinary. It is not necessary to press the words E'KOVOL'v and aLK0VO-t to the logical conclusion that they apply equally to bot}~ the KOmwoV'at and the 8takVsaoEtg. Though it is conceivable that certain associations might claim adherents who did not wish to belong to them, it is naturally the breaking up of an association. which may be against the will of some of its merubers. (So 216 NOTES TO BOOK I at Soph. Ant. 1159 TrlJX yap opOot Kat Tv7Xr KarappeTreL TOV evTvVXOvrTa TrV Te 8vo-TvXovvT' act we have to translate the TE by or, and not to assume the author to mean that Fortune, when raising a man, makes him both fortunate and unfortunate.) b 6. Just as KTrIcreL; and dvaXkJl'aTa are the direct objects of (vkAdrretTv, so, in the parallel clause, ErtloKo7retV governs Kotvovtas and 8taXv'aret; in both cases, however, the direct objects have explanatory adjuncts-in the first OVTtv' av ytyvr-ra rpo;rov, and in the second KaO' oTrotov rv ('K. 'rp. r. T. 7rpos aXXrovs.-cEKaoTrov is emphatic like the EK. in d-s Kdo-aa-cr 8a0Eecrows above.-I cannot help suspecting that Kat /ij after 8StKatov is the addition of a scribe who thought the expression ought to square with ro re KaXbv Kat prcj in b 1: also that the same scribe added the re after 'o-Ltv, which then became necessary. If I am right in wishing to reject these three words, os is a true relative, to which riWv TOLOVTrWV is the antecedent; if not, ots must be used as a dependent interrogative. I would translate the whole: "and to keep an eye on the associations formed or broken by any of the citizens-may be willingly, may be on compulsion(so as to observe) the manner in which all such mutual transactions take place, both the just ones and the unjust" (or, retaining the Ka t /LT and the re, and supposing the subject of the two verbs to be Tb GIKaLOV, " and to distinguish the just ones from the unjust"). It is impossible not to wish that Plato had lived to rewrite this whole passage. For the KOOWLvtaL of b 4 cp. Rep. 365 d 'r' yap Tob avdavELv crvvwOJLOcaiaS E Kat CeraLp[as o-vvalo/eEv, Laws 856 b sv.. Craiptas Tr v 7rOXtV VrflKOov Tro, Theaet. 173d o-rov8al 86 'TaLptiP v 7-r apXaS, and Ap. 36 b apX(v Kac crvvwpOocorWv Kac o-raco-rv. It will be noticed that at 636 b it is stated that the orvcr[rTta, which were KOLtvviat of the young men, led to ardao-et. This gives one reason for the state supervision of KOvWovWaL. b 8. rwiv vo(VLV: Schanz, following a suggestion of Ast's, brackets these words. Stephanus changed them to rw vouw (or TO3S vo/ogL). It seems far more likely that Plato should have allowed himself a genitive among so many datives, after the analogy of the genitive with aKpoacrOaL (in the sense of obey, Gorg. 488 c), than that a scribe should have introduced it, or altered it from a dative. At p. 715 c ev'IreLOEcraro has a dat. with it. An instance of the variety of construction which Plato allows himself may be seen at Hipp. Mai. 285 d, where, within a few lines, we read a (r)cos o-ov) aKpowvrat, and rdaro- r7g 217 632 b THE LAWS OF PLATO apxpaoXoytas a wt(rTa dKpoWyrat. For other out-of-the-way uses of the genitive in Plato cp. Rep. 380 c rvfJ/xr/ 6s croi E^/I, f r/, Tovrov TOv Xoyov, Tim. 20 a oSvovbs ISLWr-v ovra, Euthyd. 306 c crvyyLyvW(oKE~V tLEv o0v avrois XP q' Ts CTtWOvp/t'a (but Symp. 218b acvyyvW('eOe0 yap TOS Te TOTE TrpaLXOeLc' Kal TotS V1V XEyoAleiVOLS). C 1. 7rpos TEXos a7rair5 7rOXL7TEag 7Ere4EX0W'V, "when he has come to the end of all his organizations;" arrdra-g roXLArTdea here corresponds to the rcvTra 7roXtrEv/vra of 945 d 5. c 4. This is the first mention of the vo/LoqvXaKfes of whom we are to hear so much later.-KacrtLwv 8: i.e. when the lawgiver has passed all the various classes of citizens in review. At 738d e Plato speaks of the great importance of the electors' personal knowledge of those on whom honour or office is to be conferred: /LE&ov ovi8v 7rTOXEC ya6ov, 77 yvwpifJovs avTovS CaLTOS e9VaL * O7TOV yap pr) cWs ao XXrjXots EOTlv aXA rAXwv ev TOls TprOLtS aXXa oC-oroT, OVT av TLCifjLS TTS ada$s, OV'T apXWjv OVTe 6iKrqs TROTE TlS av TS Tpocr/Kov0TrqFS OpOOSZ rvyXavoL. —atra(rLv TovrjotS: this is neuter, and, like the following rdavTa Tavra, means the whole of the lawgiver's enactments and arrangements, which are in charge of the 4VAaKeS. C 5. la (fpovEws.. o'vTas: cum verbb. eundi (8oC c. gen.) est versari in aliqua re, persequi, studere," Ast, Lex. Cp. Prot. 323 a 'v (7OXCTLK'V dpeTrv) 8E Etd OLKaILOcrvvs T a av lEvaL Kat orwopocr'vrs and St. Paul's 8ad rtcrTews yap 7replraroV/ev 2 Cor. 5. 7. For further particulars about the two classes of Guardians (those of original, and those of imparted wisdom) of the Laws cp. 961 if. and 964 e if. For 8ooa aX. cp. e.g. Tim. 51 d ff. c 6. o'trws 7ravTa Tavra..... tLXOTtI, "that Wisdom may give unity to the whole system, and make it subservient to Temperance and Justice, instead of to Wealth and Pride." There is a striking similarity between the leading idea of this passage and that of St. Paul's words at Col. 2. 19.... KEfaXjXav, ~$ ov wav rb crO)[La L8 TWV dCwv Kai ar'vvoeowv E7rtXoprfylov1LEvov Kai crvy, Lpa6foJLevov av3et Trv ai"qcrtv ToV 0EoV. -For dirobatvetv in the sense of make cp. Gorg. 516 c aXX& /u'v aypLOwrEpovs yE arVTOVs d'nr1-fvr v EV oovs trapeXap3e, Ar. Eq. 817 (rS g 'AO3qva'ovs E Trf-ras /lLKporoX&tTas drTOmqvat: at p. 753d below it is used of appointing magistrates, and at 780 a 1 of making laws; cp. the use of ArroSe'Kvvo-Oat at 783 d 9 in the sense of produce.-As to the form, which Ast, in deference to Dawes (Misc. Crit. 228) changed to daroaltv-, possibly Dawes 218 NOTES TO BOOK I would have said that it was only 1st aorists of which the 1st sing. subj. was identical with the fut. which cannot stand after O Srwo; at all events that is all that Dawes's instances could prove. So ends what Stallbaum rightly calls- (631 b 3-632 d 1) "designatio quaedam et adumbratio universi operis." It stands to the whole treatise in the same relation that the 7rpootLa,; noticed above on 631 d 2, stand to its various divisions. Its leading idea is that of the formative or educational power and function of good laws. As the Hebrew lawgiver says at Deut. 32. 47: "This law is no vain thing for you, it is your life, and through this ye shall prolong your days upon the land whither ye go over Jordan to possess it." d 2. vtLas is the subject of the 8LeeAXOetv which goes with p/ovAo/taL, as well as of that which has to be supplied with 'OEXov av: L&EiEXOdtv means set forth, demonstrate, explain thoroughly. The first thing he wishes his companions to demonstrate, if they are to make good the assertion that their laws are divine (624 a 3), and therefore perfect, is that the laws possess the advantages just enumerated; i.e. that they foster all the virtues. They find, on proceeding, that the Dorian system does foster courage, but when they come to temperance, all is not as it should be. The reader is left to draw the conclusion for himself that the system is not perfect after all; and the course of investigation proposed in the next paragraph comes to an end as a natural consequence. d 4. Ka' ory KrX.: then follows an intimation that the subject must be studied philosophically: "I want you to show," the Ath. says, " that there is a philosophy of law, a system (das$), in the divinely ordered code, to be discerned by the philosopher, and even by those who have lived under a perfect code:-how it enables a man to judge of the relative importance and proper function" (both involved in rTatv) " Of various enactments." d 5. TeXv EdrTE Katl rtrv oWeO-v: the two classes of intellect here referred to correspond to the two classes of qvAXaKes spoken of at c 5-TOb'S /LV 8La 4fpOViro'CE(o, TroVs Of O3 dXaR,0os 8o4gs o'vras. d 6. There is a polite irony in mgtv. d 9. No subject of 8tE4EAOet^ is expressed; probably, if it had been, it would have been vm/as. The KaOaTrep rjpdtaLeOa, which reminds his hearers that their first attempt has been a joint one, naturally leads to the suggestion in &Lteyv ev /3ovXAuO-0fE that all three should share in the proposed investigation. e 1. Tra r's advppeLas E7Tr' 7evLaara, "the means of cultivating courage" (cp. 791 b 5 ff.). Cp. Rep. 501 d r 86e; Trv TroLa'vTv 219 632 c THE LAWS OF PLATO (#5w0tv) TVrxo'vCav Tov 7rpOGrqKOVTbWV e7rLtr8evMTc(wav OVK Cya8Ov TeAXEos e( cr e aL;-The course recommended is this: first they are to consider the cultivation of all the separate virtues in turn, using the same method of investigation in each case; then they are to show, if they can, that particular laws or codes of law conduce to this object (KE~CrIE /pXE7reL). e 3. Of 0'rrto av with subj. in a temporal sense (" as soon as") we have possibly another instance at 755a (if the text there is sound) 7rto(s v rtL 'rXEov vrrEppas e(3op8vKovrd aj. KuhnerGerth ii. p. 445 says that wie is similarly used in old German and in modern Volkssprache instead of als (temporal). e 5. TEPO -pov E apeCrp s T7rafo-r i.e. "after we have considered the methods whereby all virtue may be fostered." For V-rTepov followed by a gen. cp. Soph. 257 c rrEpt' drr' av Kenrat ra a erQtOeyyoleva v^rETpov 7r o4Aacre(S ovofiuaa. e 6. Ritter supports Stallbaum's view that a yE vvv&)l 8tvXo/OEV (for d the early MSS. have ra, Ven. X first corrected it, early edd. Kat a) refers exclusively to the outline of the division of law which was given in 631 dff., and spoken of there as T&as aXXas 7rpoo-rTa$tes TroL 7roKtTati,-as to marriage, money-making, etc. The reference is, doubtless, to laws of some kind; but the phrase " the laws we examined just now" might well include a reference to the positive Cretan institutions with which the discussion began, as well as the imaginary ones summarized in 631 d f. I say imaginary, because the Ath. is there saying what the panegyric of Cretan laws ought to be. The subsequent course of the argument (634 a if.) seems to favour the assumption that the Dorian institutions were referred to here. It should be remembered that the " imaginary" ones were Dorian too. Doering (p. 27), of course, excludes all possibility of there being a reference in a' ye vvv^j 8t)A0o/JEv to 631 d 6 f. He (following Tiemann, Kr. Analyse v. Biich. I. und II. der pl. Gesetze) holds that eKEZ0E EX1rovra goes with 8 rX0o/FEv —"which we showed (at 631b-d) to be eKEZTE pXErovTa," that a 8'eX0ooJev refers to human benefits (631 b 7), and that droqfavovp~ev means "we will show them (i.e. the human benefits) to be supplied by the Dorian laws." This is special pleading, with a vengeance. Eeer-e flXw7orovra must go with daroavov^/ev; 8tjX0o/.LJ does not want a secondary predicate, and a7roqavov,~ev does.-This discussion of Dorian institutions (which is not carried through very far) is a dramatic introduction to the subject of the Laws. Bruns and others err greatly, I think, in taking it to have been the original subject of the whole treatise. 220 NOTES TO BOOK I e 7. av 0eb's ei': this pious aspiration was, as the speaker no doubt knew, not destined to be fulfilled (cp. on 778 b 7). 633 a 3. Ka o-ca re KaL fEavrov: Stallb. takes this to mean " it is not only Cretan institutions that are to be criticized; Spartan and Athenian must come in for their share of criticism as well"; and this explanation fits in well with the following KOLVOS yap 6 Aoyos, i.e. "the discussion is on law in general, not on Cretan law only." Still, it is more likely that the Ath. means "the discussion will test the validity of your views anid mine as well as of his "; KOLV. y. 6 AXyoy will then mean "we are all three open to criticism." The (a 4) XfYyeTr o0v is pointedly addressed to both the two, and the subsequent discussion deals in particular with Spartan rather than with Cretan institutions. a 7. Kal rpTroV TT rrapTov; "And thirdly, or fourthly?" i.e. " What shall we mention next as 'rT-Evu'ara dv peveas? " — tiws yap av KTX.: remembering that he had said that the investigation of E'T37reTfiV/aTra davpeLas is to serve as a type for that concerning the other branches of virtue, he is anxious to proceed formally.-Definite enumeration (8taptOl^ro-r-Oat) makes for clearness (8qXovVT'a-masc. —in the next line); cp. below 894 a 8 Ws ev eol'eo'va Xap/e!V /Aer CapLOJ.oV. a 8. Eite epWV eiTE aTT' av'Ta KaXelv Xpewv (rTt: with these words Plato is perhaps waiving aside the ontological question. Stallb. thinks they refer to 'litem et controversiam a Sophistis motam" and similar discussions in the Protagoras. Ritter is possibly right in thinking that he has in mind somebody's criticism of the term,Epr dperjS, but not the Sophists' contention (that virtues of different kinds can each exist separately from other virtues).-St. quotes several passages in which Plato uses e... eire (or an equivalent) in a similar way: Crito 50a, Sympos. 212c, Laws 872el, Tim. 28 b; Ritter adds Laws 863 b Ev e'v avr — (sc. ri avX j) TJS (v1rews EfTE Tt 7raLos IJT~ EE f InJCpOS (V 8 Ov1d&. b 7. rats XEp-t is a genitival dative of the instrument; cp. 631 c KiVrjtEQcrL Tr (T C6/art. (Moeris's and Harpocration's "XEPLtltaXla IIHTarov Nodov a)) is now generally thought to be based on a mistaken reading of this passage, though Pierson-on Moeris 406-proposed, perhaps rightly, to read XEpcrL-uaXt'as for Tras Xeport /jcLat5 here.) b 8. I follow Hermann and Schanz in accepting Ast's ylyvouE'vaLs for the MS. ytyvofJevov. — The rTYLv after ap7rayats is slightly apologetic. 221 632 e 633 b 633 bTHE LAWS OF PLATO b 9.' KVwrTELa TtI o0obL6CETat, "4there is a service called KPvwi-rda." Below, the passage 763 a 6 7wpo' 8~\ TOV'Tot~ WaV(YWS OrW)CEtV (c 2),-in which -occur the words et1TE i-is KPV7rTOVI3 IEZTE a3L7pov6/LkovI JO9 T t Kak~v Xca'pEt,-throws some light upon this institution. The service was so called because those on it had to keep out of sight. They hid during the day, and did their work - -usually killing prominent Helots - during the night. Plutarch says (Lyc. 2 8) so cruel an institution could not have been devised by lycurgus; that it must have been of later origin. No doubt, he says, that is what gave Plato the idea that Spartan institutions were only good for bravery.-9a&v,~ao-rrW wroX67z-rovo irp03 r& 'L Ka~pTl-E(ftsOL "as full as% could be of hardening toils." C 1. tEOVOWV, "in wintry weather," a variety of the common Xctju~vos.-As Ast says, both the privatives (aJvvrr. and aamTp*) go with Xep At 942 d it is recommended that soldiers should get accustomed to lie on hard beds and go bare-headed and barefooted. Cp. Xen. De, rep. Lac. 2. 3. c 4. The yuvaoratUatc-the games of the naked-was a festival at Sparta at which choruses of men and of boys performed dances. Athenaeus (xiv. pp. 630 f.) mentions a " lyric " dance, called the 7v/LworaL8K q, of a stately and elaborate character, resembling the tragic e4qL/.kiXeta. Ath. also says (xv. p. 678) that at the yvjuvoz-at&tat the leaders of the choruses wore garlands of palmleaves, which'were called Ovpfai-uob' oeV'7'~Vqp/c Tq3 EV OvpfcX yfVoACV~j WLK-g. The festival occurred in the middle of the summer in the month Hecatombaeon; hence i-jqTO i-os w/v-y3' A(OII 8taciaXo/t4viw. Probably the performance was a long -and exacting one. o 6. IEK TIrTOTE, "in detail" (Jowett). o: 8. T-qV dv~pdav -t' OLUEv; " How are we to define courage?" -lit. " As what are we to set down courage? " The fact that temptations, like-privations, are spoken of as endured and combated (he echoes the 8taLaecLopuEvwv in 8taLap4X-p) enables the Ath. to slip imperceptibly from the subject of courage to that of temperance, which he thus presents at first as a branch of courage. o9. a'irk(iig oi M03: cp. the Homeric /i~ o'r~ soPol. 286 e EVIO o{Tr, Pol. 296 a, 303 d, Phaedr. 234 c vv'v oViTW3. d 2. eat' rtvag 8,Etva05 O(nrEt'ag KOkcLKtKa', "with all their powerful wheedling cajoleries." (Op. Romeo and Juliet ii. ii. 140 "ca dream too flattering sweet to be substantial.") The Ttvasg shows that the word GOn~rEtag is used metaphorically, and that P1. does not mean to add literal flattery as a third assailant of 222 NOTES TO BOOK I63d 633 d virtue, in addition to desire and plecasure.-There is a poetical redundancy about this expression, a redundancy which is one of the marks of a hastily written and unrevised work. When an idea is first put into shape a number of almost synonymous words flock into the writer's mind, and he sets them all down without stopping to select. Apelt (Jena Jahresbericht 1907) well says that in the Laws we catch Plato at work; he has not had time to polish and arrange his material; his 'main anxiety is lest strength anid life should fail him to get his rich harvest of thought, as it were, under cover; perfect order and precision are not to be expected under such circumstances. Badham rewrites the passage for him thus: i)" Kalt 7wpo' iro'ov 1E Ka' '8ov-3s rtva' 8ELva Ow7reiag (" deleto inu~tili KoXaKtKag "). (Winckelmann and Schanz would also reject KoXaKtKaJg.) d 3. ot'o/i~vwv, " who fancy themiselves."-K-qPt'VoV9: this word -which some editors insert before 7rotoivotv and some after-is preserved only in the margins of A and 0 and in Clem. Al. Stro. ii. 108. The early vulgate inserted piXLa'Trrovaa after OV/pOV~;. d 4. o4~zat jat~v OVTro is in an erasure in A and is omitted in 0.-" Vocabulo oVnTo per epexegesin additur wp'0 Tal-ra $i4L-k rraV~ra, ad quod ex antegressis repetendum dEt'at aV~rT-qV 8ajia'rp/. Sic Sympos. 2 15 A >2: f T~~ eyo) E~ratvEtvOVW ErXPTT, &t' EL'KO'V(V" Stallb. Burnet is doubtless right in puttiing a semicolon instead of a comma after oV'TrW. e 2. iq Kat: we can hardly translate this Kat' otherwise than "4also, "as well "i; Schanz and Boeckh apparently do so; in that case we must make it do duty for the unexpressed lo'vov (with T'iv Xv ' XViv _V 'T). Schanz accepts Boeckh's emendation of the MS. KaKbV to KaKtov', which he says is supported by a small erasure before the ~ Of KaKO'v. The Ka[' in the following words is an objection to this. (Ficinus has deteriorem.) e 3. The pa-XXov, which Schanz placed at the beginning of Cleinias's speech, formerly stood, in MSS. and edd. alike, as the last word of the preceding speech of the Athenian. e 5. r'ov f'rvEWOE8tWCTO) ijrova E'aVTOV: the Tr'v with the predicate has a deictic force; it conveys an invidious distinction: " it is specially this victim of pleasure, isn't it? (wov), that we all call self-conquered in the invidious sense." 64a 1. O' At6b3 OiV' KTX: the implication here foreshadowed is that, if there prove to be a grave defect in the legislation, it can be only partially of divine origin. a 2. The metaphor in XwX'v is helped out by the /3atYVELV 223 634 a 634 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO in a'vrt/3cLvEtv. In 6e$taL we have a simple pun: its figurative meaning of " shrewd " serves to introduce the following adjectives. -Again we have a redundancy of ideas, like that at 633 d 2. (Schanz proposes to omit Ko[L~a Kat, paitly because the Kait was only added by the second hand in A.) a 7. dL4orf'pati 1-ake w'Xca-tv: not a local dative, but in loose explanatory apposition to vcu&; cp. 6 38 e 6.-ycvov-ra rwv Oq8V(fl', "while teaching men how pleasure tastes." a 9. a"YOV'rU G13 jL'3 "cputting it (pain) in their way." -p,40as and av'rwiv evidently refer to Xv'wa,: otherwise we should have vayia7Kaet and vez'-dE. -rtq~ab^ probably goes only with c'7rt~ev, though the thought of chivalry's "1Noblesse oblige" might incline us to take it with '7vd'-yKaCE as well.-The (dependent) question breaks off abruptly, and the speaker begins a fresh (independent) one at 7rof3 Sq to express the idea with which he started; then the qiuestion is repeated in other words. All this is very conversational in style. (St. and Jowett make oA4(aR and as'Trv refer to q'Sovc3, and translate the two verbs as if they were in the present tense.) b 1. The punctuation here should be aV'T~W~-(Prof. Burnet agrees).-roi5 8-q icr., "1Where, I say, has this same enactment been made in your laws with reference to pleasure?~" c 1. Zuros: it is difficult to be sure whether this means equally or perhaps here-the former, I think. In the next line it is perhaps.-KUa' MAEYa'Xa pk'p1 Kal &ta-avv', "(instances) on a large and striking scale." KcLTa Upqmeans "in detail, "in the several parts," as distinguished from KaO' O'Xov (Tim. 55 e Kai-a' TE 1 qKa t KaG' OXov). Kcara' /jEy/Xa p~~(a phrase which occurs also at Philebuns 30 b) means lit, in large details; the addition of KU8ta/av?) emphasizes the fact that the details, to show the, design, must not be insignificant, but conspicuous.-,Ev~ropo1,qv av, "I should not be at a loss." c 4. 61-teoteo: i.e., as obvious as in the case of institutions hitended to train men to disregard pain. c 5. KaL& O~V'el YE Oav/aao-1-'v K-X.: the connexion of thought here, down to 6 35 b 1, is this: "1no actual system is perfect; not yours at Sparta and Crete, any more than ours at Athens. So, in our search for perfection, we must none of us feel hurt if deficiencies in his native institutions are exposed. We are too old for anything like pettishness. Well, it is~, natural that I Should know, better than either of you, what faul t the world finds, rightly or wrongly, with Dorian institutions. Now one of the best of them 224 NOTES TO BOOK I -among many good ones-is that which regards any criticism of the laws, unless made privately by a magistrate or by an old man to a contemporary, as sacrilegious. There are no young men here, so we may proceed." d 5. ko'yos av E'rpos EI': Ast cps. Arist. Pol. iii. 3 el 8o 86KLatov &caLAVEv / A] SLaAXEv, O Trav els -repav ALETapaXXI roALretav 71 groXts, Xoyog ETEpos. Stallb. adds Plato, Ap. 34 e dXX' El Iev OappaXeos Ey) e'Xo 7rpb0s OdvaTrov '7 /7, aXXos Xoyos, rrpos 6' OVV KTX. Similarly Rep. 462d KaL T7rep daAov 6rovovv rT(O Tro advOp'7rov 6 avTOS X/oyos, and Tim. 54 b StOTL Ue, XAyos 7rXetiLv. These and other passages (Stallb. cites Dem. Phil. iii. 16 and De cor. ~ 44) support Eusebius's Aoyog against the MS. 6 Aoyos here, and the 6' o'v in the passage from the Apology gives some confirmation to Bekker's 8' owv, which Schanz and Burnet rightly adopt instead of the MS. y' oZv. d 7. eitrep Kat, " if (your laws are good) as in truth they are "; cp. Soph. 238 b E'Lrep ye Ka' dAXo T& OE7TOV US 6V. e 1. With e4.v.s etro/aroas 7rarTas CvtJxOvedv Stallb. cps. Rep. 364 a Wra'Tes yap e V evrs OrToparos v/ovoVOtL. e 4. With the suggestion of criticism in crwvvoel (trans.) here cp. our similar use of to reflect upon, to think twice about. e 6. With troLEtcrOa we may suppose a^v to be supplied from d 9. 635 a 1. ac7roTv Ts TOT 8tavolas: I accept without hesitation Burnet's punctuation of this passage, which connects r-s Stavooas with a7rnv. This word is part of the metaphor in Eo-ToxacrOaL: "though far removed from the old legislator's mind-as far as Tore from vvv-you have hit it. You must be a /JavTrs." There is a confusion between time and space which gives a certain haziness to the metaphor. (Schanz wants to bracket a7rwv.) For the gen. 8tavotag cp. Soph. Ant. 1169 E'v ' d(a7r' roVT(v TO Xatpetv... a 4. aEtfLEO69 v7rb Tro VO/JOIA TOV 8taXEyo/EvoL... Jlrtjev av wrXr1A/,eX'ewv, "the lawgiver leaves us free to discuss without offence." av 7rXr'uLeXeLv for the simple WrXkLLeXegtv is an anacoluthon; perhaps the speaker meant us to feel that 3caXEyo/Levol is equivalent to el oLaXeyo'IeOa. a 6. " Kat s.v. A" Burnet. I conjecture that what was originally written here was ecrt rCTaa orVTOs Kca& uEv3y ye dvgs-that the CKAI, owing to the faintness of the I, the bad formation of the K and of the C was read as EICA. It was seen afterwards that a Kat was wanted before u/r8v and it was inserted in A above the line. (It is a slight confirmation of this that A has not OV'T)S but oirT.) Schanz omits the Kat. It certainly does not seem necessary if, as 634 c VOL. I 225 Q 635 a THE LAWS OF PLATO Ast and Stalib. say, d's 'a means quapropter in the sense of wherefore, for which reason. But can it? The nearest approach I can find to this -use is Soph Trach. 403 E' -d`; "for what purpose?" but "1with a view to which " does not suit this passage. (e VT~O, ati Timothy 4. 10, is translated in the ANV. "1therefore," but it is altered in the R.V. to "1to this end").-As against Schanz it may be urged that -yE is much more natural after KcaL than afterd EaL. F.ll.D., omitting K(a', proposes to read EL`Ta for Et's'' a 7. OU y/ap T'r y/E yvowvat Tr& KTAX., "1it is no disgrace to a man to be told of something wrong; if he is grateful to his critic, instead of being indignant with him, it may result in his being able to set the wrong right." b 2. For 7wo Stallb., Schneider, and Schanz accept 7we3, the reading of a Vienna MS. But the former stands very well here as an anticipation of -7rpt'v. b 3. fleflato),: proleptic; so, Rep. 537 c, a method of /AOqo-ts is said to be /3E/3atog, and Rep'. 5 85 e iTTO TE v dkX&O3 iKalt flEflatiI 7rAqpot'To. In all these, cases it is the result that is -fixed and definite, not the process by which the result is reached. (PE'flato3 is a favourite word with Plato.) We must supply 4EP- from above with abroP('v: " In what I say I shall not find fault; that can only be done after an exhaustive investigation: instead of that I will tell you the difficulty I feel about your system." C 1. ta' Te'XOV% "on every occasion." c 2. 4~ev~e,6o-a&: the paronomasia helps the formal statement of the analogy: it is not only pain and alarm that they will run away from; they will run away from those men who have had the training which they themselves have missed. c 6-d 1. I would substitute a() for the Q-) generally found after ofl3wv in d 1, because I take d'... EVqo-ovTaL Kat. 7-rrdo-ovrat to be the protasis, and Sovket'ya-ovo-t to be apodosis. A parallelism thus comes out between the two cases: those tuntrained in fighting fear will (I) flee from the toils and troubles of life, and (2) fall before the better trained; so too those untrained in resisting pleasure will (1) be worsted by pleasure (Tav'T6V 7r-EL`oVTat Tots qTT. TWV 404/wv), and (2) will be worsted and overcome by the better trained (8oVXEi5GovUG-t KrX.). The Kat' before d4jeX,',rjTrOt then connects yev/lo-ovrat with rrdo-ov-rat, that before ILEVV is epexegetic, inasmuch as u-q8&v rw'v aio-Xpw~v ava-/KaCEGO-at 7rotetv explains wherein the firmness (Kap-rEpetv) is shown. I do not take yLyv6Mevot with 4teUXE'Tjo&, but with E'v i-akt q'8ova't (this I think is certain, and would hold even though it were decided 226 NOTES TO BOOK I that it is better to restore the colon at (f6/3pov, to assume an asyndeton between WrEVrovTaL and 8ovXEVcrovo-L, and to make the KU[ before a/eXAErploL connect that word with a7retpoL). dL[eXETi'rTOt = dCeX7TeToL OVTES or o'; IfeLEXeTrJLjvoL, " not being trained, in the presence of pleasure, to show firmness." Cp. Laws 655 d ev 7rp deo'r Te 7ravTola7rals ytyvo/Leva KaI TvXats. —eVCKa in c 8 is used much as at Theaet. 148d 7rpoOvvplas LEYV 'VEKa, a, ow)Kpar'es, 4aveJral, and at Polit. 304 a 7recpas tEv -roivvv EveKa kavepbs so-'rai: lit. here, "if they are left to their natural inclination to indulgence." c 8. Ast was the first to remove the comma from after G-lovas and put it after rrotEiv: the sentence is more symmetrical so. 1'vEKa...,yov6s corresponds in idea with ytyv. ev r. '8ovals, and -7TT. Tr(v (opfwv with t-8~Ev T c'. aav. ayK. roLEtv.-The use of yXvKvOvjUta —like that of y7VKiO0vpaos as an epithet of iv'rvo at Ar. Nub. 705, and of "EpwS at Ar. Lys. 551-shows the same confusion of ideas as our expression "a sweet tooth." d 2. 'T alo'Xt'O: the greater disgrace is partly due to the fact that men who in this case gain the mastery over them are sometimes Tr-aTa7ra(rt KaKot. In the former case the victors are at all events brave men. Also it has been explained at 626 e that 7T y7TaOrOat avTOv veO' Cavrov rrav'rov at'XtuO'tov Te daUa KaL KaKLao-ov.-One thinks of Hannibal at Capua. d 3. Ka Trots KeKT1EiY1OLSt TEa repl TLas ij8ovas, %l nempe Uis qui earum rerum domini sunt," Ast. But there is more expressed in this idea of mastery than mere power of resistance: the men are masters of the whole art or science of pleasure (and are thus able to tempt others cleverly). T- Trep rTas 8sovd5 is "all that pleasure business." For KeKT7'Orat in the sense of "be master of an art or science" cp. Laws 829 c T(Wv orooL wrotcrio v ot V E Kal p[ova'av tKavRs KEKTT#pEVOC EV aVTOs elO-iv. (If the words are taken to mean simply " those who have had the advantage of the experience of pleasure," they come as a weak climax after or equivalent to TOS 8vv. KapTepelV (V T. 3'.) d 5. r7 Pev as regards pleasure: rt7 8e as regards pain and fear. — acrAOs, " without qualification." d 7. KaTra' rporov, " recte"; cp. 638 c, 766 d, Phil. 33 c, Polit. 310 c, Crat. 425 b, Rep. 581 b, Tim. 42 e. (The whole of this paragraph is a model of Platonic, i.e. superlatively beautiful and accurate, exposition.) e 1. -ep - TrXLKovT(oWV, "about such weighty matters "; Theaet. 162 e O-KOTrE TE OVv SV V TE KaCE Oso8pos eL aLro8sEo-e rLOavo227 635 e THE LAWS OF PLATO Xoytt TE KaiL EKOLKot Vrepi Tf/XLKOVTWV XEyyoeJLovs X6yo. —reXrLoa-TEVKeVa p[8 -a = " to be cocksure." e4. Ast and Stallb. insist on taking T7 /IeraT 7ravra as an adverbial phrase like Tb a7rb 'TOV7ov, and &v, or rather the antecedent to iv, as a partitive gen.; but (1) such a construction as that at Phil. 34 c Xeyo Iev Trovvv, ( ]oKpaTL7e, 1r7 To tLET7 Tcrav7a, where T'o is the object of Xe7ywJLev, is much more common in Plato; (2) it is much more natural that the gen. which is the antecedent of 6v should have something to depend on; and (3) the singular To suits the context better, as being a direct reference to ao-opoc-vvr, whereas the antecedent gen. to &v might be either sing. or plur. The only strict parallel to such a partitive gen. as they here suppose, cited by Stallb., is at Soph. 232 b dXX' dvaXdof3ev TwpiWrov 7TV 7Trep TO7ib Cro'crTrv ElprjJLvOEv, where Burnet accepts Heindorfs avaXdapw/3ov <Ev>. e6. XAyo/jev, " I would suggest that we should talk," or "we have got to talk." At 632 e the Ath. had proposed that they should take the hreTE78cuOaTa of the different virtues one after another, and though, as Ritter, following Susemihl, says, they have really been discussing ro-xpoo-rivy (disguised as a kind of advpeta) since 633 d, this is the first time the virtue is introduced by name (since the r-4xpwv,-vxs ^i s in the enumeration at 631 c). This is a rhetorical artifice. Plato wants to show clearly how the arguments used about dvapeda (and the training in it) apply equally to w(rpoo-vv7. No doubt also he wishes to bring out the unity of virtue. (The-as I take it-superficial inconsistency of calling the virtue by two names has been the ground of many attacks upon the treatise. The difficulty felt is a real one. Possibly the passage from 633c 8 to 635 e 3 was put in as an afterthought as an alternative way of introducing the discussion about cOXpoo-r-V. I have only room here to refer to Doering (ut supra), pp. 28 ff.)-I have adopted Badham's /lIv -t for the 7T (ecquid?) of the earliest editionsaltered by Stephanus and Ast to T-. Seeing the preceding word ends in /zev, it is very possible that /iwv was omitted in error: anyhow it makes the sense clearer to an English reader. (F.H.D. suggests that Plato wrote AXyoW I uzv mt.) The Ath. here repeats the question already put at 634 b 1. e 7. I do not follow Badham in rejecting 7vats —" En purum putum recensorem qui genitivos illos a 8(dpopov pendere non intellexit."-I think Plato adopted the unusual? instead of the gen. because his choice would lie between making WroXLTEvopz^Evw agree with 7roXLreto. v (understood)-and though he often uses wroXs 228 NOTES TO BOOK I as subject to roXLrTeeo-Oat, neither he, nor probably anyone else, ever said 7 7roXA-Et'a 7roXeeveat —aand writing such an awkward phrase as rWv Trv EtK TrroXtTivoIkEvwv. Bdh., however, apparently, takes 7roLTnevovpwv as agreeing with 7roAiTELiV understood. He should at least have given an instance of the construction.-With WroXtrVO/lEVw v we may supply either 7ir6XEov or avOpo7rrov, preferably the latter.-For D after 8LaLQEpEtv cp. Phaedr. 228 d oh E'ro 8La)Epetv Era TOV EPpoV7OS o T V& oi ir, and Rep. 455 c 7radva TaLVTa TO rWv adv8pv yevos StaqLepovTws EXEtL j TO TwV yvvaItKV. For the omission of the second Ev cp. the similarly omitted vr7r at Laws 683e4 piu v i)7ro TLVV aXXtwv (r^v avTv;-eIKr': Sparta and Crete had "divinely planned" constitutions; other constitutions were made at random, not on any fixed principle-like the codes described at 630e, made by the lawgivers of the day. 636a 1.,ocrrep Ta MrEpi TOV 7r6fXEJLov vvV8: i.e. "as (we did find some superiority) in the case of davpeia just now." a 2. ov' poSpov: supply, not with Stallb. elrreEv but, avevptr-Kecv. a 3. Irpos afL)OTEpaC: "int. TV/ davspetav et TV/V o0-(pocrvvrVv. Male interpretes ad civitates trahunt," Ast. a 4. 'OLKE... Yt. yvEo-Oa, "it does seem difficult for such things as institutions to be as clearly beyond dispute in action as in their intention"-in other words, "it is hard to get institutions that are as satisfactory in action as they are in theory." Ast is doubtless right (pace Stallb.) in taking avafpiLo-prlTVTWo as equivalent to the adjective-so Laws 968 b vTs 8E 6 Tpo7ros v yyLVoJLEvo opOS t/Y7VOLT ' al Rep. 504 c ifTpov TWv TOLVTW)V a7roXEL7rov Kal OTULOUV TOV OVTOS OV o 7raVV LETplTtW ytyverat-though I do not think he is right in taking TO Trep Tasg roXLTeas as an adverbial phrase-" circa civitates."-Rather it is the subject of ytyvea-Oat. (This is better, I think, than taking To with yTyvcrEOaL.) With Ast's construction " a man," or "a lawgiver" would presumably have to be supplied as the subject of ytyve-OaL. His translation of the whole is: " circa civitates s. leges ita certum esse, h.e. tam certas leges (quae nihil controversiae vel dubitationis habeant) statuere, ut res ipsa, s. eventus respondeat legislatoris consilio." a6. KLVSVVevit yap KaT.: the parallel is adequately suggested, but the expression of it is not complete,-not even logical-the KaOa7rep Ev TOIS c(OtLAaTL has no right to be where it is.-This informality may be intentional (i.e. a dramatic representation of a hasty conversational style), or it may be due to hasty writing 229 635 e 636 a THE LAWS OF PLATO (the informal ev w and the rTa& tiwyv o-'a'Lra coming after the ev cra-ia point to the latter cause).-Schanz brackets KaOarep ev Tots o(,lao(rtv, Ast reads o for ev v. a 7. Tt TpO e2v O(r ua: a variety for 7rpbs ('v ri (r-/a. — er3evLa, " treatment."- v X OVK iav qLaveI we might translate, "without finding that..." b 1. e7rel, "for instance"; Prot. 319 e eret IIEpLKX^s, "P. for instance." b 3. XaXErad, "are a danger." (Cp. Polit. 274 b Orp(ov o'ra XaXera Tias tjvoets 'v).-7rp6s: lit. "in the direction of"- "are dangerously liable to produce." The young men of the cities named were "spoiling for a fight," because they were so highly trained. Arist. Pol. v. 7, in speaking of a crTa'ots at Thurii, sets it to the account of yevoJLevoI TLVeS TrOXELtKOL TOWV VeoTepWoV. Cp. Alcidamas, Odysseus p. 184, 1. 19 ov83' v 7raXa'orrp' ovS' ev crvJL7rocri, EvOa tXe? e'pL8as 7rXEcrTa Kat XoLooptas yev/e'Oat. Grote chap. lxv. gives reason for thinking that the revolution at Miletus, described by Plut. Lys. 8, was not due to political differences. The Boeotians are well known to have regarded bodily training as a more important part of education than the training of the mind. b 4. Kat 8f Kat introduces the next, and more weighty, charge against the yvtzvvaara-a charge often brought by ancient writers.This whole passage, down to 8teOapICevaC, presents great difficulties. According to Burnet the original reading of A (and O) was 7raXatov vo/Lov, corrected by the writer-(I examined the passage in A and thought it was by a later hand)-to 7raXawv volJwv: a later hand altered the o's back to o and wrote vo'piLov as a variant for voov in the margin. After w7rL-r8evjLa follow the words Kac Kaa'& fvroLV rTa Tr. r. ad. r'8ovas. Two minor MSS. omit the KaO, which seems to me likely to have been introduced by some scribe who took KacTra f(LVv as going, along with raXabov, to qualify voxuov, and took vo'pov as in appositiou to ros 7reps ra cdpo8tolaa 3Sovas. This last view I think a mistake. The S8ovat are q<vcre~ as opposed to v6pOo, and the force of the passage seems weakened if they are spoken of as a voptos. I have therefore accepted Boeckh's r'dXaLk v v6Lttov, and Ast's rTa KaTra (CLotv reptL Ta ajp. e8oves. Most decidedly ov p/ovov avtOpw7rW aJX)a Kat Orppov goes with xv'-tv. Stallb. oddly says it is a "hyperbolical" strengthening of the charge against the yvLvavdcrta, that the mischief they wrought extended to animals, quoting Laws 942 d, where dvapX^a is spoken of as extending to the brutes. 230 NOTES TO BOOK I 636 b The position of the genitives is a little awkward, but any other position in the sentence would be more awkward.-" Then again this usage, where it is an institution of long -standing, is thought to have corrupted the sense of pleasure, attendant on ra\ a40po~tuta_, which is natural to the whole animal creation." With the Wraa cLL V vottqtov of L and A5 cp. Athen. xiv. p. 633 b Ka-ray'qpao-C'vTwov b 7. i-rt, " public opinion." C.EtLE 7rat~ovra E1/TE oirzovMa`oVra EVVOELtV F TaL To~CaVTa: the effect of this parenthesis is somewhat as follows: "the comic poet, if you will let him, will tell you as readily as the philosopher." c 4. '-xo8&6&TOatL, "to he yielded " or "1produced." C 6. Kat' TOW- 7rflWT(V l1~ Xfr0'kjj4 evat 8t a'Kpa',-tav at first sight this seems to mean " 'and that the audacity of the original perpetrators is due to intemperance in pleasure." But it is hard to see why this self-evident remark should he made only about the first perpetrators of the enormity, and still harder to understand the present Jtvau, especially after a'w7o6E80&rOat. Besides, & 'KJ~p. V8. makes an awkward predicate to ELVaLL. I cannot help thinking that 1-'V 7rWpownv has a kind of adverbial force"4prominently "-and that the sentence meant "and that the audacity is in an especial degree due to unbridled lust." Just such a use of wrpro' T may he seen at Phil. 44 e 7wpO' Ta7&~~ WLetEE. - aKparTy~L 1b8ovw^V TE KaLL EWLoV/LW occursatL s 886, (~p~IXL MpOV~i i'V a' kvr hv at 908 c, 8t- d'KPaLTEtcLv r')8ovW'v KCLL Xvrwv at 934 a, and -98ovw~v JKpa i-eta at Tim. 86 d. d 1. Ws koYo~rotqo-a'VTWV TOoVTnVv: ep. above on 624 a 7. This variant for the ace. c. inf. construction expresses the charge made against the Cretans,: i-oiS-reV is emphatic-" that it was they who invented the story." After a conversational breakthe asyndeton is well marked by Burnet's colon after TOVrTeVfollows, as an amplification of the charge, what all the world supposed to be the reason of the invention: l7rpotr-TE0h)KE'va thus depends onl a yerb of saying or thinking supplied from KaTI)7yop0V)UEV.I d 3. 7r-poJ-TC-EOKIEvat: i.e. T-ot'g VO/ILoL.-KaTct, "to the disadvantage of," as at Ap. 37 b KaT' EixaVTOV -EpEV tv aVo1.a/ "(as they would have ns believe."-The Kat' in d 4 points the samne way as the izpoo —: they followed Zeus's injunctions in the laws; they followed (they said) his example in the vice, d 4-e 3. "1Be that as it iuay, our topic suggests to us two con231 636 d THE LAWS OF PLATO siderations which go to the foundations of the philosophy of law: (1) What pleasures ought not to be sought? (2) What pains ought not to be avoided?" These weighty words illuminate the whole treatise on laws which follows. Whether the lawgiver is enjoining or prohibiting, giving honour or fixing a penalty, his LO7rL-Tl/L? is shown in his power to answer these two questions. Nature provides the raw material in the form of the emotions of pleasure and pain; the educator of states and individuals moulds it by the habits which his laws and institutions induce. (See below 727 c 1-5 for an instance of the legislator's application of this principle.) d 5. dvrOpdrrov is emphatic; the myth dealt with superhuman beings. d 7. 'ev re 7roXLEctv KaL iv I8tots qOero-v: Stephanus was the first of modern interpreters to write jOeetLV (A L O) for the 60ecr-v of the inferior MSS. and the received text,-apparently as a conjecture of his own, and Stallb. follows him in interpreting the word to mean "abodes," ace. to its old poetical use. It is certainly so used at 865 e, which Stallb. quotes, but it there stands in the vague sense of "'haunts," not in that of houses, which he gives it here. Besides it is not cities, or houses or families, but the institutions and constitution of the rdXoAt on the one hand, and the habits and character of the 18tci-rs on the other, that are here in question, and it is best to take " cities and men's characters" here as short for that. One half of the compound notion is mentioned in the first member of the comparison, and the other half in the second. e 2. coov arav: very possibly under these words he included not only individual animals, but the universe; an organism, which, like human communities, had its laws-the,3ov o v e paTov of Timaeus 30d. e 4-637 b 6. To the height of this philosophical argument Megillus cannot rise, though he expresses polite admiration. He takes refuge in the practical consideration that you don't see the drunkards about Sparta that you see at Athens and elsewhere. e 6. SOKEE p/Ot used impersonally, followed by ace. c. inf. is rare. -The T' added to s8ovas qb evyev expresses the fact that the injunction to avoid indulgence had been under consideration before (i.e. at 635 b 6). e 7. 8taKCvEXEv'(Oa is a sort of historic present. "(I'm no philosopher) but it is clear to me that the Lacedaemonian lawgiver is right in that injunction of his to shun pleasure." 232 NOTES TO BOOK I e8. pOrOa-cet, "will take the field." (It is a pity that the dictionaries do not give this as the primary meaning instead of " assist.") 637 a 1. KIaXLrT' avOpwrwov: see above on 629 a 6. a 2. For of (which depends on V3ovals) Ast suggested v<8 o6, and Schanz actually prints L' o'; but o" suits the vagueness of the antecedent better than &' oi. roVro is explained a little further down to be a-vt7roa-ta and (ra) rovrots o-vveTrod va-the licence and exhilaration attendant on set occasions for drinking. a 3. dvoit: the schol. on Arist. Nub. 418 throws light on the associations of this word: avoTjrwv Trwv adposLcowv, Ts TroavTrS kaXcyveta. To' yap avor)TrateLv To o8a /LpoparIvEL TO d<-po8to-ta^eIv eXeyov. Cp. Eur. Androm. 674 yvva^Ka uopaLvov-cav. a5. o"-wv TrapTtd'rats /xkELt, "with which Spartans are concerned," i.e. for which they are responsible. b 1 f. Kal oVT MSS.; Kal oM8' Schweighauser on Athenaeus iv. p. 43, where this passage is quoted, and where for X-kurairo we find po'ravro, which I have adopted. Those who read pvorat-ro evidently took ALovvcra as its subject, and made 'XovT' nom. in agreement with it (so Stallb.). Those who read XW(oaTro probably took Jocrrt as its subject, and 'xovr' as acc. masc. sing. (so Ast in his edition, though apparently in his Lexicon he takes 'xovr' to be nom. neut. pl.). The former view is supported by the only other instance of 7rpodaa-tv 'XElY in Plato (Rep. 469 c) where it means to provide an excuse. b 2. Woirrep ev dcaLas EtSov: the object of eT8ov in the mind of the speaker would probably be KtcOovab VTas v Lvas /era JLe& (so Ast). For ev a4Jdaats Ast quotes schol. on Lucian, Ad lov. Tragoed. ~ 44 ev T7i Eoppr Ti'V Aovvotr'ov trapa 'rots O'Arovatos rr cfQa^otv KaOfJLevot Eo'CK7rTOV aXXjXovS Kal Eoo80opovv-To roA/a. rapoLyta o0v eKparcrev E7r rTiv VpTPWKwS XPWsAEVMV TO et da/a rs. b 3. Kal ev Tapavre Se 7rapa Tros ferEpots arrotKot: is Plato here slyly putting an argument for the Athenians into Megillus's mouth? The Dorian, like a too strictly brought up child, when released from the rigid Spartan discipline, runs to excess in indulgence.-Juvenal calls Tarentum "t madidum." b 7. E7ratvera... X. aKtKoTrepa, "all indulgence in pleasure is good where there goes with it a power of saying 'no'; where that power is weakened the man is a fool." c 1. yap, " no doubt." —cov X/iPot' av: XaCrOai Ttrvbss is "to lay hands on a man "-cp. Gorg. 486 a ciI'Tts o-ov,Aa/6EO/os... 233 636 e 637 C THE LAWS OF PLATO EL3 TO 8E07LorI'PLOY 4waya'yot-the Latin prehendere. Here it is used in the figurative sense of the Latin 'reprehendere. —rew wap'?qjp4Wv 4L-VV6ELXEV0os: this Stalib. translates "nostra institutct defendens." This would no doubt be right if, with Schanz, we adopted the Aldine alteration of the MS. -qeJ(-v to -qpuiv. At Symp. 2 19 a Tr& 7rap 'E 4-o'V means "1what I have to say," i.e. "what comes from me." At Soph. 265 d we have aYvEv rW3v 7wap' q'[tw-iV Xc'ywv, and at 251 4 EV TroZ wap' qjiv Xo'yots with the same slight difference.-It will be seen that in our passage it is much more likely that -rO^v is mase., and that dikvvo'_tcvo3 is used (as it often is) absolutely ("1 in self-defence ") as at Laws 7 31 b, where also it is subordinate to another participle VI'tWVia (as 8ECKVV'1 is her~e to it). rTC1 Tr~v 7rap' 7pwv then is "a man from (or ' on') our side "-an Athenian. (b 7-d 5.) The connexion of ideas in this passage is this: "Liberty to indulge is good, but not licence. Foreigners, though, are not good judges in the matter. What they take to he licence is often only a liberty to which they are not accustomed. But let us not waste time in condemning or justifying each other; the only man. who is before our tribunal is the lawgiver; and it will help us in our judgement of what is good or bad in law if we review carefully the whole question of the effect of wine and the regulation of indulgence in it." We are thus launched on a subject which occupies the rest of Book I., and is not finally dismissed till the end of Book II. In the course of its investigation we are introduced to the relation of v6Stog and the vop~oOC'T-q~ to wrad&Et'a. c 4. d~roAl'Mo-Oat, "absolve" (sc. -rotav^Ta EwLrtTr)&vfAara). The IL which follows it is the same that we had at 635 a 5 after CL4,Et/AE~a (cp. Thuc. i. 128. 3 aJWEXiIOi1 po)] a8Keiv): the addition of the ovoi (cp. Xen. Hel. iv. 8. 5 ToirTov3 awi iotai'ra X'y~ov Ck'G<e TzOV3 /f7 -EKwE7rXX~at) and of the JXX 0'p&7s make it seem stranger than usual to nus. d 3.ET 1-e aP oi v Et7!W&JIEV wXG'(o, "I1 really should like to say more still." For /a'p oi )v used in this way cp. Phaedr. 2 47 c ToX~unvrpov yap oo'v T' yE a'X)7OE' El7reEtV. d 4. w7ep't a'rd'o-q, uE6?)q: the explanation that follows (,XyE'8' KAX.) shows that pE'O- is not used here in the sense of strong drink, but in that of ebriety. We must remember that the Greeks drank nothing stronger than wine, and nearly always drank that mixed with water, and hence that the word uEe'O-q had not the disgusting connotation that its equivalent has among us. The effect of drinking wine-especially that of drinking more wine 234 NOTES TO BOOK I than was necessary to quench the thirst-was noticeable-it is described below, 645 d and e-but the degree of mental arid physical incapacity that was associated with the word ftOyq and its cognates /LEOEV'ELV and fLEcOvo-tKo's~ was not so great as that associated with our words drunk and intoxication. - o-,KpO'V, "insignificant, immaterial." The meaning of ov' v/I. is helped by the, following statement that it takes a wise lawgiver to decide how the practice is to be regarded. d 6. -rb rraP47rav (" at all ") and i) are both used with the verbal noun just as they would be used with a verb. e 3. 7waVraxirao-t qualifies a'Kpa'r(P.-yvvaZK C' -rc at' ai',rot': the emphatic position of the word yvvatKEs; suggests that Greek women drank less wine than men. Xen. De rep. Lac. i. 3 says that at Sparta the young women were allowed either no wine or only wine mixed with much water. 638 a 1. In A and all other MSS. the words Ji Ado-TE form the last words of the Athenian's previous speech. Accordiing to 0. Immisch (Phil. Stud. zu Plato ii. p. 5 1) there is in the margin of L (Stallb.'s Flor. 3) a note which says that a certain 2rarpiip~ov /3 p/3X~v contained a correction which made these words begin Megillus's speech. Ast made the same correction independently. Who the 7rarptapX-q, was, whose copy of Plato contained this and several other corrections of the text of the Laws (see Immisch ut supra), is -not known.-For the 3U YE cp. Porson's notes on Orestes 1234 and Medea 814. In the former he says, "1Ubi persona secunda prioris sententiam auget ant corrigit, post 8E mnodo interposito, modo non interposito alio verbo, sequitur particula ye." Burnet remarks, at the end of the preface to vol. v., that many alterations in the text of the Laws are due to a corrector who inmagined that ju'v & or oi'v could not stand anywhere in a sentence except in the second place. Hence, probably, the dislocation of the Z Apo —TE here. a 4. ci-TEKI~I ap Trot, inexplicable, mysterious, of obscure origin." Ast puts too much into the word in explaining it to mean "in quibus null-am indicium inest virtutis vel pravitatis." This notion is added in the following words. a 5. 'po v, " criterion," as above at 6 26 b 7. a 6. vtLKrV TE Kat '4r~av XE7YOVT-E3 i/cx,aX7 "if we declare it to be victory or defeat in battle."-For the epexegetic participial clause cp. Rep. 331 e -r[' 4q)-' Tr'V >2qxw[k&V'qV X'1/OVTr 'p0&3 A'E WrEpt 8tKatc'lrvv77s; It was felt to be rather strange here because of the antecedent TOV'rov. Hence XE"yOVTIE Was altered by some 235 637 d 638 a THE LAWS OF PLATO to flXETOVrEq. Stephanus mentions this reading: it is reported to have been in the margin of Voss's MS., and Ficinus translates "si ad victoriam belli fugamque respexerimus." This unnecessary alteration is sufficiently condemned by the fact that PXA7retv, in the sense of respicere (ad), is always intransitive in Plato (i.e. followed by a prep.). (At Tim. 51 c it is trans. in the sense of to see with the bodily eyes, and at Charm. 172 c in the sense of look for, seek; cp. Heindorf ad loc.) a 7. The 7retw8 clause goes closely with the previous words.I have put a colon after pardXs (as Schanz), also a comma after /uaxo/evaat, removing the one usually put after KaTra8ovXov'TaL (which is a "historic" present). (? TrEl 8yf yap.) This arrangement assumes for yap almost the force of " for instance." b 2. AoKpov-: for the early history of lawless Locri and its wonderful conversion by Zaleucus cp. e.g. Grote' ch. xxii. As to its later evvo/k'a cp. Pind. 01. ix. 17, and x. 15, Plato, Tim. 20: for its conservatism cp. Dem. C. Timocr. 744.-The defeat of the Locrians by a Syracusan force, here referred to, is probably that inflicted on them by Dionysius the younger in 456 B.C., when he had to flee from Syracuse. He had to fight with the Locrians for the possession of the citadel. If this is so we have a terminus a quo for the composition of the Laws (see below on 711 e 5).-Cean laws and Cean morals were proverbially excellent. Nothing seems to be known of the circumstances of Ceos's subjection to Athens. b 4. avirov' EKaorOV: i.e. taking them in fullest detail, and examining them minutely. b 7. wrpilTov ' KTX.: having dismissed the notion that the most powerful nations must needs have the best laws, the Ath. warns his hearers that no custom or practice ought to be praised or blamed without a careful consideration of the circumstances of the case. c 2. X6yO XafdvTres: I think Stallb. is right, as against Ast, in taking this to mean discuss (verbally), rather than reflect upon (mentally). The word prqe0v and the ev rot's Xoyovs of d 1 make somewhat for this view. c 3. rrpo06levoi: rather more than propose here; it is "who set out to, make up their minds to."-ev 0s pr0ev: cp. Theaet. 186 b EvOvs yEvofEvoLs. c 4. For KarTa TpOrov cp. on 635 d 7. C 5. I have followed Ast and Schanz in adopting Cornarius's correction of the MS. 7rvpov to rvpovs. C. quotes from 236 NOTES TO BOOK I Hippocrates KC(L 1-k-) aJrw~ ov~Tw 80KE'EtV OTiC 7rroVijp0V /3ppea Trvpog. For those who retain the reading wrvpoiU~s, the E'Xov-ra in c 8 presents a special difficulty. Tvpo'3 might be used in either the sing. or the plur., but the singular 7wvpo'v, which would have to be supplied with E'Xovi-a, would not be natural Greek. As an article of food they always spoke of Tyvpo1 or KptOatc. c 6. av'roi^: i.e. rov^ /3pw1aio3.-,Epyao-ta is the operation, effect. Stalib. cps. Prot. 3 53 d KaTO va~ 7 v' 80V-3~ 7-i~raapqL Epyaa-tacv. c 7. rpoo-(opa~ "the application." - The following relative clauses explain the word rpoo-~opa'v-more particularly is the inf. 7wpoo/l~Epetv epexegetic of wpoo-oopav:-I have not followed Schanz in adopting Madvig's athetesis of this inf. Such an epexegetic inf. is just possible in the Laws. If an emending copier had inserted anything, he would, I think, have inserted wrpoo-j'EpEtv ~SEE, which is the reading of two inferior MSS. according to Stallb. -The points to be observed about the application of the diet are the manner of the application, the choice of recipients, the concomitant treatment, the state of the food, aud the state of the recipients. d 2. roaovorov 1L6vov: i.e. only the bare word /_f0q d 4. A has 4E'atvVOVJLEv alone, L and 0 have XpWUEvot ErwcVLt'ovM. Boeckh ejected E'ratvoi^1Eev, Schanz, rejecting Xp~~pevot) writes E'7raKoVOkoVf0'LEV for E'7ratvoiaev. I follow Boeckh, and also bracket Kat after EK. I can hardly believe that E'vatvEL in these circumstances, in two consecutive lines,2 could have been used first in the sense of praise as opposed to blame, and then in the sense of back an opinion, whether favourable or unfavourable. I conjecture the original text to have been: utaprvo-v yaip Kcat EIIMLLETats Xp~oaIevot EKaTEpoL, ot p.v,6'i KTX., a-nd that E'LVV.E was written in the margin of some copy, by a scribe who thought a verb ought to be supplied: when bw. got into the text, it became necessary to add a KaLL after ~K-E'iTpoL. In any case the meaning is clear. The philosopher must not be content with the verdict of numbers, or with that of experience: he must go behind both, like the scientific doctor in the case of diet mentioned above. Both of us, says the Ath., are on the wrong tack: 4, in appealing to numbers, you, in appealing to the witness of results. d 5. K 'pto v: decisive-someth ing that will settle the matter. d 6. av'nj~: i.e. oC`v; ",vino abstinentes " Ficinus. d 7. ToirTo: the last -mentioned argument from experience. '7)/.iv is probably the Ath., but it may be the whole company. 237 638 c THE LAWS OF PLATO According as we decide this point, we shall decide between vi/'v and /u~zv in e 5. e 3. rrept aVTrov TOVrTO, T-iS fJeOrs: a bold and emphatic variant for wept aovr ^? pis uOrk. —rrELptpwvos av apa weotvw aL: we should begin a fresh sentence here, "And I hope that in so doing I may be able to show" etc. e 4. op0qv /E06o8o: i.e. the discussion is to be a lesson in logic. e 5. -j/uv A, v'iLv Hug; see above on d 7. —wept aVrTv: i.e. wrpt airavrwv Twv roLovTrw, about all customs and institutions, not about /je60q alone. It is not only on one subject that you will find yourselves (you, Spartans and Cretans) in the minority, and it will be as well for you to know how to answer attacks. e 6. Some editions read SjN/v here, on no MS. authority. 639 a 2. For 8 f L has SE, and for wr r76E Ast would read the more usual r78~ wrt, an unwarrantable alteration. a 5. Kai where we should say or. a 6. T(Iv KaKiWV MSS.; Eusebius and Theodoret, in quoting this passage, omit the article. Cp. below c 4. TLVOv KaCKOV Herm. a 7. VytEs Kac ortovv: an interrogative form of the very common ove6v vy'te, used much as we use the (conversational) rotten and rot, sometimes of the morally unsound, sometimes of the nonsensical. The neuter is used adverbially here as ace. of the inner object; so XprlTor6v TL EEIv c 6. o rotov7rov boyos ovev 'y es Se'yeL would be "such a man's blame sounds ridiculous." — yfLEOa MSS., 'yov'eOa Eusebius. Ast notes that the MSS. not infrequently change a pres. to a deliberative subj.; cp. c 5 below. a 9. The mention of KaKOLL apXovTre leads naturally to the consideration of the xpic-rors apXov, itself a step towards that of the due ordering of o-vcrr6ora. b 1. o&v, a mere ghost here, as far as its illative force goes, serves the euphony of the sentence, by obviating the jingling aV TIE vavrtL av re pA.r b 6. K&V Stephanus, Kat MSS. b 7. Schanz agrees with Cobet in thinking that us has dropped out before r57ro pE0rs; but, as Ritter says, though this is palaeographically possible, the comparison of 649d 6 rrdvO' ora 8' 8OYvgS a^ fEuJeOr-KovTa 7rapdpovas wroted shows that the metaphor could be used without such an introduction. Besides, would not Plato in that case have said Ws V'7rO!OeOrs Urro rov^ 6o3ov? Ast cps. Critias 121 a /e0vovreT v7rWb rpvq7JS. b 10. To clear our ideas the Ath. introduces us to a "right238 NOTES TO BOOK I 639 b down bad" ruler as well as to a good, and to a moderately bad one. J b 11. (o-(6pa yvvaiKwv: so we find an adverb without an article qualifying a noun in Theaet. 183 e rdvv 7rpeo'plvrrs, Dem. De f. leg. 385 pp8r)v o'eOpos, Thuc. i. 122 aVLtKpVS 8ovXElav, ii. 47 COopd ovaolw, Aesch. Cho. 929 Kapra fdavTges, Xen. Hell. vi. 2. 39 /LaXa o-rpaTrfryov, Ar. Nub. 1120 ayav E7roj3ppta. These are all adverbs of measure; but we also find /Jarrv KOJ/TOS (Hdt. vii. 103), Xoyad8rv XAiovs (Thuc. iv. 4), $vo-rasov /aXaLs (Thuc. vii. 81), ptadrrlv Xoyos (Eur. Ion 275). C 1. rt 8' ErratvlTrVv ' Err'KTYv; the oi6tLeOa in c 5, which picks up the broken thread of the construction, shows us what verb we have to supply here. So at Soph. 266 c [t 8E Tiv YElreTpav rTXV]V; the following -/o'rotxev shows that XEyo/Lev has to be understood: so at Phaedr. 264b r' 8e rTaXXa; where raXXa is nom. with 8OKEL (which soon follows) understood.-From i we must supply mentally a V to be the subject of X tA3LoS Eo-nrt while the O 38e /. Eop. e;f goes on as if et' TLs E7wavotJr had gone before. The style all through this passage is conversational, but the sense is clear. As another person (the aipxwv) has been mentioned since the ErratLVE'rs, the demonstrative use of the 6 8e is quite idiomatic. It is difficult to see why Stallb. thought the passage "turpiter corrupta," or how he mends it by writing Os Srj for o6 o.-The introduction of the word KOtvovia, which is quite legitimate as a general term including such communities as a flock of goats, or an army, leads up to the consideration of the ovurrorta which follows.-Kotvwvtav avr7v avri KOtVWvoao'av is, as Stallb. says, "eleganti quodam lusu dictum." c 3. The,t-re... 8e is again "free," but perfectly idiomatic. Cp. H 433 oA3os 8' o'V ap 7ro W Js, &T t3 83 ' at XVK)' vi, Soph. Phil. 1312 o6s JLETa OWTvrTV 0 'o r v YjKOV aptrra, vvv 8e rTWV reOVVrKOTcv, Eur. Suppl. 223 Xpjv yacp ovre a-([ara a8tKa 8tKagotS TOrV (aoqbv cTVJLtyvvvat,, eV8aqtIovoVVTraS 8' ELt 861Lovs Kra-aOaLt Aovs. c 4. There is a good example here in A of the way in which a writer's eye and hand may play him false. The first hand of A wrote avapXov'(ov in the place of avapXov /AtETa KaK( V PX'ovTv: A2 supplied in the margin the missing -Xov /,ETa- KaKWV apwhich his eye had skipped the first time. After writing the letters dvap- his eyes, on returning to his exemplar, went to the dp- in dpXovrov. C 5. otoje0a is the reading of Eusebius and of A2, elsewhere it 239 THE LAWS OF PLATO is o to'r-e~a; cp. above on a 7.-For the 8 of A and Eus., 0 has av: A2 haskav, and 02 U~-In the change from the sing. (01 U) to the plural in OExoPOIJ we have the last of the conversational irregularities spoken of above.-For E71-atvE'a-Ero-Gc Eus. has 4,wcatvE'toOat. c 7. i-rw' 8' &~v (i.e. olotpE0t): this a'v may have given risc to the Q`v suggested as a variant for 8 in c 5. d 2. E-Xe 8' (cp. 627 c 3): Heiudorf on Gorg. 460 a says, "mihi vox ExeLv in hac quoque formula, ut saepe alias, inhibendi et subsistendi vi accipienda videtur "-somewhat, i.e., like our familiar " wait a bit." At Ion 535 b EXE 8 juot r'j-orE E17rE, however, and possibly here, C`Xe &N seems to be used just with the force of alyE 8~. A phrase so commonly used in conversation must have lost some of its original significance. d 6. oiVSew~rWorTf: as Stallb. says, MeGE~trao-E (not E0ea'a-aTo' Ttg) must be supplied here. d 9. 8VqpW6r-q~a: this word is always used elsewhere in Plato with a personal object (though at Phil. 57 c it is not expressed) in the sense of to question, put to the question; here it means "inquire into," "1examine."-~ W's Zrge~1etv quaifies 7ra'oas; cp. Adam on Ap. 17 a and Rep. 341 b.-4'X-9v I-"V...pmpi 8' EC wrov. T. 7r& oXX& 8e', " I have never seen or heard of one that was as it should be throughout, and though I may have seen insignificant parts that were proper here and there, still I may say I found the majority of them altogether at fault." In Ta' 7roXX4 and a-t'taravra we have the same change to the neut. as that noticed on 638 e 3. e 5. -q,1)t3/1LEY yap KTX.: a polite way of hinting disbelief in the existence of such a thing as a "1proper " G-1,r5-&V-EU3 "tat first sight." 640 a 4. iTb IEv: demonstrative, "1this much you do know, don't you? " -EV... KOL(MwULS i7rpM'cWV W'VTCVWVo0v, "1in any kind of concerted action." &% 5. C&K W'Tot agrees in sense with the individual members of which the companies spoken of are composed; we should translate "1for each set of people." 7raVraXOV' is "1in all cases," i.e. in every sort of company. a 1 1. Ti^V 8,ELXWv: "frequentissime Graeci a singulari collective vYel infinite posito ad pluralem transeunt" Ast, who cps. 853dc bt1 TC E7'2/i VTat TO...yLYVeWTat. b r. aVTr Tponry as at Thaet. 1 48 d, "at all costs." b 6. vv~v 86 ye.. 4LtXo~kpoo-v-tjs: the connexion between, o-rparo r'3ou and I $OVTOS is so close that the fact that 0-TP&T7,0'Q 240 NOTES TO BOOK I 640 b has come before 7rept makes it easy to interpose kX}yo/LEv between 7rept and ipoovros. The nearest approach to this arrangement among the parallels cited by Ast is 697 c 1 IlepOrrv 7rept 8Ldo-Ke//Ls 1r^s TrokXLTlaS; he also cps. 676 c 6, 691 b 2, 834 d 3. It is difficult to know whether crTparore8ov was felt as a gen. dependent on a noun (adpovTro being a slight, though significant, modification of apxovros) or as governed by a part. of the verb apXeav.EX0pols is governed by the verbal noun o/xutatL (cp. 631 d 3). — ofuXtats is plural, I suppose, because it takes two armies to make a battle. —(Against Badham's rewriting of this sentence — cTrpaTrryov 7reptL Xeyo/LEv ap$ovTro advSpv ol/XlaS - there are at least two strong objections: (1) what can have been the motive for changing so simple a construction into a very complex one? (2) whereas, in the version in the text, ap~ovroT goes equally well with eXOpGv and with tIXwv, o-Tpar-qyov will not go with bothl. The sentence as we have it seems to me quite in the style of the Laws.-Ficinus translates "non de exercitu nec imperaturo." Hence Schanz reads ov8' apOovros.-Burnet says A does read apeov-ros, not, as Sch. says, ap$OVTES.) b 8. elprjv and fLXAofpoo-vVj (peace and goodwill) have already been mentioned together at 628 c 10. c 2. Ov:K a6Opv/os: i.e. somewhat of a chaos, and therefore needing, more than anything, an dpXwv. c 3. Cleinias's very ready assent, here and in his next four answers, to any suggestion of a fault that may be found with a o-vLrrocrtov, shows him still incredulous. c 4. Kalt Tovros: this company, as well as the other company (of soldiers) spoken of above. C 6. dO6pv/3ov, "orderly." C 9. 7rept crvvovoltas (ace. pl.) qp6vq^os: this corresponds to the roo'g6 in d 4. The particular wisdom here denoted is largely covered by Dr. Johnson's (grammatically indefensible) word "clubbable." The instinct and tact implied in the English word is at all events indispensable for the office in question. c 10. The position of the Te is not logical: grammatically the two main items to be connected are (1) the guardian of what is present, and (2) the producer of the hoped-for addition; whereas the position of the re forces us to think of the two items as (1) the present, and (2) the future (augmented) good-fellowship.-There is a further structural irregularity in 7rXtovos, which does not depend on er7rt/ArEXrj (one who takes care) alone, as in grammar it VOL. 241 R THE LAWS OF PLATO should,, but on a sort of compound noun e~tzX ---' o'7rg EcYrat which is equivalent to one who produces. (Possibly Plato did not like the so-Lnd of 4hv'Xa$ -re r,- or perhaps he began with the continuatiou Kal Tn^3 E(opjv~j, in his mind, and thought, as he went on, that it did not express all that he had to say, and so chose the fuller phrase,-all that remained of the former being the case of 7rXetovos.) d 4. v4~Sovra -re K' o-o46ov: though crofrOv is the equivalent of o4povLO 7rpt cvvovxa-la in c 9, V'(POVra (in the literal sense) introduces only one, though the most essential, of the conditions on which the character of the cJ6pvflog of c 6 depends. Cp. Aristotle, Pol. 2. 12 (12 74 b 1 1) 1IXC'tTWVo9 8'.. (tl&os) 6 7rrp't TV)V /AeOqV- VO[O 3, Toy YorJ4 (OVTaLS a-vp,7o0tapXE1YV. d 6. Ka' is here or.-v'os introduces a -new condition, in such a way as to imply that it would, of course, have been taken for granted: "young and inexperienced" is almost the same as "1inexperienced" alone. (There is something attractive about Badham's ve'wv for ve'og, hut, on the whole, I think that, if vE'WV and v4og had equal MS. authority, the latter 'is preferable.-" If, with a drunken or a young inexperienced chief, an assembly of drunkards does not signally come to grief, it will be far more by luck than good guiding.") d 9-e 5. In other words, the critic of c-jryor-cnc must be quite sure that what he is blaming is not some accidental accompani, ment. He cannot be sure of this until he has seen a o-vju1rO'nov properly conducted under favourable conditions. If then he condemns it-and he may-we must listen to him (e.g. you mustn't select a rotten apple, when you want to condemn apples as such-awvTh -ro wrpa'yua). e 4. ~rav, "Iany proceeding" (without sober guidance). 641 a 3. The next question the Cretan puts is: " supposing that we are wrong in blaming a-vpar&Ucca, what good do they do?" a 4. ToirTo rb0 7 1e't&s 7ro'orev VO/LLJLOV, "Ithis drinking instit-ution." I have followed Schanz in reading JP0&3s for the MSS. o'pG4. Since 639 d 1 we have had 0'3pO'^ yevope&vq, 0'pOag ytyvopL~vrv (twice), ytyvo/jvwv dp6&'ara, and 7LyV4lEvO vov'p0W-s. It is more likely that a scribe mistook the termination than that Plato shonid have varied the phrase here. a 5. The antecedent to '5' is a-Tpa'TCV/Aa, not the statement about it. &7. VLK19 7roXf'o wu so above 638 a 7 vt'cqv /payXqRj (at 647 d T7)V EV TWj rOX14uj, VLK'qV, at c 4.below 7roXe'/uov W'Kas). 242 NOTES TO BOOK I b 1. For 7rat~ayoyqeLV as a variant for aLpXEtlV, "lead," St. cps. Laws 897 b, Tim. 89 d (cp. our "1ruler and guide "). The word is cunningly chosen (and as cunningly repeated in b 3), to lead our minds to the great subject of 7rat~et'a. —zt' /,dya; i.e. what result corresponding to the oV) o-,UtKp4 a'ya~o'v produced by an army? b 3. Tt' SC'; this is not a repetition of Cleinias's question, which would be 6'Tt~ (cp. Euthyphro, 2 c, Laws 662 b 1), but is " to take another point," or "1again."-The indirect way in which the Ath. suggests that symposia may have a moral, educative action heightens the dramatic effect: at the same time it is polite. This is the second time he has turned the tables on the two Dorians. First he proved that o-vo-o-&Tta, which they cited as Cw7rtTq,EV'/cL-ra VCTpq, were bad for morals; and now he is evidently going to show how o-v~nro'cna, which they prided themselves on not having, may help to form the perfect character. With this transition to the subject of ract~tda at b 6 we pass from the Introduction to the main subject of the treatise, with which, as has already been hinted once or twice, the consideration of the educative value of constitutions, customs, and laws must be inseparably connected. We see that the proposal to investigate Dorian institutions was only a dramatic introduction to the consideration of laws and customs from an independent philosophical stand-point. Cleinias and Megillus, we are to suppose, began by thinking that the main purpose of the conversation was to investigate their own institutions, but I cannot understand how a modern reader should think that Plato, at any period of the composition of the Laws, had this in his mind as his main obj ect. b 4. Kca-fL rpo'7rov: see above on 635 d 7.-All the texts, apparently, have 7'7 TOV3TO, as if it were a question: surely it should be 7J ToiroT. b5. oiViW,9: opposed to the ',kwg that follows.- "fPpaXi iiir A L, /3payv' 'r 0 " Burnet. /3paXV T- T~j Bekker.-" Sic sexcenties /3paXy5 Tt, 8~paXECa &-rra, T/LtKpOV Tt et O-1LLLKP' arr~a usurpatur. Ejectum videtur Trc ob sequens T -fi" Stallb.-What the Ath. says here is: "any educational influence, even though it only affects a few, deserves respect, as part of a great and important system." b 6. 0'Xwo;: i.e. not about individual cases, but in general. C 1. '7rpd'rotev: intransitive. c 2. rrate~da,a~v oi~v... cirrae8Evo-lav: Cleinias had instanced VLKV/ 7roX cov as an important result (/_Ccya): the Athi. says it is merely one among the advantageous results of wrac&da, ad a 243 641 b THE LAWS OF PLATO from being so indisputably /iya, as Cl. thinks it, it sometimes undoes some of the advantages to which it is incidental-as indeed is implied in the proverbial qualification Ka/ma which nobody ever heard applied to 71at&Eta.-The argument does not seem quite on all fours here, unless we admit an extension of the phrase to. cover remoter consequences. What was generally called a Ka8~d~a VLK'r would be less likely to produce {VfPpts in the victor than one which had cost him less.-For KaSt-xla[ Ast quotes from Erassmus's, Adagio,; " undecunque natum, est adagium, Cadmeam victoriam. appellabant infelicem etiam ipsis victorilus." c 8. 8OKIEt's q'A'I, "we are to conclude then!I "-Cleinias can hardly believe his ears; still less, doubtless, when he hears the Ath.'s confident assent (d 3).-Trqv 4v To-C oi'vots Kotv'7v tp,8qV lit. "1the occupation of drinking in company," a blunt phrase adopted by the Ath. himself at 645 c 3. d 1. (4 et's 7rat~tas /Lcya'tap/,eo'pav Td'voywa (the construction-after X~'yeLg-is a variety of that noticed on 624 a 7), "1has an important educational tendency." d 6. vo" ljcv QU-10cOs: used adverbially, as at Thuc. vi. 33. 2 7rpoqwYv ucv 'Eyca-Tat'Ov ~Vulat'tLEL4.. To. rb ' & cLX?)E' tLKIEX~a GrtvM(',.-"1 To be quite sure that this is so in very truth" (8tYaXvptC~ea-0a here, I think, as at Theaet. 15 8 d, Crat. 440 c, means "1to maintain,"7 or "insist upon a thing to oneself," and so "to feel sure of") Cp. Tim. 72 d vb' ptev dk s J~s Edpirat, OwoV0Yv/Jxfnae-avTos -oT' ap ov' /,&ovwg 8ttrXvpt~ot'peva. d 7. "1As we have embarked on the subject," he goes on, "1you are welcome to my opinion." d 10. retpe4'/_ka: indicative, I think. e 2 f. Before Burnet, all interpreters took c-VwrTJV't as governing r-'v X4'yov. He, however, puts a comma after, as well as before, O-VVIELvat, i.e. hie takes it absolutely, with 4iti-4 in the sense of "1do your (and my) best to," and governs T'OV Xo'yov by 8,X6iXat. This makes the arrangement of the latter part of the sentence seem awkward. But the apparent awkwardness is not foreign to the style of the Laws; and it was perhaps intended to give special emphasis to -ro'v XoVyov. On the other hand it clears up the construction of the earlier~ part of the sentence. How obscure this was we may see from the fact that, while Ast says we must supply in sense 0-VVT-s1Vat -rov vov-v with V'~' (getting it out of the -0YVVTELtV(L Trv X.Oyov), Stallb. explains the "1zeugma " by -supplying aVa~e'petv Irv XO'YOV 7r~tPO)/EVO7Jg with vipa&g. Plato's usage too is more in favour of strive, as a meaning for crvwTELvat, than direct. 244 NOTES TO BOOK I 7rELpPvo)MyV agrees with the subj. of 8,k —t and, with acuw~ y-' 7wow, means "to the best of my powers." e 5. qIAWv: the order here is of the same involved kind noticed inteO v1EfL setne-vo a4cvovo-tv is used here, as at Apol. 28 e J" L o6h1vqs EWW VE Ka~ V7rEa(/3ov, in the sense of believe, be under the impression. e 7. "I think of as many mnatters as he; but I give heaven thanks, and make no boast of them " (Jaques, in As You Like It). 642 a 1 OKO7T& 8,L;/1' 80$cLv V[ltv 7rapaLLYXo)/J.cat am anxious not to give you the notion."-Ini 7rep't G-1LKpOV^ L has undoubtedly here preserved for us the right reading (and so0 02): A and 0 1 had 7WEpt 0-fUtKpa. a 3. U'vaKa~atpo'Levog, " developing, expounding " (a long argument). In a passage of Porphyrius's Life of Plotinus (quoted by Ritter and Preller, p. 517) the word occurs in this sense: P. says that Plotinus, and two other pupils of the philosopher Ammionius, bound themselves 1LcqEv eKKakv'7r'Tftv TGv'AjW~ovw'ov 8O/J~a'TWV, 'a 87 EV TaLLg a'Kp~faTeatv a.VTOLS aVEKEKaL~aPTO "which he had expounded to them in his lectures." Plato probably uses it consciously as a metaphor-from the extracting the metal from the ore (Laws 678 d). Ast takes the word to mean elaborate (a long speech), a slightly different view. Stallb. thinks it can mean "1to make by way -of explanation " (a long speech). (Badham rewrites it aLVEKaLg a1POLEVo13!)-Tr' 8E', "at vero" Stallb., who cps. Apol. 23 a; see above on 630 d.-7' Ka-rc Vfn(otV... aJwo~c43etv, "its scientifically correct treatment can never get clear and adequate expression in (philosophical) argument without (the help of) a correct theory Of JLoVGrL-r"; and this last, he says, cannot be discussed without an exposition of what is meant by education in general, of which it is a branch.-That 8t0'P0(ou-tg means "1correct treatment" we are helped to see by the eV T0o` AX'yots that follows. -For oV'K. 0.. a4~e for oUE'v o-a/kk cp. Rep. 368 a wravv yap Oeov wren-o'vyav Crat. 425 d and Soph. 247 e 83'ArtoV for f3eAi-o'v Tt.-For ra4a0' darokaf3et$v cp. Polit. 277 0 E'OLKEV... T-/V. evapyetaV, OVK aWrE6A'q(/e'vat 7rw. a 7. o'pa^T... Xo'yov: the first four words cannot be any sort of apodosis to the et' clauses that follow. They mean: "Consider (both of you) what we had better do." The following construction seems rather slovenly, and it is not surprising that Hermann (followed by Schanz) wants to delete from el to Xo'yov. The nearest approach to this is such~a construction as the first el clause atXn.Crp. iii. 3. 49 Tr' 3', E`0rq, ~ KV'pfdK1 -~ -yal-~ 245 64i e THE LAWS OF PLATO 1EO) ET& EEcrTt~, 7raLpcLKCXEV~ra1o, ell TL Ka' 0-'V c'L~O~7o~-L Tobs crrpacrtuirag; Here the 'rt; (" how would it be? ") has to be supplied out of the previous 0'pai- T1 7ToL WILev. Another et' clause depending on something not expressed is that at Laws 744 a Et' /LOt (TV/JJ,8atYEt TOVTO ~Iq KCU cL7roTVyXaVW O)V0 GTK0fl2oV; The conversational anacoluthon is best marked by a -. b 3. 7rpo'~Cvos apparently used as an adjective here: so Cevog at Soph. 0.17. 219 (also c. gen.) &ly'o $~EVOS 116 TroV X6-yoV T0o08' e~p^ b 4. 7ratV~ T-oE 7rcuo-iv,..EVUJETa E'KacrTov 1ILv_: the peculiarity of the anacoluthon is that there seems to be a tardy attempt to mend it; E7 E OeV, which comes as if after a parenthesis, is a sufficient explanation of the dative waaw-tv; again quite conversationaL b- 5. Ast unaccountably takes Taatl-q as adverbial ("1 propterea") Its epaatin frm i~ wXet gives it special emphasis. Trav'T-, -i irXE& depends grammatically on evvota rather than on irpo evow, though the proximity of 7rpo$C&owv to Ty' 7z-OXet is significant. It shows whose 7rpo'$evot are being talked of.-Badham rejects q,1Lwv 7FOXet as a "1miseri magistelli interpretatio," and' Schanz follows him. The omission certainly seems to improve the sentence. b 8. TOwv 7T0at&wv ev'Ov's: the gen. depends on Q~o'KOV'; the qualifying e5Giv' has very little definite meaning. We might say: "1If I heard the mere children talking, and they, being ILacedaemonians, had some fault to find with, or some praise to bestow upon, the Athenians."-In the margin of Cod. Voss& was written eK 1-^0Y 7racdbo.v eGv'Ov': Schanz adopts this, but such a phrase would come too soon after eK ve'id Ei'OI's, and the loss of the EK, if it was there, is hard to account for. As it is, the preceding CK '~wiOi's helps to show that ev'Ov'g goes with wcad'8uv here.The plur. v1cqav applies to the whole body of 7rp Ev0& of Athens, of whom Meg. was one-the -quAWv i-r&v iipoee'wvcn of b 6. c2. Acc. to Boeckh KaKO)3 P~C W /Wt TLv ' is a Laconism. It is certainly not ordinary Attic. c 5. 7r rctv, "thorough, hearty." c 7. 8ta4oepO'Vo To Ro. itter quotes EVW OO7t:p. vii. 336 d 4koflet'O'Oat 86' P986' W'Avas- EtLr yap Kall eEKE 7Tav-rhw a'vOp(07r0J1 Sta04pOYTE3 7rpbs ac1p1E'~vV. c 8. The two points about the goodness of the good Athenian are: (1) that it is spontaneous (aa6TO-~vW2); it is open to him, as it is not open to the Spartan, to be had in all sorts of ways, if he likes; (2) it is genuine, and the mairk and warrant of its genuineness is that it is (as we should say) perfectly natural-the gift of 246 NOTES TO BOOK I 642 c the divine author of the whole scheme of things —Oea,otLpa: at Laws 875 c, a natural endowment (Orvet) is spoken of at the same time as a divine gift (Otge, /ot'pit); at Phaedr. 230a, a "divine disposition," OeIa TtS Kc Ua' aTv2oo totpa, is spoken of as the gift of nature (V(OEt); at Apol. 22 c, a poet's " enthusiasm" is spoken of as VVr-Et, at Ion 534 c it is spoken of as bestowed OetL po'pa (see E. S. Thompson on Meno 89 a). Of course all that is v(ro-E is not 0Ett /,otp, —cp. Gritias 121 a where 7 TOV 0eoV pot;pa is spoken of as disappearing from a man, and being replaced by the purely human-rT dvOpW7rtvov i0oo —and many gifts of providence are adventitious, and not natural, but where the nature is of divine origin, it is of the right sort —no sham.-For adX70Ws KaC OV'Tt 7r)acrTs St. cps. Soph. 216 c jX w7rAo-arcTs AXX' ovrew >XAcro-(ot, and Rep. 485 d uF 7re7rXkartAevs aX' akVaq63k qfXAoo-ocoS. (Valckenaer rejected Ode /,oLp.... wrAagCT as an explanation of avTrokvW3; Cobet rejected dXyaOt-... rXaac-^; Schanz rejects Oed /Lomp..-Thompson on Gorg. 506d takes 0EI`l /otpEL in this passage closely with avro)ovWs.) d 2. 7rowcra: so at d 4. Both men answer in the same strain; they are content to have the present topic thrashed out however long it may take. d 4. rnafe, "here," i.e. at Cnossus. It is best to give ri-8e the local sense, as at 630 c 2 and d 5. (Ast takes it as ovrc(o, and suggests altering it to Sft.) If this is right OlKELOS in d 6 will not mean, as Bergk thinks, "our fellow-townsman," but "a connexion of mine." There is a dramatic propriety in the fact that, as Stallb. points out, Cleinias should bear to Epimenides the same relationship that Plato himself (i.e. the Ath. stranger) did to Solon. d 6. It is best, with Grote (vol. iii. p. 88), to acknowledge that we have here "a remarkable example of carelessness as to chronology," but we need not lay it at Plato's door; nor are we driven to convict the Cretan, who makes the statement, of what St. Paul's quotation at Titus i. 12 asserts to be the national vice of his countrymen. As below at 677 d 8, where the Ath. refers to Epimenides as "your friend of quite recent times," rov dreXvWg xOs yevo/Levov, and alludes to another wonderful story about him -so here Plato (dramatically) ascribes to the Cretan an amusing ignorance of Athenian history, as well as a natural disposition to make Epimenides play a prominent part in a time of national crisis. (Meursius, In Solon. ch. 9 conjectured pKa, i.e. 121, for 83a.) e 1. cfo/3ovPtvov TrV IIpCriKbo 'AOqvatltv o'CTOXov: a similar 247 THE LAWS OF PLATO dislocation of what seems the natural order where genitives are concerned is not uncommon in the Laws. St. quotes 648e eTv 7raVTwv TrraV 4of3ovpvevos avOpWrowv TOV 7rwtCaTros, 688 b rOpb 7rpErv T T' S cVrv 7rdCaojs 1gye1ova aperos, 730 a peG' o5 yap tKereTvrcas faprvpos O tKoSeT2 OEOV <(ar>ErTVXE o/oAoytLo, 858 c ros ptLe Tiv adXXWrv c 'vyypdappcwlv 7rot-rjv, 873 d ev TOLs Trv 8O(3Ka Optoucrt 'Epwv. e 4. 4Evetwqroav ItULiV, "formed a friendship with you." e 5. oi 7rpo'yovo t 'yZv: i.e. our family (at that time), in the person of Epimenides. —K TO'rov, "from that day to this." The E'yye that follows shows that Cleinias speaks of his own family, and not of the Cnossian state (see on d 4). Ast quotes Diog. Laert. i. 111 'A6-qvalS 'e TraXavrov 4E#?Y(1c4av-To 8oVVat aVrTLP... Q Se TO tIV dpyvptov ov 7rpocr'KacTO, kXAtav 8E Kat oCv/LAaXtav r1rof(raTo Kvrto4o-ov Kat 'AWOrvacov. 643 a 3. Ta 3' 4'a.. 8vacrOat o... ov ra6vv ps8ta, "when it comes to being able to do it, my task is none too easy." The vagueness of Tra p/x (probably even more vague than Tb f/0ov, for which see Heindorfs note on Theaet. 161 e) allows of its being used, by a slight zeugma, in a slightly different sense with P&'ca. As the subject of -roqua it was equal to E'yco.-For the connexion of the notions of p3oV\Xrqol and vvavtLLs cp. Gorg. 509 d wroT'pa vvavCJtv q) poX3vXr-crtv; KrT. a 4. 7rpbs rTV Aoyov, " for the purposes of the argument." Cp. Phaedr. 257 b 'va... 7rAXis 7rps "Epwora era brXAoro46wv Xo'ywv rov Pfov tro&qrat. a5. TLt roTr E0Cr Kal rtva ovvaCuv XeI: Cp. Laws 892 a vXqV... ^oyvorKeval KtV8VVE1VOO L... OlOY TE OV TV7XavEt KaL 8vvavltv `v ' Xe, and 964 c2 i tvTValuv E'VXEC KCaKa Tr Kal aperr, Phaedr. 237 c Trept ep0Tos OlOv TE e'CTr Kal V 'r eXEt vaslv and 265d el aCrolv r'YV 8vva.utv e'XvY )af3eLv 3vvaLr rts, oVX aXapt. As svvaroOat sometimes means significare, so Svautis often means significatio. (Ast in Lex. gives eight instances.) In these three passages, as at Gorg. 455 d-where Cope translates rqv r7s p/TOptKKS 8 vvapiv aTraW'av " the entire force and meaning of rhetoric "-I think the notion in the writer's mind is rather " what the term implies," than "what the thing can do." Ritter in a valuable note (p. 1 ~) says that in these passages it means "what the thing is." Referring to Peipers, Ontologia Plat. 250 ff. he says that with Plato Elvat is nothing but the Uvvapts Tov roiev Kaat rd(XetYv. If that is so, we have in all these passages a simple tautology. Op. Soph. 247 e 3. 248 NOTES TO BOOK I a 6. Ireov eavI T.. Xoyov: "accusativus, in hac structura Atticis usitatus, Platoni imprimis frequentatur," Heindorf on Phaedr. 272 e. Among other passages he quotes Laws 688 e Tov 7y vopoOETYrv.. 7rELpaTrov Tais roAecrtL (povcr O-tv... ELpTOLELV. a 7. TOV 0eOV: i.e. rbv Atovvo-ov, an ennobling periphrasis for otvos. Cp. 773d where oHvoS is spoken of as chastened -vUro VrjovroS 7'rpov OEov. These words may also contain a reference to the part to be taken in education by the god as the inspirer of the Dionysiac Choir. b 3. AEyotL av: so below 782 d 9, Parm. 126 a, Phaedr. 227 c. b 5. rovro avro: antecedent to orLovv (not, as Stallb., to TO aya0ov ElvatL 'rto). — K Uro8OV EvOvS: see above 642 b 5 EK veov EVOVs. b 6. eKacrrot: neut. (so Ast-not, as St., masc.). We should understand it better if Plato had written v eKao-ros rotos T-o 7rpadyaros Rpocr'KOvac'r. Probably he did not like the sound of two consecutive words beginning with 7rp, and for some reason preferred not to say Tro' 7rpocr?'KOV rov vo paypylaros. The masc. or 7rpo(lKov7re is used as a subst. with a possessive gen. depending on it at Apol. 34 b; the neut. 7rpoo-rKovra is equally substantival here. b 8. 7 Ttva OtIKo08o/bV: ' rt est forte (etwa) qua significatione praesertim cum i conjunctum gaudet. Sic infra 644 a j nrva 7rpos IOrXv, 740c I rtves appeves, 838 c i' -vas Olttgro&as, [867 b rtvas (s aKdovcLovs], 898 e J rtvog dapos, 933 d TrL-tv Er-woa's, 934a -j TrTLV wErt0vi/dats" Ast. So Rep. 431a 7 'rav 8o v'ro TpofSa KaKjS r TWvOS o6ptLaS Kpar'Ov, Laws 757 d 3 Kat KpdTroS 8tFLov Tt, 950 d 8.-With regard to this early specialization in the education of the craftsmen, if it had been objected to Plato that this sort of training would make a man into a tool, he would probably have answered that he meant his olKO6 LOL and yewpyot to be tools. Possibly too, if it were urged that you cannot tell at the beginning of a child's education what calling he will be best fitted for, he would have said that it is for the good of the community that crafts should be hereditary. Cp. Rep. 415 a are oVv crTyyevels ovres Trdvr's Trb iev 7roAV' oo0ovws av v,/v aVTrot yEVVTE. c 4. For avayKata followed by an act. infin. St. cps. Soph. 242 b, Gorg. 449 b iarl pe1v, D IOKpaTre, Evtat ToV a7rOKpi-ewv dvayKcaat oa iaKpl(v TOVS Aoyovs 7roLe6Oat. c 5. trTreveLv 7rati-ovra: this suggests to us a rocking horse, or the wra&8ay(oyos on all fours with a child astride on his back. 249 643a THlE LAWS OF PLATO I It should be remembered, however, that 7ratLCeL is a cognate of 7wat&Ul as well as of riat&'cL, and that the line between the two was not nearly so sharply drawn with the Greeks as it is with us. Only the two richest classes at Athens had to serve as cavalry. As Zo4i/lot they had to learn to ride in earnest, but it was probably not this stage that Plato was thinking of here. e 6. 7woto3v-ya, the reading of the MSS., whether due to the original author or to a copying scribe, must be a slip for lroLeiV due to the attraction of the neighbouring wraiCov-ra. In the margin of the MS. of Eusebius, who quotes this passage, the correction to 7rtOLE is made, and Boeckh and Ast made it separately. c 7. 7rat~t'v, the reading of Eusebius and Aristides, is now generally adopted for the ~rat~etwv of the MSS.-C'K1EZOE. C aI~KOILEVYovs ai'7rovs ME riXog (6Wtv "1towards the pursuits (or employments) in which they themselves (will) have to be engaged when they grow up," i.e. I take the ai4. trcA. C'etv to be equal to J KOWEGOat rf'Xo3 1'EXVia1. For 74EXos in the sense of maturity cp. Phaedr. 276 b &a Ya~ y-1 v 4Evo oy86 Iavk 'ora CGcIr~pC Te'XO1 Xa3o'v-ra, and Laws 834 c, where Tro'L TEXo,1 E"ovo-t is "1i.q. TrEXdLots, adultis " (Ast); so at 899 e r-po' rE'Xo,... 1P W-v f'X00ovTacL Memex. 249 a fret8a'v Ets cLV4pQs TEA t~'ox,-. reXos ~'e~ev is often used in the Laws without /3ov (once, 801 e, with /3iov) for "1to die." At -Tim. 90 d it means to find its, fulfilment, and this is apparently the sense which Jowett gives it 'here, lie translates "1(to direct the children's inclinations... ~ to their final aim in life." This neglects the emphatic avTOV's. -Another possibility is that T~OWS E'Xcv here means "to reach perfection "-the same as the Ti-eXEtov elvait four lines lower down-" to the point to which they themselves trust come if they are to reach perfection." But the meaning wanted is -not, that the teacher must set the highest possible ideal before the child, but that he must direct his thoughts, and more particularly his inclinations, to a particular employment.-With this explanation too the emphatic cuv-OVS~ seems out of place, whereas it goes admirably with the (A4tK0,LE'V0VS if that is taken to be the most significant word in the phrase. (F.H.D. suggests that 74'Xos'E'XEtv means "to take tip their position in the world.")-The main point in this paragraph, as the next words clearly show,- is, not that children should specialize early but, that the first object of education is to make children like doing what will be their life-work. d 1. rpo4n'v is disciplinam, a common Platonic use; cp. Tim. 44 b a'v /LE'V oZ ii' Kalt (TvvC7rLka/j/3oaVqpat' mt o 250 NOTES TO BOOK I 'rpoJA rlat3evArew)g. -rTOV 7rcat~ovros: almost the same asToV 7ratL&vo/AfE1oV. d 2. cls "EpwTr... aCTp~S: I feel less difficulty in retaining the MS. reading in this much discussed passage than in adopting any of the proposed alterations of it. Ti3 rOV ~rpa1y,UaTro9 aPTmust be taken as a genitive defining the scope of -TeXELeov, while O', like the O'TOiVV with aJya~o'v at b 4, denotes the thing in which perfection is to be shown. The aiv'Trv here I do not take to be emphatic. The gen. JpcETr11 is like the gen. with E'7t0-TrJJ1Wv and IEJ7etpog (of which many exx. occur in P.). a'pe7r47 is cognate in meaning to Te~EXEog and this makes the connexion more natural. We may translate: " In which, when he becomes a man, he will have to gain as great perfection as the subject admits of "-lit. "1to be fully equipped with the perfection of the subject."-Of the proposed changes the simplest is the second proposed by iRitter, i.e. to put theT'r3 before' ETp13: in that case dpETr, will depend on Cpe-Ta and ToiVo7v T 7ro pd'y/%aro,3 on cdpErl. The change R. prefers is to put a comma after ei'vat and a KatL before -i. Schanz brackets T-^'... pETij1. Badham rearranges the words, reading r^1 TroV'ov Tro 7rpcdy/JaTo3 aP~3 0... TE'AEU0o Ei'vat. Ast reads oi' (ubi) for o', taking it with YEVOpMEvov, and making T~OV 77pay/_zaTo3 an objective gen., depending on Jpf Tr? ("1 excellence at the subj.ect "), which itself depends onT-r'Xetoy. d 4. The MS. authority is strongly in favour of -q'vF here. The change of one for the other is so common that modern editors are doubtless right in following L ("1 ut videtur " Burnet) in reading zpav.-The preceding 057rep c'trov refers to b 2. d. X'Yo/LEv JtVCL 7rat~ktv, "1what we mean by ircdat" In the previous paragraph we have been told the right method of education: in this we have its aim. Though there are difficulties about the language of particular passages (e.g. d 8 if.), the meaning of the whole is clear. The author distinguishes between a liberal education and a technical training. The method (see above) is the same for the two, but the object very different. It is with the former only that the lawgiver is concerned. d 7. 6' is "or." d 8. rpokdg, "bringing up "-as above at d 1, and below at a L.-W with an acc. part. following Xf'youEv is an absolute construction like that commented on above at 624 a 7. St. cps. Phaedo, 109 d. Op. Eur. Phoen. 1460 f. 66V{6e 8' pO'PO6 Xa~g elg EpLY Ao'yWV, 7)JUELs ILEYV ('O1 VLKW'V'a 8eCGiir6o-qr pv..' d 8-e 2. In this difficult passage the MSS. and Eusebius have 251 643 d THE LAWS OF PLATO LAXa 7revraE~vplveov o-(roSpa cvOp'Trwov. Ficinus and Cornarius translate as if they had 7re7raL8evLe'vov avOpwOrov, treat -(roSpa as redundant, and supply reXvYv with the gen. aXXAv rotorTowv. (R. G. Bury would read els <Ta> Tc, taking Kar. and vaLVKX. to be genitives.) Ast saw that aXXov T-otoTXv must have a noun to depend on, and conjectured that /FXa.a was an early mistake for 7padyfJLara; Winckelmann preferred Twtrl'8vEJ'aTra, referring to 918 a 1 where we have Ka7r-XEtas f EwTTreLaTacL. With this and the change to the ace. sing. (re'raLSevuLevov avOpw7rov) Schanz is content, and Ritter approves. As a smaller alteration I proposed formerly to read adrra for iaXa and to keep the following genitives, taking KarrrAsdas- and vaVKXrjpwls as ace. plur., and translating wrer.. r v. arp. " in the case of men who have been highly trained." But I now prefer with F.H.D. to see the source of error in ro-o'pa. He for this word would read cro-ouv, taking Kar7jXEtLa and vavKXrpCas as objective genitives depending on it. It will be noticed that (ro-tav in the same connexion recurs eight lines further down. The gen. avOp7rowv is on all fours with the /,Jwv in the earlier half of the sentence. We might then translate the whole passage from vvv yap: "As it is (cp. vvv 8e at Phaedr. 244 a) we blame or praise the bringing up of individual men, speaking of that one among us as an educated man, another as uneducated (and we say this) sometimes in the case of those who have been highly trained for hucksterage or for seamanship, or for any other such business." e 3. rav"ra refers to the business trainings spoken of above. e 4. There is something attractive in Ritter's suggestion that perhaps for 7ratciav here we ought to read 7raitay'wyav. He refers to 659 d where we read s alpa TratlEa LAev r'a-' Twat'ov oXK' Tre Kaa dayyrn 7rpbs opbv rb V ov vo Vov Xo6yov 6p6ov Elp77146vov. e 6. erW'Ta/ieZvov is not connected with TXEeov by TE, but it is subordinate to and explanatory of TeXEov. For aLpxetv TE KaL dpxeaoOat St. cps Solon ap. Stob. Serm. xlvi. 22 apXE 7rpwro7 ILaOwv apxecrOaL, apXecrOat yap /aW(Ov apXELv e7rircT'qEt, and Arist. Pol. 1333 a 2 and Cic. De legg. iii. 2. 644a 1. dfopu(raJ/evos (the technical term for "isolating" a phenomenon) refers to the ) JioplO-rov yevrTjat in 643 d 6.-For us e/4ot L1 and O1 apparently have iE Qv (cp. Prot. 313 c e 1v (v XeyeLs, Phaedo 61 c &v ey E oBOYr0/at). This looks like a very early variant. a 3. Tva: cp. above on 643 b 8.-I see no force in Badham's 252 NOTES TO BOOK I objection that it is ridiculous to talk of to-Xv's as if it were a ro-ola. To say nothing of the difference between aXkos and the English other in such sentences, "the training which aims at money, or, say, some particular bodily strength " implies the acquirement of skill, and c-oq[a includes all sorts of skill (cp. Prot. 321 d 'H4auo-Tov Kal 'AO6rva^ rTjv E'vrXVOV co' tav), and a man may be, in a literal, as well as in a metaphorical sense, a ro-o(bs raXato-rTrj (Soph. Phil. 431). For the whole passage cp. Epist. 358c3 To yap /3e/Paov Kat r TtTOV Kal vysLt, TOVTO Ey7) filt elvaL T VE dX'qOtv\v tVLXoc0oo[t(v, Tas 8e alas re T Kat ELSC adAa retvovo'as (roiag 'TE KaLt SEvo'TrrTas KO/O\rrlqTa;S otflaL TrpoITayopevtOv op0Ws3 OVOLd(aELv. a 4. avev voV^ KaI 8K7cr/: a negative definition of the aim of education; i.e. it must produce fpovr/crt and 8tKatooarvvr. The former was partly implied in tle adpXetv E7rLro-TaLevov, and the latter in the apXeorOa 'nrrTroTafevov above. That aroqpoao-vvr and dvSpela, the other two of the Oeta ayaOd mentioned at 631 c, are not specified here we have no right to complain. The Athenian selects the two most indispensable products of education. That he is speaking generally, and not philosophically classifying, is shown by his resumption of his whole contention, three lines lower down, in the form: "true education has got to make us good," prefaced as it is by a deprecation of criticism of his previous terms —/ux18ev dovoLaTL 8tacLep(OJLeO' aVTroLs (i.e. aXXA ko s). a 6. For ovo6,at 8ta)pEpcr-Oat.St. cps. Euthydem. 285 a KaL tiu) ovo/JaT 8taqepea'OaL. a 8. rXE8ov: merely a sort of apology for the general term dyaaOo; i.e. it does not mean that in nearly all cases well educated men are good (so Ast and Jowett), but that the nearest approach to a general term in the case is the word good: "what you may call good." b 1. tp,8apov adLf'LaELtv this he says in view of the disparagement of the crv/Lrocrta, which he is going to show may be educational implements for training men in cr4opoao'vr?. —rwpTrov rT KaXtXXoLr'TV TO dptOa(rTo t avSpda'v 7rapaTytOy voevov, "the greatest blessing man can receive, and the better the man, the greater the blessing." The rapa- in the verb shows that he is speaking not of what a man has /vo-it, but of additions to it. b 2. `e$pxETat: the connexion with '7raiopOo^o-Oat shows that the word is used for "goes wrong"-" outsteps bounds"-a rare use. Cp. Phil. 13 d 6 Kat 6 OX6yos rltlv EKrrEcJWv oX-crEraL. —The statement that it is every man's duty to do what he can to help 253 644 a THE LAWS OF PLATO education into the right lines is noteworthy.-L and O have 7ravrb' but A has 7ravri, and so 02. b 6. Op. above on 624 a 7. The 7raXat refers to 626 e 2 ff.; though the precise statement that the man who conquers himself is good is not made there, at 627 b 6 f. that statement is made about a city. b 9. vaXado,8pev, "let us consider again"-the object, most likely, being, not r-oT au-', but the sentence-" what we mean by that same"; so at Apol. 19a avaXdAfaolv o'v 4 a&pX^js ' T Karvlyopta E-rtiv, and at Hipp. Mai. 288 a avaXa/3w AeXyeTs, Phil. 33 c LVYLv, s O, S0lS OO Kl', o-v& or T pOTEpOv avaXrTrre'ov. c 1. /ioi: this ethic dative turns what looked like a command into a request. It is almost " if you please." I don't think Schanz can be right in altering it to /ov. Cp. Dem. 18. 178 -rov7 Trdavv ot L Trpo(rC'Xre Trv voUV.-airoSfeao-e 'av TrOS Sovvaro yevw/oat: so Rep. 525 d ovSap a.roSexfJiEvov edv TLS. StaXeyrfra — "allow me to... if I can."-The 8t' elKOvo, of course, goes with?jXAo-raa.-" Let me, please, try and show you, by the help of a figure, how the case stands." c 4. 'Kao-rov avrov: a variety of the common avrTO EZQaTrTos ("pro se quisque" Ast), "each separate individual," or "each separate self." —'va is of course predicate. (St. takes aV'-ro closely with 'va.) C 9. ucXXA'ovwv: Stephanus was for reading pueXX6vrowv, in which case, I suppose, IrpBs Se would be adverbial: "non male" Ast says, though he keeps /eAXXo'vrov, supplying avr'iv (i.e. the two arvuzoSovX, ~8ov7 and Xivr/) with it. But certainly, if,ekXXovtyrv be kept-and I think it should-it is best, with Stallb., to take it as a neuter.-For the adjective used substantively without the article cp. Laws 816d &vev yap yceAotv Ta o-rrovSata... LaOtv... ov Svvarov.-oTv, which refers of course to 6odas, was altered in the margin of Eusebius to the un-Attic alv (cp. Wecklein, Curae Epigraphicae, p. 14). c 10. A good instance of the neutral use of Xrtls. d 1. Odppos, "confidence," "a cheerful expectation." As he has deliberately given the neutral sense to eX7rL he has to find another word for it here; besides, Odippos is more decidedly the opposite of 6d/tog than eAXrts is. Op. 671 c TYv evX7rtv Kal OappaXkov. For this use, and for the whole passage, cp. Tim. 69 c f. aXXo T E60os Ev aVTp( 'vxS T7pOOCTKOO6LOVV TO OV77TOV, eCLVt Kat avayKcaa ev ELavr) TravfSrjpara o'xov, 7rpWrov re'v q8ovmqv, /tyurrov KaKKOV &XEap, ZTreLTa AXvras, ayaOtc v Ovyads, E'L 8' aZ 254 NOTES TO BOOK I OdPPOS KG'L 463ov, C4povIE CrUf43oAU', Ovtpo5v 8~' 8va-wapaqnSO`j'rov, EXV12a 8' EU7aPa'oyo/V. ('Xiri2s seenis here used in the sense of fancy.)-fri-i w7r(^(' ToVi-oq, "about all these (instances of hopes and fears)." d 2. Akoyurp,w5 (sc. C'r~t): the construction changes here., 03 frwv/J~ari-Tc is rejected by Schanz. He apparently considers it manufactured by a commentator out of 645 a 2. But if these words were absent there is nothing to which the following remarks of Cl. and Meg. could refer. It is a sudden revelation of the way the Atb.'s mnind is working, and his bearers are not unnaturally bewildered. What follows at 645 a is an explanation. He means that what this calculation (about the advisability of encouraging hopes or fears) is to the individual man, that, in the case of the state, is tbe debate which results, by public agreement, in a law. d 7. Oav'4La: ep. 803 c &~vOpwrrov 86', 06'wEp EL7JO/LEV EJAparpo-O1Ev, O6E0v_ rt rzatyptov eivat /Le/flcvlEVV and 804 b Oa'ar OV-rcg To" 7rokv, O-bLLKPa se ako16tas aTra,LLETEXovTE3. Cp. the, hymn in Browning's " Pippa Passes" "God's puppets, best and worst, are we." d 8. Rabe (Rh. Mus. lxiii. 2, P. 236) says 0O3 gives 'y71o-.'/cOa as read by TV ro a-rptap~ov 7-6 flLtA6oV. —Tov C~WV OdEov: the MS. text is quite sound here, I think. T-5V Nwv is "1living creatures though we are"'; we are not lifeless-put together (cp. GOVYCG-T1K03 below) out of wood, but we are puppets, all the same. If the apparently simple reading Tr^V 6Ewv-suggested by Muretus and adopted by Schanz-had stood here, I think we should have bad ai',rwv instead of the emphatic &EKEWP in the next line: be that as it may, who can say that Plato ought to have said Oa^4 a 0OEw3v here rather than Gai4/Aa Oet'ov?-Foir the consciousness that the cognate word implies the nouii O.EoC, and that the noun can, in the afterpart of the sentence, be referred to as so implied, Heindorf on T/&eaet. 168 a refers to this passage and to Laws 864 d 7raLt&', XpW'#~vo0, oi8VSeVW 7T0 rV oTOmW& (SC. wat8wy) 8ta4'epEV. Cp. Porson on Hec. 22, where he quotes Soph. Trach. 259 E~pX~C~ iro'Xtv UP) Ei'pwrdtaV- TOvIE (sc. Epv"PTOV) yap 1_teTa-rtov Mo'vov 3porw~v AqxaoKE TOV8S' el'vat 7raOovg.-Because, in mystical language, in the Timaeus (39 e ff.) Plato talks of the ovpavLov OEOJV -/E'og (the stars) as Cpa OE'ct a 8a ay dtr of this passage have adopted the belief that the true reading should be OEC'Wv, and that Tr'^v Njwy Oct'wv (a Strange order) means "gods." -e~ W3ratyVIov 0.oVVfGcTTJKos: another difference from 255 644 d THE LAWS OF PLATO ordinary puppets: it is possible that we are not meant for the amusement of the heavenly spectators; they may have been made "for some serious purpose. "-We need not follow up the metaphor by asking, "who pulls the wires and with what motive?" The following words (T-6& ON ZCT-Lv) confine its application. We answer to the tug of passion or other motives just in the way that the marionettes answer to the pull of the wires. (Cf. King Lear iv. i. 3 8 "1As flies to wanton boys, are we to the Gods: They kill us for their sport.") Cp. Pol. 268 a 5 Kalt TOVrTO /Ev e~rL-KIE6/bO/e~a TrO EL-81E 8 'o-'eV, and below, 672 b 8. e 1. ycyvxJKoblev: the pres. means we are (-not) inquiring (into this-i.e. the motive of the pulling). e 3. MVE'XKotvr Eusebius, ceLvOKovo-tcL MSS.-" errore aperto, cujus fons in vicino 'EVO-~at rdu~ kat cernitur" Stalib. e 4. 01 &7 SuoptOhe'vq dxpelq" Kat KaKta KEL~t a: lit. "1in the very region where vice ' marches with' virtue." We might say, "ton the border line between vice and virtue."-/.u~1i a'ycp...86ELv r avve~rro'pvov... aV6iXKELV Tr. CUiX. Vs. EKacrTrov still less of the original metaphor is left here-nothing but the wires: we are no longer a, spectacle: we can pull our own wires.-O' Xo'yos: as before, the personified argument-" PhilosophyJ." 645 a 1. r'7V roV_ XoyurpoV0 adyoy07V Xp1tKrqV KatL& CpcV: Homer's picture of Zeus at one end of the golden rope, successfully resisting the pull of all the other gods and goddesses at the other, was no doubt present to Plato's mind here,-as at Theaet. 153Ac where he suggests that the golden rope is an allegorical representation of the sun-but I do not think that dlywy' is an abstract used for the concrete; i.e. it does not mean rope, -but drawing. It is Xpvo-~ that is used in the non-natural, i.e. the metaphorical sense:-" the golden and blessed drawing of reason." (Op. Twelfth Night L i. 35 " How will she love, when the rich golden shaft Hath killed the flock of all affections else That live in her.") wyoy 'will thus have here much the same sense it has at 659 d -7rsat'Swv 6XK-q' irE KaLL dywyq-and at 819 a, where it almost equals rpoqnj or rrat~&la. By this time the metaphor has almost disappeared: it survives only in the suggestion of Homer's golden rope.-T773 7ro'XEW3 ~KOLVOZV vOPov -rrtKcLX0V/JL1EV-)V, "1which gets the name, when it affects (not a man, but) the state, of a generally binding law." (See above on 644 d 2.) The main idea which emerges here is one which has been presented to us before, and which the author means us to have in mind all through; i.e. that of the educational influence of law. Behind all education too, 256 NOTES TO BOOK I whether of the man or of the community, we are shown the force of reason which guides it. Op. Rit. and Prell. 523 d. a 2. cLXDcL &E a-KXypacs... ol/.ol'as: an embarrassing wealth of thought is here hinted at rather than adequately expressed. A revision by the author's hand would doubtless have added clearness. The codex Ricardianus adds Ka jLLOVOEt&) after ov'o-av, and Ficinus translates the words. Schanz marks a lacuna after oi'oav. Even with the added words the antitheses are not all clearly expressed. The 7wavro8awro F E tLEcrOtv 0'/ot'a, has, I would suggest, already in the ordinary text the ideas to which it is the antithesis, though they are not clearly expressed as such. The drawing of virtue is single Qeot~-in an emphatic position):along with this, and with the epithets Xpvo-^ and 14pa, go naturally those of immutability and harmony, and these are further suggested by the contrasted dissimilarity of the opposing forces. a 5. The a'Et here reminds us of the ta' fl3(ov and the waVT [ in a somewhat similar exhortation to the good citizen at 644 b 3. -In the whole of the present passage down to Ta' aXc yfvj h language admits of reference to the struggle between the good and the bad elements either in the man or in the state. a 6. 7wp'ov K~a' o1I /3catov: cp. the quotation from Isaiah in St. Matthew 12. 19 oVK ELT OV8E ap~y~~,O8 XO(E L CY ra Fg 7wkaretat 0lY /ovV/ XTV K apaov aTvvTEcTpq~zL/Evov oV' KaT E xa't Xt'VOV TV4OJLE&VOV OV' Cf0]3EOE, E'Wg aLV EKflaXk Ei VKo3 Tn7V KpOtLrV. The only point in the metaphor here preserved is the gold as contrasted with the other metals-physically, in bulk, hardness and roughness their inferior, but in worth and (so to speak) moral power, their superior. Op. the language used at Re~p. 415 a, and often elsewhere in the Republic, of the golden element in the state.-8uj-Oat Vw7r/pETGJ~v av'ov' Rjv a&ywy'qv: cp. Rp. 441 e OV'KOV"V Tr( JLLETV XOyLUTTWK)aJEVwO~qEoofj~r KaL EXOTt T lV V7rE P O) f V-7'r1 WpO/J)Etc1V, T9) O 011qLoOSE68 v7r-qKOpW elVat Ka't G-vp/JaX1 TOVi'zrov; In the state, it is the duty of the good citizen to support the law, and what Plato in the Republic calls the golden element among the citizens. a 7. The Ev occurs in no MS. Eusebius has it, and Ficinus has in nobis in his translation. The palaeographical argument cuts both ways; the a&v is as likely to have been the cause of the introduction of an iv, as of its loss, and Ficinus's in nobis may have been a translation of -qttv There is a slight gain of definiteness of expression in the E'V ' 'v and I have doubtfully VOL. I 257 S 645 a 645 a 645 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO left it in the text out of deference to the views of most modern editors. bl1. Kal o{T0... o-,EcojfE'vos a'v cnq: a hard passage. Ritter (p. 13) has a useful note on it, more particularly on the uses of 'Oog and X'yos. "Though occasionally interchangeable they are generally distinct; piuv6os persuades, is rhetorical, aims at producing a certain mental atmosphere: XoVyog convinces and lays down the law; the wpoot'(ua of the Laws are /,tvOot." But I do not find it easy to agree with R. that O' /Ji-0o 4ET^~; here means " the recommendation of virtue" as we might say in quasi-parliamentary language, "1the speech for virtue." I think fLpET7)g is a subjective gen., and that the whole passage means "IIf this help is given, and the golden element prevails, virtue's persnasive representation, which likened us to puppets, will not fail of its effect (and after all the cord I speak of is a golden one)." A Xo'yos is said o-6)'Ea-at (Theaet. 164 a and 167 d) when it is still maintained,-when it has not to be abandoned; a /6o cr 'Ccffat when it holds its own as a persuasive force. For the form of the phrase cp. Rep. 621 b 8 Kica Oi,'i-e, T) P1Xa1SKOW, /Au-00o3 EOo)O7 Ka V ~eX~ (Here, though the lit, meaning is "the /Li3ago was preserved to us," I think there underlies the literal meaning the suggestion that the ti3Oos gained its point: this is borne out by the following Ka't -'i/p, &a 'W'EE aI'o6(rtv dv rE&OO.JLEea au'rj, which also illustrates the persuasive, instructive character of the /i3Oo3.) Op. Tiihecaet. 167 d ro-EQtrc... O' X4yo3 oZT0o3, 164 a, Rep. 395 b. St. cps. Phil. 14 a (where see Badham's note). -For the order of the W4 and the Oavua'rojv St. cps. Soph. 242 c, Phil. 18 d, and Polit. 260 c.-Ast and Stallb. take 05 pvi36og aJpcrij as " the story about virtue "; sooner than agree to this Badham would (very ingeniously) read aLp' E'-t for Jpesi-is. The difficulty of deciding the meaning of the gen. Jpcr,'7 is so great, that Badham's suggestion is very attractive. b 2. This result of the use of an Ct'K(OV was that hoped for when it was first promised at 644 c 1: it gives something of an explanation (rpo~wov Trtva) of what was meant by saying that self-mastery is essential to virtue (cp. 6 33 d and e); it means that the better elements must be victorious over the worse. b 3. Ka &8't 7wo'XtV Kal LOJI',-qV KA-.: the next result that follows, if the p^a3go makes its way, is that every man for himself can form a right judgement about the various motives and inducements to action of different kinds, and guide his life by it, and that a state, when it gets its right judgement either directly 258 NOTES TO BOOK I 645 b from heaven or from the rightly judging man just spoken of (roiTOVrov roDyv~1og ravia), can make of it a law to guide its internal and its foreign policy alike. b 6. Ens. inserts ai'TO-o before TOVi'TOV: perhaps we ought to read ai'TODinstead of TOV'TOV. c 1. 8t'qp0pwpL'vov: a synonym for 8tpw0-1pEVOV, as at 963 b. c 2. avrov: rather loosely used for the distinction between the two things that have just been said to have been more clearly distinguished from each other. —Lastly, light will be thrown, by the realization of the nature of virtue and vice, on the great subj ect of 7watS~a, and we may be able to see that the time spent at a drinking-party has so important a bearing on this subject as to merit the closer consideration which we are invited to give to it. c 3 if. With T'O 7f'tT-QpL E'V ToIS otvois; &taTpt,/r), we must supply EItL DAiOV KaI/ac/JavE& from the previous sentence.-Confusion was caused here in the earlier editions by the wrong attribution of avc[`7J... to XE'-E &5 Hermann was the first of the moderns to restore the various speeches to their right authors, but Stephanus had already shown the right way. o 7. Trig -/E vi~v 8tarptf3~: with a manifest reference to the TOwq r E r. o T' R &a1-pt/3Tj of the last speaker.-6'TtrwEp 6aV a$. yy. like the 6w,7ro-a aoto /itov of 642 d 2 and the orrooa-a /3ov'XEt of 642 d. 4, give the Ath. carte blanche as to length. d 1. XE'yE 8': before a question, like Kat /tmot kEy-E at 646 e 4.The Ath. certainly seems to want to startle his hearers. He has taken their breath away once by suggesting that getting drunk is a branch of a liberal education, and now we have what sounds like a farcical suggestion of iuaking a puppet drunk. d 2. dirIEpya~6pEa~a: the pres. is, as St. says, supported by the similar tense at 647 c 5 (Steph. wanted to alter it to the fut.). d 4. 7rpo' &rTL: the regular repeated form of the question 7rrpO' Tt;-in other words "1I can't answer your question, why? till I get the first question answered."-TOV'TO is the 6aD-/-a, and 0"Xwo (cp. 641 b 6) goes with the whole question: " What," he asks, "1is the general result to the Oai/4ea when it has come into connexion with wine?" (TOI' Me may, as St. says, be neut., referring to 1E0,as TOV'rov at 672 e 5 refers to waL8,Evo-tg or XopEta.-J think St. is certainly wrong in supplying E'pWTW With T-OVrO O'AW3 -"(sed hoc in universum quaero.")-For the two cases of oi'Tog in conjunction cp. 646 d. 6 (T-OVTO E'V TOV'ToV3). d 6. 'pr oT-Yap, " what my question amounts to is.. 259 645 d 645 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO For the proleptic a5o~por~pas with E71rtEL'VE St. cps. Prot. 327 c e 5. There is a conversational looseness about the ace. T i'$tv (as there is in the use of ai',ri-v two lines above, when the ~-ts to which it refers comes after it), and there are several other, more regular moulds in which the sentence might have been cast, but the meaning is quite clear. The ace, with e 1 Ta~rv To4VaL6KVEU0at is of the same kind as the ace. with 014eotog of the thing in which the likeness is seen: Soph. Aj. 1153 'plq')v OIoto3, Ii. v. 778 WOpaO' 01kt't There is no need, with Schanz, to suspect a corruption of the text. 646 a 2. 7rovirjp0'TaTro: at 6 44 b 7 the admission was referred to that a man who could not rule, himself was a bad man; so again here. a 4. ILe. by the side of the proverbial (Ar. Nuwb. 1417) childishness of the old man, we may now set the childishness of the man who is overcome by wine. The comparison adds dignity to the state of mind of the latter, but it does not make that state any clearer; the childishness is hardly of the same kind. What is common to the two is that both come in later life. b 5. The El is the -usual EL' after Oav,~ta'w. b 6. a&rrao-av /~avXT~ripa, " utter degradation," Jowett. b 7. i~vXq^ XC'yet3: with ~/vXqrjg we must supply ~5avkoT-nq-ra from the preceding sentence. C 1. E-' -ro rotov-rov: again a conversational looseness of expression. It is possible that we ought to put a (-) after a'8vvacqL~av, and supply SE& f'aVTroV EL/Sa'XXcLV from what precedes. c 3. aUi-ov3' pa81CoVra3: the av'rov' implies that nobody forces them to it (referring to the E'Kwv above); /3a8. that at the time of seeking the doctor's services they are, in fair health.-E'rt with dat., "with a view to"; so Prot. 312 b -rovrcov yaip a-v EKaO-fl7V (sc. /cjG'o-qtv) OV'K bi~r'tT'V- I ea0E3, 4~ 8 ij~ovpy/Ng 'Lo/hEOS JX' OWE iratoEE',~ (O TO C& 'T27V Ka' T'voi' EAEVEpov 7rpEWrL.-Tnere is more in this analogy of medical treatment than at first appears. When we come to the Athenian's complete scheme for the regulation of the use of wine (see 674 a, b, c) we see that its use is to be, morally speaking, a medical one; no city would need, he says, many vineyards; the scheme would not be good for what in England is called "the trade." c 4. iA-L59 t- Jo v iV'U~-TEpOv: apparently an adaptation of the poetical JLE0V',GTE~poP; the usual Platonic phrase is OUXtyov (or 0Xtyp VOTIEpOV. 260 NOTES TO BOOK I 646 c c 7. yvptva'o-ta ia't 7r-ovov;~: a hendiadys, "the labours of the gymnasia."-Uao-6EVEL'3 probably refers to the temporary fatigue after great exertion. d 2. TrJ~v cLXXo)V EWL7, -rq8-vju EV[LO.TWv 7cpt: about other practices, that is, besides those which are concerned with the body, we should expect people to be able to submit to a temporary loss or inco-nvenience, if it was the price of greater future gain. d 5. I think we have here again a conversational laxity of expression, and that the presence of 7wept with -TONV o'VoV is made to cover the absence of 7wEpt' or 7tpC with 8&aTrptlq. If we cancel o-vro &aopEo (with Hermann) or &tavotp-tov (with Schanz) and supply &aVOEZo-Oat Xpt and wEpt' from the preceding sentence, it will be awkward if we do not make this sentence too a question, and that will not suit the et"irep clause which follows. d 6. e1'wep E`Vt...avo'1q~vat, "if it is possible to reckon this (practice) as really belonging to these (practices) "-iLe. as being one of the practices in which a temporary loss will produce a future gain. (I think that is better than, with Stallb., to take -roiro to be "1this state of things " and T1-oi-TW to be " istis quae ad compotationem pertinent," i.e. 7'1 wrEpt TO'V oivov ta-rpti/34)-The following sentence incidentally explains miore clearly what he means by -roi-ro E'v -roiV-oL. d 8. E'Xovo-a fxat'v)1-at: the subject to be supplied is ' 7r. T. o. 8taTpC/3'~ d 9. T rid 7EP't Tz- O-W/a, "than that which accrues to the body" (in the instances, i.e., given at c 3 ffa-'jy pXyjj is this a metaphor from the stadium-" at the start" (ep. 648 e 1). Ast takes Tri adpX,,) to be equivalent to d'pXy.'v or r,71' aP1V omnino. Anyhow the point'is that, whereas the J',E~ta spoken of just above has to be waited for, this advantage is enjoyed at once. e 2. TroV'oTOV: this does not refer to the word J'XyrpS80vow but to the possession of an advantage 1-tQ8'q8V T 7ri Ep' T-' o-,W/a E'XacTTr. -al- reest ap3;ep. on 645 d 4. e 4. Kattw pEo Xtye: op. 645 d L.-&o 1xO'flwv e~'Sy: just as above the Ath. introduced temperance under the guise of a kindT of courage, so here he introduces the sense of shame as a kind of fear. e 11I. 7wpo'TTOVTzEs iq X Ey-ovreS;: subordinate to 8o~aCieo-Oat-" itf we (10 or say." 647 a 4. Etvavrtos;: here and in the following line not used as at a 10 and 646 e 4. There it means opposite in a logical sense; here it means opponent in a military sense. We may, I think, translate tvaviTo03 'G to- by " is a foe to, or perhaps "1challenges." 261 THE LAWS OF PLATO a5. aXy8ol'-rtv KaU Trois alXots f3ols, "pains, and the other things men fear"; so at 635 b we have XAu7at and e(frioL, with?8)ovat and ratSu&a next door to them. a 8. Ast was no doubt right in altering the OVK av of the MSS. to ov KaL. (So too Badham: Ast's other alterations in this paragraph —cre3ETat KGaXv or creS3Et KaC KaXe.... o<8>-are unnecessary.) —KKa vo/oOe-rrl Kay Tras oi o KaC cr/JKpaV O6eXos: Kal... KaL here is rather "whether... or" than "both... and," and the whole is equivalent to: "anybody who is worth anything, whether he be lawgiver or not." a 9 f. KaXwv is subordinated to 7rpocrayopeveL in order to bring out the linguistic connexion between the honourable at'8(s and its execrable opposite. (Schanz rejects the words KaXiwv acu8, but cp. 699 c 4 qrv uat8 wroXXaKLcs eV S avO o) Xsoyos e'7rwoLev.)-Every 4o'/os has naturally an opposite Oappos (see above 644 c 10 f.).-It is interesting to note that, before it was known that A confirmed the reading rovrT, Heindorf so corrected the vulgate TroV-wv. The correct reading also occurred in the margin of 0. b 1. [Ly7Iro-TOV KKbv 8 a Te Ka(U s8oo-0', "a curse, whether to the individual man or to the state." In saying 87jtoo-ra he is probably thinking, not so much of a state's action towards other states, as of the character of its laws and institutions. So at Phaedr. 277 d 8rq/oa-rL is explained as e.g. implying v6/ovs te6'Is. The adverb would also apply to the action of an individual man in a public capacity, as a 8Kari-'rj for instance, or a speaker before a SKCraT7r'ptVo; cp. Theaet. 174 b Kal 8-uoa[-a... O'rav V 8tKa-CrTPtp) D 7rOV aXkoOL avayKaca'0 TrWcpL TWV 7rapa ( ro8Was Kal TWV Ev oc0aoX/AoC 8taEyecr0Jat. If this latter sense was prominent in this passage, it would mean "a curse to either an t WT-s or a TroXTKos' "; probably the words would cover both meanings, and so be untranslatable in English. b 4. 'v wrpos 'v recurs at 738e, 705b avO' evo (v, and Epinomis 976e CLa ya&p Cs EeTEv TwpOs /xAv: the phrase corresponds to our "man for man" (cp. Kipling's "Man for man, the Fuzzy licked us 'oller "), and " one thing with another." b 7. Probably Odppos would not have had a gen. depending on it of the thing of which fear is not felt, if it had not been for the contrasted words d/]3os (l{X.ov. —alatXvrvs wrep KaKS: "addit KaKTs, quia de pudore dictum est antea, qui etiam honestus potest esse " Stallb.-The repip with gen. explains what it is in friends we are afraid of-i.e. their pouring shame upon us; cp. 648 b 2 Jv8peas; e wrep& KaLt 8ELtXas of the matter with which the test is concerned. 262 NOTES TO BOOK I c 3. afq/opov... fp/tov 7roXtA3v rov v, "free from all sorts of fear." Zeller was apparently the first to put a comma after Ttvwv: previous commentators had made fpowv 7r. r. depend on fo'6ov. Besides being an extraordinary expression, this last arrangement of the words did not give a satisfactory sense, and this it was that led to emendation; e.g. Ast's 06pv/3ov for 4o6,lov (relinquished later), and Heindorfs fo/3epwv for s6l3o3v. Other arrangements of the words as they stand in the MSS. are Stallb.'s, who puts a comma after qSf'op'v; Vermehren's, who puts a comma after wroX wv; while Schanz rejects o'flwv. I have followed Burnet in accepting Zeller's punctuation. c 4. ETar Vo'/ov: this difficult expression must be interpreted in view of the /TEra 8[K/rs in c 7, and also of the /AEra o6yov KTX. in d 6. I think it means " with the help of the law":-not only that the laws ordain the discipline in courage, but that the spirit of the laws helps and directs the process of discipline. It is, i.e., a state institution. So in the corresponding sentence that follows, to preserve the parallelism, instead of saying duly, or rightly (fearful), he says " under the inspiration of justice," or " a correct judgement." I have followed Schanz and Burnet in putting a comma after vroov, to show that it goes, not (as Ast) with the succeeding, but with the previous words; otherwise, as ay/OVTES goes closely with adrepya(o/juea, it is hardly in place. c 7-d 7. This paragraph should be carefully compared with 634 a 6-b 6. There, after the "dichotomy " of dvapeta into (1) the power of resisting fear and pain, and (2) the power of resisting the seductions of pleasure, the necessity was insisted on of a training in both kinds of courage. Here it is fear that has been " dichotomized " into (1) fear of pain, and (2) fear of disgrace; and here too the necessity of a double kind of training is insisted on. Only this time the training has not, as before, to encourage both sorts; the first kind of fear has to be discouraged, and the second to be encouraged. As we read on the present paragraph it is as if we were looking at a dissolving view: gradually the familiar figures of advpeda and oaropocr;vv) emerge, and we see that we have been investigating the same question all the time. (Incidentally we may notice that the dramatic machinery which (at 634) gave to the question the form of a suggestion that we should look for some such training in the laws of the Cretans and Spartans, has now been dropped. I altogether disagree with those critics who see in this a change of subject of the dialogue.) c 8 f. 7rpooryvtvdaov-ras, " training him to meet" (advatrXvvTia 263 647 c ITHE~ LAWS OF PLATO in combat). The iz-po- of the 7rpoyvIvdC0Vrcg proposed by Stephanus would be in place oniy if followed by " we must make him able to conquer"; but what we have is vtK(Lv &E v-otet'V &(LAOIXOJLEvV-" 9 make him fight successfully against (his temptation to indulgence)."-For 7rotELV with an inf. in the sense of compel cp. Rep. 407 c KfLJLVE&V ycap OLEO-Oat ItOet- JLEZ Ka(UC' (U&VOVTCL /A?)WOTE X,4y-ECV 7rp ~OV O(WUaLTOIR. e 9 a -o MSS.; Ast corrected this to av'ToVi. Schanz retains the MS. reading. C10. Rahe (ut supra) says 0 gives a variant "' for. c 10-d 7. " Or are we to imagine that though a successful fight against timidity is the necessary preliminary to perfect courage, and though the most gifted nature (&'rTtO-ol'3v) will never reach half the excellence of which it is capable if it has not had experience and training in such fights; temperance forsooth can be acquired in perfection by a man who has never gone through a successful struggle against a host of delightful seductions that beckon him towards impudence and crime-a struggle in which he is to be helped by reason, by active exertion, and by skihll whether at play or at work? Surely he is not to lack all such experiences as these? C 10. 8SetXtL~: this word,. followed by 668petav, and the a-We5pew in d 3 reveal to us that we are really discussing the 4EWLTrp3Ev',LaTa for the production of JvApEcL'a and crwfpocrV'v-q (cp. 632 e 1 f.).-A had apparently altered 8EW'i~ to 8tat`Tp; but in the margin is yp. 8,EtXt~x: in 0 the text has 8tail-y and the margin the correction SetkX@, (dw' O'POtXTIE(O9 OVIK IEZ): Steinhart's suggested avaL&&tL does not fit the passage at all. d 6. Epyov is difficult; I think it means the active exertion of his trainers, but it is conceivable that it means the habit which comes of repeated action on the part of the trained. d 8. TO6V Y' EIK6'TC Xo'yov: for the article cp. 649 c 7 To' y/' o~v' ELKOg, and 630 dI 9 Tro' TIE J'O'sKlT6 8tLKCOY, where Ast has collected a number of similar instances of the use of the neuter art. from later books of the Laws. e 1. 4~O'/ov 4ldpfraKv, "a drug to produce fear." (See Dindorf on Steph. Thes. s.v. 4xSpuaKov.) (}omperz, G. D. p. 500, suggests bromine.-Ocosg: in order to make the fictitious parallel as exact as possible, Plato postulates a divine origin answering to that of wine: the object of the fiction is to bring out clearly the main points in the nature and action of wine; hence the exactness of the parallel. One important fact that comes out clearly is that 264 NOTES TO BOOK I there are different stages of /kery (/LaXXov... KaOe' EK'CT7rv Tr(TLV). e 2. " 0eX LO et in marg. yp. a3: h'A A" Burnet. —GTE with vofLtetv is a somewhat loose (but still more convenient) variant of the more regular TOOV'TOV... otS av 7rotLOr voiItELv. -Notice also the change from plur. in cvOpr7rots to sing. in avroi- in e 3. e 4. teXXovTa could hardly have taken a dat. (avo() if it had not been joined with 7rapovra. 648 a 2. EKKOtLOe0OVTa': possibly the word is a new creation: it implies a previous state in which many, if not all, of the mental powers were in abeyance. Kotlda' is used in a metaphorical sense at Rep. 571 de TO XO7L'TLrtKV LEV EYV pas... TO E7rLOtVj7TtLKO 8/J 7TE E Ev8el so's /LA' 7rTE rq(r)LOVy OW&S aV KOLE/Ji)ry. a 6. 'o-r' oro KTA.: not " could the lawgiver have made any use of it?" but " could the lawgiver have used it at all (for producing courage)?"' We may notice the parallel form of the two questions: —0' O'rTtS at 647 e 1 and EA-';or here. a 7 f. otov.. &. taXyeo-Oa, "for instance, what easier than to have put this question to him?" a9. TrpW-TOV E'V: this implies that it is not only as a test that the drug may be useful-the state to which it reduces a man will serve for his training in courage as well. Cp. 649d 8 rrporov [IEV trpbs T' rapalvEf3 v Wrelpav, Etra eLs To JLXAcETrv. (This is better than to take Tt 8e; in b4 as if it were equivalent to E7rELTa o.) b 1. For pacravov Xap.V/3.Ltv cp. Tim. 68 d Ei 8e Tt TOTWVr Epyc (rKo7rov/hevos /3paavov Aauavo... b 2. For,rept cp. above on 647 b 7. b 6. Kal TOVTo: he begins as if he were going to say: "He will say yes to that too"; then he remembers that in this question there were two alternatives, and puts in /Xera Trq dac-aAetag as explanatory of the roVro, slightly varying the phrase by the insertion of the article (" the safety you speak of"). (Is it possible that a TO has fallen out after the TOVTo? It would thus be more regular in form as an explanatory addition to the roVro.) b 8. XP,^o 8' av; (sc. rT 0app/aKc): these words introduce the second purpose of the drug: in the course of the testing process (de5 roVS bo6Povs ayWv Kat EXeyXUoV E. T. r.) help would be given towards the formation of a courageous habit of mind. b 9. ev rols 7raaOr/Lact'v, "while the patient's mind was disturbed." 265 647 e THE LAWS OF PLATO c 1. v'O 8e dr7La'dov: Stallb. says that if the TOv pEv had been put in, it would have come before 7rapaKEXEvJLevos; I think it would have come before rutopv: the 7rapaKEXEv/AEvo os, like the rLwiv, describes the treatment of a hopeful case, the vov0erT-v and the adri-daow that of an unhopeful one; the following puev and 3e clauses mark the same distinction between the two cases. c 3. yvuvao-c.uEvov: the middle (instead of the passive) to show that the "patient" is supposed to take an active part in his own training. c 4. CS/lav 7rTLi~tLt: subordinate to 'araXXtaros iv. The only reason for calling attention to this is that Stallb. calls E7LTt0iEs an anacoluthon, and mentions the suggestion to emend it to E7rLT~OEUe, as if it in its clause held the same position as dwrakXXrroLs &v in the previous one. C 5.,}8EV aAk( o y7Ka xv Ti rd/aTt, " although on further consideration (aXXo) you found no fault with the drink." c 7. ar vvv, "our present arrangements."-It is not necessary with Ast to suppose yvtvdco'a supplied in thought from the previous yvjUvao-ra of kindred meaning. —avjacr7oi pc'rTV s': the gen. is the same as that used with verbs of wondering (or other emotions) to denote the source of the emotion. Rep. 426 d T7L 8' as ToV9 EOEX0ovTaS Oepa7revELv Tas TroavlTas 7roXELt Kal T7po0vjLovJfEevovs; OVK ayao-at TrS avSpelas re Kat EVXEpetas;KaO' owro'rovS: the practical schoolmaster would object that the numbers in a "drinking" class should be strictly limited. d 1 ff. The main outline of this long and complicated sentence seems to be this: EL'IE Trs 6ovos vpvdaoLTo T pO O av Tr TwpaTT'oL, EiTE TIS JLTr8EV OKVO' /JLETa O-V/L7TrTWV 7r'XELV(O)v E7TL8EtiKVV'O0aL K'TX. (dpOc0s av iTt 7rpCTrot). d 1. Trb Trs alrX)vvrs eTl7rpo'rev 9 rotovbeEvos: ErirporoOev Etvat (or ylyver-Oal) means to intervene, often with the notion of obstructing the view (see E'ruWrpdo-Oro-Ls of eclipses): Eir. 7rotertaa& is to interpose, generally with the same added notion; so that it means, as here, to screen, lit. "putting his feelings of shame in between himself and other people." Cp. 732 b 4,/xure/uav aiorXvvrvV tpo0Oev 7roLOv/Jevov. The following clause (ryovtJevos is subordinate to irotovpEvos) at once gives the reason of the action, and explains the metaphor of the previous phrase: his shame is not an actual obstacle, but it acts like one; it prevents others from seeing what is going on. So Ast. (For other views see Wyttenbach's note on Plutarch, Cons. ad Ap. 36. Thompson on Gorg. 523d thinks 266 NOTES TO BOOK I that there and here E'rt7J-(oi-pOOEv has a slightly wider meaning: he says it has nearly the force of 4Eb/rro&W'v.) d 2. 7rptv eV~ a-cP "until he attains to perfection," or, metaphorically, " before he has got his lesson." d 3f. 7O(fO/ja 1Lo'vov a.v7' /JLLVfLoJv 7pay/LoIa-(oV 7wapcacrKEvaCL[teo/o: it is difficult to be sure, hut I think that this clause is subordinate, not to yvleva6~otro but, to 0'pOj' a&v -n 7wpaTvot, i.e. neither the solitary practiser nor the member of the o-v/.kwo'u-tov "would be far wrong" (Tt, "in a measure," which Badhami discards, is due to /Lciwoo-ts, cp. ove'st 7racvv 1rL, Phaedo 5 7 a), "if he ptvoided endless trouble by providing himself with the drug." I have therefore taken away the comma which generally stands after 7Capa0rKEva~o'/LtEvog.-O has 6'p~o'v corrected by a later hand to d 5. C'avi- is better taken with 7ritG-TEmVW than with 7WapEOKEvaa-0tcL, which last is epexegetic Of 7rt0-TEVG)V. d 7. E'7Tt81Kvvo-0at is, I think, here used absolutely, as at Gorg. 447 b, in the sense of C'rri 4Etv wroteEa-Oat. In that case &Uvalpktv is only governed by v~WEpOfOwv and KpaT-6V, which are subordinate to '7re8Etk~vv~at.-T-_TO 7roi weaT-o3 ava-yKa~ta ~p (difficult), " the inevitable change wrought by the potion," the gen. being subjective as at e 5, TR~ i V jraV TI -roi w.aT-oS. The conjecture ta4GOop~ -first appeared in the Louvain ed of 1531 (not "in the 1 st Basle ed."), and was adopted by Bekker; "1degeneration " would fit the passage well enough; the JXkotolo-0,at however, which is coupled with the cr4)aXk~crOat at e 2, is in favour of the MS. reading. On the other hand the meaning " change " is strange for Sta/opa'. (Schanz adopts Hercher's (bop~i, which is palaeographically possible, and also gives a fair sense: "the power residing in the irresistihie course of the potion "-or would 95opa4 be impulse, force?-anyhow there is some tautology involved in this reading.) e 1. 'rrepO~E'v: a metaphor from the stadium (cp. 646 d 9).eoo-rE: another "pregnant" w'G-Tf (cp. 647 e2)-" with the result that." e 2. & 'JpET-q'v, "1virtutis beneficio s. ope," Ast. (Schanz again sees dittography here, and suggests that &' should be removed; but then a'pE-q'V would want a T'v before it.) e 3. T-qv e0oXa'TqV 7r-o'-v: i.e. that cup after which it would be physically impossible for the drinker to proceed. e 4. The double genitives are different to those commented on by lleindorf on Craet. 400 d, in that here the first is objective and 267 648 d TilE LAWS OF PLATO the second subjective; but they are well illustrated by Stallb.'s comparison of Rep. 329 b ra&9 T65)V OLKE&wV wpowY)aKwG'ES TOV e 6. I have followed Schanz and Burnet in adopting Stallb.'s insertion of aLv after /a'p, though I think it worth considering whether y' a'v was not what Plato wrote; the loss of the a~v is hard to explain, but -Y av might without difficulty have become -yap: 76, very often follows within a few words of vat'.-Another alteration of the text which is worth considering is that made in the Aidine ed., which reads G-Wo~pov6E-Kcal 05 T-otoV'-o: even the man who is confident in his powers of resistance to temptation (would be wise to stop before the last glass). 649 a 2. a-XE80ov, as at 644 a 8, modifies the general assertionnot that the speaker doubts the truth of what he says, but he prefers the more modest form of assertion. a 4. r-ois, /a'p y/Oqia-a OVK EV 6otv"1 XE'-yo: i.e. "quacks, who do profess to concoct such potions, are 'not fit to sit down with philosophers." For Plato's metaphorical use of the word Goc'vcp. (among others) that at Symp. 174 c kaaiog ZW#v C'l co-o4~~ av~po's NEvat Oot'v?7 a"KXkTO3. a 5. 1 have ventured to insert a Kalt before 'a k xiq I X (An abbreviation of the same shape as that used for W's, when written vertically and accented, was -used for Kai": this mayj account for the dropping out Of KLL after -os3.) It seems very strange that Plato should confine excessive and inopportune confide-nce to things ~ i~ p~,OappE' -things about which confidence ought not to be felt at all. If we have the KaLL we get three distinct classes of improper confidence: (1) excessive, (2) inopportune, -and (3) (totally) misplaced. (Schanz puts a comma before a' tk' Xp1) as if he took it for a' o' Xp '-" which things ought not to be done.")-As the word 7w4l~a goes closely with the gens. d4. and roiV X.?9appEZlv, no I- C (as Heind. suggested) is needed before it. a 6. 7' 7r Zs XE"YOIIV; so at 639 b 1 q) w7s W" "v XE'yoLJLu v; wh er e an affirmative answer is evidently expected. 0 says that rrai-p. /3t/3X has XE'ywo.Ev and so Ed. Lov. a 7. iTov otvov 4pa'wv, " and he will name wine." a 8. TOVrO: (nom.) either neut. for masc., referring to o7vo19 (cp. Heind. on Gorg. 460 e, where he cites Gtorg. 463 b and Laws 937 d KQ\ 8q KC~ L' Kq) eV CLV0p('7V37rOW5'13T 0V' KgaX43OV 7~vraVT ~LPCKE i-a av~pWonrta), or, better, with. 7c a understood. ("Is this just the opposite of the last potion we spoke of 268 NOTES TO BOOK I 649 a a 9. A has rovOpwrov corr. by A2 to rov avOpo7rov (cp. 653 d 1); 03 mentions a reading 7rVT'ra avOporrov. b 1. With the somewhat otiose addition T7rpT'rpov (after avrTov avrov), and indeed with the whole passage, Stallb. well compares Prot. 350 a ot E'7trLCTr OVES5 TWrv /pA Ec7tcrcralJLev(v OappaXEcTepOL Ertc, KCa arTOl EaVTr(V, EXv7rELtv /Lda6('Otv, l 7rptv fJcLOEtv. His collection of passages on the effect of wine is also interesting.-(" was omitted at first in A and added above the line; Schanz discards both it and 7rporepov.) b 2. With 7rXrqpoVo-OaC we must supply 7rotet. (H. Steph. would have altered it to TrX)poVTtL, so as to bring it into line with /xeCTrorTat.) b 3. eis 0odav, "in imagination "; so Philebus 57 c els -crarTvetav, Symp. 196 eC's y' dvapelav "Ep,rt o8' "ApVs avOr'taTa-rla Tim. 46 e etIg WEcELLav "in the way of advantage." b 4. qs o'o4os i'v: cp. Crat. 406 c olvos 6', 3 oi'eo'OaL vov EXEtV rTOLEF T V rtVoV7TV -S TroRAo ovSX ov rTa..., on which passage Heindorf has a note on 8e following Te, as it does here at b 5 (cp. 628 a 1). c 2. a Tj's aL8oV Eo 'eyesF, L oloLeOa, " what you called shame's part, I suppose? " C 3. KaAXws fLVjfJovee're: it is simpler to take this (as Ast in Lex.) to mean " your memory is correct," than with Jowett "thank you for reminding me." To remind is generally avaJLtv'rj-KW.. At 646 b 1 JLvrToVvevtELS means little more than XAyets. c 4. ev ros <d6fotois: the test and discipline of courage are real fears and real hardships. The fictitious potion would have produced imaginary fears and hardships. The description of its effects has made admirably clear the way in which it is suggested that wine should be used, and for what purpose. c 5. The ipa of the MSS. is altered by a very late hand in A to apa. This correction is manifestly better than Ast's introduction of el after apa. —TO a vavrtov: i.e. the right sort of fear (that of disgrace): ev TroiS Evavrt[os: i.e. in a state of over-confidence and exhilaration. c 7. For the To- cp. 647 d 8. c 8 f. ev ToVTots.....a 7raO6vrO.. '.. refE'vKalev eTvat, "in such states of mind as would naturally incline us to be... d 1 f. aIrx-pov goes with rt as well as with ortovr, which is added as a sort of after-thought, to make the Tt, when it got to be used with Spav, more general. Tn was omitted in the old editions 269 649 d 649 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO and by the first hand in 0, but occurs in A and L, and was added by 02. d 4. oi'KOiV' KI-X., "4are not all these (that I am going to mention) states 'of mind, or condition) in which we are so affected" d 5. SELX~a, as Ast says, is quite out of place in this enumeration. Is it possible that Q'EtXt' is what Plato wrote? (Steinhart's suggestion vat~aL&( is palaeographically likely, but the word is descriptive of the whole state, not of a separate manifestation of it, as all the other words are.) d 7. Ev'hEX^ TIE Ka' 'oneo-Tipav (which agree with rre'tpav) are put in this strange order to emphasize the importance of the point that the training he offers to temperance has none of the /Jvpta 7rpay/p~aia and the dangers of the only practical training that courage can have.-ToirTeWv depends on wrd-pav. d 9. /3ao-ciVOV Ka't 7raL&t('X9 a he-ndiadys; "sportive test." Cp. Polit. 308 d ' 7roXtrLK-q.. 7rcLL~c 7FrpwTOV flaT-avtEZ-For the pleonastic mX~v after ~ta'XUov eIli'lke1POV cp. Miinos 318 e 7 ot" y~ O' 0'T TOV'TOV c'crE/3E0o-TEpovY 'O-Ttv o '' ~'Tt xpT' [LUXXov,EVXaflEUT~at 7rXk-qv EL3 Oeov Ka't X61yp Kalt EPyy/ fea~/japTacvEtv; it is very like the wX'4 after &alko at Tim. 30 'a. el1. CixjzEvpov p&XXov,7 "less objectionable."-6V KfLLt 0o7WG-Ttr'Vv /LE1T EucL/Etas ytyvqp-at, "provided a little care attend its application." e 3. Myrva agrees with the imagined subject of Xa,'43fvELv."Do you recommend a man (instead of using the test I offer) to run the risk of making a compact or legal agreement with him? " (If he breaks it you will know that he is not a just man, but is not the experiment a dangerous one?) 650 a 1. acVTwrv refers to T'r& Crv/,4XatL (so Ast.-Bekker prefers to read avT~ Stallb. understands by ai'7rwv the things themselves about which the agreement was made).-o-vyyEvd-_ ~LEvov/ /LzEraTcL Tov ALoVVo-ov Ocwpt'ag, "by watching him (lit. getting into his company) with the help of a Bacchic festal indulgence?" a 2 if. i)' wrp0' K~X.: a good deal has to be supplied from the previous description of the parallel case, but the meaning is quite clear, if the parallel be kept in mind. I have followed Stallb. and Schanz in adopting Bekker's correction of the MS. KtV3VVEVravT4E3 to KtV8VVEVOraVI-a, and adopted Burnet's punctuation, with a comma before and after oibrw3, which resu~mes (cp. 625 b 6). —Ait shrewdly remarks that this second kind of depravity would be readily betrayed -under the influence of wine. 270 NOTES TO BOOK II a 6. rejv aXXos (sc. o8ov) means lit. " along the road that does not lead to anywhere in particular," i.e. where there are no special consequences to be apprehended, and the following words furnish a definite explanation of what is meant. We might almost translate then "at large." Cp. Theaet. 172 e KaL ol aywves oV8E'oTE T rV aXAwos dA)t' at rrjv wrepi avTro. b 2. dXk)kAov: this word introduces the idea that it is the duty of every citizen to take stock of his neighbour's disposition. b 3. 'TO rE Tr^ EV'TEXtELS, "and in the matter of economy." (St. takes TO rj;S ErVTeXeaE KTA. as the subject of 8tafepeLv.) As at 635 b 6 (-r 7rv XvrrwV KaL 4Ba /(oV) it is a periphrasis for the simple article with the same case of the subs. He might have said 7rpos evreXEtav (cp. Phil. 55 c 8tLaE>pEv 7rpos dpeTrrjv, Critias 117d rotis 7rdvvov Sa5epovo'Iv 7rpbs 7rio' lv), but he uses 7rpos in a different sense with pao-ravovs later in the sentence (" in comparison with"). For the simple ace. in this sense with c8a(repo cp. Arist. Clouds 503 o;vev 8totcreLs XaCpeeoVr'os 'TrV Lv/MOLV. b 6. ri'v Xp7(tJ-ra'rTdv 'v, "outstanding among things of greatest use"-" of unique benefit" (to the statesman's art).TO yvOpLat is epexegetic to rov7o. b 9. 7roATL7LKi continues the construction of 's (" whose business it is-and it is, I imagine, the business of 7roXLrt7K "). Cp. the quotation from the Politicus given above on 649 d 9. BOOK II 652 a 2. avrov, "the subject," i.e. Y Ev oit'v &aTatpi3rj, o-v/J7roca, referred to at 650 b 1 as TroVT()V: avTa then (supplied) is the subject of the following C'Xet. a 3. rt /JyeEOo3s W'eftas: so vfr Kal KadXk7 KvTraprTTwv at 625 b 8, ai0Epos f3ldOo Eur. Med. 1297, TO Xp-/ja rTv YVK7rV Ar. Nub. 1, Xpvcrbv Er 'v Plut. 268, 7rOVTt7V TE KV/lJdaTV advppLO/LoV yEXao'-ya P. V. 89. a 6. o'7r 86 Kal tw(oS: with this we must supply, not o-/LataVEtv povAXETa but, EVEcrTL. b 1. lj} 7rw 7rapa7rooto'fi!eEv v7v av-rov: the Xo'yos, which has just been spoken of as " hinting" a certain conclusion, is here credited with the power, if not the inclination, of "ensnaring," i.e. misleading its followers, if they are not wide awake. The word 271 THE LAWS OF PLATO is only found (in Plato) here and at Ep. 330 b, where it means "catch," "entangle," much as it does here. b 3. ri 7roTE Xeyo/kev: so the MSS.; Madvig conjectured A' TOT' eXEyo/fEv. The imperfect is more usual in such a clause depending on dvavyo(rOfjval, but the pres. will stand perfectly well. The 'p,^v favours the present: the definition given at 643 d 6 if. is to stand for them still. 653 a 1. TOVrov yap,... (ro-Trpia (see below 654 d 8, where what is here called roTr1pla is called cvXaK'), "if I am not mistaken, this institution (of o-vlu7ro'-a), if properly conducted, is a safe-guard of education "-i.e. is a means of preserving the effect of education. cao-wpt'a (without the article) Ecr' Tovrov... does not mean as much as "education depends on" (Jowett). For this use of (ro-wpt'a cp. Rep. 425 e eav ye Oe Os av'ToNs tSi o)rnqp'av Twv vO/JAv Sv ('tp7Lrpoo'OEv SLXtoIOoev.-L and 0 have TOTro for TOVTOV. a 4. Kenya Xeyeis, "that is a strong thing to say," "that is taking high ground." a 5. Xyo roTovv..., "this is what I say: a child's first infantile sensations are those of pleasure and pain; and these sensations are the sphere in which the soul first acquires goodness or badness. Wisdom and fixed right opinion come to specially favoured men as they are getting old, and certainly a man who gets them, and all the blessings in their train, is a perfect man. The first acquisition of goodness by a child is, I say, a matter of education. Clearly, if pleasure and liking, and pain and dislike, for the right things, are implanted in the soul of one who cannot yet reason about them, and if, when he does arrive at a reasoning age, these sensations concur with his reason to pronounce that his character hfas been properly formed by his relatives, this harmonious combination, in its entirety, is Virtue, while the part of it which consists of the rightly trained sensations of pain and pleasure, whereby the man hates what he ought to hate, from his childhood up, and likes what he ought to like-it is just that element which, if I am right, is Education, and so for purposes of our discussion I would distinguish and define it." a 7. $povt-r cLv 8Ka Kl TX.: lit. "about wisdom-and fixed right opinions-I say that it is lucky for a man if he acquires it as he is getting old." The accusatives are not exactly absolute: the construction is a conversational extension of such a sentence as T1'V 4pOV'jcrtV Xeys O'T TrapayIyverTa.-The number of 7rapeyevero (a gnomic aorist) emphasizes the fact that p6Ovro-wv is the 272 NOTES TO BOOK II 653 a prominent word among the preceding accusatives. Cp. Cic. De fin. v. 21 "praeclare eniml Plato: beatum cui etiam in senectute contigerit ut sapientiam verasque opiniones assequi posset."-For Pepatos in this connexion cp. Tim. 37 b 86OaLt Kal rioreLS yIyvovCat /3epatoL Kal dXvrOes. b 1. I think, with some hesitation, that it is better to take 7ratSegav as the predicate. The definition of what education is comes at the end of the speech (b 6-c 4). b 4. Xoy X\aJL/3daveLv, "to treat (the matter) philosophically,to reason about it." Xdoy Xapefv rL is a variety for Xoyov Xa/3tlv rivos; cp. above 638 c 7ravres or d6y r7L \a/3ovreS Er'TrLTriev/La and Partm. 135 e 7rEp E KeLva a uaX'crra T (tI av XAoy da'f3o.8vvaeZv(tv depends on ~vXais; Xaf3ovTrwv is a gen. abs., which perhaps would not have been used thus without its subject, if it had not been for the preceding gen. 8vvajEevov.-cv;JLoWviro-o't: the subject to this must be 8Sov,) Ka SLtXi'a KTA. So, I find, Apelt, ut sup. p. 5. He says: "Das ertOvJ-rTLKOv, ohne Unterstiitzung von Seiten des eigenen -(yos, bisher von anderen zum Guten erzogen, wird nunmehr, da der eigene Verstand ausgebildet ist, zu seiner Freude gewahr, wie richtig es erzogen worden ist." For another way of describing the union between pleasure or appetite and reason or wisdom cp. 688 b Kar 7rpos 7poJwrTv Trv Tr c(rVJL7rao'r's qyyefLova apETqr31, (fPOVrGLS 8' Etq rO'7rO Kat vovs KaO 806Va PET Ep&OTOS TE KayL iL0UtLaS TO'TOTLS 1TrodvErjS.. b 6. I am strongly inclined to agree with F.H.D. who would bracket eAO(v, and take 7rpocrrqKO'Twv as masc. This gives vt-o a more natural sense; but it is difficult to see how E'0v came in: perhaps it was a marginal additional to a-vuqwov[a.-cv'rtraoa: lit. "in its entirety," i.e. the two elements of correctly formed habit and moral insight taken together. b 7. rTO repaftjEvov is lit. "the part of it trained rightly." We should find it more natural in English to say "the training (in feeling pleasure or pain) is education "; what Plato says is rather: the result of the training is education," as above at b 1 and 2, i.e. "a child so trained is a child educated." (Cp. Steele's "To have loved her was a liberal education.") c 2. ao7roTEtW'v Tri X oy: it is difficult to be sure whether TrXoyo denotes the instrument by which the distinction is made, or the (quasi) person in whose interest the distinction is made: I think, the latter. c 3. Kara ye r'rv ftrjvv (sc. 8ooav): St. cps. Phil. 41 b 4 aXX', ( Ilporapxe, eia'lv Kara ye 7r'v lrTjv, Rep. 397 d "av V) ', ' frl, VtKa. VOL. I 273 T THE LAWS OF PLATO This whole paragraph should be carefully compared with Rep. 40 fmore especially with the following passages: dl1 Ka' EVOV' 'K waJv Xav~cLvy) elSOO~T~1 KaLL /aXcV Kat orvp,4Ovtcv Tp Kakp Xo'yp a&yovra, and e 3 Kai KaTcL8EX ' EVo19 E15 T-q'v O1vXp, rpE4ot-r a&v a7r' aV-rowD KaLt y LyVOtro Ka~o'g rE Ka',y a O'g, ~-r a ato(rpae 04EOL T' a1VyP0_ Kai pro" /"tv's4, r'v 'o (3vvaT'S ELTI at L/ CYEXOVTo (E To Xoo acrwa'CO T av aV`~ 7YVOwpI4~J otE AT a 0X — ~ VT(O 1-pcac/EL Cp. also Ar. Pol. 1340 a 15 T-V a' (pE1. v (a tc) 7rEp't T X atPELV OpOO)9 KaL 4 CXEIV Ka't (LW —Etv. (Scholars have been in too great a, hurry to correct this passage. At least seven alterations of the text have been proposed, of which Schanz adopts Stephanus's /3E/3laovV for f8,e/3atovg in a 8, and Eusebius's Xo'yov for Xo'yp, while he pronounces 0..w'.O -v to be corrupt. I have followed Burnet in leaving the text as the chief MSS. have it, merely writing, with him and Schanz, aiVT- 'o-_O for the MS. avii-qjs 0', where Eusebius has aiv'i-r? q'o-0', and -suggesting the athetesis of Clhiv.) c 5. Ta' 7rp0'T-Epov: two things were said above about 71rat8Et'a at 043bfif.: (1) "As the twig is bent the tree inclines,"-i.e. "if you let a child play at a thing, when he grows up he will like that thing," and (2) What he means by education is that of character and disposition, not that of special faculties; i.e. he wants to make a good citizen, not a good carpenter, etc. c 8. 7Wat8EtW'v ovo-ewv: here again he does not say the training is education, but the rightly trained or schooled delight and its opposite are education: I think here again we may translate "Iare matters of education." C 9. KaTa& 2roXka': this is the reading of the MSS. The Aldine edition read -ra wroXka, and was followed by all the early editions including that of Ast. Even after the discovery that the MSS. read Ka-a' 7roXXa&, Stailbaum in his one vol. ed., the Zuirich editors, and Schanz prefer to read Tr 'a voka', evidently holding that Aldus, by accident or design, had got back to what Plato wrote. It does not seem to have been sufficiently noticed that, though the syntax gains greatly by the reading Ta' woXxa', the sense is materially altered. Did Plato mean to say that most of the effect of education, as he interprets the, word, wears off in ordinary life?-or only that a good deal wears off? Ast, though he had no reading but Ta4 7roXXa& before him, does not take it as the subj. of XaX. and &ta46., but translates it pleruamque. The more moderate statement seems to me more natural here, so I have followed Burnet in printing Ka'ra' 7roXXa'. 7r-atet'a, the word 27"I4 NOTES TO BOOK II65C 653 C most in our thoughts all through this passage, must be supplied as the subject of XaXa-rat and 8ta4~OElpE-raL. We are now going to see exactly, what the Ath. meant at a 3 by saying that -q E'v ot~vp o-vvovcria was a preservative of education. ~a-ra' 7woX~a then is "to a great extent." d 2. adva-7aV'Xca TE..El-raavro -rs -roiv E'oprw'v (4io1j)US, K&Mov,-a.. &o-av, 'vEravopO04-rat, TC 'E O9LyV[LEVaLS ev raF3 EopravS /XEra' OEW-v: Burnet has, I think, shown the right way to read this passage by putting a comma after E7TlLvop~hovWat.-The gods, says the Ath., not only provided festivals, by way of variety, to rest men from their labours, but gave them the Muses, Apollo, and Dionysus to show them how to celebrate them rightly, and (in so doing) gave men a refreshment to their souls (as we should say)-lit. "and gave them the spiritual nourishment (Ta'9 Tpo/)c3, see on 643 di1) which, thanks to the gods (LeI-a' OE(t)V), is furnished by the festivals."-Ta'3 Th'0 E'OPTWV aqLOtl/'9 [ToF3 OIEO-C]: Clemens Alex., in quoting this passage, leaves out i-oF3 OEOt'S (which is in all MSS.). Ast was, I think, right in holding the addition to have been made by some scribe who only knew Jltot/3at' in the sense of requital. Here it means CCchange " or "cvariety," and the gen. E'OPT(;V is a gen. of definition (not, I think, "cthe round of feasts "-we should say: " gave them festivals as a relief "). (Zeller, Plat. Stud. p. 95 defends Tot' OEO1", making it depend on C'opr-cv.) d 4. ipv' Erravop Ow'Viat: before Burnet all interpreters took 6w. as governing Ta'13 Trpof~aJg, and either ejected or altered the Te which all MSS. place between these two words. (Schanz and Ritter further approve of Wagner's alteration of 7Evo/lEvag to y/EvofL.EvoL.) Ei7avopOJ-)Vrat is middle: its subj. is the Muses, Apollo, and Dionysus, and its object Ta'S E'opTc understood. d 5. fLEra',E6-v is difficult: the gods seem to be those just mentioned. - opav 'a p 7ro'TEpo V Ki-X., "cabout this we must see whether, etc." Then, instead of going on "1whether it is true or not," he goes on: "1whether the now prevailing Xo'yog is true to nature, or how it is "-lit. " whether our Xyo',o is dinned into our ears true." (A Florentine MS., L 85. 9, has ov'v in the margin as a variant for a"; this makes the construction easier; all the earlier editions read oi'v: Schanz prefers &?j.) A somewhat similarly framed sentence occurs at Rep. 399 e /3ov 'VO1Joi'3 18EL-V KOo7LLOV TE Kat a'8/EL'OV rt'VE; IELOL4V. d 6. V/LvEL-rat q'4tv: the metaphor is possibly due to the recent mention of Apollo and the Muses. The word is used of an oft 275 653 d THE LAWS OF PLATO repeated statement or argument; cf. Rep. 549 d Ka aAXa S& 6'o'a Kal oa C^XoaoLtV alC yvvaiKKEs 7rEpt TWOV TOLOVTWV VJiVEtV. e 2. olov, "you might almost say." —[eE' C8ovijs: see below on 654 a 3.-7rpor7ra^ovTa: though there is no dative with the verb, the 7rporo- is not " otiose "; it denotes the joining others in playing, "joining in a game." So at Euthyd. 283 b,rjOr'q....ase.. LLraEv..... Kal a TLa Ta rL porETracLLcrWfv. e 4 f. Tdaeolv: Ta'dts, order, system the Greeks naturally held to be the foundation of all science.-ols shows a sturdy disregard of logic, to say nothing of grammar: it is only the TradEs, not the adTatas to which os refers: the perception of TadELs involves the perception of their opposites, and Plato will not omit this fact; at the same time he finds the illogical relative ots a convenient sentence-link. As we have seen before, he often prefers the neuter pronoun when talking of things with feminine names. e 5. pv0OJos KaL adpjovta: the fact that these and many other Greek scientific terms still live in modern languages is a witness to the creative power of the Greek intellect; but it must not be forgotten (1) that in the course of centuries the words have taken on new associations and connotations, and (2) that when the Greeks were making the sciences, they were also making scientific nomenclature. The words they chose as technical expressions were mostly words in common use, such as shape, measure, row, form, flow and the like, and we must not expect them to have acquired at once a strictly limited technical application. In the discussion of IJovVo-tK which follows we shall find, e.g., the words pv0/6os and o-X/1a, /cXos and apfiovta, whether used separately, or contrasted one with another, so variously applied that we cannot always translate them in the same way. The Greeks seem to have been about as sensitive to order and system in bodily motion as in sound. Our muffled perceptions make it hard for us even to guess what opXro-ts meant to Plato. It is to some extent the same with the formal element in language: we cannot hope to understand the Greeks thoroughly when they criticize the rhythm of poetry or prose. Their sensibilities in such matters were keener than ours. pvl/zLos, as Plato tells us below (664 e 8), is the name given to systematized movement (ri- T^s KLVjO-EOs i-dEL). The material of this systematized movement may be bodily movement, speech, or musical sounds. The word is from the same root as peo, though we have no trace of its use in the sense of a flowing. It is possible that it gained its special sense of measure and regular recurrence 276 NOTES TO BOOK It 653 e from the sense of the evenness of the motion of fluids, as compared with that of most solids, but ini its special use, it is more probably an echo, so to speak, of the sound of the recurring waves on the sea-shore as heard by the Greeks. 'Appeovi'a, as we learn from the same passage below (6 65 a 1), is the name given to the effect produced by the juxtaposition of musical notes of different pitch. Sometime.s "1pitch " will translate the word, sometimes even " tune." Sometimes it is used with a reference to the arithmetical relations of the different notes of the scale, while sometimes it means scale, or style of music. 654 al1. TheTro63 before Oeo6v%, which H. Stephanus wanted to eject, adds to the demonstrative force of the followingT-oVi-OV3. a2. r -' v "'v Yp v O 1 o'v E K L Ec pL V o a 0!o j-tv, "the sense of rhythm and pitch," whereas ei`pvotkov, as suggested by a marginal variant in L (which does not also suggest Ev'a'pLoo-T0V for e'vap-,wovtov), introduces the further notion of the adaptability or the careful preservation of t'v~pok; a 3. tkEOf'8~ov-s: these words (repeated from 653 e 2) are of great importance to the Athenian's theory. The gods whom he called men' 5 0vvEopTaa0-TLLL gave theni not only artistic sensibilities, but the power of enjoying them as well. As the author of Ecce Homo says (chap. x.) " The highest perfection of pleasure is not among the prizes of exertion, the rewards of industry or ingenuity, but a bounty of nature, a grace of God."-For "y &) all the MISS. have '8-q: it was first corrected by Aldus.-~ "is an instrumental dative and atoO qotv pjEO' Vovi,3 is its antecedent.-Xop-q-ydEv and a-v VELpOVTaLs go closely together, the participle being the more significant of the two.-,q'tWv;: for the gen. with Xop1?YIEIv cp. Thecaet. 179 d 8 the vulgate -qi14tv has no MS. authority. a 4. a'XXk Iov, the reading of 0 and the early editions, involves a construction foreign to the habits of the word. It is easy to supply Y'/k-3 as obj. to u-VVdtpovra3, from the preceding,q/ea and ')u' a 5. A has (over the line) To' before 7rap& and space for two letters after wTap&'. Schanz justly conjectured that a scribe had (wrongly) altered 7racpa' To" into Tr' 7apai (which is also the reading of 0). For the causal meaning of 7imp6 c. acc. cp. the orator Lycuirgus 64 -q7O/Vb/aL 8' E7O(0yE, i a"V8PE~, Tov'vaVrt~oV TOV'ToV3, 7rapa i-ov ov r 7 WOEt TRj o rq icv (cp. also Thuc. i. 141. 7). We, may translate here "because of the name joy which comes natural to them." The vulgate followed 0 and the corrector of A (though Bekker and the Zurich editors left the T'0 out alto277 654 a 654 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO gether): T-o olvoJa was taken closely with W)vo/ALaKE'vat, and 7r-ap&' T~1 Xapa&i was taken to mean " ductum a laetitia " (St.). But,riapa~ c. gen. in Attic is always used with a person (to say nothing of the difficulty then of translating ' o/VTov). a9. Since the first stage of education is due to the institutors of the xop4's, "Jiiat&VTos Will (at that stage) mean 'X0`pEVTroR, and the educated pupil will be the one who has been thoroughly drilled in a xp'2 b 3. T60'VoVOXO"V EGrTtV, "1is a generic name for." So below (6 65 a) Xopet'a is said to be a generic name for both (iro crvvaIL4&r'TpoV) P6vO1%0' and a'puovt'a. In these two passages the i-4 and the adj. are used adverbially: at Soph. 220 b (,rov^ SE &v~pov O-XE86V 1Ti' o-'VOXOV aXLktEVTtK,9_) Tr6 auivokov is the subject. b 9. " What we mean when we say KaXW-3 "-i.e., as he goes on to explain, "can singing and dancing be said to be well done, if the words or gestures are not themselves right and good?"1 e 3-d 3. A free translation will show how I take this difficult paragraph.-" Supposing then a man has correct taste in matters of art, and acts up to it" (as far as he can); "shall we hold such a man better educated in XopEt'a a-nd JLOV0tKr 'if he is number one or number two of those I am going to describe? Number one is able on every occasion adequately to express, by bodily movement and voice, what he has considered in his mind to be the right thing, while taking no pleasure in rightness, and not feeling any dislike to, wrongness. Number two, while quite unable to reach perfection in vocal or bodily expression of what is in his mind (jt avoE't-at), feels, to the full, a delight in what is right and good, and a disgust at all that is wrong and bad." 0 TroLTo ro refers back-" such a man as I have just described." -The unusual (=7wrpoTEPV), which nearly all modern editors have followed Ast in rejecting, is put in to show that 6' TroeoiTo is not antecedent to 6.,3 &v alone, but to' KIEZVO9 819 av as well. The same motive perhaps led to the slightly irregular substitution of 6`i 4~v for E'av. Burnet retains the ' before 6`g alv, but I cannot follow him in putting a (;) after (LOVO-LK 'V: I think there should be 110 stop at all there.-The next important difficulty in the paragraph is the phrase Sta&cvod'o-Oat. There seem to me two objections to this:(1) Ex hypothesi (see c 3) both the characters described have a right judgement as to what is KaoAv or not, and (2) if Plato had wanted to say that the second one had not the power of bodily representation, or that of correct judgement, would he not have said rju,9~' Tq- VIU 8&avo~w-OEL? For not only is ~ 278 NOTIVS TO BOOK II irregular here for 1L718E' (at Evthyphro 5 b 6 ") is "1or else "), hut, in the absence of somne such words as Toi v~i with Stavo~a-&ca, it would have to he taken with T-_ lxv Ka't Try o#arWj t. Burnet's comma after Ka7oOPo~v is not enough to save the situation. I have therefore adopted Badham's correction of StavcLVod-Oat to y, 8LcavoEtuTL. c 4. o{',rw3 aV'ToZ3 Xp~?Tac: i.e. "1shows by his dealing with them that he thus thinks." For oi'-rcu "1in accordance with this " cp. 670 d 6. c 6. o&+ia-rt and b~wvl_ are datives of the instrument: To' 8tavo?7O~v ELVat KaO'v is an acc. of the inner object-the service performed; cp. Rep 46 L0KVL Kca VW'-qpETECV 7rcVTciTa -r& Ef To~v vzOXE/LoV, where, as here, the person to whom the service is performed is left to be understood. d 1. It is best to take KavropOov'v as intransitive here as well as in the next line, and not, with St., to Supply Tr~ 8avoyqOEv (dvcua) K0mXO as its object. d 4. "1The advantage of the education you describe is great," i.e. of the education of No. 2. d 5. OV'KOV'V KTX., "if then we three (being agreed, as we are, about the necessity of properly felt Vovr and Xs'mq) know what is right and good in W',q and 6`px-qrto... d 7. 'p~o3 goes with 7w-E7rat8&v1_Lcvov and (in a way) with wa~7atcvl-ov —" tbe inan who is and who is not correctly educated." d 8. 7wat&E'a3 (~vXaK: a reference to the o-urrjp~a (wrat8Etca3) spoken of at 653 a.-Ka'l 0`7rov, "~and where it is to be found." That is, in order to decide the question with which we started about Y'vE otv~p cvvovo-la, we must first make sure that we have correct canons of taste in both departments Of IL0V06tK e 3. tLXvEvotPYaat3: see above on %-pE15,Etv at 627 c; 9. e 4. I have adoilted C. [Ritter's Ka~T for the MS. Kat' before O')8qv. It is clear from what follows that what we are now to decide is, what is a right and good o-XI~pa? and what is a right and good /ipao? and that the word roiXjpua is used of the performance of the "1dancer,"p and 4E'Xo3 of that of the singer. Hence, even if we keep KaUL we should have to give it a loose translation, such as "that is to say we are discussing." But this would be "1flabby " in Greek, and Ka(LT is neat and precise, besides being palaeographically probable. For this use Of Kara' cp. Gorg. 474 e Ta& KaT. T-qV /JOVO-tK'qV 7waVIo, and Rep. 382 e OIYTE aXkov3 k$wrai4 OE rO. vJaULS' otvYrf K xa 0O7OV5% 0VTE KaLTa Grq/,LEtWv 7wop,ura. The chiasmus is no objection to this view.-For o-XI/wa it is hard to find an English word: perhaps posture is the best; but 279 654 C 654 e 654 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO it does not convey to us the notion of movement of the limbs and body as well as that of shape and mien, which are all conveyed by a-~/~ here. e 5. "1Pariter in verbis 8ta(vy0'vra ot'X-q'-Ercu imago a venatione suimta est,") Ast. e 6. Et"O' 'EAXXJVtK-q1 E&E /3ap/3aptK'S;: possibly this is only another way of saying "1any education at all"; but it seems to convey a hint that Greeks may have something to learn from foreigners. Above, at 637 d and e, Plato had appealed to foreign customs in discussing ~t'Oq and below, at 6 56 f., he finds much to learn from Egypt. Cp. Archer-Hind's note on Phaedo 78 a, where be also compares Rep. 499 c, and Symp. 209 e. Is it possible that the words contain a reference to Xenophon's Cfyropaedia? Cp. 694 c, Athenaeus xi. 504 and 505, Aul. Gell. N.A. xix. 3. e 1 0. VOTE in this question corresponds to the Scotch " again" in a similar position.-,EXoIL&ev-qg is Stephanaus's manifestly correct emendation of the MS. 'pou'q~ Cp. Rep39eor.52a Phil. 45 b, Theaet. 191 c.-The Athenian now proceeds to show that the question of the good or bad in art is a moral one. Ile is content-to avoid /_aKpokoyta-to take only one virtue, with its opposite vice, in illustration of his view. H-e takes courage and cowardice, both of which are particularly manifest in the look and mien. 655 a 3. r&"a Xp(,/ara: this reference to the pallor of the coward seem-s hardly to call for the amusing protest which follows against a bit of virtuoso's slang-the transference to music of a term properly belonging to painting. The protest is all the more remarkable because Plato himself at Rev. 601 a and b, twice uses Xpwo~ara in a metaphorical sense, first of highly coloured poetical diction, and next of the brilliance and attractiveness conferred on language by jm'rpov, P'~og and adplovia: this attractiveness he speaks of as Ta' Tri' /.L0VO7-KY/3 Xpe,)jeara.-Boeckh1 convinced that the mention of Xpeo'jara at a 3 was niot enough to account for the criticism of the word Ev'iXpev at a 7, interpolated, after E'v-Eo —rt in a 5, the words <XpWejia-ra &E OV'K E"VEG-7L>, and Schanz follows him. Va 6. We must supply E'OrtLv after edapp-oo-rov from the oV'K IEUftLv that follows. a 7. /pEXog a -x?-[a: we have the same chiasmus here as at 654 e 4. The words a'pliovia and Ev1a6pjioa-rov apply here to the /jAE~o~, and f~&btL63 and EV'pv6ptoV to the o-Xij/a_ b 2. t'va 8,q [Lq IaKipoXoya 7woXk4- TLs y/qyv'qraC: at 632 de the Athenian proposed, "1if his audience liked," to go through the 280 NOTES TO BOOK II 655 b virtues, beginning with dvSpEta, for the purpose then before them: in fact he only got through dvSpEia and o'(opoo'vv1. So here, in a different argument, he finds it enough to take one virtue, and to treat it as typical of all the rest, leaving it to his audience to think out the way in which other virtues can be expressed in o(r-xja and /EAos. It would no doubt have been a congenial task to Plato to do this himself, but, at his age, he had not time for it. b 3. These words have been variously punctuated: ' -jtv, dravra awrXos 'eate Tc pV.. i; /(i^,v a7ravra ai7rAWtS EWO-rro ra v.. (Ast). The punctuation in the text-now generally adopted-was suggested by St. in a note (1859 ed.) but not printed in his text.arAXos is " once for all.' b 4. EGTi avTri, E;eT rtvo5 EIKdVOS, "whether they consist in an expression of the virtue itself, or are concerned with an image of it"; i.e. whether the gesture or the exclamation is the outcome of actual virtue of the mind or excellence of the body (as is described at 654 e 10 ff. in the case of courage), or whether (as in the case of an actor) the virtue or excellence only exists in the artist's imagination (as we should say). The gens. avr-^s and ELKOVO3 are in apposition to aperts, and governed, like it, by Exo'/Eva. (Ritter's discussion of the passage is helpful, but it is surely perverse of him to take vbvX^j and co'oLaroa as dependent on cr-Xqara Kat utXEY. a-ros with him (as with St.) refers to tfvx\s. He takes aTr) -j (Jdvpeta) ~vx- as the real (brave) man, and ElKoV (TrS avSpeacLs ilvvx\g) as an artist's or poet's conception.of him.) b 7. optow rrpoKaXy, "a good proposal 1" Cp. Rep. 576e dAX' opOiL), c?, 7rpoKaA... Kat 7rept rTv dv pwv ra avTa Tavra 7rpoKaXoveavos opOws av 7rpoKaXotlrJv. b 9. 'nt 8 ro68e: from this point down to d 3 we are concerned with a difficulty; it is this: It is a general opinion that the function of art is to please; different people are pleased by different artistic representations (xopei/rara). We have just laid it down that good art means virtue and bad art vice: do those who make the mistake of liking best something which is not really best, do so because they like vice? No one will confess to that, at any rate; it is almost blasphemous to suppose it. The solution of the difficulty, given in the following paragraph (d 5-656 a 5), is that tastes are not formed without a process of habituation: we cannot see the significance of anything so complicated as a Xopevta,which itself depends for its significant representation on trained habits of imitation-any more than we can be good without having gone through the process of forming our character and 281 655 b THE LAWS OF PLATO tastes by long habit. (That is where education comes in, and where a bad education does harm.) The same question with regard to pleasure in general is propounded at Rep. 581 e ff., and answered in much the same way as it is here. c 3. The MSS. had XhywEcv corrected in A to AEyoAJEv. The av, which is rather awkward, must go with ELvat. Hermann and Schanz read XEyofqEv, but this does not mend matters: av dEvat is oratio obliqua construction for av et' in a direct form of question; cp. 658 b 4 Tt rro' av 'ryovtLEoa... ca-v/3alveV;-To Er-7rAavrnKoS /ads: it is implied that, if we like different things, some of us must make the mistake (7rXavy) of thinking that best which is not best. Either, then, best has different meanings for different people according to their nature, or some of us do not see clearly.-As I read the passage, the latter suggestion opens the way for the explanation at d 5 ff. c4. r& p/Ev av'd: an unusual severance of the Tav'T by the introduction of the particle fiv. (Stallbaum would read ravzra pev avra, Schanz TavTCI Ac.) 5. oV yap trov EpeL ye T7s: the argument of this sentence depends on the consideration introduced by the following KaITro keyovov ye; therefore it is wrong to put a full stop after /uo-vcr TvL. " Men always say that what they like is the right sort of /jovrLK7I: you will never find a man confessing that he likes the vicious and degraded:-in other words, that the degraded and vicious /Lovo-IKr is better than that which is morally of the opposite kind." (And yet it is said that a theatrical manager once secured a large audience for a piece by advertising it as " the worst play in London.") d 5 ff. " Seeing that choric performances are representations of ways and manners, and deal with most varied kinds of actions and situations, and that the individual performers depend for their rendering on a mixture of trained habit and imitative power (06eaot Kat JUiLJtlcrEa), it is necessary that those (performers) who find word, tune or gesture after their own fashion, whether this is due to their natural disposition or their previous familiarity with them, or to both, should not only like and praise such representations, but also should pronounce them to be right and good; while they cannot possibly like, or approve of, or help calling bad, representations which are repugnant either to their natural disposition, or to the way of thinking with which they are familiar." The performers here spoken of are not professional actors, but every reader or reciter of a poem with all its accompaniments; cp. 656 a 2. 282 NOTES TO BOOK II -ytyvo/Leva agrees with / ctzu/ara and To 7repl ras XopEtar (so Ast), and may be compared to the similarly used evovo-av (which I conjecture ought to be read evov-cai) at Polit. 258 d 9-he is there speaking of reXva4t-aL 8 ye 7rep TeKrTOYtKv aCV Kat tvzrracav XELpovpytav (c0-7rep ev Tais 7rpadectv evovrav o- vPi4vrov rtV G7TLT7NjrqV KEKTrVTrat.-Many editors take yiyvoleva as the object of 8tEtLO-VToV; Orelli would omit the Kat after j0eo —Badham also, reading L/AIcOELt for the vulgate /lU/at^rLo-t.-But A0eO-L, added to rpdaEO-t and rvlxaLs, would, after ptq.uqLaTca TiporwO, be tautological, but, when taken instrumentally with 8tE$tLv-r(v, it has a due significance. — 'Eo-L Kal /iucro (so L and O for the /iLtijuao-t of A) I take to be a sort of hendiadys, and to have been foreshadowed by the TrpOrot and rrpd6e$s Kat TvXac of real life. (It has beenquite unnecessarily- suggested that we ought to alter /,Jt/'O-cEO(or rather p/wLtjp/a-cr) to o-(X'acri, or again to 7ra/Waaro-.)-For the idea cp. Rep. 395 d al tatIRo-et,, Eav K VEWV TrOppo 8LareXeC(To-Lr, eltS r W re Kalt nv 'tv Katbo[rarTa L Kat Kara -cotjia Katl ovsg Kat KaTra rT v 8Lcvotav. d 7. There is a connexion of ideas between vrpos TpOWou and the /t/zqtara Tpo-7p wv two lines above. e 1. KaCaT fvoLrtv: Plato does not leave out of sight the possibility that some people may like bad things because they are bad by nature. e 4. With ai-xpd re 7rpoo-ayopevev we must supply avayKatov eo-rT from the preceding clause. e 5. ots 8' av KrX.: Plato does not find it necessary for the argument to consider the case of the man whose nature and training are both bad. He has first explained how it comes about that different people enjoy different XopEvza'Ta; now he explains how it is that sometimes the actions and professions of the same person are inconsistent. e 7. ovrot 8: the resuming, repeated 8e; cp. Symp. 220b4 ovTro 8', Phaedo 78 c a 8e... avTa 6E, 113 e on' 8' a... rovrovS 83. 656 a 3. KvelwrOat T^i ccuart: these words, and the following ~8ELV, show that the Athenian, for the last ten lines, has had in mind, not spectators, but Xopev-ra themselves. a 4. da7rofLatv6vot KaXa,u era Orrov8s, "as they would thereby deliberately declare their approval." a6. A and 02 have XAyos, L and 0 have kXyeys: Hermann adopts Schmidt's pOo6rar' av XA-yot (like the KaXXalr av at 897 e 7, but the cases are not similar), Schanz oipOo'rara Aeyots av. So at Rep. 610 a 4, where the MSS. have opO'ar' av X-yecs, Hermann 283 655 d 656 a TH4E LAWS OF PLATO reads pO&POO-ra aZv Xf'yovg. Probably, both here, and at Rep. 610 Oa, the correct reading is O'pGO'ai-a X-/E7EL. a7. pLWV oZ~ V Tt: we had pw~v ov'v at 6 24 a 7 and we find 1uw-v l-;(" an forte 7" at Prot. 3 10 d 4. The c'cr0 'qVI a i s d lk the Eo-rTCV G'TL at 66 3 d 9. In A the fx is "1in rasura," and the Wiv 0iVv -rt is "1extra verstm " (Burnet and Schanz). Schanz cuts out these three words. His a&v after Xe'yot ("1 g in rasura ") fills the gap left by the 1A of M-twv.-The Athenian asks, "1Do you think then that the man who takes pleasure in gestures or songs of an evil character suffers at all (from so doing)? or that men who find pleasure in the opposite direction (i.e. in good songs) get any advantage from it?" The whole question is in loose conversational style. a, 8. 7rov-qptas: for the gen. used in place of an adj. cp. Arist. Poet. 1454 a 28 rov-qpt'as -q'Oovg, and below 660 a 2 r-'~v &" W 7rov-qp&dv (7-po xi'v). alO0. EW063 y/E TIP. n~ /wtoX0qpt'av; Cl. " I expect they do." Ath. "1Won't you go further than that, and say that they can't help being in the same plight as the man who sees bad men's evil ways -not with dislike but with enjoyment, notwithstanding the perfunctory disapproval which a dim notion of his own depravity may make him express?" b 1. With 0rEp w e Must supply E'o-'tv: it is almost equivalent to lw'o-2rep: by a contrary process the English as is used as a relative pronoun after such. b 3. W4C- wratetU p~otp~c: not, I think, "1playfully " (Jowett), but "cperfunctorily," "Inot seriously "; 7w&Jta is constantly contrasted with o-rov&', and in this connexion it gets the notion of "1child'splay," and "1make-believe "; cp. Laws 889 d 7rat&tai -rtvag, a`X-q01Ea,3 01 cr4ko'pa,LLET-EXoV'Ca3, QUX Et`8wJX a"Tra ovyysv?) Eav-rcov. So here, the man is said to treat his own evil propensities as if they were a, dream. b 4. al' rov A, and so Burnet: ai'-oD', (apparently) the reading of the other MSS., seems to me to give the right sense. Ficinus seems to have read av'rw'v (? mase.). av'TrOV (neut.) is, I suppose, to be translated " of such conduct."-r&-e, "on such an occasion " (i.e. in the very moment when he forbears to praise).-For 0'/oLoV^Orat ep. Theaet. 177 a 1 Xav0Javova-t T(~, (LEY OILOLOVbLEVot 6La' ra' J&'Kom, Wrpa~ELg. b 7. E'K 1Tc'a-y, ava7K-q3: a reference to the dvay/Katov in b 1. This is a clear case of necessity. c 2. I have adopted "1E'K 7ra'o-,q aLvCL/Krp3" Schanz's introduction 284 NOTES TO BOOK II 656 c of 7-Ep't before r 'v. (Stalibaum takes q'Rv... 7LLrat8JV TE Kalt ra3evas an aboueaewt E$o-co-Oat; they are much more needed by Kcakw- K1Et'/LEVoI.)-7wat83Ecav -rE Kfat 7-aL~ta'v: this jingle -the Laws shows a weakness for verbal jingles, which some may think senile-is a sort of summary and reminder of the previous argument that dance and song are the subject matter of education: "4about the Muses' work, which is at once education and amusement." c 4. f'vOLoV E'XO/XEVOV: a vague phrase; "1anything in the way of j'vOlkm"." c 5-6. E'v rot' Xopo'c certainly goes with 8iA'oO-KOvra, not with a&wep-ya~Ea-Oat; therefore Burnet is right in putting a comma after xopoZ~. -O',rt a~ ~r~xi.. p~oXO71ptcsv, "turn them (the children) out just what he happens to be in the way of goodness or badness." 6' wrot-qT5 is, I think, the subject Of T5xm a4WepycE-OLOiis not "produce whatever result," TOVS ra8s (supplied in thought) is the object of J'nrepyac~Ea-Oat, and 6rTt is the secondary predicate; lit. "render them whatever he happens to be."-The KMXL before Troi TW'V EA~ 7W. emphasizes these words; the poet is imagined as teaching the children what he likes himself. (If 6'Tt is the subject Of T'X-fl, the words should be translated, "turn them out whatever chance determines in the way of goodness or badness,"-the " chance " -ultimately being the disposition which the poet happens to have.)-Ast also put a comma after Xopo't, but then he put another comma after T'-nS taking a 'i-pa~e-0at absolutely, in the sense of informare-governing 7rat8a3 understood-and taking 6"Tt a'1V TV/X.- in apposito o-o-o -TOV 7ra~algKaLt vcov~; is a sort of bendiadys, chosen, probably, instead of vE'ov3 7rai8as, because, to the author's ear, it improved the balance of the sentence. d 5. OaV3,ia ca't JKOvmCLaL, " the report of it will be enough to surprise you." d 6. E'yV(')rOrq... oi'TO~; 61 Xoyo,3, " this principle was settled." d 7. ILETactXptP[CEO-0a Tac'1 GoVVrq0Gat, "to practise habitually," lit. "1to deal with by their habituations." In A the letters Heei incTV'OEJL are a correcto aeb 2 Schanz reads o-vvovultat, which, I think, is very likely what Al, but not what Plato, wrote. For (1) /LETaXEtptkE-0Oat (with ILEKX- for object) would not by itself mean practise (songs), in the sense of repeat them until they were familiar (which is the one meaning which suits the passage), but with the addition Of Tati o-vv-flOdtat we get that meaning; and (2) Tat73 crvvovu-tav3 must have E'v with it if 285 656 d 656 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO it is to mean "in their classes," which is simplest here-though it might mean "by means of their classes." It must be admitted that TaLe tTvv'qOE&`atL is an unusual expression, but that makes it less likely to have been either the mistake of a scribe, or the idea of a corrector. (It is perhaps worth considering whether,eTaEcXEtp1C~oOatL may not be passive, and oX-qI/.ara and pLEX-q acc., on the analogy of the acc. of the thing taught with verbs of teaching.) e 2. KaX& 6',ot6Ca'1a~a: for this the MSS. have Ka't 6,owo al-Ta; which words were rejected by Schanz. Apelt, Jen. Prog. 1905, preferably suggests that they should be replaced by the reading of the text.-KatvoTo/4e6v applies to a modification of existing forms, EWVrtoEW to the devising of new ones. e 3. For a&XX' &lr-ra A and 0 wrongly read a4XX' &rrT a OlJ~E v 71 TtSoi'e ~ IL~eT~a T1vLroj ovrot is neuter and refers to G oXJkQa. Though the patterns in the temples mentioned above were drawn, painted, or sculptured forms, the addition of fV ILLOV-tCK2[ cv~ry~ shows that there were in Egypt stereotyped forms of song and dance as well, and so we are distinctly told at 65 7a and 7 99a. e 5. oi'X A.4 Crog 61wedv...XX a VreS: cp. Rep. 341 b lroTEpe)9 XE7EL'. TOy WS ElrOS ELITELY q TONV aKpt#/35t AOypt;At Epinsomis 987 a the author speaks of the astronomical science of Egypt (and Syria) as /3Eao-avto-/ptE'a XpO'Vq MAVPLETEL TEKa a7rEtpwp 657 al1. For the remarkable, ace. H. Richards suggests T'n ail~r- 8' T'vy I think it is not impossible that a KaT&' has dropped out before T'rv. Op. Burnet, pref. to vol. v., end of last paragraph but one. Perhaps this idea gets some slight support from the Ka-ia Tavlfra' in 660 b 7. a7.'-7rcpL Twhv Totoivrcov vopoO~eTetff at flcfpat63 Oappov'vra 7TapEX6-,IEvaL so MSS.; this can hardly stand. (I) The middle YOJALOOETELo-OatI is used (of a single legislator- Oappov~vTa) in the 'sense of vofZOO-eT~v; (2) as voleto~creetcr~at already has rept T(5V Totoiviowv to complete its sense, and give the subject matter of the legislation, the object pE'X71 is superfluous; (3) Oappoiv~va is quite out of place. The "confidence" spoken of at b 3 is supposed to spring from the consideration that the thing had been done before, and Oappoih'ra. there is quite naturally introduced, but there is no sense in saying that the first person who made such a law did it with confidence, especially when the sentence begins 3vvarT'v &lp' Jv. Only one of these difficulties is removed by Madvig's rejection of Oappo'UVTa, which 286 NOTES TO BOOK II Schanz accepts. I propose to read votOILOETZVOOat <Ka't> EaW3 <KaOE>pOVV?cal /LEX9y TGa Tp'v 6poprqra 4~(Tv(et 7tapEX6/Jeva. ( should even like to go further and read the sentence (O'rt 8vvar0'V 7p' '4v WEpt 1-rW -rooV'rowv) vo~ao~e9EToV-ra fe/3at'ws9 Ka~tEpoV~v ra' r-n'v Q0'pO0'rq1ra /J'arEL nrapE~o/~pEva).) The introduction of 1tE'Xrj is premature. lie is dealing here with [eoVoLtKr in general. In view of the general corruption of the passage I think it is very likely that Ta' I~tE'k was introduced from below; also that, when KaOEpoVV Ta became Oappoivra, the need of an infinitive led to the alteration of voJAoOEIovV1-a to V0/10OOETIEF6-Oat. The whole passage (from -roii-o S' oi'v) would mean: "At all events it is an undoubted and a noteworthy fact in the history of fJOVO-tK'f that it was found possible for a man who was legislating about such things to give the effective sanction of religion td* that which is fundamentally right." Ka~tfpoV^V gets important support from T-R'v KaOLEpU)Octaav XopEt'av at 657 b 6, and from 813 a 1 'a &)' (sc. [ku'X-) KCXOLcpwOE'V1a E4/X~fEv &LEV KTX. a 8. -rov'ro: i.e. an unerring judgemnent-the power of conceiving what is absolutely /u'o-ct pO'o'v-in matters of art. a 9. OatOV -rvov'g avpo's: Eusebius preserves av~p'3p, the MISS. omit it, probably by an error due to the following avY.-CKEt: i.e. in Egypt, where the sanie divine origin was apparently claimed for the Law as in Sparta and Crete. b 2. 0o7r~p iXcyov: this refers probably to 656 b and c, where Plato had said, first, that bad "1music " was as bad for the young as bad company, and, secondly, that laws ought to be made to regulate composers of music and poetry. - EXEEV is " catch," "cconceive " (cp. Browning's "1recapture that first fine careless rapture ")-iUj'atr6' 'n3... r'jv cp05-rira: the Ath. has just said that fundamental correctness (r V4TE op o0qa)i /IOVC~tK 7 cannot be obtained without divine inspiration; still, even though the 0'pO05Tiq to which a man can attain in 110V(TLI' is not perfect, such as it is he ought-and that confidently-to prescribe it by law.-Though 06irwo-oiv^1 "in whatever degree " goes, strictly speaking, with the verb, its position makes it seem to qualify the noun; cp. Phil. 64 d pZE'pov Kat TT7g (TVfLLET-pOV kVTEGJ9 /L?7 Trvxo1MGc 'qrtaToV)V KU,' 0O7rXoa-V^V arVy/Kpaols. This is better than, with Jowett, to translate "1if a person can only find in any way "). b 4. W's: the sentence thus introduced gives one ground for the confidence just spoken of. The legislator need not be afraid of the term "1old-fashioned." (There is thus -no reason to reject, with Wieklauthe ov' before /wEy~A'iky.)-' r'3 Vovq,~ Kat' XV'7-q 287 657 a 657 b THlE LAWS OF PLATO C~-q-s:an imperfect phrase for "the search for pleasure and the avoidance of its opposite." Badham suggested that for CTlq~ts we ought to read 'y(ho& i.e. "the tendency of our likes and V '97170,L,, dislikes to make ns crave -novelty in,LLovOcrKc "-an attractive suggestion. F.II.D. would bracket NTIEwv taking Vjov-g Kca't)'7 as subjective genitives. If we are to be content with the vulgate, we must doubtless follow Stallbaum in takingTios' C'TE'L (the MS. wrov has been universally corrected since Aldus to TOVe) as a gen. of definition, explanatory of C1-lqo-s, after the same pattern as 80VXEI'a... T17 8ovXejo-n~ug at 776d and 8ta1pt/q'~V. T.. /LEXXvqO-Eo) at 723 d. Ast on 647 c collects many instances of a similar "perissologia," to which St. adds, among others, Euthyd. 305 d 4E'aV TOV'TOV13 E13 &J'$av KaTacrTrj-q'(TWLV 1L,7q8EV0'3 80KEWV J&~OVS Etcat, where tW-re is no T1-o{, and where Badham ejects 8ot<E6'V and Naber Et' &$'av. Lobeck, Paralip. p. 534, cps. Dem. De Symrn. 178. 6 TOV) 8SKELtV E' XE7yEtV 805~av &(EK4poVTcat.-We may translate: "1For the craving of our likes and dislikes manifested in the search after novelty in FLOVO-LK... b 6. (7wp'O Tr) &caL4OOEtpat... EWLtKaXoV^xI. ap~aCi-qTCCL,"to damage... by branding it as old-fashioned." The Aldine ed. was again undoubtedly right in altering the MS. brLakcovo-(av to the nom.-The C4'0-S is spoken of as if it were a person actuated by the desire described. c3. X'yoLEv A2 and Vat. 1029 (cp. on d 8), X,oypav AL0.For the datives governed by XpEaav cp. 670 a where iIXkj E'aT-'p is governed by Xp'a-TEws. Greek uses the dative in a more varied way than other languages do. The, whole sentence may be translated II "Well then, we may say then-may we not?-without fear of contradiction, that the right way to use (LOVOTLK 7 and the relaxation of choric performances is as follows." O 5. "1We feel delight when we think that things are right with us, and we think that things are right with us when we feel delight." The latter half of the statement means, as iRitter says (Analysis p. I11), "Iwe do well to be glad "-" the gladness does us good." Herein, he seems to say, is the great sanction of all merry-making. o 8. I think Burnet is right in putting a comma after rotoilrp, making Xal'POVTE3 an explanation of the three preceding words. d 1. avrot points the contrast between young and old: the former express their joy in dance and song; their elders feel the joy (Xat'povTEs), but it is second-hand, they are spectators only 288 NOTES TO BOOK II d.r )8 TW7pr/VEp~ov 'kq4e(iv KX."as to us elders, we think that the proper way for us to proceed is to look on." There seems to be a reminiscence in the 7TpE7rO'vr-o); of the 'Spo'4 in c 4. d3. 7WaL8E(' A, wca&~? 0, and so A2 (Burnet). d 4. 0" 7ro~ovivreg KaLt au-7wa~o[LEvoL K-X. (Kat' emphasizes do-7waC6 -ILEvoL): i.e., while regretting our own lack of activity, we can take delight in that of others-in fact we encourage it, because it can rouse us Qirye E' v) from our torpor to an imaginary (Itv'mN) youth. It is a delightful fancy that represents the sight of another's joy as awakening the onlooker from the sleep of age, by the help of memory-or, as we should say, by the help of imagination.-The words TL'Oe/LEV Jywvag at once take us in thought to a Greek festival, with its attendant contests in all kinds of artistic and other exercise, and prepare us for the E'op-a~o'v-rov in e 1. d 8. aJi^v oiv' KTA., "1we think,-don't we?-that there is something in the generally expressed opinion about festal performances. Most people say that etc."-It is clear here again (as in c 3) that A2 and Y were right in reading the indicative. e 4. 8a' ya~p 8i4... -rqke&-Oat, "1without doubt, as it is recognized that mierry-makingl on such occasions is right, the man who gives pleasure to most people, and who gives the greatest pleasure ought to be most highly honoured." 658 a 1. "Not only are we right in saying so, but we should be right in doing so." a 4. -raxv: nota paronomasiam," Ast. a 5. 8tatpo{L^v7rE3 aV1,rO Kara It~py: he has here in -mind the distinction between the different kinds of a'yowv. The imaginary proclamation of a contest which follows is peculiar in not making this discrimination. a 6. o1v'Trog a'rw',3: so at Rep. 351 a and Phil. 12 c; amw o0V'-ro (Akestwg 0V,'re WkT) is the common order, " without qualification. "-4-vnvo-v seems used in the sense of "any you like." a 8. 7rpoECw7ot: the idea is "resumed " by the noun 7WpOPp"O-EW9 in b 4.-For '7KEtv after WrpoEt7rot St. cps. Menex. 240 a EtL727EV -qKEtV. b 1. 081 [s'] &V Kr).: Ficinus translates: " praemiaque ei proponit, qui spectatores maxime delectaverit." From this Winckelmann naturally concludes that Ficinus read oh &v, and Usener, who (followed by Schanz) reads 3' a&v (for 8&9 anv), suggests that possibly OCZ3 VtK~y-rpta ought to stand immediately before &g. Whether the words are transposed or not, it is perhaps better (with Ficinus) to 657 d VOL. I 289 U 658 b THE LAWS OF PLATO take os av as " the prize to be for the man who," than as merely depending on dyovwLo' evov ("to find out" or "to see, who"). The insertion of A before A is a natural copyist's error; or the 8' may have been introduced intentionally by a scribe who had not seen to the end of the sentence. —ErrLTarrToeLvos I take to be passive (Ast in his Lex. gives only this passage as an example of its middle use). Not only does this agree with the habit of the verb, but a participle agreeing with the subj. of 7rpocdrot would very awkwardly disturb the course of the sentence. b 2. vLKjY 6'e: the 8E is due to the suggestion in the previous clause that there might have been some restriction laid down as to the nature of the contest. b 3. The Ka' before KptO, is explanatory. It seems strange, as Ast says, that vILKjcr should come before KpLOP, but the Kay implies that the two verbs refer to the same event.-We may translate (rrpocdrro... yEyovevat): "were by proclamation to offer prizes, and invite all and sundry to compete for them, in a contest of mere pleasure-giving-the prize to go to the man who gives most pleasure to the spectators, without being restricted in the means he employs,-all that is necessary is that he should surpass all rivals in producing just precisely (onrt Jak^-rra) this very result, and be pronounced to have been the most delightful among the competitors." The sentence is a rough one, in conversational style. Ast rewrites it elegantly. Stallbaum, while rebuking Ast for his boldness, adopts, in his translation, but not in his text, the boldest of Ast's alterations-that of VtK'jcr to VLK'foELV (" euMn victoriam esse reportaturum siquidem.. "). b 6. ro creppL XkyeLS; "t In what respect do you mean?" b 9. ov OavilarorTv KTX., " I shouldn't wonder if one of them thought that by a puppet-show he would have the best chance of the prize." c 3. &8Katws: the gist of the question is in this word. The point is not which performers would get most votes, but which performer ought to get most votes. So opO3ws at d 8. c 4. (s yvovs aiv, "as if he could decide!" c 5. Schanz brackets the words adcovaca re, which, he says, have been altered in A from aKov'oas re. If the words are genuine (which I doubt), they must mean, not "hear the competitors "-which would be unbearably tautological when followed by avrrfKoo0 avros yevoe0Oat-but, "hear what the verdict is." c 10. The Athenian's answer is a further exemplification of the principle enunciated in the words 8tapov-res a'vro Kar-a uLEpq 290 NOTES TO BOOK II 658 in a 5. For the suggestion of a juvenile tribunal cp. Gorg. 464 d and 521 e. d 3. at' re 7rerraLtSevELevat, rTv yvvaCtKV: this passsage and 817 c 4, and Gorg. 502 d, have been cited as evidence that women were in Athens admitted to the theatre in Plato's time, at all events to tragedies. d 4. To 7rrkjlos 7rdvrTv: St. cps. Minos 321 a e'oTrv 8e rs 7rot'CrE(oS r &lorepTreo-rraov re K<CL TvXayWytIC(o rarov ripaywp8a. d 7. For &SaTLOevat in the sense of recite St. cps. Charm. 162 d. d 9. I prefer, with Schanz, and most editors, to put a (,) rather than with Bekker and Burnet a (;) after Et'r. e 3. Apelt (ut sup. p. 5) claims that all difficulty vanishes if we accept his alteration of EWos to E7ros. But does it? What we want here is a proof that " we old men," who give our verdict for epic poetry, are the best judges. Does it not sound puerile to say, "of course we are, because Epic poetry is the best"? And though Apelt says that is what is said here, the words even fall short of that, for they are SOKEZt tLV... feXiLt-rov 7Y7VEoCOat. It must be admitted, though, that eOos is difficult. H. Stephanus altered it to 0os, and the early editions followed him. But the dOos (of a man) would rather be used of qualities which do not change with age. It is more akin to qSrts, with which we find 0Wos contrasted. We are told, six lines below, that the best judges must not only be /EXTArrrot, but TreTrat8ev[rivot, and that the superlatively good judge must be tLaqepwv 7raLtS&a as well as apeiT. Some light may be thrown on W0os here by the words TeyXV cEi'r Kat -to-tv Oeo-tv of 632 d 5, and Kara t0os at 655 e 1, and the o-vvAOemt of the same passage. Evidently here the advantage possessed by the old men is due to something in their circumstances and training. Ficinus takes 'Woo to mean experience (usus rerum quenz ab aetate habemus), Cornarius to mean taste (affectus pl.), but he may be translating 6Oos. Jowett translates Wos by "way of thinking," Schneider (who takes vivv 8X to be vvv3r) by consuetudo, Ritter by "Lebenserfahrung." Whatever W0os is, it is here pronounced to be " far the best at the present time of all that are to be found in any city in any part of the world." I would suggest that the above-quoted applications of EWos to training and the subsequent mention of ratoeta here point to the word's being used in the sense of "force, or influence, of habit," i.e. training. -jJLtv goes with it as a possessive dative, " in our case." So, in English we might say our "way."-The words Trv vv, as Ritter says, suggest that possibly some day a special training in aesthetics may 291 658 e THE LAWS OF PLATO turn, out a judge better than that produced by the ordinary experience of life. The reason why this experience tells more with the old than with the young is simply that they have had more of it. At the present time, in 'default of qua1ity, of training, they must rely on quantity alone.-The WpeO-flvT6TOLIR and &' enreitpta of 659 d 3 point in the same direction as the present passage. (H. Stephanus altered vi'v to vewv, which is most unwarrantably translated by Ast: "1(longe melius est) quasm juvenum "). For the connexion of E"Oo,3 with wat8eia cp. Rep. 518 e (virtue is implanted) WNEO-L Kalt acw-K4rTEo-t, and 522 a 4EGEOt 7rcU&eVo'oT TOVS 4VhfLKag. e 6. These words remind us of 6 55 c 8 K a 'o& XE'yova-tv YE KI-X. We shall have to recur to both these passages at 668 a 9. 659 al1. Tr6V 8a0I'p0Vi-: whereas those who were endowed and trained t'KaV463 were spoken of in the plural, as a class, the man with the special endowment and training is spoken of in the singular, as being rarer. There is no need to suppose that the author has here a special functionary in mind.-8ta T ravT el "1the reason why (I say this) is that.. a 4. The early vulgate OaTr'pov for Oea'Tpov is a typical misreading Ficinus translates it "1ab alio discere." a 5. Burnet was the first to put a comma after /Mcv~a'voV~ra. The Ka before CEK7rX-qTT'rr[Evov does not connect this word with /pav~a~voVra-for this we should want ov"7 —but means both, though, strictly, either it ought to go before V'ro Oopv'/3ov, or there ought to be another participle with - avr-ov aJwat8,VGoIa,, in which case the i'rc' would have to be repeated. We may translate, "cmisled, as much by his own ignorance as by the noise made by the mob." The -first ov1re clause describes the case of the judge without 40p0'v-qort, the second (ocr' aV' YyVooWGK0Vro KTrX.) that of the judge who, "though he has insight" (y'yVcV(0-Kov-ra), gives the lie to his convictions, and his (sacred) profession, through cowardice. -For the &p'v/3os ep. Rep. 49 2 b. Ia 7. For the omission of E'$ with oi'5Ep cp. 770 b 5 7wp't boacri-ov &i TqL'OEIV Toi'1 V6'.ovs3. Adam on Rep. 373 e calls it "the usual Greek idiom." b 1. t/,Ev&4'JLvov KI-X., " be so irresolute as to give a vote which he knows to be false." b 4. Ficinus took T'ro3 with 0OEcva~g; but, even though it is just conceivable that a'ro8t~oio-0t might be used in the sense of "1manifest, express by way of response " (to the poet's efforts), clearly here the people whom it is the judge's duty to oppose, 292 NOTES TO BOOK II 659 b (Evav~rwrojpEvos~) are the dramatic authors, who are spoken of as providing (i-oi.3 aiiro&Stoi'o-0) the public with amusement. That Oca~rat'1 has no article is no more surprising than that OEaTW6V has none, two lines above. b 5. Unfortunately Eusebius, who quotes this passage, stops at Oca~raZt. What follows in the MSS. cannot be right. Hermann, Schanz, and Burnet adopt Winckelmann's insertion of oi' before KaOaL7r-Ep. Ritter will have none of the ov'; but then he has to translate KcaO5-7rp by "1wie umgelcehrt." This is only putting in the negative in German, without putting it in in Greek. Even with the Greek negative the sentence is far from smooth; we must make the negative mean, "1the old Greek procedure did not admit of acting as the Sicilian and Italian does now, which " (does so and so). Badham would have us mark a considerable lacuna after the word v ogto. I would suggest another way out of the difficulty, which is, to eject the words E$Nv /aip 8' ( 7r a.Xaft TrE Ka't 'EXkqVLK~ vo'qJ, as being a marginal scholium, which has been wrongly incorporated with the text. The sentence KaOcL7rcp wKTX follows naturally after roZg... Aq... 6dp6w~ dawo~uovo-)Lt it is a concrete instance of what these words describe. I have therefore ventured to bracket these words and put a colon after 6ear~at'. b 7. -rtTpE'rruv used absolutely- without a direct object - almost in the sense of " give- way to"; cp. 802 c 1 Tat- SE '9ova~g KatL EWWcv/.uLat, /u7" E7rtT1pEWO0VTas;. C I Tf -rV KpLtrwV: it should be remembered that these Kpt-rat are the mnob: wat&v'ovo-tV in the next line is ironical, adBre is doubtless right in reading avi-o&k with A-the spectators actually educate (!) the poets. (As Schanz reads aviToi'3 without comment, I conclude he thought the breathing in A was a rough one.) c 5. ai',ro~g 8pW'o-t, "through their own action "-as we should put it, "1and they have themselves to thank for it."' A and 0 read aiv ToZ3. Modern editors rightly follow Vat. 1029 in reading av'rot'1. Cornarius sees too much in ai'i-otig 3pw-on when he translates, "9qaum ipsi poemata faciant." Ficinus has nunc iis ex theatro contrarium accidit. This looks as if he read 70oE 8pw~o-tv, and took it to mean "1owing to the actors." The ordinary contrast between apiv and 7WaJuXECv gives a flavour of antithesis to the sentence; it is almost equal to aiiiTOt SPCOV14E,3 wrao-Xova-t. (Bdamsa o3 8po-it is less pointed.)-7ra'v r-o~iavriov: i.e. they see plays with morals worse than their own, and come to take pleasure increasingly in what is wrong and bad, and their taste, instead of being elevated, is corrupted. 293 659 C 659 CTHE LAWS OF PLATO C 9. rpt'-rov yj ri-'rap-rov: the most xlct previousstemn of this doctrine was that at 6 53 b. It was almost as clearly laid down in 6 45 a-,r v i-oi- Xoyt~o-toV^ &yw'-//V XPV(IV KU't tLEp4V, T'I73 wo7r O bViovo E naof~~vad it was no doubt in the author's mind when he wrote 6 43 e and 6 56 b. If then education is the process of drawing and leading the youthful mind in the direction in which the Law says it ought to g&, we see, incidentally, what sort of claim the subject of Education has to fill a large place in a treatise on Laws. The framer of laws, that is, must consider the possibilities of education-must know the nature of the process, and the capacities of its subject matter; and further, the most important branch of Law itself will be that which provides for, and regulates the educating process. See note on 671 a4-672 d. d 3. E'7tLEtKEo-1-cTL-jo KaLL 7rpEo-/3V7-cL1-t3: in these words we have over again the insistence on- both (1) /AoLnatural endowqnent, and (2) experience, as a necessity for right opinion. The second point is further reinforced by the addition of the words S'EIJwrEpt~av. The same two influences were referred to in 655 d 8 in the words i)KaTU-& (kr6oTLV Kai-. Wo00. d 5. E'OtjCq~t: we are reminded by this word of the d'p6J-0,Et L V0W r0-qO'OOat 'raw T pcn K "-oVTW of 6 53 b 5. d 6. i-oE V'~5ro' OV V6'J,0eV rW~EtWJEO(LVOL (mase.) would apply not merely to the "1second class " of qr6XaKE3 vuoiwv spoken of at 632 c, but to all rightly educated adults with whom the young came in contact. It is, however, only 01 yEpewv (d 7) who is referred to as an authority on the question of what is right and wrong. Eusebius, in quoting this passage, has T1EOEC/JEoV~t (neut.) for mEWrta/pivot3, a disquieting variant-dlue perhaps to an imperfect memory. e I. The ro'rewv E'Ye~a resumes the t'va of d 4, and introduces the main sentence a&5 -at (at' Y'a') 80KOV30-t (supplied from &0KIE' in c9) E'7w~' YE-yOV'V asntence which is inordinately long, and almost smothered in relative and other clauses. - o'v~rwo pIE'V E7T-p&at': Plato never scorns to point his argument by a pun; he seems to think the spirit of the language inspires the Xo'yo3 on such an occasion.-For this application of the notion cf. EW6JASEtv at Phaedo I14 d. e 2. vW~v: if this is right, it must mean "under our present system." Stallbaum thought it might be an error for -ql~v e 3. o-v/_~wviav: cp. above 6 53 b 6 ai',r 'o-O' ' o-VJAWVt'a K-rX -o-7rovS v: this again is partly a quibble. The crwovA ' which 294 'NOTES TO BOOK II 659 e the young eschew is not exactly the o-wov&U which the E'wp~at are supposed to feel (Jcr-wov~aurpE'vt). The latter is a serious intention, the former merely work, as opposed to play. e 5. Kaleco-Oot Kat 7wpa'rrErOat: I think Vlpa'TlEG-Oct means that the performance is regarded by the children themselves as a 7raot6t, not merely that it is so treated by their teachers; i.e. "cnot only do people call it playing and singing, but the children do it as if they thought it such "-they know nothing of its havinig a magical or medicinal effect upon them. This last idea-for charms and incantations were used against disease as well as against disinclination (cp. Euthyd. 290 a)-suggests the following analogy from nursery therapeutics.-ToFS; Ka/LVova-L T-E /<c dcrOevd~~ 7-xov0atV: the 7ra[&ov of d 1, the T1(QV vE'wv of e 4, and the 7ratL&'s of d 5 justify us, in supposing that he is still talking only of children here. Besides, the nature, especially of the second process, is that of one more often applied to children than to adults. 66o a 1. o'v pIXELk TOV'7rV: i.e. doctors, or nurses. roV-TWV is best taken as neuter, " these matters" if it is mase. it would not mean " the children "-that would be Uc'Tdv-but T-OZ KailJVOVOLtV, which would then be "sick people " generally. a 2. rn'V 7oV-qpJ~v: for the gen. where we expect the adj. woVjpciv cp. 7rov'qpias o-X-qao-tv at 656 a 8.-Ev ah 8rtv: one would imagyine this to be a vague reminiscence of the practice of putting mustard on a child's thumb to prevent its being sucked. If Greek mothers went so far as to try to make all u-n-nourishing food unpalatable, there was more educational science in a Greek -nursery than in a modern one. a 3. T-av'irov is adverbial; cp. Polit. 308 e Tavi'r'v 87'1 1LOt TOO6' f7 acrLktK-q) cfat'VETat. OV'K E' rl/TpE'f LV a 4. EV TOL'3 KaXoLt, p',qLkao-L KaL e~wawveroZ3: these words are difficult; I think they mean, "with the help of that beautiful and choice language of his." The poet is compared to the doctor or nurse in the preceding simile, the poet's " beautiful language " to the appetizing medium, and the Xprq-r'R i-pojn' is here represented by o-Xnpa-ra and ItcXy which harmonize with and suggest o-w/hpoo-l'v17, Jv~pdta and all kinds of virtue. The preposition E'v is doubtless chosen to preserve the idea suggested by El/ -q81o-t TtcY6V GLoL,~, but it here has what we may call its instrumental use, ep. below 680 d 8, 928 d 6, Phaedo 95 d 4, ]'heaet. 206 a 6. His fine language is to be a recommendation of the " virtuous " a-Xq'para Kat Ic~k-q which he is bound to "produce." (Hug wanted to reject 295 66o a THE LAWS OF PLATO *-j...E~rawsroZ. Though this would get rid of a difficulty, it would rob the comparison of an important feature.) a 5. T ' T(V Gaoipo'vcov: cp. above 6 55 b. Here we have the same definition of what is KaX0'v in art. b 1. rpo' Lto's, " Bless you! "-vv-v, "at the present time." b 2. WGetaV is doubtless here used in the special sense in which it was used in a 7 and 8. b 7. Ka't Kal-& Tavca': these words, which Plato often uses before &ora'IW3, merely round off the phrase, and reinforce 'rov aa~v~rv:-"1 the same, and of the same nature." O 3. 1 think Burnet is right in omitting the comma after Oav/.aC~oqu (most editors have it). Thus read, the sentence OVI( aV Oa~Vtk. KTX. Will mean, " I expect it was through my not expressing my meaning clearly that-to my cost (4'rraOov)-I did so" i.e. "that I created, and suffered from, a false impression" (so Ficinus). c 4. JkXX 'a /30vX0/olca K-X.: i.e. "instead of speaking clearly (and abusing.things as they are), I gave you a general sketch of whatI wih tobein the matter of fiovo-uK17, in such a way, perhaps, as to make you think that that (T-aVra) was what I meant "; then (as a reason why he did not find fault with the actual state of things) "because, though it is sometimes necessary to rail at hopeless and hardened sinners, such railing is not at all a pleasant task "-lit. "1things past cure, and far advanced on the wrong road."-The emphatic 4'jE in c 6 seems to be merely due to the fact that 'a ovb Xe'ycv3 had come before. The T-cLi-ra is, by its position, also emphatic. d I and 3. TaV'Ta and TotUc^irn are 'a 8tavoo'pata and 'a /30vX0(aL )/t7l/cYOaL 7wep' /.LOVLtLK-qv respectively. d 6. Both oiZT~os and KacL&7rEp vv-v yt'yveTcL go with ytyVop1,Eva, just as both the KaOac7r1Ep clauses in. the next three lines go with d 8. 7roXi' wrov ro' 8ta4Epov: cp. above 654 d 4. Here the verb to be applied is avy Ery). d 9. E`Ttl " furthermore." d 11. (hEE &S, OVVOJLLOXoYy)O-O4LE~a -ra irvv, "now then for a settlement of the question."-Cleinias's remarks at b 1 if. showed that he was thinking of the form and style of JLOVO-tK y): here the Ath. rather suddenly directs our sole attention to 1 the, subject matter of the poet's work, ~ra Xcyo4/JEva. He was entitled to do so by the admission by his hearers of the principle enunciated at 655 b, that K~X0'V in /AOVOLK-q7 means apET-q E~opvov, but no 296 NOTES TO BOOK IT doubt his hearers were somewhat bewildered, as Cleinias's answer (on 661 d) shows. The Athenian is here pursuing, in a concrete instance, the same inquiry which he makes in general in 13k. LI. ixe. are the Cretan and Spartan institutions, though they may teach uLs much, as satisfactory as they claimn to be? e 1. 7WaOIE[tLKa't /ptovo-tzj is a hendiadys. This identification is also based on a previous admission (654 a 5 if.). e 5. KtVr'pa TE KO.t' Mb~a:Tyrtaeus (12. 6) has the Ionic forms of the gen.-7wovrot'j 8E' Ml&W Kait KLV7SpEoJ ft acXto v. e 6. aJvtapw, 0)7, "1lives a life of misery." dvapo's is the natural opposite of -q8Vg Prot. 351 c, 355 e. e 7. E7tZEP 3'pO63koXE7/Et the Athenian has asserted, with his hearer's assent, the legislator's right to dictate to the poet, and is thus enabled a second time to turn the tables on the Spartan national poet. Whereas Tyrtaeus says: No amount of physical or temporal advantage counts for,anything in a man who is not brave, the Ath. here lays it down that even bravery itself is just as worthless, if the possessor is A&tKo,. He even goes further, and says that it, like all other advantages, is a curse and not a blessing to a man if he is not virtuous. (Cp. 6 30 b 3 ff., and Gorg. 5 11 if.) 661 a 2 ff. The optatives Toktk(, vLK4, and yit'yvot-ro are, in form, the direct expression of the speaker's wish, but, as a`uo,3 8E' (OSV is directly contrasted with Toioi'To3 WV, and the quotations from Tyrtaeus run on, we may suppose them to be, in effect, the reported expression of a wish; i.e. " lie iuust say, I would not have him steel his mind to face slaughter," etc. For a similar change from oblique to direct narration ep). Tim. 18 c,,u-Xav 'LEVOL 67ww3 /J0)8E1L WOTE To flyleo av( /~, 7WOO~oVltO1- 8'7aVTE13 7wavra3 alrovi~ OftoyEVct3, and Gorg. 512 a Xoy1'~ETat 07.Ot OVK, EL /XEV TtS.J- (X77 IiEW~71'kJ, OVT03 fLELI a 03tO Eo'TCV. b 1. For Ek~o-Oat c. gen. in the sense of "1depend on" cp. Prot. 319 e 4 'a IzEv MacLOKa',kwV Et"XE-ro, Meno 94 b 6 ooxea TEXV-q' EXETat. b 2. Tr' TE4Xo3, " the crown." b 5. All this is an emphatic restatement of what was said at 631 b 7 if. c 1. ro' 7capa'ray, "1in general," because " life " is the most general expression of all physical activity- of which the particular senses just mentioned are kinds. C 1 if. Tr'1..p3-ra is the subject to C~v.-,yaErIo-7V pEV KaKOV EXaTTov Sc: i.e. the possession of immortality would only prolong-and so mnultiply-the misery infinitely; while a speedy death would shorten, and so lessen it. 297 66o d 66i c THE LAWS OF PLATO c 5. '-xtoutq A (t in ras.), '7w~io-p Ens. (acc. to Burnet). Ast boldly emends to - tC,; Stalib. and the Zurich edd. retain the impossible vulgate. E'w7t~n; Schanz writes brI-I(7v j, and Burnet EWLtO),7 (which L. & * sv ritCJe-presuniably as a misprintgives as the -vulgate here). I have, with some hesitation, preferred Schanz's emendation to Burnet's. The poetical form seems less likely to have been written by Plato here than the participial periphrasis (cp. e.g. ElvaL 7L')V0jLEV0V in e 2); also the rasura in A is -not so easily accounted for on Burnet's hypothesis. At the same time, the rasura apart, EwLrtCeo7, written originally with no in the last syllable, would be naturally written E,-tC\6q by a careless scribe. c 6. WrOt'k7cETE MSS., 7nrELreT Ens. c 7. aJwo&&80vras, " furnish," as at 659 b 5. c 8. I have followed Schanz in putting only a colon after opcaTE. dl1. KcLXa A, KLK 'a 0, Eus., Iambl., and a late hand in the margin of A.-This emphatic (ora46w-) restatement of the main point- and explanation of TaVTCL &WrEp yE-/-is made by the Athenian because it is just of this that he expects it will be hardest to convince his hearers. d 3. 0'wr~p oi~ ' p yv: these words refer directly to the question -q yap; in c 8, and indirectly to the crv'o~tokoycq-WIE~ca at the beginning of the paragraph; but they do not compel us to take Ti-ira+... as a question, as the first printed editions did-reading the fut. d 7. 8ta' rE'Xotg: i.e. all three advantages are to be supposed to be lasting.-6,at~v ethic dat., " if you like." Jamiblichus, in his quotation of the passage, omits it. d 7if. Ka't E&L wpoo-t-i- ljtst KTX.: I think rpoortOg does -not govern the following accusatives, and that d'vat is not predicative to XE7ofLE~vwv, but that the accusatives are the subjects to 'ytyvo4LIEV0V EtVaLL, which stands for yt'7VE0-OCLL —y7V4L0JEVov agreeing natnrally with the last acc.-I4,68Ev aXko: w~ (not oUE85) because the sentence is, in effect, conditional-perhaps too the fact that it is the subject to an infin. (Etvat) had something to do with the choice of /pyv.-To those who prefer to take Et'VaL with roTiv XE7OLE'VO0V I would still -urge that it is best to take 7ytvO(JLEVOV with all the accusatives: " I don't mind adding, if you like, that he has preeminent strength and courage, with immortality to boot, and moreover none of the so-called evils." Then the construction is changed, and we go back to the acc. E'OVra, which is parallel to KEKT-r)LE'V0V 298 NOTES TO BOOK II 66I d in d 6. The resuming rov- ovrT(w Jvra seenms to admit a previous conversational irregularity. At the same time the 1ro8ev aiXo and the 6o'vov support each other so closely that I do not think we ought, with Burnet, to mark off Kat Art... 7tyvojEevov with dashes as a parenthesis. Still less do I see any reason for following Schanz in rejecting Kat fju8ev.. /.. ytyvo/J ov. e 4. Stallbaum is not right in saying "pertinet OVK ad solumn evoa/Lova." If we had, e.g., 7rarecr-aLt, instead of ov 7redOo vLa^s, as the main verb, it would be followed by u1j e8voaiova a)XX diAkov 'ylyvecrOaL. The OVK is added to the,u in the sentence as we have it, because the main verb 7retOo has a neg. with it. Hence it is the t/', not the OVK, which negatives evXaALova. e 6. ri ouv. X.. PE; "what must be our next step?' 662 a 3. alXo-pus': the words previously used are aOXtos and cdvap s; from Cleinias's present point of view a /3osr may be alo-Xpo's, and yet not a0XLos (IaKo's has something of both). We are thus introduced to the subject discussed at Gorg. 474 e ff. and mentioned at Rep. 392 b. a 5. rT Kat KaCKWi; i.e. "and will you agree to the words ' and evilly'?" b 1. 07rrwo; "how, ask you?"-The uJ 'EoKev shows that el 8ot'r is not a wish, but the protasis to a suppressed apodosis ac'vyXOpopev av. b 2. Js vvv YE KrA. "(an agreement as complete) as our present discord appears to be "-a pregnant use of wc. (I think this is better than to take Os as simply = yp.) b 3. ovsrwo JvayKa'a, W) oE,... KpnrTV viros-o oraf(s, "a conclusion so irrefutable that it is not so clear that Crete is an island "-another pregnant use of us, similar to that at Eur. I.T. 1180 croofr'v o" WOpepev 'EAAXXa, as 5'crOov KaAWs. In the latter passage us = ort ovrS s: here it is equal to W(cTre oV'T(r. Cp. also Soph. O.T. 345. I think that;TcrT, rather than (as St.) atveerat, is to be supplied with Kprj1 Vija-oo. b 7. (s: this conjunction does duty for two sentences, which are connected by ri. c 3. rrapa depends on 8t&dfopa; cf. Phaedo 74 a 7rapa ravra 7rarra ^repov Tt. St. cps. the 7rapa with aXXa () irapa ravra EXOJeEv aXX)a 8tavoOr) vat; Phil. 21 d). I can find no other example of 8taopos with 7rapd, though it seems a natural construction. At Tim. 63 e we have oa&fopa 7rpos dAXkr]Xa, and 8taEpeiv and the noun 8taqpopa are also found with 7rpo' (Phil. 47 d vvxgjs 7rp03s o(aLca 8tabepotxEvr-, Laws 928 d 5 8Laopal 299 662 c THE LAWS OF PLATO 7raTrep(v Te twpro aCVTv rra8as, Phaedr. 231 b Tas Irpos TOVS 7rpocr-KovTas cLa<opas). Probably 8itafopos (KTX.) rTTpd TLVa corresponds to 86a opo6 TLVL, and 8ta'opos 7rapa TtLva to M4a opos TWVO9. c 7. For vo/LoGEer1c-avTas cp. above 624 a 4 and 5. d 2. E~ 8i, " suppose, for the sake of argument," like the EL pev 8j at d 6, implying that the Ath. does not think for a moment that Zeus and Apollo would give such an answer. d 3. etTrep opOws ~7ravEPjTfLEV: there is a suspicion of ostentation in these words-it is almost as if the Ath. flourished a piece of logic in the face of his unsophisticated audience. (So Touchstone discourses of "philosophy," and a "figure of rhetoric" to Corin or William.) Anyhow it is not easy to see why the next question is the "correct" sequel to the last. d4. The word ev3acoUwv brings in a fresh notion. It means not simply happy-which would be much the same as Svsg —but blessed of heaven. Cp. Rep. 354 a aXX&a /Lv 6 7 ye E Cov faCcaKptOs TE Kat ev8atAO(iv, where Adam quotes Aristotle's elegy on Plato: lpV(owro 0 Pw/LOv doV8pOS, OV' ovS acvelv To-rL KaKOLtL e0_t Ls' s fJLvos i 7rp7To0 OV7qTrtv KcLaTE8EL$eV evapy(S5 OICK(E~ T7E 3iO KLat /LeO860L08O Xoyov, (s ayaEO6s T7 Kat Ev&8atp(sYv aCla yt/erat dav-p. At Meno 78 a Socrates adds KaKosai/wv (a word of colloquial abuse-" Godforsaken" as E. S. Thompson says) to aL0Xos, as if the one notion involved the other. It would therefore be more than arorov if the Gods made the answer supposed at d 6. As the two Gods are the original lawgivers for Sparta and Crete, the Ath.'s hearers are bound to agree here. d 6. aroTwo aV'7oV Xo'yos av yIyvo-ro, " their reasoning would become absurd." d 7. p3ovXoAac 8E Juot j?'I E7rt OeWv XEyeocOat TO' TtOVo7ov, "I should not like to see such a saying put into the mouth of a God"; lit. "to be said in the case of a God." For this use of cirt c. gen. with Xeyetv cp. Rep. 475 a err' euovi Xeyetv, 524e wcrrep T7rl ro' 8aKTvXov EXEyouLev, Gorg. 453 e EL Er \ TrOv avrwv TE'XVOV XeyopeV Sv7rep vvv8i, Laws 793 e o0rep errt TWV 8ovXwv EXeyoLuev, Charm. 155 d Eirt KaXov AXEyov Cratios. e 2 ff. ipoj)Trcr0w, "let (the question) be supposed to have been put to"; and perhaps too 5 8' E 7wero is, "and let him be supposed to answer."-uLaKaptos is here used as synonymous with evat/Lowv. We have the same pot with 'p. that we had with XAyEo-Gat, and that is one reason why I think Schanz is wrong in altering popw-rrcOo into 'rpwTo'1rOat: there would then be too great 300 NOTES TO BOOK II uniformity between the two clauses. For a similar pair of accusatives,7 coupled with the ftgura etymologica, cp. Laws '705 c 7L(L rEL ovyqpag /LL/I Oat TOV'~ 7ToXE/L'oV3; the only difference here is that the verb is passive. (The Cod. Voss.-in marg.put in 7-p0' before 7waT pa, and Ast actually prints 7raT-'4p Tr KacL vojuoOE'i-9~ with no MS. authority, and St. approves.)-The pregnant use of the perf. inmporat —not merely "1let the question have been put," but "grant," or "suppose that the question has been put "-is quite, idiomatic; cp. 0 524 pD^Oog 8' 0`9 PE"V ViVV vy1ipEy/t[evoS co-w Urat. 401 d KcaL -iv " )TLT a~ /Lq8E'V lEt301(OV E'p7(TOG). e 5. dAX', "6and yet." e -6 7 ar,rp oih' K-A well, tbe lawgiver-or father-who decides this way" (i.e. that the iStaw-ro3 /31og is JekaKaptw'-aTro~) "1would, I think, appear absurdly at a loss to give a consistent answer. If, on the other hand, he declared the perfectly just life to be perfectly blessed, anyone who heard him would, I think, inquire ' what was the advantage and merit in it, superior to pleasure, which the law found to recommend?' Why, what advantage can the just man find which has no pleasure in it,? I ask you, is fair fame, and the praise of men and gods, an advantage and an honour which is unpleasant, and an ill name the reverse? My good lawgiver, we shall never admit that. Pray, is wronging nobody, and being wronged by nobody, unpleasant, though good and right, and is the other behaviour pleasant, though disgraceful and bad? "-ra i-y:Itik-atrmc hesitation, that we ought to take this word with 'TtOE'/XEV0O; rather than with (hatvo~o: (1) because TtOE/,UEVo13 with a qualifying word is more -naturally -used than if taken absolutely; i.e. "1he who decides this way," rather than "1the decider, the authority," or even "1the deciding lawgiver," and (2) because there seems to be a decided antithesis between Taair- 'v oi'v (I r.) and Ed 8' a'~ in e8. (I am not influenced by e.g. Crat. 398 c T uVrq 8' o'iv 1TOEuact KTA. because I think that there, as at Crat. 418 d 2, TraiIT means "that is why.") e a7 &roiro, goes I think, closely with a~wopog; not "would look foolish and. "but "would appear strangely at a loss to. "Cp. Ep. 333 c 6 Kat ~uaAa ctroirc1) Kat at-X~ VLK- "and that by a remarkably disgraceful victory "-(cp. our "1nice and warm ").-The gen. TOVo~vp4-vu. E'avT-p k~EL-Ev depends on the dprivative in aLropo3. 66 '1 vo4Los-3: this personification of vo' os; is peculiar, but 301 662 e 663 a 663 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO intelligible; 01 v~o'/o represents the same point of view as O' voPoOEIT-q17. T'O 8 tKLaLov is what the law enjoys, and consequently the law is held responsible for the effects of just action. Schanz adopts Badham's substitution of vopoOE'-q, for v~o'jo here, and I am strongly disposed to follow his example. If v4o'po be retained, it must anyhow be regarded as a conscious substitution for vo~uoOE'-rn, denoting the same "1 party " in the argument. a 2. -r4 yap &I &Katp Xe,)ptCol1Evov '1ovqj3 dyac'yG: the argument is: For the j ust man to be Emat'lkpoV must be an aiya~o'v; there is no a~ycOo'v the just man can experience, which is XwptC61jEvov Mov-: therefore it must be wrong to think that i-` 8&Katov and To~ 9 v can be separated, or that the lives spoken of at 662 d 1 are two. a 6. /X-9irE {W7r6 nvog d&3LK1E~bY0at: to complete the picture, from the point of view of law and lawgiver-i.e. of the communitythe recipient of the wrong must be mentioned as well as the wrongdoer; one involves the other. a 7. "3 for KaGJ, possibly to show that no special distinction is here intended between a'yaGo'v and KaXO'v; possibly, only for variety's sake.-Ti a\ ' E.-repa, "1the different state of things," where we should expect " the opposite, state of things"11; possibly, because rc~av-r'a had just before been used adverbially. The context shows that it is the opposite state of things, which he here denotes by the milder expression. (Ast rejected ZjKwo-1a Kaa A Venetian MS. - Bekker's ' 4 —and the four earliest printed editions omitted lq'Kto —a... J&KEZO-OaL. Ficinus translates the, whole passage-giving it all, even Kat vwo, to the Ath.; Cod. Voss. attributed 'YlK Lcr~a... J&3KE'UT~at (acc. to Ast and Stallb.) to Cleinias. (More probably Cod. Voss. gave him down to KaKa'.) bl1. Ka't ayaGo'v r-E Kalt KaX'v: I cannot help suspecting these words to be spurious. The identification of Jayao'v and KaX6'v is kindred to that of q'8& and &K'iatov-is perhaps the identification of the generals of which the latter pair are particulars-but it is a separate point. It would need different arguments, and it is not used in the rest of the paragraph. The only, defence the words seem to admit of is, that the whole of the paragraph appears to have been written in a less careful style than the preceding part of the argument.-,EtL irSEv CWTcpov: Ast is, I think, right in supplying 7rp6, in sense (before 1jqEiv) from the following clause; i.e. not "cwill persuade, if nothing else can," but "1will persuade to (this), *if to nothing else." b 2. V0/JL0oE'T~ KTX., " in the lawgiver's eyes that reasoning is. most wicked and dangerous, which denies that this is the case 302 NOTES TO BOOK II i.e. which denies that -r i,8i' Ka '7Kr 0 8 tKatov are identicalEvaVTtOTaTO3 is lit." "most hostile " (to the lawgiver)-" his most deadly opponent." b 5. wX~ov, "1in larger amount." b 6. I have ventured to alter (TKOTO8VWoV into 0-KOTO8LVa v. The noun is used in a figurative sense, at 892 e and Soph. 264 c, for uncertainty, perplexity; here we are told that " distance "-for so we may translate what literally means "what is seen at a distance "" produces indistinctness of vision (in all, and especially in the inexperienced)." This indistinctness is directly afterwards denoted by the more general G-OKT0O3 (cp. Rep. 516 e, where the main, who is imagined as returning from sunlight to the cave, 0UKOTOVS; axV avawX~Eo,)3 ur~otj -rol's 0O~akxaoi'). b 7. The reading of A and 0 is (vopoOE'ryip) 'ELpj.The 8' turns all the rest of the paragraph into a protasis with no apodosis. L has EL jrEC1-)7 (L 59. I. has 8E' T7'jv in the margin). This EL,, which Burnet adopts, niakes all the rest of the paragraph the protasis to O-K0T-r 8tvt'av ircpEyXEc. This satisfies grammar, but not sense and logic. The vo~uoOE'-r-qj can doubtless remove the o-KoT08tVLia by treatment, but who could say "distance produces indistinctness unless the ouofTJ;removes it by treatment"? If he removes it, it must have been there, and consequently must have been produced. With this reading we should have to supply, in sense, "and will continue to do so," after rrapE'Xct. Ald., and all editions up to Stalib. and the Ztrich editors, read 8' -qItt-v. Hermann (whom Schanz and Apelt p. 5 follow) corrects 8' E;`l' ud' to 8' oztaam. This last correction seems more natural here, and to he palaeographically at least as likely as 8' -9IJdV. EL t' looks like a correction of 8' Et',a'; i.e. the 8' was more likely to he omitted on purpose than put in. b 8. Eb.-roiV'tavrt'ov rov'ov: another slipshod phrase, like ov~ri-o EXEtv at h 4; apparently it means " into the opposite of what it was at first." o 1. ca't 7e'rEtE KTX.: what follows is either still more slipshod in expression than the former part of the paragraph, or corrupt. If the latter, the, corruption is so far uncured, if not incurable. If the formner is the true account, we may perhaps adopt St.'s explanation that Toj Toy &LKat'ov is the dat. Of TL'5 TOi' &LKaOV, a paraphrase for To 8/tlcatov. Apparently the Vo1oONT-q3 is, hy his course of traininig-in which he relies on the formation of habit (E'Oeocr), fortified by praise (L'wat'vots), and reasoning (Xk0-yoo;)to make his charges believe (1) that it is an artificial picture 303 663 b THE LAWS OF PLATOI (oKtaypJ.4Yqua) of right and wrong that they have been looking at, and (2) that, like other pictures, it only produces the illusion intended, if seen from a certain point. Here the illustration would join up with the i-ro Wo'ppOJEv o'pcuEvov one. The man who has had a training in just action would have been brought near to justice, and would. therefore discern the faults of the picture which looked all right when he was far off from it. c2. Naber's,,byot3 for ki'yovg (adopted by Schanz) seems wrong; the following representation of the case (C'O E'O-KtayP. KTA.) would need Xoyot to explain it. O 3 if. I have removed the comma from after ~catvo'LLEVOa, put commas before and after r6- -roi3 8tKatLOv E'VaV-do0J, and after 61WPOV'4bva, and would translate Ws 3 Eo-Kctayp. 0..p. "That the right and wrong he sees is like a rough picturethe wrong, which behaves in the opposite way to the right, appearing, when seen by him when he is in a wrong and bad state, pleasant, and the right most unpleasant; while, when they are seen by him when he is in a state of righteousness, every man sees both sides altogether in the opposite light." If the Eavroi of the MSS. is right, we must suppose an imaginary pupil of the lawgiver to be spoken of. In that case ~rav~rt in c 5 is irregular, and wvr~ recorded (or suggested) by a late hand in the margin of A is preferable; but if Ast (applauded by St., and followed by Schanz) is right in reading aVTOVD for &aVTOV, wraVd IS quite in order. -Badham. proposed KaLJt TcL8LKa for KaLL a'SKa (the omission to repeat the article is hardly noticeable among so many irregularities of expression)-and to eject the words Tr' kEV &l&Ka T ~TOV^ &Kat'ov, inserting Ta-& ~UEV al&Ka after OE jpO1,Eva, and rejecting -rpog in c 5.-F.H.D. would reject i-6 -oV_ 8txaLOV. Sclianz marks a lacuna before E'vaVLvrtos. Stephanus (and C. Ritter) recommend the rejection of the Tr~ before T-oi StKatOVgoverning the gen. by E'vaVrhts3.-For the use of E'K in c 3 and 4 St. well cps. Soph. 236 b~o' c/aLV6JLLEV0V /LEV 8ta Tq' Ov'K E KLXov' ONav ZEOKE'vaL To Kcak1L where the effect is the opposite of that described in the present case.-The lpEv before a"SKa corresponds in logic to the SIE in ra' 8~ S'KcaX, and the pc'v before a&StKov to the UE in E'K 8~' &~KatO0v.-,q'8Eca is predicate to 4Xatvo',LevO, -not to OEWOvpOV/LEva. Among the suggested alterations of the passage that of Madvig seems to me the best; he supposes 'v~av1-[p to have fallen out before E'vaLvrt[O,. We thus get a clumsy chain of participles, but greater clearness. I should still, if this were adopted, put a comma after 6oEjpoi'/JLEva.-A somewhat similar 304 NOTES TO BOOK II philosophizing is to be seen in Euripides, Iph. in Aul. 387 7roV?7p0V (~W O'! ~ va' KaKat'. c 7 f. The question arises: with what do Tr'v, 7oTC'pav and r'4"v in the next line agree? In grammar it is JX-4'OEtaLv, but the meaning of this word coalesces with that of its dependent gen. KptacTows to mean "1true judgement," or rather "claim to truth." What the sentence means is, "which, claim to he true has the higher authority? d 5-e 2. As Cleinias's form of assent shows a disposition to go behind the argument, the Ath. reinforces it by considerations of expediency. Hle is careful, by the extremely hypothetical form of the question, to guard against the idea that he himself for a moment doubts the reality of his previous conclusion. He does not say, "1if it were otherwise, what better opportunity for a -useful lie could a legislator have?" but, " if it had been otherwise, " and "have had." (Voltaire's " il faudrait l'inventer" is in a less hypothetical form.) It is almost as if Plato argued "Does it not look as if it must be true, because it is such a useful thing to be able to say? "-on -rt Ka'I O7JLKpO'V o4~EXo0: we have already mnet this phrase at 630 c and 647 a in connexion with the, vo~koOErq3; cp. also 890 d i-Iy yE CL~MV KaLt o7LUKpoV VO/LtOOE'TI7V. d. OS KacJ. VVV (51)70 '?7l) 0 X'oyos EXELV cf. Parm. 141 d If Eo' X0oYo3 aCtpE'C Phil. 35 d o~8afkx- k o'y/o3 adpa Rep. 604 c or X oyog atpEt- /?lA7.k-rtT' a'v E'XEtv. atpEtv seems in this phrase to be used much as we say, in an argument, " there you have me." e 1. Schanz adopts HI. Stephanus's insertion of WELOELv before r1otEZV: this insertion was independently suggested by Badham. At 671 c 4 8vvap.kEvovs3 has just as much need of a supplied inf. The difference is that there the sentence is long, and a WoLELv which occurs near the end sounds as if it might be the missing inf., though it is not. I am inclined to believe in a pregnant use of U3vvaorOat in the sense of "to be equal to bringing it about that" (cp. Ast, Lex.), akin to its meaning of "to signify," "to be equal to"; 7rclOELv 7tOELv would sound very awkward. e a. rvTWa, whc iin oMShas been, by most editors, added to the text from Eusebius's quotation of the passage. e 3 if. The most various interpretations have been proposed of Cleinias's remark, and the Athenian's answer. The difference arises from the various subaudienda imagined before or after Cleinias's remark; e.g. (before it) " it would certainly be better if we could do without a lie" (C. Ritter); (after) "id quod verum esse putamus difficile est (nobis) persuadere (non ita esse) " Ast. VOL. 1 305 X 663 C THE LAWS OF PLATO Both these cannot be right; I think no subaudienda are needed. The author is directly calling attention to the plastic nature of the youthful mind, and incidentally suggesting a correct appreciation of myths and their position in education. In the previous paragraph the Athenian's language, in referring to the possible use of a lie, is carefully chosen —cr' dyaOt ~bEv8EcrOaL TwpOs Trots veovs —he calls it Xvu-treXEs, and an efficient prompter of a good disposition. This is because he wants to point out the use of stories in forming the mind. Cleinias does not see what he is driving at, and takes refuge in the following safe and somewhat trite remark: "truth" (i.e. philosophical truth) "'is a treasure, and an abiding one; but the process of getting it into people's minds is evidently a hard one." In the Athenian's answer I have ventured to read T-b i vLlrotL SiWVLov for To pEv -ro' Lt8OVLOV. It is not likely that Plato should have spoken of the story as told by a Sidonian (and that is the most natural translation of the gen.), and a comparison of Rep. 414c suggests that Tr &Sactvtov /JLvoX6/oyrWa is only a variety for the proverbial ev cos or iev/au 4OtVMKLKOV (see Photius s.v. 4^otLtKtKOv). For To LevtroL = - 8e cp. Phaedrus 228 d -V' v evroL SdLvotav. What the Athenian says there is: " I grant you; but it is not hard to get a cock-and-bull story like the Sidonian one into people's minds." (I think Burnet is wrong in reading the words as a question. A question should have had ov pfd8tov, and if it had been a question, it would naturally have been repeated after Cleinias's 7rooa;)-The Ath. seizes on the word rrte0tv as opening up the general subject of the way in which the young mind can and ought to be furnished with ideas and feelings. Of course the Cretan goes off mentally in the direction suggested, and asks wroa; He has been in a fog, and he sees a chance of getting into clearer air. e6. eye'VEro may fairly be taken as a gnomic aorist; the addition of Ka\ afXXa Ivp'a looks as if no definite accrediting of a particular story was referred to. e 9. wrapadSeytxa ro 7reretIELv, " proof that a man will (be able to) persuade." For rrapad8syi/a in the sense of "proof" or "confirmation" cp. Laws 801 b 9, Thuc. i. 2. 6. 664 a 2. a-vrv is the vop/o0er/1, not the imaginary Tes.-The substance of this paragraph is as follows: "the minds of the young are plastic. It is of the utmost importance that they should be moulded aright. They must be led to think that doing right is pleasanter than doing wrong. The songs they sing and hear, the stories that are told to them, the admonition of their elders, and 306 NOTES TO BOOK II 664 a the public opinion of the whole community must all point in this direction, and tend to induce this belief." His two hearers agree unconditionally that the X6yos is leading them aright. Cleinias's answer at 663 d 5, and his next remark, and the turn now taken by the Athenian's disquisition reveal to us that Plato in this dialogue is mainly writing, not for men who are able to follow 8taLXeKTLKot AXyot but, for practical men, whose experience enables them to criticize from a practical standpoint, and, if necessary, to amend, the work of a vo/oeoOTT. From time to time, however, through the NoSoo, the author goes back, as one should say, to first principles,-and in a tone that shows us that it is in no sceptical spirit that he abandons the higher ground. a 4. -j rotavrn crvvoLKla wrcrar (E0fyyoLT) dc): this paraphrase for 7rodLs, in this connexion-the universal voice of the community -is what we should call "public opinion." (I. Bruns p. 70 says the word rotavl y proves that this passage, as first arranged, came after the proposal at the end of Bk. III. to legislate for a special colony.)-Schanz reads O'vrtv' av for the MS. o 'vrva. Burnet, at Gorg. 492 b (where no MS. has av, and only a late hand in the margin of B has rn), adopts Woolsey's rt av (after 6vvacroreav), but here, and at Euthyd. 296 e, he leaves the optative without av. It is probable that the av has fallen out here-possible that Plato left the av out in his written text-either thinking that he had put it in, or with a vague notion that the iv with EpyaoaLTro was enough. In either case I do not believe that he would have been other than grateful to any editor who put it in,-though he might have wished to have a say as to where it was to stand. a 6. The 8ot fltov raviros, which reinforces the adt, foreshadows the arrangement, described in the two following speeches of the Athenian, for securing the aid of men of all ages. b 3. EiNbv aiv erL XkEyeLv: not merely " my (next) task must be to describe," but " I will take upon myself to describe"; E'u/v is emphatic. So, more circumstantially, at 892 d ff., as already at 631 a, and 641 e, the Athenian claims to lecture his audience sometimes, instead of discussing matters on an equality with them. b 4. eTraSetv: cp. 659 e 1 ovTrwS /Jev etrw8a rTaCs bvXcas, and 666 c 6.-rpe~i ovras: this is the first time three choruses are spoken of. We learn from Plut. Lycurg. ch. 21 that there were at Spartan festivals three choruses: Ka-r.a Eras TpefS 'X)ttKla ovvrt'rd/LVO..... JEV T(V yEpfV7OV... 0 oe T dOV dK, aOVT.... O T-p[Tro0, v 7V rat[Ov. That is, doubtless, why the Ath. refers 307 664 b THE LAWS OF PLATO to the arrangement as already known.-Up to 666dfif. Plato -uses language, about the class of citizens between thirty and sixty years of age which conceals from his interlocutors the fact that it is only in a figure that he describes them as a Xopo's; from 666 d onwards he unfolds to them that the jeoio-'a to which the mature minds among the citizens are to be devoted is "1KcXXLO)V 7-is TW XOP5V altrq' Cv ToZL3 KOLVOES O/EdTcL-OS" (667 a). b7. To 8E KEfzcL V cVWV TOT YG:s he MSS. aiiT '3 seems not to refer to Ta' KaXaL i7r vi-Ta which are to be the subject matter of the songs. If it does, the following clause is very irregularly expressed. Stailbaum would like to put a comma after A~ycorOat, and insert the words xa& TUoiio before 4ao-KOVTIRe. The only way in whi ch we can bring the passage into order as it stands is to suppose aiv'TWV to refer to the general arrangements about the choruses: "1The main point to be kept before us in our proceedings in this."-I have ventured to read a' for awT~r b 8. iV'z-' 06EwSv XE'yEcrOat: just as the citizens in general are to be told that the laws of the state were given by a god, or by a divinely inspired man, so, to the young, the truths which only the experienced philosopher can discover are to be presented with the sanction of religion. ci1. It is, I think, admissible to suppose that a',kq8OE —rai-a refers to the statement that the right and good life is the pleasantest, not to the statement that the gods say so; whereas the /iaXXov 7rTEt'OOJL1EV.. EaLv aXXo,) lT(,) 4~OEyyw'u~EOa XEYOVT-E refers merely to the appeal to the religious sanction. e 5. dltutot: previous references to C'op-a[' at 653 d and 657 d and the words E'V OEa-rpp at 665 e 5 make it clear that this word is here used in the technical sense of "1coming on " to the stage at a public festal performance. c6. 4wcr owov8 —: iLe. it is to be no amateurish performance; the choir must do its very best; as indeed is to be expected, when all the city assembles to hear it. It is the choir of the Muses, who preside over education. (The occasion has some of the elements of the modern school speech-day.)-o' /-tuXpt i-ptJKwi-a El-wv: Plato does not here specify a date which is to divide 7ra'ts; from a'Ki~c~ovT-Eg; probably because, for different purposes, and in different states, the date varied; also, in some states the, E0n7/3oL formed an intermediate class. o 7. Cp. Critias 108 c Ka't T-ov llat'&w4 1E KaLL Mov'o-ag E~nKa X oVIL.,Evov, though there the divinity is only appealed to for 308 NOTES TO BOO0K 1I 664 C inspiration, and not, as here, implored to produLce conviction as well. The second chorus is, evidently that of Apollo. c 8. -roZ3 vc'oti: either all below the class of the adKtLaCovre;those, i.e., still undergoing the process of education-or perhaps ot VE~oL includes the a'K/saov-r~s; as well-as being still impressionable. The words iXEnv jtEi-a' 7r~EtOoVs, " graciously pleased to convince," look more like a prayer for others than for the suppliants themselves. d 1. As I Chink that the 8E' in -rov' 86' /LEtca' i-raiua, and not the &E after 8si, marks the chief contrast to the,u~sv clause in c 4, I have put a- colon, and -not a full stop (as St. and ]3urnet) after E7z-EVX0oIEvo3 —Schanz puts a comma there. The grammatical construction, it is true, indicates a greater break at E7rEvXOIIfv0o% as both L8,Etv and Ka-raXEkdf(~at depend on M'v but logically the three choruses on the one hand, and the old men past" "singing" on the other, are more opposed than the two first choruses and the rest of the population. d 2. -roV /ALEra' -ra'ra: this can mean nothing but " those who are beyond that age "; but it is an unusual expression, as also is /(pE`PE, in the -next line, which a comparison of 665 d 9 —w&a wron 77O/LEVO; 7rpE(/3V-rEpO3 OiKVOV wTp r as 6) i a jssto-rk-o' wou d persuade us to translate "to support the toil of;" an unusual extension of the sense of to endure (something evil). Is it possible that the word here means to contribute?) cp. Polit. 2 98 a wrpouoTraTTov7ES; avaX&J'aXTa (hrELVE)-or even. to produce? d3. i~vOoXko' p~r~ irov ~ d,"to tell stories about the same characters" i e. about men who display virtuous dispositions. d 4. &&a OE[C' oj,1js i.e. of an inspired character, cp. 624 b 2. d 8. That is, we are now going to see what is the second and chief use of ptEOij-that referred to beforehand at 65 3 a as a means of safe-guarding education. Its first use-that of enabling the educators to judge character-TZh Ka7-t8AElV 763 E"XojuV Tr& ~rt -(Tb") ~bv~qi, /b6o-avov Xap./3a'VEtv-and to train the young in '8 ' and at'u-Xvq-had been explained already at the end of Bk. I. The forgetfulness of his hearers provides the Ath. with the occasion for a useful repetition. Inasmuch as the explanations which follow all apply to the participation of mature and elderly men in the chorus of Dionysus, Orelli's -rpt'Trois3 for TJJ[TOV3 (in d 6) is inadmissiblebesides, there could have been nothing about the first two choruses which would seem strange to his hearers; it was only 309 THE LAWS OF PLATO about the third that they needed further information. Possibly it was the recent occurrence of the word rpb'rovs; in d 1 which made him choose the plural here. We get the sing. again at 665 b 1. e 3. Kar' Jpas w-~v X0,yowv: i.e. at 653 df. Here ob' XAyot means the discussion begun in this book; and so probably above, at d 9. e 7. Toi'rwv Jju7~orE'pov: i.e. of bodily movement, and of voice; this gen. depends on Ta'E0), and that on aw`-Ocqo-Lv. This acc. should itself have been in the gen., as governed by the nearer verb E'4wr~otTo, but, to avoid three ge-nitives, one on the back of another, it is made to be governed by C`ot, even though it is duplicated by the following TroiTr:-an instructive instance of Plato's sentence-construction, and treatment of cases. (Burnet has made this construction much clearer by putting a comma after aq4LIo7-rpow. Stalib. commends, and Schanz adopts Winckelmann's aao-0O'o-Et for atCoO-qo-tv (cp. Phcaedo 65 d, and Phil. 35 a). Badham suggests the same change (comparing T-~ v(3 E~/a'wrrc-Oat T^V 'VTrWv), and places the word after oV84 But a comparison of 653 e 3-T.& JLEV oio aLXca C(-a OK EXEtv a" 0'?ytLV ~TO-)V El' Ta'C3 KLITqEOLV TaEOJV o'S TarcLtLv-makes it very hard to explain E'XOt ToVro here as meaning anything but E"XOC Ta'E(o) atw-Oyc-V, and if the E'Xot clause was in the writer's mind at the beginning of the sentence, the slight anacoluthon involved in ato-O-~t-v e acLr~otTo is easily explained-especially when there were so many genitives about.)-For the whole subject of the passage cp. Phil. 1 7 c if. and above on 6 53 e 4. 665 a, 2. A has a'puovtas, and so a second hand in 0; i.e. the writer of A cannot be trusted as perfect in grammar. Cp. Hdt. vi. 53 OV3K EW17EO1TL 4E'7ro)VVfu'y IEpo-'i Ov8&E/ttLc ra-rpo'g GV'yToi, W'0-7r~p 'HpaKXU~ 'Alu4trp~ov; if ever a Greek would have thought it right to say 0`vo~cL 'Ap4L-i-p1Sovos, he would have done it in this sentence, one would think. a 8. It would have been more regular to repeat the 01 before TW~V Movo-o~v, but the pl. ctpr)vrat makes it clear that two choruses are spoken of, and so the repetition-which would rather spoil the rhythm-is unnecessary. b 2. XVyEGuOat, not "( has) to be spoken of," but "1(miust) be called (that of Dionysus)." b 3.!pcLca a'Xp a7LTOrOg... LALOVVOO-V wpfojG-P'vT( Xop053: the licence which Clefir~ias associates with the name of Dionysus seems to accord ill with old age. In spite of the Spartan institution of 310 NOTES TO BOOK II 665 b the Xoo' )/EpOVTO)Vv Clei-nias is perhaps surprised at the inclusion, in any chorus, of old men of between 50 and 60, but that that chorus should be, so to speak, a "1drunken " one, scandalizes him as much tis did the first suggestion (cp. 641 c 8) that u'O'q had an educational use.-In the mention of men " above fifty " we have a hint that the, third "1chorus " is a heterogeneous collection, and may perhaps fall into several classes. b 6. aw'1-dC: i.e. Atov1%cry. b 7. aX'qO0E`rrara JE~vrot XVycts: i.e. "1you are quite right in thinking, it extraordinary."-XL0yoV 87'1 8,Et: Schanz follows A in writing X. 8E 8Et' 8~( the fact is ") is more in place here -what follows is corroborative, not adversative-and the first hand in 0 gives it some support by reading Xko'OV 8Ei 84q' b 8. 087w-, 7-oV-7o KTX., "1(in fact it will, I expect, need a train of argument) to turn this arrangement, if made, into a defensible one." A comparison of the construction at 660 d 5 f., and, e.g., 9 68 c I,~ would lead us to expect Ev,0oyews, and so Schanz corrects. It is surely rash to say that Plato had not the choice of the adjective here. c 2. 7wa'vra goes in sense with all the accusatives that follow. e 3. K'ce (before 6'Xq) leads to a climax-" in fact" cp. 667b 8 and Phaedo 58 d JXX&' 7ap'~o-dvTV' KaU 7woA~ot yE; it is the same KaLt which we have in Ka'& yd p, K at yl F5. c4. E'wj'8ovo-av: E'-p&8 and E'7r0Leev are with Plato stock terms (cp. 666 c 6 8" 7WO~a'KL3 EIpl/KalLEV, E~q'C8,Etv) of "1soul-therapeutics" (Eusebius, HE. iii. 4. 6, speaking of St. Luke, uses the term 'l'xJ~v OEpaL7rEVTtKY) The addition of bwjoctv to fl8Etv, or its substitution for it, makes it easier for us to recognize that the XopEta here spoken of is often a mental process, not a bodily performance. C 2-7. Every educated man, woman, and child-slaves included -is capable of taking part in a Xopo'g (61 Imv d7rcaev-rog aLX6'pEvIros -q-t OTt654 a), and they are to use these "spells " (i..e. those described in brief at 6 64 b 6 if.) all their lives (px av'Eo-Oat wore); and, that their fascination for the performers themselves may never cloy, we are, "1by hook or by crook " (olpA6w /E' 7ws), to avoid uniformity, and without fail (7wa'VTW) to impart to them a subtle intricacy (of words, tune, and bodily movement); op. Find. 01. vi. 146 av~paoxrt a1X>ILTaLUTt 7XE'KO)V WOL0KtLX0V V,1LV0V.-W0YTE. '8ov 'v: lit. "1so that the singers may have an unquenchable thirst for their songs, and pleasure (in its satisfaction)" cp. Eur. L1 fT 954 fToV '8oV~v "Yenjoyed themselves." The aciwXqo-rt'a is, apparently, to be secured by the absence of uniformity-which, as Ritter 311 665 C THE LAWS OF PLATO says, is partly due to the different natures etc. of the different classes of singers-and the '8ov'5 by the WoULXtca.-Eusebius, Stalib. says, has riEp't TOV' 81E'V in c 2 for the MS. To 6EZCV. lIt was, of course, open to the speaker to continue on the model of his own words aipa...6o/_0oydi-ai; or on that of his questioner -Toy 7rept; But that is no reason why, with Ast, we should read TOV WL. d. rvr TP ~L~-V ~ W xEw: cp. 658 e, where, it is claimed that old men are the best judges. (Ritter would read 7ai3' forTioi3O', a good suggestion.) d 3. 'Sov: the participle is the principal verb in sense; the question is, in effect, "IWhere would the old men sing-the old men, whose songs (in subject matter) would be the best, and would therefore do most good?" d 4. JVO-qTW3 oiv'ros, "in mere folly"; so c~wX^ o{"T(O, P'(ot~w O{VTo, OVTrwo-V aT-Eiape (Gorg. 5 03 d).-KVPCW'TaTov, " perfect masters of" it includes, I think, the idea of "the best authority about" cp. Ep. 345 b ot"7Ept Twv TOtoVT(OV 7raUwo0v Atiovvo-[tOV KVPLW1TEPOt aLV E EV KPL1-ca Ep. 311Cd K VP tOTEpa 8\ T\ T6W OELO)V c6vip~v yzavTEVykarcai TaE T&V (L?7. el1. Xat'PEL 'qpTTOV 7wpaTr'WV -oiho: litotes for "does not like doing it," as is shown by the following "1if obliged to do it." e 2. &rpW. To.ryo yti-X~ov: added, with conversational asyndeton, in amplification of the comparativesiTT'ov and [La^XXov -"C and the older and wiser he grows, the more he feels it." e 5. 7raVTrtoto aiv~pW'7rot3 M~fEWV -Eor-T t\3pO'PO: cp. Shakespeare's "(Nature might) stand up and say to all the world." e 6. E"Tt pa'XUov he does not like doing it at all; the being obliged makes it worse, the publicity of a theatrical performance is a "still further " aggravation.-KcUt TcVTd' 'y' Et' suggests yet another grievance-the (/MoVUG-KS3, with blind pedantry, might put the old mnan on meagre diet-just the opposite treatment, as the sequel shows, to what the case needs. e 8. 7raVrai-ao-tv rov: these words gather up, as it were, the force of the climax; he asks, in effect, "1can you imagi~ne a more distressingly humiliating situation? Every spark of rrpoOvjykL would be stifled by it."-This comic picture helps to unsettle the notion that the XopE'a of the mature and elderly is to be a literal one. 666 a 2. ati-roi'3 possibly refers to all the "singers," not the third chorus alone. a 5. "7rvp E3r-t WrvptL W apotp/LaL(L 1yELviTaE Kat alX wv 'y KaKOY 312 NOTES TO BOOK II C7tt KaK(;," Photius.-3'xETEo' 1, a metaphor from irrigation, is appropriate to the " liquid fire" of "drink"; ep. As You Like It ii. iii. 48 "1For in my youth I never did apply Hot and rebellious liquors in. my blood." a 6. rnpitv E'z-' i-oiu 76-vov1, EYXELPELV 72-op EVOEOOL, "1before they address themselves to the work of life." Cp. Eur. Orestes 1068 Er' Epyov 8',) Wt olf~S, 7w Vopjoat. [FliPD. prefers "' before they attack their task."] a 7. fE'Xka/3ov/LkEVoV3 (by way of varying the construction) agrees with the (imaginary) object of We&Ko-,cvTE3 and subject of S'XET5EV't the Aldine ed. emended it to EVXapO LVOwIc wolage with the subject Of voLoOOE qofIEV.-ElJliavI,, "passionate, violent," is a less derogatory epithet than 1_kavti&ip3 " crazy."~ a 8. yoeico-Oat, and the following infs. adrercEo6aL, KcaXEIV, and zrapaKa)Ldv, are best taken as dependent on vo/_to0E7rr'0/o-OEV, not as on Xp (supplied from ov x-q) bl1. TO'V vEov: not a precise term; sometimes it is -used of mere children; sometimes, as here, used as the opposite of -yepcow. Ahas -rWV V'w cr.bA2 to iKV VEov which is the reading in Athenaeus x. 55, and Stobaeus, Fl~or. 44. 44. b 2. TETrapa'KoV1a E'rtflat'voVTa E~VO, "when a man is rising forty," as we say-i.e. enters the fourth decade. This meaning is sufficiently defined by the previous 1ueXPt Tpta'Korla E'2rw'V.-E'V T-oFt 0WavUrfotg EVWX?,0Ev7-a 1(-A.: the situation suggests an old-fashioned College Common-Room at Oxford or Cambridge. b 3. KaXEL'V seems used of the general invocation of the gods before the drinking began, and wrapaKakEFv is a slight variation of the general word to mark a special appeal. (Badhami would reject KaXkeLV, thus making the position of the -re more regular; but it is difficult to see why anyone should have put it in, if it was not therp.) b 4. A has rpeoj[3vrarTWV, 0 and Athenaeus rrpEa- 3vriv, Stob. and.Galen W7pEO-/3VT-EOWV (so Schanz and Burnet).-T-EXETm9v &ate Kat 7raLtcav, "(to) what is at once the recreation, and the special religious privilege of the older men." The word TAI4Vis specially appropriate, as it was used of a festival ceremony in particular; at Eur. I. T. 959 the word is applied to the feast of the Xoeg Athenaeus ii. 40 d can hardly be right in saying that 7-a3 ~tL /JLE~ttOV Kat fLE-ra -tvoS [LkvoTLKT/ rapa800oewS E'opi-ra', were called -eXe7-as; because of the large sumis spent upon them "-EkEt'V yap To 8awravav "-a feast was itself, as it always has been, a ceremony, involving initiation. -313 666 a 666 b THE LAWS OF PLATO b 5. E5rt(Kovpov is here an adjective, qualifying (~a'ppaKov; cp. Eur. L.A. 1027 XP ErLKovpOv KaK(OV, Or. 211 (ii tiXo Vwvov OE',y-qppov E'7rtLKOVpOV VO(rOV. b 6. I have ventured to bracket the words TO~V olVov. It was a natural marginal explanation of Sba'p~LaKov, and it is very hard to fit it in as well as jv and 4ka'pI.aKOV in the text. I would translate T 'v.. a4cpLLKoV "the mystery and delight of the older men, which he has given to mankind as a charm against the austerity of age." (So, too, Peipers, Qu. Cr. de P1. Legibus, p. 95. H. Richards suggests reading ', for "v.) b7. I feel sure that Burnet is right in reading X'% orth MS. X'0O1v. The only way by which editors have made sense of the passage is to adopt the suggestion, made in the margin of Cod. V~oss., to insert 1Te after teaXaKW'TrEpov, but the sentence runs much better in Burnet's form. Ci. KaOaU7r-Ep Et3 WV~p Or1-qpov EVTeOVTa )yyvofIEvov: so the MSS. I doubt the correctness of the construction To~ -qOo0 tyLVE1-at KcaOaJWEp cri[&jpo3 E13 7rrip E'VTOEL'S in the sense "the nature of the soul becomes like iron put into the fire." -/4yVEO-6Oat, like Elvat, can have an adverb as predicate, but I think such a sentence as the above would be hard to find. I suggest that what was written was Ka~ca7iEPCZ E1IS, or possibly KaOmrEpE't '3. The sentence would then mean "1becoming, so to speak, iron put in the furnace." (Ast, who reads [LCLXaKWo1-Ep0V T-E, says we must supply btaXcLKW1 TEPoV in sense with ytyVO/1LEYOV, "1becoming softer like iron in the furnace.") [F.H.D. would bracket Yt-yv0'pEVoV.] c 2. KacL& ov'TO) EVW7XfaaT0TOTEpoV Ecivat: cp. 671 c 7rau8EVSEtV TE Ka WVLTTEW~... T-oVi-oV 8' Et'Vat T0'5V WXao-iT)V (see note on 671 a 4 -672 d.9). Ast's note on this passage is: "Frequens vero est comparatio animi ferocis cum ferro aqua tincto, molliti vero cuss ferro igne cocto. Plutarchus de discrim. adul. p. 73 c [chap. xxxvi] 'A 9 acLYEEL WrpOT7ov I'MON OEpjLLOTqJTO3 KatL [LcXaKo4 y1EV61WEVO3." c 8. ULET4E'XEtV '1gv `8-: it may naturally be asked here, "if this third chorus is to sing in private, where is the public benefit -who are to be ' charmed' by it l" This question is answered implicitly in the sequel, thus: " Their superior insight and training makes them the repository of correct taste. It is to them that the vo1AoOET-1- Must go when he wants to find what style of XopEta iR to be enjoined by law for the two other choruses; and it is they who must supervise the poets and musicians." In other words, they are not primarily a performing chorus, like the other 314 NOTES TO BOOK II66c 666 c two. Their function is to be the mind of the state in the -matter of XopEt'a; andl in the exercise of their faculties the suppleness of intellect which is necessary in addition to the wisdom of experience is to be artificially supplied by wine. d 3. The MSS. have woclav SE a &tooo'votv oL, akvWpES fxov-?jv /_koi~-av; i) 84ov K-X. It is clear that a&w-o-ovu-Lv (of which the adt is in rctsnrc inDA) is a vox nihili, and so Ast, Stallb., and the Zuir. editors alter it to doovo-wv. Porson (in a note on Markiand's note on Eur. Snpplices 932) seeing that the act. fut, of d8w was almost as bad a solecism, corrected it to ~o-ovu'ivy, so too Cobet, independently. Stallb. does not accept this manifestly correct eruendation, because, he says, though (~wvlqv tLEVYaL is idiomatic, rE/L f9LV- isuhado.This valid objection is admirably met by Burnet's further emendation which greatly improves the rest of the sentence as well. He puts the mark of interrogation after xOv 'v, and ejects the second i). The zeugma is far less harsh when (Lo-o-av is no longer in the same sentence as 0v'V also, not only does q'aoovo-tv go better with 4(ov 'v alone, but 7rpE~rovoava goes better with 1Loi'orav alone. I would further write i for the first ") and change the (;) after Trtvcx to a full stop. d 4. For the MS. 8EZ Stepli. suggested 8'j, Ast et" Schanz a'a'. -We may translate, "But what sort of a note will theirs be? Clearly their I'mtisic' must be in keeping with their age and character."-The following passage from Phaedr. 2.59 d illustrates more than one point in the text: T — 8' 7wpeo-/3vTcJA-rqK- Xo KCaL i-r (tEr av-rrjv 0'vpavou, Tov's EL' ptAoo-o(~ pt~tOa7O1VT ' TIE KaiL TttwVrcL Th7V EKEtVVO)I/ OV-tLK-qv a-yyEXkovLtLv, acd 8-q /ALdkurrca TV~ MV(- 7Et TE Opa'VKiLL 0 OVOCLra OEOV13 TE KaLL dv0pw,,rt'vov3 ' &rt KaLXkto0_TLv u/ov 'v.-(For the rejection of the after /(Loiir-av cp. 954 a, where Hermann successfully challenges another ) d 6. OEIotg Jv~padxrv: i.e. men of renown and distinction; great men. If the Ath. had here been asked: "Are all the members of the third chorus, then, great men?" we should have been enlightened as to much that is obscure in Plato's idea about the Dionysiac Chorus. But the question was -not asked, i.e. Plato does not mean to give us the details. d8. ',ptiZi y/oi' a K oi'8: i.e. "we Cretans, and the Spartans." d9. With '3VVatLI(LE~c it is easy to supply 'Metv from the relative sentence; but cp. on 663 e 1 and Phil. 23 d 9 &daKpWG-LV 315 666 d -THE LAWS OF PLATO irtvos 8vvaJlEvov. - v... yevoLEVOL, "which we were taught when we learnt to sing in chorus." e2. Ev a'crEo-t KaTTK K6OTwv: the use of the adj. drTTEZo shows what these words imply.- otov... KEKrTo-Ce: if fopf3d8ag is sound-it looks very much like a marginal synonym for ev cdye'X, veULolevov —it must be the main predicate to KEKTqoOE0, you keep your young men in flocks, like so many colts at grass in one big herd." —ayEcA in Crete, and /3ovd in Sparta, were technical terms for the bands or classes in which the youths were trained. e 5. aypctavovra: as at Rep. 493b, Plato uses this verb in its original sense of "to be aiyptos, wild," the opposite of ro-rEcos in derivation, as in sense.-E Trc-rvnrEv: gnomic aor. used side by side with pres.-the education being a lengthy process. — wTroK61.OV.X.wv: the metaphorical language of this passage, which is even playfully extravagant, indirectly prepares his hearers for his main metaphor as to the q8r) and ovo-ra. e 6. 'ravra 'rpoOrqKovTa a7roSov ry 7ratLo7po4+fa, "paying all due attention to his rearing"; the absence of the art. with rpoo — jKOvrTa gives additional emphasis to 7rdava-" in all points "; I take TraLoTpog^'a (and not 7rpoc KovTa) to be the antecedent to $0ev"such a rearing as will secure that..." For oOEv... v Ed7 cp. Prot. 318 e (quoted in the note on the next line) o'gwO... av LtD. 667 a 1. Ast has collected many instances where 8e, instead of XXha Kal, follows ov (or l/j) to6vov, e.g. 747 e 1, 965 b 9. —rw6iv the political, ao-Tr- the civic or rather civil communities. There might be several ia"rr in a T7roXs.- IOtKEtV not so much as "be a governor of" (Jowett); the word would apply to the part taken in the state by any member of a self-governing community. Cp. Prot. 318 e Oi7ros v aptTcra Tqrv..vT ovKKav OKOt KaL 7repW TWV Te-i 7roEwos orW ras T'a1 7ro ~EO)S SvvaTvcraros Qv Elt) KCUat 7rpa7rTE Kal XEyetv, Meno 91 a ravenrs T7^s rooass Kal adpETrs, Ol avOptp7ro0 rTa TE OtKLaS Kat Tra 'rWOELt KaXA3S &OLKOVOt, and Rep. 600d s OVTE OtKtaV OVTE 7roLtv T'?V arVTWY S&OLKELV OOL 7T ErOVTat Eav ErV creVe'S aVT^v er7tTTaTrIrawcOLV Trs W7ratetasL. a 2. ov i: i.e. the typical unregenerate member of the dyEXA described above; "that's just the sort of yokel that.. "-KaT' apXas )( KaT' dpXas Trv k6ywv at 664 e, here used manifestly of the beginning of the whole treatise (see below on 671 a 4 ff.). —rv TvpTra'ov 7rokELLKWv rOTToXEfptK('po KrX, " a more capable fighter than Tyrtaeus's warriors, for he everywhere and always accounts 316 NOTES TO BOOK II 667 a bravery not as the first, but as the fourth of virtue's possessions,' whether for state or for individual." Cf. above 630 a 7 if., where O-TauLts; is contrasted with foreign warfare. a 4. Burnet has made the connexion of the different parts of the sentence clearer by putting a comma after the words a'Et K~al 7wav-rco%) which go closely with -rt1.(v-ra.-The datives C&-i-'at, and a-v/= -do, 75AE go with T'rpio cIX' oi' wrpdirOV K-rla; the value of this particular one of virtue's possessions is low, both for the state and for the individual. Cp. 661 b 5 i-av^Ta'Er oi viw-aVroa &KatLOt& 1LEV Kat' O(totOL av8pdactv apJUYTaL KT —q/aa7a. Cf. also Phil. 66 a 64 o'8V'q' KTqta o1'/< E"O-tL rprov oii8' aZ 8EVrTEPOV. Ast is wrong in putting in w~, by way of explurnation, before -rETapTrov; the adyaOlg mrpartW'my-q does not so regard courage. a6. OV'K oT&a 057rj or OV'K oZ8a ov' c~rpwv" somehow or other "-are frequently used with the sort of implication that the last speaker is "1a little too clever." Cp. Gorgias 513 c, Phil. 19 a, Phaedr. 265 b.-7wd',tv ai': the reference is to 630 d 2. a 9. lrr~p: Heindorf on Parm. 150 b has collected many instances of this elliptical use; cp. e.g. 900 e, Ar. Nub. 2 26.7ropEvo)jLE~a, El /3oi'AEo-Oc, "please let us go." Ast cps. Rep. 3 94 d UXX 0T7r c'V 0 Xoyog w,)(rwr p 7TVEVJJaL I1Epi7 T Vrf) irT o a 10 if. EL' /a'p "E'XObeEV foovaav KTX.: this is the first unequivocal declaration that the mature citizens of from thirty to sixty are not to form a Xopk in the literal sense. We have now to find out what is the 1teoiira-what is the accomplishment or spiritual contribution, proper to the Dionysiac "1choir." The keynote of the paragraph is given us in the words KaXXt'w and KaXXUY -TqJ b 2. atr-Xvveo-Oat, Cp-qEZlv SC': the feeling of shame which, for these men, bars the way to public musical performances like those of the other choirs, has been fully described, but not their desire for the highest kind of activity. This desire is perhaps implied when they are called OEEOL aVWpEs; (666 d 6), and it is consistent with their being KVPtOJ-TaTrOL TOV KaXXW-TWV KaLc W(L4EXLjU0TOa1WV T`806v (665 d 4), and 7wp6Ovjtot 7rp0'3 io-a oj8a6 (666 a 2, and c 4); so that 4)almv is here simply "1we assert," not " we have asserted." b 5-c 3. "Is it not necessarily the case with all things that have any attendant charm, either, in the first place, that the very fact that it is charming is by itself the important point about the thing, or that what matters most is its correctness, or further, 317 THE LAWS OF PLATO the advantage of it? What I mean is this: take food and drink -any kind of nourishment; a charm attends it which we should call pleasure. But as for what we should call correctness and advantage, just that out of any (IK'o-1-TOTE) of our victuals which we, call wholesome is in itself what is most correct" (i.e. in the case of food advantage and correctness coincide).-Cp. Gory. 4 74 d, and 5 06 c d.-The main difficulty in the passage lies in the -qv 8" O'PO6T-qTa TE KaLL (t4(EXt'av. If, with Badham, we take these words to be thie subject to EtVat TO Op0S-aT-ov, we get, as he says, a misere turbata senterntia. But it is clear that the subject of El'vat To pOoToaTov is ai'l'T1ovr TTO 7rEp -V7L1ECVOV E-yoIJEV. Therefore -)v K-X., to which the antecedent would, if the sentence went on regularly, be, like Xapt in the acc., is left suspended, and the sentence suddenly takes another path. Cf. Phaedr. 233 b -EV'TVXO~Va3 E' KalTa 'to. fe)) ov-q a$lta rap' E'K1EtV()V E6cLlvov CLvaLKa~Et TVY1XLvEW. A nominative similarly suspended occurs at Rep. 565 d 44. a'pc 0' yEva-acqcVO1 'TOv aV0porrcvov 0-T7tXcL)XVoV, EV aXkov a~X~eV t'CEpELOJ CV03 V 7Ka.1aTET/JAJ(LkEVOV, cxVaylKr 87' TOVTY XVK(P) YEVE0o0au. (Bdh. reads TRjV for jv and says that for O'pOOSiTaTov We want something like 7WapEX0'fLEVOV; Schanz agrees so far as to obelize 3POO'TaTov.) b 6. The jke'vov is important, and is repeated at d 9. b 8. For the second Kat' ep. 665 c 3. o 5. The two examples, drawn (1) from practical physical life, and (2) from the life of the intellect, are only preliminary to the consideration of the importance of clear notions about the distinct spheres of pleasure, correctness, and moral effect in the domain of (3) art. Above (657 e-658 e) we have been told that the cornmon idea that pleasure is the criterion in art is only true of the pleasure felt by certain trained and experienced judges. Again, at 663 c, the question was raised as to the value of different judgements. The present passage-667 b 5-671 a 4 -is a development of the author's views on the subject. It falls into two parts: (1) 667 b 5-669 b 4 deals with the requisites of a competent judge. We here are told that what the true judge learns from experience and from training is, that there are further considerations besides pleasure which must be taken into account; and indeed that it is doubtful whether a case would ever present itself in which pleasure could be severed from these. If these requirements a-re not satisfied, the right-minded judge will feel no pleasure; and thus we are able, after all, to accept the doctrine 318 NOTES TO BOOK IT 6 667 c that pleasure is the criterion in. matters of art, provided that it is felt by the right persons. (2) The second passagge (669 b 5-67 1 a 1) warns us of the special dangers and errors to w\hich these judges of art are liable in their attempt to form a correct public taste. c7. KaLt TO\ E'V KaLt Toi KaXdg: not used here (as EJ is at 669 b 1) specially of the moral effect, but of the general praiseworthiness of the act of learning. Plato only lightly touches tbe subject of 1ka'go-mnt here; all lie has to show is that the pleasure of learning is something distinct from the correctness of the thiing learnt; though lie does not say, or mnean. to imply, that it is independent of it. cE f - 3 r.. poor-ayop ElEtV; "and how about all the imitative arts which produce likenesses? Is not charm a proper name for any pleasure that may attend successful accomplishment of this? " I think Stalibaumi is right in holding that the prominent position of the words Ty (jO r 'Jiv (t`oWV Epyau- is due- to the contrast with the recently mentioned EiXi5OEta:-this time it is not real things we are talking about, but copies of real thinigs. The dative gives the grounds for the epithet EitKao-riKai ---- such as are EtKQ0-rLKai' in virtue of their production of likenesses similar adverbial datives occur at Meno 89 a KaL TOV'Tp T-(5 XOTyc (~p61v'rjo owV i-'Iq 4,E'X qo v, Theaet. 162 e wit~avoXoYi~ E K t'J,EtKjo- X.Eyo/LE'vov, Xoyovm, Gorg. 513C cTi- ai'TWiv;r'OEt XEyo0pLE Vo O-V Xo'ywv.-Schanz rearranges and emends as folws - E Tq TW 0-wvt(SioiV Epyaa-ta,3; beginning a fresh question with (So-at KTX. -cp. Giorg. 509 d Ti &)\ 8 r oy a&SKELV; where Heindorf's note is: "4solet igitur triplex in bac loquendi forma casus adhiberi, nominativus, genetivus, accusativus." To the instances of the nom. following ~-iL 8E' given by him on Gorg. 502 a our present passage may be added. In many of them, as here in A, the variant (Sai' occurs for 8E'.-The old vulgate read i-it Sai'; or -t' (Si; The punctuation I have adopted is Burnet's. d 1. -r\ /LE'v -q(Sov7Jv E'v aLVT-ro iC yiyt'-Ova-a wapEz0`4Evov, "1that pleasure should be produced as a by-product." (All editors but Burnet put the commia before 7rapE~rr'/24Evov.) d 5-7. -Rqjv SE. Vovi, "but the correctness of such productions we may, speaking generally, pronounce to be effected by exact correspondence both in quantity anad quality, rather than by pleasure." e 1. rrapiX Erat is most likely passive. For the chiange of mood Ast cps-. Isoc. De pace. 17 7 e, where uciS..i-i-r is follow ed (in 319 667 e 667 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO the MSS.) by /povi-rtcot-Miiller reads O/poVTLIEt.-[L-98' ai' 7e /3Xci: /-9v, "1and of course, on the other hand, does no harm." e 2. TroE aX~otg refers to the same things as TOV1"T)v at e 4, i.e. (4EXtfL, af-q'OEtcL or SJo0to'Tn. (Stalibaum takes TOV'TWv to refer to flXzi:3il, and to stand for TrCiV /3Xa/pepv.) e3. 4) 8-q... C~raKoXOV0i_: ep. Philebus 52efif. where Socrates explains that it is not the extent, or even the intensity, of a quality which shows it in its truest and best light, but its pureness; there must be no admixture of anything else with it. e 5 f. Cleinias~s remark is merely an echo of the Athenian'~s /Lr/8 aL' -/E /3X6,%qv, "You would exclude, of course, any pleasure that had an admixture of pain." The remark serves to introduce the following statement of the Athenian, that in the case just imagined we should have ratLta' pure and simple-not 7wcat8E;a. At 668 b 1 he expresses a doubt whether this pure and simple 2rt~ta'c is ever to be found. e 10 ff. ap' ov~v. TO^ 5,. pov I&XX; "may we not, in consequence of all this, assert, that a representation or imitation ought on no account to be estimated by the pleasure of it,or by somebody's empty opinion? This applies to any instance of equality; the equal is not equal, nor the symmetrical symmetrical, in any case, because somebody thinks it so, or because a thing takes somebody's fancy.-No, it must be estimated by no other thing in the world than by exactness of correspondence." I have followed Burnet in adopting Stallbauam's punctuation of this paragraph, i.e. in marking Kai U q... 0'Xow, as a parenthesis. 668a 1. Almost every editor has his own way of emending the MS. i)t rt (XatpEL ry). I follow St. and Ast in reading -qEt TL3 ( a dpe t TY). There' is, as St. says, a "vestige" of this reading in the marginal note reported from Cod. Voss., i)' d" t TO~ YE?rov g0-0ov. I conjecture that the course of the corruption was, that some scribe put in-perhaps inadvertently} 1w?5 after 80KEF~-that then -q Et' was inadvertently dropped out. (It is just possible that the original reading was u p., i E' TL.) a 9. rJKtT-T alpa KTA.: Plato has not taken the trouble to reconcile this statement with that at 658 e 6. Verbally one contradicts the other. Really the second statement sets aside the first by going a step further hack in the explanation. At 658 e he allows that the '8ov' of the perfect judge is a criterion; here he says that, because that '8ov' turns out to be dependent on -something else, that other thing is the real. criterion.-We may 320 NOTES TO BOOK II 668 a translate, "then, if a man says that the value of /ovVtLK 7 depends on the pleasure it gives, this account will not do. You must by no means make a merely pleasure-giving /movo-LKv —if such there be -your serious object; you must aim at that kind which is a lifelike representation of what is right and good "-lit. "which preserves its life-likeness to the representation of the right and good." The last few words are very difficult. I take T' Lt/i /arjl-aTt as a genitival dative; it would have been in the gen. but for the fact that TOv KaXov depends on it. [F.H.D. appeals to the phrase or EOLtKE TrOv dtLoXooywv /Lt/rqyarrwv at 669 e 4. "Evidently," he says, "we might say o5/aoor'ra 'TXeL dELoAoy /JiL/U7jAaTtL," and he holds that T- rot KaXOV /t/flcjjLart means much the same as a4oXhoyov /umALFAa, i.e. that no /1Jtprtla is " worth considering," in Plato's opinion, which is not a representation of To Kao'v. My note on the latter passage will show that I think that in neither passage is Plato really talking of the likeness of one representation to another representation, but of the likeness to a thing represented, i.e. of the correctness of the representation. Both opOor-s (b 6) and To Kahov are to be considered. Also the -'jv before o/6. seems to me to be in favour of my view.] Ritter boldly says that A/zuj/Aa both here and at 669 e 4 means the thing imitated. But that would only help us here if we had rT KaIh /A. instead of Tr rOV KaXoO u. He allows us the alternative of taking T) T. K. A. as a " dativus caussae," "which gets its likeness by," or " from its imitation of -r Kao'v." (? Ought we here and at 669 e 4 to give to /JLz/J/JLa the meaning pattern which it seems to bear at Politicus 274 a 2?) b 4. roivToLS: the members of the Dionysiac Choir. b 6. yap, "you will remember." —qv, s 4aj/xev, "was, according to us." The 'v sufficiently shows the reference to be to what was said a little time back, so that (aLev is a historic present. 0 reads Eca/xev, unnecessarily. The reference is to 667 d 5 f. b 7. darore-hE v seems here to be used in the sense of " to reproduce " or "represent "; cp. below 817 b 8. b 10. For 7repC c. ace. in place of a simple gen. cp. below on 685 c 2. c 1. Kat TrovrT ye LoV OVK..; this question does not merely put the previous statement in an interrogative form. The raas of the wras av o/LoXoyoi means "anyone who considers the question," whereas the subject of Ao'iv OVK poAXoyooEv is " all who are concerned in the production of the 7rotrj/ara"; for in a sense the audience is helping to create the illusion. Cp. Arist. Poetics 1447 a 13. VOL.I 321 Y THE LAWS OF PLATO (Badham says the KLat before roV-o is quite out of place, and must be a mistake for Ewel.) c 4-8. The difficulty of this passage, and the difficulty of reconciling it with what follows is due, I think, mainly to the want of a perfect analogy between the natures of the two arts of pLov-LK) and painting. Here we are dealing with the productions of /UovarKl. The terms o7s TOT' Ecrrtv and oicra are not used as "esoteric" terms of 8LaXeKTtLKT, but in the general sense of nature: this is made clear by the following i 7rOT'E /3ovETraL and orov rOT' ECTLV EiKoV OV0TS (cp. also 669 e 3 f.). They refer to the representation, not to the thing represented; i.e. the words mean not "what is the essence of the thing which the poet intends to represent?" but " what is the representation really intended to be a representation of?" On the other hand the paragraph d 7-e 5 deals with rTc Ue[Lueva [a(r-Eara4 and there the &Tr wTOT' C'To-r means the nature of the thing that is copied by the painter-not its " absolute essence" in a dialectic sense, for art represents the outward characteristics (4a&tv'deva, cp. Rep. 596 e) of the individual, not the character of the type. The sphere of opOo'rrs, both in /.AovcK') and ypa4Kc., is the artist's technique. The ordinary spectator has experience enough of the world of feeling, and of the external world to enable him to feel the sensation the artist designs to produce, but he does not know how it is done, and could not correct the mistakes of an unskilful performer. Again, a man may have enough technical knowledge to criticize the artist (or even to produce the work of art), without being able to say whether the moral effect of the 7ro[/za was good or bad. Thus we get the three classes, of (1) o roXws oXXos, (2) the capable art-critic (and the 7roqTrS?), and (3) the capable vopo0Tors, whose respective achievements are here described.-We may translate: "Then it seems that if a man wants to make no mistake about any particular production, he must know what it is. For if he does not know its nature-does not know, that is, what it means to represent, and of what it really is the image, he will hardly discern whether the intention is correctly carried out or not."Badham may be right in reading /AI^u-cros for povXaoreos at c 8. It is difficult to see how T'V OpO6r-ra r TS povX'c(rEws can mean the correct carrying out, or right realization, of the intention (cp. 682a9), and yet that is the meaning we must have here. On the other hand avroi, which stands for rov Trotl/aroTos-the constr. being r7'v opO. K Kact a/. Trs povr-cew —goes better with it than it would with T-s liro-CEos.-Badham meets this 322 NOTES TO BOOK 1I objection by reading av- for ai'T oi; but this again seems too circumstantial.,c 7. 0"VTWS, as Ritter observes (Unters. iib. Pl. p. 59), is one of the words distinctive of Plato's later language; it occurs 50 times in the Laws, and only 9 times in the Republic (21 times in the Sophist, 15 times in the Philebus, 11 in the Politicus and 8 in Tim.). d 1 f. To' 7E E') KalL TO0 KaLKW-1 for -Ei' and KaK (-S in this connexiori ep. Rep. 377 d and e " 0t)KaW,~~rru n '5ra La~ Tt3 KaKWSi, Where P1. is speaking of the moral effect of poetry.The niodern reader can hardly help asking here "1why should not the plain man, who has no technical skill or knowledge, be able (in some cases at least) to pronounce on the moral character of a production Of MUOVOrLK~1 Possibly Plato holds that, the moral judgement being of a higher kind, it can only be satisfactorily performed by a mind which has had practice in the lower kind, i.e. the aesthetic.-Or is it a knowledge of psychology that is necessary?-Or again, is it merely that the recognized connoisseur can speak with more authority? d5. KaTa' -r-q' 5tv b'1jdv, "1which make their appeal to our sense of sight." d 7. EV TOV'TroV9: cp. 645 d 4 and 646 e 2 for neuter pronouns referring to feminine nouns. d 8. T(5V o-WpaTWV: I think Badham. is right in rejecting these words. They make the sentence awkward, and are unnecessary. It is not till the next sentence but one that he takes a human or animal body as an example. [F.H.D. says "No: because sight is concerned with bodies."] d 9. r'r yE 00pOJ3 av'r~iv etpy/au-uvo,EP "what was correct in their execution." d 10. -roik Apt64povi, is, I think, to be taken, as well as T' NaEOtEL, in sense with E'Ka'OTWV TiWV ULEpO)V;T (roy ojaTo is put early in the sentence, instead of afterTW-V CP(5pV, for rhythm's sake. (ileindorf suggested that for 4/cp6/o's~ we ought to read IlAov6so, and Badhanm a'p/.ov3; but neither goes well with 6'crot TI-C E101v. As the p4,; of the a-(5pa are mentioned, we need no further particularization of parts such as a'p/_ot'. The two points are (1) how large ~are the numbers of the different parts? and (2) which ought to come next to which?-Ast, who refers to Xen. Anab. ii. 2. 6 Jptpo/'Ls SE' Trq- 0580o...Ta0jA0oL TpeZ KU' &EVIEIKOVI-a, translates apt~jtok here by measure; Stallb. by die Grossenverhdltnisse, Jowett by "proportions" L. & S. say it stands for " the whole " of 323 668 c 668 d THE LAWS OF PLATO the body.-The reason why JptO/oLs is plural is that the human body has sets of members, the sets being of different " numbers." e 1. The subject of EXEt is easily assumed, from the previous ELpyao-uivOV and the following ^'pyao-rat, to be TO epyar-Levov, i.e. the picture. e 2. With XpWJtara and crX-lara we can easily supply wrpoc — 6yKOVTa from the previous wpoo'rKovzcav. e 8. Ta EaVTOV: i.e. Ta T7poor'KoVTa. 669 a 2-6. dpce ye... EiyL y7V KO(ro V, " Does it follow, without more ado (i3U), that the man who has been equal to this judgement must be able easily to decide this further point-whether the work of art is beautiful, or, if not, where it may be thought to be deficient in 'beauty'?" C1. "Why, in that case, I should say that pretty well all of us" (i.e. all the world) "would (equally) be judges of the beauty" (we should say the points) "of animals." (So Ast.) There are difficulties about this interpretation, but I think it follows the line of least resistance. For r- y7VOVT we should have expected Tv yvovra-but cp. Rep. 353 e dvayKr apa KaK7 fVXy KaKWS d PXEtv Ka E7rfWJLEXEa'OatL; also it is rather surprising to find the Cretan so ready to admit the difficulty of deciding whether an animal was beautiful or not. Perhaps he speaks as a farmer, thinking of the points of stock. (Jowett translates, " Must we not also know whether the work is beautiful, or in any respect deficient in beauty?" C1. " If this were not required, stranger, we should all of us be judges of beauty.' Ritter takes Oleinias's remark to mean that the decision about beauty is one for which any man Is competent.) It follows that, if Cleinias is right, "all the world " would be in the position of T,- ravTLa yVOVTL, i.e. would be competent to pronounce upon the OpOrT-s of the picture of an animal. The analogy, however, from painting (or sculpture) does not serve to explain the processes of the appreciation of Jovc-LK ---which, we are soon to be told, are difficult to follow-it only makes clear what are the three stages of acquirement to which attention is to be drawn. a 8. Badham, for Ka. 7rdvrY, would read ravra-unnecessarily; wravrT generalizes the statement. a 9. Boeckh proposed to read o', T for o' r: either is possible; cp. Prot. 352 e 8aSdOKeLtv 'o EO'V aVTos TO'7TO V TO 7r Oog, Phaedo 65 e 1 Tjs ovrlas, o TVYXaVOL EKKaoTOV oV, and Meno 92 c with E. S. Thompson's note. b 1. 4s JV: not, as Jowett, "that it has been well executed"; 324 NOTES TO BOOK 11 669 b the EV, as at 668 d 2, refers to the higher aesthetic or moral judgement on the performance. b 2.I 'paoJLt` TE Kait fLEXEff Kacu roEi~ 'vOJpoZ,: these words make the paragraph hopelessly illogical. Even if Badham's objection to 7w v-r- be upheld, the q~tr-oi V emphasizes the fact that the question considered is a general one, applying equally to different kinds of artistic production. With this it, is impossible to fit in words specifically describing a production of one kind only. It is -not till the next paragraph that we return to the special consideration of the branch /LOVO-tK'. I have therefore ventured to bracket these words. b 5. IL?') TOU`/UV awE~twe)/,CEV CXE)/VTES KTX. ep. 769 e Ov'K ap WOTE XE7OJV a~XWEt`WOL To' Toto rToV wp'Cv bwi TXO- EXOEEV. "Now we must not fail to point out how it is that /LOVOLKTJ' is such a difficult subject." b 6. EW7Et8T7 Yap VltvEI-rat..EKO'V&V, "1the fact is that, while it is more discussed than other sorts of images, it needs quite the most careful treatment of any." 1-EUSS~t introduces rather attendant circumstances here, than cause. The two reasons why the subject is difficult are given afterwards (~ja'4pTmV TE y/ap KTX.). For Ert " 4at the samie time that " or "although," ep. Rep. 348 c EMEL&U Ka~t' Phaedo 87 a 8, Apol. 2 7 c 10; for WE~ "although " (Ast on 686 b 2 says "11 7rcE4 quanquam, alioqui ") cf. Symp. 187 a, Prot. 353 a, Apol. 19 e ("1 and yet ") and below 794 d 7, 875 c 3.-Stallbaum thinks the Tri' which the Aldine ed. put in before 7WEpt' ainv'Yv indispensable: I think we do better without -it. V/,&VEtTat IS impersonal like XEAEX~Xw at Tim. 89 d (7r-Epi pIE'v Tro KOLVOV NOV TaiTY XEXEXX~w).-For the omission of the WrEpt' before Ta'3 aXUcm Ast cps. 685 b and Soph. 227 b. b 8. afe-ap-rWV TE yap... Movo-ih, "not only is a mistake most injurious " (cp. above 656 b 4) "1by which you are led to entertain bad dispositions, but it is very hard to discover, because our poets are not exactly as gifted as the Muses themselves."Stallb. reminds us of the celebrated passage in the Republic, (401 d) on the far-reaching effects of good and bad Music': KVPt(UTa'T7) E'V JL0G-K-q rpo071,65t ~a'kt-r Karai'E7atE'S~ TO' EVT0O9 T^9~X~ o TIE pVOIL69 Kal ap/Lovta, KaEL Epp(0/JEVEO-TaTaL CTETCLL aVf71q, 4EpovTa T)qV CVU7Xq1//0OOVV"7V, Ka rit Vr~~t'a EaV TtS OP0wS 7rpa/~k, Et'LE iLLy roVvaLv-TOV KTX.-The ironic litotes of the indictment of the poets and musicians of Plato's day strikes the key-note of the bitter invective which follows. c 4. The MSS. have Xpwjpa y1vvatKC0v: I have adopted the 325 669c THE LAWS OF PLATO Aldine correction of Xp(51a to oX^P1ca. It is not likely that, after protesting against the "1slang " term V"Xp(ov ILE'Xog at 6 55 a 7, Plato should here use xpiuti in the sense of " complexion " or "4style" of music; besides, the corresponding instances which follow show that; we want the mention of aoX~iia here. (It is hard to see how, from the fact that, at 668 e, we have Xpwe/ika~d TE Kat GX,?Para in the sense of the colours and outlines of a picture, Stalibaum concludes that we ought to read Xp~tta KcLL o-Xi^ a here.)-For the general sense of these terms of Ilovo-tKI' cp. above on 653 e 5 and 654 e 4. Here (as at 654 e 4) o-X-qIaJ doubtless denotes bodily posture or gesture-possibly the grouping of a chorus. c 7. The {'ro- in t'7ro~edo-at has doubtless the meaning as an accompaniment; the preposition is used in this sense, apparently with all three cases. c 8. CIt 8c' KTX.: a description of what would now be called "cmusica -fireworks,," or "programme music." One is reminded of Dr. Johnson's "1I would it were impossible " of the difficult piece of music. d 2. 43 e'V Tt,~~i~ve when professing to represent some one thing." d 3. Badham thinks 71z-AC'K0VT-Es a mistake for V(Lv~7rX'K0VTC3. d 4. Y4EkW7' aiv... T' pt/og: a rather curious use of 1rapaG-KCvd~'Ciw. I do not think it means "1call forth laughter from the men," but "furnish an object of mockery for all the men whomn etc." Cp. 7DXorTa 7rapct~ov G~org. 474 a, yf'XeWa 8~ TO'V ip eV roL3 Xo'yovg dLre'SEt$ev Theast. 166 a. I Le. I think we ought to supply TOV'TOV3 ss the antecedent to &'rovs, and to take Tn5V avopewwrcv as a partitive gen. dependent on &r01ovv. Lobeck's comment on these words (Aglaoph. ii. p. 948) is, "1Orphei sententia huiusmodi fuisse videtur: 'okffot 'H,8-q te'Tpov t'OVTO, X4'LXOV &i TE r ipteog 'SpYp', i.e. 'quiGcunque ad puhertatis annos et ad eam aetatem, adoleverunt, quae Veneri matura habetur.' Hinc Plato transfert ad judicii mnaturitatem, illudque musicae genus, de quo loquitur, omnibus, qui in his rebus; aliquem sensum habeant veraeque voluptatis capaces sint, taedio fore dicit." We may translate "(are greatly given to such jumbles and confusions) as would furnish matter for the scorn of all whose ' power of delight,' as Orpheus says, ' is in its happy prime.' "-(II. Richards would read 0&rotL3 for &rovi.) As Hamlet told the players, "1this overdone... th ough it make the unskilful. laugh, cannot but make the judicious grieve." 326 NOTItS TO BOOK II d 6. The subject of 0'pW'r- is, as Stalib. says, "non poetae, sed homines maturioris judicii"; the same people are the subj. of. rytJOO-Ketv at e 3, and (perhaps) {ui-oka/3EWC at e 5. (Badham does away with the need of supposing this change of subject by inserting ToZ.; before i-dy 'VOPoW57W, removing the full stop after,rep~btoq and substituting 0' for TE-/ ap -taking opwot as a participle. He also reads Et" Tt for E"Tt- (E'*Tt A). By itself this last change obviates one of the changes of subject, and Schanz adopts it. But what follows seems too large and emphatic a statement to be introduced in a subordinate EL ITt clause. d 7. ObXol&S: not Prose, without metre as Ast and L. & S. here, and Menex. 239 c (Xkoyw bX) but, as Stalibaumi, without music (or tune).-It is difficult to be sure of the meaning of U-X 'para here. It seems safest to understand it, as before, of the bodily postures of the reciter. (Ritter thinks this sense inadmissible here, and suggests (p. 33) for it die Form des Ausdrucks, and assigns the same meaning to a-X i'iuar at 655 a 1. I think SR. is wrong in holding, as his chief ground for this decision, that, in all these cases, we are bound to suppose that the elementwhether words, or tune, or i-hythmic motion or posture-which Plato mentions first, must be thought of as "gefunden und festgestelt " before the other elements are provided. When Plato speaks of one set of elements as accompanying another set, he does not necessarily imply that the two sets were composed in the order in which they are nientioned.) el1. With tzf'Xo,3 we are intended to supply some such verb as 7r0Lov0-tv-or perhaps 7r~otoV1VrE3. -All through this passage ~pV0o'3 seems to apply to rhythmic bodily motion, not to any metrical arrangement of the words, though in the last instance there is room for doubt. On the whole it is most likely that iA ~f KtOcaptaOEt T- Kai av'X'o-,E does not mean that the performance is confined to musical instruments alone, but that the tune (juaXog -played on the instruments) which accompanies the bodily gestures *AOiko') has no words sung to it. e 2. 7rpoo-Xpjo-Oat, as generally used by Plato, differs no more from Xp ^aOat than "to call in the aid of " differs from the simple "1to use" in English, but here wpoo-. seems to mean "1as an accomnpaniment" (to the AlvOpwk). e 4. 07) EOLKE Ti-b)V JLC$oXO'yOV,J/AILLTJJ (V: Ast, who mentions that at Xen. Mem. iii. 10. 5 /,~u'juara is a MS. variant for the undoubtedly correct pAtLVgp-J, boldly assumes the converse mistake here, and reads 1AJq'rd0v; Ritter as we saw above, on 6 68 b 2, h olds 327 669 d THE LAWS OF PLATO that 1JUq1wa can be used in the sense of /upn-Tv; Stailbaumn thinks that Plato allowed himself to say p~tp5,uara when he meant ~L/'~.The most satisfactory account of the passage seems to me a variety of Stallbaum's view, i e. that Plato allowed himself to put rO'w -z-cv a'. utp as a brachylogy for Jrpy TWY E'v Tot' J~o~ -yOLs JLL/fl jJAao-t 1LLE/~LfLf//jevwv (" to which individual among those to be found in worthy representations "). We get a hint of what is in his mind from his specification of the contemptible-i.e. not aeto6Xoya-attempts to represent e.g. the cries of animals. As against Ast and Ritter, it is the attempt to represent, rather than the thing to be represented, that is characterized here; besides, Ritter by no means establishes for tL' /A the sense he deside-rates. (For another alternative see above on 668 b 2 T W, Tov KaXoV,ptp) At 796 b wTpou-iKOVra is used much in the sense of d~to'Xoy/a here -OOca EV TOtg XopoL3 ErTtLv av' 1L1LqnLaTa wrpoor'KoI'Ta Ai/LcfEWGt. e 5. aXXa' v'froXa/3d~v dva~yKaitov, "no: (these men of taste) cannot fail to come to the opinion... "-w7oXX-q- d-ypotKMa3 IDEGrTOV, " is the height of barbarism." e 6. wraV T'0 TotoVTOV O'r0'rov TaXovg..~t`,ov: I cannot help suspecting that crf6O'pa J~tXov was originally a commentator's explanation of some out-of-the-way word, such as o'pEKTtKov, which governed the genitives-ot~Xov being -used in the poetic and late use of fond of. Ast boldly gives Ot[Aov that sense in the text. If the text is sound, and if we reject Ast's interpretation, the most likely initerpretation of Ta'Xlovg and the other genitives is that they depend on rav &&o'rov, being of the nature of the gen. in. Tr ap/Aovtag Kat pvO~oijo 670 e 6, and the common Tr' Tl~ V-,1T Tr1 TrCXV-qlg; "everything in the way of speed, etc." Less likely is it that the genitives go closely with 01',Xov to denote the source of the liking, cp. Oav/jaG-T p-ao''-ToV at 648 e, and the gen. with a&yap~aL Oavpua'w, C-XU; or that it is a gen. of defiiin a npaiptov -rvpa~vvov Xpc7/Jca (Rep. 567 e). We may translate, "all that sort of display (is the height of barbarism) which consists in speed, perfect execution, and the power to reproduce the cries of animals, which is (so much) the rage that.. - 1 e 7. A further looseness of structure in the sentence is that (OrTE goes on as if ol')i-o, had preceded it, and a subject has to be provided for Xp~crOat, i.e. the people whose bad taste has just been described. 670 a 1. irX-q)v &r0ov V'r' "1except where it is accompanied by" i.e. "without being accompanied by." 7X'~v oovaasrtf compound preposition occurs again at 856 d 3, where it governs a 328 NOTES TO BOOK II gen.-,ItX6 E'KaTE'pWp: this dat. is doubtless governed by Xp1JffEWI% and the gen. XpWPE'cw means literally " (apovo-ta) is involved in the employment (of)." The construction is made to seem more natural by the fact that Xp'jaOat with a dative has come just before. (Cp. 631 d, 640 b, and 657 c.)-The (3'after,biX-we expect ya'p-and the abrupt change in construction which it involves, are strange. We may translate, "1whereas the eruploynxent of either (flute or harp) by itself involves a mere tasteless catch-penny virtuosity."A comparison of this passage with Rep. 531 a, Laws 6,55 a 7 and 812 d e would seem to show that the thought of a certain school of musicians was enough to make Plato go near to lose his temper. a 3. T ia Tlxi PEVEXEL TavT-) X'yov, "so much for the philosophy of that."-What follows is as good as saying, "perhaps we have spent too much time on the wrong m usic " 7 E is "after all."-By the mention of the quinqwagenarians separately from the younger men of the mature class, Plato seems to hint that the Dionysiac Choir is riot homogeneous: the older men may have different duties and different -needs from those of the youinger. a 6-b 2. T~(38E. 7.. poo- Ky, "well, from what has go-ne before we may logically deduce this much:that all the quinquagenariains who are expected to sing must have had a trainiing superior to that of the members of an ordinary chorus."-As at 829 d 7 /u(3 E 7va roX/,Xa^v dSt J'0Kt/LV /,aoVu-av, I think ttoi')o-71 here ought notas it does in all texts but Ast's-to begin with a capital letter.The literal meaning is, " to have been tught something better than the choric music." b o1.o&raarwp ai a(Eh wo~c it is not clear whether we are to understand froni these words that only a select lband from among men between fifty and sixty are actually to sing, or whether by a'SEtV we are to understand generally " to take their part in the Music of the State." What follows seenis to point to the latter explanation, though the previous reference to the effect of wine Onl the old (666 b) favours the former. b 4. p' 7rpOO —'qK1EV... OP~o tk': these words seem to be a loosely expressed explanation of what is meant by yvjivat Tq' v 0pO0'r~qra 7row /-tE.Uv, and look suspiciously like a commentator's work. I cannot accept Stallbaum's explanation of 7 wp. I' pal' wrp. TOV &topwr4, "qui curaverit vel etiam non curaverit harmoniam Doricam, h.e. quei harum 'rerurn fere incuriosus et ignarus fuerit." The, writer meant,, "1(and be able to say) what tune the Doric scale suited or did not suit." That settles the question of correctness of 329 670 a 67o b 670 bTHE LAWS OF PLATO appuovi'a. The following words, which deal with the question of Av64uo', are still more loosely expressed. roVi PvOoi3, like To^3 &opwa-ri, goes with 7wpoo-^KfV-y W;pOO-'qK1Ev being supplied in thought; and O'P66ig i fz is "short" for 7 O'TEPOV 0'p03i zrpoo —~4Ev II f~ (Heindorf, commenting on the omission of ri0Trpov before TaiVr~v -q ET-Epov at 6Gorg. 488 d, says "in Platone exempla ubivis sunt obvia."-Ritter's "whether rightly or -not" wants El&re 3pO~os E LTrE /k-q.) I have bracketed these words mainly because of their slovenly style, which is matched by the logic shown in the specification of a single "1mode " in a general statement (see also on c 2 below). A comparison of e 1 and 812 c 1 if. suggests that under the term pO'OOT-q here Plato includes not only formal, musical correctness, but also the Ei' of 669 b 1, i.e. the moral effect of the music as well. blO0. Badham's correction of the MS. ai'Triv to av'Xp seems to me a certain one; aivi-tiv is quite out of place. O' woki'5 &'Xkos 'ocrot is a variety of the ordinary 7raVI-eg 06'oto, and both O'Coto and its antecedent refer to the same people, whereas &r0ot cvlTw~v would modify 03 7wokVi 'Xkog by the addition of "1such of them, that is, who." On the other band irpoo-2et~v av'Xj accords admirably with /3cua'ev E'v P'v6,a).-,ycyovau-t 8&'qVdK(ryA(oEVo, t "have been drilledl." Heindorf quotes this passage, along with Soph. Ajax 588 and Phil. 773, as illustrating Sophist 217 c lj- -rotvvv a.crapvqyfes -y~v-, (Lobeck, on. AJ. 588 quotes Pollux 104 ciStov T'r llXC`LWVog /J a~fapV7jO1E\t y7v4) Ce1. O'Tt... crvXko-yt'ovrat, "1though they do not realize that they are doing this without knowing a single thing about it." e 2. Tr" SC' rov.. apr-q/Avw5, " yet the fact remains that every musical composition is correct if it has the right elements, and faulty if it has the wrong ones." These words gather up the ideas of the Athenian's long speech (669 b 5-670 b 6), by way of specification of what is meant by 'rq~v o'pO0"mjgra i-mv /peXWv (b 4). (They would have been quite superfluous if ' 7Tpo0-q^KCV...P&I,q had been part of the original argum ent.) Ritter (p. 77) is surely wrong in holding that d'pOw7s C'yeu and 7rpOO —KOvI-a here, and the cE'- in Ev'aptuoar-ov and 4pvO/iov are used -not of technical but of moral correctness, and that the paragraph introduces the third of the considerations defined in 669 a 7-h 2. c 5. -t' o0v KcX.: these words continue the idea of the "EOV in c 2, "what,7 further, about the man who does not even know what the piece contains? " i.e. who does not know one U&p~ovw'c from another, or does not know the difference between a noble and 330 NOTES TO BOOK II a servile pv0/,o'.- I follow Schanz and Burnet in accepting Bekker's Onrep for the MS. O'Tt Irp. c6. 4v orToVv: the only meaning I can suggest for these words is "in any respect," i.e. in any of the points specified in 669 c 3-8. (The general sense " in the case of anything whatever" does not agree with T&L 7-roT' EXEL, for we must, in 'that case, suppose that '~XEL has not the same subject as the 'XEL in the next line.) c8. All modern editors accept Boeckh's av ra vrvv for the MS. aura vvv. The av refers to the previous traversing of the same ground in 668 b 4-d 2. c 9. jL' v: a genitival dative, like the v/LWv in 624 a 1. —rva TpoIrov qualifies and apologises for the "bull": the process is described in 666 b. (This is better than taking it with ML8etv as implying that it was not real singing that was expected from them.) d ff. The three stages of requirement to be reached by the Dionysiac Choir are not so distinctly enumerated as we should expect, and the connecting particles are not quite logically used. In form it looks as if the ie'XpY/ 7e roo-oTrov and /tXpt ro{ &vvaQrov evaL referred only to the first stage, and at the same time the second stage is rather mixed up with the first by the 'va clause in which it (the second) is introduced, and the third stage again is tacked on to the second merely by a Kat. But the repetition of p\Xpt roorovrov at e 2 shows us that the first IEXP roo-v'ov really referred to all three stages. This is a mark of hasty writing, and the clearness of the general meaning may perhaps authorize a little manipulation of the connecting links in translation; e.g. we might translate Iva "that further" (they may be able etc.). I do not think, that is, that Plato means, what he appears to say, that the power of right selection will follow as the result of the power to take an intelligent part in a chorus. In the writer's mind the iva goes back to the keaxpL TOo-OVTOV wreraL8E6Ova8u. (Another possibility is that 'va marks the preceding stage as necessary before they can KaOopav.) d 3. pdareLs occurs in connexion with pvOleol also at Rep. 399 e; here it seems to mean not merely footsteps, but any marked division of bodily gesture by which time could be kept with the music. d 4. KaOopWYr T KTX., " that (further), having their eyes open to the nature of scales or tunes and rhythmic motion, they may both be able to select what befits men of their age and standing, 331 670 c 670 d THE LAWS OF PLATO and may sing them as they should be sung." KaLOpW^VTEq% like KacrtL'V at 632 c 4, and 652 a 2, is used of a survey which results in knowledge. d5. TIJX. KCa' TOt.:' cp. 686 b op 0 'K C~0 ~~ro1EA 1 X ~ TOy KOCC -oTOovi-ov a-vo-rqIya 71-rt 71r0re 1-v? SLEJGE~pe;-The words refer only to the choosers themselves (not "1for men of any particular age and kind "), but it is thereby implied that the choosers will be able to choose for others as well as for themselves. d 6. OVTWS j ie. 71-pcrroVTo)S. d 7. Jo-Lveg: this word, followed as it is by -q'Ov V pqrW acrwao-,uoi, refers to the danger against which we are cautioned at 656 a 7 and 669 b 8, that bad music may produce bad morals. e 1. -q7yE/Ju6vEg yiyVYvTat: it is not clear from this passage whether the influence of the older men on the taste of the younger is that of example, or is by way of precept. A comparison of 666 c inclines us to the latter view; the To" rpa.~pqa too seems to suggest that the actual singing has more effect on the singers themselves, and that the effect on the young is subsequent, i.e. that the older men's theoretical and practical skill enables them to give good teaching to others.-awiao-juk occurs again at.919 e, where it is used as the opposite of JL'cros. e 3. Tr's C't TiN wXiqOoi (~Epov'cr17s: O'EpEV With d.1,, w4E'r" or rp&3 is used like the French porter, and our "1to bear upon " (a subject), for " to be concerned with," "1to apply'to"; p. Rep. 5 38 c aXXa W rpog Tovg a7r-ropL V bV X y w a~ l /~E 7 E ~ ); (The transitive use of q C'EICV brt in this sense is common in Plato; e.g. Rep. 478 b).-Alv eEcv pLeTaKEXeLpLOLLEVOt, "would have become masters of"; cp. Polit. 268 b5 rl~v r-q aVTro 7OLIV717 aptUTf.L tLE1-aXEtptL6OILEvog [LOVOLtKn'V. e 4. T-3 wEP't rO-'V 7wo-qpag aVTO-oI3: equivalent to Ti3 1-oV 7rot-qT6P aV'T-^v; it is not necessary to supply 4,Epov'u-173-or even (As first written in A, T'r mX~Oo3 had no preposition before it: E'7rt was afterwards put in above the line. According to Schauz and Burnet, Badham. substituted 7rEPC' for this bri and Schanz does so in his text. Badham's -note (Conv. Epist. p..10) is ambiguous; I think he means to substitute Ebz-t for the -7rEp't in e 4.) These remarks of the Ath. are significant of Plato's views on poetry, and the poetic inspiration. At Re~p. 4 01 b if. he says supervision must be exercised over poets by the state (,wE`ri-TaT-'qEOV Kat wrpoo-avayKaG-TrEov), as also over the 8sy~uovpy/ot' to secure that they should produce only what is right and good (T-1V Tov ayaOoi^ IELK6'Ya 332 NOTES TO BOOK II Vqov!; EfLrotct'v -ros 7ro'tzaao-tv). His views on the poets and /LOVO-rKOt Of his time would seem to have hardened since writing the passage in the Republic, for there he contemplated the possibility that the-re should be 8-qtovpyot' (and, by implication, wro vy7-ad -cp. 402 d) 8VVa'jiEVOt tLXVEV'EtV T'7V T0t) KaXoV TE KatM EV'O Xq)IJOVO~; #6 ivav: here he talks as if the wo0T~ja[ at all events are not likely to have that power. e 7. K~a't SEVT'poV, "1as well as of the thing, mentioned in the second place" i.e. as well as the power to choose the right A'vO[L03 and a4p/jova. 671Ial1 f. We may perhaps translate, "or with allbhis chanting he will never enchant the, young to love virtue." It is not necessary to suppose that he has the word xopo'v in mind when. he writes Wacv 5V 7rwS'v (after ToZ3 8c' two'lines above). As Heindorf says on Gorg. 478 c, "satis frequens (est) huiuismodi a pluirali ad singuilarem transitus."-KaLt orfrEp.. 71VE0VV "well, when it began, the argument aimed at showing that our advocacy of the Dionysiac Choir was -not mistaken, and it has done its best. We must now inquire whether it has succeeded."-As at 664 e 3 (KaT 3 ' tp~a6 Tw-v,X0ywv), E'v cip~aZg here means at the beginning of the account of the Chorus of Dionysus. At a 7, however (&'rcp VW7eOE/UE~a KLT' apox'a av. EtVaL ytyv.), KaT' ap~6a refers to the beginning of the first /,t q discussion (640 c l).-It is better, with Stallbaum, to take KaXJJf ) XEyo/iEVY-7V as predicative with E'wr$cua, not as attributive to /30r/OEtcaV (so Ast and Jowett "bring eloquent aid ).What follows is in no sense a vindication of the eloquence of the, Xo'yo3. It is a justification of the support it gave to the Dionysiac Choir. -The dat. Xo(~ governed by /3o'5OEtav, is of the same kind as those noticed on 6 70 a 2. (See Appendix to Bk. II.) a 5. 65 aov'Xoyog 61 rotov-rog: not specially the assembly spoken of at 666 b 2 (of those over thirty), hut any symposium, whatever the age of its members might be. a 6. E'l pIX~ov: cp. lldt. iv. 181 brit 8E /AaiXXOV t'OV E'3 Tr0 0OEp/Lo'... In this phrase /AaXov seems (ungrammnatically) to have taken the place of wXE'ov (cp. Gory. 453 a), which is both adv. and adj. In A there is an erasure mark of three letters after 7oo-eon)3; perhaps the scribe wrote E`'rt by mistake, and crossed it out. Eusebius has E"Tt; he also has Jel for the nonsensical vulgate,EL afer 1u7XUov. -A has Et' with an erasure mark and a "star" before it. b 1. All recent editors, except Stallb. and the Zuirich edd., follow Eu~ebius here in reading XEyou~vwv instead of the MS. 333 670 e 67i b 671 bTHE LAWS OF PLATO Yt-yvoJLVev. -Badham says 7rEpt' is not Greek hiero,; that it ought to be t 'wrL. b 3. Cp. 645 d6 ff. b 4. Op. 649 a 4, and for ~rappilcri'a 649 b 3. b 5. The question of the claim to be a'IpXev did not comie up before, but it is pertinent to the present subject. b 8. E&Ja/_LV: atf666 b 7 ff. b 10. pUaX~aK~dEnPag: Eusebius has,Lua~cKWT-EpaL here, as the MSS. had at 666 b. It is natural that the expression should slightly vary in the repetition. o 1. Heindorf, on Gorg. 479 c (ap' oi~v cFvuf43tcdt /EAtOyITOV KaK~~v a&Kta;) quotes this passage as an instance where Et'at "'subaudiri potest" with o-Vf1f~aLVEtV, this Jtvcu being expressed at Parm. 134 h I; the participle is' also admissible with o-vmt/at'vEtv, and 0'v is to be "understood, as H. says, at Euthyqdem. 281 e. c2. Tov'Tov 8 fbINX KTrX it was not said at 6 66 b that the lawgiver was to be the 7rXao-'Tr,. Indeed the nearest approach to the mention of any 7a0TqRwas the statement that the #vX?^J M6og of the mature man would grow el'7rXa0-T0'Cp0V under the influence of wine. But the process of moulding implies the moulder. The analogy between the symposium of the young, as described at the end of Bk. I., and the Chorus of Dionysus, is to be seen in the fact that the aya063 vo1k0*Tto&&, through the agency of the sexagenarians, is to stand to the third chorus in the same relation as the ruler of the feast stood to the symposium of the young. c 3. wkArerp t-r5'r, coming after 0'5r' 4o-aa ve'at, evidently means "~as in their youth." (Ast suggested 0&1rirp; the old vulgate was ov7rep.) In Bk. I. the vo/-~oOE'r-q is appealed to, and referred to as arranging the education of the you-ng-e.g. at 647 a, 648 a, 649 a.-~oz v~,/ttoV1 4vat 8&Et (TP-LVrOTLKOV5, "and from him must come laws to regulate symposia." c 4. U3vape'voV9. 0 6GXsEv 7rotetvY: see above on 663 e I.-ro'v is predicative with 1EisX)0rv and the other adjectives; cp. 730 d 6 01 fzyas Jvq'p, and 732 a 2 Tr'V y.E,tE'yav &lvepct ekr4'vov. c6. KCL 1 M6kov'rc... rope'vetv, "1and will not consent to observe order, or be content with what is his proper share of silence, speech, drink, and song."-.There is a slight zeugma in the use of V'7roLE'VftV. c 8. etO-tovTt and EW-7-E11L=EEv: apparently terms of the athletic arena; 8tayaX0'asV0V (which governs the dat. Tm^ x11 KaX9) Gappst) is quite in harmony, " able to bring a champion to hold his own 334 NOTES TO BOOK II against." Cp. Soph. El. 700 etirXOE 7roXXAiv apiarTlAaraTv BIeTa. d 1. TOv KaXC(rTov (f4pOV: for the two sorts of fear cp. above 647 a 4 ff.-Eusebius has evidently preserved the right reading in TOv KdaXXaTrov; all the existing MSS. have rTv HeL KaW-Trov. Orelli thought the /.) was a mistake for 8~1; probably it was merely due to the /i before KaXp just before. —o'ovs T' evaLI: an anacoluthon; the sentence depending on 8vvalEvovs was felt to be getting too long, so it goes on as if c'alev rovs v6ofovs 8vvactrOa had gone before. d2. /LETa I8K'S: cp. 647 c 7.. I think it has the same meaning here, "under the inspiration of" or "with the help of a right judgement"; we may perhaps translate, "in the cause of right." (Ast and Stallb. translate it merely " ita ut decet, s. oportet.") — O0ov SP6/3ov: if these words are sound (Stallb., Bdh. and Schanz would reject them)-and they do not look like a "glossema," as Stallb. calls them-we may translate them, "(which champion), heaven-taught fear that it is, (we have called ati8o and airrxrvvq)." d 7. o-rpa-rr)yov': at 640 (ab c) the ro'vLrorlapXoL were compared to (-rparqyot, here they are so called. —iv Xwpts: for Xojp[l after its case cp. 947 b Op'vwv 8e KCaL o0vpfuv Xwpis y7[yveo'OaL. d 8. evaL, which goes with 8ELVOTepoV, seems to have been put in this place with a view to the rhythm and balance of the sentence. (Ast would replace it by 7roXEtLE'V, Orelli by oblore evat; Schanz would reject it.) e 1. roS V7Trp X$KOVTa T]77 yeyovdo'tv: this information is slipped in in a curiously unemphatic way. As to the rv-'roo'ra held to train or test the characters of the young-the op00s 7rat8ay(oyr)OEvTa crvp7roo-ta of 641 b 1-we are not directly told, though it is implied, that the orvuroortapXoL are to come from the mature class. So here the o-vJLro'-a of the mature class are naturally presided over by men of an older age than they. e 5. Perhaps we may conclude that it is the regulation of the /uOqr (rowavrT7q aiv utrO) which is to bring the advantage (h/E~7r0evres): while it is the fun and enjoyment (7raLta), that is to preserve the sweetness of temper which will ensure that the crv/pro-rat part greater friends than before. 672a 1. 8~ MSS.: this clause comes in awkwardly by way of contrast to a clause which is itself a contrast to the one 1 efore it, but Ast's change of 8E to Te does not mend matters. o-vyyevoflevOL Kal dKoaoQvOj'(ravre3 KTr. is just as awkward an addition if coupled by Tr to tLdeA'q0VTre and ilXot. These last two words describe 335 671 c 672 a 672 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO thie result Of Tota&71- u'-q with Toto^-o o-7w-r Ta, hut the former are really an explanation of what is meant by TMoVoiTOL. It is because the o-vfk-r0'Tat are law-abiding and docile that the good results follow. I have therefore ventured to change 8E' to 8', and have put the comma after OTVYYEV6FLEvot instead of after aLKO.koVG'q'aLVTE3. The clause might then be translated, "1the, reason being that they had played their part in the meeting throughout in accordance with rules, and had obeyed whenever those who were, sober issued commands to those who were not."'Ast's further emendations of 0w7ro'E to 571 70r, and cJfryo^v(for which L and 0 have aJ4tKotvro) to i'4/vqyot~vro, as "1Platonic," seem to me probable, particularly the latter~. Perhaps, however, a v/uyoi4at was preferred here, as heing the military term, to keep up the metaphor of o,_pa~i-~yot' at 671 d 7.-o-vvovo-t'aV o-VYYL'YVEo-Oat is a variety of cr-vvovoltav orvvEZ`Vat,1 to which oTvv0'8ovg o-vvtevac. at Symp. 1 97 d 2 is a close parallel. a 4. Cleinias recurs to the doubt which Megillus and he hinted at 639 c and e.-For A's etkr 0 and A2 have C"i (the latter supra versum); from this mere misreading arose the vulgate drj g bir a 5-b 1. U-q T-o`VVV... XEXO&, "1we can now see that it was a mistake, in dealing with the gift of Dionysus, to condemn it absolutely as a bad thing, which -no state would tolerate. Indeed there is more, still that might be said on the subject, but I Should hesitate to mention in public the very greatest boon which he confers, because most men,5 when it is mentioned, misjudge, and misconceive it." IEWEd in a 8, whether explained by supposing the ellipse of a preceding "1but it is no good," or whether we give it the meaning "though" claimed above for WE37r~t at 669 h 6, has in effect here an adversative force, and may be represented by "h ut." What follows is mainly an instance of the wrong-headedness of the multitude, though it leads up to a defence of the gift of Dionys-us-EKEZVo and ETIC refer to 638 ed and e; a4wXW" corresponds to the EMV43 fr-q6Ev of 638 c 3 and the EVO0V', of d 2. b 3. By calling the story a k6'/A- he 'Implies that it had in men's minds the sanction of religion. -V'7oppe' 7wos, "1is current in some quarters." b4. SLEIop'06y... S8E&' -prjat, "1was deprived of the use of his wits. That is why he inflicts on us Bacchic possession with all its frenzy and dancing-he wants to take vengeance on somebody; and is is from a desire for vengeance that he has given us wine -to produce -thie madness." Then, with a "heaven help 336 NOTES TO BOOK II67b 672 b their profanity! " he explains that this very tendency to frenzied motion which is stimulated in later life by wine is the naturally implanted human instinct out of which springs the highest of all arts, ~uovo-w '. —Where is the "1senselessness " and the "1silly exaggeration" which Bruns (Plato's Gesetze, p. 50) finds here, with Zeller's help?-I do not even see the " Mangel an Klarheit des Ausdrucks " which Ritter feels bound to admit.-Euripides, in the prelude to the Cyclops, makes Silenus, addressing Dionysus, speak ofth tm WVK fpjuavqj V'Hpa COo Xov.-Elsewhere Plato speaks of the 'Oog ~/vX -j3 (Rep. 400 d), the 0`03 k i,tvX (Rep. 519 b), and the 051/jL ifX vx (Rep. 5 33 d), though not of the yv64rjn ifvXyq(or the voi^, OvX~s;); Ast cps. the Lucretian. mens animi (iv. 758). b 5. TJc3 rE f3aKXft'a1 Ka't 7ra~ov T /LvaVtKV/V Xope'av: cp. Symp. 218 b ia"VT-ES ya~p KEKotVWV'qKaTe T-q73 4nodoro'4ov /Lavt'a1 TE Kt/3aKXE'ag. (L, 0, and A2 have ',/3dj8XXEtv; if this were to be adopted, we ought to have SE&tp'o-Oat in the next line.) b 6. 3'OEv is best taken as referring to TUPoijsEV03, not to the original 8tE~6op'Oy i-'v yv ' -qv; Dionysus was supposed to have compassed the maddening of men by wine out of revenge-others should be mad, as well as he. b 8. T" SE' TorOVW O8a; cp. 644 e 1 T-'81E 8& t'o-pev, where also he is dismissing fancy in favour of fact. In both cases the fancy and the real picture have some traits in common. Here there is a distant analogy between the state of the infant whose yvw/4t-q has not yet developed, and that of the Clod, who has lost it; in both cases too there is a possession which leads to gesticulations and cries. o 4. 7wav pat've-at, "1is quite mad "; 7w-av is inot, as Stallb. says, a mere repetition of that at c 1 (7w^V ~(,ov).-6'Tav JKatvcL~oci 'av-r aV TaXturra, "as soon as ever he gets on his legs." o 6. y/v/jvaa-,rLK_1-not, SO far, mentioned by name, in spite of the E4ba/tEv-is here used probably in the limited sense of the part of Xopdta which consists of bodily movement-at all ev nts it refers mainly to the bodily training which this demands. d 1. op. 654 a 7 and 665 a 6.-The use of 4_V8E&OKE'vat, " yield," suggests the view that the instinctive motion is the soil, so to speak, in which the sense grows, which is to reduce b-ca$~a to d 2. The MS. OEJYv, which with difficulty could be made to mean "1from amiong gods," is very awkward, and I have followed good Dr. Hagenbntte (Cornarin-) in substituting Trov'1wv for it. This may be taken to refer in particular to /'v6,Ii&~ and a'ppovi'a, VOL~. i 337 z 672 d THE LAWS OF PLATO or (better) generally to the course of events, or process, just described. Ritter, reminding us that at 653cd we were told that the gods had appointed the Muses and Apollo and Dionysus to share men's feasts, proposes to read v7roB Oev-F.H.D. would read JLET1a O0eV —but the sentence wants rovroWv. d 5. KaC ria Ka... lx xos, "so it comes to this, it seems: while the other people's story has it that wine has been given out of spite towards mankind, to make us mad, the account we have now given represents it as a specific given in quite the opposite spirit-as a means whereby our souls may win modesty, and our bodies health and vigour." -- An excellent summary of our discourse," says Cleinias. e 5 ff. 5'X p/ev... (vejs KtVro-LS: Ath. " We said above," (654 a 9) " did we not, that Xopela as a whole was nothing more nor less than 7rai3evo^s, and further, that one half of Xopeda, that which concerns the voice, was a matter of pvO6uoi and ap/joviat?" C1. "Yes." Ath. "And we found that pvO/6s was not confined to the movement of the voice (up and down) but was shared by the movement of the body, though o-xria (gesture and posture) belonged to bodily action alone; while in the other part the movement of the voice is tune."-In other words, there is a clear analogy between the two halves of the subject, inasmuch as more than one of the same terms have to be applied to both. 673a3 f. I have unhesitatingly followed Burnet in adopting Ritter's emendation of the MS. 7rpos apeT7s vratelav into 7rpbs aper71v ratECtiaS: in that case r^s of course belongs to 7raSeltas. Not only, as Ritter says, do we thereby get a real antithesis to the following fieXpt Tq- rov ro(/zaTros apeT', but 643 e rrjv 7rpbs apET7v (K 7ra&orV 7TatSelav furnishes us with a confirmatory parallel. a 4. OVK 08' o'vrtva Tpo7rov is a kind of apologetic qualification of the term applied-as we might say, "for want of a better term "; lit. we used the term "in a sense." a 7. a L 7rat vrwpXrv o Epx 'Iv roLev, " which we termed sportive dancing." a 9. 'VT~EXVOV ay.oy.v dt: here we have the Greek for "technical education."-E7r rt 'rovovrov avrov, "towards such a condition of it" (i.e. of theTbody). a 10. Schanz follows Bekker, Ast, and the Zurich editors in adopting from some inferior MSS. Wrpo-re^lro/ev. Except at 672 c the word yvpivaO-rTT has not been used in this connexion. The 338 NOTES TO BOOK II 673 a subjunctive means "1 I propose to call," and may well be right here. b 2. K(X'c 3VlV ' o)T-ro Idp —Ow~ is equivalent to "1and this I would now repeat." b 7. 7ro'TEpoV -qlnwv, "1either the one or the other of us" cp. VtK'qO-aVTOJ 8' 71-oTE'pwv at 628 b 7. d 1 if. The same metaphor of parentage runs through the account of both origins. The animial instinct of movement, impregnated by the human sense of measure, conceives and gives birth to o~pypatg as their offspring. Again, when song awakens the sense of rhythm, their union produces "all the delights of XOPEta (Xop~'aV Ka't 7ratitav is a bendiadys.-A 2 has 7waeStav, which squares with 672 e5, but-pace Ritter-is out of place here); KOLVOOE'VTr then agrees with ptuXo, and A'v0/jao',. (Ast, followed by Schanz, alters the text to TO' 8' pEXo3. oD AvOUoD on the ground that Plato iuust have meant, after saying that the sense of jPv6/ptSk had produced I q-g to say that the same AvOp,o'k (" saltationis lex ") had produced song, or tune, and then that the two together had produced XopEa. But this is dictating to Plato's fancy. Hle does not choose to describe the birth of /_EX3 and if he had wished to do so, he would hardly have used the words VW7oIttLLvi7" EWad -' /E Evwords which imply that their object had been born already.) e 3. W' olkrjlo-fl30wov~r13 'K is if it were a matter of public interest" the words are opposed to JY -rat8d at e 8. e 5. I have followed Burnet and Schanz in adopting Eusebius's redn eXrjfor the MS. ttEXET' JLEkE' XPo/1JV- isa periphrasis for /1EXET6o-a, and correslpouds to It7Xavu)ILtE'v- in e, 7. The simple Xpwit~v- subordinated to Xp'o(rEat would he very bald.-Kat' 7rv a`X~wv Vjov~ov tw) J4~E'ETac Wuo-aV'TWOJ: this is an important and significant addition. It reveals the author's view that for the purpose of his treatise it is enough to take one instance as an illustration of a principle. This he develops in detail, and is content to omit the others, with the indication that their treatment would be analogous. Here e.g. he goes on to say that the same line of treatment will show that a state ought to employ the same treatment to all the other tempting pleasures (see above on 632 e and 672 e). 674 a 1. Ti' ' rt)j8Evpxi'rwv 'vrivwvo~v- a`Xkewv, "and add to this any other indulgences" (Jowett). This must he the meaning of these words, though they can hardly make ggood their position in strict logic. The fact that a state allows proceedings which 339 A THE LAWS OF PLATO encourage other kinds of vice is no reason why 14- should be banished; the full statement, of which this sort of parenthesis is a hint, would be:"and if any other practices are treated in the same loose way, I should equally vote against them." a 3. E'TL pJ^,kov T-i3 Kp. KaLL AaK. XpEtag, "1going even beyond the Cretan and Lacedemonian usage." a 4. With wrpoa-Odt'JJqv Ast and Stallb. understand -r'v,,tOov from above, and all interpreters follow them. But I cannot help thinking that we ought to take 7r-poO-OEL/LVJV &v aV Tvolp exactly as we must take Ka't 7porrit`-GJAd YE T~v at Rep. 468 b, i.e. " to the Carthaginian law that on campaign nobody is ever to taste this drink, butl. (that men) must during all such period be waterdrinkers, I would add, not only that at homue too no slave, male or female, should ever taste wine but, that even the magistrates, etc." For one thing, I think. that just after T0t1A-dqLVa'iV T(XVd-qV T-qV 0,lroov, if he had meant to recall the phrase, he would not have used the compound with wrpocr- but the simple verb; but my main reason for preferring this interpretation is that it suits the context far better than the other. I a 5. KacpX-q8ovt`ov: Bruns (p. 51) finds in this a direct contradiction of what was said about Carthaginian drunkenness at 637 d. But surely it is just the drunken nation which would find such a regulation imperative in war time. E.g. the vodka prohibition in Russia in 1914. b 2. E'~yVE137O" ~V-ra, " when on duty." b 4. 'E y moWWO-KiacL3 -q VOOuWV CVEKa: i.e. "unless by trainer's or doctor's orders." c L. Eusebius's Ja1kLWEXOv&w is an improvement on the aJ/-kXE'kv of the MSS. and Stobaeus. c 2. o V'' 'T-tv t: for &n0-Tt in the sense of ~O-cr-t-o~v' (after a negative) cp. Ilipp. Metfai. 2 82 dTioirv7-V 3' E'Ka'TEp03 7wAov aJpy'pLtov Jvro 0oo0tag EtpyauOTat -q7 aLXko'g 87fLLOV~y0S cL4 '7-7LV03 T"E{V(where there is a virtual negative).-T-aK1a' 8E wkTX: i.e. among other ordinances for regulating agriculture would be one for co-nfining wine-growing within very modest limits. APPENDIX A 67i a 1-4. As I have said above, in a note on the Analysis of Bk. I., I regard the disquisition on IL'- in that book as a general introduction to the subject of education, and the 340 NOTES TO BOOK II moral effects of 'Sov' and XV'wi. After the, nature of the educational process has been clearly described at the beginning of Bk. II. (653 a-e), Plato proceeds to deal specially with JLOUOG-tK, and the relation to it of the gift of Dionysus. Amonig the young, we had been told, the benefit of the gift might be found in a properly conducted symposium:among the mnature and elderly, it is to be found in the Choir of Diouys-us. After describing the constitution of the latter, he. now, at 6 7 1 a, turns to consider its applicability to the work of education, and in so doing he recalls (671 a-672 d 10) the mnain points of the former disquisition on Aqas a possible C',rtr '8vaca a'pcr,^,. We may well fancy that when Plato wrote 643 a 4-7, the words PuE'XptLcp av 7rpos roV OEO'V J-4LK7)TXcL had for him a double meaning: that, to the Athenian's hearers the word OEO's; merely stood-and was meant to stand-for ottvo3'; but that the author had in mind the subject of the third chorus. Whether this was so or not, the words express so well what I conceive to be the plan of the division of the subject that I will quote theiii in full. They are: 7p'Tmpiov S' o&~ zp~g T'V XO'yom o'PtcrWcje~Oa 7ratL86av Ti' iro ~r tr Kat Tiva &'Yalztv EXEL ta' ya~pTvrg0u~,f eLVaL TOV 7T-POKEXELPtLO(LEVOV CY V9 VVV Xoyov V4,P 1j/LW-1-V, PEXPLWrEP av irpO3 TOYu dEW'V /tiopK'at. Dr. Ivo, Bruns (Plato's Gesetze vor und nach ihrer Herausgabe durch Ph'ilippos von Opus) holds that the tractate in Bk. I. on the possible use of /.zCOij as an EC-TtTv)&EV/JC 'So'3 (646 a-649 c), and the suggestion of a Chorus of Dionysus, with all the discussion of rmat6Eia and /,tovOaLK1 preliminary to it, were written at different times, and with totally different views: -that they can never have been intended by their author to form parts of the same treatise-that indeed they contradict each other in several important points;. Also that the section of Bk. II. from 671 a 4 crKo,7r t)/EOa to 672 d is a clumsy attempt on the part of an editor to bring the two discussions into harmony; and that all references,5 in the second book, to the treatment of /p.EO-q in the first (e g. 666 c KaLo't o.UTW uE. v 8, 659 c TpL'i-OV -q TIE'TapTov) as well as all passages in Bk, 1. which might seem to look forward to, or lead up to the main discussion of Bk. II., were inserted into the text by the same editor-equally clumsily. Bruns's examination of these and other parts of the Laws is very searching, and is written with great ability, and is indeed a very helpful gu.-ide to the understanding of many parts of the treatise. His arguments are powerful, and both the destrbctive and the constructive I parts 1E.g. his view that the bulk of Bk. H. originally formed part of Bk. VII. 341 67i a 67i a THE LAWS OF PLATO of his book, if they are to be satisfactorily confuted, would need answers far too long to be given here. I can only say here that I am not convinced by them, and that I think the general line of the defence against his criticisms is this: i.e. that the train of thought in Plato's dialogues often winds about in such unexpected ways, that different readers arrive at quite different views as to the importance to be assigned to different sections, and as to the way in which each section was intended by its author to serve as a contribution to the main argument. Often indeed it is impossible to secure agreement as to what the main argument was intended to be. On these grounds I do not accept as final Bruns's statements that the author of such and such a passage evidently meant to go on in a different way from that in which the treatise proceeds, or that it is logically impossible that Plato could have taken subjects in the order in which he seems to have arranged them. Also there seem to me to be analogous points in the two /OIq discussions to which Bruns is blind. APPENDIX B 672 e 1-673 e 2. The subject of Xopeia falls into two halves: (1) the training of the (ear and) voice, and (2) the training of the body in rhythmic movement. The first part Plato here calls i/OVoKq, giving the word a more restricted sense than usual; the second he calls yvLvaoarTlK, though he does not imply thereby that the sole object of yv/jUvao-rtK7 is the training for Xopeta. The first half of the subject, he says, has been fully dealt with: of the second, though it has not been left out of sight, the treatment has been incomplete; shall he complete it now? Are we, i.e., to have, side by side with the description of the vrT-eXvos ayoyo f7r& tLovaKrrqV, a companion picture of the technical training best adapted for the bodily half? —7repavo/JLeV, n Kat eaoLo-qe1;... AEyotLev, i} Tirs Kaw 7rw Trorle'ov; What old blue gets tired of boating "shop"? There is nothing the two Dorians would like better than a long talk about gymnastic training, but the Athenian-or at all events Plato-does not mean to indulge them. In acceding to their request he tells them they know it all already, and then he begins the subject in such a way as to hint that his treatment of it is to follow the lines of the discussion of the training in /ZOVO'LK'. Then, with a repeated promise to go on hardly out of his mouth (ro 38 7reLparo-o'epOa aeeS 342 NOTES TO BOOK III 672 e 83tA0elv), he abruptly breaks off; if they do not mind, he says, he will first dismiss the subject of lawful us6O by a final recapitulation. To the subject of gymnastic training he does not return until the seventh and eighth Books. Ritter agrees with Bruns that the explanation of this silence is that the treatise is here incomplete, though he does not follow Bruns in his theory of an editorial dislocation of Plato's arrangement. Stallbaum, on the other hand, in spite of the following 7retpacrWof-/ea Epe$^S SteA0eV, holds that in 673 c 9-d 5 we have the promised disquisition on gymnastic training. I would suggest that the best explanation of Plato's silence is that he never intended to write this disquisition at all. At 632 e he told us that the treatment of the E'rrtrl8eviara which would foster one virtue would serve as a wrapa8O/Eyf/a for the treatment of those belonging to other virtues, and then he stopped in his career after one virtue had been discussed. In the same way here he makes the conversation turn from the subject proposed when enough has been said to show that there is no need to pursue it further. BOOK III In Books I. and II. we have been considering, under various guises, the relation of Law to the Individual-how it acquires authority, and how it helps to discipline the character through the action of pleasure and pain, desire and fear. We now pass abruptly to the political frame-work within which, and upon which Law acts. 676 a 1-c 8. Ath. " Now that we have settled that question, I should like to ask what is the most elementary form of a state?The easiest and best way to discover this is to examine the question in the same way as we examine a state to see whether its progress is towards perfection or towards ruin." C1. " How is that? " Ath. " Why, by taking an immensely long period of time, and observing the changes that take place in it." C1. " What do you mean exactly?" Ath. "You see, states have existed, and men have lived as members of them for a quite incalculable length of time.-You can say how long?" C1. "I cannot." Ath. " You may call it an unlimited time?" 343 676 a THE LAWS OF PLATO CL. "You may." Ath. "Don't you think miyriads on myriads of states have come into being during this time? and, whatever the amount, have not an equal number of states ceased to be? Have they not severally exhausted all kinds of constitution many times over? Have they not sometimes grown from small to big, and sometimes sunk from big to small?-changed too from good to bad, and from bad to good?" CL. "1It must have been so." Ath. "Now I want, if I can, to get hold of the thing that caused all this transformation; for I expect that would reveal to us the secret of the birth and change of states." al1. Cp. Plut. Demosth. ch. 4 Kai Tavara piev TavTL), KaTEL flXta1,wva.-wroXt~rEta3 adpx'v: for this expression he substitutes at c 8 Ti V 7rwpcTrrV Qrwv 7roXtTEC(kiV) YeVo-cV KQ& ILETaIPao-tv: the object of his search is what perhaps in modern phrase we might call "1the secret of political vitality." a 6. cf~afa1'vov-av: many editors have been inclined to think J~oekh rght in radin fla/3tvovo- v.-Badham wrote it so independently. Ast and Schanz adopt the change. Perhaps, though, Plato preferred the rhythm of the slightly irregular expression. After all it is not straining language much to talk of the advance of a state being transformed in the direction of perfection, instead of saying that the advancing state is so transformed. a B. That is, the point of view from which we must examine the question must be one which takes in an immense expanse of time, and all the transformations which occur in it.-junqK0V3 TrE Kacd dirELpkiS: a hendiadys for Qdwdtpov p1JKoV3. b 7. I think the TOV'To yeC in the next line shows that Stallbaum is right in taking r'~ 8& YE KrT'. to mean, "1but you can be sure of this much (can't you), that it must be a hopelessly immeasurable time"?2 He makes ro' the article to the W' clause. Hermann, Schneider, Schanz, and Burnet rightly make the sentence a question. Ast and Heindorf take Jo as "perqu~ar," as in o" Wpa at Crat. 395 b.-Schanz preserves the &wrepov of A as against the &'mkerov of L,7 0, and most modern editors. ci. For ra'o'ag, "all kinds of," cp. 637 a 3 dvot',~ 7racr-, 688 c 6 IrWT-,q KaKti e 6. 7repiCC: Ast on this passage, and Heindorf on Phaedr. 2 70 c, have collected instances of the "redundant " -7rept', where the simple gen. might have stood. It is especially frequent with at~rta, Cp. also 664 a Tov'-rov Se irept 7ra~oav pJ1-qXav'qv evpO-KEtV, 344 NOTES TO BOOK III67c 676 c and 678 a 3.-,Et 83Vvat'aE~a: less confident than `~v Svv(O'VuOa, almost wistful in tone. The line of thought here followed is this if we can find what is the cause and nature of the true development of a stale, i.e. of its progress towards perfection, we shall learn what is the first principle or vital force which brought it into being. A practical application of this knowledge is described at 683 b; it will enable us to decide what laws are suitable for a state. c 9. With 7TpoOV/JzEZaT~a awroc/atv6O/eEvov we may usefully compare 0-VVTE6vat 7rEtpWjpEvov 8&qXWo-at in a very similar -sentence in 641 e; it is a more direct expression than the wrpo~v/jedo-Oai awro~katVEo-OaL which seem-s more natural to us. 677 a 5. Among many passages fromi ancient writers which speak of wholesale destruction of life by some physical catastrophe Ast cps. Polit. 270 c 1 ~Oopcal Tot'VVV Ei Jva'YK-q TO'TE /JE'YUTTat O-v/L/3au/oVO-t T(OV TE a",XXOV CpOJV, Ka'Li-q KaLt To TOwV a'V6pOJ'rWV YEVo3 dXtyov t 7riapa~ct'7rrE-at. There is no need, with Boeckh, to pnt in Tr0 before Twi -'v dpct'wwv in the present passage. Among other slight variations between the two passages, in the Pol. he says " the humian race survives in a mere fragment "; whereas here he says, "1only a very few representatives of mankind survive." Cp. Rep. 363 d 7raZ~a /a'p 7fLifSWv 4~aO6' Kalt /'O KaTO7tTUTOV Xft'rceoOat T0Vy 0OcT'OV KaLt EVO'PKOV. a8. vo-qpCW/kEV: voE'w does not (as in Ep. viii. 3 52 c VO '6oaTC 8& a XVyw vi~v) mean turn one's attention to, ponder, think about, but is " let us suppose." I have therefore put a (-) after 1Evo/LE'v-Jv; i.e. the speaker meant to add a secondary predicate to TaV`Trp', perhaps in the form of a I~TL or d'3 clause. The interruption of Cleinias's question enables him to change the subject of the W' clause from avT'-q (~ (POopa) to ot' TO'TE 7rEptLv0VyfTES. b 2. II thir'k we may include e'V Kopvc/kat' in the picture suggested by, Ccirrvpa, as well as in the statement of fact about the surviving herdsmen; the speaker is thinking, perhaps, of the seemningly tiny flashes from heath or forest fires seen on distant mountains. The-re is moreover a special appropriateness in the metaphor, since water puts out fire, and water was the destroying medium in the catastrophe. b 5 if. "1To say nothing of the other resources of civilization, of course such men as these can know nothing of all the tricks devised by dwellers in cities to over-reach or eclipse or otherwise damage each other." The, Tw~v before l'V TOE9 a&0TE0Lt is mnasc.-otherwise the 7rpo' a'AiA ovg and the EbrwVoovOv would be harsh: IAqav~ has to do without an article, for, if it had one, TJ3V would occur 345 677 b THE LAWS OF PLATO too often.-It is even possible tliat the first T-nv is masc.-Wagner suggested that we ought to read dJO-To~o-t for a"oTEn. —'Stallb. and Hertu. both inserted the usual -re after the fir-st TW-1v, thus adding emphasis to the jvXav-v; Wagner aiid Schanz agree.-Cobet alters E13 to ob<; but E "'1 1in the matter of " (cp. 774 b 4, 809 e 7, 860 d 1), suits the context better, and it pro-iides a good construction for t~he antecedent of w67oo-a. Cobet cps. Symp. 188 b, and takes Erg TIE w7X. K. 4/)mX. with the words which followe, not with TrEXowv and 1v,,Xav~oV. - ot' eV T-oF3 ao-TrEO-t is equivalent to ''civilized beings." C 1. OwiEev; " may we take it?U So 860 c. Wc XE/yovia TLOETE. (Schanz would substitute b64LEv for Od4LEV here and at c 3, -unnecessarily.) C 2. a4po q'jv A correct ed by A3 to al&pv, which is the reading of L, 0 and Ens.; an instructive mistake on the part of A. Cod. Voss. also read aJpa -qv. c 4-7. "1We shall suppose, shall we not, all implements to be destroyed and all serviceable contrivances of statesmen or other experts to disappear entirely at that juncture 'U' It is hard to say whether TE'XV-q Or o-o4[ag is to be joined in thought with worXt1-tK_1; in either case the meaning is much the same.-In o-wov~az'W3 we have the notion of Professional or purposeful activity; cp. 656 a4. c 7-d 6. Burnet has followed 0. Jmalisch (ut supra, pp. 60 if.) in attributing ww(5... o-rtov~v to the Ath. I. says the Armenian translation, Ficinus, and L confirm this division. B. has also placed the Tol^ro, which follows &rTtov~v in A (and which, from MS. days downwards, has been either omitted or changed) at the head of Cleinias's answer. The only change, I would make in Burnet's reading of the passage is that I follow Herm. in rejecting the first yIEYOVCV. But it is not only the reading and division of this difficult passage that have been disputed. Interpretations have varied at many points; e.g. as to whether E&Ir or -rao. (understood) is the subj. of S&Eka6FOaVIEV, whether (Tov') TO'TE means (after or before the flood, and whether Aat~aXpk (and the other datives) means (revealed) by D. (Ast), or to D. Indeed the whole drift of the passage seenis to have been differently understood by every interpreter. I would suggest as a- translation of 7W-3 ya'p..yCYOVOTa: Ath. "1If the world was without interruption furnished with all the advantages it now possesses, what room was there for any new invention whatever?" Cl. "It comes to thisthat weshall have to suppose (a&pa) that during inyriads of myriads of years, the men 346 NOTES TO BOOK III 677 c then living " (i.e. after the flood) "1knew nothing of them " (i.e. were uncivilized), "1and that, one or two thousand years ago-a mere yesterday, you may say-this discovery was revealed to Daedalus, that to Orphbeus, etc." d 1. -roiL)o: for a somewhat similar use of a neuter (lemonstrative cp. the adver-bial use of rov-3ro "1in that case" at 684 c 1 and -raL —a at 700d 1. d 5. H. WV. Moss, in an article on the use of W' E`'wog EL7rELtV, pointed out that the phrase here qualifies 7wc'/ewoAka, and that, consequently, the commna which has hitherto stood a'ter that word ought to come after E171rEFV. d 7. &lptirr'... J-nt 7apEXk~w-E3, " it is very nice "(i.e. mrodest) "cof you to leave out.. " A and 0 read Jp' t"O —', which most editors content themselves with altering to aJp' otcrO'. From the margin of Cod. Voss. is reported aipurr'. There seems no other way of accounting for up' i'oi-' except by supposing,,is Burnet does, that aLpw-iT' was the original reading. d 9. For Epimenides' date cp. on 642 d. e 1. V~'4dv: ethic dative.-T~3 /-~avr'pai-4... aWrETE'XEO-EV: a comparison of the Schol. on Hes. Op. et Di. 40 f., and Plutarch, Conv. Sept. Sap. 157 e (ch. 14) shows that Plato here refers to the belief that Hesiod's words about the virtue of "mallow and asphodel " set Epimienides on the~ track of sovereign herbal medicaments. e 10. Ka t -rava: i.e. there was an E'p'qtua of animals as well as of maid - w via... 40eov tv... v, "few for their pasturers to live on "; so few that the men who grazed them had difficulty in supporting life. The inf. with ai-zavtog is of the same construction as that with its opposite b'avo'g. So at Rep. 373 d tKaV?) Tp-bEL~v rok' TO'TIE -q XWpa C'Orat.-The Et'at goes with all the accusatives, beginning with E'p91wav. (This seems better than to take EI'Vat as equivalent to E3$Eivat, as at Theaet. 207 b 4; in that case /3ovKo'A a, -/Evos; and Tai-ra would be governed by vE'1ovo-tv.) 678 al1. To', TO'TE MSS. the repetition of roTOTE after that at e 6 seems strange. I think that we ought to readT-m- KaT' ap~ag here; cp. 6 79 a 1 EL,ar) Ttanv KaT -vapXastw; a 3. Jiv: for the objective gen. with ko'yos; in the sense of about something Stallb. cps. Apol. 26 b.. Ew~v gyv vv~v XUyos EOrTtV, and Soph. Ant. 11 1 xsivOog 4int'Xow "1tidings about friends."For 7rEpt' e. gen. instead of the siniple gen. cp. on 676 c 6. a 4. W4 5,r o,3 LWE'v: this qualifies T~' 7apa'wav. a 9. The vice and virtue spoken of are those of mene, not those of 347 678 a 678 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO institutions referred to at 676 a 5 and c 3 and 683 b. He means, as he explains immediately, that virtue and vice, like the details of civilization, take time to develop, and can only develop in their company. How this applies to vice is explained at e 6 if. He does not give a corresponding explanation of the rise of virtue, because a virtuous development (the bWL~oo-Lg EtR Jpeq'nv) i s natural. The object of the whole treatise is to show how to avoid and obviate the accidents which give rise to vice. b 3. O has '')Ka'tfori~ b 6. The wof -qpxLWv being in an erasure in A, Schanz conjectures IqLLLV-ELS 7r. KI-rX,5 "the world came to be what the world is," Jowett. b 9. KaLTa' crfLKpO'v at Prot. 338 e, Soph. 217 d, Rep. 344 a and 401 c, means "1in little bits"; here it is "little by little," as at Rep. 407 d, Phaedr. 262 a, Theaet. 180 e, Theag. 130 c. At Soph. 21 c ~K~ 7~~oV like the following Ka' KaT' 3px' uieans "ever so little." -i.rJpeiret: cp. Phaedo I114 d 5 ToV-oTO. IrpEITEL /LOC SOKIEZ. The sense of " to be likely " is not common for 7WpWELMV. c 3. "'*Evavkog eleganter dicitur tam de sermQne, quo adhuc aures personant, quam de re qualibet, cujus adhuc recens est memoria," Ruh-nken, Tim. c 5. For 46cTrov'1 in the sense of JXX~Xovg cp. Lysis 2 15 b, Parm. 1 33 e. C 6. CEY Tot^1 replt E'KEEVOV rT0W Xpo'VOv: this has generally, and rightly, been taken as an expansion of such a phrase as ~a' vvv, on the lines of local expressions like (1h Ta' be't OaJ-epa, Ta 5E~r EKeWL (a ) To Ur EKEwva, T~o EW&' Ta& tL Ta Tv a e~v To qzov- (Lysias xii. 12). Schanz, however-, marks IEV Toi as corrupt, and Badbam introduces KatpoLvg after Xpo'vov. (Rather than this I- would take To-Z3 as masc.)-Steph. altered the MS. wopct'a into wrope'a, and, as there is a gap two letters long in A before the word, Schanz admirably conjectured T' r&opdta. The Ta' goes well with the ravr-a in c, 8. c 7. The TO'TE, to which Boeckh took exception, has the effect of making the 60'TIE clause (which Boeckh rejected) the most significant part of the complex sentence. It is as if Plato said, "1They could not travel to each other as yet, either by land or sea, because all kinds of vehicles had been destroyed." - o-v' TcL&3 TeXvatg: i.e. "as well as the arts necessary for their construction." d 1. JLE-aXXeia for /LE'TcLXQ: Lobeek, Paralipp. iv. 10, gives 348 NOTES TO BOOK III 678 d many instances of nouns and adjectives in -og, -ij, -a, or -ov which have alternative forms in -etog, -eta, or -etov, and mentions this case in that con-nexion. - cVYKEXVILeVa: i.e. "filled up with mud," like the "nine men's morris." d 2. aivaKaOa'pEa-Oat: used, not, as sonie take it, of clearing out the mines, but in its technical sense of extracting metal from the ore. cp. on 642 a. There could of course be no possibility of doing this if the mines were not accessible. d 3. 8pvoToJkta,3: abstract for concrete; " timber," not merely, as L. & S., "1firewood." (Not "1they (had) no means of felling timber,") as Jowett, but " they were consequently badly off for timber.")-A has wrov, 07rorL' -rt, Vulg. Tt wov. d 7. A has a~v with 8-q as an alternative, and 0 & with a&v as alternative. d 8. ToD'O' oZTrog yeyoveyat: i.e. that the miners' art revived. e 2. A has XE'yovrat With &Eovrat as an alternative, 0E8OV-at with Xf'yoVrat as alter-native. e 6. The change in the matters spoken. about is not so abrupt as at first it seems: there was no r-Ta'ots, because aGa-JLE voL Cavroi'1 E0opoW 8t' S'AtY65r-ra; no war (pai tly) because there was a dearth of weapons. Still, the author wishes to add a further result of the -pi Ia i.e. that there was enough for all; also to hint what were the chief curses of civilized societies, i.e. money, and liesthe unnatural appetite for accumulated wealth, and the loss of faith and truth which conies in the train of selfishness. 679 a 1. voubois: thje following -' 8t'Cwv shows that this is not to be restricted to the literal sense of pasturage, but, as in the case of 8pvo-ro1Ha` at 678 d 3, stands for the resulting product, i.e. flocks and herds; so, at Xeni. Anab. iii. 5. 2 (voua't 7woXkai PoO-K1JtLa'TWV 8tafl3t/3a~o4LEvCL el,~ r~ 7r'-av -roy^ worajov KaTEX'(fOyatTav), voLat means pasturing herds. a 7. or'& C'v: this adverbial use of the emphatic form is uncommon.I b 1. Perhaps it is better to say that the clause rovi-rw rwb r4Xva 2rpLetv ra-ra~ is the direct object of E'&O..KE, than to take r-rxc as the direct object, and explaini (as Stallb.) W7opt'CEtv to be = 'T 7ropt1~Etv. b2. Trotar+qv aJoptav seemis to refer definitely to the lack of iron, rather than to general distress, such as that caused by the flood. (Jowett trans. "1when reduced to their last extremity.") -f3X arrV Ka E Yt30-v: /3Xc '(o-q? here perhaps means spronting or birth; at Phaedr. 251 d it means a nascent germ, or sprout; at 349 THE LAWS OF PLATO Prot. 334 a, all that sprouts above ground from a root; Sophocles uses pXakdrTa of birth, O.T. 717, Trach. 382, and at 0.0. 972 of conception. In that case the two words would exactly correspond to the yeveo-Lv Kal FJETdCao-tv of 676 c 8. b 3. 3ta Tr TOtOVTOV, " that being so." b 6. TOrTE ev eKELVOt 7raprv: Ficinus in his trans. omits these words. Wagner concludes that they were absent from some MSS., and that the scribe who restored them put them in the wrong place. He would place them after ytyvoT' av. Ast puts a full stop at OV7TE3, and only a comma after 7rap-v. Cornarius makes these words mean ".. (were without the gold) which was then among them." Some of the difficulty is removed if, with Stallb., we take what precedes to be, like the following one, a general statement; not " they would not have been rich," but " men were never made rich (who had no gold and silver, and that was the men's condition)." (Ritter takes ToTE and EKfeVOLt to refer to the period and the men of the earlier civilization before the flood; but this does not help.) b 7. j 8' dv KTX., "if a community is to breed the best natures, it must admit neither poverty nor wealth: without them no blatant oppression can gain a footing, or jealous envy." c 1. Stallb. has collected many examples of the way in which variety is secured by the substitution of TE... o for a second or third O'TE; this is a step towards the not infrequent OVTe... Te. c 2 ff. dayaol 0lev... 8tEXXkV)Oafev, " last, but not least, among good influences was their so-called simplicity. What they heard called fair or foul, they were so 'simple' as to think rightly named, and believe really to be so. No one was 'clever' enough to suspect a lie, as do our wiseacres of to-day. What they were told about gods and men, they took for true, and lived by it, and that is how they came to be just the kind of men we have above described." d 2. et'LrwJev A (and L and 0?); Vat. 1029 reads eITOrEV; so Ficinus and Cornarius, who trans. diximus; so Ast conjectured, and so Schanz reads. The substance of this paragraph is almost entirely recapitulatory, so that the indic. may well be right-in spite of the /XeAovarLv eCva "are bound to be." The only novelty is the mention of many generations, but this is implied in the 1000 years of 677 d. d 6. KaTa roXtv /JtVov aoVTov: if iovov aVTOv is sound, the aCVTOV seems to have been added to the KaTa 7roXtv with the same effect as in evOd8' aviToV and similar, mostly Homeric, expressions; cp. our "within there," '"without there" in Shakespeare. (Ast 350 NOTES TO BOOK III 679 d and Stalib. put the comma before ai'iroD^ instead of after it, and construe it (still with a local nieaning) with XEY4LfEvac. Bdh. reads ov a~cxr for 1io6vov acnT0oV, also taking it with XE7O/J'_EVaC. Rte proposes av'TWiV (i.e. 7WOXE/LLKW^V T-EXvWO1v) for aw'TOD, H. Richards aI: of the emendations I prefer the last.) e 2. The three comparatives which follow EV'-qOE'o-TEpoL contain the only fresh points in this paragraph. They come in as an expansion of the praise implied in the E"Cv Ka-ra& -rav-ra in c 7. e 6. XEXE'XOwJ &8j. avro~g, "1let what we have said, and all the deductions we make from it, be regarded as a means of ascertaining how the men of that time came to want laws, and who their lawgiver was." 68 a 4. 'r6 rotov'roz': not "1such a thing as a lawyer," but "'such a thing as a law.-For the plur. Xpo'vov3 cp. below on 7,69 c 5. a 6. 7wEptwov: the cycle that elapses between one natural convulsion and another. Plato seems to assume that such convulsions only occur at great intervals Of timle.-EWEo- Kat i-oZ XEy/JeEV~t3 rarp1iot3 1i'4kteo: we see from 793 a f. that these a-ypaq~a vo'paI/a or 7Fa~rptoL V61tot are indispensable to a community even after written laws have been introduced. The ro X; Ey/o/,kE'Vot (and the oi3h dvopua'ovo-tv/ at 793 a) show that 7ra'rptog is to be taken as a technical term, in the sense of traditional. a 9. "1Herein we have already a form of polity "-if we may use the word polity in Hooker's sense of political organization. b 2. 8VVcOrT-EtcaV: patriarchy is what we should call this particular form of "1authority," though Plato hiesit-ates to coin the word 7wa7-ptapXt'a. The important point in his eyes seems to have been the fact that authority (8vvauo-rdta) should attach to any position; hence the term chosen. The leading idea connected with the word (ep. Rep. 544 d, Arist. Pol. 1292 b) seems that of personal authority.-Ka't v~v E&t... Kait Ev `'EX. Kca' Ka-Ja' flap.: this must mean that this personal inherited authority existed in some Greek states; not that they were altogether in the same primitive condition as to polity as the Cyclopes. b 3. AW7Et 8'... oti"Krtv, "1Homer, you remember, says it was to be found in the way in which the C"yclopes lived." oijot;-V is not "1government," as Stallb. translates it, but it would be hard to find a single English word for it here. c 2. Xapt',EtL, "a pretty poet," in the old phrase. d 2. ro" adpxa'ov av'TrwtV E~' Tn'V JdYPL6'T-qo 8ta' /vOo~oyt'a3 EIVE y(GV "we, in his poem, hie ascribes their prim11itivTe ways 351 680 d THE LAWS OF PLATO to their wild life"; i.e., Homer, like the Athenian, tells of units of population scattered among the hill-tops, and points to the necessary consequences of such isolation. d 7. ot'KTra-'v: here the concrete "household." d 8. yevos: the "family"; not yet the clan into which the household grows. —KaTa yvelo, "in separate families." -Vnr aJr. KTX. gives the reason for 8LeoTrap/evMv. a7ropla, " dearth," not of men, but of possessions and implements. e 1. ev als: the antecedent to this relative is, of course, not (as Stallb.) /0opais, though it immediately precedes, but 7roAXrEFaL. The Ath. does not think it necessary to repeat the words rotavrat 7roXrTEcaL yiyvovTaL, but they are carried on in sense from his last speech. (Ast, followed by Wagner, Hermann, the Zur. edd., Schanz and Ritter read ev oT.)-In this paragraph we pass from the single family with the father at the head, to the next generation, when the eldest brother takes his father's place and, as it were, acts as the " father" of his younger brothers and their families, as well as of his own. e 2. IraTpos Kai fiqrpps: I imagine KCL to mean or, and that Plato is thinking of cases where authority and property descended through the mother. The same interpretation is possible at 690 a 3. e 3. 7rarpovoflovfJevort: Timaeus, Lex., gives two explanations of this word: (1) of roT yovIKolS (i.e. handed down from father to son) v6obots XptI)/evoi, and (2) V7ro rTOv/ Trarepv apX6oeEvoL. The latter is most likely the right one, at least for this passage (in spite of 680 a 6); only the " father" is the father of the tribe, who inherits his position from the original father of the family.-We may translate the whole paragraph: " And so do there not arise, out of these single households and families, whom the dearth consequent on the cataclysms keeps in isolation, communities in which the eldest rule, because they inherit the authority from father or mother, and the people follow them, and are soon to be found forming one flock, like so many birds, ruled by paternal authority, the justest of all titles to royal rank? "-This is the fully developed patriarchy. e 6. "Yes, and next, larger numbers (7rXEovs subj.) join together to form greater communities such as we may term TroXEts." The word rotXes seems strangely used of these primitive communities. Naber conjectures earavAXes. If wroATXE is correct, it must be used proleptically. F.H.D. conj. that 7roXeLs is a mistake for otK^-cECS due to the adjacent r'Xetovs. 352 NOTES TO BOOK III e 7. yEwp-yias: as we use the words " planting " or " plantation" for a planted space, so " cultivation " is used here for cultivated spaces. 68i a2. i-rEtXwv E'pi'4Lara, "as walls of defence."-obcKtav: he uses the word OlKt'a, figuratively, for what he has just called a 7w&\kts. At a 7 he calls it an ot"Mqflg. a 8. 7wapi'vat...'Xovo-av, "should bring with it." b 1. otLKEiv': the siubj. to this verb is really the E'aCrO9 which is not definitely expressed till b 5. - ETrepa cd4 ETEpWV OVTO)V..., "(each) a distinct set, derived from a distinct set Of... E'TEpa is governed by an imaginary -'EX0Vra,3, agreeing with the same cKdoTlOVs understood. b 3. KOO-JWLLGE'PWV... cdV8pCKWlTEpa, " the more orderly or spirited the forbears, the more orderly and spirited would be the dispositions of the descendants they had brought up." I think KoOAT/twrEp(O and daY8pCKwVi are under the government of an imaginary dcrw6, repeated fromt ad4' before &'TEpwv. (Boeckh unnecessarily proposes LV(SptKWTJ-EPO)v for cdV8ptKW'V.) b 4. KaTa' Tpo'7rov here seems to mean "duly," "as was to be expected."-oiv'iw3, "1in this manner," i.e. by descent and training. (Or ought we to take olrO)TW as "mierely," "just," with KaTa' Tpo7rOv, as in abrXW' ovl-Ws? In such an idiomatic phrase it is hard for us to be certain; "just in the same way " would fit in well here.) b 5. dw'7-vTV(L0JJvov3 av, "ready to imprint," or "1likely to imprint." Not only would each contingent bring its own traditional manners and dispositions,, but it would be sure to perpetuate its own preferences in its descendants.-It is surprising what a light is let in upon the sentence by, Schneider's a~v alpEOuets for the MS. dJvatpE'a-,Ev. Burnet adopts it; so do Herm. and Wagner, though they are probably wrong in taking a5lv with 17KECV; it goes much better with a7I-oIvWrov/z-EEVov-. Ast saw part of the truth when he proposed to read atlpeo-ets (so Schanz), instead of JvatpE'a-ets.-Ast also proposed a&VEVP&ELGC~,, and Winckelmann aV a?(E~,Oel Ce atprEtsCV. Stallb. actually retains vp&-u and translates it " ea quae susceperint." c 1. Schanz says that A has avTwy, c 2. With v'o-re'povs we must supply d'p1EXTKELV. This added clause (,row 8E... V'o-l-E'povg), which Schanz would eject from the text, gives the whole sentence the same effect it would have had if PWpoTov3 had been put in (predicatively) with v~povs, and the second clause omitted.-This is exactly the informal way in 68o e VOL. I 353 2 A 68i c THE LAWS OF PLATO which thoughts drop out in conversation. It says, in effect, I don't mean that other people's laws will be positively displeasing to them; only that they will like their own best." (H. Steph. wanted to insert the zrpWrovs.) c 4. WapX... uos 'OLKEV: in other words, "is not this, after all, how a definite enactment of laws came about? "-i.e. from the necessity of choosing, for the united community, the best out of the laws of the clan-units out of which it was formed. If this is the right interpretation of these words, it follows that the next speech of the Ath. is a development of this idea; and this view is supported by the explanatory yoov added to the adverbial To,JExra Tavra. c 7. Tb yov... avirov, " it is clear that, when the separate families had once united to form one community, they" (could not go on with different notions in their minds as to what was permissible and what not, but) "would have to choose certain representatives of their whole body," etc. c 8. These KOLVYO or public representatives, would have a double task: (1) that of selecting the best from the laws of the several tribes, and (2) that of selecting the best from among the rulers of the several clans, to serve for the united state. c 9. avTv: i.e. TOwv VO[LJqwv.-ELS TO KOLVOV ("for the use of the community ") goes with what follows. c 10. olov Paao'tXe^'t, " with king-like power." (There is no need, with Hug, to reject these words.) d 1. favepa 8e4'avTes: favepa is proleptic, "indicate clearly" -not, as Schneider and Jowett, "publicly present." —EXio-Ga TE 8oviTE, "propose for their acceptance"-rather than "give them the choice of them," Jowett-implying that it had been settled that.whatever the KOLVOi chose would be accepted. d 2. TOs 8e: i.e. the 'y4Lovs; apXovras is predicative. d 3. a Kai rLva acrLXelav, "or perhaps monarchy," Jowett. d 4. ~v Tav'7 T' / LeraoPOXk T'S 'oXLEtar OLKi/'OVo'LV: the subject to the verb is still o', i.e. the KOLvol, and it is apparently,used absolutely, "will direct affairs during this change of constitution." Cp. 779 c 6 KaO Oaa EVT'Os ro'XEw s.. rpe7rov av OiKEtV eLi. (Most interpreters take the verb to mean "will live," i.e. they suppose the subject somehow changed to "the whole community." Apart from this change of subject, what a feeble end to the paragraph! "And in this altered state of the government they will live," Jowett.) d6. EE$is, "step by step "; cp. Polit. 281 d Lv' he/$s,uiv 6 354 NOTES TO BOOK III Xoyos b'i. —The subj. to yiyvotTo may be ftEraflpoA, but perhaps it is only "things would come about."-Stallb. points out that the formula ov'To (re) Ka't raVT recurs at 714 d 9, and 947 d 5, and cps. ravT71 Kal Kaac ravra 929 c, and 889 c (where ovros is added). d 7. Tprtov Trovv... y..yyveOa, "we have yet to mention the rise of a third kind of polity; and at this stage both the polities and the cities themselves display complete variety of form and history," i.e. the full development of the city in the plain brings with it all kinds of activities for its inhabitants, and offers facilities of intercourse with the outside world. As a consequence, not only do the relations of classes in the city change, but it is entangled in conflicts with other cities-sometimes with disastrous results. The el'Uf refer mainly to the 7roXtTLrELV, the 7raOqjalora to the 7ToA6ee. 682 a. XEy.c...ava.... epr//Leva: such a form of expression as Kalt ravTa XAywv opOfs av Trs AXyot is common. This is a variety of it. An intermediate form would be Kat TavTa av XEyot TtS OdpOs kEoYv. Ast cps. 689 e 1. a 2. KaTCLa OEv 7rtf Elpyevta va Kata tKalavav: so we might say of a biblical story, "It's holy scripture, and, what's more, it's human nature." a 3 ff. OEJov yap... EKaoroT, "for poets too, being a heavenborn race-a race (specially) inspired at their times of singing,helped by many a Grace and Muse, often reveal the secrets of nature" (lit. "seize in many cases on the way in which things really happen "). The general sense of this passage is clear, but the reading and the exact inter-relation of the words are doubtful. Proclus quotes it four times in his commentaries on Plato; on Rep. 393, Rep. 368, Tim, 20, and Rep. 401. The quotations respectively are: O0eov yap oVv sr Kal TO 7rOtor)TKov V yV 7/os, OeLOV TO T7rOo7TtKV yEvoS d7rOKakX(V, e0LOV yap oZv j Kal TO 7roUrTlKov eo rt yevos, and o JLev yap OELor V r(r' KaC TO TrOtLrtKOV EvOea-TtLKOV Ov y7vo /S Vp3oVv. Boeckh, followed by Stallb., Herm., Wagner, and Schanz, rejects ~vOeacT1tKOV as a marginal explanation of OE~ov by a late commentator (Stallb. suggests by Proclus himself), partly, too, because the word evOearo-TLKo is not recorded elsewhere from Plato or any author of his time., As to the latter point, Hdt. i. 63 uses 4veda6(o, therefore we may conclude that EvOEar-TLKo would be perfectly intelligible to Plato's readers; also, perhaps, evOova-LOTrrLKO (which Winckelmann proposes to read here) had to his mind a slightly derogatory suggestion of 355 68 d 682 a 682 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO "tpossession " and " excitement," and this may have made him choose a less familiar form. (Vitwp)8Eo) also does not occur elsewhere in Plato.) As to the former point I think it is best to suppose that Procl-us only quoted the 4VOGTWJKO'V when he meant to bring in the {puvp8ovv as well-and this gives us a hint how to take C4iYvq~o~v.-The other three quotations are not verbal, and the point of them lies in the QELoY. Heindorf and Badham (who also alters V'vq)ovov to i'1.vy85v) take the KcL` ascnecting OZov and Ev0,Ea0TLKo'V, and suggest (the former as an alternative to another arrangement) that T-o5 7wot-qnWV is the "Igloss " that should be rejected. But Proclus's -quotations seem to establish too (i.e. as well as other classes Of OEt~ot &v'SpEs) as the meaning of Kacd, and moreover VJtvy~oi~v, which is rather a difficulty any way, becomes more difficult if KWcd is and. a 7. 'rOi V3VV E'rrEX00'VTo5 q'1qiiv uvOGov, "in the imaginary history which has now occupied our attention." a 8. -ra6Xa Yap... 3ovYA~re W3 "it may perhaps give (you) an insight into my meaning." (Generally interpreted "tell us something about our object"; i.e. the discovery of the origin of law.) Cp. 668 c8. b 4. E`o vra: loosely used for "Iin the neighbourhood of." b 7. For E'v with a measure of time, in the sense of after, cp. Phcaedo 107 e aUX~OS 8EypO 7Wa'XLV -q'yE1bk')V KO/XLCft E' V 7roXkuas XPOVOKaLL /J~cKpaZS 7WEpto'80tS b 1 0. yoiv, "1what I mean is" cp. 6 81 c 7. el1. For v- ro c. ae. meaning (to put or go) "close up to" (something above) cp. Rep. 496 d {'7ro rEt~ov0 d7croa-6s Lyqsis 203 a nr' a1~o T r~ teo,. The mountain streams are naturally supposed to be felt as coming down from above. e 3. X'4>ots: the cbange to the plural after the Xo'fov at b 3 seems merely due to a desire to vary the expression. e 4. Stephanus's emendation of the MS. -it to Ttva is a certain one. The loss of va was doubtless due to the following /Aa, and the preceding 7roXko-C TEo-C XP6VOL gives the pattern —a very common one-for the expression. c 6. KaT7PKOVV: probably here, if not in KaToLKOV^VTa,3 (6 77 c 2), and KaTpKIT&q (682 b 2), the Ka-ra- has the meaning of down into the plaine. d 6. The Ta' marks the KaKa' as historical. d 7. a-ro-oEt3: this word introduces us to the stage of violent revolution, foreshadowed perhaps in the word 7raO~Aa-ra at 681 d 8, and ma~rljiag a new age. 356 NOTES TO BOOK III el1. SaX,' W)GTTE: used somewhat loosely, like ouir "instead of that," with a change of subject. e 2. of', "1and these exiles" for, as at e 4, Jhvyac, is used for 4vya4a~.-Ritter is possibly right in taking 7waXtv with KaT-iUOov, but if it be taken with C'KWEo-4VTeg it need not mean " banished a second tinie," but merely "sent away again"; cp. Hdt. v. 72 where 7raktv C'E$EWLtre is said of Cleomenes, when, after occupying the Acropolis, he was forced to relinquish it again. (Stallb. takes the 4/vya'~ to be the exile of the veterans from Troy, and the ot' to be the vE'ot who were driven out in their turn (7rrdtv); but this interpretation of the second ol' is very harsh.) e 4. T 'a' TO"TE qvya': abstract for concrete, i.e. 1-ov' TO'TE Om/a'S,, which is actually the reading of 0. So at 680 e 7 y7EwpytcL3 stands for alypov;3. Stallb. quotes Thomn. Mag. p. 902 fV'y~ Ka'~ o' 4vy6E OOVKV&&KJq3 ~'V ri 'y8o', vi.6] a yap Kat (kvy-j av'TW^v 'e$O qV. Cp. also our "flights" of birds.TaVTa.... 7ra9vT a rd. YTJVTEOEV, "all the subsequent course of these events "-" the rest of the story" (Jowett).-The V'JEt is emphatic: " you Lacedaemonians " are the people to tell that; i.e. "it is part of Lacedaemonian history." e 8. Though in grammatical structure KLT" a'pXc', goes closely with f$Erpawo/'JCE6~c, in idea it belongs to the subordinate participle 8WXkEy/L Evot (not "we turned aside at the beginning while discussing," but "we turned aside at the beginning of our discussion ").-The difference of tense between the two subordinate participles, &cLXEy/O'/.Evol and 7rEpLtrEoO'VTES, indicates that it is the second participle which goes specially with the main verb-and further defines the action it describes; for the main verb is also an aorist.-7rEpt7T-Eacr`vvTE, has very mnuch the same meaning as 7~t TrvxovTrE~ at 683 e 5-used of chance subjects encountered in a discourse or a mental survey. e -10. Wdo-n-p KaTa Oeov, "providentially " (Jowett). e 11. Xaf6ibv a7o3[&,xcrtv: acc. to the scholiast on Rep. 544 b (r 1v a)T'?jv Aa/q'~v ra'peXE), Aaj3' (or ka/3at', cp. Phaedr. 236 b) means the hold or grip which wrestlers get of each other; so that Xafivjv 7rapE'Xet or drro&&~vat is "1to allow your antagonist to get hold, to get to grips." The application of the metaphor is plain. The two antagonists are the personified Ao'yog and the Athenian -or perhaps the three of them-and they are this time going to discuss seriously and exclusively the origin and character of JDorian institutions. 683 a 1. It is perhaps permissible to wonder whether aViT-i-'4 is 35 7 682 e 683a~ THE LAWS -OF PLATO not a mistake for aZ.-0p&,W' goes with KaroL KE 4TOCLLa.-EckcLTE: e.g. 626 c, 637 a.-KaTioMUew-OcaL: Ast is possibly right in thinking that this is a mistake for KaTI-Kw-COat. A and one or two early edd. did make the mistake of substitutingKaTotKyqrtV for KaT-o[KUtLrV. Still KaVrotKEF6O0at is possible here, if we suppose it said- of the concrete "settlement," i.e. state of Lacedaemon, which is implied in the words KaT-OLKW-LtV EV AaKe&a4Lova; the KaU Kp-q'Tijv facilitates the supposition. -a 2. The relation of the added clause Kal Kp. KTX. is best expressed by putting a (-) befo-re it. lIt does not all of it belong to the relative sentence; though Efkare pO'PO-1 KaLTotKEWO-Oat has to be supplied with it, the W' ad8EX(o't1 vo6jot, has nothing to do with the '~v. (Ast and Schneider take cJ8X-~oZ KaL as equivalent to 05Loto0ts Kat, "with the same sort of laws as Crete.") a4. 8tE$EX6OVTEV9 limits the meaning of 7rXav- ('Vi;X ov to the part of it coiicerned with the imaginary history.-The explanatory asyndeton (fOEacr-c4LE~a KAX.) is common ill Plato; ep. 684 a 2, Menexr. 239 d 1. a 7. TErapTnq: the fourth representative polity does npt present any marked development or alteration of internal constitution, as compared with the third. The difference is mostly one of size. It is a nation of three cities. Also, what is very important for the, argument, the polity is a real, not an imaginary one. a 8. KaTOLKtC0'1/LEVo'V TE' 7tOTE KaLL VVV KcLTpKtO7LUEVOV: i.e. not only does history show us the formation stage, buit we can use our own eyes, so to speak, because the foundation has endured to the present day.-A and the margin of 0 have irpo viv for vv-v; perhaps they did not understand KaTpKLO7LkEvov. L has v~v alone. b I. E'$ dlv A~arcvr~ov: I think it is better to take these words with rti-" what out of all these (political) arrangements," rather than "1as the result of all this history, or description." For one reason, this interpretation provides a natural explanation Of av'Tr'V. -This involves taking KarTWKItO7)01 in the sense of established, settled, arranged-of a part of the -civic establishment. Cp. Tim. 24 c. (C. Ritter suggests that perhaps Lacedaemon is the subject of KaTqpKtGJ-61.)-L has EL TE KaUt A and 0 omit Kal: it adds a useful emphasis to 8vvatxE~a, and is more likely to have been omitted than inserted, so I restore it. b 5. This sentence and the following one gain greatly in point if, with C. Ritter, we read Tavi-ra' for the MS. TairTa-but not with his explanation. He takes rai'Ta' XIEKTE'OV to mean "1we must now 358 NOTES TO BOOK III 683 b go over the same ground, in examining historical fact, which we have gone over before, when we were imagining what was likely to happen "; and in the following sentence he finds a caution that perhaps history may contradict their theoretical hypothesis. What Tavra olov e~ dpXs kEKTEov means is " (if it is within our power to find out something definite about the effect of laws) we must go over the same ground again pretty muach from the beginning (as the logos seems to suggest that we should)." That is, we shall have to ask much the same question that was asked at the beginning; i.e. "Are the Dorian Laws perfect?" Only then we asked "can they be defended in theory?" now we ask "have they worked well in practice?" b 6. 'yKaCLov,/ev is most likely fut. The Ath. does not want to press the discussion on his hearers unless they express themselves as satisfied with what was said before on the same topic. 682 e 8-683 b 6. "There is a providence in it; here we are back again at the same point from which we diverged, near the beginning of our talk about laws, when we fell upon the subject of Music and drinking-bouts. Here is the argument offering us to begin over again, 'as we were'; for it has come round to that same foundation of the Lacedaemonian state, which you both claimed to be correctly ordered-that and Crete, whose laws are akin to the Spartan. Something certainly we have gained from the round-about track of the argument, from that part of it, that is, in which we reviewed several polities and state-foundations. We examined a primitive, a more advanced, and a yet further advanced community, following upon each other, as we conceive, in order of establishment, through countless ages of time; and here now a fourth state, or perhaps you would prefer to call it a nation, presents itself, in the process of acquiring a civic existence which has continued to the present day. And if we can get to see, not only what of all these arrangements was rightly or wrongly established; but also, what kind of laws and customs they are which keep alive the parts of the polities which survive intact, and to what kind of laws and customs ruin is due when it comes; and again, what changes in these laws and customs would be salutary to the state -if we can do this, my Megillus and Cleinias, it is worth while to (take the argument's offer and) treat the same subject pretty much all over again-unless (of course) we have some fault to find with what has gone before." 359 THE LAWS OF PLATO,(Bruns pp. 163 ff. holds, naturally, that all in this passage that points back to anything in Bks. I. or II. is a forgery of the editor; consequently whatever he cannot interpret as a reference to a previous part of Bk. III. he rejects.) c 2. oi' X'EtpoVv' i8' E'Xa'TTovs, "1as good, aye, and as long." c 4. c-Xe~ov (a favourite form of qualification in the Laws), " if I am not mistaken " (it is Midsummer Day). e8. 7EvW/1LE0U TCi 8tavotcui: a bold phrase; "let us put ourselves in thought." Stalib. cps. Menex. 239 d Cv -KEL'KVq) 79) X#PO'W 7EV0/EVOV Xo'yp. o9. By Tra /Xfra Tiov6rWv he probably means the territories of these three states, including the towns dependent on each. d 1. &'KaVW^S3: its position suggests that this word rather qualifies than strengthens 1'roXEt'Pta; i.e. that it means not thoroughly, but virtually. d 2. 4 -ye XE'YEiat TO5 TrOV /AwOov "significat ipse Plato, se in his enarrandis incertos sequi fontes. Quod profecto dignum est animadversione, quandoquidem in uis, quae deinceps exponit, aliquoties discessit ab uis quae ab Herodoto, Xenophonte, aliisque scriptoribus de uis rebus memoriae prodita sunt," Stallb. We can-not help suspecting that Plato is here continuing to some extent the invention of history in which he has been recently engaged. d 10. 7cvraVE3 0 TOToE: all the inhabitants of those three states -the kings included.-Tot'rot3 and av'T(v refer to the kings. The oaths are repeated below in detail, when the position of the %A~ot is defined. e 1-3. 8La6C'cOeql7. KaMcLWETat: in both these remarks the Ath. seems to be contemplating the overthrow of a form of government by a force within the state, not, as at 709 a 3, the conquest by another state, and consequent subjection of the inhabitants, or even such interferencc of one state with the constitution of another as was common at the time of the Peloponnesian War.For the omission to repeatthe preposition i'7w6 before a-4W4 v cLTeW) (Sp. 035 e and 685 b. e 5. vvvS?\,IEv: " here," says Bruns, "1is conclusive proof that the part of the treatise which preceded Bk. III. was not,-or, at least, not merely-Bks. I. and IIL" If we follow Bruns we get into trouble with his "1Redaktor." What editor who could insert so many forged references, would fail to expunge one which evidently stultified his arrangement?-Badham and Cobet are clear that 3XVyov Z/ApocO-ev is a wrongly inserted' marginal explanation of vvY8'. If so, -it must have been a very early 360 NOTES TO BOOK III insertion, for Photius quotes this passage as it stands (s.vv. vvv 8'Y, though he omits the pEv, and says it is from Bk. IV.; the next quotation he gives-Eur. IHipp. 233-has, like our present passage, vvvS6q pwEv followed, after an interval, by vi'v SE'). Besides, both phrases have their own work to do in the sentence. vvv8-q) pb~ is contrasted with vi~v 6-' in e 6, while D'. E',w7. specifies the time of the action Of 7r1EPtTVX4VTE9: "a little time back, when we happened, the other day, on this subject in our conversation." It seems to me that it is the least extravagant of all the assumptions nenessitated by this passage, to suppose it to refer to a previous discussion-either an iruaginary discussion, or one recorded in a lost dialogue.' There is nothing at the beginning of Bk. I. to suggest that this is the first meeting of the three interlocutors. The sentiment is entirely in harmony with Plato's views as expressed in the Laws and elsewhere as to the perfect selfsufficiency of a'perrj, whether of men or of political organizations. Besides, it is, a well-known Platonic doctrine that "nothing that is can be destroyed, except by its own proper and specific evil" (A. E. Taylor, Plato, p. 8 7). Cp. Rep. 6 09 a 9 Tr' o-V[MfvrOV apa KaKOV EKaUOToV KaL t 7rov'qpa aroTo coX~votv,7 E',W 7 TOVT aL7roXkEt', Ov'K a9V aXXo yE aVTO" &~t Sta~k6Et'pEtEv. But nowhere in the Laws is there (pace Ritter) anything to justify the very specific reference in the text-nowhere such a statement as e.g. we find at Arist. Pol. 1312 b 38 fla-tkd'a 6' {',7r-' piEv -W'v 'E$OOEv VJ KtaYTa &fOL EaL 'L Ka't 7oXv~po'vto', EOWLTv- ` av'T$ - 6' at' i7rXEio-ruat 4&opalt crvpj,8atvovo'tv. Whereas, however, Aristotle in this passage merely says "1revolution comes, as a rule, from within the state," what Plato means, I take it, is that "revolution is the government's or king's own fault;" i.e. I take cr-4w;v av'TWrJV to refer, not to the people of the state concerned but, to its government. e 9. E'pyoV3 yIEVOIJVOL3: i~e. the ascertained subsequent history of the three kingdoms, contrasted with which not only the description of the first three polities, but even the traditional and varying accounts of the first Dorian establishment are KIEVO'V TL. (Some interpreters have thought that KEVO'V T-L refers to pure, theory, apart from facts.) e 1 0. Xc'yo v: almost doctrine, view. 684 a 1. Badham is doubtless right in excluding from the text the second T0'5v al'I-0v Xo'yov. It disturbs the construction, and looks like a mere accidental repetition.-aX,-qOEtav, "1reality." 1F.H.D. thinks the reference is to the disastrous result of i-r ' -rafo-Oat aiirch zV/ gavroiO at 626 e 3. 361 683 e 684 -a THE LAWS OF PLATO a 3. TptTra~t3: not merely a variety for T-pWd; each time the oath was taken three kings or three commIunities were addressed. a 4. The gen. of the inf. indicates the purpose of the common laws of the three states, and goes closely with 4EOEVTO: they were the laws, i.e., which regulated the mnutual.'relation of kings and subjects-the oC tte'v and the oC 8E' respectively of the oath. a 6. For 4W'7E&'o in the sense of keep an oath ep. Eur. IT. 790 TOV 3' OpKov ov KaTW/1LO0T EI/iTE (00-OIEV. b 2. An ungrammatical corrector of A altered 8- oL to 8&q-1cov. b5. TO E JLEU/trTOV... V7FIfXEV... 7Ito oI'; T-6 /3o'7OV59 )/E dtvac K-X. This use Of To' y/E is the same as in the parallel expression at Euthyd. 291 a, where the best MSS. have TO yE EV' Oe'&z OT-C 0VT-EEV'OVS8qLos 'V KT-X.There Bernhardy altered i-c' to Tr'8& (as Badham does here). A MS. variant Of TO" 8E~ (not To" S" -yE) for ToyE gave some confirmation to Bernhardy's conjecture, and Burnet adopts it in the text. But he does not even mention. Badham's correction of this passage. I think the text ought to stand at both places.-To does not go closely with ~Lw'EOto-rv as an attribute: it is an independent demonstrative; cp. 807 a 6 oVKovv T-o ye &KaLOV cafxLEv,-" was not that point of the greatest importance to the political arrangements?" (Lit. "1to the establishments of polities, as by law established, in the three' states.") b 7. ELTE KTX.: this clause seems added by way of implication that the agreement was not more in the kings' interest than in that of the peoples. b 9 f. Here we have the principle of our "League of IN ations" proposals. c 1. The following little apology for the -use of a certain amount of force was thought so inapposite by Zeller and Stallb. that they reject from K~at /iqv to i-` pijqv; at c 10, and Schanz follows them. The connexion of ideas from c 1 to e 5 may be thus expressed: 'although the Dorian body politic could not dispense altogether with the surgeon's knife, it had at all events this advantage, that it was free from the diseases of millionaires and of debt; it is true that it was necessary to encounter the popular prejudice against the use of force, but its rulers and guides were not hampered by the conservative cry "phtk KcVEE Tr& d'KtiVq'a" (i.e. " vested interests") c 3. For Ka~a'7rEp a'v cl cp. below 872 c 4. c 7. T6 & y'Y: cp. Apol. 23 a 5, Be~p. 340 d 7 (" whereas, in point of fact," Adam), Laws 691 d 6, 731 e 3. "For all that (one must 362 NOTES TO BOOK III68C V0 684 C often be satisfied, etc.).'1- For E'arT'v adya~ryrOp'iV... Et Kat tt *.. &6vatro cp. Thuc. ii. 39 Et EO'EXOL/LEV KL1N8VVE1'EtV1 7rEpty/0/VE-Jac lqUV i- irPOKa1_tvcw, where Dion. Hal. HEp't OOVK. L&(O/JcaTO13 xii. 1 finds fault with Thucydides' grammar: " Jvrav'Oa y/ap Tr' JLE EOEAkotLJEv,YS,,La TO' /JLEXXoVT'O9 'OTt XP'V0V1 &qX(1rTKOV, T' 8 W/77Vt' I I-i wp'vr " and editors emend to MkO/Eopv, and cp. Rep. 4 35 d, where it is made clear that a'ya~r-qTI-V (Eo-TztV) can be 7o0i ItE'Xkovros XP0'VQV XqW-rtK0v, by the substitution of it for LWavW~(V avxot, and E'$aPK&I-TEt. So that here we must take Jo-Tr'v ai. wr. to mean "we may often have to be satisfied." (Cp. Goodwin, M. and T. 500.) d 5. aiV-roii;: Ast calls this " redundant." Now in the passages he-on 625 a 3 (cp. Hei-ndorf on Gorg. 482 d 1)-cites for the redundant ai'T49, the noun or pronoun thus resumed in the a'Toi-g has been partially lost sight of, owing either to a turn in the construction, or the length of the intervening part of the sentence; whereas here there is no such reason for the renaming of the person spoken of. Wagner proposes Jo-ToE3 for cuv-ToF; Schneider, reading aivi-oF, takes it to refer to the citizens. This last is the best way out of the difficulty.-Iqjwcp... -/QyVETrat, "and that is just the reproach which is made." d 6. A, L and 0 have QUXX'Xav; vopo~crov/pE'iat3. All the edd. follow the marginal reading of Cod. Voss., and two inferior MSS., in reading a`Xkate votk. I conjecture the original reading to have be &X voj~o0,Eovp~ac, n that an early corrector wrote -,aiover -Xe, with the result that this was subsequently read as cQXkXatc3.-"1 In many cities whose laws were formed under other circumstances " gives a more apposite sense here than "1'quae multis aliis in civitatibus,7 cum leges accipiunt, usu, venit " (Schneider). d 7. It is better to take 8t'Skvo-tv as governed by C~-q than (supposing a zeugma) b~y KtV-EV.-O1pWV W4, "from a perception that." d 8. dVCi TovTOv, "failing such measures," " on any other terms. "-W', "1because." e 1. For the proverbial 14 KLVEt'V i-am dKt`Vlp-c cp. Schol. on Thectet. 181 a. e 2. The MSS. have eLLT-)YOV/LtEvov. I have adopted HI. Richards's suggestion that we ought to read -EtL0fl77OV/.4Evy. There is no other instance, I believe, of brap'o-Oat with the ace. of the person denounced'. and the analogy of similar compounds is against it. Burnet suggests (privately) that probably we ought to read EUt0-'OV/X1EVWV. e 3. m-d'vr' a3v8pa, "1any lawgiver" (however able). At Prot. 3-63 684 e 684 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO 323 a 7ra'vra a'vapa means "Cany man" (however unskilled).-Ka't ro03'... 'r ^pXEv, "had this advantage as well" (as that spoken of above at b 5 if.). e 4. o&'i-e, " as it was." - K0U^03 Ka't aLVE/1EO-(TnO), "whereby they escaped all painful animosities."-The TrE and Kat' mark that the advantage consisted in two facts: (I) there could, from the nature of the case, be no disputes about anybody's share of land, and (2) no one had to be relieved of debt: StavE'puxr~at is pass.The change in construction is a marked instance of the tendency to vary the formn of expression. e 8. " Ka'TOC'KLt scr. rec.: KaTotK~7-q0t, A L 0," Burnet. 685 al1. ai',rw3v probably refers to the ai-oZ3 of the previous question: "1what point in their conduct?" Megillus does -not like hearing "1Dorian institutions " and " failure " connected. (Another alternative is to suppose acdro')v to refer to the KaLTOtKto-t, and vo/,LoOeO-La: the answer to the question rather makes for the former interpretation.) a 2. As Stalib. says, ot'Kqcjog is the right word here, Cp. 6 81 a 7. a 6 if. a'XXa% tzqv.,. 7ropEv~o-Oat, "1easy or not, we have got to consider and investigate this point now or else relinquish our old men's sober pastime ~of law -hunting, with which we promised ourselves on starting to sweeten the toil of our journey."-The explanation of the Cretan at the end of this book changes the 7rao~ta/ into rrov8~.a-'Xvi7w3 recalls the ov'K d'q~' of 625 a 6 and the pLLTa' p',a-rwv-q of b 7. - Ritter cps. Phaedr. 276 d where Socrates speaks of writing a book as being the preparation of a pastime for old age; cp. also Parm. 1 37 b 2, and below 7 12 b 2. a, 8. oJ'opova: H. Steph., followed by Ast, inserted a Kal before this word; Wagnet would reject it as a marginal interpretation of 7rrpEGr/3VTtK 'V; Schanz reads uw(po'vog. No change is needed. Stallb. aptly cps. 769 a 71-pEO-f3RV1-V E'1ppwv wcwrat; cp. also Tim. 159 d pe'Tptov a&v E'v T5 /Ply watta'V KOCt 1~Po'vxv rOtOtTO~ where Plato is speaking of philosophic theorizing.-Burnet has cleared up a good deal of the difficulty of the passage by putting the comma after C'E$Ea7-aSCv= instead of after v'jaov.-The participles OrKOWr. Kat E4. which both govern roo-To, though grammatically subordinate to &tEXOEZv, really contain the main idea of the sentence. It reads as if, when he began it, he meant it to be merely M3E... 'q'la-1 TOVTO G-K. KLLZ E'. 7. v. 7wat'Etv wrat&. 7rp. O5W4., but changed it, as the further thought occurred, to 7rat'ovrag &bEXOEL'V KTX. b 4. For the omission of 7rEp[' before -roiirew cp. 635 a 7.-With 364 NOTES TO BOOK III T-avTra supply 7ro6Xts (rather than OIK'/-rELtS), and so with ErEpas two lines below. —o'... aKeKoa7.rtKaotV: the tense of the verb helps the quasi-personification of vo4toL, and is decidedly against taking roVTrwv as referring to persons; and the word might have been so taken without changing vowv to VOpOOeT(v, as Badham does (and rtv' to Tivwv), simply by supposing 4 TOVdTWV to stand for r TWEpIt Tv voiLov TOVTwVo (rwv advOpT7rwo). b 5. Ev8oKLLWTrTpwv and LELV^rov both qualify ord'Xeov, and r-ep' (so Ast for the MS. 7repL) governs KCTroKItreov (on which 7rroXcwv depends).-For the plur. KaTotLKI'etv cp. rats Karao'rdrec'-v Twv 7roiXtrrWv at 684 b 5.-Steph. first corrected the MS. KaTOtKjO-etV to KaTOtLKIrEWV. Ast and Stallb. take KaT. roO. closely together, Ast translating the two words by "Staatsverfassungen." A comparison of Rep. 497 b, 1o/8E/LtLav de[av elval Triv VVV KaTaOrTac't 7roAXEWo) AXoor-q4ov Sv-eows, might seem to suggest that KaTOtLKto'eV 7ro'Xewv here are treated as a single noun, and that the adjj. agree with them both, not with 7roAhov alone; Adam in his note cps. Prot. 319 d and Pol. 296 e (dp0^ 7r'oewus tOtLK'Eo-os). b 6. As Ast says, davr here means in preference to, as at Phaedr. 232 a (with a'peZ-cOat); cp. also Tim. 26 e 1 q riv E' 'd aXov avrT TOVTOV 9-yTrfTrov, and Gorg. 526 e ov eyo') TL OvrT2 Travrwv rev evSa3e (yO()vov EivaL. b 7-e 4. At 684 a attention was called to the measures adopted by the Dorian states to secure internal stability; here we are concerned with their defence against a possible attack from without. b 7. There is no 83 corresponding to this pJiEv, only the resuming 8r in rrpbO 8) raVr' in d 2. C 2 f. or 7rept TO "I tov OIKOnrVTES, and Tr/... vva'dl/E rT Trept N^vov yevotev: we saw on 676 c 6 that rpt c. gen., when joined to such words as atita, uT1Xaav, vi/Fr7 — i.e. such words as naturally take a dependent gen.-often stands in the place of a simple gen. Plato moreover often uses rrEpt c. ace. as a substitute for the simple gen. after other kinds of noun. In other words 7rept c. gen. represents our objective, Irept c. ace. (generally) a possessive gen. In the two phrases given above we have a transitional stage, in which a participle is added to the 7rept; r-q rep2 Nivov yevojLevV is hardly to be distinguished in sense from -,1 TOV Ntvov. Cp. below 690d 6 o rept re "Apyos Kat Meoro-ryivV pa-(rtXt3. A similar periphrastic use of Kara may be observed in Kara yr7pas and KaTa yevos at 692 a 1, which stand for subjective genitives. c 4. OpaorvvopLevoL rv TroeoX/Lov 7'yeLtpav rTv E7rt Tpoiav, "by 365 685 b ,685 C THE LAWS OF PLATO their insolent behaviour provoked the (Greek) expedition against Troy." o 5. crXiV-ua here used in the sense of dign~ity, glory; a poetical 'use, which is only general in late prose authors. c 6. T-rcr opo'juEvov, "while it lasted," lit. "which still lasted." - KaOd~cLEp VVV... KQC TOTE: "ad illustrandam sententiam superiorem quae aiferuntur per comparationern, ea davv&f,'re accedere solere non uno loco ostendimus: v. ad Gorg. 448 e, Rep. 497b, 577 c, Crat. 433a, Theaet. 173d, Phaedlon. 61a, Legg. 628 d, 6 59 e "[as Stalib. stops the passage], "1Pol. 2 9 6e," Stallb.-who compares the "1apposition " of the explanatory comparing clause to the apposition of single nouns. It is like the direct answer to a -question, -which needs no connecting link (op. e.g. 685 a 2). o 7. 4KdbV-qV TrI)V crvcrOeXo-ctUV G-V'V'a~W, " the united Assyrian Empire," Jowett. The selection of an expression, which would apply to the Diorian federation as well, suggests an equality of.Power on both sides. o 8 f. u~E'ya..YE7OVEL, " for the fact that Troy had again been captured was a strong ground of complaint against the Greeks." The story of the first capture is told at II. v. 640 if. The analogy of e'yKkqcjaca wpog a',XXqXov,3 at Rep. 464 d1, and Laws 737 b shows that 7rpOs c. aec. denotes not the people appealed to (here the Assyrians), but those appealed against. Even t'/KcaXEtv -can have 7rpos c. acc. instead of tbe ordinary dat.; cp. Demod. 3.84 e Totav1^TL 4EKaX\O1Xflv wrpb JXXK.ov,3. d 1. Tri3 Jpx'qis. 0PtpOV "hoc unde Plato hauserit, incertum," Stallb. -d 2. 7wpo'5 jT4aia 7raLVTa, " propter haec omnia," Ast; better "to meet all these perils," "in the face of all this."- " TaiT'r7' )~V Schneider [and Hermann]; Tav'r-qv A LO 0; TraiJva vuig." Burnet, If it were not for the 7dracL~ and the W'3 after KaXw~s in d 5, it would be simpler (omitting 7ra'V~ra and W1) to adopt the MS. TraVTnjv. The 64 may plausibly be ousted, as Steph. suggested, and as Ficinus seems to have read; and though 7rQvTa might conceivably be a mistake for a Tca~v'T which had been written in the margin -as a variant for Ta 5 vsuh a variant was not likely to be suggested unless the 7rrcvra had been already in the -text. As the 7arVra is there, and as Ast is no doubt right in denying that it can be construed with dJvqvp'q/jvij Kat KcaT. as onmni ex parte, Schneider and llermnann's emendation must be regarded as certain. -d 4. The JPc -and the `eX4~h ^ bring into poiec h 366 NOTES TO BOOK TIT 685 d cohesion that ought to have continued among the forces of. the Dorians. d 6. The 3ta epo'vroi was probably not felt to be, like KaX~g, a qualification of a'qpq~&'v and Ka-raKCKO / 7 but, like the (LerptOJ3 in ov' 7ra-vv /jLErptOJS3 )/7vETat at Rep. 504 c, to have, with the 'dv the force of an adjective: "and the force had the advantage over that which went against Troy."-The point of the sentence is that the defensive arrangements were admirably devised, and calculated to impose on an opponent. d 7. The -qy-OiVTO (" people thought ") resumes the J&, E'80KEU. d 8. apxo6v-rv a`pX0V~ag: as we might say " general for general, the French had the advantage," only in Greek the quasiabsolute expression fits more compactly into the syntax. e 2. Stallb. takes TOV'T6V' to be T- 0"f7' Tpoi'av WJakKO/JCVOV o-TpaTo7tE80V; but this means that the same people are referred to as EKLUvovg, in the same breath. Ritter is no doubt right in holding (on 682 d e) that both VCVtKqK-E'vaLL and ~r7u7~-OaL refer to the same victory, and that Toov'rovg and T-ov"Twv are the iDorians, and EKEt'VOV3 the Achaeans. There is no need to suppose that either side was identical with the Trojan veterans; the EKIZMEO-OVTES of 682 e 2 may have included both vc'ot and survivors of the Trojan expedition. It was the name of the Achaeans only that was identified with the Trojan expedition. Under the new name of Dorians and with Heraclid leaders the returned exiles showed by their victory that they were better men than those who had retained the old name.-As in the case of Epimenides at 642 d, Plato. treats history very carelessly. It is only at this second reference to the events that the Heracleidae are mentioned at all. He must have known the common account, which represented the Dorians as foreigners who came under the Heraclid (i.e. Achaean) leadership, eighty years after the Trojan war, to settle in the Peloponnese. His view seems to be, that about these prehistoric times, one story was as good as another. (Cp. Thuc. i. 12, where the author gets into difficulties in trying to reconcile tradition with the Iliad.)-,qn,-raio-Oat; the MS. reading, if correct, must stand as a historic present. Boeckh was probably right, however, in emending it to 'TTi~o-Oat. e 3. ~v~ ~tavo rai r is the original MS. reading (so Burnet; Schanz gives -itmt &. Trotar'Ty but it was early altered, either to ~ av r-tvt &. rot 'T or' t3 is used as a variety for oTOiiOV'T6 TtS; cp. ofro,; for oTOCV'ro3 at Pind. 0. iv. 38 oV-To3.1 7-xvraan below -r%'-a for -rotcLv^a at 706 c 7. 367 THE LAWS OF PLATO 6. The order of the words in this sentence is peculiar. (For the T 6 which goes with ot"E-Oaic cp. Rep. 498 d6 TO' IMvToiG /1 WELOEcr a TO Xy/E oI roi oX'o Oa' ac o'&v.) "Is it not also likely that they should think that the arrangement would be a stable one, and would be likely to last?" (Badham's alteration of the first Kait to Sta does not give the right sense.) 686a1. av'roik: i.e. the Ot' T-6I-E of 685 b7 (and e4), the Dorians of the time.-TaVG': the Dorian federation or empire. a 3. A has 8taKEKO0 'r~ar0 and this is given as a variant in 0, though 0 and L read 8taKEKO0(T_-qJLEVOvs. A break in the construction, which goes on as if an " and they reflected " bad been interposed before this and the following inf. KEXP [E'V0V3 ElvaLL, is a quite natural method of varying a chain of participles. Those who read 8taK<EK~oO 7A/E'vov3 have to do something with the Jtvait in a 4. Badham, followed by Schanz, strikes it out; Apelt, p. 5, would read ot~aat for it, Madvig aJEd.-The three things that made it reasonable to expect that the Dorian federation would be firm and lasting were: (1) the memory of common exploits, (2) the kinship of their rulers, and (3) the fact that they were assured, by the oracles that they had consulted, of the blessing of Heaven. A~nd yet, as we learn from the following paragraphs, these glorious prospects soon vanished. Sparta alone maintained the Dorian tradition, and that was weakened by constant conflict with the two other members of the Confederacy. b 2. uEXpt -r(' viv~: the d'r is supported by all MSS., and by a marginal note in 0 stating that it existed "in all copies." Steph. corrected it to rOV3 and. Schanz followed him.-E'W.EI, "1and,yet," "1though" cp. above on 6 69 b 6, and 8 75 c 3. b 3. 7IEVOfL&'VI -/ -9 TO'T'E ta'vota, "if the plan had been carried out."-Kat ffv/.kqxov-o-ao-a Et3 ~'v, "and if the confederacy had been unanimous." There is a slight zeugma here; the plan was that of a confederacy, and the carrying out of the plan involves the existence of the confederacy, and it is with this that, in sense, 0LV/vfovcqo-ao-a agrees. b 8. There is much to be said for Ast's (and Badham's) &Xkkou-E for the MS. a'Xko; "by looking elsewhere" fits in much better with the rest of the sentence than "by looking at anything else," or "cat any other ovcr-q/yta"5); and the omission of the LYE is a likely mistake.-The a&XXag, and the' aEX )O-ECE ~Ov'TO)v are both redundant.-Is it not possible that the words aX~O<o-E> o-Ko7rew0 were not written by Plato, but by a commentator? o 1. ~poiovrcta: the Ath. (speaking from the general Hlellenic 368 NOTES TO BOOK III point of view) thinks of what Hellas had lost in being disappointed of a powerful champion; the Spartan, on the other hand, thinks more of the KaXa Kat /IcEyaXca rpdy/azra-the great tradition, that his own state had kept alive; and so he puts this consideration first. c4. TOTO o: adverbial, "in this case, here." Cp. 677d 1, TaVTa at 700 d 1, and Ka TOVTO at Apol. 29 b (where Burnet however follows Eusebius in reading Ka[7rot against the MSS. and Stobaeus). c7ff. dp ovv.. L. avoqO6(cLv, "my good sir, can it be that we have fallen unawares into a common mistake? Everybody, when he contemplates some event or production that has excited his admiration, thinks 'what a good thing! it might have produced marvellous results, if people had only known how to take a proper advantage of it!' Is it not possible that, on this occasion, we may form wrong and untrue ideas about this very subject?just as any men may on any other subject, about which they should think as I have above described?"-Instead of directly continuing this "satisfactory" investigation into the mistakes in the Dorian laws and constitution, the Ath. here interposes a caution-which he dramatically confesses (at d 7 f.) that he needs himself-against being dazzled by mere power or force-as if it were the great object, with the state or man, to be strong enough to do as he likes in the world. It is not enough to be strong enough to defy the Persians; you must be wise as well. Even if the Dorians had known how to maintain their empire, it might not have been for their own or their neighbours' good. This protest is, as he says, quite on the same lines as the deprecation of the cultivation of mere bravery in Bk. I.-The construction, as in a 3, is broken in the middle; the 8e in d 1 corresponds to the /ev after ol'OcEvoL, but it introduces, not a participle, as we should expect, but a finite verb. d 1. Cobet would reject KaXds and 'nva, but this impoverishes the clause: Kara rtva rpowov implies "in a way which the (imagined) speaker could specify"; the apa in c 9 " imagines" the speaker.-ro is best taken with vvv, and not adverbially with &e, as Stallb. d 3. ov"7 KaT'a /fvcrv, " and against the natural course of things," "contrary to the law of the universe." Cp. 682 a 2, 642 a 3 KaTa f- v r'ov avTro Sto'6p6oo}Ls. d 5. Naturally Megillus takes some time to see what the Ath. is driving at. VOL. I 369 2 B 686 c 686 d THE LAWS OF PLATO d7. For the tense of KcLI-EyEXacrcL ep. 'I-v'au0hjv 688 a 3. d 8. a'oflXl'ag 'yap'... A'o$i not: a typical conversational irregularity; op. 811 c 7.-u —rT0Xog here, like cr1-paTowE~ov below at 687 a 5, seems used, not merely of the Dorian army but, of the Dorian nation, and the terms are chosen because the nation had a military organization; cp. 6 66 el oTpaTOrow8oV Ya'iP wo0,kC-ECav E'ETE. d 9. I strongly suspect that we ought to insert abv somewh ere; probably after Oavpaxo-T-6V. If we do not, we must supply, in sense, after EX-o-v "or would have been." e 2. Megillus is still quite in the dark. "What," he says, "4wasn't there sense in all we have been saying?" "Maybe," answers the Ath. e 5. brcL~e: a gnomic aorist in a dependent sentence is a rarity.siira oe IOV^TO, WS: the brachylogy is less remarkable in English if we translate e~raO " feels." It is, at any rate, far less irregular than the passage in Phaedo 75 b-b<KE~o- JvokrTEv, OTL 7rpo0v/LEZrat KTX.-with which Stallb., after Heindorf, compares it. e 8. The word EiV'8at,/covo' (cp. the use of Ca'8aCp/owv above at 662 d 4) first gives the 'key to the ground of the Ath.'s objection. He has called a halt, because they were in danger of thinking that the lost opportunity necessarily meant the loss of national " happiness." There were other ways of missing that, besides not being strong enough. 687 a 1. Still Megillus does not see. "What is the harm of that?" he says. a 2 ff. - The question now started is: "what are the limits to the advantages to be derived from mere power and force? "-7ro E /3XkC'irow V OP6J3g XeyEIct: i.e. " by what prospects is the praise justi-fied?" This question is not directly answered. Indirectly Megillus (at e 5 ff.) is brought to see the answer. a 4. KaTa' TPO'70v: cp. 6 35t d 7. a 4 f. M0. T 'oV Katpov 7run av EVXOV; "how, exactly, would they have made the best they could out of the situation." Winckelmann's 7W', aiv &'VXOV goes very well by itself, but not after the preceding 7rw^; nor does Hermann establish the second 7rw by reading the first as an enclitic, and taking it with XEyo,hE'vov: the subject has not been encountered by chance. (He translates: "de ipso cujus nescio quomodo nunc mentio incidit.") On the other hand the enclitic (pace Badham) is very much in place where it stands. It gives just the general significance to TroV Katpov liv eTvXOV which shows us that we are not to apply these words merely to the utilizing of the opportunity spoken of 370 NOTES TO BOOK III 687 a above at c 9 and e 6. It gives the preceding interrogative the meaning "to what extent?" or "in what respect?" Jowett and others take the question to mean merely "what would have been the way in which they would have gone to work in order to be successful?"-But what follows is not "would it not be by taking such and such steps, and securing such and such results?" but "would not men praise them, supposing such (necessary) steps had been taken, and such results secured? "-All this assumes the correctness of Ast's startingly enlightening emendation of rtLOv/Joiev in b 2 to Ecratvoelv. a 5. aTrpa'ro7reov: cp. above on o-r'Aov d 8. —ro- Katpov 7vxJev occurs at Ale. II. 148 a 6 in the sense of " to make the best use of an opportunity." a 6. The up' OVK is resumed and explained by the u/iv ov KTX. in b 2, which shows that the Ath. is asking whether the world in general, would not be satisfied with the result described. — o'vveo-Tr1o'av.. do-.aXAa avom, " had bound them firmly together."-The change to the impf. in 8ie(ra-ov marks the enduring consequence, as compared with the initial act described in cvvvcTror-av. b 2. 7rrtOv{JLoiev MSS., eratvoLev Ast. Badham (reading E7rOvLotiev) would reject the question altogether. But the very weakness of e'rOv/joi'ev forbids us to suppose that anyone could have inserted a sentence including it. Even if it could mean: "are not those the things which would make them covet power?" it is out of place; but the previous trLtOvtzoev prevents us from thus supplying the missing object to ErtOv/Zoiev here. But with eTratvoev (for which the other word is, in the circumstances, a very likely error) the sentence aptly resumes the reference to brv 'cratvov ov'rov in a 2. The question then means: "if such a result as I have described were achieved, you would think people's praise justified, wouldn't you?"- With f'rawvoiev we must supply ol &vOpworot as subj., as at 685 d 7 with qyowvro. b 4. The question: " what would it all amount to?" which we expect, is not put yet. Instead, we have another picture of coveted worldly distinction. "It is the same," he says, "with every kind of coveted position: a man praises it because he thinks it gives the power to do as one likes-and, after all, what does that amount to by itself? " b 5. BTan's yevovs: i.e. "distinction conferred by noble ancestry." (Wagner takes yevovs as an objective gen.: "honours paid to his race.") 371 687 b THE LAWS OF PLATO b 6. EliEV: another gnomic aorist.-rpos rov'ro PAeXTrwv E'rev, "the prospect which makes him say so is..."-as.. E. yevEro/eva v... a: a clear instance of an ace. absolute-attracted perhaps into the case of rovTo. c 1. Ast writes eCrt. c 2. I quite agree with Stallbaum that the words os avros O(rcriv o Xoyos would be better away; they must be due to a commentator, who put them in, either as an explanation, or as a parallel passage.-ev T = ="definite." I would translate: "all men have in common, as a definite object of desire, that which the argument has just brought out." C ll. ~EXot/LEoa avayKats5 A, evXoxe a &vayKatOs L 0, and this was long the vulgate; the restoration of the lost &v between the two words of A is due to a marginal note of Cod. Voss., and was first printed by Bekker. d l. tros ye 4tkXot: it is here ingeniously hinted that, though each of us may think it an admirable thing for ourselves to be able to do as we like, we may yet see clearly that it is not always good for our friends to have this power. For instance, fathers would not grant it to their sons, nor, e.g., would a son in Hippolytus's position grant it to his father. This suggestion completely opens Megillus's eyes, and he sees the Ath.'s drift; he was beginning to see it at d 9.-rahra: " acute demonstravit Boeckhius ravra non esse in ravTa commutandum," Stallb. "Tara& flagitat canon Cobetianus," Schanz; but he reads rav^a. d 2. It is curious to note that A reads eav'ro'tiv, but L and 0 avrots, though 0 mentions the former as a variant. d 4. 7ras Wv dvSpt, " though one is a boy and the other a man." d 9. For the parenthetical AXyets, "you mean," or "you would say," cp. Crat. 421 c 7, and Philebus 49 a 9. d 10. It is impossible to give the force of these words in the absence of an English word which, like veavtas, means both young and hot-headed. The CrM veos (Tv) is, by implication, "because he is too young," so the yepwv wv is " because he is too old," and so Jowett's " in the dotage of age, or the heat of youth " comes near to the Greek.-V Kat, "or perhaps." e 1. /fLr3v 7Tw V KaXknv KCL TJV 1{LKaLIOv yLyvI(orKWv, "quite blind to the right and justice of the case"; and at e 3 6 8e rats 7Y7VWOK is, " while the son is not blind."-As is usual with Plato's illustrations, there is a special appositeness in Theseus's case, for it was by a wish that the fatal result was produced. 372 NOTES TO BOOK III e 2. I think 7raO.^cac-tv is used here, as at 681 d 8, and 695 e 3, in the sense of "circumstances," "plight," though the analogy of 812 c3 ev rot's raOrjao-v o0Tav fv^xq yIyrVl7rTU tells in favour of the meaning " emotions": ToCS 7EVOpEVOLS Or-Er TrpOS. 'ITrrroXvrov is more naturally taken as "which befel Th. in relation to Hipp.," than "which overcame Th. in reference to Hippolytus." e 7. The utmost apparently that can be got out of the MS. reading Trjv f3ov\rctiv 86 IerjoCv IakkXov T. e.. is "without praying that his desire should any the more be in accordance with his own reason." (Jowett's "for his wish may be at variance with his reason" cannot be got out of any of the readings.) As, however, A L 0 all give 7rokv as a variant for Jir8S&v, and as in A there is a gap before,ql6ev which may well have held 7roAv, we may perhaps (with Schanz and Burnet) substitute 7roXi for JLr8ev, and thus obtain a more natural meaning. At the same time the question must be faced: how did,/z8~Ev come there if it was not what Plato wrote? Also ro7ro 86 looks like the main antithesis to ov -roiro in e 5 f., and perhaps with /ir8pev pa-,Xov we might translate, "unless at the same time he prays that his desire should be in accordance with his own reason." e8. The following words do more than repeat what has just been said if we read rroihv; having said that it is far more desirable that the wish should harmonize with wisdom, he now adds that the one thing we ought to pray for-whether for men or for states-is that our wisdom may be great. —Sdev o-reV6Etv (as active) corresponds precisely to 7rEtKKr7oV JTri (as passive). 688 a 1. avSpa vopoOery71v: for the simple vootoO0Errv, like ad0Xrrov dv8p6o at Rep. 620 b 7. Ast unnecessarily inserted Kat before vo/u., and Schanz, equally unnecessarily, rejected the word altogether. —It is best to take the us clause not as dependent on a AXyetv supplied from the above XAyeyv SOKEZS but on the following e/Jvcrr0 v; I would therefore put no comma at voJuov, but would insert one after e'vrj-Orv, to mark that Kat visas c7ravauLrvp,-K(o has the ort clause (in a 4) as object: " I not only am reminded myself that a statesmanlike lawgiver ought always etc.... but I would further (err-) remind you," etc. a 2. rV7ro: i.e. the need for, and the need for encouraging, vo^s or (p6o7vrts. a 3. For the tense of Evrjo'O0v cp. KareYeXao-a 686 d 7. Neil on Ar. Eq. 696 says aorists of instantaneous action are almost confined to the dramatists. - KaT' dp&as... EX0VTa is 373 687 e 698 a 688 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO parenthetical, and should be so marked-He uses the 1st pers. because it is a reminder to them all. a 4. T-b pLE'v or-4pV... 7rapaLK4EXEv(La: for the gen. taking the place of a possessive pron. cp. 631 a 2 o-oi^ -n'V I'V e71rLX~t'P-qOLV, and 822 d 8?Jlq"Wv qJLW~rei-TJKEv TOV& X0YOL9. a 6. T-b S' E'IAOV C'XEYOV: in a note on 643 a 3 Ast classes together cases in which, as there, the neuter possessive pron. has its verb in the 3rd pers. (e. g. 7 23 b, 7 78 e, Rep. 5 33 a, Lach. 1 88 c, Ar. Eccl. 393) with those in which, as here, and at 860 c, and Theaet. 161 e, the verb is in the same person as that of the pronoun. He lays it down that in all these cases the neut. poss. is a periphrasis for the personal pronoun. I suggest that it is better to take the neut. poss. in the latter class of cases as adverbial-" as for me," "for my part." (Stallb. says that we ought to suppiy 7racpaKE'XEV/LCa with i6 -b 1&p'V-" while I uttered my injunction.")-ToV'To pEV: possibly adverbial (ep. 6 86 c 4, 6 77 d 1, '7 00 c 8), possibly agreeing with 7FcpaKeXEvfJLa understood-which anyhow is the subject to K-EXEV'OL. b 1f. /caXwi-Ta 3~' KaLL 7rpb01 wpcWTiqv, "but most of all and first of all he should have in mnind " etc. Stobaeus, apparently quoting from memory, omits KaLL' and writes KaL& in the place of the Tqnv. b 2. av/,ra~o-q3 7yq.Lo'va apET,73: cp. 631 c 6, 963 a 8. b 3. 836$a /LeT- eP&JT09 TE KaLL E7rtLVLLLa43 i-OVi-OL3 E~roJ1EVq: these words are best understood through a comparison of the contrasted state of mind described at 6 89 h 5 if. ' i-a KaXo' 'v t/vX —. yoL EVOVTE3 J,&?78Ev 7rotLortv 7r~ov. The, right view must be accompanied by a passionate desire to see it acted on and enforced. b 4. The asyndeton is of the explanatory kind; cp. on 6 85 c 6. "The fact is that."-It is instructive to note that there was a variant i' eXeyov ey' mentioned and condemned by 0, for ' XE'ywv ey.- emeans that he affirms as strongly as ever the need of voV^X. b 6. et' 3' is Boeckh's incontestably right correction of the MS. EO' For the sense cp. 636 c 1 K~ai Eti-E 7rat{'ovia ELTE crwov~aC~OVia E'vvoe'v 8ed i-&a iotai-Ta. In both cases he means that it is with him more than a mere "1academic " opinion-such, e.g., as he would uphold in the course of their 7ratL3L' 7pEG-flEVTtK1) 'Ofpwv (685 a 7); he is strongly impressed with the necessity of carrying it out in practice. In other words, the notion is one which would stand the test of practical experience. We may well suppose that the Ath.'s earnestness here suggested to one of his 374 NOTES TO BOOK III 688 b hearers the advisability of getting his advice in the circumstances explained at the end of the book.-For WOaICEtv and 7rtt used of mere philosophical speculation cp. Parm. 137 b 1 7' 3oiAEO-61E, E7reLU~rrep (3oKEL 71pXL/I(taEtW87) 7rttCL'ay V ratCEtv, a'XW EL/caVToV ap~ewIcu. (Ritter, pp. 17 and 19, who suggests by the way that perhaps we ought to discard the words -El (' W's crwov&~o~v, and would doubtless, with Ast, put only a comma after -/ybvEOaL0, takes the whole to mean: "it may sound like a joke, but I mean it.")-&iTt (3' /nyl-t, " I go so far as to say that " etc. What follows is an extreme statement of the Ath.'s belief-previously expressedthat /po'vrp-s; is indispensable. We are not to conclude from the rOTE that exactly this extreme statement was made before-though at 662 a 1 if. he says something like it.-ei X p ^a-Oat KTA.: cp. Gorg. 466 e 9 a'yaOo'v oi~v oLELt, Ec'a/ vs3 7rotj 11Va a QiV (3oKi, /3EX.TLO-Ta Et'/aL vov'v /07' 'EXWV b 7. If we accept, as we ought, I think, the traditional interpretation of EiXi' xP~o-0at as "1to obtain one's request," we must, in order to explain the following LJXXJ, regard o-(~akepo'v as a sort of contradiction of the idea of Ev'Xy Xpiq-aOat-almost as if he had said: "1to succeed in his prayer is a failure," i.e. "is not to succeed, but" etc. At 662 a 7 we have been told that ro" (C~v) a-8W, K~a't py o-zv/t4Ep0'vrw3 av'r4;o is a necessary consequence of wrongdoing. Perhaps some will, with Schanz, prefer to adopt Badham's caNk' for a'XXa'; in which case the whole passage will mean, "that it is dangerous (for such a mian) to pray, unless he prays that the opposite of what he wants may happen." Ritter well points out that the use of flovX'o-co-t in this passage quite accords with the distinction drawn in the above-quoted passage in the 6Gorgias (466 e ff), where Socrates distinguishes between a' (oKEZ a~vj3,r i.e. the means a man chooses to adopt, and 'a jlovSXEvau, the object he wishes to secure; ignorance, he says, of the effect of the means may make the man miss his ultimate object; see especially 468 d. Now Badham's interpretation of our present passage ignores this distinction. o 1. I think it possible that o-rov(3ctoVva (3' Tt. OEi-E was originally a commentator's explanation of e' (3' W's a-rov&aCov; it serves that purpose admirably, and does not do much good where it stands. The following remarks merely emphasize the importance of vo~s and the dangers of dJuaWt[a. e 2. -rj Xo'yy: i.e. the historical investigation, interrupted at 6 86 c 7, and soon to be renewed; so that 'r~ X'yp iw, '. does not mean, "1if you attend to what was said then," but "1if you attend 375 688 c THE LAWS OF PLATO to the argument as it proceeds," "if you let the Xoyos guide you (in the future)"; cp. d 4. c 3. If p/awXt)wv is correct, 06opas must be taken in a general sense, as downfall, not in the special sense of death. Very likely, though, Boeckh was right in altering pao-tXewv to f3acr-LXE v; cp. 684 a 2. c4. 8LavorjaTros: called at 686 b 3 q To'Te 8tavola, "the (imperial) idea," or "scheme." c 5. Ta 7Trept Tbv 7r6Xdeov: cp. on 685 c 2 ff., also below c 7. c 6. All modern editors adopt a late MS. (Ven. Marc. 184) reading Trpoo Kev for the clumsy 7rpocrjKELv of the best MSS.-T' XoL7r- 8~6 7rar- KcaKt, "but by their manifold faults of another kind "; for 7rda(r cp. 637 a 3, 676 c 1. c 7. 8&te6Oappva agrees with TOVS /3a-cLXcAs (or TAs paro-AELas) and Tr 8tavo6rjLa understood. d 2. eI' 7ro: for the ellipsis of the yTyverao cp. Rep. 497 e 2 oV fro pl povXcacrOa, tv 8' Ey7, AAX eL'rEp, To JL'? &UMavOwa 8$tagKoXvcrue, and Arist. Nub. 226 f. EZrEt' oaro Trappov TOVs Oeov, vrepipovess, adXX' OVK a7ro Ts ys, Etrnep. There is no need, with Bekker, to read el trowv y7yveraC, yl7yvEcia. Cp. the similar, but more remarkable, ellipsis of yevopuevaS at Phaedr. 267 d 2 aroXviaoo'Oa 8ta/3oXas JOOev 8 KparTtcros. d 5. &s oZcr-v AXovs, " for the friendship I bear you." d 6. 4EraxOTo"repov, "would be distasteful to you" (and therefore we won't do it). d8. ev ots: quite general; "and that is where," i.e. in conduct rather than in words.-I have adopted Ast's XevO0epws for the MS. Xe6v0epos, not merely because the sentence runs better so, but because it gives us a better sense: " if you compare words with actions, you will soon see which praise is of the highest quality," comes in better here than: "the man of right feeling is never shown in his true character more clearly than by whether, in such circumstances, he praises or does not praise." Nor can we get a better sense by taking Kal /ru with EXevOepos. e 3. Stobaeus, in quoting this passage, has 8e before &8, but the asyndeton is more impressive. e 5. TaVTO'v TOVTO 7rec/VKeVat Trotelv, " must inevitably produce the same effect." —rov ye vozoO6erqv: Ast on 643 a 6, and Heindorf on Phaedr. 272 e have collected many instances of this "Attic," and,tas Heindorf says, peculiarly "Platonic" acc. with verbals in -TEOV. e 7. avoLao: another name for 4pa0ta. Boeckh, on the 376 NOTES TO BOOK III68e 688 e grounds (1) that Ficinus translates the word here, and at 689 b 3, and 691 d 1, by ignoraritiam, and (2) that Plato elsewhere couples &yvota with c/AacL (Lysis 218 a, Soph. 229 c, Theaet. 176 c, Prot. 360 b, Ale. I. 118 a), concludes that a&7votav was what Plato wrote here. But, of the passages quoted, those from the Sophist and the Theaetetus do not support the view that in his later writings Plato used a&yvota and 4ea&ta as synonymous. In these two passages he denotes a special kind of a-yvotaL by the name of a[LaO' a, distinctly adding, in the former passage, that there are other kinds of a`yVota which could not be so called. Moreover, one of the arguments by which Ast supports Boeckh's view is that Plato opposes a~vota to vo'3 and aJp.aOt'a to ~6po'vquom. This does not sever alvota from dp~a~a here; for, just above, VOi73 and Op.ovyo-tg have themselves been -used as synonymous (688 b2). Again, the definition of dJla~t'a given in 689 a corresponds much better with the general meaning of avota than with that of &yvota, however likely may be restitution of the latter word in some passages; e.g. (?) Laws 819 d 2, Phil. 38 a, and 48 c, where Burnet prints it against MIS. authority.-For the use of a~vota cp. Theaet. 176 e 5 a'-7b ',XtOL0'r-pq-r0'3T KatLL q co-XaT-q3 avotag 689 a 5. The T 'V goes with the sentence o',rav...ao-7r a7CTat, which is felt to be in apposition to d'pa6[av and so to be the equivalent of a noun.-&$'av: this may well have been (Schanz says was) the original reading of A; but it was altered in that MS. to &$y~-, which is the reading of L and 0 and Stobaeus. Some late 'MSS., however, recovered the correct reading. The absolute neut. part. is necessary to the sense of the sentence. a 7. The 8tca/ovL'a is not, of course, between pleasure and pain, bnt between these two sensations, and rational (or philo-. sophical) opinion. It is the opposite of the -vpbwvt'a spoken of at d 5. a 9. /JtEy~77 L''r ' O'Tt -TOyV 7rX Oovs; ELUTTL T-ql73 ~/vXa)% "and it is of very wide extent, because it resides in the main division of the soul." b 1. O7ep ~fL~T a' mk/)Ooi; 7ITOXEW ioL corresponds to the commons, or multitude in a city." b2. o"rav. ~~vX': when, that is, in the soul, viewed as a sort of community, power gets into the hands of the multitude, instead of into those of the men who are fit to rule. b 4. In form the TrE after 7woXEws connects 6,Et'-)v av with 377 THE LAWS OF PLATO rpocrayopcEo; in reality the second statenent is not so much an addition to, as an amplification of, the first. b 5. ravrov: this is used adverbially, in the sense of Wro-avTrws"equally in the case of a city and in the case of a single man." (O omits the Kat before 80, which shows that the writer did not understand ravrov; KaC is added in the margin of 0, and is found ir A and Eus. and Stob.-Badham would reject ~ bvx4 in b 3.) b 7. ravras, if singular, would probably have been neuter; cp. above TOVTO avotav 7rpoocayopevo. c 1. dXA' ovr r&s W-v Sr/utovpyWv: i.e. " I should not call the apcaO'a of a hand-worker the worst kind of JA'aOa." In other words, it is a far worse evil for an unwise man to have his way as against the rulers of the state, than for a cobbler to mend shoes badly. Cp. what is said below at d 3 about the relative unimportance of the inability to read or swim. c6. rovo... XEy.. LEvov, "this much then we are clear about, and will constantly affirm." The perf. part. expresses the making up of the mind once for all; the pres. XEyo,/evov the readiness to declare the opinion whenever it should be necessary. (Badham would read XEXEyuEvov, Schanz brackets KaC XEyTo/Jvov because Theodoret omits it, and Eusebius puts it after eX6o/Evov.) c7. A L and 0 and all other MSS. of Plato have TavrTa /zavOdvov(r- Eusebius, in his quotation of the passage, preserved nearly the right reading-he has TavTa dpatOatvovo(t-which is found first in a late hand in the margin of A and some other MSS. Stobaeus quotes it as Els 7TaVa dpavaO'vovca (see below d 9)ELs also Boeckh, as a conjecture.-For the ace. of the inner object ravTa ("in these respects") cp. Soph. 228b3 ev rvxv7 So6as E7IsOvLJLtaO KaU GvtFLov 80VovaLs KO(t Xoyov AXvrrats Kal rdvra aXrXt\oLs ^TTa rTOWv Xavpws E6XVTWv OVK cOrfJLeOa &8acEpo/AEva; where Travra 3tLacepo'/tvle means " thus differing" (ravrTa does not go with rarTa). Ast cps. 700 d ravr' o~v oto) TETay/Levao rOAEXE apXer~ataL TWV lrorXLTOV To 7rX^0oo. c 8. I think it is better to put a comma after X6t/JEvov, so that av Kat K'X. may refer specially to us JdaOE-r v oveLSLr8-Tov. (So at d 2 ff. the commendation of wisdom goes with the absence of intellectual qualification.) c 9. 7advv Xoytr-TKo': what we should call "senior wranglers." dl. 8&a7rE7rovrEvoL (Joar) is best taken as middle, governing both rdvaTc TaL KOa/JI and aTravTa 6o'a 7rpos TaXos Tr-s ^vX)s 7re4VKOTra (Eo-rr —" and have perfected themselves in all the accomplishments and dexterities of which the mind is capable." 378 NOTES TO BOOK III (Theodoret, perhaps quoting from memory, has dyvoov-cLv for daaOc-rtv, and the more matter-of-fact av`r/v or av$-crtv for raXOs5.-This passage, so much quoted by the early fathers, doubtless reminded them of the 13th chap. of the 1st Ep. to the Corinthians.) d 2. TOI'S 8e TrovvavTrtov 'XovrTas ror7Wv: i.e those in whom there was no 8'taowvga (a 7) between their likes and their judgement. For TOVTrW (dependent on rovvarLvrov) which is probably neuter, and may be said to be the gen. of the Tav-Ta at c 7, Eusebius has Tov7ros, which might be either neut. or masc., and Theodoret has 7roroVs. gXovras is probably intransitive. d 3. Stallb. and Zurr. wrongly write Erta-'rWvrat for crit[-rovraT; cp. 934d 1. d 4. s E/tLpoortv, " on account of their wisdom." Cp. above at 654 c 4 if., the comparison between the education of the taste, and that of the mere executive powers in Music. d 5. &vev crvto)vias: it would come far short of Plato's meaning merely to explain that both state and man are hopelessly inefficient, if the executive is at variance with the legislative element. True wisdom, according to him, consists not in the doing what is right but in liking to do it. The choice of a musical term, denoting the harmony ordained by Nature between certain sounds, suggests that the same Nature is violated by discord in the soul, as is violated by discord in the physical world of sound. This way of considering the matter is well illustrated by Timn. 47 d 4 &o apxLovLta, 7cvyy7EVElS EXoitr qopas ra sV e'/v Tlv r7 bVX^rS TreptoLoti, 7T ETCr vo TrpocXprltp:EVp Movras, OvK eK' '8ov7 v V aoyov, KaOa7rep vvv etlan 8OKEt XprCo'Lyto daXXg rl r rv 7yyovvLav ev l4Jitv dvodpLoorov v/tXjs n-replov Els KaTaKoo'-jLrxo'G TE Kcal O'V/UCIOVttav EGVTLr orvl/LaXos vrr Movro'v 83eorat. Cp. also Rep. 591 d dXX' aE rT7v ev rno ('rjarL dapuovLav TS ev 7fvXi Z'VEKa CtV/i4)wvtas dpJLOToerrEvoS avTYraE where, as at 430 e, and 443d (an elaborate musical analogy), o-wpooo-'vr is spoken of as a orv!/xwvt'a OvX7jS; also Phaedo 93cff., where the soul itself and virtue are both spoken of as a adp/ovta. The same analogy between the physical and moral world is claimed by Wordsworth when, in his Ode to Duty, he says: Thou dost preserve the stars from wrong: And the most ancient heavens through thee are fresh and strong. -Kal Tob o0-/KpoTaTov e8os': as we should say, "not the ghost" or " the shadow of." 379 689 d 689 d THE LAWS OF PLATO d 6. We should not be far wrong in saying that here, as in the passages of the Republic cited above, the o-v/jovia spoken of is what Plato elsewhere calls crwopocrvrq. He definitely explains that it consists of a state of mind, not in the character of a man's deeds, which might be rightly done from a wrong motive. d 8. o Se a7roXeutrofLevos': sc. Ttj oG-o4as (not, as Jowett, To? Xoyov; he translates "he who is devoid of reason ").-Trep~ wroXtv: a variety for wroAXo, which admits of being joined to ac/aOatvwv in sense, as well as to cO-mTip. d 9. 7rav Trovavrotv, "far from it!" The contrast between O-or7p and dtaAatvov is not that of logical opposites, but of incongruities.-Els Tavra must mean the same as the ravra at c 7; i.e. "in this respect." e 2. XEXEypLva 7Er oV Tav7y: X.eke'yyJva here corresponds to and sums up the 6Eo'oylevov Kal XeyolUevov above, as the Tre6j'o corresponds to the KEWO&o. e 4. We now pass to a different subject; i.e. the various " titles," as a lawyer would call them, by which rule is exercised. The SC (for which A first wrote re, and afterwards corrected it to 8e, which is what Stobaeus has) marks the thought which serves to pass from one subject to the other: i.e. "men without co4^[a must not rule, but rulers we must have, all the same." 690 a 1. dLto1Aara... tro re IpXELV Kat dpXe(roOa: adto/za is used from the point of view of the ruler. It is his title, or claim to the position; so that the addition of pXOcratL constitutes a zeugma. The claim is that he should rule and others should be ruled. Hence we may translate: "' titles to rule and obedience," or "claims to rule and to be obeyed." This furnishes a better explanation of the genitives 7rarpos and /TrpdOs than if we took adtol/a to mean ratio, with Ast, who translates " ratio de patre et matre." (So Jowett, who translates it "principle."-Ficinus seems to have read 7rarepa Te Kal uV/repa, and Badham conjectures irarepas TE Kal pJrTCpas.) a 2. The connecting links need attention. The re after the first (v does not go with the next Kat, which means or, but with the TE after the second Z'v. The re in TO re, again, does not go with the KaC next to it (which possibly also means or —see above on 680 e 2), but with the Ka[ before 'AXos. a 4. The second of the two statements thus connected by Te and Kat is almost a repetition of the first; yoveas puts 7rarpbs Kal uTrpos in a slightly more general form, and eKyovWv suggests a second or even a third generation as added to those who are to obey. 380 NOTES TO BOOK III b 6. C1. " A most compelling kind of rule, that" (i.e. "superior strength is indeed an unanswerable claim "). Ath. " Yes, and all over the animal kingdom it is the commonest kind of rule, and Pindar tells us that it is so ordained by Nature." b 8. Pindar's words, as quoted at Gorg. 484 b (where see Thompson's note)-and referred to at Gorg. 488 b and Laws 714 e and 890 a-do not contain the words Ka-a bvo-tv or 'o-EL, though there, c 1, in expounding them, Plato uses the word EVo-et, and at 488 b -T Karay (vo-tv. Also, as Boeckh says, Hesychius has NoSos 7ravwr0v o acrCXevg KarC(a Tr)v (v'ocv. All these references point to the fact that Pindar spoke of " club-law " as " Nature's " lawin Wordsworth's words, " the good old rule "-and make it extremely likely that Boeckh (p. 178) was right in supposing that Kara (vatv had dropped out at Gorg. 484 b6 after rjc(riv. (Ast, agreeing with de Geer in thinking that KaTa ovo-ctv is too prosaic an expression to have occurred in Pindar, conjectures that OvO-~EL is what has fallen out.)-Both here and at 890 a, it will be seen that Plato is not content with Pindar's dictum.- To... 7re/vKvmav, " but there is a sixth title to rule which is the greatest of all; that which ordains that the ignorant must follow, and the wise must lead and direct. And yet in this case (roIUTO), 0 most sapient poet, I would venture to affirm that that which is really (wrecvKvtav) the rule of law over willing subjects, where no compulsion is necessary, is not against Nature; it is Nature's own arrangement." c 1. TOVTO is probably adverbial; cp. 677 d 1 and 686 c 4: literally, "in the case of," or "about this title." The rule of law must always be, if the law is rightly made (by the common sense of the community-EKovTWv), the rule of wisdom (cp. below, 714 a 2 Tr'v Tro vov 8Lavoruv e7rovoJdZ0ovTas vopov), and the excellence of the governed is to acquiesce in it; and excellence in man or community is, of course, what Nature demands. c 3. The words XAX' ov /lL'aov mark the contrast with the rule offorce described above. (Stallb. takes r'v... apX-v as in apposition to nv(r-tv; explaining that it is nature's law, not force that makes the ignorant obey the wise. But it is impossible so to explain away nrv Tof vo6pov apXrv. It is possible, with Ast, to take TOvTO and 'rv Tro vo,/ov apX-v to be in apposition.)-Cp. Hdt. iii. 38 opOiS tJotL OKEfE Illfv0apos Troi-ra vo'6ov irdvrov Pa(ortXa jvoasa ElvaL. c 5. The seventh title to rule, which depends on the decision 381 690 b THE LAWS OF PLATO of the lot, is Oeo4(itjk because the lot is believed to be the pronouncement of the divine will. The ruler too, himself, may be supposed to be the favourite of heaven. Cp. Phil. 39 e 10 &'Kato,3 ELV17p 'EV~hE/8Jq KaLL dctyao"3 wardo-r,) cJp ov' 06Eo~kfkXq EOrTLV; c 6. Eig KX-qpO'V Ttva 7rpod7O/pev: the words are difficult. I think they mean, " we bring (the seventh kind of ruler) before the tribunal of the lot in some form." Cp. 741 b 5 O"vtla KX'qpo,3 (V &OC6. c 7. dWL0VTa aLpXerO6atl "1to take his place among the governed."-For the article with 8tKato'Tal-V cp. 624 a 3. d 1 if. "1From all this," the Athi. proceeds, "1we may see that the right to govern is not so simple as a man might think, and that there are so many kinds of claims to be a governor, that there may well arise discord in a state from their conflict. However, our immediate business is to see what was the rock on which the governors of our primitive Dorian community split." d 2. wrat'COVTC- 7rIpo&,, "1addressing our speculations to" cp. on ratdio and 7IafLL,3L above on 685 a 6 f. The idea is that of "joining in the game" with the constitution-mongers. d 3. 7wp0` aLpXovra,3: ii-pi' is difficult; apparently it is " which apply to" or "belong to, rulers," a rather curious variety of expression for the (J~t66/cmTa) T-oi5 TE alpXEL Kai a'pXEa-0aL of a 1. (Madvig would read 2Tepl for wpo', and Schanz follows him; but all difficulty does not vanish then.)-4O1TL: an adverbial neuter; "in what respect," i.e. "how inconsistent they all are with each other." And he goes on to say that his light-hearted framer of schemes of government will find these conflicting claims very hard to reconcile. d 5. Oepa7rE1'fLV is probably a medical metaphor: "treat." d 6. 7M TrE Kat iTt wrapai i-aVa a/aprm6VT1E3: i.e. which of these rights were outraged, or strained, by the kings of Argos and Messene.-For 7ZrEpt' c. acc. in place of a gen. cp. above on 685 c 2 and 688 c 5. We thus get back to the question which was put in 684 e 7, and again at 686 b 6, though here the scope is narrowed. e 1 if. We have here an example of the nice applicability of Plato's illustrations. It is precisely the halving of the whole power that saves the Lacedaemonian dynasty. His readers, too, may well have remembered that flao-rXi~as Sopo4~yov3 are mentioned in the immediately preceding lines of Hesiod-Op. et D. 38 f. (And yet Zeller could say that the qiuotation was not an apt one here!) e 2. a)/Yvo-q/araVe~ answers in proper form the question ~-(t 382 NOTES TO BOOK III a/Jxap~rovTEr;- because they were blind to the fact that.. Cp. the way in which Plato introduces this favourite quotation at Rep. 466 c (where he is talking of the (possible) mistaken desire for self - aggrandizement on the part of the /~v~aKES) 7/VWO-ETat Tr'v Ho-iot'0ov ii-TC T-O 6vit i'jV crop~ A,6ywV... e 4. pAETptoV is here used in two different senses:(1) that of "Csufficient " (cp. Phaedo 1 17 b-of the dose of hemlock), and (2) that of "1moderate.-For the explanatory asyndet on introduced by 0'7rS'aV cp. On 685 c 6. Hermann rightly brackets owo-'rav XE~povos~ as a scholiast's "1la-nguida dicti Hesiodei interpretatio," and Schanz follows him. e 7. 'Eyyiy'v~o-Oat 7rep't /3ao-tXca,~ is "to arise in connexion with one of the kings"; 'Eyy/ty-vco-0at E'V ToF3 %~t3o is simply "to have its rise among the populaces." e 8. The 7rpo'-epov is an important part of the question, and this part of it is answered by the irp(-rov in 691 a 3. 691 a 1. 70o [LEY Et'KO3 Kalt -ro irok6', "1to judge by probability and experience." For the -ro cp. Onl 690 e 7 and 624 a 3. (Badham. would read C'O-rt for Ka't.) a 2. In vo'rryta we have more distinctly the medical metaphor suggested at 690 d 5. It is very apt here, inasmuch as physical -rpvc/nj is a -natural source of bodily disease. a 3 if. o1IKOV^V...?L~cOEpEV; "clearly the kings of that age were the first to be infected with the vice of self-aggrandizement at the expense of the laws of the land. Where they had promised, and even sworn, there they broke with themselves, and the discord in them, being, as we have explain ed, most grievous folly, for all its apparent wisdomi-that was what ruined the whole Dorian community by its distressing untuneful. dissonance." a 4. f`oXov: the natural tense to denote the catching of a disease.-', which I have translated by "where," is adverbial;- lit. in respect of that which they agreed to." a 7. mrAy~eqLEcta: the musical metaphor is preserved here; i.e. the word means a dissonance, not an error in conduct. So at Rep. 349 e the idea of mrkeove$ia is (by implication) pronounced to be repugnant to the mind of a /Ltovo-tK6 av~p 0~7XOETW-?EOEYT-rWV vo,/wv is what these kings are accused of. By such conduct they rudely break the harmony of their being, and so are guilty of the [LE7['0T2y d[a6[~ta described at 689 a. b 2. For the arrangement of the two genitives and 7nept' cp. 640 b 6 Oi O-TparwowE'oV WEp't XE)Y/OkLEV &p6OVToI~. b7. For ct3 with Ka-rt80'Via-" by taking a look at"cp. Hdt. 383 691 b THE LAWS OF PLATO v. 35. 10 KEXEVEW 'Apt a7ay0p2qv evp'aoaw'rc' ILV Ta pla KaTt6iEGTOat EN -jV KE4~akJVq.-tI'/.t~V: because he included Megillus's fellow -countrymen; " what was done among you Spartans."-It is better to take r j8cov with co-iTUV, than to take the latter word to mean "it is possible," and supply another Eo-ri with Ai'8tov. b 1 1. T~' aw/Errwaov: the same use of the article as at 690 c 7. So we, might say "that is what is certain," instead of "that is certain." c 1. Nearly all modern editors agree with Stallb. in rejecting ~vvaliv, which all MSS. have after E'Xa'TTO(t; "'manifestum. illud grammatici interpolamentum, qui bLetiCoya neutrum pluralis esse nollet," Herm. c 2. A first wrote 7raptEls, but corrected it to n-crtpels, which is the reading of 0 and Stobaeus.-2rapeig Tl' JAE1-ptov, "cpaying no regard to proportion." Cp. Phil. 64 d 9 /LETpov Kat T713 o-V/qlPEo~0 OPAEW9. There is the same quasi-moral significance attaching to the word pcrptog (whether used in the sense of "not excessive in either direction, or in that of "suited to," "proportioned to," i.q. o-VILqLETp0o% which again is used occasionally in the first sense of jtxErptos) as there is to crvi4awvt'a; cp. Phil. 64 e 6 1ATept0'Tr,1 yap KfLL CrVALIETpUL KaXXo'& N~roV Ka' a'pETR 7raVraXoUi o-vI43clvet ytyVEaTOat. e 3. divaTpc'7ETcat wraVra: not "complete ruin results," but "ruin results in every case e"; T'r~ uEv is, in effect,"1 in the case of the overfed body," and -a' 8c " in the case of the overbalanced Ovx." (Op. Julius Caesar, ii. i. 18, "1The abuse of greatness is, when it disjoins Remorse from power.") - With cev/3p[~ovrca used metaphorically of bodily disorder ep. our " proud " flesh. We might perhaps translate: " breaking out here in rank flesh, and there in rank insolence (with its offspring outrage)." 6 4. With VfPPEWo E"K7ovov J&KtaV cp. Soph. O.T. 873 Zfap~s (kv1-El~E T'pavvov, which very likely was in the writer's mind.71t6WTEC is given in the margin of A as a variant for Oct', and may even have once stood in the text. (Oct' seems to be a metaphor from the race-course, and not merely an application of the idea of swift movement, as is probably the case in the English expressions run to seed, run riot.) c 7. K~at' is or; ije. both experience and a sense of responsibility are necessary, if disaster is to be avoided. d 1. W'0TTE /1'..4 ov, "without getting its faculties thoroughly infected with the deadly disease of folly, and (thus) alienating its closest friends."-7rXqpowGEito-a: in connexion with 384 NOTES TO BOOK III 61 69i d voorov this word probably has something of the meaning of infect, which belongs to aJvaw7rtp-krXqa and aJva4WXEws: cp. Rep. 496 d 'pW-v i-oi' AXXov9 Koa-a~rL/Lwj,L7aE'vov3 avopua3.-As to its case, the in-fin. wih )O~ lk oteinnshas its subject in the nomn. where it is identical with the subj. of the verb on which the infin. depends. Op. Xen. Hell. iv.. 32 'Ava~t4&tosg px4rot 4uiXwv avr 7EOCLV' IW 'O'pwv, &E7TpcLeaLro 'GOTE av'-ro3 'KWXV-L cpXOrk7E a IL "A/3ov d 2. av'Tj3: i.e. r~s ~iX-.-&avota is the intelligence, or thinking power of the mian; i~vX' being used something in the way in which we say 'soul' for ' man,' when we say "there was not a soul there." (Badham would read acnrqv 8t' a&votav.) d3. &8/OE'0,pEv: gnomic aorist.-a v ~.rv otvlpr- iIx'vx d 4. -rov~ro...vouoOE-r(^v, "it would take a great lawgiver so to be inspired with a sense of fitness as to guard against this." At b 1 -rt (with cV',Xa/3j7i0vat) was the acc. of the inner object; here rov~ro (with Ei~Xa/36iq0vat) is acc. of thing guarded against. d 5. W' o~v. To' 8 E'OtKEV Edvat: I have adopted Burnet's stopping and arraingement of this passage (he puts a comma after }'EVO(Lkevov, a colon after rowrao-at, reads To' 8' for -ro'' and puts a -after Jvat), and take yEVofltevoV to be an absolute construction, and 0.. yevo'plevov as dependent on rowcurat, in the same way that at 624 a 7 J'01 TOV WMio (koLT'rVTro depends on kf'yEt3: "we can at the present day form a reasonable conjecture that this end was then secured " (i.e. that the danger was guarded against). "1But in point of fact, there seems to have been- " Cl. "IWhat? " Ath. "1a special providence watching over you," etc. For the Tr' 8' cp. 684 c 7, 731 e 3, Apol. 23 a, Rep. 340 d 7. (It seems to me that the passage would gain in directness if we read yevo1-&Cvawv: "that there were great lawgivers at that day we have now every reason to conjecture; but no legislator could have arranged for the birth of twins.") (Ast put in To' before TO'TE; all the early printed texts from Ald. to Stallb. (except Bekker) had ot'cua for the second dtvau. This -necessitated the supplying, in thought, of Eo.r~t with 61EO'3 rTL; Schanz substitutes Et'y aiv for Etlvat.) el1. C'K IMeVOyeCvoi3 "instead of a single born kin~g," as there had been before. This seem-s better than to take IEK as merely "tfrom, i.e. "1born from."-cig r6i 1jE'rpw0v /UaXov O-v'YEO-TELXE, "brought them within a more reasonable compass," i.e. by halving the kingly power. e 2. /LEEY/LtE'yLVq OG'i~ TrtV' 8VVa'1.L~: this probably refers to the VOL.!I 385 2 0 69i e 691 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO direction Lycurgus was supposed to have received from Apollo's oracle at Delphi (cp. 624 a 5). e 3. tLECyvvLnv: cp. Plut. Lye. ch. v. 7WXEtOv&Jv SE'KLO KCaTa(FTLTaLT T(OW -yEpVT(0V' - -V kqqO-tV 0' IIAaLT( T T(OW ~aTLAEOW cLPX-, P~Xvyitvov(, v fXOELt, Kat 7EVO/I4EVqV LcrO4lqp/oV CL3 Ta' /Lor-,(WT'qPtcav auac KcLt cr0o)PCpoTvlv-qv racpaGfXELV. 692 a 1. For KLT a\ yy-pag and KaTaL YEVOIR cp. above on 685 c 2. a 3. O' 8E\ T-pt'TOS O-W'p: Plutarch (Lyc. ch. vii.), in quoting a good deal of this passage, attributes the institution of the ephorate to the men of a period a hundred and thirty years later than Lycurgus. At Epistle viii. 354 b both the sen ate of old men, and the ephorate, are attributed to Lycurgus; as also they are by Herodotus (i. 65). Aristotle, Pol. v. 9. 1, says Theopompus established the ephorate, and he would seem to be the rpLT-og aTO)T'p spoken of here by Plato. (For further references see Ast's and Stallb.'s notes.)-The words TrpLTog o-w-rjp recall the -ro' Tpt'TOV Tr~ o-o)Trqpc-the third cup in honour of ZE5' Ew 'p (cp. Phil. 66 d, and see Heindorf's note on Charm. 16 7 a 9). a 5. E'yyV'g..'vvapeoiR: Aristotle, Pol. ii. 6. 16, speaks of the ephors as O5VTE9 Ot' TVXOVTCE31 and says that the method of their election was rat&aptwo&ns XLav, so that Plato's words here in describing the ephors as "1as good as elected by lot," are justified (cp. Grote ii. ch. 6).-The five-fold repetition of the word 87-vapqus in this passage, like the repeated &at in the early part of it, are marks of rapid and unrevised - writing. Plato takes very, little pains about the statement of historical facts. It is the point they are to illustrate that is important. Hence the polishing of such a passage as this was naturally left till the last -and was never done. a7. E$~ 4W E3t; we might almost say that aJ$w/LaTrWV may be supplied, in thought, with &v: the reference to the lot, and to birth, and to the wisdom of the old men recalls the previous list of di$LC'paTa TOV alpXew KaL6 apXEo-6at. a8. izErpov Exovo-a, " being duly regulated " or "1limited." Cp. above Ek1 TO\ 1JETPLOV OTVYEUTEtXC.-TOtL alXkoti3: i.e. the rest of Hellas. b 1. tw E ~v 0a pO4 y "if it had been in the hands of Temenus and Cresphontes."1 b 2. ' 'Apuar~oSo fL3pL: i.e. Lacedaemon. b 4. aOxE8o'v ya'p KTX-)L "else they would hardly have imagined that they sufficiently curbed by (coronation) oaths a youthful 386 NOTES TO BOOK III 692 b disposition, on its accession to a power which might easily degenerate into a despotism." It is difficult to be sure of the exact force of 'O'qo-av UZv tz1crpta'o-at: I think the choice lies between "would have imagined they moderated," and "would have imiagined it proper to moderate," i.e. that it was the right thing to moderate. o('/UU 8E& is SO conimon a phrase that the 8SEiVmay be omitted; cp. Gorg. 472 c where o3v E'/( aiv olpat is replaced at 474 a by otov EY oit/lat 8,EtV elvat. (There is no indication that ot'/ac with an mnf ever had the meaning expect (to do), which the Eng. thin/k (to do) sometimes has, and which would suit this passage exactly-" I did not think to draw my sword 'gainst Pompey" Ant. and Cle. ir. ii. 158.- Cornarius's translation, which Ast quotes with approval, is "alioqui nunquam putavissent se redacturos esse." At A/c. I. 126 e ol'/aa X'y Etv may mean "1I mean,") or "4wish to say," but most likely it is "1I think that I mean.`-H. Richards would boldly read /LETpt6XJ-aC a"v, or /IETpWXTELV. See below on 812 b 5, and cp. Goodwin, M. and 1'. ~127.) b 7. A, L and 0 have /1E'v ovo-av; a late hand in A, and Boeckh, suggested,'i~vovo-av; Ven. 184 (Bekker's ~~) has 1Asv~ovaav, which is doubtless right. C 1. vv-v 1pv -fEVO/LEVOY: the emphasis is on the vi'v, "1arrived at now `-" the recognition of this truth by us now implies no special wisdom."-E`/A1wpoo-0OEv: i.e. at 691 b 3. c 3. Here the emphasis is on the T~O'TCE. c 4. [dlay cK Tptw'v [i.e. adp~Jiv] 7rot~pratL: the three are not, I believe, the three states of Sparta, Argos, and Messene, but the three elements of power contained in the Throne, the Gerousia, and the Ephorate. The only unity of states which seem-s to be in the author's mind here is that of Hellas as a whole-the -q/L3C^V of c 7; also, the close connexion of the words [d'av E'K Trptv i7roujo-ai With /_bETptctc-aC Tag cap~aS suggests that they refer to the mutual checks exercised by the three above-mentioned authorities at Sparta, which resulted in the moderation of power desired. C 5. T" VO'q OE'Vra Kaxa' T6'TE:i.e. that excellent (mixed)"form of government. If legislators had been wise enough to see all this, the right constitution would have been set up in all three states. As it was, it was not legislators' wisdom but the providential birth of twins in the royal house which set Sparta in the right way. (Ast, in a note on -1')/JL/LEtK703 )/EVO/tE'Vq at a 7, quotes passages from miany ancient authors dealing with the combination of several elements of power in a government.) 387 THE LAWS OF PLATO c. lleindorf, on Soph. 242 c Stqydo-Oat 7watw-iv W ou'artv -qpuv, collects the following instances *of a like arrangement of words: Laws 6 45 b, Polit. 2 60 c, Phil. 1 8 d. d 4 if. T~' 7rw-,ovjuO V... KaiU KparO3: a puzzling passage. Notwithstanding its curious position, the p~v with its 8K has nothing to contrast but,at'av and~w i- o. da/vvat seems to mean "to take up arms," Ebra/uvetv, "1to arrive on the field of battle." To rpW7ov: i.e. in the Marathonian war. d 6. 8~ "while," or "and moreover." -8tE~happ'va: it is noticeable that the same sort of term is applied to the corruption of the body politic, as would be applied to moral corruption in a single man. (See above 689 a 7.) The sin of the two recreant cities is want of internal o-vpxo4hv1a, and this is accurately reproduced, on a larger scale, by the hostility shown by them to Sparta and the whole of Hellas, respectively. d 7. 7roE/j~ov-cra: as we have seen before, Plato is not writing history; he -uses his memory of history, or even, perhaps, his conception of what the course of history might have beeni, to furnish illustrations of his argument. It seems certain that there was not war between Sparta and Messene at the time of Mardonius's invasion, though the two states were old antagonists. Possibly the misstatement has here a dramatic reason: the Athenian may well be supposed reluctant to recall the real behaviour of Sparta at the time, to the mind of Megillus. Below, at 698 e, it is suggested that there may have been another reson for the Spartan inaction. el1. For 7rept' (bis) cp. above 685 c 4 and 688 c 5. e 2. o0`10' WV) r qKOVGCEV OVTi-' lvev~: we have here a suggestion that Sparta did all it could in responding (-Th-aKOieCLv) to the summons of Hellas, and promising assistance. Argos did not even do that; it was philo-Persian. (I see no reason for Ritter's proposed insertion of aV-ITcI) before i'jvvEv.)-7roXAa' 8c KTX., " besides that (80), if a man were to relate the history of that time, he Iwould find many hard things to say about the conduct of Hellas in the-Persian war." There are several other ways in which the words of this passage might be taken. Ast, Schneider, and Burnet take 7rEp't CK. T. r0-6XEILov with y-Evo',ukva. But, with this arrangement, 105TE and 7rEpl EK. T. 7W. are oppressively tautological. Though strictly, I think, AVy~ov only governs 7-4' -1-0'TE YEV5jCv p a, its position suggests that it is to be supplied, in idea, with Kariqyopot,' in the form of "in the course of his story." e 4. ov'8' av' KTrX, "in fact, he could not (properly) -say that 388 NOTES TO BOOK III Hellas did defeind itself at all. No: if the allied Athenians and Lacedaemonians had not repelled the threatened slavery, the Greek races would by this time" (have lost their individuality, and would have suink to the grievous plight of the isolated Greek cities within the Persian dominions). e6. KOtV-7 8tavorwua, "unanimity"; almost a compound verbal noun, formed from KOtVg 8tavoEFo-Oat. So, in English, we might occasionally make an adverbial phrase qualify a verbal noun, and, e.g., from "all but explode " form "1an all but explosion." (Cp. Tennyson's "Sweet Catullus's all-but island " in "1Frater ave atque vale." 693 a, 3. Ka~a'7wep... KaTOLKE rat: the antecedent to ibv may be yEt or q-Eor even alvOpwrot. a 4. 6'a~WE4op'qLf'va refers to the dispersion of the inhabitants of e.g. Greek states, o-v u~e~op-qjke'va to their incorporation into communities of,&6p/apot. Cp. Grote, ch. xxxiii. p. 162, "the empire of the Great King was then an aggregate of heterogeneous elements, cemented together by no tie except that of common fear and subjection-no way coherent nor self-supporting, nor pervaded by any common system or spirit of nationality." And later, p. 177, "4wholesale translations of inhabitants from one place to another were familiar to the mind of a Persian satrap."-It is very tempting to adopt Cohet's belief that c'o-7rapp~va is a marginal explanation of 8awEc/opcq/a.va which has no right to a place in the text. In that case KaKiJ5 KarotKGcrat IS "lead a miserable existence." If the word be retained, it will be "lead a miserable sporadic existence," eo-rrap/,iEva being joined adverbially to Ka'ToLELTaL, and KaKW09 qualifying both words. a 5. Trai^r' 'xoIIev e'-trepa^V, "1these faults I will ventuLre to find' with..";an a nswer to Megill us's ques tion a t 6 85 a 1 7Wc^ 3 ' Kat Trt /LkE/J)0t/_/eVos a'V'(to)v XE7YEV3 a 6. XEyo/IE'vot3 is a slight apology for the use of the term 7roXUtrtKOLSZ. a 7. In adding Ka't ToZt vv'v he probably has in mind the contemporary Persian despotism into which their aLpEWT09 apX-q had degenerated.-t'va. a.ikXol "4and my reason for finding fault is this: I hope, by investigating the causes of the errors, to' discover what course, different from that which was taken, ought to have been taken."-Ritter, unlike all other interpreters, takes aih-riv to be masc., and 'raN alii/a3 to mean the charges (brou'~ht against them)-a suggestion not to be lightly rejected; but (1) it seems better to take Ta5-ra (a 5), ai'T -0 V (a 7), and Tav-ra 389 692 e 693 a THE LAWS OF PLATO (b 1) all to refer to the same thing-i.e. the legislators' errors; (2) the desired discovery of the right course ( V' 0KqEVK-.) is more likely to follow an investigation of causes than of charges; and (3) the gen. av'r-~v in that sense would be unusual. b 2. T-' wrapa'v = vi'v8rj, and is so fixed by the tense of Et'wo/AIEV. Op. Rep. 487 c 4 XE'yw 8' et's io' wapov bro/3Xl'~as (of the discussion so far as it had gone).-alpa is the equivalent of modern quotation marks, a-rd the oi' 8EL... V0JLOOET~EtV is clearly the recapitulation of the results previously arrived at in the discussion, but it is not made clear whether the following three grounds for the said conclusions are stated as self-evident truths, or whether they are statements, in a -new form, of points previously brought out in the argument. The latter, I think, is the case; inasmuch as (1) despotism, (2) folly, and (3) unpatriotic dislike (691 d 2) of one's fellow citizens and failure to help one's allies-three faults which he has enlarged on-are respectively inconsistent with the (1) freedom, (2) wisdom and (3) fellow-feeling here desiderated; for (3) cp. 628 a 3 and c 10. The following words seem prompted by a feeling that the reference to his previous views has not been quite explicit enough. b 6. rroXXaKL&t, " perhaps." c 2. vp~g ToJ o-4(povdtv: Badham says the whole argument is spoilt, unless we read rpo' -ro eXEr'0pov here; Schanz would reject the three words (partly because as originally written the text of A omitted the before 7wp~' in c 3, as also did O).-If we retain the MS. text we must assume that &5rav ~(Iljev does not mean "1when we say, as we do now," but introduces a general instance of different ways of putting the same thing, and not a repetition of the instance that has just occurred-ocrwbpoocrvybeing substituted for XekvOepla, because it does not admnit of excess. The best illustration of the identification of a-w~poo-iV'V-q with 4p6vryre and true public spirit is the passage in the Republic which deals with o-w~poan'v-q as the virtue of a state430 d-432 a. Plato there likens it to a aippovi~a (431 e), and further, at 432 a 6, calls it a 6uo'vota, and a Xetpovo' re Kcat LapemvOVo, Karca -~vrtv crv/m~wia, defining it at 431 d 7 as the condition when -q av'i-q' 86'~a ceVEOTL Totg 1e ap~ova-t Kat apXoILevoL3,rEp& T-OV OVo)-T3LV(X 8ei aipXEw. (The ~po'v-qcrts or vovJg of a state is thus distinguished from the a-ocn'a which is the virtue peculiar to the a~pXoVTrE3I and is described at Rep. 428 f.-429 a.)-Brunis (p. 170) regards this explanation as too simple ("1 naiv ") and, selfevident a piece of botcher's work to -need a refutation. 390 NOTES TO BOOK III69C 693 C c4f. Kati a&XXa &?j 7oXXa& KTX.: i.e. "Imany other expressions, which would mean the same thing.`-I cannot help wondering whether we ought not to read <a'i-o>p'tta1a for I 'Ia-ia here. c 6. wrEtpacro'1tcEO the fat., which A's scribe corrected to the subj., is the better reading. Cleinias says they wvill try and reconcile the different parts of the argument in the way suggested. -E~cLVtOYTE13 O X'yovg, "1going hack (in our minds) over the previous course of our discussion."' c 8. Badham rejects /3oVkO4LJEvo,, calling it a putidum emblema, and Schanz agrees. Without f3ovkoficEvo~; the sentence means: "(with regard to 'n., 4)p. and EX. tell us) at what you were going to say that the legislator ought to aim "; with /3ovXo'1xEvo~;, though difficult, it may mean: "(tell us) at what you meant the legislatqr ought to aim when you were about to speak (about those things)." /3ovXoft4Evo3 -EbLJEXAE3 X1E7,Etv is equivalent to C'/3oi'ovkXE'yELY, /AEXkwv XkEy/cv, the XE7yELv doing duty twice-a natural conversational irregularity. There is perhaps a reference to the /3OV vo/eVO in the /3OiXIElat at e 1. (I cannot imagine any reader putting in /3ovX4LEvos. Ritter would prefer, of the two, to reject 8SEI'v rather than /30vX0,teVos; rightly, I think.-Apelt, p. 6, comparing E~rtXEtpo)v XE'-yEtv at 780 d, suggests that E`1LLEXXEs; means "cunctabaris "-iLe. "iyou wanted to say, but it did not come out.") d 2. a"KovoVG-V8 vvv: the main subject of Book III.-the elementary form of a state-the 7woXt-rcta3 adpX-q spoken of in the first line of the book-now comes more clearly into view. What has been said before enables us to -understand the principles on which the following judgements are pronounced, and, e.g., the.meaning of sanity (-0 poou-6VT)), and its opposite insanity (a&vota), as applied to the mutual relations of the members of a political community. d 5. a'KPOV 'EXELV: with this we must supply AE'owv aLv -rtg pOPOW Xqyot. The sentence means: "1the former polity has reached its fullest development among the Persians; the latter- among ourselves." d 6. KaCLO'Wrp EIWov I take to refer to the immediately preceding C'6 4ii ra' a1Xkasg yeyovE'va KTX. Stallb. thinks there is a reference to the necessity of /AkEiz$L spoken of at 691 d e and 692 a. d 7. ta2rE~rotKtX/Jdvat: the metaphor is from the blending of colours in a woven cloth; cp. below 8 63 a 6, where the word is used to describe the mixing up of two distinct questions. d 8. Both elements are necessary. Untempered freedom-the absence of all authority-means that each man does what he likes. 3191 THE LAWS OF PLATO No concerted action of any kind is possible in the state. Untempered, irresponsible autocracy means that, though the state acts as one man, i.e. possesses unity, and though, possibly, its actions may be guided by 45poivo-qa-, there is no qSLX~a.-Aristotle at Pol. 1266 a I speaks as if Plato had wanted to mix the two elements when at their worst, instead of letting them modify each other. Authority in any form-eg. in that of ati&Us, 698 b 5-is, in a sesEK r-vpcavvi,3o (,uLovapX'caR) ye-yovo's el1. 4a'XI'a /.LeT&a (pov-qa-ose: as at b 4 and c 3 the two go together. Concerted action is not enough, unless there is wisdom to direct it. (But it is not to be imagined, he would doubtless add, that 0p0'vrqo-t3 could accompany unadulterated 6'XEv0JEpt~a.) Ritter reminds us that at 628 b c the danger of ca-raav is mentioned, and the necessity of p4vrI irp9 UX'X0XV3 &pa'- Kalt Xcoopoo-V'v~; also that at 640 c 9 a 4po'vqjos apywv was said to be as necessary for a crvvovGoIa qrv/woi-wv as for an army.-i' & Poi'XIE-at LWa O' Xko'-0 7Tor10cLr'TaTEtV: this does not mean that the logos has proved it already. The Ath. foretells that this conclusion is inevitable. As explained at a 7, he investigates failure in the hope that if its causes are discovered, the wanderer may be put in the right path. Thus at e 9 he says, " we must point out the causes." e 6. jxitvYw, -q E8et IAO'vov, "1overmuch, and to the exclusion of the other." —a' /A,'Epta -ov'TWV, "1the right measure of the two elements." e 8. oV~'T 7WRo, "tsucceeded more or less in doing the samne," i~e. in achieving a proper combination of the two elements 694al1. T'r ad'i-tc (see above on e 1): i.e. the causes of their later degeneracy. a3. To pkrTov..i/o tv: 4-yov is used, as is a'ya-yoVTwv below at 701 e 6 (and perhaps a"/OVTr~s below L 7), in the sense of to take a certain course. I have followed Schanz in adopting Ilertlein's jpecrov for the MS. Mj.p ov, mainly because, though it is natural enough that Plato should describe the Persians and Cyrus as in a state midway between slavery and freedom, it is not natural that he should say they had the right amount of slavery; he would have found a less obnoxious word than SovXet'a to describe the opposite of E'XEv~cpIa, when urging the necessity of a certain amount of it. -pX~kov means "m rore than at a later time." a 5. e'rrEtia 8E i',Xkwv 7roXkoWv 8,Eo-wrO'at: as immediately explained, this circumstance gives a larger scope to the liberality of their disposition. a 6. a~~VC~ jee-ra&t80'vfI-, a~yoFTES: inasmuch as 4[Xot 2)crav 392 NOTES TO BOOK III69a 694 a has cr-rpa-rtW?-at for subject, we must regard these nornlinatives as absolute (cp. Jebb's note on Soph. Ant. 260, where he says that -~'a 4E.E'/ovxo 4kv'aia is virtually equivalent to a gen. abs.).-In the parallel sentence that follows at b 2 we have the gem. abs. in the corresponding place. No doubt the variety of construction was intentionaL.-apXov1-E, may mean the ruling class among the Persians, or the Persians proper, regarded as the rulers of the subject -nations just referred to. b 4. 63 'rt: Burnet's note is:" 'E"E -t L02 (o- S. V.);,Et-rc 0; rt A (sed d' s.v. A)" Ihave adopted Burnet's solution of this interesting puzzle, rather than Schaniz's (who prints Trt with A), mainly because "1able to advise about any matter " niakes so much better sense here than "at all able to advise." ENS may well have been omitted by mistake after Toi'3, though it is difficult to see where -Et came from. Perhaps A corrected his -rt to Et' Tt from a comparison of 0 or its like, and we must then also suppose that 0 merely omitted the 3 by mistake. It is curious that in some inferior MSS. the s was transposed to the second word, et` Iru,.KOtV2'V KA-.: what wisdom there was in individuals was thus available for the community. Cp. voV^ KotVOW~tav below.-These counsellors furnish an informal counterpart to the Spartan Senate of old men.-E'rE'8(KEV is Steph.'s manifestly right correction of the MS. dirE8SWKEV. c 2. pLav-rtE&, Xp(O'4LEOa: a playfully grandiloquent phrase for what we should call '' making a shrewd guess." c, 4. The MS. -roii-ro, if correct, is not the antecedent of 0'wMp, but the subj. of (kEpEt; it can hardly be both. It is generally interpreted: " this (explanation) at all events brings our investigation to the goal for which we started." But surely for this we ought to have T'~V o-KE1/v, and the roi'ro is awkward. Stallb. translates 4~EpEt '/.tiv crKE1/IEv perducit nobis considerationemn; but the rest does not fit in easily. Badbam ingeniously suggested 'roD' for 'rov'ro, "it helps us to consider the thing we started to find." Schanz adopts this, and I follow him. For the ToD^ before a relative clause cp. Phaedo 7 5 b 1 O'pE7ETat TOV 0 EOTTCV oG-ov; S0 in Homer B 841 Tr4DV ot' AMpto-av E'ptflo)XcKa vatETJacuTK0V. C 5. ptaVTrEvo1'4at: cp. above on c 2.-Ast is perhaps right in preferring 84 vvv to Sn' v~V^. c 6. Athenaeus, who quotes this passage (xi. 505 a) to show that Plato had a spite against Xenophon, has, besides some minor variants, 4~tXkorovov for 4nA67ro~tv. Stallb. cps. Apol. 24 b ME'XvpTov TOPV a-yaOO'v TE Kia OtXOw7oktv W1 40j-ri-. For 0-TpaTrrjy0' certainly 4uko'3 93) THE LAWS OF PLATO 7rovog seems a more suitable epithet; for all that it may not be what Plato wrote. Athenaeus, in his coarse abuse of the great philosopher, is not likely to have been very careful to quote him exactly.-Plato doubtless had in mind here the author of the Cyropaedia and the Oeconomicus, and meant this, as Ritter says, as a deliberate protest against the system of education described in the former book. c 7. '~Oat: cp. our conversational use of "1tackle " (a subject); it denotes a mere dealing with the subject, not a devoted study of it. Hence Ast's o-t'SE for oi'&v is out of place, iLe. there could be no heightening of the force of the negative.-It is possible that we ought to read for oiV~v,-'V vT' v, VoVIiO iVS o Ath. has oi' &7' TMV OVV d 2. Ev'&at'fuovag... Ka~t liaKaptov3: the two words occur together at Rep. 3 54 a; here they mean " fortune's favourites " specially gifted and guided by a higher power. d 3. Un&, "1from their birth." d 4. T~OV'ToW (oii'8fv'S; E"Tt8Eet): this word, which Badham would reject, must refer to the advantages implied in the application of the words Etv'3at'/iova3 and pa~apiovg, "rolling in luxury," as we Should say. Op. 715 b 8, where, Tv T~OLOVT(OV refers to what is implied in the previous w.oV'o-t6'3 Trq. d 6. EratVEEV T-E cavayKa'Covo-at K-X.: a classical example of such conduct in modern literature is furnished by Countess Gruffanuff's educational methods with the Princess Angelica.-The break in the construction, which leaves the.L 'TI~E "Iin the air," is in the familiar conversational style. d 7. TMOLOI'OV13 TrtvR: i.e. "1in complete lice-nce." e 1. yVVaCK1E1aV [LE~V OZV K'rX., "1what could you expect of a bringing up by women-women of the royal seraglio-new to their high station, with never a man to advise them? " o 6. aeVTroi av'... E'K1TaO, "was all the time acquiring for them."-But with the "flocks " he did not secure for them the shepherd's training; a literary conceit. 695, a 2. Ast rejected the words llEpotKq'v... to EK7O/6vwv as a manifestly alienunm additamentum, and Schanz follows him. The passage certainly reads on admirably if 0-KX-qPaV follows oi'crav, but there is th is special reason, noticed by Stallb., for thinking IIEpO-LKq'V genuine, that M'Ip3CK-'v at a 7 gains special point as a contrast to IIEPO-WK'V; SO that I should only agree to Ast's rejection, if Tri'v M'q8CKrqv were rejected as well. I cannot believe Stallb. is right in rejecting only 11Cpo-tK 'v. The separation of oi'u-av from its predicate 7K~kqpa'V (in that case) by the circumstantial absolute clause seems 394 NOTES TO BOOK III impossibly awkward. The best way out of the difficulty seems to be furnished by Burnet's insertion of two parenthesis marks, one after Iepo-CiK'v, and the other after EKyovWv; crKXkrpav KTA. then reads as an epexegetical apposition to IIepo-IKrv. a 6. T7s XAyoWLv-q ev38a/Lovt[a: almost " their boasted preciousness," i.e. the notion that, not being "common human clay," they must be subject to no such restraint or correction as ordinary boys receive.-The sentence is very complex: re does not connect 8tLEO6ap/LEvr)v with 7ratSevO'evras-in that case we should have had rjv TratSEtav-but TE and K(a connect yvvaCLKv with eVvoxov; wraSetav is "acc. of inner object" to 7rat8EvOevTas; the first -wro clause depends on 8Le~O6apbtevrqv (which is merely attributive to 7raLteav), the second on 7ra3tevOvTas; rTv M3&8LK V is epexegetic to (oLE(fOapzEIvqv) rratLtav. It was not that the Median way of education was ruined, but that the education, ruined as aforesaid, was a genuine Median one. b 1. ot'ov5.i.v av.ros TECKOb yeve'(rtat: much the same in effect as the TOLV'TOVS rtvds at 694 d 7. b 2. For the absolue use of rapaa/36ovres —cp. our absolute use of " to succeed "-Ast cps. Critias 109 d 3 tla ras rwv 7rapaXaJt/3avovrTwv (0opds; so too rot3s rapaXatcpdavova-t at Ar. Pol. 1285 b 8. b 3. /LE(TroL goes adverbially with rapaXapovres-" succeeding in a state of complete and unbridled self-indulgence." (Badham says rrap. cannot stand without rjv adpXjv, and uCe-rot wants a participle, e.g. yevoIIevoL, and marks a lacuna after Kvpov.) b 6. adraLSevcras: a telling substitute here for avotag or b7. roy Xeyot/evov TOTr EvvoVXov: it is not known on what authority the Magian pretender is so described. So at Epist. vii. 332 a KOLVovo^ 08 [L6OVOV T^S TOM Mo8ov re Kal EvvovXov XEtPECr~eO. -KarTa(povq(ravTos agrees in sense with M'6ov as well as with EvvovXov; so at c 4 Aapetov Kal TWV 7rrTa are not to be separated: D. was one of the seven. (Valckenaer on HIdt. iii. 86 proposed to read $ for errra here.) C 6. T XoyY: not story, but the same personified Aoyos last referred to at 693 e 1. "Let us see " he says, in effect, " what the Xoyos has to teach us by the course of events." Cp. below e 6 (s o e/os Aoyos.-A reference to the above-quoted passage from Ep. vii. —EEL$ev Tr [Aapeoib] 7rapaetyp/xa olov XPir TOY VOlOOeTr v KJat f/3aC(rXa Tov ayaoBv yI'yve(rOat-and a comparison of the description (at 691 e if.) of the wise measures adopted for consolidating the Spartan constitution, show us that the Ath. is here bringing forward 395 695 a THE LAWS OF PLATO proofs of Darius's political wisdom; he shared his own power with others, and made his people one in spirit. Like Cyrus, he was &ko7roAXts. c 8. H. Richards would add ac-ros to '/po/uos, but it is hard to see how such a natural addition should have dropped out; and '3S8o/o by itself emphasizes more the fact that D. associated six others with himself in the government.-The same division into seven satrapies is mentioned at Ep. vii..c. Hdt. iii. 89 says D. divided his kingdom into twenty satrapies. C 10. Kai voLovs.. oKElv, " and set himself to govern by laws of his own making" (whereby he gave his people egalite). d2. Cds rvv V/LOY EVC8EL, 'regulated by fixed decree." The context (on both sides) shows that D., instead of keeping the tribute paid by the subject races, divided it among his Persian subjects; another abandonment of arbitrary power. d 7. i( Aapee... Ka/,3vrrv:,Burnet follows Stallb. in marking off this passage as an animated-one might almost say an agitated-parenthesis; and this is the best way out of the difficulty.-6 8e resumes the thread of the interrupted sentence, of which;eprs is the subject, very naturally.-Sfallb. compares aptly such " tragic " adjurations as that which begins Euripides's Alcestis-i 8utLarT' 'A8orTEL' ev oT9 KTX., where the relative sentence contains all that is said about the vocative.-We might paraphrase here: "To think that you should have been blind to Cyrus's blunders!" d 8. 'rows is a sort of apology for the strangeness of the adjuration-something like an "I think you will admit." (Steph. would read an exclamatory 1s for os; Ast would reject os; Herm. brackets the whole passage-but Zp19$s badly wants a verb, especially with 6 8e following; Peipers, Quaest. Grit. de Pt. Legg. p. 81, accepts Hermann's athetesis and rejects 6 Se as well; Badham marks a lacuna after Spirns, and Schanz follows him.) e 2. o6 e... raOrjacrtv, "Xerxes, I say, being a product of the same kind of education, duly reproduced Cambyses' career." (Ast, Lex., gives adrETeXo-ev the meaning passus est.) e 4. ('K yE T'ocrOrTOv, "ever since," "from that day to this." e 5. -rA'v ye ovoitdar: this, coming after adX/0Ws, is tautological, but apparently Plato could not resist the temptation to play with the word /,ueyas. (It is possible that it is not Plato, who says it, but a commentator, making explicit the hint which already lay in the daXr0w.) 396 NOTES TO BOOK III e 6. For the MS. T'X~q3 Steph., Ast, Herm., and Schanz read TVX)I. But similar genitives occur at Antiphon, De caede Hferodis ~ 92 To" fLENV yoap a3KOVOL-OV a/LkapT~7ia, tb al/8pE~, Tqi3; TtiXSq1 E'0Tt TO E'KOVOLOtV Ti3 yIV ' -q, and at Thuc. i. 142. 9 T6 8"vav-rt 1 0,L0E oil TrEXv-q EaoTLv; the gen. is equal to an adjective: " the cause is no accidental one." It is explained, 696 a 2 f1, that the same effect always follows; and we must supply aL'-ro'v Eur~tV with o tLo ~ [o.- 6 4J6 Xyos: cp. above on c 6. 696al1f. This Kat' means and, but those in a 2 mean or. The father must be excessively rich, and also possess unrestricted sway over his fellows. Even then the Tac 7woXka' allows exceptions; but if the bringing up is the adVE7r[`WXY,,KT03 Tpo-ln above described, excellence is out of the question. a 2. " Boy or man, however long he live," i.e. the effect of the bad education will last a lifetime. a3. Ta(- V/OQJ0e'Ty -KEr~ Kat 'qJ-4tV SE EV' T-0 VVV v wapovri the lawgiver, for practical purposes, we, at present, for theoretical. Such a remark as this prepares the ground for the dramatic -fiction of a new Cretan Colony, which serves to mark the transition at the beginning of the fourth book from the purely theoretical to the practical part of the treatise. a 6 f. All the Kat~s in these two lines are or; if the conjunction before ipofr~jv had stood alone, it would probably have been ovX3U. -7rEVqL, K-X., "whether to rich or poor, subject or prince." a 7. Tpo~h4v: Boeckh, in confuting Cornarius's plausible substitution of adpX-qv for this word, quotes Ar. Pol. 1294 b 22 06/ot`u0, -ycap Ot T-WV WkoV(-t`OV 1P-pE/oVTat T-OZ -W'V 7rev 'q-o)v (of the Lacedaemonianis). He also says: "1T6' Ka-r aJpya' OJtOV est Lycurgus, 4V4]tLS aV ptar) L/JyLV 6E t~~3V(E p 9 e)."-As Ritter says, Aristotle has, at Pol. 1313 a 25if.-, adopted Plato's view of the reason for the durability of the Spartan constitution, i.e. the division, and other restrictions of personal power. b 3. OrEt 0v8 o'1t TaCxi' ",1any more, of conrse, than because he is a fast runner." b 4. With ap-Er4^, must be supplied Tt.k' 8E' U'Vat V'7f-PEXOvO-aa - even virtue must not be highly honoured if unaccompanied by b 8. TO'V kXyov adKoiv'ra,;: we should say, in a similar case, "when you have heard my reasons," but the Greek still refers to the logos as having an external reality and convincing power. c 2 and 8. These two instances may be regarded as cases of the virtue of 0po'vqayn,, the former being of an inferior kind to 397 695 e 696 c THE LAWS OF PLATO the latter. In the case of the clever artist dpEr'i is excellence, rather than virtue. c5. This argument involves the assumption that where StKaLoovv/ is absent, a&Klta must be present; the neutral state as to &IK. is put out of consideration. Here (r4oporovvrq is shown in what we should call consideration for others. The clever man (in any line) might easily take an unfair advantage of his neighbour, but a sense of justice makes him hold his hand. c 8. ome?vjV KrX.: i.e. ov8e ftRjv o cro'os fv'erat X(ptS Tro a(NwpoVEiv. d 1. Troat. Ea.. KaoT does not explain what is meant by TooE, but it explains the point of view from which at ev ra's woXEo-ts TrL7o-cts are to be discussed: "There is a further question which arises, when we are considering the principles on which civic honours ought to be bestowed."-We have been told above that o-(poo-rvv is a necessary adjunct to all virtue; now we are asked, for the purposes of the lawgiver, to appraise this adjunct on its own account. d 4 ff. Ath. " Suppose -cropoorvvr to exist in a man's soul by itself, unaccompanied by any virtue besides; would it have any claim to honour or not? " Meg. " I cannot tell." Ath. "A very proper answer; for really, if you said yes to either of my alternatives, I should think it a mistake." Meg. "It's just as well then that I answered as I did." Ath. "Quite so: the fact is that what is a (mere) adjunct to the things which deserve civic recognition or disapproval, is not of a nature to detain us; for the purposes of our argument we may neglect it." Meg. "The adjunct you mean being o'(opo-vvr? " Ath. " Yes. What is important is that whatever, of the things outside it, does us, with its help, the most service, that thing should be most highly honoured, and what comes next in usefulness next. In this way every quality, all down the list, would get its due meed of honour in its turn." As King Lear said to his youngest daughter, "'Let it be so: thy truth then be thy dower." But though o'-wcpoo'T-vr is to get no more praise from the public than Cordelia gave herself, this does not mean that it is worthless. We learnt in Bk. I. that T7rtr8ev/Aara o'(poo'v1vs are of great importance, and now we see that no virtue can be operative without it. As a personal virtue, it seems to involve a good deal of what we call self-respect. Notwithstanding the colourlessness which 398 NOTES TO BOOK III 696 d the words ci~o'yov o-t-iy; seem to imply, we shall be wrong if we attach a merely negative significance to the word. The o-WJ(pwv ObvX-g J~ (631 c 7) means more than the power of stopping at the right place.-At 710 Oa we shall see that Plato speaks of two kinds of oo(o/kpoo-v'v-q, a higher and a lower, an instinctive, and a philosophical one. d 9. 7rapa& aEXo3: cp. Phil. 28 h 9, t"va lj8~v.. ajuap-ra vovrEs; WrapL fLEko,~ c/Jy$66LE~aL rt, Ath. 687 b Happa'o-o3 8' 6' ~Owypa'boo, KcatL7Ep ircpa' IE/LEo3 vil-Ep Tri'v E'avTov rE~v-qv rpvc/n)o-ag. d 1 1. 4ov is omitted in 0 (though inserted in the margin); Boeckh seems to have been the first of the moderns to put it into the text, though it stands in A and Cod. Voss.-We must not press the addition KaLt d-rt/Ata so as to make it imply that some dishonourable things need this adjunct in order to be truly dishonourable, nor even that he has in mind any similar adjunct of dishonourable things; probably he only means, "and which lack honour in its absence." 697 a 2. volto e'rov... 'raVra ta-ve/jutV: it will be remembered that in the short sketch of the lawgiver's work given at 631 d 6 if., great stress is laid on the 2//E7-EiV TE pO'POWs K~a't batve~v &'a-rvTOV vo4L~wv (632 a 2-ep. also 631 e 2 TL[LWVI-a opOO(.. Kat aJt/lc'ovr-a). The great thing for the state, as for the man, is that it should like and dislik~e the right things. a 5 if. Leaving to the practical lawgiver the arrangement of detail, we will content ourselves with dividing the objects of public recognition into three main classes, in descending order of merit. a 7. E_7Et&?'. E.. rrL0V/p-atr: i.e. we, as theorizers, shall not be content without arriving at some positive conclusion about the laws (therefore we will go so far as to classify them roughly, by merit).-As Stallb. says, the words &taT-E1JEFV... rp ti-a are epexegetic Of TptX7j &1EXCEL. a 10. A has Xf7W/oJ/Ev, L, 0, and Stobaeus XE'YOFLEV. b 1. For the conjunction of tenses in o-(O'Co-Oa~' TE Kat EV'8aqtoV/-qOEtv Boeckh cps. Ar. Pol. 1331 b 25 Ti!'V fLE'X~ov(Tav E'o-EO-Oat 7w6Xkv fuaKapta!' Kw\ 7roktrevEVo-6)at KaA(o)S9. b 2. eaoTtV 8E' pO'Ws: Boeckh cps. Euthyphr. 2 d O'pOoJ ) /a'p E`OTt, Hipparchus 227 d 1 pO'&(0 8' E'o-T4 Crat. 388 c 5 Ka~we)g 8' EO(TW,'F where, as here, an expression has to be supplied from the immediately antecedent words: "1what I mean by doing this in the right way is.. b 3. This threefold division of good things, which has been largely adopted by 14ter moralists (e.g. Arist. Eth. Nic. 10Q98 b 13; 399 697 b 697 bTHE LAWS OF PLATO and Cie. De of. iii. 6. 28, "1quam om-nia inconimoda subire, vel externa, vel corporis, vel etiam ipsiu.s anirni," where the contrasted evils are given just as at Gorg. 477 b-oV'KOiVV XPY)/JaTO) Kat c(OIL~ka1-o~ Kat ~/U~T(OV OVTWVl, T7flTTaLq E,1f7KaLg 1z-OVVpmcL WEvtaLV, VO(rOV, aL&KtaL;), is said to have, been Pythagorean in origin. The XE7061LEva at b 6 is a hint that some part at least of the definition of the classes is not the speaker's own. b 4. KEZU-0aL: as often, the passive of Td9E'vat-this time, of -r64evat in the sense of reckon as. Ib 6. TOVT&WV EKT0' /a tvetv, " to overstep the limits imposed by this scheme"; rov'r~ov here stands vaguely for something in the context, as at 694 d 4. b 7. 63.rla..Xpqi-zaa -7rpocayovo-a: it would appear from this that material wealth is at least not to be honoured; it is even conceivable that the author meant it to be a disgrace. At 741 e 7 it is laid down that no citizen is to possess any money. At b 2 above Jqa'Tlia are spoken of as well as 1-qtpa4 and the word may mean disgrace, though it may perhaps mean merely the absence of honour. (At 831 al1 Kat' Tot" IAEV TC/L4X, TO(t3 &S daTtlua,; cStaVEJLoV op0O0,, it clearly means positive disgrace.) In either case we might translate this passage: "either by promoting wealth to be a recipient of honour, or by raising, through honours, any member of the inferior classes of goods into a class above." (Jowett takes E(g rtpaO 7rpockyovcra to mean putting first; he translates, "by giving money the place of honour.") c 1. ot"O' J'otov OV-re wotrtK0'V, "cas bad in statecraft as it is in morality." o 6. Schanz recurs to the old accentuation in Hepa-w'v 7r'1p, taking 7r' p to govern llepa(o~v only, and not, as Ast says, Ti^ 7roXvreias. llepo-wv 7rEpt would thus = IIfpcrtKrJg. But the analogy of 676 c 6 raV`rqq~ (S 7rep' Xa/3eltev, dl (vval`MEcOa, r^ puei~a/3oX~ rT) v ai~raV, and 691 b 2 ~roV'TOV ~rEpl, TroV 7ra'ov3 7r —! )/EV1EOrE& are in favour -of taking the construction here to be -q 8ta'O-KIE1/4 7wEp' T'73 Uepo-(v 7roXTIELda. Op. above on 685 c 2. c 7. A has br' e-w'La&; the scribe himself seems to have thought that the C'-r~ h'ad been doubled by mistake, for he put dots under the first, and a line under the second. (At the same time he did not venture to erase either.) Bur-net apparently accepts this view, and mentions Schneider's 'b' &E'j as a possible emendation of bew Mr. To this Apelt, p. 6, objects forcibly that the Persian decline was not steady "from year to year"; there were ups and downs. He prefers to regard A's reading as a defaced form of three words, 400 NOTES TO BOOK III 6 and these he suggests were E'&reL eLrelv ev[: "to put it shortly" comes in very well after " has led us to make a long disquisition " (c 5). He cps. Hdt. iii. 82 vl' oe src' rdvra ovXXap/3vvra eC7reiv, Laws 718 c ev evL reptXaflovra eltreLv avTa oLov rTve rpo7rw, and 811 a9 rt 81j 7rep TOVTW(V EVt Aoy)0 cfpda(Lv eITrotJL av tKavfov; Whatever view be taken of this dark passage, 'en must be wrong. The state of the Persian constitution is not represented as being bad to begin with. The only proposed emendation which would keep it ' is Ast's ers,epWov e'it, but that gives a sense unsatisfactory on other grounds. We want here a general summing up of the result of the discussion, not a repetition of a single incident of it. I venture to print Apelt's suggestion in preference to any other. c 8. 7r eXEv0epo....7riOeL: that is, they (the Persians) acted in direct violation of the directions given to the lawgiver in 693 b 3 ff. TrtL rwo'v EXEvOlepav TE elvaL 8EL, KaLt e(pova KaL EavT7 [CA\rv. Cp. also 695 d 2 ff. (of Cyrus) chlav rop[~ov KaC KOtvwvtav travc V IEpcraLs. d 1-698 a 3. As Stallb. says, it is the Tr after o'rav in d 6 which corresponds to ov0' in d 2; the first part deals with the conduct of the potentates, the second (orav re KTX.) with that of the people. —JX' E'VEKa TS avrxTWv (ppx goes with /ovXevera; the subj. to yiv7rat is uPXovreS, supplied from ' TwV apX\ovTwv p/ovXr; <t[ia goes in sense with wroAetE as well as with 'Wvv; the Tr after eXOpts is "and in consequence."-For fLLa-oVTre fLutrovTraL cp. Rep. 417 b,uIIrOVTSre 8Se Kal [FLtOV/jLeVOt, and below 763 a 5 83aKovOr'VT re Kat 8LaKOVOV/EVOL, and Soph. Aj. 1134 with Lobeck's note. (I see no reason to follow Schanz in making a lacuna after dpX\s, and rejecting the forcible uo-oGovrat. At most I would put a (-) after adpxs and another after Kara'CO. to mark the looseness of the construction. After /LtCOV^VTE there is an erasure in A of something (? orav), and the last eight letters of ILurorvrat 6rav extend beyond the line into the margin. This looks as if A at first omitted LcirorvTara-a natural blunder. Hug would excise from 7rvpi to ftro-^vreT.)-We may translate: " Patriotism has vanished. On the one hand the mind of the potentates does not think of the good of their subjects and the people, but only of the establishment of their own authority, so that, if they imagine it will do themselves the least good, when occasion occurs, they overturn and burn with fire cities and tribes of friendly people, and, in consequence, hate and are hated with a deadly and pitiless hatred. On the other hand, when they come to want the common people to fight in their defence, they find VOL. I 401 2 D 697 d 697 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO there is no sort of union among them, and no zeal to make them risk their persons in battle. Masters of countless millions, they cannot command a single soldier. They hire outsiders, as if they had no subjects of their own, and actually fancy that strangers and hirelings will be their salvation. Besides all this, there is a folly which they cannot avoid, for they proclaim by their actions on each occasion that whatever counts in the state as, honourable and precious is as nothing in comparison with gold and silver. " 698a,9. The older MSS. all have 7Teplt T7'1 V 'ATTLKis aiZ -roXtTrEL~a~, and so Burnet prints it. If Plato wrote this he must have intended to put in 'X-Ev~cpk`av, but, as he puts in C'XEv6,EpL'u in another construction, it seems the best thing to omit the frv. Late MSS. and all edd. but Bur-net alter 7roXtTE16 to,7roXLTrEtaV. a 10. Though at a 5 f. Ta' irqp' -/yE HEpor-bv seems to be the subject of T4'Xos3 E-rw and cei OV "~ ~StoucE' at to be epexegetic Of T'rc, it seems better here to take StE$eXO4V (" to set forth ") as governing the following Jos clause directly, and to take r&re~'ATrti<K^ 7wokcz-e'c as adverbial-" with respect to the Athenian constitution." b 1. Here we have two prepositional phrases depending on nouns: d72-o 7rao-wo 'pwv on EXEvOcpt/a, and b/i' ETf1P(V on.1 X3 In the latter case, as Stallb. says, a simple gen. would have left it doubtful whether it was subjective or objective; the expression used leaves no doubt that government by, not government of, is meant. The quasi-compound adjective /,uei-pov exoVcfl1g adds to the effect of complexity given by the sentence. (Ast ingeniously, but wrongly, proposed to read v',uET1-Epa,3 for {'4 ETIEpOv.) b 3. For the dat. governed by the verbal noun 4EiJ-W0Eo-L tc p. on 633 c2. b 5. E-K Tt11qvqpaTV... TET —rpowv: we must not press this 4EK to Mean that officials of any kind might come froma any of the four classes of Solon's timocracy. Members of the fourth class were members of the electing assembly, but might not be elected themselves to any office, while some high offices were confined to members of the highest class. C'K then means "1on a basis of," and, to those who knew, the mention of Jp~at in this co-nnexion would convey the notion that in some way certain offices were confined to certain classes; cp. Rep. 553 a CEK Tt/J6-r&AaWV EXOVo-oX i-OV ~P~v~c.-KL IEc-71-TL '~ TLg at'&ws: a practical expression, 402 NOTES TO BOOK III69b 698 b "besides, we had a conscience; we were still the thralls of shamie." ("1 Reverence still held sway in our hearts.") b 8. yevo/1AEV0V: the hugeness is spoken of as making itself apparent on sea and land.-& opCov, " Chelpless"; a case of the transference of a characteristic proper to a persoa to something in connexion with that person. So at 873 e an aC'o-XVv-q is spoken of as a~ropos3 Kat ap3to3; so we talk of "hopeless despondency," or a "hopeless malady." Here, and below 699 b 4, desperate will translate it. Some inferior MSS. have a&wetpov. (Ast is not far wrong, pace Stalibaumi, in explaining it to mean invincible.) c 1 f. The greatness of the fear made the people humble, and so law-abiding, and dependent on the wisdom of their rulers, besides cementing the ties of a common citizenship. c 3. au468'pa 4kt~da c p. above 639 b a-(o'8pa yvvatK&ow), 791 e 5 7rav7-E~k()Sg 7wat'8ov, Rep. 434 c /La'Xw-Ta KaKovpyta, and Rep. 564 a ayav 8ovXkdav. Schanz follows Ald. in reading the adj. o-(o8pa'. d 1.,.kvptacr-t o-vXva~s: rather a dat. of effective accompaniment than a dat. of the instrument; "at the head of his countless myriads." d 4. For a&pa, "1actually," following -yap cp. Prot. 315 c 8 E1rE8-jp,,Et -yap a6pa KaLt Hpo'&Kog 61 KE~os. (It is the same apa which an old-fashioned Homeric scholar is said to have insisted on translating as "God help them!" in the phrase Tpw~cg p~; a parenthetic "bless us!" though too conversational, would render it here.)-u-ayqvEi'o-atEv: Goodwin, M. and T. ~ 6 75, "an indirect quotation with 3ret or ('0 and the opt. is sometimes followed by an independent opt. (generally introduced by yap), which continues the quotation as if it were itself dependent on the &,tL or '. Cp. Phil. 58 b; at Phaedo 96 b an opt. is so used when giving somebody else's opinion, though -no 6'Tt Or W's clause has gone before it. d 5. Hermaun would read 0`3 for the simple article, and thus remove the asyndeton. d 6. d-et" KaLt 0572 Jkie'cro: a euphemism for et'e ~,bEv8q. e 1. ouct'3 i: Hdt. (vi. 108) says the Plataeans joined the Ath. in full force. e 2. Cp. above 6 92 d6. e 3. ov' -yap Zo-pev Acyp'aecov: apparently "for I am not aware that the cause is stated." e 4. 8' oiv "be that as it may," " for whatever reason"As at 707 c 2 Schauz rejects the E'v before MapaOw'vt. e 5. I think Xer'1iEvat goes with J&rc-tkat' as well as with 403 698 e 698 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO wrapaTK~vat;I " Creports kept reaching us of immense preparations and never-ceasing threats on the part of the great king." e.vo&(k fL ~~ ~a~io,"hssn with all the fire of youth "; the adjs. are predicative. 699a 5. ov"TE ya~p flo-96G-etV aivTo't oiV38Va: this o'v`-e corresponds to the Ka( before Kcal-a 6aJXa7rrav in b 1. He has just said the Athenians saw no way of avoiding destruction, whether they stayed on land, or took to the sea. Then he enlarges on these two points: (I) if they stood their ground they would get no help, and (2) if they tried to sail away they would be intercepted. There is a break in the construction after oiv&va: [dv'qpjEvot goes back to th a~-av-o, owih in sense, Po-qO'a-,Et is subordinate. Schanz and Burnet mark this by parenthesis marks before /Le/lv-7JLLevot and after y1-v in b 1. b 1. TO 7EC KaLTf -yqv: the y/E gives the effect of "so much for their chances by land." b 4. a`wopov, " desperate" cp. above 698 b 8. b 5. Jog e$~ cL7TOPWV Ka't rovE E'(fatLVETO YEVEcTOCaU r1 VtK-q'(at pa~oIpEvov3, "and remembered how desperate the chances of success in the field had looked then"; /J~at'vco, in quasi-reported speech, refers to a time previous to that of -vvevo'ovv, and must therefore be rendered in English by a pluperfect.-E'$ Jw~.... e'4. IEV.: lit. "how victory in fight had seemied to emerge from a hopeless state of things" i.e. IE' dWrpov is merely a variety of expression for awopov. 31b 6. EW& t~ EXTL Oxo ~voteoLravrT,: "op/.etv sive O'XEUCTOEaL EWL a~yKVpaLg dicunt Graeci, ut in -notissfima Demosthenis sententia OVK f7rt rTq av~rqg opfrEE i-ok wroXkot~, ubi subaudiendum a'yKi' pag monet Harpocration. Et cum spes aptissimie per ancorarn significetur, facillimia translatione dicunt, E~r' f'Xwt~os 4XE60-OaXL unde in proverbium abuit." Porson on Orest. 68, who cites Ar. Eq. 1244 and this passage, and Plut. Non posse suad. ch. 26. 6 (Wyttenb. p. 505 e) i~atrTot vEci3 JLE'v &KWELT)v E /3r-tl'Mq3 8aXV0EC'Gl7J1 <e'w'>0 'Xw8o, JxeTat' TLM03 (0 7 7rpocTEe' WV 5 ~T o-)La Kalt Savye' evoq, Neil on Eq. 1244 agrees with Casaubon that in the phrase Ew' 0X~'o dtdOat the metaphor is of a man on a raft, and -he cps. Phaedo 85 d E'' roirOV OXOV4LEVO19 WUT7TEP cretg Certainly Plutarch did not use the nietaphor with the consciousness of its coming from the use of an anchor; a shipwrecked swimmer would not fare any better for being anchored. Still I can hardly believe Porson to have been wrong in such a matter. 404 NOTES TO BOOK III 699 c e2 f. The noms. ' -Mfo'3o O' rap~wv 6 -re 7,E70oV0 are in explanatory apposition to -rav',a 7wa'via. Both kinds of fear helped to unite the populace. F.H.D1. suggests that i"v EK4EKT7qVT0 is a " gloss," SoVXEVo0VTE3 being taken from the foll. i8ovXEVELv. Badham rejects the words E'K Tr_0v VO'psoV T-rv. They involve a tautology, but it is difficult to see who could have inserted them. An author does sometimes say the samne thing twice over, in slightly different language, if he wants to lay special stress on the idea conveyed. Certainly there is no idea in the Laws to which Plato attaches such importance as to this, i.e. that loyalty to good laws begets a good character. It was this loyalty, he says, to the laws and institutions of a better timne that made the Athenians of that day what they were. c 5. Cp. 647 a 8 f. vopuoOT7rr... T0oirOV Tov c/o'/3ov E'V nti,, (LIEy a-Ty, crE/3Et.-Cp. the scriptural use of the word fear, e.g. "the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." c 6. 7'~ 01 8ELXo'1 f'XEVOfpo3 Ka't alL4O/3O; VY -El TO'TE ~IIuj 8EO' E~kafEv, Ov'K aIvrOTE OVVEXOOJV kq'Vv~aTo, " from1 which (kind of fear) the timorous man is (by nature) free and immnun-e; and yet, had it not beeni for his seizure by a fear on that occasion, the timorous man would never have joined the army, and repelled the foe." For dq~oflog with a cognate gen. cp. 64 7 c. 3 alSbo1Gov... 0"w 7rrOX(-IV TtVW'V.-O'V: the rel. clause has here, I think, an adversative force.-8Uo~ E'Xa/3Ev: used with the consciousness that it was an epic phrase (cp. the Hobm. 8S'o3 EJAev), and, moreover, that 8E&og had a literary connexion with a18Gis;. Cp. 0 6 5 7 LffXE -/ Pf aica' S1 Ka't SE0 the verse fromt the GCjpria quoted at Euthyphro 12 b 1 t'va 'yap &Sog E'v~a Ka't at'363, and Soph. Aj. 107 3 -1083, the passage which begins ov' y/ap war' o-V a~v Ev 7ro'XEt vo'lLoL Ka o P4oLVT 8'oEs /'q K OE;K, and associates iS'og with alo-A~vq.-The idea of the fight with fear-which here results in the mastering of the first kind of fear by the second-has occurred above at 647 c 10 f T/,'Y &ictk' T- 'v alcne 7wpor-paa ps'ov Ka' vtKbJVTr avT'rqv 83EE T4EXEov OV'T& 71`)/VELr~at vpfJO aV3pE'av.-After a careful consideration of the ten or more emendations proposed in various parts of this passage, I have come to the conclusion that they all present difficulties at least as great as those in the text and so, I amn glad to see, has 0. Apelt (p. 6); only he accepts Schanz's statement that A has?~ 01 iSEtLX, and he proposes to read o' 8SEwkX3 i. Kai a&4. But Burnet, who comes after Schanz, assures us that A, like all the other MSS., reads ',R. (The chief emendations are: 'Pg 8o-Ao,3 Heindorf and Ast, 8 ' /ikos Herm., 405 THE. LAWS OF PLATO <T>TOTE Heind., 8i'eog for 8&os Badhani, )iop~e's for IA)q &O Stalib., Ruo; Schanz, ' for 'v Ritter; Schmidt would reject I at4,o/3os nd O-vveXO(*v.) d 2. rnv E"KacrTo3: if 8il~og had been the true reading at either place above, it would not have been necessary to alter the subject toq'tW^ E'Kacr1TO3 here. d 3-e 6. Meg. "1What you say is not only very true, but there is also a special fitness in its being said by you as an Athenian." Ath. "There is a special fitness about my words, Megillus; II mean that it is right to tell that story to you, born as you are to an inheritance in your ancestors' character. Moreover, I want you and Cleinias to consider what my story has to do with lawmaking" (lit. "if I am saying what has in any degree "-Tt-" an appropriateness to vo/LoOE0-tC "). " For my disquisition is not made for the story's sake, but for the reason I mention" (i.e. to help us to understand the right principles of vopo~auta). "1It is interesting: (lit. "just look!") just as, in a way, our fate was the same as that of the Persians, though they reduced the populace to absolute slavery, and we, on the other hand, drove our masses towards absolute freedom, so our discourse of a little time back turns out in a way very useful (towards deciding) how and what ought to be said next." d 6. Ast would read KoLvwv)'v 8 Th)Ov;TaTpt'CV -1'EyOVOTa o/4TELt. He was partly led to this by the fact that 7crapy~wv (for 7ca2-'pwv) was (apparently) the only MS. reading he knew. d 8. H. Steph. alters r'1 to Ta&, Schanz rejects it; Wagner reads WrP0-?JKOV for wpor1Or-KOvTa-all quite unnecessary changes. o 1. Most interpreters take OZ5 XEYW EVIEKaL to mean "1with a view to the object of our discussion." It seems more natural to take (To'V'ov) O Xyc to mean "1what I mentioned just now." e 2. rTa'TrbV irc'oa: i.e. national deterioration and decay.The plpf. o-v,[3-E/3 IKEt-in which Scbanz may well be right in introducing the augment-does not imply that the process of deterioration took place at Athens sooner than in Persia; it marks the time of the events as previous to that of the verb ELp-q/LLE'vOLot lrt. e 3. For A's ayovan, L and 0 have cdyayova-t. o 5. The chief difficulty in this passage is in the apparent inadequacy Of KakXj Eprnj~evot as an introduction to the subordinate 7riig Xeyw4Lev. All through the paragraph the idea of fitness and correspondence has been prominent: this may incline us to read into Ka~wg the notion "1aptly," i.e., in this case, "4so as to give an indication." (Ficinus puts in "1demonstrant.") This is 406 NOTES TO BOOK III 699 e better than, with Schanz, to suppose a lacuna after ToV'TEVOEV (to which he affixes a mark of interrogation, having previously made o XAeyo EvvEKa depend on opare, and accepted Badham's oV yap; for yap before E7ret8).-Hug proposed } yap; Ritter t' yap; Ast at one time was for rejecting 7ro... rovvreOev; Wagner suspected o0 7rpoy.... eIpELrJVOt. 700 a 4. -rVwv Kv'pos: as we might say, "master of the situation"; TLVWV is neuter.-The rpo'rov nva apologizes for the apparent contradiction in EKWV E8ovXevoe. (Some take -rtvv to be masc., and supply vo6aov.) a 7. rrEpL rv)v /OVo-tKnV: cp. above on 685 c 2. The danger of innovations in music is described in much the same way at Rep. 424 b c d. —rrprov: he is here answering the question " what laws have you in your mind?" not " what laws were they slaves to? " so that TrpwTov gives the logical and not the temporal order, " in the first place." Though the so-called slavery did not begin with the music, the first indication of the lawless temperament was, he says, visible in this domain. How significant and how important a tendency to lawlessness in music is, can be seen by readers of Book II. and of the above-cited passage of the Republic, where Plato emphasizes its importance as a main element in the influences formative of character and disposition. But there was more in it than that, as we shall see at 701 a: along with and as the result of the presumption of the uneducated mob to disregard the established rules and criteria of musical art, the mob grew conceited, and this conceit, politically speaking, poisoned their freedom, and made democracy dangerous. Men no longer had a proper respect for the judgement of their superiors. a 9-c 7. %SpypuLvr.. y.. yVET, "our music in those days was divided into definite kinds and styles; one kind of song was used to address the gods, and was called i/vo; as a counterpart to this came a different kind of song, which might well have been called Optvot; of a third kind were raiwves; still another-so-called, I take it, because describing the birth of Dionysus-was named SOvpaL/3og. And they used this very word VOSol to describe a fifth kind: these they further distinguished as KLOapTSLKOL (for the lyre). Now these distinctions of kind, and others like them, were binding; you could not set any song to any kind of tune which did not belong to it. Moreover the authority to take cognizance of these rules, to pronounce judgement in accordance with them, and punish those who offended against them, was not the catcall, or the discordant outcries of the gallery, as it is now, 407 7oo a 700 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO.nor the clapping of hands either, to signify applause. No: the educated part of the audience had made it a rule, as far as they were, concerned, to listen in silence throughout a performance, and there was the reminder of the official's rod to keep order among the children and flunkeys (their attendants) and the mnass of the populace." b 1. EL'Sj and a-X~za1-a here seem used in the same sense as euSog and Tp5o'7o at Rep. 424 c J80O3 Yap KatvbV /LOVOLtKrJ ILETafl/3.ctXEv EVCa/3-qT4E0V 4 E'V O'Xq KtV'SVVEv'ovTaV ov&a/Lov^ -ya'p KLVOVVTaLL 1J,0V(flK-q Tp0w0C aVIEV WrOXttKW^V VOWbV tLbEY/1`GTTV. b 2. Of the two readings r-ov'T- A and i-ov3io L and 0, the former is manifestly the correct one.-On the other hand I think a corrector of 0 was right in changing the aLXXo after 4$'v into aLXUp at b 7. The original scribe was misled by familiarity with the phrase a&XXo Ed' alXko " indiscriminately." If A L and 0 -and 05.Xa -a' aiVi-iYpauba, acc. to the scribe of 0-are right, we must suppose Plato to have been guilty of a vulgar error. (So also in the case of Aristotle, De, part. anim. 663 b 31.) b 3. a'iv E'KaXEOrEv and perhaps J~XtcrTa imply that the term O voas thus applied, did not date from these early times. b 5. The o' at possibly does not imply doubt in the speaker's mind as to the subject, but as to the reason for the name 8tOi pfl4oR. The apposition is a strange one, anyhow. (Can YIEVIEcrIg possibly be used in the sense of "a production ""a Dionysiac product"?)-v0'jtovg: the so-called Nomes must have been, as Wagner and Apelt say, something like the German Chorale, and, from their solemn character were necessarily accompanied by the lyre.-This use of the term law in music seems to Plato, in a way, to clinch his argument; cp. below 722 e 1 and 7 99 e 1 0 if., Plut. De muts. I113 3 b c. -The applicability of words denoting fixed standards or rules to music is evident in many languages. E.g. our canon (Gr. KaVw'v) denotes a composition written strictly according to rule. (Grove's Dict. of Music, s.v. canon.) It is amusing to read at Arist. Probl. 19. 28 (919 b 38) that the vo4ljoL which were sung were so called because, in illiterate ages and peoples, actual laws were sung-like versified Latin gender rules. b 6. (08q'&V W' 1TVa E'TEpav, "1regarding them"1 (i.e. the Nomes) "as a special kind of song" merely a variety of the previous 1 P j, E'TEpov EZog. (Ritter pronounces W4, and Apelt Ei-rEpav, as inexplicable, and the latter proposes to read L'Epa'v for &E'rEpaV.) b 7. See above on b2. 408 NOTES TO BOOK III c 1. rovrtv depends on KVpoS; Ast well compares a similar gen. and infin. with KVpLog at Dem. Adv. Aristocr. 689 (sub fin.) 7- KvptpL) TIV q6ptv YeVO/lEV? rdT atk.-I have thought it well to put a comma after TOV7toV. For the loosely connected epexegetic infins. cp. below 790 c 3, Rep. 416 a 6 (with Adam's note), 443 b 8, Gory. 513 e (with Thompson's note), Tim. 33 c 4, Phaedr. 242 b. C 5. TroS eCv yEyovorTL rept rraCSevo-Lv: a vague phrase for what we should call "the cultured classes "-" those who moved in educated circles."-yEyovevat rEpt= the Lat. versari in; for a similar phrase cp. Phil. 33 c 5 KaLt Irv rT yE E'repOV e(8OS r(Tv 80ovWv O TirS tiVXn\ avTnjs CfaLeLEv EJvast E taL Iv&jLq'1s TraV EcTU yeyovos, so Theag. 130 b 8V' a'r-XEtas EyEyovEyL. (Ast and others take the words to mean the body of teachers and educational officials -- those engaged in education.")-For 7rat3Evcr-s in the sense of culture cp. Prot. 349 a 3 Wrat83ev'eoTs Kat dperrs o^E arKaXov, Tim. 53 c 2 ETreL iETE'X(TE To)v Kara TratLeva-Lv O8&oV. c 6. av'IrTS: emphatic, "with their own ears." Riddell however, Digest ~ 222, takes it as a mere "pronominal resumption."-wraLo-t ~ XXo): cp. Rep. 397 d 7. d l. ravTr': adverbial, "in these respects"; it goes with apXE(cr-6a. —ovTW TETay7LVOs, "so strictly." (If any alteration of the text is to be proposed, I should venture to suggest dTT' for ravr'.) d 4. (fvat..... 8ovjS, " ignorant, in spite of all their poetical gifts, of what is right and proper in the Muses' domain, frenzied victims of an unhappy itch for pleasure." This censure applies to both words and tune. Aristoxenus, as quoted by Athenaeus (xiv. 632 b), echoes it thus: Kam Tr Oearpa KE/3S/3ap3adporat Kal els /,ydEYXV Sta(fOopav rpoWEX v0rfvev ' 7radvW-v/os aTrrq /LOVIKrI. See also the quotation from the same author made by Plut. De mus. 1142 b, where Telesias of Thebes is said to have forsaken the old school of Pindar and others for that of Philoxenus and Timotheus, with disastrous effects. d 6. KEpavvvvTes K'.: cp. Plut. De mus. 1133 b ov yap ev rb 7raXaLov ovTow roLEltcOaL T7 KtOapoSlas S vvv, ovo8 /LeTaET pELtv ras apuLovias KaL TOVs pvO/Jovi. e 1. tLOVortLK.... pOorTra, " without intending it, they were guilty of so far slandering their art as to assert, in their folly, that there was no such thing as right or wrong in music: the one proper criterion was the pleasure of the hearer, be he gentle or simple." e3. ITe fleXriTv e;TE XElptV dv E'I r TL: the syntax is 409 700 c 700 e TilE LAWS OF PLATO peculiar; a&v eL'y seems to be the reported-speech form of the itterati~ve aiv 4v:-O' Kpt'vOw aiv 'iv f3erTuoV rt, " the arbiter would be (on occasion) a man of some consideration"; this, quoted from somebody else's mouth, might be (05-ri) or (el) /3eXrt'wv r-i Et'sj a'v o' KpW OV It is not parallel to the E W p.. 7r OO1 JV fV a Prot. 329 b (which is itself not free from suspicion), for that is in direct speech, and the main verb is a present (Goodwin, M. and T. ~506). e 4. It is clear from the context that 7roLI7rL and i-oromqiraa are here used of musical composers and compositions in the first place, though the same artist "sets" (iwitiyet), to the heterogeneous musical medley, words of an equally extravagant kind e 5. wrapa~vopl'av: at the same time that these lawless poets gave the mob (ot' roX~ot) an unfounded conceit in their own judgement, they discredited the principles on which alone a true judgement could be passed. 70I a, 3. Gc'arpoKpa~'a: as we might say, "1Tom, Dick, and Harry usurped the critic's chair." Cp. Hamlet in. ii. 26 "1 the censure of the which one " (i.e. "1the judicious ""must in your allowance o'erweigh a whole theatre of others."-" S' 0 et s.v. A2: lv A"Burnet. a 3-a, 7. "1For even though a democracy had arisen, if confined to music (v - ir, EV VT- vov), and to properly educated men, it would have done no great harm; but, as it was, it d4d not stop at music, and the notion that every man was an authority on every subject, and was above all rules, this was the notion which got the upper hand among us, and Education had to give way to it."-For this sense of a-vvcEbio-irci-o op. 690 b 8 f. 4'wcoa-Ocat ALE i-bV d'V1EWU~rT-T)'fIOVl. T4y 8'E o/povov-vTC 27'ycL(TOat i-c Ka(U a 4C "ao'i-fi L (ut vid.): E'av-ryq A 0," Burnet.-Again at a 5 A and 0 have i'itv, a manifest error for -qA-v, but no good MS. has the latter, and some omit the pronoun altogether. a 7. a&~oflot: without the right kind of fear, that is, of which we heard so much at the end of Bk. I. Pope expresses a good deal of, the samne idea when he says "For fools rush in where Angels fear to tread." a 8. T-' 'ya'p KTiX., "for what is it but shocking impudence, when a man disregards the opinion of his betters out of a selfconceit that is begotten of liberty grown over-bold?"1 b 2. adwoiTcEToXU,.aV-q7s: Ast cps. Plut. Galba 1064 (ch. 25) 410 NOTES TO 1300K III &M, Tn')V OXtyO'T-qTa Tw'JV aw7o-rEToX/Zq/AC'VWV (of me-n engaged in a desperate venture). b6. C'wo,4CVr TaVTYj ev'yetv: for E'7rolLev-q -ravT- '7 EXEVOEpc TOV 4PCEvyctv; a remarkable instance of the power of leaving out words recently uttered in a parallel construction. b 7. L (and two minor MSS.) have VoV6E'Tijowt here for the Vo[LOOET-r~qTLV of the rest. Badhamn restored voOVOEnpr0-v as a conjecture. (The same restoration may probably be made at Plutarch, Galba, ch. 18, where we read E'80KEC yap ov~K av-r a~iioo-repew- /AO'voS aAkkL vo1l~o6TtertV Kat' WJT&OKftV TOVS pceO av'7riV avToKpawropaL3.) b8f. E'yyi' roi' TE'Xovg oi~rtv, and wrpo' aii 'T6 QqT TE'XEt are metaphors from the stadium. Freedom is running a race to perdition, and the two stages described are the semi-final, and the final. 0ii.7p3. a~I "in their final stage they are contemners of oaths, and pledges and of everything sacred and divine, and they present (to the world) the spectacle of the Titanic nature of which the old stories tell us-how they had to return to their old quarters, and pass a cruel time of unending woe."-Or, if E7rEL 'Ir't be read, "for they had to return etc." (HI. Steph. puts in (j)O-1e before Eirt; Ast said W'rT should be supplied in thought; Stallb. said it was not needed at all; Schanz writes a'-bLKO/M'Votg, but all, apparently, take the words to refer to the degenerate "1liberals." The only possible explanation of the 7w4Xiv (in that case) that occurs to me is, to suppose Plato to share the view expressed by Dio Chrys. xxx. p. 550 dITL ToV nW'v TrT6VoJV aU/LLTO3 ECo[LEY -1/ let arraVTC3 Ot &vOpwirot (whence the enmity of Heaven).)-Tr'V AEyo0JvrjV- is "as related in the old stories, and I believe ar ra avra. KaKihv to refer to the Titans, and to depend on something to be supplied in thought from Xeyop_1EV'9V. In the form of the story here referred to the Titans were punished for some offence by being sent to Tartarus. They escaped, fought with the Olympian Gods (their superiors), were beaten, and sent back to Tartarus (or worse), to stay. It is a state of eternal punishment like this to which those who abuse their liberty are condemned. KCU flkovl4vot3 then means, by implication, "and giving a representation of their fate." (Possibly an C're' has been lost before art'; cf. Prot. 353 a 2.) c 3. C". KaZ JII,11EO1 these datives like oic(rw go with,YtyvotTr av, but would sound like absolute datives., a 6. EKQxTToTE, avfLa/aplJ3vet - constantly pull up."' 411 701 b THE LAWS OF PLATO c 7. KEKT-q,(LEvoV and f~epo'p.Evov agree with the subject to da~kaa!LdcLvEL, i.e. "oneself," and the a-o-i-ka is one's own mouth which speaks the Xo'yos (Stalib. takes JX- Tb o-i-. to be "unbridled in mouth," and to refer to the Xo'yov)-with a glance at the previous m-etaphor-, then directly, the XO'7o~ itself is pictured again as a runaway horse. Op. Prot. 338 a E`IIEZ~aLL Kt Xaxa0U-at iU3?)VtaS To-3Z XMyots, Eur. Bacch. 385 c'L X a ktvwv 0-OI-oTi-WV &VOAOV T- W~o - o-iUMS -r6 Tr'XoS&C TVXv'Ca, Aristoph. Ran. 838 Q~.XJ~VoV i-TOi-aL; s0 we talk of "letting one's tongue run away with one." d 1. ac7w6 iwo3 O'VOV 7T-EG-ELV: probably no more than a picturesque and familiar expression for "get a fall." Some commentators take the proverb to imply clumsiness, others blindness to one's own advantages (cf. Ar. Nub. 1274). A L and 0 have Von, 02 Iovov. The mistake was probably not accidental, but due to a misunderstanding of some grammarian's note to the effect that often-e.g. in the passage from the Clouds-Jri' o3vov was mea nt to be heard as diroN vov^. d 2. xapt C'E~a: a clear case of conflation. I should follow Vat. 177, Schanz, and others in rejecting C'VEKa. Boeckh p. 197 says: "1Illud autemn cognovi, numqnam iungi duas praepositiones Ci irapaXX~,Xov, nisi quarumn alter-utra possit absque casu scribi, ita ut adverbii teneat locum." (The passages cited by Stallb. in defence of the text admit either of special explanation, or of a likely emendation.) d7. E Xfcatev; 693 b 3. Of the three objects, the first two correspond accurately enough to the Liberte' and Fraternite' of the early French Republicans; but the mind in Plato's state is shown chiefly in the renouncement on the part of the multitude of any claim to intellectual I~gatlite'. See especially 689 b 2 f., where the absence of the disposition to obey the wise is called (IvoM, 6 93 c and Rep. 4 3 1d if. el1. i-ov'i-tov E'VEKa 8, " it is to secure these objects that, etc." -The acc. pl. rok-orei-a3 has, in the place of the So or &Ti-ag which we should expect, i-'V i-E 8. Kat T-q)V JX. in semi-agreement with it. Ficinus translates "'duas gubernationum species," and somewhat so, to preserve the order and emphasis, must we translate in English. But this does not prove that Boeckh (p. 197) is right in holding that Plato must have, written iS'Uo 4E3"81 7rO)UTdag. There is no need, indeed, of the passages he quotes (e.g. below 735 a 5) to prove that such words would be correct and natural Greek. But no one has a right to forbid such a construction as that in the text. There is nothing more illogical in it than in, e.g., ToV 412 NOTES TO BOOK III TE oeos aL/Aa Kal fPapeos (T-'yKpavvvp1evwv at 665 a 1; still closer parallels are OavacUovTer dIXXo0s AtXXy 'XEyov (Symp. 220 c 6), and Kal at aXXat 7cracra ovi'Osw Toi aVT-JS EKaCoT-q pyov EpydaETrat (Rep. 346d 5). e 3-8. XapovTre KTX.: EKarTpag is gen. sing.; TrWv /LEV is " in the case of the Persians," iriv 6E "in the case of the Athenians."Xafpovres is subordinate to KaTei8oleEv; "we perceived that, when we found" or "got" (in either the one or the other, etc.); rTOT resumes the participial clause.-XevOepaLcdLv is used, as at Ar. Pol. 1314 a8, of a self-assertive, pushing sense of freedom.Ritter appositely compares Ep. viii. 354 e 6ovAXEa yap Kat EXEVOepta vrep/3adXovo-a JLEV eKacrTpa 7rayKaKov, EIJ+LETPOs oi ocaa 7ravdyaOov, and reminds us how near the two passages come to the Aristotelian doctrine of the right mean. e 6. ayay6vr)v (so L, 0 and the margin of A) is intrans.; " when they marched, moved, pushed on "-a military term. Al and the margin of O have aya0ov rT(v, from which Schanz conjectures the original reading to have been ayav lOVTrV. Many other alterations have been proposed of this passage, as may be seen from Schanz's critical note. e 7. OV'TE TOS OVTE TOS: cp. 721 b 3 Xp'fjLaout eLv TOCOOtS Kal T(roOOSt Tj Ka TA 0E tcdep, Rep. 546 c lroojKi1 / ev r, Xen. Rep. Ath. 2. 8 TroVo Eo V ICK Ti'S, 7TOTO 8E EK TVS, Theaet. 167 e e e7v rT... Ev 8e rT. The pure demonstrative use of the article is unusual outside Homer and the tragedians (e.g. Aesch. Suppl. 439 iT Toriv I7 T-o;S TroXEeo at'peCoOat eyav). 702 a 2. avTv: its position, and the y' both help to make this word emphatic; "and that's the reason why." a 6. X6o)ovs, zeugma; we must supply from Weaoa-'deOa a verb to fit it. a 8. rots... Kat.. 18: in the first two books we were dealing with the latter subject-i.e. the way laws can help to make a good man —and in the third book with the former-the right way to ordain the constitution of a state. The mention of this subject is a dramatic introduction to Cleinias's subsequent communication. The following question clinches the matter; for the Ath. asks if there is any test to be applied which would gauge the success of their attempts, and the soundness of their theories. b 4. KaTrav TV'XV Tva: in the same sense KaTa Oeov is used at 682 e 10 and at Euzthyd. 272 e Kara& 0bv yap 'Tva aE'vXov KaOrIejvo EvTavrOa; so at b 7 KaTa Ttva aV Katpov. C 2. Ka rpITpo (adv.): cp. Laws 746 d 8 Kat 7rpoR ye Ts T7roXe413 701 e THE LAWS OF PLATO /LLKaS raets, Gorg. 469 h 1 Ka'L eeiv ye 7rpos, 513 b 6 KaS v. /. A. r- IIvptAad7rovs ye arpo,s Rep. 328 a 6 KaL 7rpos ye 7ravvvXISa 7rotLo-ovo'v, 466 e KaL wrpo ye abovo-e 'v wraiSv es rby rOXEfLOv ocroo aSpo', 559 a 2 KaL 7rps ov&ev ayaOov evovratL Spntv, Euthyd. 294 a KaO ocV ye wp6s, Men. 90 e Kai daJaOea ye 7rpos, Prot. 321 d wrpbg 8 KaL al Albs <JvXcakaa fo/3epalt cLrav, Soph. 234 a qru//, KaL rrpos ye OaXa'rT7s, Menex. 249 e Ka r pos -ye AXov (-oLs) wroAXv (-ots) Xadpv eXO. It will be seen that only three of these passages have no ye. In other authors the ye is left out as often as not. c 8. sEo[' Te Kal v{tv: the advantage to the three speculators would be-ultimately perhaps-the opportunity of putting their views to the test of experience (see Timaeus 19 c), but, at all events, immediately the opportunity of seeing the general principles, above arrived at, applied to concrete instances, and embodied in actual laws. In either case they would be putting their theories to the test. d 1. eK rTv elprJJLEvO(v: possibly this refers only to the conversation which had already taken place-possibly to the whole of the conversation on the subject on which they were then engaged. The former explanation suits the context better, but the word eKXcleavTes is in favour of the latter. —r3 Xooyt, "in imagination." d 2. otov " imagining ourselves to be." d 3. rTTI'-KEtS, inspection, examination, as at 849 a, rather than inquiry, as at Rep. 456 c; "we shall be able to look at what we want "-i.e. a test of their theories. d 6. ov rr6eJOv ye ErrayyEXXes: " idem proverbium habes Phaedr. 242 B ubi schol. crrt T-v cyaOfa dyyeXXrovTvW, ELvro1OrT TavTs Vq Kat EV T7 TPpit T(OV NOUoIw, dein 7rpocravTes est i. q. adj8E' ut interpretatur Hesych." (Stallb.) BOOK 1V 704 a 1. " Well, what are we to understand that your city is going to be?" (" I don't mean," he goes on, " what it is called now, or what name is going to be given it, but, is it going to be a coast town, or an inland town? ") a 4. Kat O KarotKo'-! s avirs, " the mere circumstances of its founding;" e.g. who founded it? or how was it done? Plato later speaks of this imaginary city as, Mayv-rTWv rdoAs 860 e 6, 414 NOTES TO BOOK IV 94,969 a 5. The names Bipo-a and Nea'rioXL3 and Kka~oLEva[' would fall under this head. a 5. ro-a/_o~ rtvo3... E'rwvvplta, "1a name taken from some river." Cp. 626 d 4 -vig Oeoi E'7rwvv/jt'a3 d$tog. b1. 7rpocTGE'q T )V ai~~ 'T ff i..V 7-,oXkEt, "will confer on the new-born city the sacred sound by which they themselves are called "-almost II their own special associations"; J-q in such a connexion, has a flavour of sanctity.-As I think that a~r-UWV refers only to 7ro-ra/to'g KP'6v-q, and OEoc' and not to KaToLKto-/J,0'1 anld T67wo3, I would remove the comma which Burnet puts after T07rT. We can get an imaginary Sot'- for KaTOLKOTJLLO3 and 107ro~g out of wpoo-GEt'q. —(Apelt, Eisenach prog. 1901, would read 71Evvo~jJEv9 for 7Ev o,LE'V'7 aattractive suggestion which removes all difficulties in the construction; 7rpo()-GEL-q would govern TrOiTO and ycvv. would govern d~/kyv. HI. Steph. would put in 8ot~q (Fic. "dabit "), Hug 7-otot',, after T057wo3; Schanz would reject T-q'iVa'i-VT(0 l/xoqv-all alterations for the worse.) b 6. Kai-i-ra' TaTa ai'Tr3, "O n that side of it," i. e: at the point of the coast which is nearest to it; this Karci Ta-Oia is represented in the answer by TaaV TV. c 1. 7rEp't aViTYnjV: op. above on 685 c 2.-From this sentence, and that at c 8 below, eseta iS;( what about? ") may be -used with a variety of constructions. Op. Gorg. 5 09 d, Rep. 4 70 a, Phaedo 78 d.-At c 8 Schanz follows Schneider in reading Tt[ 8E 76E& c 5. It is clear fromt the context that ov' 7ra-vv is here an unqualified negative; "1None whatever" (Jowett). c 10. ",'Xv, Eusehius's reading, is much better than the Dali of the MSS. It is the fact that Crete as a whole is muouiitainous whicli is in point here. This statement does -not exclude the possibility of there being some level spaces in the territory. To say that " every yard" of the new territory is like Crete would he nonsense-as if Cretan soil had a colour or textuLre of its own. d 1. The fern. adj. may be meant to agree with X(D'pav (understood), see c 6, or possibly with faV'o-tv from the previous line. d 3. o v... dvtaTrOl... wrpo': lit. "1not hopeless for," i.e. "Inot -unfavourable, to." For the same use of I6 c. -Rep43d E~aLLXXV i-~ r 7r p5'3 'pE-r'7V 7WoXEOJ, and Symp. 179 a EVG1Eov Wflog apET-qv. d 4. ct..Ek/IEI\Etv eat: lit. "1if it had been going to be," i.e. "if we had had to face the prospect of legislating for a sea-port (it would have been beyond human powers)." Below, at d 7, 415 704 a 704 d THE LAWS OF PLATO IE.11.. qLEXEV... ketEv means "otherwise it must have acquired," lit. "if it was not to acquire." The latter use is a quasi-auxiliary one (Goodwin, M. and T. 428 a); in the former the verb is more alive-has more of its own proper meaning. d 5. For M'Et without a&v cp. Goodwin, M. and T. 415 ff. d 6. wrokkci. O-q Kat 7ItOKiXa, Ka~t oaiXa: lit. "many ways as bad as they are refined "-"1 many dangerous -refinements" 7wOtKt'Xo, here, like 7rotKIXXO at Eur. Cyci. 339, has the notion of " over-civilized," ")4over-complicated," "1over-refined " (not "4discordant " as Jowett). Cp. rep. 557 c ITEWrotKtX/.LE1P) 7Taio-Lv `6E-tLv. d7. Totav'T- OV'OEt 7ofV7,"n consequence of its natural position"; we should merely say "in consequence.' The redundancy is quite in Plato's style. Cp. e.g. Rep. 505 b -q) ira'VT a' ~ aVEVT 'ya~"OOV, KaX`i v 8 Ka\ di-IaOov u"'8EV T aAa 4kpovELv -VEVTO OpoVELV; d 8. viapaLuvtOoV EXEt, " there is comfort in " (Jowett).-Stallb. well cps. Cicero, De rep. ii. 3 and 4, where he talks of the corruptela ac demuetatio morem, in maritime cities, and praises Romulus for putting Rome away from the coast. 705al1. &rUov EV'Xt[EVLIE'pav: cp. above b 8. The better the harbour, the more dangerous it was.-O',.W,3 S~ KTX., "hwvr we will make shift to do with it as it is." Ast and Wagner wrongly take these words to mean, " so much the better that it is (removed from the sea) " but this entirely neglects the 5',tao3 8E. This clause is almost parenthetic-~" not that I insist on any alteration";-the ya'p in the following sentence goes back to the E77VTE OV Toi_ 8E'OVTO' Tr3 GakJ'o-o-,qs, the danger of proximity to the sea. a 2. TO i ~E v 7rap EKaLO-Tn5V -qlkpav 71v': spoken probably not, as the modern reader would be inclined to take it, of the visible charm of the sea, but of the convenience to daily life of a varied and well-stocked market. Cp. Modern Painters, pt. iv. cb. xiii. 17 ff. a 3. O'VToS =1 "in a deeper sense than the superficial meaning of the words" i.e. there is something morally as well as physically distasteful about the sea. The words a',puvpo~v 1-' YEL1-O'V-q/a occur, we are told, in a poem of Alema-n. a 4. 8ta' Kaw'-qXEt~a, does not go closely with C'~rtwuxXaa-a, but is a quasi-adjectival adjunct probably to Xpr/~tart0oeoV' alone; cp. Rep. 371 d and Soph. 223 d, where eLLropot are distinguished from. Ka~r-q)X0t the former travel with their goods (and probably sell wholesale); the latter t'pSL"LEvot C~v d oPa.. (GrX-E80'V Tt Ot' cWU-OEVIEO7 -416 NOTES TO BOOK IV rarot i-a o-eLara Kat aX(fELO T t LXXo ~'YOV 7pr1 Tet), buy from importers, and sell, retail, to natives. a5. jOn 7rakt`/efloXc. Ka't a`wt-Ta, "1shifty and dishonourable ways," "trickery and cheating." The word i7raXt'p/3foXo,3, which seems to have obtained considerable currency in later Greek, is explained by Ruhnken (Tim. p. 148), following Harpocration, as originally applied to something thrown back on one's handsparticularly a slave. Dio Chrys. xxxi. 321 d couples the word with waX i/Arpar-os. Here Dio seems to use the word in the sense of "tgood-for-nothing" (cp. our phrase "an old shop-keeper," and Uncle Remus's "1the same old two-and-sixpence "), but previously on the same page he says a healthy nature has nothing 7r-aX4L/3&oXov or &vO-XEPE's about it, where the words evidently mean shifty and spiteful respectively, as the following words identify the characteristics with Jra'i-) and w7ovrjpt'a. The meaning shifty is vouched for by Timaeus's interpretations rokv/,,E7-a/3ooX0 TrE Kat Or pt~ yve u' pveov. Both meanings are well attested by Ruhnken's quotations. 7ia'Xtv in composition, like our back-, has often a sinister significance (cp. 7waktv-ptij3g at Soph. Phil. 448, 7waX1`yykwYo-oo Pind. N. i. 88, 7raXtiyKoT03,-backword, backfriend, backslide, backbite. Dio in the above passage may well have had Plato's words in mind: he says, a',XX4 TOV3 MIEV KacrwXoV1 7-0oi1 eV TOt3 /LETPOL KaLKOV/J7OVV1-a3, o13 o /tog fo-i-v av o0v d7Tri alUYXPoKEP81EL'ag /lETEM Kat KOUC4TIE (?a 7o'W a10-XP0KEP81EL~a3 spurious). a 8. r-apajuo'Otov... Tav -ra i-: probably not "1an assuagement of these fears of ours," but "an abatement of these dangers." Cp. Thuc. v. 103 fXr S & KW8V~vq) wrapajuv'Otov ovo-a, and Plato, Critias 115 b rapacqVOta 7wX,9orov-3 The word is used at 773 e, and elsewhere in the Laws, in the sense of "incitement to," and so Athenaeus 640 e uses it when he misquotes Plato's 7wapcap6Ota 7rkq-~v^gas wrapapii'Ota rjMOVrj.-Kait r6 7ra /opog et'vat, "the very fact that (it) produces all kinds of crops." b 1. Schanz's faith in A is here justified. Its original reading was undoubtedlyS'3iXov W' Ov'K AiV 7roXV~opog ala, and so Schanz, rightly, as I think. L 0, Eus., and Stob. follow a text which reads SjiXov W'1 01K a~v 7rok64opo' re -E'7Kat 7ra/mopos alpa, and a corrector of A (so Schanz), or (as Burnet) the original writer, has altered thp shorter into the longer formi-chaniging wodX~iopog to 7w/, opog, and adding the missing words in the margin, so as to come before that word. (Stob. has -rtg for 're.) The 6[OLoto-rXev1-ov provides a likely -explanation of the omiission, but the shorter form 705 a VOL. I 417 2 H 705 b 705 bTHE LAWS OF PLATO gains so much in lucidity as to make it preferable. For the omission of dqe~ip. Rep. 371 a 1 &~ Q&v aiiTi-oI Xp~a. b 4. KatKov goes with etLR 71EV. Kalt &K/. 'Ow'V KTq~aYLv, much as avaTcco~was used with w7p'og dcpr3 KT-)GrtV at 704 d.-dvO' &vb Etv: ep. Rep. 331 b, Phil. 63 c. This phrase, though often used with superlatives, or expressions equivalent to superlatives, does not in -itself mean "1prae ceteris " (Ast), or "1above all " (L. & S.)-here, for instance, it could not be so translated-but it is like our " taking one thing with another," "1taking it all round." The similar et's 7rp~ C'Va, however, at Laws 738 e and Epin. 976 e, has acquired (from its constant use in comparison) just this sense of "above all." op. 647 b, 738 e. b 6. 4v iro' irpo'o-Oev Xo'yots: at 696 a 0) -ya'p u-q orae )/Evq1-ra,7raLs Kat aV17P KaL& )/epOa eK Tav-q 1-s poofs, 8taw44pwv rp\bq dpfT-iqv, where the Tpo(A' referred to is the KaK63 /3t'ol 04 ot' Tfla Staq5Epo"VT(doR 2Tkova-t&O KaLt TrvpcvvGw 7ra'8E3 Ta\ 7roXka\ COOtv. e 5. 7rpbs Ta rTiV EVT~3 TWV 1rXot`Wv IEP-pr: there is a slight redundance here. Badh. insists on correcting to 7rrP6 Ta'Vro\,, and Schanz follows him. But why might -not Plato say "for the parts of the ships' interiors," instead of "1for the parts inside the ships," or "for the inside parts of the ships"? Cp. Prot. 3 34 b, where Ta Eko)ev and ira& 4VT-4 i-ov o-oiros are used for the exterior and the interior of the body, and Phaedr. 247 c, al 84\ OE~opow0C TL I'r& TO^ oiao (not "the things beyond the ov'pavo'," but "1the outside of the ov'pavao "). o 6. There is a Platonic redundance, also about the &&r0ToTe ("always ") following on cLJ'ayKa'tov (4o-i-i). c 7. Ka~t TaVia... i-q~ frko-eos, "that natural feature of the country also is a good one." c 8. rt' 8-'; "1how so?"2 c 9. " It is well that a city should find it difficult to follow its enemies' example to its cost."-For the double acc. cp. below on 742 e 3. d 2. Schanz says that A reads 8' Tre, and this seems to me to lead up to the Ath's. answer better than the usually received 8&q' Ti'. It is "1Have you anything that has been said, in your mind, when you say that?7" To wbich the Ath. answers, in effect: "Yes; but it is something that was said some time ago." d 3. What he means by 0c/nSkaTrr /LE is further defined,- at e 1 if., i.e. "take care that I do -not fall into (1) the error of putting something else before virtue, or (2) that of exalting one kind of virtue at the expense of the rest."-I. Bruns, p. 170, of courise 418 NOTES TO BOOK IV70d 7o5 d regards this reference to Bk. I. as the work of his "JRedaktor."1 The mention of Crete which follows suggested the interpolation to him, he says, and he further remarks that, inasmuch as a'v8pct~a alone suffered as the result of the "1bad imitation " in question, the interpolation "does not fit." But, though exclusive care for one virtue is wrong in a legislator, it must surely be right for him to oppose the stifling of any one virtue, when it is threatened. Thereby he is avoiding the -first of the two dangers mentioned above, i.e. that of setting something else higher than virtue. The following words ToV-Tov yalp TW.V. rvwp01EtP a kVoW -which Bruns apparently does not include in the "1interpolation" -show that Plato is here thinking of that first danger. d 5. cXE7&T)qv: for the termination cf. Curtius, Gk. Verb i. 80 (p. 54 Eng. trans.). d 8. Tb~ SE': adverbial, "Cwhereas" cp. 642 a 3. 706 a 1. 8"rlv. p,~6vy: this sentence was a puzzle to the scribes of our earliest MSS. and is a puzzle still. A originally wroteTOV5TWV, KaXw'v and '~vy, L and 0 originally wrote TO-oi~Wv and K~ako'v, and 0 wrote,AOvoW. In A and 0OV roimw is corrected to Toi" TriV, and a late hand in A gives TJ'v alone; 0 corrects pU~vow to I~ovp, and A uo'vy to 1,Lo'vew, and a late hand in A has Mo'vovY. One way out of the difficulty is, with Schneider and Schanz, to write (05Tp av a-vVc('01) 'rwv a"' KaXOJV Tt 0M79a lxo'vov. Stallb., the Zurich edd., and Wagner readro&SWv Ti-av ' KaX6wv (the two latter read puo'vov for fpo'vy). Burnet is the first to rin L' an 0' KXOv. (Ast commends KaXo'v in his note,bu does not print it in his text.) This, I think, with A's original 1rOVTroJV and 1,06vp, gives the best reading of the passage. The awkwardroimv, which depends on O'Tq) JA0vp is used generally of objects of legislation; 6'Trp,, with which ~uovp agrees, is dat. after OW6-VVEfatc. We may translate: "only at that among the objects of legislation which is attended throughout its whole operation, and on every occasion, by some laudable result."-I believe, with Ast, that the 7rpW"'ToV ~tE803 Was the conversion Of KaXo'v to Kax(w;v. The case seems to demonstrate the independent value of L and 0. (Bitter, accepting Hermann's ingenious -rovy o'p ay a-. rwv act Kax(w;v, reads 1wovov for fAo'vp); F.H.D. prefers Hermann's solution.) -For the &LK'rqv 'ro$o'rov cp. 9 34 b Xp-... TOVI' V014ovI i-O4&OV /JU' KCLKOv^ OToXatCerOa~t SL'Ktv 0rV^ TE 1LE —EOOV3 KTAX-We find a',E~ O-vvExWg together at 807 e (and Hdt. i. 67)-hence Winckelmaun would read here -vvEXw3~ act TwV KaX (O V. a2 if. -ra\ a&Xa o-v1rraVra are " all the other objects of 419 706 a THE LAWS OF PLATO legislation," and T-3vwoC^pko at a 4 -are "the aforesaid objects," iLe.-that the law should promote (1) virtue, and (2) virtue in generaL. a4. 0`v 1-vyXa'v-) aeyvgeepesion. So we might say "is to be got by it."- Tn ~ ~...18, y yVCO-Ocu "h d n er u imitation of one's enemies, to which I referred, arises in the following way." a 7. After the apologetic parenthesis the e'XEyo0V 7t/VETOaOC construction is abandoned, and direct narrative is substituted. a 8. yap &i like (the suggested) 8&q yap at 6 38 a 7, "1for instance," "in fact." b 7. av...rCVqtVE7KEV: so put 'because the Athenians did not then become a sea power. The difficulty with Minos and the Minotaur was got over in another way. (Plato mentions the story also at Phaedo 58 a b.) The, yap before a&v, to which Stalib. takes excepntion, explains and justifies the application of the adj. KaLK'V to,Cd(LYcv in a 5. c 1.,pov&'/wv is in strong contrast to the following 7r-VKva Qwornj&73viras (" making constant starts "), 8po/LLKo^1R... JroX~o)pELv -and ' TOXbJeWTag a'7rOOVWTKELV PE'V0VraR. Plutarch twice qnotes Plato's [txovt/iwv o~rXtT(^0V: at The'mist. ch. 4, and at Philopoemen ch. 1 4. c 2. 8POIJUK(20 TaV' "as fast as their legs would carry them." c. I O EV is in direct, ELKVta& airV 'v c 6~ p 4 o ~ i loose dependence on the E'OUt-Ojvat in c 2. C 6. Both the 8 i and the TrvaR are scornful.-oAvK cao1(rpd6, ('' 4wnrv, 4Avydg: perhaps Plato had in mind Archilochus's ~akrwit CICLV6) Epperh- EC~aVTL13 KT7/a-o/1WaU OV KaKLO) (Bergk, Anth. Lyr., Archil. fr.; cp. also similar confessions in fragments of Alcaeus and Anacreon, and in Hor. Od. ii. 7. 10). c 6-8. What is wanting to make this passage intelligible is (1) the discovery of a poem (such as those referred to in the last note) in which the words ouix aurp& a vys occurred, and (2) another poem in which the words of the author of the first one were spoken as "worthy of infinite praise" (e~g. 4t$' C~watvE~dcra IJv~J1pcKts). As it stands it seems remarkable that so much should be made of phrases or expressions applied to the conduct just described. (Does p'. mean "1words of command"11? F.H.D.). If, with Schanz, wa reject A" ra or mind is naturally -fixed, all through, mainly on the conduct and habits (1Ow-6'rOjvat c 2, ZWO401Ctv d 1) of those who use a navy. On the other hand it is hard to see what could have induced any scribe to pu-t in pfr'ppara if it wasn't there, while the elaborate JXAG60O-3 Of Ov'K al~... 420 NOTES TO BOOK IV roiV~av-rtov is almost equally out of place. Another correction of the passage which is attractive-especially if I 'i-LUa be retained -is that made by " Coraes ad Plutarch. Vol. 1. 208. 20 " (Stallh.) of TaVi-a to T-otaTa. Stallb. defends -rav'ra' by referring to Phil. 16 c Tav'TqV 4 7raj wpi'oo-av, and-for the absence of the art.Phil. 65 d 7 and Laws 702 d 1 (so too 685 e 4). (If the suggestion that we are here dealing with a poetical quotation be accepted, perhaps the poetical X,9jiara-as F.H.D. suggests-was what Plato wrote.) e 8. Ast is probably right in writing 7woXkaKtao/hvpItiwv as one word; cp. Theat. 1 75 a 4. d 2. ri '-k TO wor&Jt-_V /3&Vrwt-T-OV U' 0o: the assumption that soldiers are the aristocracy of a state is more explicitly made in the Republic. d 4. cai'Trq3: a kind of " ethic " dat. = in his " (i.e. Homer's "representation," " according to Homer" cp. Rep 38 eoa Ka /JO1py Ao,~40jq XE-yct, and Ar. Poet. 1456 a 27, and Pol. 1339 b 8. d 5. KaT-EX0!LfV(0V, "hard pressed"; cp. Xen. Cyn. 9. 20 ptwrTovnr 8c Ka't E19 T-qV OcLXaTTav L aV K~'W~ e 1If.;~ 9 6-102. The chief difference between Plato's quotation and our Homeric text is that he has 7roX4 ov (e 5) in the place of our 7roXqejov. If Plato wrote the gen. he must have meant "lay hold on," "take earnestly to," fighting. At the same time Thuc. at i. 112 uses Eo-Xov Tov- 7ok4 ov in the sense of "1stopped " fighting. - Other variations are E'vo-EXLovs; for EV0-LrE~klA0V1, E"AKELV for -EXKE'JLEV, E'Ei\20[LE'ota-t for C'7tKpaTr~ovo-t, and oV ' yopEi'Et3 for o`pXajAE Xaw'v. In all points, I think, our Homeric text is better than Plato's. 707 a 5. The MSS. read apa 0OT'Iqp&tL -T/lag. Badham would read o-warrptag, taking (',a adverbially with 7rpoi -rovrotg, and Schanz antd Apelt follow him. Although a&/a crcoT'qptLe Tt/kOS may be possible Greek for "1honours conferred in the hour of deliverance," ytyvo/LE'v-q in b 1 must go with O-O)T71ptcLs expressed or supplied-it cannot, as Stallb. wants, go with EipETtK~-qand Tt/Jtu in the sense of price takes a genitive naturally; also the temptatation to a scribe to put a dat. after a4eca is a strong one. On these grounds I accept Badham's emendation.-The 'a/ila, though perhaps improving the rhythm of the sentence, seems somewhat redundant; but ozpcait, which Apelt would substitute for it, is out of place in such a decided expression of Opinion.-We may translate: "Again, cities which owe their power to their navies do not confer the reward for their deliverance upon the 421 706 c 707 a THE LAWS OF PLATO heroes of the fight The victory is won by the arts of the pilot, the boatswain and the rower, and by a miscellaneous and disreputable crowd (who exercise these arts), and there can be no proper bestowal of honours upon individuals." a 6. T7 KaXXaUTTr T)V 7roXezLLKWV: T7 KaXX. is neut., and Trv roX. masc.; lit. " the noblest element among the fighters." For the generalizing use of the neut. cp. 731 e TvAovTrat yap?rept Tb 4 Xovpevov o LXrAv. (rots KaXXkT'rTos here would have sounded like "the handsomest.") b 1. ravToSa7rwv Kal o vradvv cr7rovSawv dvfpJw7rv: Heindorf on Phaedr. 243 c has collected passages from Greek and Latin authors where "sailors" is used as a term of abuse.-The Kai before ravTroSa7rwv, which is in all the MSS., was omitted from all printed texts before Stallbaum's, and is again rejected by Schanz. Ast omitted the &8a before KvPepvrI7tKrjS and put it in the place of the Kat before travrosa7rWv. This greatly simplifies the construction, but impoverishes the sense.-The extraordinary EperpK(^ of the MSS. was corrected by Ald. b 3. The importance of bestowing public distinction has often been urged already-e-g. at 631 e Ti,/zvrpa opOSs... Kat aTpa/dbovTa, and 632 c KaC T/LaL acri vasu av tL rovEJELtv 8et, and more particularly at 697 a b r6oXv...rrv I XX ovrav cr eCrOatGL Te Kat evaXaLovIo'Liv EtS SvVaJLv advpofrlvyqv 8e& KaC acvayKaloV rLTtps re KCa daTifaWa 8tav e^iv o'p0os. Of. Dio Chrys. xxxi. 321 r 7 yap Ea-Tlv tEpWTrpov TtrLAS ) XadpTroS; occurring in a passage where a corrupt distribution of public distinctions is denounced as a " debasing of the moral currency." c 1. The Ath. does not say that Artemisium and Salamis had no part in the deliverance of the Greeks from Persian despotism, but that they did not either begin or complete that deliverance. After all, he adds, mere preservation is, from our present point of view, not nearly so important as the effect of one or the other style of fighting upon the character of the citizens. c 2. As at 698 e 4, Schanz rejects the ev before Mapa9vyt. c 7. o-o0 (dat. ethicus) indicates that the fresh point is in Cleinias's favour. d 1. dropoferwovrcs.... yovIevot: the participles here, as often, contain the main ideas: 'The truth is, our object in these inquiries, whether into the nature of the country or its institutions, is to secure the right sort of constitution, for we don't think, as most men do..."-iroXureta3 aper'v: not as Stallb. " civitatis virtutem"-that point comes in later with 422 NOTES TO BOOK IV wig /3EATUYrovq ytyvecr~at-but "1the excellence of its political arrangements." d 3. puo'vov, "1above all other things," "1of all things the (most valuable)." d 4. YL'yVEoTOat TE Kat' clVat balances the uT r~o-at 're Ki'~ evat of d 2 f., just as XWPa 4i'acv is balanced by Vofpow aetV d 5. In effect the same lesson was taught at 087, where national preservation and independence is declared not to be enough to ensure real happiness to a state. Cp. also 628 c 6 Jlpa O'Jv 01) Toy^ a'pturTov EVEK( 7raVTCL OV Ta YOLMqJa Tt0E57 zag;-The whole of this noble utterance is clothed in carefully chosen and marshalled words (cp. Gorg. 5 12 d). d8. T'YaV 'oiv: the same, i.e., as was advocated 4v Tot- w7po'o-Oev. -For the metaphor Stallb. well compares Soph. 237 b wvY 1E ko'yov, -# f3e'XT~cTac &CeeUtL-, O-KOWV Lv'T6 TE Ka'/fLE KaTa" TaV'T-q TIVO& aye, and Polut. 268 d ScE KaO' &T'pcLV O&_ O 7ropEV9qct Ttwa. d 9. Ka(TotKW-E'CW (for which L and 0 have KaTOLK 'o-owV) and voPto0Co-twv correspond more or less to X, Ot5o-tv and VO'/uoV Ta'etv respectively at d 2; cp. also KaTOCKLCETa-0C TIE Kai vo~UOOCTEUFOat at 708 c 1. d 11. KaC irokVS /E: SC. fl1EXTATTJV. e4. ' KaT4: it is curious that both Ficinus and Cornarius should have missed the force of these words and taken 9" as or (with 7TOTEPOV). e 5. vc/jt`... d rv Xwdpav KaTpKWt-,LEVOVS% "1have settled in your country" in V'/.xtv he includes the rest of the Cretans-not Miegillus. 708 al1. T6 SC.-q. T.a vvv; "1but pray whence do you expect to draw the troop of citizens with whom we have to deal on the present occasion?" ("1 the recruits for your present enterprise " Jowett). TO' rrapcvp qualifies o-TpaTowre~ov, and Ta" vvV qualifies wrapo'v. If TO' 7rapo'v be taken adverbially, ra' vvv is superfluous, and the article is wanted with o-Tpa7o'7rE8ov-which is used as an alternative for the XeJ'g of e 2 above. Op. 687 a 5 where the word stands for the whole Dorian population.- Ed goes better with 7'rapo'v than with Xe'yc; perhaps it is as well to mark this, as Schneider does, by putting commas on each side of XE7EC. Burnet is right anyway in rejecting the single comma after )d'ye which stands in all editions except Schneider's. a 3. A is clearly right in reading yCv'pu-cofOat, where L and 0 have 7L7'-VE(TO(xt. At a 5 all the MSS. have irpoo-&~'$acrOat, which 423 707 d THE LAWS OF PLATO Aid., altered to the fut. (and so Schanmz Here, however, the aor. is probably correct. It may be used, without av, of the moment when the colonists, or rather their leaders, "made up their minds to welcome" Peloponnesian comrades; but, more probably, we ought to read j'Xto-" v r.0ot in a 4. a 6. as A "Apyovs eitt, " that there are (some: colonists) from Argos (in Crete)." a 7. With bTO- ropTvtKOv (yEvoS) we must supply in thought ( is from those parts." The Peloponnesian Gortys seems to have been in Arcadia, not in Argos. a 8. TaVTr: cp. Rep. 544 c X KprjTKrf TE KaL AaKWoLK- aWnV, and Gorg. 472b TO^To TO KaXBv advaOyia; "the distinguished city of Gortyn." In classical times, however, the Cretan Gortyn or Gortys was better known than the Arcadian one. It is mentioned at B 646 and y 294. b 2 f. 'v.. Ta /.. yyvra.. oLipa'TaL: Stallb. cites a parallel from Gorg. 505 e to this " explanatory" asyndeton: tva tox Ta TOi 'E7&XdpjQov yevvrat, d 7rp. ro- 8vo avSpes X'Ayov, Eas v Kl wKaYS y/V/aCL. In both instances we may think (very likely wrongly) that the sentences would have run better if ytyvrTaf and vye'vwra respectively had been absent. b 4. For WokXopKELV in the figurative sense of "hem in," "bring pressure to bear on" cp. Xen. Mem. ii. 1. 13 and 17, and Al. II. 142 a. b 8. apSrv KpEtTTOVt KpaT'rfOe'la TroAX.Jc: Kpe~TTOVL agrees with 7roXE/p (not, as Schneider, Wagner, and Jowett, " conquered by a superior power in war "), but it may be doubted whether Plato meant "(completely overpowered) in an unequal contest," or "by an irresistible attack "; I think the latter.-Cp. Milton, Par. Lost, vi. 454 " Against unequal arms to fight in pain." c 1. ryd pev, "in some respects," rT, 3, "in other respects." c 3. 'XEL: the "pregnant" use of 'XEL in the sense of 7rapIEXEt; cp. Thuc. ii. 61. 2 rTO tEv Xvrov'v Xet &7 Tr'v ato'0-' cntv EKcaorrT -KOLIV(OV LEpVw ov: there is an anacoluthon here; rv must agree with yevos, which is ace., but it may be doubted whether if a fern. noun had been in the place of yevos we should have had ov'rav here; 'v (and avEXE'raL) proceed as if yevos had been the subject of a previous direct statement; ov is "since it is." c 4. For aXAaR with a gen. of comparison cp. Gorg. 512 d opas pfl aoXXo r To yEVVUVaOV Ka/ To ayyaOov V7 TOV O(CEIV TE Kal ca:')E~roaL. c 5. The 0' is adversative to evrreT rs aVEXETa, "instead of 424 NOTES TO BOOK IV that the disaffected body, whose withdrawal is sometimes due to bad laws, and which wants to go on living in the same ways which were fatal to it before, because it is used to them, etc." This is better than to take Tr~, 8' adverbially. It is wrong to supply yE~os with Ci-1Tau-ataK',, I think. d. 1-7. "1On the other hand, while a miscellaneous conglomaeration of colonists has not, as a body, prejudices which hamper the lawgiver, it takes a long time and great effort to bring about true union in such a case." The 8' in d 1 corresponds to the 1p4v in c 2. Then follows a consideration on the other side: "after all, we must face the (last mentioned) difficulty, remembering that the work of a lawgiver and founder must in any case demand exceptional ability and virtue." d 3. cuirv/=vc-Cat, "coalesce." So Ar. Pol. v. 3 arTa-witK0'v 8'Kati T6 uq'~ olp'cfAov, I ' &v U-Vk7i-VEVo-J7xactly the same observation as that in the text. d 4. The MSS. have Ka EG' Va EL. For KaO' E"v Stalib. would read KaOG C`, and Herm. (pref. to vol. vi.) KaOi'vra. 1 suspect that the correct reading is K~aO E'va Evi% with commas before and after,-" man by man "-a phrase similar in form to cJvO' 44 ~'E' at 705 b,,and 7rpo' E'va J3 at Demosth. C. Mid. p. 557. The case of JE3 is a difficulty, at first sight a fatal one; but perhaps the cacophony Of KaO' 4'va C'va led the writer to proceed as if the sentence, like the preceding one, had a finite verb. No E13 is wanted with rai'7O'V O-V/Av-PV o-at ("1 to pipe the same tune") d 6. 8'vrwg (the reading of the text of A and of the margin of L and 0)-"1 in the nature of the case "-is better than L and 0's 6'/Aws-" after all "-but the latter would give a tolerable sense, which oihTw% the third MS. variant, would not. d 7. If the MS. TEXIEW'TUTOV is correct, the meaning is that "law-giving and city-founding is a sovereign specific for manly excellence." (Cp. Criticas 106 b qx'pfUaKov... T1EXE(o'Ta/oV KaU &pTov 4~appLeKWV, iE7rG-'a-qv.) This leaves aJv8pw'v in an adjectival relation to 'pCT 'v; but why should "Imanly " excellence be specified, and what connexion has such a statement with what has gone before? I think Badham was right in reading TIEXIETUT(iOv, but I would not, with him, read &'Crwt and take, the sentence to be a question. -For the connexion with what has gone before see above on d 1-7. (If it were a question I should prefer the MS. TrkEXW'TaT0V-" is it such a specific as we assume? I) For irpo' in the sense of "1(to be good) at," or "1in reference to," cp. AL. I. 120 e TcEXOO3... pbl upferlv, Prot. 318 c 425 708 C THE LAWS OF PLATO PfeXr(w rpoS ypa4)LKlV, Phaedr. 263d reXvLKor'epos.. 7.rp 6oyovs. d 8 ff. "I don't doubt it," says Cleinias, "but I don't quite see why you say so just now." Then the Ath. pulls himself up short, -much as he did in Bk. III. at 686 c 7,-as if suddenly struck by a consideration which would modify his previous statement. This dramatic device would not be necessary if his two interlocutors had been men of greater intellectual power than they are represented to be.-F. Doering (p. 17) argues that the whole passage from EIKOS to /aKpP at 712 a 7 is an interpolation-written at an earlier time while Plato still held the views maintained in. the Republic. Zeller held that the passage was not Plato's at all, but a hash-up of the passages in the Republic where Plato says his ideal state can only come into being if either philosophers become kings, or kings philosophers. He relies much on the occurrence of the words pvifjov, evdLaOIS and leyaXoarpe7r7s in 709 e, as compared with Rep. 487 a. But the idea of the passage in the Laws is not the same, but one more in keeping with the practical tone of the treatise. He does not suggest, as he did in the Rep.-473 b ff. and elsewhere-, that philosophers should be made kings, or kings philosophers, but that a well-endowed and well-disposed despot might be so fortunate as to secure the services of a vopo0T/s3 Oatos f7ratvov (710 e 8). What the Ath. says in this passage is: "After all, are we not in danger of expecting too much of, and of attributing too much to even such 0etOL avvspes as we have postulated " Cleinias's question has made the Ath. pause, and "go back on "-e7ravWv — the subject of the legislator; and he is suddenly impressed with the view expressed later by Dr. Johnson, as to the "small part" played by "laws" in curing the "ills that human hearts endure." We may imagine a short interval of silence after Cleinias's question. Then the Ath. says: " I fancy the result of my reconsideration of the matter of the vopoOe-rat will be that I shall say something actually (Kat) derogatory to them as well (a/,a). But if my remark is at all apposite, no harm will be done. After all, why should I mind? It is pretty much the same with all things human." e 1. It was perhaps the contrast between this remark and the high compliment just paid to lawgivers that led to 0's variant of eiratviv for er-avLYV. e 2. Trpbg Katpov Ttva, like e's Ttva... KaLpov at 926 e 9, "not unseasonably," "to the point."-Ritter takes the whole passage quite differently; i.e. "I think I am going to point out a 426 NOTES TO BOOK IV practical difficulty (rt Ofav'3Aov);- but if we develop our theory in view of its application at the right moment "-iLe. the Katpo's referred to at 709 b 7 as the right moment for the application of skill. But X1'Eyouv here must refer to ipE~tv.-Stallb. takes 'ri kcad'ov to mean "1admodum vulgare quiddam." e 3. For oiv8&v rpa'y/%a (C'0Tt) cf. 794 e 6, and Heindorf's note on Hipp. Ma. 291 a.-8vo-Xcpah'vw is indicative; ep. Eur. Med. 873. 709 a 7. A probably read da pathough the last letter is erased; the vox nihili O-KIEoptat which occurs in its place in one MS. of Stobaeus, Ecl.-a mistake, as Meineke says, for the late crKauopiat-confirms this. Following on Xoqll(^V TIE qL-7rLtrTOVTGWV aLKatptat makes an impossibly harsh anacoluthon, and we must either, with Ast, reject the TIE or, with Stallb., read JKatpt'aX. I prefer the latter. At Symp. 188 b Plato says that Aot/tiol and many other diseases of different kinds are engendered by unseasonable weather. Ast's rejection Of TE would make it appear that the Xoq~tot' had caused the azKaupL(L& as well as the vo'rot.-Xpvov0 er 7ro~kiv and 7roXka'Kts are almost adjectival = lasting," and "frequent." - evtaVTGWV 7roAXX5v, "1recurring year after year."vai-. "r~r wo v "in view of all these possibilities." a 8. ~LEtEV v wel~retv: perhaps "would venture to say" (Fic. has "1non verebitur exclamare";but the expression is peculiar. Stob. has aLp$ELEV, Stallb. conj. J$LwJo-,Etev; Heindorf thought the error lay in et'7rfEV, and would substitute Et'r(L)v for it. OV?~TniV, the variant in L for OVYT'rV, is probably the genuine reading. Fic. has "'mortalium nemninem." b 2 if. To 8' c"1o-rty a v Od'qv. i' 7r; "But the fact is (Tr' 8'), while one may say all this with apparent truth about seamanship and navigation and medicine and generalship, there is at the same time something else which may be equally well said on the very same subject." Cl. "What is that?" Athi. "1Tlht everything is (not Chance but) God, and that God has two auxiliaries by which all human affairs are managed, Chance, and Fit Occasion. That with these, however, we must not forget that there is associated a third, of a gentler nature, namely Skill. I call it a great advantage that skill in navigation, rather than the opposite (' ') should co-operate with the ripening of the occasion in a storm." Stallb. takes To' in b 2 to be the obj. of lEu-o'vra and to mean "this,"Y and 7rciV~ra i-aii-a to be "tper asyndeton additum" to the previous words, comparing e.g. Rep. 598 b 0-KVT0T0'/L0V TEKTcova, 427 708 e THE LAWS OF PLATO rol &Xovi; 8&)yzovpyo 's. It seems- better to- take i-r adverbially, particularly because wr avi- a~aV-a seems, from its position, meant to be the obj. Of dv-E17'Va.-ro-iev- in both sentences stands, for b 7. I take OE63 (pcv) iravrn (f'o-i4') to be- a- doctrine oppesed to that expressed at b- 1, -rVxaq S' d~vat o-XE8`v, a&wav=, Cp. Aesch. Frag. 65 a Dind. Zev& '-rot VI- wruvi-a. It is usual- to, take (lEo as one of the subjects, to 6LoKVflEPViWio-t, and. to identify r6~ and Katpa's as the second guiding agency. (Badham alters wva'vx to ~-7pW1-oR and GEov- to Oe6v-naturally enough, if the usual view-, is correct.) But Luck and Fit Occcasion. a-re two distinct influences. b &. -qpo1-k1'1E0V: here too I- would desert the ordinary interpretation, which supplies E'ui-t' with ' ~rpV, and makes r-vyxOpv)00L depend on it-" mitius est concedere," Stallb. I believe that, by a very mild anacoluthon, the construction (after Xiyetv) is varied from J's with indic. to an inf., (Sdv). To describe the admission as -'1jpEpov is so extraordinary that Badham would read,&Ep&erpUJTEPoV. But, used as an adj. describing the nature of rfXv-q, as- contrasted with the two other agencies, it is apt, and recalls the contrast described at Rep. 4 10 d f. -between the G-KXpi-qP'r-sof the- nature whose body only has been developed, and the 'q`JjEP06-nq of the. fr~AXo'0o(~0 ~66- Te'XV-q then represents man,'s share in the work of the universe; luck and IIripeness " are not in his hands, but skill is. I would therefore put a comma-or colon after 7ravra, remove the comma after KaLp0'3, and substitute a colon for the -full -stop after o-uv'/ra a. — " Dans les champs de l'observation le hasard ne favorise que les esprits pre'par6s," Pasteur, Vie p. 8,&1 C 1. Katp9 Xeqiu'vog cannot (pace the dictionaries and the translators) stand either for "in a time of storm,?' or "on, the occasion of a storm, or (as Stallb.) "1at the exigency of - a stornm (quum -tempestas exigit atque postulctt), nor even "1at the critical moment in a storm." All these usages would demaand, in classical Greek, a preposition with Katpy-. As at p. 752 a 1, o-vXXafl&Oor~t (u~sed absolutely) means "1to co-operate," and it naturally takes. a dat. of, the person helped. Here the third agency (TE'XVrq) is represented as helping the second (Katp6'). We could get on without XiEtIzW-vos ("1 in a storm "), and ' /tA' (conversationally added to KV/3EpVV/-qLK 4V in the sense of "rather than the opposite" -this is perhaps better than to take ~ ~with o-vXXa43E'C-6at, i.e. "rather than that it should not "), but an Englishman's fancy 428 NOTES TO BOOK IV '709 C is hardly enough authority in such a case. Badham rejects both Xetjwvog and i1 ' and Schanz follows him. That one version of Stobaeus apparently omits /_'4 does not give much support to the latter omission. (L. & S. actually take KV/3 as the obj. of o-vXX) [F.H.D. would read E'V Katp4 and trans. "to intervene in a storm at the right moment."] o 5. I strongly suspect that Ka1~aL To~v acoT-v av E'xOt Xo'yov is a commentator's amplification which has wroingly found its way into the text. If this was so, Ast's Ka't lv ToF3 lL otg and Schanz's rayV Toi73 aUX~oLg are unnecessary. c 6. rTarv'' TOV^TO: i.e. the ple'ya 7TXE0VEKTr)/Lc just spoken of. In other words, "1law-making as much as any task needs skill." o 7. The asyndeton is of the usual "explanatory" kind.'EL PEXkot: most editors (including Schanz) follow Stobaeus in accepting the easier reading Et /LEXXEL here, though A and 0 and some inferior MSS. have Et ikkEXot. The opt. should be retained; it carries back the mind to the mention of other favourable circumstances-of position and soil-made at 704a if.-" which ought, as we saw above, to be enjoyed by a city, if it is ever to be a prosperous one." At Rep. 490 a there is a similar opt. in a girt clause dependent on r'oAo-yy o-'1Ea-l"i-t... 7WE0VKW'3 E~rq rab OVK E~t-qlVot, where Adam says the opt. represents the philosophic imperfect " in direct speech-" was," i.e. "1is, as we saw" and where Ast and Madvig change a'7roXo-y?7o-ofLE~c into a past tense. Adam also cps. Charm. 156 b 8, where Madvig emends a similar opt. by inserting an &v. O 8. aiX6ect'a C'XO'JiEvov: for dia'j690, a form of periphrasis often occurring in the Laws; e.g. 677 c 5 TE'XVIJ& EXO/1AEVOV for rEXVLKO'V. It probably goes predicatively with 7rapawcoa-JZv. o 9. Set& is used much as at c 1; we may supply in thought, "we m~ist allow " before it, from 8oTrlov. d 2. The MS. reading is apparently opow7g rt, 7rapov, and so the early editions. Correctors of A, L, and 0 give a variant 7rap' for 7rapo'v. Boeckh first put a comma after i'pO(^i, and wrote i-I for -rt, and all recent edd. except Schanz follow him. But the words will not bear Boeckh's translation of TLC 7wap~v av'Tri &4a Txg- ea quae modo contigerint fortuna... The utmost we can make of them is to suppose a "double-barrelled " question; e.g. "they would be justified in praying, wouldn't they, for what particular thing would it be, the presence of which would render nothing further necessary except their skill? wravv /LOEv V o answers the first question only, but KrEXcEVo'/,icVo... Eti-EtV in 429 7og d 709 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO d 5 seems to refer to the second. H. Steph. gets the requisite sense by reading JpOag Tt i" 7rapo5v, and so does Wagner's o, i-t for -rt but Schanz's reading does this with less alteration of the text. Heindorf had already objected to the MS. brzt~ot as an impersonal, and Schanz reads E1rtLfov (leaving O'O^ i-t as in the MSS.). 'We may translate this: "1would be justified, wouldn't he, in praying for something put in his hand by chance (and) likely to need nothing but his skill besides." Ritter well reminds us that pOWW3s carries, us in thought to the ill-advised prayers spoken of at 688 b 6. d 6. T'v av'-owv e1'Xq'v Eirew, "to say what it was they prayed for." d 8. Stallb. says we may supply &'v with 8pai-E1tev from the Ath.'s previous sentence. Better than this is to suppose, with Schanz, that 8' is a scribe's misreading of a&v, or-better stillthat 83pcao-t is what Plato wrote, the final ev being due to the following fly. d 10. 'rt is governed of course by &o4i-Ev, not by e~ovcrav. e 1. K i-7h' Aot7rewv: perhaps " with your remaining resources" cp. 7 10 a 1 To- )v aXkowv V'7rapX0ovTcov 0okekos dtvad nt. For this use Of ZK op. Rep. 365 d crvvwpLoutasL... OlVVcL$O/LIEV, 'ElOrV TIE 7rEt6oV^3 Ua&cOKaLXot..E TaV 1t'raLv 7reio-opev, T' & ~ /3ta ' e~a; Art however says it means "1henceforward "-as it apparently does at Ep. 3~16 d 8-and he is possibly right. e 3-6. Ritter's arrangement of this passage, which Burnet has adopted, not only involves less change in the words than anyexcept Hermann's-but gives the most natural continuation of the dialogue. The MSS. make 44E e.. ya' 7p; a continuous speech of the Athenian~s: to this Cl. answers Nat', and the Ath. goes on again with TOME. Besides giving the question 'T1 LE1&' ToVT` KTrx. to Cl., Ritter, following Schramm, alters & apa to alpa; (&pa imthe reading of L). (Schanz adopts Stallb.'s alteration Qf a~ycp to Ti-& yap-which he gives to CL., and with him rejects Nat'. To this Ritter properly objects that 'r6 7rot'ov; and not T'z- yap; is always used in the Laws in such a case. Besides, Stallb.'st i-iya'p is-as he himself says of Schramm's ingenious T'OV VOfLOG&Iqv - "justo audacius." To Hermann's arrangement, which gives rov' vopi.... a'ycp; to Cl., and begins the Ath.'s answer Nal To&e; the objection is that Nat' answers one question, and TO'Se another. e 4. Burnet differs from most recent edd. in adopting A2's correction of pd/pJp~ey to the more suitable op'Coliev. "In saying this we are speaking for the lawgiver, are we not?" 430 NOTES TO BOOK IV (Stallb.-reading 4)pc~o,~ev-takes this question to mean: "1Shall we give this answer on the part of the lawgiver '7" e 6ff. See note on 735 d3. e 7. vE'os3: youth is not one of the requisites in the case of the philosopher-king postulated at Rep. 487 a. It is necessary here. An older man would not readily accept the philosophic lawgiver's guidance. e 8. bviotk 7rpo'o-OEv: i.e. at 696 b 4, d, and e. The crpoocrv'q he speaks of here-as there-is the gentlemanly self-control and self-respect, without which any great powers of body and mind-or even character-might be felt as oppressive by the rest of the world. 710 a 1. The MSS. have T~q Tvpavvov1A'v, V'x Ihaen doubt that Dr. Hagenbutte was right in substitutingT ~'rVp0Vo for TvpaVVOVpX vjq. The scribe doubtless had in mind the previous -rvpavvov/iCvytv 7roXt', and the quite different rvpavvovp~vf'j/'i VXy of Rep. 577 e. Ast says ~rvpaviovpzCvy is middle, but even if the middle were ever used-which apparently it is not-Plato would,not use four lines below the same participle in a passive sense. Stallb. says -rvpavvovpzvY- rvait it certainly has not this meaning at Rep. 577 d, and the meaning is not apt here.-e'av etyat rt, "if any good is to come of his possession of the other virtues." (This is better than to take ifv'Xy as the subj. of andto nV WX. aagen. abs.) a 3 f. "1I think it is crwqpoo-vvy, Megillus, which the A th. says must be accessory."- -/a'~'cp; is addressed to the Ath. a5. "Not the philosopher's aif 4poTavvr," the Ath. answers, "1but the ifo~pocrv'vr~ of daily life." Cp. below 968 a 1 and Phaedo 82 a 1I if. with Archer Hind's Appendix 1 to his edition of the Phaedo on81q/.o1-tKq'q Ka't iroXtTuq' Jp-ET'~.-Cp. also the distinction at Phaedo 61 a between the popular idea Of FLoVo-tKr and the philosophic one.-In disclaiming here the higher and " forced" significance of the word, Plato is not rejecting the view of any other philosopher, but is claiming the right to define a word specially, when the argument has a special object in view. He withdraws i.e. from the position adopted by himself e.g. at Rep. 430 d if., and, implicitly, even above in the Laws at 689 a if. For the a-v,u4xvtwa there called the highest o-oota (d 6) is the agreement, between the different elements in man, as to what is best and most desirable, and that is much the same as the a-w4)poo-i'v v of Rep, 4 30 f. N C a 7. ro,v aipaTro' E'XEtV Irrp0 Ta5~SO~.TL 431 709 e THE LAWS OF PLATO eyKparws: a similar notional anacoluthon may be seen in the addition of Ir Kal artLaCL at 696d 11, and of X? at 709 c 2. In all three cases it is necessary to picture to oneself both opposites in order to understand the nature of one, and the distinction is loosely spoken of as if it was the distinguishing mark of one member of the pair. In much the same way we use the word distinction in the sense of distinguishing mark. (Schanz would reject the 7ros /IEv and rosis 8e clauses as a commentators explanation, and Badham would change Tots pev into TOV /J andreject the rots 8e clause; but this might be taken to imply that all children and animals were temperate, and this, no doubt, Plato wanted to avoid.) b 1. CEaaev-at 696 e 1.-For!PovooC-Oat with a gen. cp. Tim 46 e povwoe&al t ponvMrsoS..b 4. TavTX7 v V fv cv: i.e. Tr4v cr44pova vclo-v (Polit. 307 c). b 5. For the plural WMreo-wL Stallb. (as against Zeller, who finds fault with it) cps. Rep. 410 e ToireT Td ivqe-, and 424 a W(IVTELC dyaWas ELrTO~Lt. b 6. Badham supposes that &apirra is a misreading of pair-a. The latter, besides getting support from the po'rtd TI Kat TaXt(cT at d 8, and from rTaXo Kal pcrw7mv at 711 a 2, may be thought more significant and expressive; but the adpeivwv in b 8 seems to me to put -pLtc-ap beyond a doubt. b 8. 8Lad0crs, "process of settlement." Verbal derivatives in Greek retain the power of representing the imperfect 'as well as the perfect -and momentary tenses of the verbs from which they are derived. c 1 f. C1. "How, or by what arguments, could a man ever get people to believe that?" Ath. " Why, it is easy to see that it is in the nature of things that that should be so." c 6. H. Steph. restored da rTpavvos... E. vTUXY -from the Ath., to whom the MSS. give it, to Cleinias, and Ast saw that St. had gone a word too far, and correctly gave euVXs, back to the Athenian. c 7. The Kara which, logically speaking, should be repeated before rb yvieacOat is omitted for rhythm's sake.-For this use of Kara Stallb. cps. Phaedr. 229 do orrTv E' UXO vrvx pos xar a'lXo /.ZV olves, L... d 1. I think Stallb., the Ziir. edd. and Schanz are right in adopting Ald.'s emendation of the MS. av'w to aimVT;_r-avra -XeS'Y KTX., " what more could God do for a city?" 432 NOTES TO BOOK IV70d 7io d d 3. 8,E1STEPoV, "second best"; for "best of all" had been implied in the preceding 8ta4Epo6vrOJ.-rt-vE' answers to an English "9 say.)) d 4. Trptl-ov 3' aiZ... E'vavi-[ov: wio-av'i-e3 seems to go with KaLTa' Xko'yov, and not to stand for the demonstrative Troo-orpl, which is omitted with XaXEWW0TEpoV, as at Lysis 206 a OV'KOV'V 050op J~v ILe-/acLaXcVXTEpoL d~rut/, 83vaak(T0To-EpoL -)/qvovTa; "It would be third best, and so on in proportion-more difficult, the more rulers there were, and vice versa." dOa. dpiolrrqv... 7woXtv, " the best kind of state" an expression more, natural in Cleinias's mouth than the more technical d7. JAET't... ye with the help, of course, of" for /LCT L thus used cp. 720 d 7, 738 d 7, 791 a 7, 862 d 5. d 8. E Ig Tov^T0O i.e. clg T-'v a'ptronriv 7ro6Xtv. e 1. &EV'repoV: not, as above at d 3, "1the second best thing," but adverbial-" in the second degree."-I agree with Hlermann in thinking that KcLt Tr6 TP'rp'ov E'K 8&7fLOKpUrtcas is not from Plato's hand. (1) 7w'gk'yt comes more naturally as the end of Cleinias's speech than as a parenthesis; (2) an indication that the words did not stand in the original is to be, found in the, -TUvo1 in e 4, which is a sort of apology for the introduction of a new element into the consideration. (3) ot`8ajW,L3 is too strong a negative for the circumstances; for according to the text the second of the three polities enumerated is the only one that the Athenian alters. e 3. 7rpw-ov: adverbial, like 8e1vI-Epov above; "in the highest degree," i.e. "most (easily and quickly)." e 4. /3wrtXtKdj3: it has been explained in Bk. III. that the best form of hereditary kingship is that where, as at Sparta, there were two kings at a time. e 5. For variety's sake the form of the expression is changed, and T'r 4r'apTov, like EV'TEPOv at d 3, is "1the fourth best thing." -Burnet does well to put a comma after 0UA,/apy~cr% as well as before it. —O'V Irotoirov - the best form of state." e 6. wrX~t&rro~... 8vva'o-rwt: for the leaders of the, democracy are not only less numerous, but less secure in their position as &vvdo-ra, than the members of an oligarchical class. e 7. 8~ is almost "1remember. "-Tav-Ta is the -roi TOLOVTOV Of e 5, i.e. -q apto-Tq 7roXvrEta. e 8 f. fbvorEt as we should say "1providentially." (Wagner takes it closely with XjObut it goes better with yC'vqj'at).-K0LV'so Ald. for theMS ov-geclsy with rpos in the next VOL. 1 433 2 F 7io e 710e THE LAWS OF PLATO line: "a kind of force which he shares with the holders of supreme power."-The i-rt helps to express that the kind of force is unique, and not to be confounded with mere station and dignity-and is against Badham's rather attractive substitution of -yvw'/4 for P111q (Ttl would then be "more or less.") 71aIiovro: an extreme instance of the boldness with which Plato uses neuter pronouns. It stands for ot' Ev i-rv- 7r-'XEt (LaXktcTTa Svv6 Evot, "1this element." a 4. 7wo3~; does not ask for the grounds of the opinion just expressed. It is: "1What do you say? I can't take it in." "1And yet I have said it often enough," answers the Athenian. "It is because you don't realize what Tvpavvl'1 is." "1No," says CL, "and I don't want to either." There is a little impatience in the first part of the Ath's. answer-caused perhaps by the tone of the question at 7 10 c 1 f. b 1. "1Can't, you see that the facility I pointed out is involved in the notion of a despotism?" b 7. Burnet, by putting commas after E'7rMQ8Cp/ara and 7roAt'Taq, shows that it is unnecessary with Stallb. to supply E'OEXq'cr-j with rrporpb'rEo-Oat-the two EMV TE clauses being amplificatory to 07r-q'7r'EP, n iie, to balance the sentence properly, by 7PTpO~EWreoa6TOaI'roi 7roXk1'a3. b8. v'irypJov-ra Tni 7rpcarTTv: "metaphora ab uis repetita qui pueris ductus literarum praescribunt " Stallb., who cps. for the whole passage Claudian's "regis ad exemplum totus, cornponitur orbis " (De qu. cons. Hon~. 299), and Cic. Legg. iii. 14.The ancients had not formulated the idea of the sovereignty of "public opinion." e i. f'atvov'vra and 'tJL/&vTcL are, in idea, subordinate to 7rpo-rp rc-Oat, but the syntactical construction is of the loose order common in the long and somewhat straggling sentences of the Laws- the intervening Vroypa'-ov-ra being explanatory of 7ropEvecrOaL. c 3. Ka't irw-, ol.ue~a.;we should say: "4But what makes you think that..?" A and 0 originally wrote ot'o,6tE0a, but it is corrected by the first hand to o10o4LE~a. Schneider reads Kat 7Ww3 Oto/LEOa, "et putamus fere"; Badham goes still further, and by reading 7ws <ovtc> ohtlsOa makes the sentence into aih emphatic assent. So does Apelt (p. 7), who would read Kalt irp0 (adv.). But the reading of the text best fits the course of the conversation. The emphatic word in the question is cTaXS. The conservative Dorian cannot easily imagine any change of view as rapid. The, 434 NOTES TO BOOK IV Athenian contents himself with answering that, at any rate, there is no other way, half so rapid as the way he has pointed out; and then-to familiarize his hearers with his views-he states the same thing again in slightly different words. It seems clear that Plato means to represent his two minor interlocutors as unconvinced at this point. It will be rememhered that Socrates's young companions in the Republic felt that the possibility of ever establishing the ideal constitution was the doubtful point. The Laws sketches a less "ideal" state-one which deviates less than that of the Republic from ordinary conditions. But in any change a dead weight of prejudice has to be overcome, and a Dorian conservative is a natural mouthpiece for the expression of such a prejudice. d 1. dxka' ro'8' E'o-r't ro' Xaker'V -/rEV'o-0at, "1but here is where the difficulty lies." For the inf. cp. Rep. 521 a E'o-'rt o-ot 8vva'r-) yvrOat 7r'XLt EiZ o'Kov/LEVt d 2. o3Xkyov... ev 'r~i WoXk(i po'vy, "1rare in history."TO 7E)/OVO3 seems natural enough after 7Ev6'/Levov av and XaXEro'V )/EvO4at; Schanz thinks it comes from a later hand than Plato's. d 6ff. Cp. Rep. 499 bc... w-v vi'v E'v 8vvcw-re1`acg y fPao-tXet~at, 05VTOW VE1 7ari KfV~(E(~E taWV a O X~~oo-oo4ac adxq6Lv~g Ep&J E/LWEOr-7. d 8. Kara" 7wov'row v7repoXcLg 8ta~poi'o-acs 3 ycvw'v: the genitives are best taken as genitives of definition. The " distinction" which gives the authorities a commanding position is one either of wealth, or birth. If, with L. & S., we translate KLT' i'7w. wX. as "(distinguished by) excess of wealth," the zeugma involved in the addition of yEvLOv is very harsh. e 1 rv ~oTop~.. vartv, and r? iPi e'evAWujh weapon of the demagogue, among other " powers," is to be pressed into the good cause. Naturally it must be wielded by one whose temper is the opposite of the demagogue's. This reference to Nestor takes the place, in the enumeration of "1powers," of democracy. e 4. C4'P -q'5v &E oV`8a/jWu,: this may well he understood as vouched for-like the TpoL'a3 yfEyovev-by the common voice (c'0 Obaart), not as Plato's own statement. The positive, as well as the negative, view thus expressed is left open hy the next sentence heginning El S' oi'v. e 5. q',u0pJv MSS. Stalib. rightly argues that qjpiwv rc3 in Plato's mouth would not mean " one of the present generation " but " one of the present company," and holds that, as we cannot credit his 435 tI7H1e THE LAWS OF PLATO modesty with the latter meaning, he must have said 4kV~~i here. I suspect that what Plato wrote was -qgv, and that the scribe's eye was cauLght by the -qlj- in the preceding li-ne.-Th Hackforth, The Authorship of the, Platonic Epsl, p. 153, surmises that Plato here has in mind the young Hipparinus, the son of Dion. This conjecture, he says, if correct, would fix the date of the composition of Bk. IV. at 354-3 B.C. e 8. ouvpka'06o-s 8vv4LEOCW... wpl: i.e. "1whatever the form of the government be," or "1in whosesoever hand the supreme power may lie." e 8 ff. 6'TaV... CvrV/,rEG — "quando aliquo in homine prudentiae et temperantiae conj-uncta fuerit potentia summa" (Schneider). The q6povd'v indicates especially the part which might be played by the ideal lawgiver. (In the very similar passage in Rep. 4 73 d 2 I would suggest that the comma be removed after crf~1 ~-fanrd th e difficult T0'roo be taken adverbially, "in this way ~: KaLL rOVrOT 'E'L Tai rT v orv -~k,, -7r75 aX t K) Kat XWoa-o41,a.) 712 a 3. T'rih oTOLOV (V: i.e. T'rOv &-pto-rw~v. a 4. Tacara /-c v oi~v...aKp~: cf. on 7 36 b 6 below. "Fancy that in this oracular deliverance of mine you have been listening to a story when II declare that, whereas in general"11(lit. " one way ") "1it is'hard for a city to get good laws, yet, if only things happened as I say, it would be the simplest thing in the world."-Kcd', I think, does not put a fresh point, but is explanatory of Ke~p~qor1AUuoOo. I have removed the comma between the two imperatives. -Ka~awrepai does not, like KQac'r1EP, go closely with the adjacent noun or adj., but with the verb, i.e. with the whole sentence; here we may translate it "fancy that..."-1piV301 TrLs: cp. 841 c 6. According to Plato, conviction does not follow only from logical proof; the mind may accept truth "1embodied in a tale,") or delivered as an oracle. Stallb. cps. Phil. 44 c, Polit. 304 e d. a 8. The connexion of thought is very hard to trace, but I do not think it is absolutely necessary to suppose a lacuna here, or to accept Suseinihi's alteration bf w71; to KaX6,. This remedy, as Susemihl himself felt, renders the rrEtpwlp~eOa too abrupt, and he was obliged to put in 8' after that word. 7r&3; does not refer to the three preceding lines, which need no explanation, but to TaV-Ta... KEXP~7-q0upkyO-&r which does. The Ath. has said, in effect: "1a truce to exact arguments, and historical parallels; fancy that what I have laid down is a story, told by 436 NOTES TO BOOK IV the mouth of an oracle." "Why?" says Cleinias. Then, with a natural explanatory asyndeton, the Ath. answers: "Because I want to bring your city, Cleinias, into the story, and like three grey-bearded children as we are, to make up its imaginary laws." bl. I take it that we must supply /vd0ov in thought with 7rpoo-aporTT0ovTes.-Xdoyp-)( ~py —has also the /u0os in mind: the laws are not to be real ones; TrAaXrTTev is also chosen as being a word associated with fiction. b 2. The 7ra^ia of L and 0 and the earlier edd. must have been written by someone who had in mind the passage at 789 e, where the physical moulding of the still "soft" infant is recommended. Stallb. was the first to recall the reading of A on Bekker's and Bast's testimony. He rightly explains the "childishness" of the proposal to lie, not, as Hermann held, in the comparison, suggested by 7riaTrrev, to children's wax modelling, but in the make-believe that they are real lawgivers. (Herm.'s ref. to 746 a 8-though throwing light on our passage-does not prove his point.) b 5. Burnet's suggested wraKo1roas is certainly an improvement on L and O's v7raKov-ras. Cp. Thompson's note on Gorg. 487 c 5. b 8. After the solemn invocation, which seems to promise a real start, comes another digression: on the applicability of the ordinary classification of polities. None of the names-Democracy, Oligarchy, Aristocracy, and Monarchy-seems fully to describe any existing polity, and, what is more, it would be a bad thing for it if they did, for they all denote the preponderance of one element in the state, to the detriment of the others. Nomarchy or-since all good laws are inspired by Heaven-Theocracy would best denote the perfect 7roALrtea. Thus the digression brings us round to the spirit of the Invocation, and the place of Religion in the state is defined, and its importance explained. —roXlrTeav: already, at a 2, WroAXre'a and voL4ot have been placed side by side as objects of investigation, and although the whole work is styled N/ojHt, as contrasted with the earlier work IIoXAtrda, the two subjects are felt to be closely connected. In the present work, however, it is naturally the apa-rrot vopot that are the main subject. c 2. olov 8) rl XE:yets povXrlOets; "In what sense do you mean your question to be taken? "-The repeated olov in the next question would in English be: " Do you mean, is it to be...?" d 3. ovO'so, "straight off," "on the spur of the moment"; amplified below at e 3 into ovTo eTa f v(s. d 4. Kal yap rvpavvLti: the Kati reminds us that Tvpavvt' had 437 712 a 7I2d 712 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO been expressly excluded by Cleinias. Even that element is to be found in the Spartan constitution. d 5. 6oavpxao-,r0v &'3 MSS. As Plato elsewhere says JJ~?'x(avov &raov, Oav/Mao-l-ov &rov, but aJ)t-Xavo9 W and OavfLaG-T (') and the like, Schanz is probably right in reading Gamayo-Tr' here. OaV/Awxrl- w'is occurs in Soph. fr. 963 (Dind.), and in a probably spurious line in Eur. Iph. Aul. 943; but even supposing this to be natural Greek in Plato's time, it would not legitimize Oavl~currr4 03, for Oav/.ao-irc' is used as an adv., O0avpkaorT6v never. d6. KaLL rtg... 4cLverat. 3?op o/~q eoKvat: seeing that all the MSS. give 8),oKpa-rovp'vV, it is very tempting to adopt H. Stephanius's alteration of the MS. Kat' TL~ to Kacdrot, especially as (1) Heindorf and Cobet disbelieve in E'OtKev (in the sense of videtur) with a participle; and (2) J~alve'rat EOKE'Vat involves in that case what seems to us an awkward redundancy. It must be recognized on the other hanrd (1) that, if Kat'Tot had been written, it is almost impossible to explain its alteration to Kat& 'TC1, whereas (2) the alteration of 8&qL0KparovLE~v7) to the dat., in the neighbourhood of E'ou<Kvat, is readily conceivable. As to the objection taken to E'OLKE with a nom. participle, though at Crat. 419 c (bis) many editors, including Burnet, have followed Heindorf's suggestion and altered KEKX1,JAE'V~ "EO&KEV to KEKk-qLE'V1J E'OtKEv, and, though, at Politicus 27 7 d, one MS. reads 'EoVa... xtv?7raoct for CoLKa...KLVrqOrag (so Burnet), at (irat. 408 e all MSS. and all editors read E'OLKE C Kaa'ra-qXoV yevO'ILEVOV &V. The reading in the text was suggested, by Winckelmann in his edition of the Euth~ydemus p. 74, and adopted by Stallbaumn. Cp. also below 948 b 7 EOLKEV..acvoovILEvog.-Aristotle, at Pol. 1265 b 33, seems to be quoting this passage along with some comments on it. -Immediately afterwards Aristotle refers to the opinion expressed at 6 93 d as to the desirability of mixing despotism and democracy to form a proper polity; a subject cognate to our present one. e 4. I think Madvig is right in reading U'epwaryEt'9 for the oav cp. of the MSS. e 6. Hermann's Kayw 4atvopeat for the MS. Kcrac/xuVo/Iat is -attractive, but not necessarily rigbt. e 7. idrop&- is here used as at Polit. 2 62 e for o i` Uvcapa, and -with the same construction. There is no need, with Schanz, to suppose that we ought perhaps to read t'rva... d!vrw (or to Suppose 8,E' to have fallen out between Ttdva and 8tLw-XvptC06/JEV0V). e.For Et're'tV in the sense of call, pronounce to be, cp. Soph 225 a 12 Tt' TV3..cXXO cEt'lry irtv a'L(~j3V)7T7qTtKO'V; 438 NOTES TO BOOK IV 712 e e 9. Ovrs0w yap KT., " that is because," with a bow (w apro-rot), "you really live under constitutions. None of the arrangements we have just named are constitutions. They are city settlements in which one component part rules, and the rest are slaves. The name specifies the ruling part in each case. If you had to name your community on that principle" (lit. "after anything of that kind "), "the right thing was for its name to designate the only real master of rational beings, and that is their God." In other words, "if it was to be a '-cracy,' at all, it must be a ' Theocracy.'" 713 a 3. A has Tr TOLOVTOV, and Schneider and Schanz are content with this. Stallb. (in his notes) will have nothing but To TOV TOtOVTov, which is in O and some minor MSS. In both cases TO would have to be taken to mean To o6vo/a, and this assumption is a violent one. L has E;'rep TOV TroOVTOv-the gen. of that after which a thing is named; this is better, but Burnet's El'rep rov TotovTov is much better still, and gives just the sense we want. Possibly the reading rT TOV' either got in by mistake, from the To ro &ac7rTOr0ov just above, or was a deliberate adaptation to the rT TOV daX0O below; and A's reading may well have been a correction of that.-Perhaps Xp v and MSeL are "philosophic imperfect," as Adam calls it on Rep. 490 a 7, and if so, they should be translated by presents.-I think Ritter (D. des Inhalts p. 31, cp. Comm. p. 110) puts too much into rr/v 7rroXL when he translates it "den Musterstaat." ro6Xtv is used loosely in the place of 7roXtretav.L and the margin of O have adr,0ovs for dXrOws —an ecclesiastically minded correction. a 4. I have no doubt Ast was right in rejecting the rov which comes in the MSS. before vo^v. Stallb. defends it as meaning (mentem) ad earm rem necessaria/m. a 5. rt's ' o Oeo; the question, one may fancy, of a religious partizan. The Athenian avoids answering it directly. As Ritter says (p. 110), the real answer would have been 6 vo/6os, but the Cretan was not ripe for such an answer; and there were modifications to be made. e'/eAtXs rtog hints that the subject is one which needs careful handling. a 6. In the p/v0O and the nr (if genuine) and the nrpoo — we may see a further reference to the /wd06 r TS XEX0es at 712 a 4.Schanz says A has ye rt (for y' 'et); at all events at 684 d 1 the e of ye is not elided before Te&. a 8. Wagner, Schanz, and Burnet are probably right in adopting Schneider's distribution of this difficult passage between KA. 439 7I3 a THE LAWS OF PLATO and AO. The MS-S. give Oi'KOVV. paV to the Ath., and 7rcXvv lpev ovv to Cleinias. ilerm. transposes the two passages, making OVKOVV. paiv (not as a question) the beginning of the Ath.'s next speech. But 7ra'vv JUEV oiv is not apposite in G12s mouth. He cannot be expected to see at once that a /AVOog will help them. But it is likely that he should be rather puzzled by the suggestion, and ask ': "u s that the way we have to proceed" a 9. E'J7orpoo-6Eh: i.e. int Bk. III. 678 if. b 1. The place of Toivewv makes it clear to the ear that 7wo'XEoxv is governed by the comparative 7rporipa. b 3. It would be interesting to learn the origin of L and 0's strange variant of 4iptLrT0KpaTIEt`TOa for A's a'ptaTaf OLKEt#at-which L and 0 have in the _margin.-jgj'/A/A E'Xovocr: op. Eur. Hel. 7 4 ' o v /,t? L EX EL ' E EV -q73. b 5. C1. is reassured by this orthodox allusion to the good old times of Cronos's reign. b 8.EKc" 7rEpcatvev ai tPOov, "1yes, and if you tell the story right through S /j$i Oog which, in most connexions, would mean "the next story," here must be taken to mean "the whole story from point to point," not merely some incidents in it. Op. Gorg. 4540 CTOV ~ EVEKa WEpaLLvEoT-ca T0'V XOyov, whore E'S 7repat'veo-Oat means "1to he brought duly- to its conclusion,"1 no step being omitted.-The older edd. give this speech to Megillus. H. Steph. so assigned the ~previous speech (at b 5) as well. e5. KcLOcL Ep f~~LEtg &tEX))XVOa/1LEV.: i.e. at 691 c & if. OVOK CT -)C/XaVWYEv ar'T7q; e 6 if. wacvq... COLKOV~ca cLV'TOKpaThA)p 7ravTaL,wk)9 oiX VP/. 'rKc i. Lo-Too- Oat: the participle is here felt to be the principal verb. It would be hard to find a case of a bare C'KaVIUs IAq ro t tV in the sense of "1able to avoid doing." oS8. The MSS. have E4,~t'aTrqTo: the last syllable of this enormity may here be explained by the assumption that Ef'otmj71 TOTFE, as Julian quotes it, was -the original reading-just as at d 7 A (acc. to Schanz) has Ef1o-1G)Tqo Tr'V for E(4. T~ T'v. Hermann first put Tro'E in the text. d 3. -7rotq~vt'ots is, in effect, still under the government of Esqto-mT~, for which Sp^/LEv is a substitute. - oiv' i~wX. h asyndeton is of the ordinary explanatory kind. d 5. TaVITr'V, like ToVi-o at 686 c 4, Ta53T' at 700~d 1, Trai'7rv at Phil. 37 d and Polit. 308 e, is adverbial: "in like manner." d 6. One MS. and some early editions read TaV'TOV Q'pcs. KO.L 0 440 NOTES TO BOOK IV 713 d 064s &) This mistake perhaps led, by imperfect correction, to the a'pcL Ka't which the best MSS.-but not Julian-place before q &Xc'v~pwnro,3. Assuming, with Hermann and Schanz, that Julian's text was correct, I conjecture (1) that someone wrote O' Ocobs a'pa because of o' Kpo'vos; alpa at c 5, (2) tbat someone else transposed alpa and 8~-either inadvertently, or on purpose, and (3) that some hasty corrector of this transposition brought along the Kai as well as the a4a.-Schramm. ingeniously suggested that aLpa Kat stood for M'pca Ka~t, but such a superfluity of expression is unlikely.-Stallb. first rejected the Ka~t (before 4ktX), bnt afterwards defended both a~ipc and Kait.-He was very possibly right in rejecting the following To-for which Herm. substitutes io&re as at c 8. d 7. pa-erwvy: a kind of zeugma; with ai'Tot' it means "tease,"and with q',utav "comfort" or "relief "-as at 779 a. e 1. With ati&w. rapEX6ILEvov Stallb. well cps. Prot. 322 c, where Plato calls at'S3og (mercy) and UK71 KO6~(LIOt TIE KaCLL O/A~ oh~lgavvaywy/o&. e 2. After atd&7i Julian has Kai Sy) a'Pk~ov'av; A has KaL EV'vout'atv at a`40ovtav. EXkevOeptCav, a well-vouched variant for E1'vopL6av (L, 0 and A2 in margin), looks like a deliberate alteration of Plato's text.-Stallb. thought the alteration due to the mistaken idea that there was a tautology in EV'vo/UtaV Kait cL'P6ovt'av 8LK73.Inasmuch as Plato afterwards represents good laws as taking the place of these divine rulers, it is natural that he should give a hint of this beforehand in mentioning their benignant action in this direction. EV'VOMlav and arncrtao-ra are the two most important words in this description. They represent severally the two branches of the inquiry which have been kept constantly before us, i.e. voJLoOE~t'a and 7roXk-reia. The inevitability of a~-Tet~ in a false 7rok-rdta, with the wrong sort of laws, is explained below at 715 a b. e 3. With XcEyEt 82) KalL iV~'oVV os; o' Xo'yog, dXiq65La Xp4'fkvos begins the practical application of the,Wkv^og. The imoral is: (1) that the only possible ruler of a community is the Deity, and (2) that law, the modern substitute for the 8at'/fXovcR of the Golden Age, is also of divine origin.-Julian has 05'oo... apyft, and, in e 6, dviv~s 7 4a1.r, V' T 8tyu avo1A52)v wbovoadxCovras; v' ov: whereas, of old, obedience was paid to the Deity in the person of his miitrthe 8a[' oveg, it is now due to the "immortal," i.e. the divine in its, and that is the intellect, represented in tbe person of 441 714 a THE LAWS OF PLATO its ministers. These ministers we may call not 8a4Lovaq but voi 8tavo/_ta', "the arraengements" or "appointments made by the intellect,"2 and to which we give the name of laws. For the divinity of voi~g ep. Rep. 501 b with Adam's note; also Tim. 90 a where he calls the voV-3 a 8at'pkwv. I take Toi^ voi3 to be not an objective gen. denoting the thing distributed but a subjective gen. denoting the maker of the arrangement, which arrangement is the law. Not only is v~pog connected with the idea of v4Letv, but I think Plato's fancy played with the verbal assonance between &atpovag and 83eavopasg. (It will be remembered that at Aesch. Eum. 727 the former word got into the text by mistake for the latter.) vai3g in its highest form-the trained philosophic intellect-is thus enthroned as the supreme authority in politics and law.-Cp. Cie. De legg. i. ~ 17; penitus ex intima philosophia hauriendam iuris disciplinam, though Cicero's philosophy is not the same as Plato's, when he goes on to say (~ 18) est ratio samma insita in natura, quae iubet ea qztae facienda sunt, prohibetque contraria. Eadern ratio cum est in hominis mente confirmata et cornfecta, lex est. When Cicero connects the Gk. vo'Ijeog with v'/Letv, as being so called "a suum cuique tribuendo," he is very possibly thinking of Plato's association here of 8tavojw with v' os, but he leaves Plato's i-oi voi out of sight-Below, at 7 15 e d, Plato almost in the same breath speaks, of magistrates as being vn-yp1-rat i-ot vo24eots, and of their service as being -r-v -rwV OEw'V v'-~peo-lav, and callre special attention to the fact that serving the laws and serving the Gods is the same thing. For the fancied etymological connexion of voik and vipo'/,' cp. below 9 57 c 6. a 2. lavOpwwroi (as contrasted with dyvr'p) points the distinction between human and divine leadership. a 3. Vp)SovOJv KaEU 4E7rLOv/,ttW)v a hendiadys = coveted delights." a 5. o-TEyoVcreV S~' oVih 'Ev: cp. Gong. 493 b if., Rep. 586 b.-If dwrk-qo0-rp vooq~a-rt had been the original text, no one could have thought (pace Ast) of putting inKaK~3-or, as Heindorf conjectures, KaKov-between the two words-as if there could be an a`wAqo-,rov voo-9ip~a which was not iK K'V!-but if Pl1 wrote adwXo-qrpT KaKp o-1VvEX0olLevv,qV it is quite conceivable that a commentator should remark that by KaKp he meant voo —q/yec~t, and that, after the two words had become rivals for the place, both should be included in the text. Hence I feel sure that Herm. is right in rejecting the latter word. Stallb. well cps. Gorg. 507 e, where the same selfish indulgence is called aJV'vrvKKV (Ast doubtfully, and Stalib. confidently take voo-j art to be "per appositionem 442 NOTES TO BOOK IV additum" W`i3 voofW=T. Cp. 717 c below ad7rortVOV'a &LvEtLO-f/cTa a 6. 7ro',EwS3 7' rTvos i8ter6OV: this selfish, masterful spirit. may be shown either in public or in private life. a 7. O" vivv&q) C'Xkyo/0/kv: i.e. OV'K Z'O-Tt o0OWrcqPta /tq~ is another way of saying OVIK E"rTtV KaKWv' aVTo~g oM8, 7r0voW av' v- some confirmation, as Stallb. says, of the reading b 3. A possible objection is here raised-Ritter suggests that it may well have been raised by some contemporary whom Plato is here confuting-that there are laws and laws, that laws are anything that states like to make them, and that law is merely an instrument to secure to the ruler his power and ascendancy, and that the sanction of law is merely its adaptability to this end. Those who hold this view make right and wrong depend on positive law, instead of judging law by a separate standard of right and wrong (c 3 Kalt 'rv 4wo-Et... o{',rw). b 7. 7wa&\tv: though the following words prove that there is a reference to the early part of their conversation, no doubt Plato was thinking of the constant recurrence in his writings of the great question as to the nature of right and wrong, and the sanction of morality, which had been introduced e.g. in much the same terms in Bk. I. of the Rep.-The repetition of ro5 in L and 0 before JI&KOV is the mark of an inferior text. b 8. wp0'3 7ro'XEq~ov: in other words rp~s dvWpu'av. The reference to so recent a conversation is legitimately vague..The reason why this question is so important (7wep' &E TV /kE/L0ytcTov) is that our opponents not only deny that laws have anything to do with virtue, but declare that what we call virtue is only legality-iLe. the interest of the stronger. c2. Schneider's 7-aVTr USEW, for the MS. r~'~EEV is a highly illuminating emendation. Tavi-y is not an adverb, but a dat. governed by o-V514eepov; for I&E~v in the sense of "look to," "tmake it our object," cf. Aesch. Eum. 540 K~p8oS t'86v. The tense perhaps signifies habit. (Cp. Goodwin, Al. and T. ~ 159.) It was possibly because a pres. would seem more natural to us here that' Schanz preferred his palaeographically more remotc -r-q,pE1v for 8EZv. (Stallb. is quite satisfied with the MS. 8etv, and would supply flX'rtPEv with it; Herm. strongly supports Schneider's emendation, and Badham appears to have made it independently. Herm. cps. Soph. Aj. 1165 o-IrEV^OOV MkO1qV Ka'7rETO'V TtV' IS&V Tr8', where Mctdv iueans "to provide"; as however ELJv takes 443 714 a 714 c 714 CTHE LAWS OF PLATO the place of the preceding /3X~WEtv, the slightly different "look to" suits this passage better.)-We must repeat SE~v with 18Sfiv, " that they have got to have in view the interest of that form of government, and to secure its permanence and integrity."-The 07'Wo clause is exegetical to o-vp4tEpov, and sounds the more natural because it might itself depend on 13EiV, if necessary. It is repeated in another formi below at d 3. e 3. i-5 4o'-,Et 0'pov ToVD &KaL'ov: though at b 6 T-' &'Kauov KaU cL&KOV may have been meant to include positively enacted right and wrong, these words show that the larger question of right and wrong in the abstract, as we should say, is the main subject of the J 3ipt. "And they say that these words best define justice as it exists in nature," i.e. that outside positively enacted law, right and wrong do not exist. d 3. "1Genitivusqg dj cpvq' e voce crv/v-Epov pendet, ut dativus EaVT~ pro genitivo posituLs sit" Ast.-TOV (IEVELv, "1with a view to its continuance." Cp. 8'76 e 3 TroD /7WO'7TE /3tVEL o &K-93, Gory. 457 e 5T'ro KU~O1-4VE'S 76EVE0'Oat. d 6. 'raVT' is taken by Wagner to mean " this course of action," i.e. the punishment of the law-breaker. But clearly raVT'r is8 rav'ra TraNT1EGEYTa, and " using the term rightful for them "is an amplification of w's d'8tKOvVTa, which gives the justification of the punishment. d 9. It seems equally clear that here too Ta'rcT' means " these enactments." Ast and Stalib. take it as adverbial: the former translates it by "propterea, idcirco," the latter says it means the same as ovTro Kat Ta'ryvl. The sense which they and all other interpreters appear to get out of the sentence is: "1that is how it will always be with justice." But the Ath. could never say that, and it by no means agrees with what precedes and follows. What we want, and what he says, is: " These positive enactments will always claim the merit of rightfulness, and that is how they will do it" (i.e. by penal enforcement).-For o&'r Kai 'raVT cp 681 d 6.-For the art. with &'KcLov cf. 6.30 d 9, 659 b 3.. d 11. TrOV^o is the superior strength of the maker of these laws. They are made by TO" KpaTIOVv (above c 9) and superior strength was one of the a$toj&a'ra TrOV TrE LPXIELV Kat ap)(E-OaL of 690 a.gchulthess's Jcowu',rwv is evidently right; the MS. a'LtKqJLa',rOv is a careless misreading. e 3. Fori-^V ''cp. below 871 e3 and 866 d7. e 6. 4twrata CW'rEpa e'T-'pota-t: a repetition of 690 d 3 Ka'l o'1rt 7rE4kVKO'Ta rpo'5R aXkAqXa E'vaVrto(&. The miention of J~~ai 'r~p a as 444 NOTES TO BOOK IV possible e/r7TSa is a subtle way of discrediting the particular aio/a immediately referred to. 7I5 a 1 f. KaL o)apev.ov... (I dwavat, " and we said, I think, that Pindar would have it to be by nature, (thus) legalizing extreme violence, to use his own words." The assertion made at 690 b 8 was that Pindar said that " club-law " was " according to nature." From the fuller quotation at Gorg. 484 b, we can see that Pindar used the word ayet of the action of that " Law which none can gainsay" (vo6/os o rar6vrov pao-tcrXEv). Probably it means there " takes " (in the sense of " that those should take who have the power "); here Plato uses it in another sense of " takes," suggestive of forcible wresting of the truth. So he applies to Pindar himself his own words 8tKatr v -r ta ato'raoov. — dr vat: cp. the (s faclv'crOaL in a similar position at Rep. 359 d 7; Goodwin, M. and T. ~ 755. "As we are told that he said." (Badham rewrites the passage.) a 4. 7rorTpoS TrCrtv, "to which side"; i.e. to those who hold that vo/ujo depends on force, and act on this belief, or to those who believe in r7v roV vO'Jov EKOVTWV dpXYv dXXA ov ptaov 7reSvKviav 690 c 3. As the Athenian puts it towards the end of his next speech, the two classes are (1) those who hold that men are above laws, and (2) those who hold that laws are above men. a 8 ff. "Where office is a thing to fight for, the winners get the government so absolutely in their own hands as not to leave a scrap of power with the losers, in this generation or the next; and-moreover" (e... 8, cp. 649 b 5) "both sides watch each other constantly, to make sure that no man shall come to power who will raise a hand against them to avenge former wrongs. What I say is, that is not a polity, and no laws are proper laws which are not made in the interest of the whole community. When laws are made in the interest of part of the populace, I call those people not citizens but schismatics, and I call their claim to have right on their side a lie." For the general sense of the passage cp. 875 a 5-8, and the Eavr7 (4>tirv of 693 b 3. a 11. 7rapavAadTTrovTes: i.e. each party, as its turn comes. b 1. adK6//Levos: the participle, as often, contains the main idea in the sentence. The "rising against" the party in power would not be serious unless a position of power had first been obtained. b 2. rav'TaS, "such combinations." b 4. ereOr7roav, like er-4crepLcrav at a 9, I take to be a gnomic 445 714 e THE LAWS OF PLATO aor.-For wOOL pm) crv17rraTros KTX. cp. Rep. 420 b ov pev rwps TOVTO lXE 7roVTre T7V 7roXtV olKieOALEV, OT(OS EV TtL -qAtV E0VOS CO-Tat SLaCepovTwr EVS8atpov, dXX' WTres &ri AtuXio-ra o'Xi ) 7roj6Xs. b5. I do not see that anything is gained by the Aldine r-Tacrtoretas and 7roXtLEIas for the MS. c-TacrWTaL and 7roXTas. -Cp. 832 c 2 'rTOV( yap 87 7roXLTELa /A1v oVSEt la, CracrlTtoreaL 8e Vrerat X)EyovrT' av dpOdrTaa.-Whether, with Aid., we take TOVrTov to refer to votLovS, or, with the MSS., to rvwv, there is something of a trapa 7poo-8oKLav about the sentence. Again, whether TOV'rwv in b 6 be taken to refer to vo/uoL or not, at all events q/acrtv mnst have a personal subject, and that with any reading will have to be got out of Vretv. Besides, I do not think TOVTOVS in b 5 would have been put in at all unless it were to call attention to the change in the object of the verb, and show that the speaker is now talking of the 'rvwv, not of the VO1ovs. b 7. rd a, 7r6Xde is a genitival dat. c 1. tX'(vv KTX.: the usual explanatory asyndeton. c 2. rots reewal vo6/ios: it is significant that in the Laws prominence is given to positive enactment when the author is speaking of the principles on which rulers are to be selected. Cp. Rep. 412 d KXEKTOV....TOOVTOVv avS8pas o alv OcTKO0TOVOtV 'rL)/yv u/LATla (falvWvTal 7rapaL t7raVTa Trv /3Cov, o r/eVv a7v Ty roX rqy'qyr'vTat rv1i ovzEEpv, 'ra(cr 7rpo0uvtc p 7roreilv, o 8'v au', Lr 8evL TpOTtrp 7rpcaat iav eEXeLtv. c 3. VLKc: a reference to the ot VwLK-o-avT7e at a 8; there is a victory to be won by prospective rulers; to gain this prize they must excel in submissiveness to the laws. C4. vrv T Eov Oerv v'rqpEcwav: I agree with Ritter that Schulthess's vo/lov (so Ast and Schanz), and Orelli's Oeca-Lv (so Wagner and Stallb.) for Oewv are mistaken. There is an unPlatonic poverty of thought in such a statement as: "The man who obeys the laws best is to be made chief servant of the laws." At 762 e we are told that the highest distinction falls to the man who well serves the laws (s TaVityv -roLS 0EoEs o^cav 8ovXEtav. At 713 e we were told that no city is safe under any other rule than the divine. Laws are the modern representatives of the 8atioves of the Golden Age: they derive their authority from the divine element in us; obedience to them is therefore obedience to the Gods. I see nothing to invalidate this explanation in the fact that, immediately below, he says he has called the magistrates WrIperas Trot vo6p/oS. He has just explained that the two terms " servants of the laws" and " servants of the Gods" are 446 NOTES TO BOOK IV75C 7I5 C synonymous. (Bury would read TEOEYvTLov for 0cco0v.)- 8o-rE`v Etva'..: Badhamn says this was put in because it was felt to be confusing to have to wait so long for the &dro8oi-~ov elVat at the end. No doubt; but it is more likely that Plato put it in than Bdh.'s IIlibrarius." c 5. rTWi Ta& 61EV'TCpa KpaTroDV1-L: a reference to the "1victory" spoken of at c 3; "Ito him who bears the second palm," Jowett. C 6 if. "1But I do not now call men who are entitled rulers the servants of the laws because I want to say something striking: I believe the safety or ruin of a state depends on whether they are this or not."-Ritter thinks there is an indication here that the expression had been publicly criticized. d 4. 8Eo-~ro'Trys: Stallb. cps. Hdt. vii. 104 E'AeiOepot -ya'p E'oPTE3 ov 71-cVTcL EXEV'OEpot ETLV - '~r(~ I/ap (T-~ 8EcFrWOT-q79 J/O11WO% Toy V7ro8eq~at'V0VOL ~roXAji &cT juaXkov q"ot cro,, crcE. d 7 if. Cl. "1You are right there! You have an old man's penetrating vision." Ath. "Yes; men are at their blindest in such matters when they are young, and wide awake when they are old." Cl. "Very true." Ath. "1What next? May we not imagine the colonists assembled in presence before us, to hear the rest from our lips?" CL. "1By all means." Ath. "' IFriends,' I would say to them, ' as has been said of old, God, who holds the beginning, the end, and the middle of all existence in his hand, through all the revolutions of nature goes straight to his end.'" (Possibly an echo from this much quoted passage was in Cowper's mind when he wrote: "1God moves in a mysterious way, His wonders to perform." e 8. 6' 7rakatcW Aoyog: the Scholiast on this passage says: -7ra~katov 3~' AXyov Xe'yet rAv 'OpO4Kv, 0'3 cr'GnTV oiVT0o ZEvg adpX~,? Zck /.jacrcra, Atosg 8' E'K ira~va TETVKTat, Ze9 7wVO/'v yai-9 TE Kai ovpavov dcrTrcpOVTOS. Eusebius, P. E. xiii. 12 has preserved another Orphic fragment to the same effect: cipXi'v aVO E'XWV 716 a 1. The Scholiast says thtE6E (wih iswl established, as against the variant Ev'Odcav in some of the quotations, and the early editions) means K~ara 8LK-qv, and that 7rcptwoPCv6/icvo3 means "moving in a circle," and so aicovt'w,~-the circle being a type of immortality. It is a dark saying; no doubt WE'~e~ symbolically contains the notion of moral rectitude, but if 447 THE LAWS OF PLATO it is merely an alternative for Kara' 8' yv, Plato would hardly have added i-~ SE icl c-rvfreI-aL 8LK7) KTX. -7rcpv1ropv'EvofLEV (op. Tim. 33 d if.) is probably meant to bring before our minds the revol-utions of the heavenly bodies. The apparent irreconcilability of the two truths is meant to have the form of a paradox, a divine mystery. In the Aristotelian treatise ilepZ KOcTJLOV 401 b this passage is quoted with rropevobssvos, but all other quotations and all MSS. give the compound verb.-For the numerous quotations of this passage see Stallb.'s note.-r-epai'vetv is used absolutely; its opposite is ov'8~v 7repa&'vowvo Rep. 426 a; so 7repWdvet 8' oiV rrpoOvplca Eur. Phoen. 589. a 2 ff. r6 cLE KTX., "1and Justice always goes along with Him and punishes those who forsake the divine law; and any man for whom good fortune is in- stor'e follows Justice in close attendance, modest and sedate in mien; but -any man who is puffed up with pride-whether he be big with the sense of wealth or rank; or foolishly vain of youthful beauty-and kindles in his soul the flame of wanton wickedness, claiming, to be above all rule and guidance, and fit to rule others instead, —such a man is abandoned by God; and in this lost state he takes to himself yet other abandoned men, and with mad antics sets himself to work a general havoc. Many men make a hero of him, but before long Just-ice visits him with a full retribution, and he involves in his own downfall the utter ruin of his house and country,`-Tp6 8,E. -r1.Wr~ p03: Stallb. shows by many quotations from ancient commentators that Plato is still following the Orphic line of thought as expressed e~g. in wcpepo yapO Y' v~oS TOi^ ALt6s, and -qC7 EO-TtV o7rnb i-o 03~. a 3. ~g. o.. o, avvcwcre1au: the repetition of the word crvvIMCrat suggests the thought that the company of Justice means the company of God, whereas he who abandons Justice KavraXchbWEIrat ep-)fo,; Otmoi (b 1). a 4. Because Eusebius has no Kat' before KEKO(-tX/L?//Evog, and because in A Kat KCKOT!LYM6PVOS is written in the margin, Schanz regards KECK. as a gloss on TraLWEtWO%3 and excludes it.-O' Se 'rtg: so all MSS. and some quotations. Theodoret, Cedrenus, and some MSS. of Eusebius have et 8c rs Plutarch, De Is. et Os. p. 477 has a modification rather than a quotation of the passage, which begins et' & 'rtvC9. Boeckh, Ast, Stallb., Herm. and Schanz adopt et8' -rt. It is evident that this suits the passage; KavrakelTfrTag in b 1 is the main verb, and the -bXke',caL clause is a dependent Qne. The explanation of the MS. reading seems to be that Plato is archaizing here on purpose, and uses 05 nre, the, Epic form of 448 NOTES TO BOOK IV76a 70 a 00n-t (cp. in Agamemnon's solemn appeal to the avengers of peijury at r 279 i-[vvo-Oov 6'?rtl K' E'rtOPKOV o' i6oo- a-a pasge which may well have been in Plato's mind at the time); so that (3 8E' Tt (as it should be written) stands for a'XX' 0(3o-vs (or 8o-i-rt 8E', which Badham would write here). —Plutarch further modifies fXIyE'7Eca into Sb-EyoLEvot, which suits the rest of his passage. (H. Steph. altered cOXE'yerat to OkXEyo/Icvog.) a,5. I think it is best to take q) Xp-mqwa..v dvot', as subordinate in sense to E'$apOE'V V'ro bLEyaXaLvX1as; they are illustrations of the various forms which ALtEyaavXCLV' may take. b 2. The same idea lurks in the metaphorical o-Ktqn-& that is to be found in the modern English slang term " a bounder." b 3. E(3o$Ev and E'rot'yorEv are gnomic aorists. b 5. vpo'g -ra'-T' o& ov 0h) 8taT1ETa7y/LEva~, "in the face then of this dispensation." b 6. (3pa~v ' &avodo-GOat: the answer 83ELt (tavoqRjOvat (04 E~o-Sp.EVOV... would correspond more exactly to the question, as Badham. would write it, with the -q omitted, but the more inexact correspondence is quite Platonic. (Bdh. would also reject 8(3d (3tavo~)O64at in b 9.) Schanz rejects both " and &tavoco-Ocua. b 8. Madvig (followed by Schanz) would remove the emphatic asyndeton by reading &rTt &g. This spoils the sentence; even Heindorf's 83EFV for (3d weakens it. C 1 if. /JtLc KTX., "there is only one, and it finds its only expression in the old saying that like will love like,-if it is itself within the proper bounds; things that know no bounds love neither each other nor those which do. Some men say ' man is the measure of all things'1; in a far truer sense it is God who really sets the bounds by which all things human (' v) are measured and judged." c 1. The selection of the word d'K6XOkVOOS; suggests the same metaphor as was presented by f'X0'ILEV03 o-VvMweat, and by i-mXV crvvaKOX0V0-q0)'TorVh). Company in a journey implies unanimity. c 3. The addition of the words "Vi-rt /b6Tpt') shows that the speaker is not so much adapting the old proverb as limiting its scope. It always has been applied freely to the association of the wicked (e.g. Od. xvii. 218, and Arist. N.E. ix. 3. 3); Plato says the natural liking of each other is conftned to the good. He uses for good the word 1Je'-Tptog, which suggests "1within certain limits," and this suggestion helps the further deductions of his argument.Whereas Aristotle (I.e.) warns us of the evil results of loving a bad man-i.e. the becoming like him-Plato holds that not even when VOL,.1 449 2 G THE LAWS OF PLATO you have become like a bad man can you love him. All wickedness is represented as J/4kerpic, "extravagance" or "excess," which must arouse universal dislike. At Polit. 284 e, after defining the two criteria of size, ije. (1) the relative, and (2) the absolute, Plato paraphrases T'O fI1eptov by Kal& To' w7p'7i-ov, Kal TOV KaLPOV, Kat ToZ S3EO, KaLi l7raLVO 07TOra ELS To fLEOTOV 4x7rpKtO010) TOw_ E(T)(a/TWV. c 4. 7ra~VTWV Xp~7IudTV /-Epov: "Tangitur effatum illad Protagorae... de quo v. Cratyl. 385 e, Theaet. 152 a" Stalib. c 6. Too0v'Tyis equivalent to "the author of limitation," and the followingTWoVo'rov to "1one who puts a limitation on his own conduct and behaviour."-dls UvakvcbV orT /jaXtw-rac: so at 771 e 0OTC ILcLXmTrc... KatTL ToUvacTOV, Rep. 458 e, Polit. 279 c KaLT'l E3V'(L/Lv5T 01%aJ~LXcrTa~.3t& /3paXEwv. A similar redundancy occurs at Rep. 427 e et' &Uvaluv 7rafVTt TP67ry, Phasedr. 257 a fts 771JETEpaV 3iva~atv OTt Ka XXW1`-Tc, and 273 e WrpaTTELVTi~ rav Jt viva/,tv. d 1. O' tuv ~crw4-pow -qiWv: o-~poo-i'vqj is- the virtue most clearly to be identified with 4qei-/JEpta. d3. KL I&KOS MSS. There is no point in adding a&tKoS to the two preceding predicates, and Burnet has adopted IRitter's insertion of O' before it. To make it clearer that Kat. o' a&tKo3 and KaU Ta UkX' stand for the rest of the vices, I have put a comma after 8taL4~opos (which, as above at 679 b, means "hostile "). Schanz rejects K al a&8Ko,. Faehse reads Kait alos, and Stallb. suggested KfLL 4tb&og for it. d 5. The addition of dXkqGE0-TaLTov sig-nifies that Plato is not so much gloating over the confusion of the wrongdoers, as expressing delight in the grandeur and beauty of the philosophical truth, and the ennobling of religion above the position which it held in popular notions. d 6. Burnet rightly adopts Schanz's Jcit for the MS. Mt, which Stallb. rejects and most edd. turn into 84 e 2. To1)'TQ) TaU"vTac Ire4~VKEV i.e., not only is a knave's offering an abomination (and his selfish prayer an outrage) but it will be the worse for him that he has offered it. Stallb. has collected, in his note on the following words, many similar passages from ancient authors. 7I7 a 1. For the TO with O'p&Ov cp. above 714 d 9, and 630 d 9, E559 b and 691 b 11. a 3. Suidas, in quoting this passage (s.v. Mtapa" KEc/akX), has EVKat~poTaTog for the MS. eyKatLpoTaTos. Op. Phcaedo 78 a( (o'K E'GT TLV ELS o TLa Ev eva pOTepov [v.1.!7Lva-Ka6O'TEpovJ aLvaALt'cKO!TE X'A~) probably in both places a profitable expenditure is being spoken of. 450 NOTES TO BOOK IV71 7I7 a This meaning is perhaps more likely to attach to EV"KaLIpog than to 1EyKaCyOS. I think we should read the former. a, 4. ai'Tov^, " which belong to it," i.e. "1which would be used to hit it." Stalib. cps. Phaedr. 230 d r — -EjlLq1 E'V'ov -roi 0'cp/AaKov (so too 274 e 1L''r49 E Kat o-ofi~as fra'p/aKov), where the gen. stands for the advantage secured by the drug. The meaning is here helped out by the immediately previous gen. with o-Troa'CCo-0a. Ast says av7roi depends (only) on ~'4eo-tg (the aimning at it), by " trajectio verborum." This is mere hocus-pocus; standing where it does av-,rov- must go with /3e'X-q. (It is conceivable that we ought to supply it again with E40,EO-t, but I think it is better not to do so.-Badham, followed by Schanz, would read aZ for av'TOV^.) a 5. rot- /N~keo-t: a genitival dative. Plato is fond of such datives; here there is the special reason for it that a gen. with ~4Eo-t3 commonly denotes the object aimed at. Here it means "1the means of discharge suitable to the missiles." (Ast takes the dat. to be an instrumental one.)-T-4 7wot' aiv XE7'JLEva r'pOO'Tara 411poer' ay; lit. " the called what (missiles and engines) most rightly would be carried?" i.e. "What shall we name as the weapons (most proper) to be carried?" The principal verb is, as ofein the participle.-4~'Epovro continues the metaphor of -Ta, which, in idea, includes ENkeo-vi as well as /3'kq, does not go closely with 7wo'a, which is predicate to AEyO' eva. As, e.g., at Polit. 282 e 5 we have XE7O/o/Ev Edvat Kal-ay/JdI i-t in the sense of "we use the term Karay/-a to denote..." so here XEYOLLEVa, which is equal in effect to XC'yOLJLEV av, means "what names shall we give to...? " Schanz's frpk.EP1JVa for XEyrO'.kpEva, which simplifies the sentence, impoverishes it, and lays too much stress on the metaphorical Ofpovro.-The samne objection holds against Richards's ytyv' Eva and Bury's retvo/Leva, for X~y'1Eva.-3'pO0'ara goes with 44'poLT0, not with Xey0',Uva. a6 if. 7rpW^ToV ja,.. vvv8-q': this, for us, too succinct account of the various ritual by which the different divinities are to be worshipped presents many difficulties, and has been, in several details, variously interpreted. All editors but Schneider and Burnet adopt the Aldine alteration of the MS. Ta 8E' in b 1 to TrOZ &. Familiarity with the phrase o' a&VWOEV OEOL' led to this change, and those who make it take i-oc E'fUI pO-O'Ev pjqjEtdcrv as neuter and governed by avrtk/W~a. But the passage in Plut. De Is. et Os. cited by Ast and Burnet gives unmistakable support to the MS. reading. Plutarch says Ta" 8' aiVrt'xva TOV'-,WV 8at/LJ0LtLV a~ro(3 ot&*Tv; bot av vad vr/ma r Qretimes found wvith 451 7I7 a THE LAWS OF PLATO gen. in the place of the commoner dat. Light is thrown on the subject by Porphyr. Vit. Pythag. p. 197 cited by Ast: K(U'o TL's /LE V O C VL L O O 7rE[WtTTC OVE&V, TOL3S E' x ~ p ~ c.- ld' other change of the MS. JpLO-TECL' to 4t-T-Epa' is confirmed by O and has been -universally adopted. Further, at b 1 Burnet rejectsTa r& ieptTi-cas a very natural commentator's explanation of Ta ToVT-wVat~vwG~v, which was enough for Plutarch. With Plutarch the two kinds of offering are, for the higher gods -rai 8IE~toa Kal 7rcpt~a', and for the lower-whom he wrongly calls Sal',oveg, instead of X06vtot 0Eot'-TcLX U.Lv(4xWcL Ti-o7mwv: I should like to see a further advance on these lines in the rejection Of Kal~ &EV-zepa (in a 8). This seems to me just as likely to be a commentator's addition. It still remains a puzzle why Plato should have so very markedly (pwprov,a'v) put the inferior honours of the second class of deities in the forefront of his enumeration. It looks as if he were condemning a tendency to put the X005vtot Oeot' first. a, 7. rovis I~T'jv 7r6Xkv 4'XOVTa-; Oeav's: apparently the patron god of the city, even if not one of the "1Olympians," was put into the same class with them as far as ritual went. a8. IprTM [Kal 8,EvT7Epa] Ka&' a'pw-'rPa': Ast says T&qLaJ in a 6 is in apposition to these words, Stallb. that these words are in apposition to 'rtpag. I incline to Ast's view; &prta KrX. are the emphatic words: " As for the honours, which, next to the Olympian and city-patron deities, you pay to the gods of the world below, you will be acting correctly if you give them the inferior honours, and the former the superior." (Schneider seems to make a fresh sentence begin with Tr& SE TOV 10W QVWG0EV, and to treatTC7a 7CEPLTTU2 KT-X. as its predicate. I do not think $Lta' in Plutarch and aptGTT~pa here are used in the sense of "1of good " or "1evil omen " (Jowett), but literally, like I pTLa and irEPtTra, the symbolism being in both cases implied. b 2. Here we have another instance of the redundancy observed above at 716 c 7. It seems unnecessary, with Bdh. and Schanz, to reject 4L117rpocrGEv; he says "Ijust above " instead of "1above." Cp. however 683 e5, 861 a8. b 3. JPY ta'ot&: the act. o~pyta4Cw at Phaedr. 250 c, Laws 9 10 c (I think), and in Plutarch, Numa ch. 8, means (like 'rekewt) perform,,celebrate (TcXCT 'IV, GvTa-tg 7rl~r'3 Xopetag); at Phaedr. 252 d and Eur. Bacch. 415 it is used absolutely, without an object, in the sense given in Suidas sav. o'pyeoWveT opyta'Cet B'S eOIrL Ta rWhy OEW)V Op-YLM TEXEv. (So too Photius and Gramm., ]3ek. Anecci. i. p.287.) Thompson on Phaed'r. 252 d says "1 pyta'Cetv 0ej is the 452 NOTES TO BOOK IV usual construction," but I have not been able to find any instances of it, unless Ast's opyctdot be adopted here. At b 4 tSpvl/ara opyLtao/eva implies a transitive use in the sense of "serve" (a shrine), or "worship" (a statue). In late Greek (Plutarch and Lucian) there are two transitive uses of the word, (1) "worship " (a god), and (2) " initiate" (a worshipper). Schanz follows Ast in reading opytadot, but in the case of a word with such various uses and constructions we have no right to do this, and a middle opyaLre-Oat with a dative of the deity honoured may well take rank among the rest of them. b 4. EcraKoXovOot: this is the reading of all the MSS. but one (Bekker's v), which has ETraKoXovOelv with -o; over it. The earlier edd. including Ast and Stallb. unwarrantably altered this to w7raKoXov0e^. Either the author, or a transcriber, thought another av unnecessary after that with the immediately preceding verb; it can hardly be an independent wish.-avroe: it is hard to say whether this is masc. or neut. — 8pvpaTa: if av'ros is masc. this would most naturally mean statues (as at 931 e. So Schneider); if neuter, " those observances," Spv4JLara would mean shrines.-"Next after these deities will come the statues of each man's household gods" (i.e. his dead ancestors) "the worship of whom is to conform to the (public) regulations." Cp. 910c. b6. The form of the sentence is changed; instead of yovels (VT~ES lTt-Lp(cVOL we have yovoev T-/a't io6v-rwv. It is assumed that parents stand to their offspring in a quasi-divine relationship. — Ws /Eut MSS. Ficinus in his translation begins this sentence "quibus fas est," and I think Hermann argues rightly that ots and not Js ought to stand here. It is more natural to leave out the eo(rT with Oe/uis if we have ots, than if we have (os in the sense of namr; in other words Oeits, standing where it does, needs the' support of a more emphatic word than ls. b 8. Like the Latin antiquior, the comp. and sup. of 7rpEo-fvs are used of superior obligations; there seems to be the same kind of punning use of 7rpeo'3vs here that there is in the case of 7ralato at c 5.-vo/LbLELv 8E: 8e without any clause before it to which it is adversative is here " moreover," as in KaS.. 8..-It is easy to supply "he ought" from the preceding OJgts (eo-T), though the ots belongs only to the previous clause. (Ast apparently felt that the ots ought to be carried on in thought as well, and therefore preferred s.)-" He should consider, moreover, that all he has in his possession belongs to those who gave 453 717 b THE LAWS OF PLATO him birth and nurture, and should make his property minister to his parents' service to the utmost of his power, whether of purse or person, or mind, and thereby repay the debt of cares and pains which they have bestowed upon him-an expenditure made of old for his youthful development, which moreover the son repays to the old when age has brought them to need the repayment sorely." c 2. Both 1<EKE`VOLg and K~aTa' &)vaqLLYt 7z-o-auv go with ViMqnE-Lpoav, not irapxe'Xev. For the dat. St. cps. 631 d, 633 c, Crat. 437 c, Parm. 12 8c. c 3. 3Ei1-Epa and i-pta are governed by I-apE'XEtv: the clause explains that 7ra'Vra 'a K&T-qTaIt Kat eXEt includes all powers of body and. mind, as well as external property. c 4. &avekr!Lara is in apposition to E'7rt/LEXEt'a, and oM~tva3. c 5. 7raXaLa'S... rakatot^1: there seems to be an intentional repetition of this word: the debts are of old standing, and the creditors are old when they are repaid. Under these circumstances the unusual and poetical 7rakatw' in the sense of aged (so at Tim. 22 b, and Symp. 182 b) does not seem out of place.-There is a further verbal antithesis in the conjunction raXata'g bri- v'o tS. vMt3, I think, is neut., and. refers to the acquired possessions and powers of which mention has just been made: "loans granted of old on the security of what was young." The man who has incurred the debt is all through spoken of in the singular. (Ast translates "pueris mutuos datos," Stallb. "pueris tanquanm impensas," Wagner "1wegen der Kinder erlitten," Schneider "1in parvulis elocatas," Jowett "1in the dlays of his infancy.")-The 8E, which Ast and Apelt object to, seems to present no greater difficulty than that after vo/LL~etv in b 8, and it has much the same meaning here. (Objecting to this 83' and the unusual sense of 7rakato~t', Apelt conjectures 8t~raato-~s for 8c~ vacXaLtotC1; but when a man has been told that his whole possessions mnust go in payment, " twice the debt " seems a limitation. A modern actuary would think "1twice the loan " a poor return after thirty years.) c 7. Ka&t E'Tqv "and always to have had ";, the addition of the perf. expresses the abiding effect of a transgression, even in word, against filial piety. d 1. There is a similar conceit to those noticed above in the use of 7rp&o-flvv, veo 3, and 7rakau6, in the juxtaposition Of KOV4Jo)V and flapvrd'Tq; cp. 935 a EKX< ew KOV'/O Ipf1-~ ~y 1GqTE KatL EXOpat flapvSi-arat 7l'yvoviat. Plutarch, quoting Plato" 454 NOTE3S TO 1300K IV at De garr. 505 c, and De ira cohib. 456 d, and Conviv. disp. 634 f and De cap. ex in. ut. 9 0 c, mixes up the two passages. d 3 if. 0v/xovJp4VOtL... &a/xp4`vros, "1therefore a son should bow before a parent's anger, even when vented in resentful word or deed, and should make allowance for the special provocation there must be in the (mere) thought that a son should have done the wrong."~ d 8. JL9'TE v'ircpatpovia...Ei-rGco-av: Herm., Schneider, the Zur. edd. and Burnet, are the only edd. who have left this passage as it is in the MSS.-harring the alteration of yEvvfrra3 to yevvnprag. —Stobaeus has T6v Et0LOLOIE'VOV oyKov/: Ficinus, "consuetam magnitudinem excedere "-if this was the right reading M~repatpovra was used transitively in the sense of exaggerate, but it seems best to follow the MSS. and take V"7repat'pov-ra intransitively in the sense of exceed.-The acc. part. supposes o-wpoV4o-arra OU'7r'ELV KaJXXLOT76V ETTL- to have gone before. el1. 11uV = OV5TVv (i.e. -rwJv 6'yKWV) oT1 (instrumental dat.); so at Prot. 361 e 2 6V E'VTVYX 'VW stands for Toi'rWV otS EVv yy~eand below at 721 d 4 TqtUiV Jv stands for I~/JO atr.-TlO -t, as at 947 e and Menex. 242 c 2, is used in the sense of "1bury." (Ficinus translates "1quae maiores genitoribus suis struebant."-Apelt would read Eitlto-av for f'&i'Oo-av; the tense is against this.) (Badham, followed by Schanz, reads T V -Et VO4 W O)/KOV, ad TO' ~v'~t -only he did not correct the accent of y/Evv'rats;.-Cod. Voss. and H. Steph., followed by Ast and Stallb., put in cls before TrOVS; and Fici-nus's translation supports this.) Care, he says, should be taken that family traditions in such matters should he upheld; otherwise the later members of the family would feel themselves slighted. e 2. Ka7` EtavTo'v is a quasi-adjectival qualification of Ertt&EXeta;-attentions paid to them on the anniversary of their death -or possibly of their birth. e 3 f. T~ 8~ ~u) rrapaXEtrretv... wrap~oeXEvov: we should have expected tmq3ev instead of, but apparently 7rapakc[W7rfV is here used, like 4EKXfL'7WEtv, intransitively, and with a participle agreeing with its subject; cp. Menex. 249 b Tel ir6Xt3 TOV'S 1-EVT'9YraVTa13 TrLLOxra OV(3EVOTE 40EKXEMEL. 71T8 a 3. vE/4ov-ra-like 7wapiEX6/_evov-i uodnt oraa XketiIret. " Above all honour them constantly by diligently keeping their memory fresh, and grudging the dead nothing of the proper expenditure which fortune has put it in your power to bestow." Badham reads TO' for T~j, and Tof'I-o for ToV'Ty, and follows Stobaeus 455 717 d 7i8a THE LAWS OF PLATO and Ast in omitting re after aarawvns. Stallb. and Schanz agree in the latter point. This makes a weak conclusion. What the MSS. say is: "Above all, never forget them, and don't grudge a penny you fittingly spend in their honour; " the other is: " Above all show that you never forget them by spending a proper sum in their honour." a 4. Stobaeus omits the av after cdaav. a 6. Here ends the imaginary exhortation, and the description of the "armoury" of ceremonies by which the favour of all superior beings is to be propitiated. For the right behaviour towards equals and inferiors we are referred to the laws themselves. -The antecedent which has to be supplied to d is an adverbial acc. Tavra, qualifying q ateoos o... V. rv 7rw6v... aKaplav... &aroTrEXE; "as regards those things." (Schneider takes this ravra to be governed by 7redovcra.) I and &or-a are themselves governed by a7roTeXovVra, which is subordinate to qaLSpvvadlJEvov, which in its turn is subordinate to KOo-IElV. a 7. rpo s 0exov, which Ast would reject, means, as Stallb. says, divinitus constituta; cp. Od. C 207 wTpbo yap Atos elCaTv aTraVTE ~Elvol re 7r('oXOt re. a 8. Kal o/LXas stands for a more regular Ka2 ocras o/aXlas -" (what) relations with all of these." b 1. 4aLSpvvad!evov.. KOo.. EvV: i.e. the fulfilment of these various social obligations will give his life orderliness and charm. b 2. rWv vo/wv avTrv q &6eo8os caroTEXEc is apparently equivalent to ot VO/JOLt avro\ 8te4eAov'res a7IroTeXocrL (cp. below 768d 5).-Ficinus translates "legum ipssarum tractatio demonstrabit." This suggests to Ast that perhaps 8e<t~l Kat has fallen out after 3c8toos..-As Ritter says, the 7regOovora here does not refer to the prefaces spoken of below. This class of laws requires no preface. b7. SOKE! oL....apXEo-Oat.: I agree with Apelt (p. 8) in thinking that it is too much to expect that this can mean "it seems to me the right thing for him... to begin," and accept his suggestion that Sedv has fallen out before 8eLyU/a. —rovrw repL: this I take to be a variety of expression for a simple gen. Op. on 676 c 6. c 1. Tr Xo7Lra 7radva es GvvafLiv 8LECekovra: it will be noticed that the subjects of how to behave to (1) children, (2) relatives, (3) friends, (4) fellow-citizens, and (5) e&vo are all dealt with in this order below at 729 a-730 a. It seems then that the best explanation of this difficult passage is to suppose it to be a 456 NOTES TO ]B00K IV statement of the author's intention of dealing with these subjects, here (718 a 6 if.) postponed, later on in the general preface, before comning to the actual legislation about them. o 4. I think we ought to follow Ast in assigning this question to Cleinias. The, Ath. has said that such a discourse miust not be Ev' a-XL/tTc vojtLov; it is natural then that Cl. should ask "what is the proper formn for it?" If with other editors we take it as a "(rhetorical " question and put it in the Athenian's mouth, we are met by the difficulty that in all other such questions as are cited by Stallb.-Symp. 178 d, below 720 a 6, 722 d, and 723 b-the verb is in the first person. C 6 if. "1It is by no means easy to confine its delivery within the bounds of what you may call a single pattern; but let us look at it somehow in this way, and see if we cannot get a definite notion about it." o 9. T-' iro'tov refers in grammar to Tt in c 7, but the Ath.'s following disquisition is rather an explanation of ov'TwOr- 1-tva,rp~lrov, which =ovmxre-L 7rW19. c1. a Troi1: Wagner says, either we must suppsea1O S; to refer to Troi'~ V0/ovR, and give EV'1rEtWEo-TaL1ToVs an active sense, or take aiV-roV3 to be a scribe's mistake for a3o-Tob. He is not right, however, in saying that the people have not been referred to. At c 1 we had 4KEK VOCIS o'C VO/LoO1ET OjcT, and TrWiV V6,eow only came two lines later. That Ev'7ret%)s should be act. is very unlikely, as it has recently (7 15 c 2) occurred in a passive sense.-doi-ToiS3 makes good sense, but it would want an article before it. C V1Tr~r LtV~ "to produce this result" i.e. "1to incline them,"1 or perhaps "to persuade them towards virtue." d 2. T'r. & X6EXOVra: not,7 I think, (as the Scholiast) "the speech just delivered "-i.e. that beginning at 715 e 7-but "just what I mentioned "-i.e. at 718 b 5.-f-Mo$ev is a " conversational" aorist, which we should translate by a present. d 4. The first thing to note about this perplexing passage is that the vulgate Xao' eva, /Aak~ov 8' has no MS. authority. In A we have /L&Xakov **8, the 8' in an erasure, and in both A and O Xa,80'/,Iva is given in the margin, clearly as an alternative to p,wUXov 8'. Burnet adopts the alternative, and this gives a construction, though a harsh one: E13 TO' goes with a3KovetV, and there is a threefold change of "1person " with in the three clauses; the subj. of rapat'v-, is (I think) o' Vo,~OtLO'T, Xafl6'/eEva agrees with the antecedent to 7rept' gv; the subject to a'Ko1'EtV is the mian to whom the volioAETI~ is speaking. 0. Apelt (p. 8) takes a similar 457 718 c 7i8d THE LAWS OF PLATO course in reading I'TraXap/3vra (" getting hold of"), which he thinks more likely than Xajo3Aeva to have been corrupted into /uaAXov 8'. (This I doubt; Xa/36oJ. might very well have been so written in early cursive as to be read as /daXXov —auop/-and the three letters replaced by **8' might well have been Eva.)We may translate: "It seems to me, then, that just the discourse I spoke of would do something towards making a man listen in a civil and even kindly mood to the subject of the lawgiver's exhortations," i.e. the actual enactments, "as they would fall on a mind not altogether unprepared." (Madvig, followed by Schanz, writes tu /y bvvxj, ~aXXov 8', Badham Xa6/3,Jeva /aAkXov 8e 7rpaeLas, 77epwerEpov Te adla troLEv, Stallb. would insert trepatvetv (to go with ets To) after rapadv7, Ritter contents himself with altering T- in d 3 to ra.) —Or-e KrX., "in fact it will'be a very welcome result, if he brings his audience, by making them, as I say, more kindly, into a more docile frame of mind, however little he may do in that direction." d 5. Vermehren is doubtless right in reading (br,/l for the MS. ( r~-: the repetition of e1tJeveo-repo v is marked, and orwep 0ql(ro is very otiose. d 6. Badham's 7rdvv for the MS. 7rrv is right here, I think (the case at 801 b 10 is different). —p. 723 a 4 ta T-7v eviJevetav EVpUa06or-TpoV; in both places it is implied that goodwill towards instruction conduces to receptivity, and should precede it. It is just this inclination which the following words describe as wanting. The reason is that heaven has ordained that the "first step" in the road to virtue shall be a hard one. Hence the special need that the benefits to follow on this step should be clearly set forth. e 2. Both at Rep. 364 c d, where the passage (Hes. Op. et D. 287 ff.) is quoted, and here, there are variants from our text of Hesiod. For OXiyrf,xuv o8ds Plato has at Rep. 364 Xect'l /uv o8ss, and here o"oSs XAa, a great improvement, as oXLyU ) only says the same things as the following words-which are here paraphrased by /zdaa ppaxea ovacr. So too is K'qKal for iKqTraL, of which the subject is not clear. Even the fpELtv (for w7Xetv) in v. 292, in the sense of " (easy) to endure," may be correct. The two last variants are not supported, as XE`)} is, by the quotation at Xen. Mem. ii. 1. 20. It was a favourite passage with Plato; cp Prot. 340d and Phaedr. 272 c. 719 a 5. av'o MSS.; for this Bdh. proposed a' (and so Schanz). O. Apelt (p. 9) thinks it more likely that a' should have become 458 NOTES TO BOOK IV avA~ if 'rt6~vat followed it rather than 0OE'tat, especially as 1TLOEt immediately follows. But I think Burnet is right in leaving avLTO unaltered. TOV'To would be quite regular: av'To is slightly anacoluthic; it implies a causal force in the preceding clause, something like "since this is the effect which the previous argument has produced upon me, I should like to lay it before you." ai' is certainly -not wanted. b 4. Because the first hand of A has not lpEv (before 8') Schanz omits it; L and 0 both have it.-o-JuKpp.. 7rpoo-OEV: i.e. 656 c. b 6. 7rOLELV in the technicdal sense of "utter as poetry"; L and O have Xke'-Et for it.-ov' ya'p av EMELtev: Ast would remove the a&v; either, he says, we ought to have a&SEvat, or-ort being supplied in thought-dEiMEFv. But this very passage shows us that there is a third alternative: as in W'... 8Eit" we may have the tense used by the original speaker; here this was ov'K a'v,EtEV "they would not be likely to know" o, ' yp ecEW a ro yap Et1SELev would be "1because they did not know."-T-t' rOT' ' pat AIs h evav'rtov rotq volAotg ay AEYOVTE9: here the pat e7ov3-regs h more important verb, "1for they would have no idea what of their utterances would be against the law and do harm to the state." This is better than to make rt' wol-' go with /3A47rrrotEv a&v. It is the ignorance of the nature of their own utterances, rather than the ignorance of their effect, which makes the poets dangerous. b 9 if. It is a rich piece of Platonic humour which gives the much decried and dangerous poet the task of teaching the voli'EoOT-ri his duty. "We poor poets," he is made to say, "have to suit our words to the chance ideas of our characters; you lawgivers have to be quite sure what is right, and why: if you are not, you have no right to dictate to others."-All through this speech the Ath. is speaking on behalf of the poets (V'wrEp -r~ 7roL-9pWv), and at times he assumes the person of a poet; so at c 1 aViTW^V 'qp-kWV means "by us poets ourselves," and at d 7 E~yw' means "1I, the poet."-The poet, as the master of the way of saying things, is the natural adviser of the lawgiver in the matter of the wise and conciliatory, re~presentation of his laws to the minds of his subjects. Plato shows by his frequent quotations from poets how much he values their power of expression. c 6. rrot'v: again used in the technical sense. d 2. 8i'o 7rep' &vo': i.e. S& Xo'yovR, in explanatory apposition to Tro VTo. Ast rejects TOV'ro in d 1, which Ficinus does not translate. d 4. vvv&': the reference is to 717 d 7, where the voltoOE'Tr9 had stipulated for a,Zte-pt'a Tak~. 459 719 a id THE LAWS OF PLATO d 6. rrpoo1cvTa',rreL used of the legislator's constant injunction, f7r-'9VEO-aI "1timeless" (aor.) of his arguments in its support. d 7. el ' ~v -yvv'/-LO t..d7 "if one of my characters was a woman of great wealth." d 8. bv r4 7ro '~u.Tvt: this goes with EU?)q almost as directly as with &cLKEACvoLtTO. Ficinus takes it only with the following ECrCLVot?)V, and so does the MS. of Stobaeus. Many wrongheaded alterations Of 7rOU? /LaTt have been made, e.g. ypqan1/t~ Ast ir-r4,a'rt Winckelmann, /jv')-kartL Stallb., voo-~uar&tiaupt, 7IrpOo"KOv1-L /,LV-qJaa1- Richards, (TpW) o 1K-9,a-tL Apelt - by editors who failed to see that the "poet" is speaking here, of what his character in his poem~ would say. e 1. In E7ratvovv-qv the poet speaks as if it were he, who expressed the opinions of his characters-while the following br1atvE'(at, like fSLaKIEXIEV'oLO, -fixes the responsibility on the character in his poem -conscious all the time that the former view is the correct one. e3. -rov ',ro'v: this may be correct-i.e. T'0v (aVT7V rTj vo1ioO'T -n, " the same kind of tomb that you, the lawgiver, would enjoin" but I am much disposed to accept H. Richards's suggestion that we ought to read 'rotoi3'Tov here.-.The MSS. and that of Stobaeus have -bratvCeo-oi; Bekker was most likely right in reading the now discredited form f7racveo-at (cp. 773 c 8). Bdh. proposed bratvot',q (Tt which would help to explain -Tbv airvT V. - v v- is evidently used in the sense of vvvS4, which Schanz suggests for it. e 5. ILe. as a lawgiver you have no right to use the term pwr1pPov unless you deftne it. e 7 if. Having established the fact that the vo/AoOiEr-q is able to recommend the law by argument and. persuasion, he now proceeds to explain the best way of doing it. This speech is very coniversational in style, but quite clear. Stalib. is right in marking a break, and a fresh start, after 6Jeparev$etv. "I ask then, is our dispenser of laws to put no such preface in the forefront of his ordinances? Must he say straight off what has to be done or not done, name the penalty attached to transgression, and pass on to the next law without adding to his enactments a single bit of conciliation or persuasion? Why, just as doctors for instance are in the habit of treating us, one this way, and one that, when we are ill (E'KQ'0-rorE)-jUst call the two styles to mind, and then we can appeal to the law-maker-just as children would appeal to the doctor to be as nice to them as possible. Give you an instance? What I mean is, there are doctors and doctors' men, who bear the name, you know, of doctors themselves." "1They do." "1And they 460 NOTES TO BOOK IV71e 7ig e are all so called whether they are free men, or slaves who pick up their skill by listening to their masters' directions and watching their proceedings, learninig by rote and not by principle, which is the way the free-born doctors themselves learn, and the way they teach the members of their school. You grant the existence of these two kinds of doctors? " "1Certainly." e8. For ~rpoayopev' 0 has -,Ei'ct and A2 -C lot; in 0 -,EL is corrected to — y and there is a marginal note saying "all copies have the subjunctive"; in 46pJ and Tp7qa ot n have the subj., which A corrects to opt. and 0 (in /pa6Cp only) to the pres. ind. -Ast, not recognizing that the, subjunctives are deliberative, reads opt. and puts in a&v. 720 a 1. TO'Lg V0/fLOOETOV/LE'VOLSY the expression V0/LoOET0VME'V-q 7rots at 701 d 8, and still moreTroi' v~v^ VO/LOTO/EOV t85 prove that the part. here may be masc., and denote the people for whom the laws are made (so Jowett), but I think Wagner is right in taking it to be neuter, and to mean "1enactments," as at 785 a. The latter meaning fits in with the wpoo — in -7rpoO-8L~ better than the former. b 2. I believe that all commentators and translators are in error in thinking that Plato admits the possibility of the empirics being free citizens. From Ka'r' f'ri-&a$tv to 8~ ' applies solely to 8oi-.ot; the previous words mean: "1Yes, (we call the whole lot "1doctors " whether they belong to the free-citizen kind, or the slave kind "then follows a description of the slave kind. This is also clear from b 4 and b 5, as also below at 8 57 c d. b 5. ov"rw seems to us pleonastic; it serves to give a unity and emphasis to the part of the sentence containing jiEejt a O'KaG't and 8tacr'KOVOc. The course of learnineg and teaching systematically.(KaT&a 4n'o-ev) in medical schools is opposed to the random picking up by their slave assistants of bits of doctors' skill.-With roi'1 av~r~v ~raZ8ag Stallb. cps. ot Cwypa'0wv 7I-aE8E3 769 b 1. Cp. Rep. 408 b 6 7rU'VV KO/I~tOV% Co~j Xf'yas 'AG-KX-qIrtLoi ra'8ag, " quite philosophic practitioners you make them out to be! " where there is a slight puna, as Machaon was really Asclepius's son, L. & S. s.v. I. 3 and the biblical phrase "1the sons of the prophets." c 2. Kat: we should say "1or." c 3, 4. Schanz says one C'KaalO-TO must go. But if the second be omitted the sentence runs awkwardly: if the first was not originally there, who would think of putting it in? E'Ka'o-IV-rov Owt,01KeVrWV bears a very relevant sense. The, slaves were not treated as individuals, but in the lump. 461 720 C THE LAWS OF PLATO c 5. oi'S' a';o8E'xE-ra: i.e. he would cut his patient very short if he showed a disposition to explain his case or to ask for an explanation. c 7. I can-not but think that Plato wrote ai'0Od&q here, and that some early scribe wrote -&g because he had so recently had three consecutive words ending in -os. If the MS. text be retained, it might be as well to put a comma after y'rpayvvo, to show that a~Oa&w- goes with vrpooc-$a'~,. "He writes him a second-hand prescription, with a cock-sure air, issuing his orders like a tyrant whose will is law, and then rushes off to the next slave-patient." (az'0a8C0, will hardly bear the meaning "with the absolute air of a tyrant"; Jowett takes av'O. with ot'XIErca"rushes off with equal assurance.")) c 8. ical P'1G-TW6V~V K-X., "1and by so doing lightens his master's professional labours "-ije. by relieving him of his slave-patients. (Jowett unaccountably translates: "and so relieves the master of -the house of the care of his invalid slaves.";) d 1. W' 3 b'r TO wXJLuov leaves it open to uis to suppose that a physician now and then treated the case of a slave. d 3. 1'$erd~wv ar dp- Kcat KcaTa' 4kv'Gtv: terms which suggest a philosophical, systematic investigation; for the latter cp. above b 4.-T-' KaWLVOVTL KO6VOVILEV03 KTX., "1taking the patient, and his friends as well, into his confidence." d 5. TiiV VOO-OV'VToW: a curious change of number. d 6. bEWETa$Ev: gnomic aor. d7. For uEr-' "by the help of " cp. Rep. 5 60 d {'rEpoplovo-& 1LLETcL 7rokX(Tv Kal d~veoeXoi 1' rn-tyjuc~h, and cp. Theaet. 180 c 8 and above 710 d7, 738 d7, '791la 7. e 1. Ciro-reXcEt seems by all interpreters to have been taken absolutely, in the sense of "1make (him) whole," or "1complete (the. cure)." I do not believe this use to have been possible. The analogy of 7 67 a 9 'PTEP Q'V KpCVe)V TRjv St'iojv droTeXv- suggests that ac7oroEXE'tv could be used with a participle in the sense of ".finish doing, succeed in doing "; I would therefore remove the comma which all texts insert before Qz'ro0TEWe-" does his best to restore him to complete health "-lit. "1to succeed in bringing himn to health." e 2f. T~E K a't yvpuvao-rq y1v1Awowv: the suggestion of another analogy, which the reader is left to work out for himself. e 3. 8tX&q... abrepya ojEvos; "4(would you prefer that he should) perform his one function in two methods, or confine himself to the worse method of the two, and mkehsptntaehi " 46~ NOTES TO BOOK IV 720 e e 11 ff. ap' o... r.. aeov; Badham, in rewriting this sentence-from rTv to rTa -crtv-changes half the words and puts in two fresh ones. Ritter also would rewrite it, though less drastically; leaving us the alternative of keeping the MS. text, if we will supply, in thought, rditv with Trv. None of these courses are necessary if we recognize (1) that TrpWJrTv is not the attribute of apXqjv, but, like the vrp(rov in the previous sentence, the wTprTO below at a 6, and the wrp(rov at a 9, is predicative, and goes with the verb; and (2) that 'rept c. gen. is, as Ast says on 676 c 6, genitivi circumlocutio." "Will it not be natural that he should first regulate by his ordinances the first stage of production in civic communities? "-Tijv wrept yEvIEOe(o dapXqv ptri-qv 7roXEov 7rept is expressed in the next speech of the Ath. as apx rw-v yev'eeov 7rdcrats roXErL —the dat. being another " circumlocution" for the gen. 721 a 6. " We may conclude then that in every state, if it is to be well regulated, legislation should begin with the subject of marriage." b 1. TrptKOvra: the chief point emphasized in the specimen preface which follows at b 6 is the necessity that by thirty-five every man should have taken to himself a wife. Where the marriagelaw occurs in its place among the other laws (772 e ff.), the chief point dwelt on in the preface is the need of circumspection, on the part of the man, in choosing the family to which he is to ally himself. In neither case is any fear expressed that marriage may take place too early. Thus it will not be felt to be a very important inconsistency that, although here, and at 785 b, he names 30 as the earliest age at which a man should marry, at 772 e he would allow a young man to begin to consider the question at 25. There is a similar inconsistency between Rep. 460e, where the time when a woman's child-bearing is to begin is fixed at 20, and Laws 785 b, where he allows a girl to be married as early as 16.-Thirty was the usual age for a man to marry according to Greek ideas, though Arlstotle advised him to wait till 37 (Pol. 1335 a 29). b 3. The reading in the text is that of L and 0; A has T9se Kat rT71E; Ast read Tr 8e 3 Kal 'ry7e, Heindorf, followed by Schanz, rT 8\ Kal r-. This last may seem to us more natural, but the very peculiarity of L and O's reading marks it as genuine. It was likely to be corrected, and is quite unlike a correction of anything else. b 8. Schanz holds that fr'jo-etL rv is spurious, being originally 463 721 b THE LAWS OF PLATO a commentator's explanation of ('rwv y; but the two phrases do not mean the same thing: " There is a sense in which mankind is by nature partaker of immortality," i.e. " Mankind enjoys by its nature a kind of immortality." c 1. 7raoav, "of every kind," a not unusual use of ras; cp. 723 d 1.-The kind spoken of in the Phaedo is for the time left out of sight. One of the kinds of this desire is, he goes on to say, the wish to know that one's name will not be unheard after one's death. A desire for fame is thus seen to be a kind of desire for immortality. A further motive is adduced at 773 e (where the thought of this passage recurs), i.e. the individual's part in the service of heaven does not lapse, if he leaves children to represent him. C 2. yevos o dv davfOpWjrv: Plato speaks of mankind as if the race had a sort of collective consciousness of the possibilities open to it, and as if it had what in an individual we should call an instinctive desire to prolong its existence. There is a sense in which every parent of a living child shares in the race's immortality. Cp. Symp. 206 c 6 and e 8, 207 d 1, 208 b 5, Aristotle, De anima 415 a 26 ff. c 3. Ti crvpi vEs TroV 7rav'b3s Xp6vov: a marvellous phrase, in which the unusual gen. suggests a specially close relationship between time and the human race; some such a relationship we may fancy to have been in Plato's mind as that between space and the material world unfolded in the Timaeus.-Cp. also Tim. 37 d-38b, where Time is called "a moving image of eternity that abides in unity." c 6. yeve(oeL: an instrumental dat. Reproduction is the means by the help of which the race secures the blessing of immortality. (Schneider's " ortu" is insufficient.)-" So the race of man is time's coeval twin, bound to it in a fellowship which will never be dissolved. The fashion of mankind's lasting is this: it attains to immortality by a reproduction of itself; for, as generation succeeds to generation, the race is one and the same throughout the ages. From this succession it is impious for any man to cut himself off, and that is what that man deliberately does who neglects to surround himself with wife and children." d4. A good instance of Ka..., "and besides," "and moreover." A omitted the Kar at first writing, L and O have it. d 5. Ev Trj iroXEe, " in public." d 8. avro': i.e. laws (in general). —o/Wro is explained by the following 8ta T r rweOeCv KTX. 464 NOTES TO BOOK IV e 1. i-) o-,aKpo',ra-rot, "1at the very least," qualifies Sur~oi3k Ast and Stallb., by putting a comma after -/4yv-Eo-6at, obscure the fact that rW, / JL'KE also goes with Str~ov-,. (Schanz would reject Tp 'J~KEt T1" 0-fLLMpo1a-rov, and others would emend it.) The added r-okt IL,-Keo-tv rounds off the sentence and helps to show how -r) [t 'KEt is to be taken. e5. yp ~ua-ra is here used in the sense of statutes, written laws; so below 823 a 1, 858 e 4, 922 a4, Polit. 302 e 10. e 7. uot seems best taken as an ethic dative. 722 a E1 -y' 4vovo7- 'Kc rp aparently "1if both sorts were in existence," i.e. "1were possible." &8o'tro would seem the -natural verb here. a 2. All the early MSS. wrote E'po1.4,qv for alpot/rjv.-ov u-v a' XA a K-rA.: i.e. "after all, what is important is that Cleinias here should approve of the legislation now produced; for it is his city that is now contemplating the task of putting such laws into practice." a 4. -rt'6g TotovTrOvg VOfJwOL "such laws as we make," not "such laws as you have described as preferable."-J cannot help thinking that vo'1L10o3 ought not to be in the text. It is not "1laws of such a kind " that the new Colony was thinking of pro-fiting by, but merely' laws of some kind or other. This Megillus would naturally denote by rotoirTotg, i.e. 7Eypa1Wqe'voL3, 7-EOELE'votR v0/ofto3, " legislation." Some commentator perhaps put in vo4Luot at the side to explain,rotoirotR, and it got into the text by mistake. a 6. These words, I think, not only convey Cleinias's thanks, but his approval of Megillus's choice of the longer form of law. "You are right, Megillus, and I thank you." Cp. 723 c 1 KaAoJ3 80KIEZ3 JIM To' ye TOfTOV^TOV AE7YEtV. a 7. ypa_/,1a'7wY: not, as Ast, Lex., in the same sense as above at e 5, but simply in that of "1written matter." It is "1too foolish " to "take account of" the mere length of a law-" length," says the parenthesis, "1is in itself neither a vice nor a virtue." b 1. Tr& 8' KAr.: this 8,E corresponds to the puev in a 7. Tra' here, though not in the previous parenthesis, should, I think, have ypa'pqpara supplied in thought. The written matter of the longer of the two kinds of laws, which was to be " at least twice as long " as the shorter one, is of more, than twice its practical utility. In fact the case is analogous to that of the two kinds of physician above mentioned. In that case, the superiority of the better one was "great" (7 20 e 6). b 2. M&Ahopa Et', aJpcTvqv -r-3 Xpa'a (cp. 969 c 3 7wpo' cpernv VOLi. 465 2H 721 e 722 b THE LAWS OF PLATO Tcr-Trpas), lit. (pace Ritter) " superior in the matter of the excellence of their usefulness Cp. Gorg. 480 a 1 Tis q 'E-yaXr) XPEa '(rC TS p7T/opLK9s; (Ritter says it means: "the one class exceeds in excellence by more than twice the usefulness of the other class "a very roundabout way of saying that one class was more than three times as useful as the other.) b 4. 7rp5s 'rOVTo 8, " yet in the face of this," " yet for all this "; so L and 0. 7rpbs TOVTiT, the reading of A and the margin of L and 0, is out of place; what follows is in no sense an additional point. b5. eo6v: the participle contains the main idea of the sentence. It does not seem ever to have occurred to any of the lawgivers that, all the time during which they have been employing nothing but force, there was another course open to them; i.e. "as far as the uneducated state of the masses would permit," they might use persuasion. (Wagner must be wrong in taking the KaO' o&rov clause with what follows.) c 1. I am inclined to adopt Ast's emendation of dvdyKirv for the MS. fX-/v; if the initial a were faint, p might easily be read as /A, and ayLK be read as aX. The only defence of the MS. reading that seems possible is the assumption that W7ELOot KEpaVVVVTres daXqv is a poetical quotation. Bdh. and Stallb. suggest apXpjv, and this Schanz adopts. c 6. vvv: I do not feel sure about Schanz's alteration of the MS. vvv to vvv8r. The following &- may well have helped a -8 to disappear, but vvv is not out of place. The reference is not to any recent part of the discussion about laws, but to the whole discussion. In English we should say " to-day," or "on the present occasion," not "just now" in such a case. Cp. below e 4 y vvv tairpf3/j yeyovvTa.-Kara EO.V nova: Porson (on Eur. LA. 411, Adversaria p. 251) pointed out that Oewv rts and not 0eo6s Ts was usual in tragedy, but it is not so in Plato. For the phrase KarTa Oov cp. above 682 e 10, where it is also used of a felicitous turn of the conversation. c 7. yeyovos is not (as Jowett) "which comes into my mind," but "which has been brought out,-emerged." The three old men have talked through four books before making any laws. This means (e 5) that, before making a law, we must be clear about the principles on which it is to be made. The further analogy of musical vo'luA, which has been before us already, suggests that some science (fVTEXVOV d 5) must go to the fitting of the prelude to the piece proper. The style and tone of the prelude 466 NOTES TO BOOK IV 722 C to one law is as different from that to another as the two styles of the two physicians described above.-r-XE8ov yap... apXEcrOaL, "since the time when we began our discussion about laws, dawn has passed to noon, and here we are in this delightful resting-place, (still) uninterruptedly (ov8ev adAA' rj) discussing laws, and yet it is only just now, I believe, that we have begun to mention any laws." c 8. ed eSwvov is not, as Stallb. says, epexegetic of et o&-ov; it is literally "from (being) early morning (it has turned to noon)." c9. ovoev akX' l: Schanz says A has aAX'. Even e.g. at Phaedo 76 a 6, and Soph. 226 a 1, where most editors read iAX' ri, Burnet reads dtA' }. d 3. If, with Ast, we were to transpose rdvr'owv and Kat, it would make the construction much more straightforward, but it would leave out of sight the fact that Aoyot, like 7rotr a'ra, are of various kinds-epideictic, forensic, etc. We may repeat the rav-rwv in thought before o0'ov. d4. a-XE8ov oLOv TLVES avaKLlovr'ELs: Stallb. thinks that these words mean "what you may call stirrings-up of the audience," but the otov points to a more special metaphor and it is better, with Ast and L. & S., to translate "a kind of preliminary sparring" (a metaphor from pugilistic encounters). The point about the 7rpooifLa on which Plato enlarges here is that they are designed to bring the audience into the required frame of mind, and so secure a welcome for the law which is to follow; and he says this definitely in the following words 'Xovoat K7t. d 5. 'XOovca... repaiveoraat, "bringing to bear a systematic method of procedure, auxiliary to the ensuing performance." 'VTeXVOV trLX.: lit. " a way of setting to work according to the rules of the art."-Adam on Rep. 532 a 3 notes that 7repatvetv is the regular word for " to perform," specially of music. Here it is used of other " performances" as well. d 6. The analogy is here extended from Aoyot and wrot-Iaara to the realm of music, and again, as above at 700 b (and below at 799 e) Plato takes advantage of the musical use of the word voIoO to illustrate his point. Cp. Ar. Rhet. 1414 b 19 0'7rep Ev 7rocj-ro-rpOXoyos Kal Ev avXo-ret. 7rpoavXcov. The whole chapter is illustrative of our present passage. d 7. wdracros tLov'rs, "all kinds of musical compositions "-i.e. not voF ot only. e 2. OT"' eiref.. 5.. A3, " has either named such a thing as 467 722 e THE LAWS OF PLATO a w7poo' tov, or taken the trouble to compose and produce one." O-vvGE'Trq3 implies careful composition. For E'$7pvEYKEv Ct3 Tr (W' see below on 7 81 a 1. e 4. q'~ vUv ta'rptij3'). c. r o-La~cvre: see above on c 6 f. e 5. At e 3 Cod. Voss. has O'v for oVTOS and so Bdh. conjectured here. The construction of W's &'vros is, as Ast says, precisely similar to that noticed on 624 a 7. The adoption of this construction heightens the force of the contradiction of W4 ovKl 6'vro3 -bvo-et at e 3.-Bdh. would reject ye and Schanz follows him. e 6. With e7i vat we must supply SoKico-La from Jw 4E'olt 80KE't at e 4.-O'VK... &rXo'C: i.e. it is not the same thing twice over. e 7. 3.. Tovr' elvat: the asyndeton is of the explanatory kind. e 8. a'7rEt~aoG0Ev f'pp16q: the participle contains the more important verb; "Iwhose pronouncement was likened 723 a 1. JWvat still depends on the imaginary 6oKoik,-L supplied at e 6. a 2. V'r~ rov'&: as Ritter says, this in the Laws would naturally mean "1by that one of the two Dorians who had not spoken last," i~e. in this case "1by Megillus." M. has nowhere called the irpoot'p"ov 7TEW-TLOV. Perhaps the best way out of the difficulty is to ouppose an imperfect recollection on Plato's part of what had been the actual terms of Megillus's declaration (at 721 e 4 if.) of a preference for the law plus the preface. Schanz suspects the words. Ast would take them to mean "1on that account,") propterea.-Ritter mentions the possibility of taking TOV^& to refer to the speaker himself, as at Laches 180 d 7, but follows Schanz in rejecting the words. Apelt, Eis. Prog. 1901, suggests adw3 TRE~, "1henceforward." a 3. '~v is a strong &E to the previous /%ev.-7wcp' Xo'yovs (at which Ritter stumbles) is "rhetorical" i.e. by the rules of art it is as necessary for a law to have a irpoot'luov as it is for a speech (of any kind) to have one. a 4 f. i'va... EVUEVW3.. 6ip-at: again the function of the i;rpoot'/utov is insisted on. It is to produce a receptive frame of mind in the hearer. This is what it does in rhetoric, in poetry, and in music; and we must recognize that in a law too the 7wpooqu~ov is not merelyj persuasive. It has an artistic, or stylistic function; it strikes the key-note (as Aristotle says of the rhetorical wrpoo'juov, at Rhet. 1414 b 25) of what is to follow. The addition of this "1artistic " aid is the -rp['rov 7ytYveo-Oau 8eov of 722 c 2. a 5. E'via~tv, like &LrTaypaa, is a natural word for a doctor's 468 NOTES TO BOOK IV72a 723 a prescription, which corresponds to the law proper. The neuter O'is quite natural here; there is no need for Bdh.'s oi'. a 6. KaL7-Ecfaclvy and Et~7rEv are not gnomic aorists, but refer to the model wrpoot/Ltov given at 721 b if. It is possible though that KaLTEcja' V? is used colloquially of a discovery recently made: "1 see that..." Cp. 718 d2 and 0'pC6 at 722 c 3, and c 6. b 1. Ao'yog is here, and below at c 4, used in the sense of "text " or "1body " of the law, as opposed to introductory matter. b 2. For the clVat with 7WpocrayopEi'CtV cp. Phil. 13 b 5 and Prot. 3 2 5a2. b 3 f. W4 TrbV Voj~oO1E'-V... 8t-qVE7Ka~'T-qV: in interpreting this difficult and awkward sentence we must start from the contrasted 7rp? 7rc'VTWV TWv vd~opv and KLO' EKao-1TOV. Apparently there is to be a general introduction to the body of laws as a whole, and separate preambles, which are to be prefixed to individual laws, "in which way," i.e. "in virtue of which they will surpass their former selves as much as the double law above given surpassed its former self " (i.e. the so-called simple, and double laws of 7 21 b if.). The awkwardness arises from the fact that ~u) Q/o10povI aV~roV1 7rpooqd.XWV 7rOEW, which would suit both cases, comes after the injunction to supply a general preamble to- the whole. This difficulty would be removed if ia'c KaW' E'KLo-T-ov had immediately followed XpE-wv cO-TLv. But on the other hand there seems a fitness in putting KaLO' E'KaLOTOV immediately before f" 8&OL(TovO-tv E'aVT6-v. A revision on the part of the author would doubtless have removed the awkwardness, but not as Stallb. suggests, by substituting 7r-pooqi/-ta 7rapaTtOE'vat for a'/-,~r. aVT-.?r-p. WOEwv. b 7. With To' y' f4jo'v for E'yw' cp. Ta' Vi4LE'epa for L'/E' at 643 a 2, andT' i-g lET~EpoV for J7LL at 778 e 1. c 1. "So far, Cleinias, I think you are right, when you admit that all laws have preambles belonging to them, and that when beginning any piece of legislation one ought to put at the head of each law the preamble that suits the whole text of the lawfor it is no unimportant pronouncement that is to follow, and it will make a great difference whether or not the laws are distinctly retained in the memory-still we should not be right in laying it down that a preface is as necessary, for what we call small laws as for great ones. You ought not to make such a rule in the case of all kinds of songs or speeches either-and yet there is a natural preface to then. all, but you need not -use all the prefaces. No; 469 723 C THE LAWS OF PLATO you must leave it to the orator, or the musician, or the lawgiver, to deal with each case as he thinks fit.") c 2. Cleinias may perhaps have been surprised to find his expression of agreement expanded into what follows, but it is nothing but a repetition of some points in the Ath.'s last speech. c 3. 7poTLGE'vat. K~iOViTOL: there is much diffic-ulty here. L. & S., Schneider, and Wagner take Vr. T. Xo'y. with 7rpoTA'Gvat, and EdCLOToes with WE4~VK&'1 (" conveniens natura singulis prooemium," "1den flir die einzelnen geeigneten Eingcang "). This must be wrong. Whenever wrportOe'vat means prefix A to B, B is in the dat.; besides, what sense does it make to say that when a man starts to legislate, he must put at the head of the whole body of law "1the preamble that suits the separate individuals"? At least we ought to have had rpooituca. Clearly 7rpovTO'vat goes with e"KaL-ToL3, and ravio~3... 7i-poolt'uov means "the proper preamble belonging to the whole text "-X6'yos used as at b I.-7raVT0' ToV Xo'yov suggests a long law, and this prepares us for the statement that in the case of slight enactments the preamble may be omitted. (F.H.D. would reject TOV.)-Ast and Stallb. are doubtless right in taking d'pXo4AEvov as agreeing with TreVa understood. (Jowett apparently takes it as neut. agreeing with vpool/Atov.) c 5. (TCL(,Uo3..tvrTJPVEVecT0aL recalls the oV'/a6IEo-TfpoV of a 5; I~- (pass.) does not mean "1to be recorded " (Ast, Lex.) 'but "to be remembered." c 6. av'Ta': the plural of what was just spoken of as ' C,0o' yv ie. the laws. c 7. XeyopE'vwv: almost "so-called." - 6'teowo: the context (.Kat"oC a Lracrtv) shows that this word does -not mean "to an equal extent" or "(by preambles) of equal length," but 4cequally," "1invariably." d 1. Trb TOtOi^TOV 8pa-v: not "1to make such a rule," but "1to do such a thing " (as to make prologues). T he genitives da/tTS and Xo'yov suppose some such construction as rrpoot'/Aa 7r~otEW-, for which this is a substitute. The anacoluthon is as harsh as that noticed at b 5. H. Steph. held that C'7' had fallen out before t-V ao~ and Ast and Stallb. agreed with him. (Op. Riddell, Dig. ~ 17.) d 6. T ij3 IAEkXXaTEw, is a gen. of definition; "let us make no more hesitating delay, but let us retrace our steps and start, if you do not mind, from those things you said above when you were not avowedly prologizing. Let us hope, as they say at 470 NOTES TO BOOK IV73d 723 d games, to have I'better luck next time' (with our second attempt), and go over the ground again, conscious that we are no longer arguing on chance lines, but preludizing in due forni; let us, I say, start on our subject with an avowed preamble." d 7. di'r' E'KEL'vOwv: i. e. the speech begun at 7 15 e 7. e 1. 8SEVT'J~pOv a/_fLEvOv(0v- 7apoqLta XE71oLE'v-q /ILcv EWLr' TrOw OVO/.LEVOV E'K (SEVT' OV, T(O0V 7WpOTEp&JV drat-ow(o &o'-vErow0 8-qka(S /LcTrqKwat &6 E'K TVr Kait Ebr' 'nOv XE7OjLLEEVW (SEVYTEPOV T(Ov aLT1OJV, O'r~a /7KLT yVJJ)V'fEEpav 7rpo/~ Ta 6irpopa. The Scholiast ignores Plato's application of the phrase to what we should call the "1second shot " in a game. e 4. -ra p.Lv 7rEpl, " as regards." e 5. Ka' Ta' eVVV XEX6EVTa, "just what you said above." — 8~(' 'ei3: i.e. finish the preface so as to include admonition on the subjects cognate to the religious duties enumerated above; not, to finish a preface which is to stand before all the laws which are to he made on different subjects. The procedure followed in the rest of the treatise is to divide laws into chapters, according to subject, each chapter having a preface prefixed. The Ath. recalls Cleinias's request at 7 72 e 3. 724al1. -r(^v~ 1Le-rl Oeov': cp. 717 b2 ILETa' O1Eoi'1 8E TOV'A Kat TOF3 (Satl.oc-V (S YE ~'(p(,pov opyta'~OLT' aV, '7PO(tLV SE' (IETa' TOVTOV19. a 3. Wd3 vi'v X,'7/o/Ezv refers, I think, to t"aW-; not (as Schneider and Wagner, apparently) to the use of the term rpoo~htcLmE-Gat; in other words, " we will all agree" to let that count as a sufficient preface. a4. ToV' rotoi-rOV: i.e. of such a preface. - wrpU' T."(W1 E~ravayEtv: used naturally of something that has been left in obscurity, and here the obscurity is suggested by a'iiroXEtein'/eEVov. -wrp4 Tr~ fJ^, C19 TO 4cw', C13 fros E$eEV1E7KELv is used much like our "1bring to light," in the sense of " produce," "1expose."-The otov here betrays a sense that it was still a metaphor. a 7 if. After religion comes the subject of education or the moulding of the dis~position. Both the lawgiver and his "1public" must master this subject by " ruminating on the measure and limits of the 'energy to be devoted by men to the interests of their souls, of their bodies, and of their property." (Cp. below 726-732) —The 7ratceta here spoken of is not only that of children; cp. 730 b 6. The Ka't dvrEO-ws suggests that duty may often enjoin the forbearance to persevere in an effort of soul or body, or to press for our own interests. (Jowett's " as regards 471 THE LAWS OF PLATO both their occupations and amusements " is, I think, far too limited.) b3 1. Kal K0WVOTaLTOV, "1and to their most mutual advantage" cccommuniterque omnium interest," Stalib. (Stalib. takes XE'yo0V'ra of tlie Ath., and i-ov&s JaKOVVTas of his two hearers.) 134. o~v'rw3 emphasizes the necessity expressed in the following verbal adjectives-" undoubtedly." BOOK V 726 1. a'KOv5O 7ra&, mrX.: with the exception of a few lines at the end, the whole of this book is addressed to the same imaginary audience who were instructed above at 716 and 717 on the duties to Gods and parents. 3. [ILEa'r Ocov,]: below at 7 27 a 1 and b 4 these words are quite in place as a qualification Of 81VTr'Pav, but I cannot believe that the author put them in here. They involve the twofold absurdity of implying that the Gods are (1) possessed by mankind, and (2) godlike. Ritter was the first to call attention to the difficulty. The former absurdity was lessened by Stobaeus, who substituted -TWV Ev r-4' /3t for i'wSv aiv'iov3. He, apparently, found JAEa'r OCOS3 already inserted.-otiKIEo'rarov 4v, "sein eigenstes Eigenthnm" (Wagner).-&-T&a -7r avT' EITTIL 7ra'o&v: an elegant variety of irav'r6'7rLaotL &rr-r6 Eo'u-, i.e. "1all, in all cases " unquestionably." The Louvain edition has 83tr~'r lEo,,rt ravr~waat.-It is tempting, with Iamblichus, to omit o~V" and put merely a comma after wra'av. 727 al1. O5v-ag &ecrnr'&ras: an echo of 8c-7o-wov1-a above; natural supremacy is the title to honour which ennobles both the Gods and our souls. -[Commas after ~vX'vxv El7 opIIvov,3 (as well as after &EVTlpav) make the sentence clearer. J.B.M.]-rok 'Tov~rtOL e7ro/LEVOV3: cp. 7 17 b2 ff. a 2. 8Ev-repav goes closely with /LETa' OEov'% as at b 4.-The object to be -supplied in thought with rtrq' is 'RV aU'TOi ~,VX '. For the idea cp. Tennyson's " Self-reverence, self-knowledge, selfcontrol " (Oenone). a.OELOV yap dyaLoov WOV T OJV 8' KaK JJI/ 0v~v8' ov "1honour, you know, is a priceless benefit; if a thing harms you, it cannot bring you honour." There are, Plato says, many ways, which we are all prone to take, of hon'ouring our own sodls, "as wve think,") which do it no ho-nour at all. The only way to honour 472 NOTES TO BOOK V our souls is to make them better. Instead of which, much of the conduct whereby we think to honour them, does them harm. Apparently Plato nowhere else uses T'LpOS in an active sense, but I think he makes it clear by the context that it is active here. If we understand him to say that honour cannot be paid to anything bad-especially if we go so far as to accept Stallbaum's emendation Oeowv yap dyaOev, which accentuates that ideathis clashes with the statement that every honouring of the soul PeXrT'w) K Xepovos adrepyaderat. The modest confession with which Plato begins at a 2, as well as much of the subsequent exhortation, shows that he starts with the assumption that there is much in every tvXri that needs amendment. We are not to wait till this imperfection is removed, to honour the soul. [St. Peter tells us to " honour all men." J.B.M.] Every step we take towards its removal is an honour paid to it. Honour then can be paid to something that is imperfect, and consequently bad. I agree with Ritter in taking aya0o'v to mean "something beneficial," and KaKOV "something harmful," but I do not see that he gains anything by reading OerTov for 6Elov. The latter word, besides being a high commendation, adds the implication that since the Gods receive honour and glory, it must be a good, and therefore a beneficial thing. Schanz's v'vXrj for TL/pu seems to go still further from the context-ignoring, as it does, the contrast between ayao'ov and KaKOV. All the above-mentioned objections also apply to Susemihl's suggestion to bracket ayaOov as a "gloss" on OElov. -For the active use of Ty/uOS cf. Aesch. Eum. 853 ov7rtppov yap T'tlUoTEpoS XPpOVOS aOTaLt woiX'rats TOT8SE, and rpluov eS'pav in the next line. Plato uses arT/los both in the sense of bringing disgrace (Gorg. 527 d 1) and suffering disgrace (Gorg. 486 c 2). [F.H.D., J.B.M., and A.M.A. take TItuov as passive, and incline to Stallbaum's Odlov yap dyaOwv.] a 5. Xoyo5s 7 8&lpots i1 vreci'crtv: three headings under which fall the various KLf838XOL 'trpaat (728 d 5) enumerated below. It should be noticed that he does not say that words, e.g., or gifts, or even shirkings or compliances cannot honour the soul, but only such words, gifts or compliances as fail to do it good.-(1) Selfconfidence and self-praise, and (2) self-excuse, fall under the head of Xo'yots; (3) self-indulgence, and (5) the preferring beauty to goodness, and (7) the preference of wealth to virtue, fall under the head of &8apots, while (4) the shrinking from toil, and (5) the shrinking from death fall under that of vireteo-L. a 7. avTiKa, "for instance." Op. Ruhnken, Tim. s.v. —7rat? 473 727 a THE LAWS OF PLATO EVOV 7V/LEvpvog, [" a man is hardly in his teens before.. J.B.MJ.] b 1. 7rpo~oVI'ovIEvoS IE7tT1pIE7rEt, "1eagerly encourages it." b 2. To" 8E" viv- XCE7,/LV6, EvTT a variety of ov'To, O' Xo'yo,3 4~-;; below at 746 b 4TO' W~v XE-OyLLEvov is personified, and is subject to the verb &E$E'PXfTaLL. b 7. C'Qapy- Stob., e'$at'pq MSS. Cp. lleindorf on Theaet. 162 e: "vulgatum IE'ai'pw mutavi in Ekatpw, velut ubique scribendum ubi eximendi significatum verbum hoe habet." c 2. 7rapa' i\yov rbv rov' vouo6E'Tov Ka't E-aLVov, "in the face of the lawgiver's exhortation and eulogium."-[X6-/ov is the lawgiver's speech recommending the law. J.B.M.] Eratvovp~vov3 in c 4 again introduces in another con-nexion the consideration of the lawgiver's praise, which is a kind of -qthe great agency for the encouragement of moral conduct. (Schanz would change Xci'yov to ~0Myov, and reject Kal Ewaraov.) c 3. KaK-V: as at b 6, not only suffering, but damage (to the soul). c 7. 8piwiv 'ra Totav~la criv'p-avi-a: i.e. when guilty of that, or any other, shirking of a hard duty. Wagner suggests <ov> 8pv, applying Ta' T'row'ra o- wJ-Iavra to the duties shirked. [J.B.M. suggests that the oiV before 'rlq~ really belongs here.] d 1. 7raVTW3, "under any circumstances," goes with aJya0O'V.For the sense oep. Apol. 29 a 7, 37 b '7 and 42. d 3. Kat 011K aVr~rtTEtVE 8t&LCrKWV TrE Kcat - EYXWyVe "instead of combating, the notion by convincing demonstration that... For the time, vov' and z~vX ' are taking opposite sides. Stobaeus's -l'yoV'(LEVo, in d 2 spoils the passage. d 5- T& a\7Ept TON~ O-Eovs: for the more usual ra\ Tw-v OE^V; cp. above on 690 d 6. We may translate "the kingdom of the Gods below." d 7.- oi'X C'iepov -q": a variety ooi3v iXc a j; elsewhere in Plato E'TEpoi; in the sense of different is followed by a gen. d 8. All the later edd., except Stallb., Schneider, and the ZMr. edd., have a comma after Et'vaL; but it seems best, since the next sentence gives a proof of the statement contained in ~bEVa6JLEVO%, to omit the comma and to take 1//EV8SOJEvog0- s6ot closely together"is wrong in saying" (" for this reckoning, which makes more of the body than of the soul, is a false one I) e 2. Burnet does well to eject the comma which most edd. have after ci'voEZ.-There is much variety among the interpretations given of w~g: Wagner translates it by a simple that (dass), Jowett 474 NOTES TO BOOK V 727 e by " how greatly," Schneider makes it qualify OavlaaoCrov — L quam admirabilem hanc possessionem negligat." This last is nearly right, but does not quite reproduce the relation of the Greek words. I think OavMao-ov KT1'laTOg is predicative to rov'rov: "how precious a possession this is which he so despises." The attraction of the pronoun denoting the soul is not unusual.-To arrive at Jowett's translation we should have to suppose that Plato wrote os 0avlaxatroT, and perhaps TOV'TOV Tro KTr'laTos. 728 a 1. j /"')} 8voxEpW s ~pq KTWJ'evos: the two evil alternatives presented by the text as we have it are (1) the desire for unlawful or dishonourable gains, and (2) the absence of compunction or dissatisfaction in their acquisition. If we adopt Badham's view that, by a slight dislocation of the text, the /ziu has been shifted from its proper place before KTW/JE~VO, the second alternative is: the dissatisfaction felt by the man who does not get that kind of wealth. In either case we must supply puv KaXso3 with KrJlevos. At first sight Badham's two alternatives seem to fit the argument better than the former two; but a consideration of the ensuing context shows that they do not. The man who is dissatisfied because he is poor, could not be thought by anyone to be " honouring his soul by gifts." —ppa answers to the Ws 38- SoKEL of b 7 above. a 2. 7ravros.. XE rEL corresponds to the 7roAXof ZE! at c 1 above.-Cp. Aesch. P.V. 961 IroXXov yE Kai TOV7r avTros keAAliro. — " He is, on the contrary, as far from it as can be." This is best marked, as Burnet marks it, as a parenthesis. In A wravrob (so 0 and Stob.) which appears to be a correction of the first hand, was apparently 7ravrwT at first; so too Cornarius-by conjecture-who further ventured to emend XEtwre into vwret, without knowing, apparently, that the same emendation had been suggested in O. Respect (apparently) for the original reading of A (manifestly a mistake) has induced Schanz, like Herm. and Wagner, to follow Cornarius. But Xvrret is quite out of place here. Whatever the after effects might be, it is assumed that the misguided soul delights in ill-gotten wealth at the time. There is no suggestion either of a grieved conscience. As in the case of the fear of death, the soul itself is represented as sharing in the mistake. a3. To avrrljs rit'ov: Schanz says A has avr'js-as if 'vX6, and not its owner, were the subject of the sentence. As the main idea of the sentence is bartering and price, I think these words mean "the soul's treasure" rather than "the soul's good name." [J.B.M. dissents.]-Schneider and Schanz keep A's Xpvo-ov instead 475 i728 a THE LAWS OF PLATO of the Xpvuorov of 0 and Stobaeus, and rightly, I think. It is not a question of a small "piece of money" (Jowett), or small sum of money, but of an amount of gold, small in comparison with " all the gold on the earth and in the earth," of which we hear immediately. So, at the end of the Phaedrus, Socrates wishes for a certain Xpv(rov rX^j0os. [Clem. Al. Strom. vii. ~ 78, p. 879 quotes Xpwb (Lv p 7rv dTa rov Ew7r& y's KaC v7rb ySjv. J.B.M.] a 5. What was hinted above at c 2, is here expressly set forth: that, for the citizen, the (ideal) lawgiver's enactment is the ultimate canon of morality. a 6. 8&apLOlovuLzevos cT''ry7, " sets down in his list." a 7. It is better to suppose that 0eA7y may, under the circumstances, dispense with av —os av &rEp av would sound awkwardthan to read eOXEL with Peipers. Op. 920 d 3 with Stallb.'s note. Of the passages cited there 873 e 3 rrX'v TwV or-a... Spadais almost parallel with this. a 8. OVK otoEV... tLaLOEcI, "without knowing it, the man, whoever he be, is bringing hideous disgrace upon the majesty of his soul."-OVK OMev, a repetition of dyvoeZ at e 2, and &s 8r 3OKEt at b 7 above, is below expanded and explained by ov8ets Jos r'os Cwrtv XoyiErCTa KTX. b 2. Xeyof1vrqv, "so-called," qualifies the word 8KrV alonecp. 695 a 6 V7o' rqjs Xyopevrqs evoatLuovwas, and 747 c 2 n'v Kakov/Levv7v 7ravovpyTav; so too I believe we ought to explain AeyolEr,)v at Ep. 335 b 4, connecting Xeyo/fevrv OVK o dp 0s ^, ovrv. -What he means by " so-called" he explains below at c 2 if. The ordinary translation-" what is said to be the heaviest penalty for wrong-doing "-involves a contradiction of what follows. If it is generally said to be so, how is it that "no one takes it into account? b 6. Kara ras crvvov-ta' goes closely with 7rpoorKoXkao0af; lit. "by way of their companionships," i.e. "in intimate communion." Schneider wrongly takes it with 8tOKOVTa-" istorum sectans consuetudinem"; and so Wagner, and (in effect) Jowett. An examination of the two contrasted clauses shows that adror-XSra-Oa is balanced by 7rporoKoXXra'Ocat, Peyev by 68tKOVTa, (dyaOovs) avypas by tots 8e; we cannot, therefore, help feeling, as we read, that Kar'a 'ras crvvova'taS is put in to balance Aoyovs: it is in talk that communion mainly consists. (Hence I think Schanz wrong in rejecting Ka6 XEyetv in c 1.) c 2 f. When we call this consequence &KYr, we give it too good a name, for t'Krf is the right treatment of an offender, with a view 476 NOTES TO BOOK V to his reformation-larptKy') yiyveiat 7rov?7p ta,; n' StK-q Gorg. 4 78 d -in a passage where the whole theory of what we may call official punishment is explained on the same lines as here. Plato feels that the Greek language cannot easily express what he means; the nearest he can get to a bad name for punishment is rtikpopa. Perhaps he chooses this because it has in it the suggestion of anger, which the just judge never feels. At Gorg. 525 b and at Prot. 324 a rtquopta is used in a neutral sense, but in both passages we are told that there is a right and a wrong kind of -rt/impta-in the former we read that if a man is SpQOWr TtLMkWPO14L-EVO3 it has a beneficial effect; in the latter, of the man who punishes out of revenge for the crime, it is said [&0rirep O)7ptov aXoy/t'O-T-W TtwaoDpeti-act. On the other hand, at Theaet. 1 77 a 2, the wrong form of Trtp~pta' is spoken of as 8'?. c 3. a&Kialg JK6XvOo01 w7raG, "1a painful consequence of wrongdoing" (Jowett). c 4. 6' TE TVX 'V Kat' )U-q -vy~aVWV: for the remarkable conjunction of the aor. and impf. participles in apparently the same sense cp. below 782 e 1 St' (IV a'peTr4 TE aVTiots a~yo/.kvot3 3,p0(co Kat Toi~vav-noV cL~rofla(VEE KaK()3 a'XOE'tLv.-a`XIkos;: at Rep. 380 b Plato explains that a man is never WAtXos as the result of duly ordained &K1 ('O Se' alkO~to [Le'V Ot L &K-qV 8O'vre., ~?jV Se' 01 8pwOv Tav-7a OEO'3, OVK CaTEQV Xe7YELV T4~ 7rot '-V; at Gorg. 4 72 e 0" acUSLKOV TE KaLt 6 al&KOS vaT(03O) fLE'V clOXLOg QcLOXtW)TCpOS /hEV7tO ea /? 8 LK?7v; this -rqie(pt'a however does leave a man AOAto-g, so it cannot be &KIJ. - 16 iV OVK 1arp~v6/.tevo,, 6 3E, tva eTepot zroXkoi O-p '(Jvrat, cLroXXVILevoS: the worst penalty that can be incurred by the wrong-doer is that he is cut off from the society of the good and incorporated in that of the bad and completely assimilated to them. If he is not so cut off and so incorporated, he is still MLXtog, for the good, among whom he still lives, are likely to get rid of him as an incorrigible villain; this is 6' [0q rvyxa'VWV whose fate is likely to be "destruction," as an example to others (cp. below 8 54 e 7). On the other hand 65 TvxWV1 is a&Okto3 because he does not get the only treatment that would cure him, which is proper punishment. (This interpretation of a most perplexing passage I owe to the late Prof. J. B. Mayor. F.H.D. also takes 61 /9 rvy/Xa'vew to be the man who is put to death (abroXXv/JaEvog), but assumes the words to mean that he is put to death by the law for his crimes; and that the only way a man can avoid the above described penalty is by disappearing from the world. Prof. H. Jackson, on the other hand, holds that the 477 728 c 728 C 728 c TiE LAWS OF PLATO arrangement is chiastic (and so Ficinus), and that 01,-I' r-Vyy.,Cvov (rtLep1'a~) is the man who is said not to be cured "1because he does not get the treatment he wants,"-if he does not get the Tx',a fortiori he does not get 8&Ki-and that Uc1iroXA4tVo.CV' only means that such a man goes hopelessly to the bad, and is a lesson to the rest of the world.) o 6.?cpA'v is a genitival dative, "1our glory." [Dat. of reference, "cin our judgement," J.B.M. and A-M.A.] C 7. VTo(Xr' 0~T W &apturQ ro~ OTE XEZV "1to accomplish this very result" (i.e. T'r /35XTL'o -ycve'r~ctt) "as well as we can." In short, man's true glory consists in choosing the good, and in doing his best to reimedy all remediable eviL C 9. oV' EV'4 ri'Q-spov Ct KTX.: it is the soul's natural affinity with the Good that gives it the value as a K -rpa claimed for it at 726 2 and 727 e 1. This is implied in the statement just made, that the true glory of the soul is the pursuit of the Good, and the rejection of evil. d 3. 8EV'TEpoV: next, that is, to the Good-T" 7rra'roWV &pwo-iov. 1ETUX%, may be gnomic, or may refer to the fact that the order of merit was given on the preceding page; more likely the latter. The Aldine -rtIA- for the MS. i-q o must be right (unless some words are lost, e~g. <')> Trqt <'roae>).-Burnet is the first among modern editors to print irais... vo7goetev as a parenthesis-like that at e I below. (There are difficulties both ways, but perhaps the harshness of taking rvToh6 7E as a restatement Of Tb Tpt"ov is the greater evil.) [J. B.M. dissents, translating "as for the third, every one would consider that this was etc."] d 4. 1 think it is best to take ELJacL to depend on vo 'uctev &v, repeated in thought; so that in effect the sentence is equivalent to: "1everybody will recognize that the natural (and proper) honour paid to the body comes third in importance."-.8' (Lv' "here again." d. 5. WUrL implies that the Ki'/3&JXot are more numerous than the QX71OE5ZR Tqiat'. d 6. p-qL&7Vet 84 puot 4at'VETatL: this curious phrase seems to mean: "as I imagine, he distinguishes them (as follows)." Explanatory asyndeton; as also, is the case with the sentence beginning Ti[,.ov EJva&; but this is so regular after 0'8,E and rotoL(TS that it is hardly noticeable. e 2. TQ' 8' C'V T~j Pa0ft...,upw " but that those bodies which possess all these qualities"(lit. "1the whole of this condition ""to an extent half-way between these two extremes ["1are in the 478 NOTES TO BOOK V mean, being in contact with the whole category" J.B.M.]-are the most self-respecting, and also the safest by far." (Against H. Steph.'s o-w(~povE'o-rEpa and do-4xLXko-rEpa, which Schanz adopts, it should be noticed that there are three things compared, i.e. the two extremes, and the mean.) e 4. ra6 still, I think, means the (two kinds of) bodies, not qualities.-For the doctrine cp. Rep. 4 10 c-e. [Irac =-C"these bodily conditions " J.B.M.]-Xai'vov3, "1puffed up," " conceited." e 6. The second Kai' connects ~owi- wa~r& and T. Ka~raL T. av'. P'. "It is the same way with the possession of money and goods, and it falls under the same scale of valuation." The TLU-EtAJ'-W3 repeats the notion of theT 'ritov of d 7. (We could have dispensed with this Kcd'; Cornarius and Ast actually venture to reject it.)-,rt1L'a-Ews depends rather on (5vOpxk0v than (as Stallb.) on the whole phrase K. r. av'. (5. EX. (Ast makes it depend on W'o-av'Toj, Ficinus and Jowett [and J.B.M.] On KTqJctlS-" et census," and "and distinction.") 729 a 1.- EX OpCL KaLL a-TrWTetg. ra.t's; 7roXCoWt Kat Ma chiasmus; G-Trcw'E4L applies to 7r0XE0-tv and C"XOpa,3 to the individual citizens; 8ouXdtua, in the next line would apply equally to both. cO-Taa would arise between the moneyed class and the poor (cf. below 7 44 d 3 if.); hatred would be felt by a very poor man for a very rich one. Again, both a state with no resources, and a man with no property, would be liable to be brought into subjection. Cp. Rep. 373 d. [J.B.M. contrasts Phaedo 66 c O0Tc1ATEt3 OVESEv aXXo 7rLpE'XEt y1 TO' (Tw'/J.C Ka't at' TovrTov E7rtOv/4taL.] But at Phaedo 66 c he goes on 8t'X-qU 0 KT'qO-tV 7r-cLVT1E30 7OXIEL1o )/yO T 'U SE' XP'/Aa0a aLva)/KaC4)LE6(C KrcWoCL a 2. /) &-q 8qTV9: the asyndeton apes the form of a legal enactment.-For the selection of topics now to be treated-down to 730 a 9-see the -note on 718 c I above. a 4. There is the same reference to the double effect of great wealth-that on the state, and that on the individualas at a 1. a 5. a'KokaKEVTOS2: i.e. so moderate as not to attract flatterers to its possessor; a bold and significant expression, but hard to translate (? "not buzzed about "). There is a similar boldness shown above at 728 e 3 in the application of the adj. a-w~hpovc'orara to the moderately endowed bodies, and in that of the adj. /,LOV0-tKW-rT-q in the next line to ovla-ta. a 6. fAVGLKvWo~d'T-J: the metaphor in this word is continued 479 728 e 729 a THE LAWS OF PLATO in the aovuowvoVo-a and o-vvappA-ri-ovo-a which follow; the word means something lik~e "harmonious." -4id/Zv is an ethic dative. a 7. et' QW0.VT, "generally," i.e. in the case of men of all stations; to be taken with the two preceding participles. [J.B.M. and A.M.A. take it with a&Xvvov.] b 1. a1W^3 7roXX'5v, oi' Xpvcrov: this remark forms a neat transition to what may be regarded as a true member of the series now before us (see on 718 ce1). We are concerned with objects of honour and respect; there is a true sense, he goes on (b 6) to tell us, in which children, who are always being told to pay respect to others, are deserving of respect themselves. (The remarks are not made "per occasionem," as Stalib. would have us believe.) b 3. T'r has a stronger demonstrative force than usual here. Op. 730 c 4.-E4o-TLV Yt'yv6,eVOV is a sententious periphrasis for ytYVEra: "We fancy that we are going to secure this legacy to them by scolding them when they show a lack of it. But modesty is not created by the admonition which people nowadays address to the young, when they tell them that it is the duty of one who is young to show respect to everybody." av. rcia: masc.(So Ritter: Schneider transl. "1omnia.") It is the obj. of alo-TXlv'ero-at, not an attribute of 'rbv velov. b 8. cav-rov: not the ' opwov vo/.toOC'r-q, of course, but the elder to whom the lawgiver gives the advice. The change of number in such a case is not uncommon in Plato. Stallb. cps. Prot. 324 a.-Op. Juv. xiv. 47, with Mayor's note. c 3. 4I a~ Ka' aii-'v "V1simul atque ipsorum " Schneider. c 5. 0'eoAYVCio 0OeiOV Kovwovtav ri&raaV KI-A.: Ruhnken, sY.v ojuoyvtot Oeo4' quotes from Pollux iii. 5 a description of relations as GOewv OAoYvCO)V KOCVWVOL Kat r-g avT7j9 c(TTUas.eEToXot. The following rav'ro{^ 0. at' eXovoav obliges us to take the abstract noun to stand for the concrete in translation: "1all the members who share the, worship of the family gods, and who have the same blood in their veins"11(lit. "1the same natural blood "). c 7. Ruhnken was the first to point out that Stobaeus had in yCVCOXk1ov3 preservod for us the true reading for the curiously perverse yevecr Oat o{ of the MSS. and early editions. The corruption is readily explicable palaeographically. d 1. The subtlety of this wise counsel of humility consists in the selection of the man's own state of mind, and not in his outiward expressions, as the determining cause of his popularity. 480 NOTES TO BOOK V 729d If he really thinks his friend's services to him of more worth and importance than what he does for them, his behaviour to them cannot fail to be conciliatory and void of offence.-ev/Levetg, the MS. reading, has been unnecessarily altered by H. Steph., Ast, Bekker, and the Zurich edd. to e1/eEVeS, which Stobaeus also has. Stallb. refers to 657 d above, and Phil. 45 e, and Schramm also to Rep. 563 c, passages which show that such a phrase as TO yE (f[ov Kal ETatpov is regarded as quite equivalent to rovs ye XtAovs Kal Eiratpovs. d 3. 'KELVOt': sc. qyov7Crat. d 4. avirv '(v 4(\iw)v re KCt irctapov: as far as grammar goes, this gen. might stand either for 9 avrot ot tAXot 8tavoovi-rat (so Schneider and Wagner), or, by brachylogy, for i7 Tas avTwv TWV ()IXOv Xdptlags (Jowett); but the sense of the sentence points to the former interpretation. A is to set a higher value on B's services to him than B himself sets on them, and is also to set a lower value on his own services to B than B sets on them. There is no question of a comparison of service with service. d 5. ToD v'OXvbJLrta(rtv: with TOV we must supply aywvos from the following adyvwv. —" In preference to the Olympian or other contests" is, by brachylogy, for " in preference to conquering at the Olympian, etc." d 7. 3o0y: " Ruhm" (Wagner) is nearer than opinione (Schneider). Plato suggests that glory may be gained by preeminence in more lines than one.-The Ws V7rpeTrKWS... ev T /fit%, which explains &6 V rrTpeo[as seems a rather clumsy addition. Can it be due to a commentator who took 83& to be merely (as Schneider) "in a reputation for "?-It is perhaps not fanciful to see a link between this and the preceding recommendation in the fact that the value of a vwrrpecola is considered in both. e 2. a-yLTTara i'vra, " have a special sacredness." e 3. rw7v $evwv: if the reading Kal elS r. $Ev. is sound, although the rest of the passage dealing with $Evot treats only of offences committed against them, it is better to take $evwv here as a subjective gen. than to make it synonymous with the following ei o01s $evovs. Schn., Wagn. and Jowett can hardly be right in translating rdavTa rTa T('iv $vwv as "all that concerns strangers." In that case the ra would surely have to be repeated before dtaprmqtarTa to make this clear. Besides, ira rwiv,~v(v, in this sense, is not " inseparable from heaven's vengeance." I think it best though to follow F.H.D. who would bracket Ka' el5s Tor'S $evovs as a marginal gloss on the objective gen. $eov. VOL. I 481 2 729e 729 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO e 4. rap6' goes closely with the following ujx2XXov; cp. 74 7 b 5 7apcL T?)v avi-ov 4~-V'GLV E'7rtL&&WTaL. o 7. For- pa2Xov heightening the force of a comparative cp. below 781 a 3, and Gorg. 487 b. Here too it repeats the sound of the previous TI-&,OOVpav 'iov. [J.B.M. takes pa-AXXov with ~SvvcL/Levos here and with Tt/opo'v above at c, 5.] 730 a 1. O' $C'VCOS f'KaGTOW Ki-X.:i.e. whether it were a 8at(/AV or a Oe Os who in any particular case had the $Evog under his protection, they were all ministers of ZEi', $&EVtlO. a 4. 7rpo' TO TE'Xos ai'. wop.: op. Rep. 330 d 4 ff.-$EmKC'V Kca Or. a/. We have the same bold use of these adjectives below at b 2 in $EvtKc T-E Kat E~twt OltA4buai-a. a7. & vx{v MSS., but in A there are two marks before the word standing for two missing letters. Badham. ingeniously suggested that aLITEi-VXEV Was the original reading. (So Schanz.) cWrIETrX(EV op. would mean, I think, not "failed to sec-ure the fulfilment of a promise of safety," but simply "1failed to secure"1 such a promise. This directly states the offence which brings down the God's vengeance, and directly explains the fate of the suppliant. The reading EIVXEV op,. leaves it to be inferred that the promise was broken, and seems, in so far, inferior, as a direct representation of what happened. b 1. Possibly in this enumeration of the subjects just dealt with, i4 irep't Zav-rov refers to the honouring of the soul, and T- IXrEpL TCL EaVTVo to the proper regard to be had to one's body, and one's property. Ritter holds that i-a irept eav-o'v includes the body as well as the soul.-It seems better to take the Ta6 at the beginning of b 1-which also goes with 7r.Ep't Iro'XkV TIE a 4 K. o-vy. and with $,(VLKa i-E Kat EfrLX.-With 0'/tXq'ai-a, than to make 6'j. agree 6nly with $EVtKcLTE Kat E7r. Op. above 718 a 8, where 0&palrEvi4ai-a went with irp01 EK7YOVOVS Ki-X. as well as with $EVLKJ. The position of 0'izA?'yai-a is also in favour of so taking it. b 3. 70oZ3 T-3 WY aiT0i-: as Ritter says, there is a want of clearness in the arrangement of the subject matter here. This passage, down to 732 d 7, might well be described as directions for the real hontouring of the soul, and would seem to be more in place, after the description of the kinds of false honouring of the soul given in 727 f. or as an amplification of the rOZes 6JPIEVOO-V V'reco0at in 728 0 6. The ostensible ground of the division is that the qualities here praised depend not on law, but on public opinion for their sanction. Also the virtues here, to be described are spontaneous-not the result of external restriction. 482 NOTES TO BOOK V73b 73o b b5. 6cr ' "i. y.bTp7E-rat MSS., A'0 riv...cx. S tobaeus. The early edd. read oc'u aiv oiv'l... adwrEpy4a'C1E-rc. Ast makes two suggestions: (1) to read, ocr' liv,r1EpYaCp-qat, and (2) 'o-oa cL7CpcLETat. Most recent edd. adopt (1), Schanz and Burnet rightly adopt (2). Stobaeus's oi'v is doubtless due to a wish to remove the asyndeton, which is of the ordinary explanatory kind. The a'v of the MSS. is most likely due to the a of Jo-a coming before a I-c, which might well be mistaken for a p, and, by a further mistake, read twice. IRitter suggests that perhaps 6'o-eW I-L v o'jo (io-Tt) was the original reading. Schmidt's 8'&, aiv /w Vo 0o3, which Hermann adopts, does not give the right sense at all. It is here pointed out that the matters now dealt with are such as do not fall to the law, but to the preface-Cp. above 7 28 d 6-and &~v ltc-q vo~tco3 throws this idea into the background. -The salutary and educative force of public opinion, as directed by the wise lawgiver's apportionment of praise and blame, has been repeatedly appealed to. Cp. e.g. 7 27 c, 6 31 e. b 6. For E~?JVtIv,3 (MSS.) the early edd. have ElW~t-K0O, "1manifestum germanae lectionis glossema," Stallb. b 7. txea'K rovro: a repetition of the Ex-OfLkEV0TOY 1oT1- In b 4. c 1. a'X-q&Eta. a.cv~pcw6ots: this oft-quLoted utterancewhich may well stand beside Achilles's grand words at Di. ix. 312 f.-ii said to have been borrowed from the Pythagoreans. Cf. Porphyr. Vit. Pyth. p. 41 TocaV^Ta riapiiv1c /LcWc-Ta 6' ccX V'qEtvec Iroc-ro yap 1,covov &vvau-aracIoi') aJvopct~rovs 7r~cEW OE~6 rapawrX-ujc'ov3. C. i77lk a ovo a72a1,an independent optative of exhortation; op. also 8 71 b 4 and 9 17 a 1. It gives an antique form to the expression. StafltoZ is opt. by attraction. Both optatives find analogies in Ar. Vesp. 1431 i'p8oC Ttg -q)V E'KaoTTOS E,0 'rExv~qV. (Ast would insert aly here.) c 4. 8' 8E': the article has a strong demonstrative force, like the To" at 729 b 3. " That man is untrustworthy, to whom, etc." The conjunction of 7rtuo-'3c and Q&7tGrO'3 Makes it read as if 81 pi'v yap wwrt0-0 had preceded. C 5. 6'Tp 8c' ca'oivcrto (#'Ei 8o3 q)A.ov 'ucr-v): i.e. the man who does not mind (or who cannot help) being mistaken-who would as soon hold a false opinion as not. For the distinction between TO W5 dXsOc ~bei^og-the lie in the mind and the spoken lie, see Rep. 382 a if. Cf. also Hipp. Mmn. 372 af-vo~ dta7~ avota, J/=01'a are used by Plato very much as fool and folly are used in our version of the Psalms and Proverbs; there is moral as well as intellectual condemnation in the words. Cp. e.g. 689 a, 483 730 C 730 CTHE LAWS OF PLATO and b, Soph. 228 d 4, t/v'v.v aLpa avi'npov acdoXpQ'V Ka'I LaLETPOV c 6. Schanz is, I think, right in adopting Hermann's T-C for -/E. The same man is not supposed to have both faults, and both are declared to be prejudicial. e 8. 7ra'aav, " complete"; so c4olpow-Tqa... wrao-av at Phaedr. 2 53 c 1,I ~-7ca'-9 biropta, at Soph. 2 50 d. This comes very near the use noticed on 637 a 3, and elsewhere, for "1all kinds of."KaT-EOKEVacraO V-: gnomic d 1. OXE86v 610w'pot: iLe. he has estranged his friends, and even his children-if he has any-and it is all one to hirm whether they are alive or not; he is absolutely alone. d 2. Next in honour to regard for truth, as a necessary social characteristic, comes eagerness for public service-an active, or aggressive form of virtue-first as shown in combating J&8Kta. E3LKatorv'v-) is eminently a social virtue; but, as we read at e 1 if., even a-o-~pocn'vy and 4~po'v-qo- have their social aspects, inasmuch as they can be communicated to others. d 4. E'KE1'vov: we have a similar gen. after 8twXka'ao3 below at 743 a 6; only here it is by brachylogy for Tr'?j3 E'KEW'OV T/L -wo0XXw^V dV~a$&og eTEpwv: as we have seen above, this Homeric phrase is a favourite with Plato. Here he means that the righteous man multiplies the value of his own righteousness every time he helps to make another man righteous by checking him in wrongdoing. d 5. 1%jiqv'v: Stalib. quotes (from Stob. xliv. 40), from the socalled 7i-poot'1.La v6'/iwv of Charondas, a similar injunction. d 6. crvYKokaCov: this active co-operation with the magistrate is the crowning development of social 8t~atoo-6vq. -6 PEyag av-qp: for the article with a predicative adj. cp. Menex. 248 a 4 oz~ro~g ECTltLV W' KaitL 'T3O Q6upe2o3 Kcal ~p'vtp~o', and Aeschin. llept 7rrapairp-fld'as 267 Ka~t TO'V KaX'OV rrTprUTCrqV 1Eb ewo'paao-cv. It has almost the force of putting the adjective into the superlative. Cp. below 732 a 2 -rov y/e,ILyav &v~pa E30-011LEVOV. Cp. St. Matthew v. 19. d 7. Schanz and Burnet rightly put a comma after n-'Ek~os (and so Stob. i. 95 ed. Meineke, but not at ix. 55). Other editors either put no comma, or else put one after avayopEv1o-Oo.w.-The Emperor Julian, in quoting this passage, has dJpEI-is. This is, no doubt, a possible construction, and the gen. is analogous to that after VuMip-"pta ke'peav-e.g. at 964 b 4-and Schanz adopts it in his text. At 953 d 5 we have Tc-v VtK-p~opuWV Tw~W'u3Er adpEr —, and 484 NOTES TO BOOK V73d 73o d Ast puts in E'w' here. But the simple dat. of all the MSS. is also a possible construction, on the analogy of the dat. with vLmaL-v 856c8 rTjV X WXOEL VLKWG-UV, Menex. 247 a Q`v IIV VtKOJ/LEV V/A(Xg xPET-. e 2. KE'KT1)Tat: Schanz, in his preface, expresses his belief that, though good MSS. vary on the point, the reduplicated form was never used hy Plato except after a word ending in a vowel (cp. Lach. 192 e 7rXE'ov E'Kr-270-EIat-5o Burnet with B and WV for T's 7rXEoVEKT 'G-E1-at). e 3. 8vvaT 'a ayL" JLoVov LV'TO'V E"XEtV JXkcL Kait aAUot3 /xEi-a~t86oYu, "6which admit, niot only of a man's having them himself, hut of his imparting them to others." An extraordinary "stretch" of the application of 8vvaTr6s, due to the Greek preference for the personal rather than the impersonal construction. Cp. Bep. 521 a EortL o-ot 8vvaTi -yEvf'o-Oat 7w6Xtg IEi' o'K0V/J~EVq, IPhaedo 90 c Xko'OV 8vvaTov' Karcwo-qo-atl Xen. Anab. iv. 1. 24 ai'TO-?s 3' E'frq -q-/qacrEo-OCL 8,vvaT')V KaL' V'7ro~vyioL3 ropEV-Eo-Oat 0O80v. There is a similar stretch, and personification in our familiar "1 easy to read," "4good to eat." Cp. above on 663 e 1 for a similar "1pregnant " use of &vvau-Oat. (There is not the slightest ground for emending, with Schanz, to o'o-a... Tt3 &v'varat... avrTNs 'EXELV, or with Apelt, Eis. Prog. 1910, to change Svvard' to 8f'ov av'Tc.) e 4 if. -r6V 11aEV... ',IE'7etv: it is easier to picture to ourselves the three types of men here described in the case of 4po'v'qau than in that of oawopoo-Vrpq. It is hard to imagine a man who would grudge to others the possession of the latter characteristic, while having it himself.-[J.B.M. suggests that a man who prides himself on his good manners, and wishes to keep them for his own set, is a case in point.] All this disquisition on social duty is an explanation of what was meant at 701 d 9 by saying that a community ought to be ~WiX-q E'aVTq. e 5. Ast would read E'OE'Xovia &E c8piv, &I1E'Tpov; Stall~b., keeping the MS. reading, says we ought to Supply Ttl~av after 'a-v. It is best to keep E'iiv &i-r'EPOV, and to translate "1leave him in the second class" QKPO9 is "first-class," cp. Polit. 292 e aiKpot 7reTrrvrat. 73I a 2. Jarq~dCfeV: depreciation of the "1precious jewel" savours of the ill-nature which makes " the toad ugly and venomous.") a 3. /O00vws3: the desire to rise by the detraction of others (a 5) not only takes away all merit from the "informer," hut vitiates all the efforts he may make towards excellence himself. 485 ,THE LAWS OF PLATO We may notice that it is implied that such a desire is likely to prompt false accusations (a 8 r(S J&KO),byrs l) a 6. 8d~v olo4fLEvos Vw-,EpE`XEtv, "fancying that he is gaining credit." -ot'/Aa &Et elvcu, from meaning "I think it must be," passes to the meaning "1I fancy that it is." Op. Rep. 535 a 9, and Alc. If. 144 d 8 146Gb 5, where (i) otj'71,qvat 8SL'V -qLa^3 ELSE'vaL is replaced at 14 6 b 9 by (aT& 018,OIEV 804SKE-t Ei8E'vat. In other words &6'v is becoming redundant. Cp. below on d 5. [J.B.M. interprets it-" fancying that his only way to win is by running down others," ije. that &. ol. v~. means "1thinking that he has got to."] b 1. iai4Lv/XaoTTov 7-ouWV =" crippling." b. v ~aVTrO JM'p01, "as far as he is concerned " J.B.M.] b 4. W' 6',ritm',ktX-Ta emphasizes the injunction to mercy, as being the more necessary one.-XuXEwda, "1dangerous." b 6. p~a~ojuvov and aLvvOfAEvov are subordinate to VtKw)'rva. Op. above 638 d 5 ToV I.- XIWAE0V aVTi OP(O/EV VLKWVTaLg,_taXopu~vovs, 699 b 6 Tr VLKCY)0C /LCaXofLE1'ov,.-T6, I.L718EVp cdvtEvat "inflexibly." ci. T& 8': SC. ~Kj~r. This is an adverbial neut. acc.; "as to the sins of all those who, tc-T V roiot: of this demonstrative use of the article when followed by a relative Ast gives, besides ten instances from the subsequent books of the Laws, others from Epin. 9 7 4c, Phil. 2 1c, Prot. 3 2 0d, Soph. 24 1e, Rep. 4 6 9b, 5 i 0a, cf. also Theaet. 168 a. Except at Theaet. 168 a and Laws 761 e and 871 e the relative is always &j-oOS or 062r0ro3.-For aiZ TVv Stob. and A have ai'T Wiv (acc. to Burnet)-Schanz says A has av~'irv-a curious mistake which the other MSS. seem all to have escaped.iar' is ace. with '8&Ko^ t understood. c 2. EKw6V) "1deliberately," or "1with his eyes open" i.e. he fails to see the intrinsic connexion between misery and wrongdoing. This, in effect, was called at 689 a -) EaXdr'Tq ajlaOt'a. So at 663 b f~ the error of thinking that Tr "& ca vr be separated from T'r 8 'Kcuov is partly explained and clearly condemned. There, and at Rep. 5 89 d, this doctrine-the Kern des Socratismus, as Gomperz calls it (C/c. Den/c. ii. 53)-is defended on the ground that no man who thoroughly -understood where his own interest lay could possibly be persuaded to go in any other direction; and so it is defended here. c4. KIEKT-j1o togA2added an iota above the line to the -q of A's KEKT-qTO, all the other MSS. and Stob. and all the editions up to Ast have KIEKT?71~o. Ast notices the mistake in his noteprobably after reading Elmsley on Eur. Heracl. 283. c 6. The omission of the seventeen letters -rov f'V OiZV Tr TtqiLc1a'486 NOTES TO 1300K V73 731 C in A is a striking instance of a common transcriber's error; from One TtJtW~L~ia- his eye strayed to the other. c 7. f aXAa'... C'<Ow, "4you are bound to pity the wrongdoer just as much as any other sufferer." An idiomatic use of 7e Ka t; cp. above on 7 30 c 6. d 1. E'YXWopC: this way of putting it suggests that the rightminded man will want to pardon all wrongdoers. d 2. Kcat fLTJ... 8WITEXCEV, "1instead of storming away like an angry woman "; a'KpaXoko'Vi-a is subordinate to 77TLKpatvVOMEVOV and 1vvaLKIEL'W3 qualifies the latter. d 3. d'Kpa'TWIR, " thoroughly," rather than "1immoderately"1 as Wagner (masslos), though at 773 a, and Phil. 64 e the contrast with Tr' o-v'1q~erpov gives cLKpaTO13 the meaning of excessive, immoderate. There is no reason, with Ast, to emend to a'VtJ&FW~o which would be merely a repetition of what has been said before: "thoroughly and incorrigibly disorderly and vicious." d 4 f. HI. Steph. would reject either 7wpe'weiv or 8dEv. Astiin his note, would read EL' 72-prEt7E for lrpE7ruE-this would make EKacr-o-Te superfluous-but he takes the right view in his Lex. when he says that 8EWv is redundant, as it is below at e 3 after pOJPW^ E"XEt and at Rep. 473 a, 486 d, and 535 a-ot'o-v ~SCEL CKkCKTrCa9 Etat. (Stalib. here, and Adam at Rep. 535 a, hold that both the SC&v and the other expression have their full force.) The redundancy is conversational, and similar to the slovenly English "1I should have liked to have seen." [J.B.M. woufd prefer to omit JEtcL, and take 71rpE7TEtV to mean "to be conspicuous as."] d 5. Ei."KOrs:TOT the distributive use, "9as occasion demands"; so at 801 a 6 TroF1 OCOF1 oT1 OVO(LAEV EKaO-1-OTE. d 6-e 5. 7wdvrwv..~ aorroi-sE, "but there is a fault of the soul more serious than any other-one whieh most men are born with, which nobody thinks so seriously of as to try to get rid of it; and that is that which people mean when they say that everybody is naturally dear to himself, and that this [law of nature] is quite right. Whereas it is in reality the source of all kinds of sins that men commit from time to time, just because they are too proud of their own selves." Plutarch paraphrases this whole passage, at the beginning of his treatise Quomodo Adulator) etc. Wyttenbach, in his commentary on Plutarch, suggests that Plato had in mind Eur. Fr. 460 (Nauck) CKEL'VO -y ap 7rE7TovO' 05WE/J 7ra'TIES OT 4~LXOwV p-a',ktrT' 4tavVT0' OV'K aloXlvYo/Lcat. (Cp. also Cyqclops 334.) Cp. Arist. Rhet. i. 1371 b 19 avay/K7q 7~raVTI 4&Xa~rv'T E&vUL' /uiXo UkO 'T-ov, and Ar. Pot. ii. 1263 b 2 6 SC' 4htXaVT-OV ElvCLL 487 TME LAWS OF PLATO tyE~rat LK&Kc'Co; where Ar. explains that it is the excess of selflove that is bad. e 3. For the redundant &EZv see above on d. 5. (Ast and Stalib. say that To &iEv stands for "1the saying that it ought " or "1the idea that it ought"11; and H. Steph. actually proposes to insert X"Eyetv after ro-&-J.B.M. translates the SE~v by the words given above on a 6. (Ought we possibly to read ToeS dvat for r-~ 8SEtLv eliaai?) -i-s S': possibly "1whereas "-the adverbial use; cp. on 6 30d 8, and Apol. 23 a, where Trd 0"VTC follows TZ 8& just' as JX-9OEt'aL does here; cp. also above 642 a 3. But perhaps it is better to take To' as a demonstrative as J.B.M. suggests.-The words 8to' req'v G-'k~Upa EeavTov btMkav are added pleonastically. There is a conversational confusion between "1it is at the bottom of all kinds of faults," and "1all kinds of faults occur because of it." (This is perhaps better than to suppose these words spurious, though they do look rather like a marginal explanation.) e 5. This is a neat application of the proverb "1Love is blind".-" no love," he hints, "1is so blind as self-love." 732 a, 1. r'o avroi3 is vaguer than any corresponding English expression; it stands for "1what he himself has, or is, or does, or says."-wrpo' rovy aU-0oi^3.: i.e. he does not ask first what is the real nature of a thing, but whether it is his or not. He feels bound to respect anything that is his own, more than "1the real thing," as we might say. a 2. TO'v fL'yav l ve~pa: cf. 7 30 d 6. a 6. eSG1EV KT-X., "cand in consequence of this notion, when we know little or nothing 'we think we know everything, and, instead of getting others to do things which we can't do, we incur inevitable disaster by trying to do them ourselves." b 3. r'v C'avroi^ f&ekrt'wv &AAKECV: a similar precept to that which tells us, at 728 c, -rotis acqxe`oo-w &~e09XL. Cp. Theaet. 168 a KatL ITE I-LEV &SLO'$OlTaLL Ka't qnX'ijcovcrev, av'ToU'1 8E' OOW-q'T0VrV U 4evkv'rcVa Q4'( E'aVT(JJV EIS o-o~v Schanz (followed by Burnet) is doubtless right in adopting the reading mE or&i Stob 9 has aEl, though at xxiii. 18 he has &Z~ in quoting the same passage. b 4. /1LJ&/L8EjcLv ahrOXV'V-V 7 rpo'crOEv 7rOtov/IevoV: cp. 648 d To~ T?7 at0-Xvvq3 &Evr~poo(0-OEV irotovi4evog. He must not let shame come between him and his purpose. To be ashamed of inferiority is one of the consequences of excessive love of self.-,Eirt TYe TrOOV~r) may mean "1(shame) at such a course," i.e. at the accepting an inferior position, or "1at such a fact," i.e. that he is inferior. b 6. The parallelism between Cr/ULKpOTepaL MJCV TOVTvr and 488 NOTES TO BOOK V 732 b Xp^orqta 8e' rov'rw o3VX vrTTov forbids us to follow Stallb. in removing the comma after T'rrov and placing it after 6e.-X- yetv EavrTv dvaJLfLvyo'4Kovra, "repeat by way of reminding oneself of them." (The "Vere de Vere repose" is only to be secured by constant self-reminders.) b 7. rovvavf[ov = " by a movement in the opposite direction "; not, as Wagner, "auf der entgegengesetzten Seite."-The subj. to E7rtppeLv would be auro, supplied from rLvos.-Plato here, using language especially suggestive of the ebb and flow of the tide, appeals to the law of Nature expounded at Phaedo 7 2 a b, according to which (yevc'Eo being always from opposite to opposite) all change "goes in a circle," now this way, now that. Cp. what he says about action and reaction at 676 b 9-c 4, and at Rep. 563 e 8; cp. also the adaKvKArno-t' spoken of at Pol. 269 e. b 7 ff. This passage should, I think, be stopped with a full stop after dvatLYvrI-cKova, and colons (or possibly commas) after e7rtppElv and d7roeLErrovo'0-l, to mark avauluv...r. aroA. as a parenthesis. The W-r7rep does not go naturally with the gen. abs. The construction is like that at Rep. 330 c tcr7rep pap... dya7rr-tv, ~aVTd TE j.....rovadovotv.-8-t 8' Xpr-a conversational brachylogy (so Stallb.) for "and that is why I say (everybody) ought"-"resumes" wirwep yap.. 3E, and 8' introduces what we may call the second premiss of the argument. He founds the need of his injunction upon the natural law of "action and reaction," as exemplified in avadlvro-t s (for which cf. Phil. 34 b). c 2. 7rapa-yyXeXetv must have an object inf. supplied: " urge everybody else so to do." Badham's oXArv <7rrdLv> and Schanz's rrarav KaM oXrlv - reptXapelav alter the construction and make rretparoOat depend on rrapayyAXXtv; this arrangement, though it gets rid of a slight difficulty-that of the want of an obj. to 7rapayyEiXEtv —does more harm by obliterating the correspondence between yeXortwv rE e'pyecrOat and Kal GdX. repLX. ad7roKp. EVe(X. 7retpao-Oat, i.e. between the particular and the general repression of emotion. c 4 ff. KaTa Tre...Trpaeo'-, "whether each man's destiny is steady and fair" (lit. "established in prosperity "), "or it chance that men's destinies find themselves face to face with certain undertakings as with a high steep hill." e.... Ka is sive... sive.-For EKaCo'rov cf. Phaedo 107d 6 EKa'crov 8atuOv, and Rep. 620 d cKaOidr ov e'Xero Salltova.-Kara rTvXa is "in the course of Fortune's changes."-The contrast is between a steady run of good fortune, and a period of strenuous fighting with obstacles. Most 489 732C 732 CTHE LAWS OF PLATO interpreters take &az/,p'Yvw to denote an external opposing foreas if a man's Genius sometimes helped, and sometimes hindered him. It seems better to suppose the Genius to be so closely identified with the man as to share his difficulties, as well as his good fortune. At Tim. 90 a Plato calls each man's soul his Sat4iCov. The language in both cases is poetical and, to a certain extent, metaphorical.-The change to the plur. (8atq~&Ovcov), after E'Ka'ITOi', is a quite common variety of expression. v1iXag may mean fate in a sinister sense, but -not, by itself, misfortune. This is against Zeller's proposal to translate Kc. -r. by "1auf die Seite des Ungliicks," and omit o'Zov... pa$,Erwt as a "Glossem." Schanz adopts Zeller's MEO&-qcrt, avoiding the above-.mentioned difficulty by reading, with Badham, KaTr' JL1TVXtca. —Badham further remodels the passage by excluding 8at1L0vew and reading d'v~ura'rAc4vov.It is a hard passage. [J.B.M. inclines to Badh.'s KaT' di-rvXtas.]) c 6if. To'... dyaOotcn..E. aTTOV3 WrOtLqTELY, "will alleviate (the toils) by the blessings." (Schneider cannot be right in making Qay0ta~ocr maso., ad translating a' &ope'-rat "per en quiae largitur.") d 1. I think i-div 7rapSvToWV is neut., "1their present lot "so Ficinus praesentict; most interpreters supply ro'vov with 7rapovi-v. d 2. With pZETafloXa6, we must supply 7wot'a-ev from the preceding clause.7rlEpt S~ Ta ayaOa& T V'y13 "while as for their good things, they must hope that, by God's good help, entirely the opposite of this (diminution) will always happen to them."-The change from the singular (diwo0Kpv7T04LEvov) to the plur. (ai'ToL-) was really made when 8capu0vow in c 6 was substituted for 8at4Lovo3. (TaL EvaV~ta TOV'TeV IS generally taken to be in apposition to Ta& aya~a'; but this-as Peipers (p. 100) says-is a very- weak addition; besides, Ta& EVaV'ra wcaV~ra makes a much better subject to rrapaycvijae-caLOa than 7ravr-a referring back to -WEpl Tr& Jya6J'.7ra~Vra Ta EvaVkta is a plural variety of wraV T0ovaVTL`ov.-The first of these objections to the ordinary interpretation would be obviated if, with Peipers, we rejected i-& J-ya6a, or placed it after w-apayEv?7ro-OaL0a-but not the latter.) d 4. Tav6Tat'3 Tat, eXikrwa and T'ra; ioiV'70/MjCreot 7. T~. T. may be described as "1datives of effective accompaniment" TaV'TaLS goes with both. d 5. /Aq8)Y 4,EL&4Evov, "without any relaxation of effort."KaLTa TE 7raIt&a\ Ka&\ orrov&~a, "whether in work or play." d 6. J~Jt%'q-0T ETEPOV TE KaLL ECLUT~v cra~5&3 is a repetition of E'avr. dvap~v. at b 6 and rrapay-y'A6XXtv &E 7ravTit 7Q'VT' &oa at 490 NOTES TO BOOK V 732 d c 2. In general these recommendations are an injunction to have faith in the beneficence of Providence —" JLj fItepqvare." d 8 f. The ExT86-,evfaTa are those described from 726 to 730 a 9. The rrotov tnva Xpewv etvac has been dealt with from 730 b 1 to 732 d 7. e 1. Hermann rightly altered the MS. av'rov to av'rov. e 2. The arguments used to recommend certain conduct under both heads are described as Oeia because the religious motive and the religious sanction have been appealed to throughout. What follows (ra avOp(J7rtva) is an appeal to a man's own interests. e 5. ( iv.... eytlorais, "to which you may say no single mortal creature can help being bound by ties of closest and most complete dependence." o-rovsais denotes, not the "eager interest" (Jowett) which we take in these matters, but the serious, vital nature of their influence on us. e 7. o' T ' o~(TxJLart KpaCTEC TWpS EV8ot'av: i.e. such high ground as this is what we have been taking in discussing the religious aspects of conduct; the motives now appealed to are lower, and concern, not our reputation, but our comfort. 733 a 1. For as "on the ground that," "because of" cp. Gorg. 509 e 2, 512 c 2, Tim. 58 b 2. There is no need, with Stallb., to say that it is used "perinde ac si AE'yeLv antegressum sit." a 2. vEos dv: this is a hint that youth is the time when we are most in danger of being blind to the advantages of a virtuous life. Like the Preacher's "in the days of thy youth," too, it implies that devotion to virtue is more valuable and efficacious then, than at a later time. a 6 if. The words from the first TOKO07WE to the second O'KOTrev t —ET E... -KOT7rEl —were omitted in the first four printed editions, though Ficinus translated them. They were first printed by Stephanus. Probably he read them in the Venice MS. E, for this MS. seems to be the only one which has his Se after the first ftov in a 8. This 86, which remained in Ast, Herm. and the Ziir. ed., led to the placing of a full stop after wrapa ov%-tv, and this punctuation survived the expulsion of the 8e. Burnet was the first to substitute a comma for this full stop; and he also placed a colon after the first O(rKOrelv, where previous edd. had either put a comma, or no stop at all. Burnet's reading may be rendered, "but what is the right way to appreciate it? That is what the Argument has now got to teach us to see: we must compare one life with another, the more pleasant with the more painful, and ask, in the following way, whether in such and 491 733 a 733 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO such a case (o4-rw-) it " (i.e. the life) "Isuits our nature, or, in another case (a&Xkws) it does not suit it." The investigation that follows reaches the comverse of the conclusion stated at Tim. 81 e: 7raiv ~p To [LEv 7rCapL cVxrtv a',YIECVov, TO' 8' " 7r'-4VKE -ItYVOIEO (Ritter's objections to 7rapa 4nv'ortv seem to me to be invalidated by taking-as above-,EL'-E... EtI~e as dependent on 0-Ko~rEdVcp. Phaedr. 275 C oV' )/GIp E'KEZVO ILLOVOV O-KO7rEV3, ETE OVT(0U' E1CTE a~k~kw EXEt-and by taking flt'o as the subj. of 7rEcf~vKE. He treats oiirog and a`XXwg as the emphatic words, and KaETa' icvr nv as a colourless amplification of 7m'bVKE; also, I conclude that he, and former interpreters, either take 7We'/VKE as impersonal, or make,7 OPop'ocqg its subject.) b 1. Tb YJ-q8CETCpoV, "what is neither pleasure nor pain." (This, ae. to Epicurus, is "1the chief good.") b 2 if. From 'Sov^, to the second /Ltet~ovog was omitted in the first four printed editions (but again not by Ficinus), but Cornarius, whose translation appeared with the fourth of them (Basil. 2) discovered the omission. b 5 f. I'o-a... Staow-afE~v, " we could give no positive reason for desiring a mixture in which both these two ingredients were in equal quantity." No doubt, however, if it were, a question of choosing this mixture in place of one where Xi'7r- predominated, there would be a reason for so choosing it-juist as T'0 tq8&E'Tpov was declared above to be preferable to Xi')wij. This is in fact stated below at c 6 if. b 6-c 1. Ast objects that 7rp'o floiiArjo-t and r-pt' acpfo-tv say the same thing twice over, and holds that the words vpo"s atpeortv CKaO-TGV were originally placed either before or after, E$ aVdyK'q in the next sentence. Schanz would reject 7rpo's PoiXA-gwt. Burnet, by putting a comma after /3oV'Xqo-tv-i.e. taking the words with E'vavri'a-provides them with a construction. At b 1 we had a distinction made between a' pol EsOa~ and /3ovX'4eOa, and at 734 c 1 fliS ot ndapeo-ir are bt used. Here, indeed, both are needed for the sense, which is, that what incites or repels desire, decides the choice. We may translate Ccall these objects of choice are either preferable or not " (lit. "1 are superior or not in respect to the choice of each several object ") in virtue of frequency, of amount, of intensity, or again of equality of composition, or in virtue of qualities which are the opposite to such as I have named in their appeal to desire " (i.e. by being few, small, or feeble). Ast is right, I think, in saying that IraIy8cv 8ta0Ep0Vi-a are-not objects of dislike, but-what 492 NOTES TO BOOK V 733 b Aristotle would have called va' aJ&Ja'opa. Plato means thatwhile desire may be excited by strong motives or by weak-if the objects of desire and repulsion are equally mixed in any life, or in any object of choice, such an object will not be chosen. o 1-6. We have not yet come to the consideration of the case where a neutral object is placed side by side with a positively repulsive one (for that cf. c 8 if.). We are now dealing with the measurable amount of pleasure or pain; and he goes on to remind us that when a life contains amounts of both, we must decide by the preponderance of one or the other. And so he leads up to the pronouncement that, though e.g. the vehemence of a pleasurable emotion is in itself desirable, a situation, or a life, in which pleasure is feeble, is preferable to one in which the pleasuLre is intense, if in the latter case the pleasure is overbalanced by concomitant pain, whereas the feeble pleasure is not so overbalanced. o 7. KU aOr-Ep eV ToL3 rrpo'rYEv: i.e. just as we did above (at b]1) in considering the case of -ro I~q,a'q8rfpoV. c 8. It seenis clear to me that iRitter is right in reading v~rrEpflaXk~ov~a here. (Ast had suggested i-tv p-E'v v'7rEp/3akoA~vTa 'r..Tv 8' ai'.) Plato says: "1The life of equipoise, as surpassing the one class-i.e. those lives where pain predominatesin the possession of what we like, we desire; but, as surpassing the other class in what we dislike, we do not desire it." E.g. where pain is 5 and pleasure 5, there is, in effect, more pain than where pain is 5 and pleasure 6, and also more pleasure than where pain is 6 and pleasure 5. (Prof. Burnet, for reasons which he has kindly communicated to me, prefers to retain the MS. V'7Ep/3aXX6'vTwv. He finds in tbe -q,1z'V KaiTo. qnitv and rrapa' 4~vo-tv of a 7 f., and specially below in the T6 ot',ov a'jac Ka'U q'81' of e 1, a suggested distinction between what is -qiSv generally, and what is 1-'Sv to the individual by being specially adaptable to his nature. Thus there may be, he holds, a kind of V'7Ep/ioX' even in the L' To-6ppowo~s/3[os;. He, construes (c 8 if.) W6R TrWV pEV (SC. Tiiv q'8,E'v) v(; /'Xy '1.tJv i'riEpf3aXkO'VrwJV,... r(Ov 8' aiZ (sc. r(#v kv Xrrp('Jv) 7-tOIS eOpoZ3 (,q/AW V'riepf8aXX0'VTeV).) d 2. et, ro~vrov fV8rEepeVOt (wrcbiiKao-tV), "are shut up, (by nature) to these alternatives"; a repetition, in other words, of OVO VTTGW V '~yK~q 8caKEKOO7Ir-qLEVG)V c 1 f. d 3. Stallb. proposes to reject 8et' 8tavoE~o-OaIt at c '7. It does seem out of place here. I suspect, though, that we ought not simply to dismiss it, but to substitute for it StatpE66-Oat, or possibly 8e6i 8tatpJ~rOat: "1we have got to explain (on these principles) 493 THE LAWS OF PLATO which lives nature bids us desire." IFor this use of Statp,6oOat cp. 647TclI. d 4. By T-a"Va he means the same limits or conditions as by 1oiVToiR in d 3 if. If, that is, we say that we are guided in our desires by any other consideration than that of the preponderance of pleasure, it must be because we know nothing of the world. d 7 if. I follow all editors but Badham and Schanz in adopting the first-hand correction of A's Ji'vre-p to i6v 7t~pL; it is a correction evidently made from A's original, anld riot out of the~ scribe's head.-I also accept Burnet's sagacious 'O~fTy-q&rt of E'KOV'CflOV oJX80~ i-V C Kat; it looks exactly as if some presumptuous scribe had doubted the possibility of using diKO0OL',rov as the opposite of PoiA-Xiyrov; besides, it greatly overweights the article To'. - The accumulation of participles - ~rpoeX0v/,EV0Vv, ~S14Tra, Ta~a/jLevov, EXo4LEvov-makes the sentence clumsy, as read. The intonation of the speaker is wanted, to put each into its place The participles, L'&0vra and raca'/1fLVoV convey the main ideas; i.e. it is they which depend on &F. "What lives, and how many lives are there, between which when a man selects, on a review of the desirable and the undesirable, he ought to make this consideration into a law for himself, and so, picking out what not only he likies, and -finds pleasant, but also is best and noblest, lives the happiest life he possibly can?7" e 1. I am strongly inclined to accept Badham's ingenious l'St~v -itva for icVra; it relieves us of one participle, and makes an apposite qualification of vc4lLov. (Against his rewriting of the previous words-~virEp eZ' 7rpoEXO' IEVOV T'V floi9'Ap-q4v T- K(Xt EKOVCrtWV c4,3oVX7)i-AV TE KOt CLKoVOLwv —it is to be urged that all along it is the particular thing in the, life, not the life itself that has been spoken. of as the object of desire; here, in particular, we are said to make ourselves a law out of such preferences as will guide us in the choice of a life.)-T'o 44X'ov ajW Ka -q3i I take to be a sort of explanation and resumption of the phrase i-4 44Xov -qp v used at d 1. e 3. bivpwrzov MSS. I feel sure that Plato wrote d4v0ped'rWV here.-Cp. 637 a 1 KUXXUtT-i' JvOp66ri-ov and 729 e I wraVT-ew i<UXXLOYT aJv~pW'7-wv. - The 7rpOEo/Ew'Avov in d 7, to which we naturally supply i-tVa, is not helped by the distant GOvponzov. e 6. o-o'(povct pc'v oiv... -7r~Vi-T, " 1anyone who is familiar with the discreet life will set it down as mild in every respect." 734 a 4. The i-c after '1irt~vpilas should be rejected, I think. 494 NOTES TO BOOK V 734 a It may be due to the confusion between 8o and Te after mrboSpas. (See Burnet's note.) a 7. For Plato's arguments in support of this cf. Gorg. 493 f. a 8. 7rvKvo-rq-t: to find the meaning of this word here we must consider it in relation (1) to its neighbours /iEyeOEL and TrX?)0L, (2) to -o8'po'Tr'o-iv at 733 b 7, and (3) to favo'repa below at c 6. All the translations I know, except Jowett's, take it to mean frequency of occurrence. If so, in order to fit it in with its neighbours, we must suppose WrkXO0e' to refer to the large number of different pleasurable or painful sensations, and 7rVKVOTrlr-LV to the frequent recurrence of the same. Sometimes number and frequency mean the same thing. A large number of sensations, which only occur at long intervals, would have much the same effect on us as a small number. This consideration no doubt made Jowett translate it here by the same word he used for o'qo8po6rrotv at 733 b 7, i.e. intensity. On the other hand, it was not very clear how we ought to distinguish between (rooSporcro-tv and /jLUyELt at 733 b 7, and below we shall find a similar difficulty with either 'Xa-roo-tv or ye'AKporepa and paavo&'epa-according as we take the latter word. Therefore, though 7rVKVOS and pzavo's may, as at Tim. 53a, mean solid and flimsy respectively, it is better to recognize that, in all three of our enumerations, the members are not very sharply defined-that two out of each three mean very much the same thing-and hence I would accept the more ordinary meanings of frequency for 7rvKvo'Tr'qOtv here and rarer for luav6orpa at c 6. (At Rep. 573 e 7VKVo is apparently distinguished from o-apo'ps.) b6. evSeJs <dv, "when it lacks"; Plato does not mean that all mankind always live without restraint, but that when any man lacks it, the reasons are what he describes. " There's not a man living, whose self-indulgence is not due, either to ignorance, or to lack of self-control." C 1. poavr-bSy 7 IT alpeoCEWS, " (our) intention in choosing." c 3. In this formal statement-the catlev v v arks it as such -Plato repeats the conclusion already arrived at, before adding the two new ones which rely on the same sort of arguments; each analogous case supports the other. There is no reason to follow Cornarius, Ast, and Wagner, in rejecting 6 8... dcKokao-rov. By a similar irregularity the pair of lives v)yLEvos and voao-Sry only takes its place in the last of this series of enumerations. The grouping, as always with Plato, is picturesque; the order is not that of parade. 495 734 C 734 CTHE LAWS OF PLATO c 5. 6' rq, dv~3pcas; (/3io~): this expression, so natural in English of a formal style, whether of poetry or prose, was a poetical one in Greek. Stallb. cps. Eur. Bacch. 388 6' Ta^1? y)CrV~a /3OTOr Phaedr. 276 d Ek3 TO AXq6ql yqpasg Ea~v tKytTaL, Where Heindorf's comment is "1verba autem haec, poetam. sapiunt."' (Zeller adds this to his list of faulty phrases from the Laws.) c6. uacvOlTepa: cp. above on a 8.-Td r6v ~8ov^v, "(on the score of~ Tleasure." Lobeck, Paral. p. 363, is indignant that the neuter article or adjective stould "1adminiculo egere nullo " in expressing an abstract notion, while a feminine must always be supposed to have an attendant in the background. It is not necessary to "supply " anything here with rT-j. (',wEp/3oX~, 'Spt', TacTEL have been suggested.)-E'Ka'-EPO9 'KaLTIEpOV: it is absurd of Ast-in his anxiety to support his 4Oi6'o-t of 6'... a'KoXa'oTov-tO say that these words could only be used of two pairs of lives. Strictly they only apply to a single pair-6' QW~pELo and 6' 8ctX6"3 because the last mentioned; but in sense cKa1-epo3 goes with all the subjects Of vuCK(^n-, and E'Ka'TEpOV With all its objects. He might have said E'Ka'rEPOt E'KaTEpoV3 iVni-ep/3JXkovTE3 as far as the meaning Of 'EKU'TIEPO goes.-a/.k067-Epa: i.e. both pleasurable and painful sensations. c 7. E'KELVWV vwEP/3cXXoVTrwV: an adversative clause, subordinate to E"Ka'TIEpO. nr1EPf~aLXkWv. d 1. There is a break here, and the place of the subject is resutmed by 6' ALEv QAvpdt03. (Peipers, p. 97 note, goes further than Cornarius and Ast, for he would reject the whole passage from 61 87' 0-e0poPV to VLKW'O-t, on the ground (1) that it repeats what was said before, (2) that the construction is a tangled one, and (3) that the meaning of several words is obscure.) d 4. There is a triumphant exuberance about the emphatic summing up of the often argued cause.-I fancy that a -final revision would not have left two 'oI-TE clauses so near each other as those at d 2 and d 7. d 5. KaTa' 0W[L6/a?7 KaL K(XTa' O~vX 'v, "whether it be in body or in soul"; the implication is that, though it is easier to see in the case of the body, the truth is just as undoubted in the case of the soul. (Schanz follows H. Mdller in rejecting the i. d 6. Tot' aXWog: i.e. in other respects besides being more enjoyable; the following datives are in explanatory apposition to Trotg DUO v. e 1. dwepyd'Cc-OaLL has '6V iE'Xovra.. v as its object: "secures that its possessor lives, etc." (It is anyhow an awkwayA construc496 NOTES TO BOOK V 734 734 e tion; is the tv possibly spurious?)-ev-Sa/LovEr'-Epov is adj., not adv. e 3-735 a 6. " So far the preface to our laws, and there it ends. After the 'prelude' it is right and proper that a 'tune' should follow, and this is really the place for a general outline of civic institutions. Now just as, in the case of a web or woven structure of any description, you cannot make both woof and warp of the same kinds of thread, but the substance of the warp must be of a superior nature to that of the woof-for the former is strong and endowed with a character of firmness, while the latter is softer and is bound to yield-from this comparison we may conclude it to be reasonable that the men who are destined for rule in our cities should in each case be set apart in some such way (as the warp threads are) from those whose temper has been tried by only a slight education. For (you must know that) there are two branches of civic organization, the one being the conferring of office on individuals, the other the providing your officers with (a code of) laws (to administer)." e 4 f. The use of the singular shows that v/os —and consequently 7rpoo'tov too-are used in the technical musical sense (as at Rep. 531 d, Tim. 29d), to which there is a punning reference in the subsequent vo'6ovs. Cp. Jowett, Introd. p. 76, though in his, and all other translations or commentaries that I know, the musical sense is ignored here. e 6. vwroypa'd lv: the "outline" of the subject, for which he selects this place in the treatise, is the division of the politician's domain into two branches, defined at 735 a 5 f.,-(1) the (training and) selection of magistrates, and (2) the provision of laws for them to execute. This division corresponds in spirit to the disposition of the subject matter throughout the Laws. Roughly speaking, two thirds of the treatise deal with the "personnel" of the citizens of all ranks-their selection, their training, and their enlightenment by means of vrpool'La, and the way they can be influenced generally; the other third consists of statutes. Naturally the character of the magistrates is more important than that of any other citizen. —cvvvbjv: this and its fellow accusatives have no verb to govern them; they are "dropped" with the modification of the structure of the sentence. 735 a 1. Ast would read ov rats cr-pooas5 for Ev -ots rpoTros, but such a general word as Tpo'ros is quite in place, and is useful in the metaphor. Cp. Hdt. iv. 28 KEX(opLcraL 8e oVros o XE^I/Uv TOvs T 7provs rTOt 7ro0(l E V adX7ot' XiP6o-Lt 7yvo/evoott XCELt/O)t. VOL. I 497 2 735 a THE LAWS OF PLATO a 2. MeOv 8': another conversational break in the form of the sentence. After Ka&L~7rEp o-tv at e 6 we should-expect "1w'oav'roi3 Kat vel simile quid" (Ast). He goes on as if the simile had been fully drawn out, instead of hinted at.-'ro&4 ~-&a~ a'p~a\g.. &pWovrag: this is the reading of L and 0-the reading which Ficinus translated-" qui magistratus in civitate gesturi Suint,"and to which Aristotle refers when he says (Pol. ii. 1265 b 18) EXXEX-EI7rTat &E 'roti' vo'/Aots-rV'U Kat T-a 7rEpt -o1 aLp~ovrag -raifo-oV~rat, 8twkEpovTes T(o'v dp~o~iVo)v. 47Lyap 8SEL (O-riep E$ 'T'p 'T~ GETT?7[LOVCOV E'ptov )/LvETat Trg KpoKr/S, ovTO) Kat Tovg cap~oV'Ta3 EXEt &tv 7rpo', Toi'g cJpXovovs. A has /LE76a'XaL for i-a\, and so a marginal variant of 0. For a long time the reading in printed edd. was rov'3 ra~s /uEyd',cag... Ip~ov-ras-though the first four edd. had alp~av~rag. Schanz adopts A's ILEydJXas for Tras, and, further, Biloheler's alteration Of G-,UtKp6 in a 4 to O-fLtKPa\9 (SO too Bruns). (Schanz and Burnet say Stob. has 'roik i-as, a'~a but in Meineke~s ed. vol. ii. p. 194 the text is -7oi~ -ra! /AcyaXag Jp~ak.) Apart from authority, the passage becomes comparatively meaningless if we assume that the comparison is between the superior "cgrit "-to use another metaphor-of the greater magistrates, as compared with the lesser ones. The stouter threads are clearly magistrates-of all orders - who execute the laws, and the "9yielding,") weaker ones the general populace who have to obey them. It is hard to account for the peydcXas; possibly it was due to a commentator's suggestion of jjEya'Xk- for O-,UtKp~i, made under the impression that Tok... rratoEtL 8aoavtcrOEVTag was a further description of the magistrates themselves, and their class. a 3. rtva rpoii-7ov ravir: a variety for -rotoi'rp Tt- T rpo'lr. a 4. PaoavuwOEVrajs: this word suggests, on the one hand, the teasing and twisting of the thread, and, on the other, the "1severity " and " thoroughness " of the educative and testing process.eKdrroTE: almost our "1respectively." - Stobaeus inserts Ka' before Kai-cs Xo'yov.-There is a surprising variety in the interpretation-as well as in the reading-of this whole passage: e.g. Ast finds in it a comparison between warp and the harsh power of the ruler, and beween the woof and the milder action of the legislator. Stallb. says the woof typifies the laws. a, 5. ya'p 8~, "1n-am profecto," "1for I must tell you." The clause throws a fresh light on the subject just discovered, revealing the important part played by the election of magistrates in the organization of a state, and providing us, in so doing, with the V'7roy/pa4(h we have been promised above at e 6.-Bruns 498 NOTES TO BOOK V (p. 191 note) pronounces this sentence "inept"; the yap, he says, is only explicable on the assumption that the method of selecting and appointing magistrates was immediately to follow.-See also on 751 a 4 below. —vo roXkre'as e'Sr3: this phrase is repeated in the same sense at 751 a-8&6o el'S& rav'ra 7rept 7roXtreias KOo/JLOV y yVoJLEVa TvYXavet. — The E'trn 7roXtELtjV at 681 d and 714 b means something quite different. a 7. rb86 ' rpb TroVTrwV wavrwv: neither of the above-mentioned branches is considered until the beginning of Bk. VI. The rest of this book deals with the preliminary conditions of citizenshipo Sy) Ao)Lv KEKTr0GrOW), qka4Efv, TOV Kj-QpoV ia TOU'TOLS OtS oEips KaPEv 744 a 8-which are mainly these: (1) The government is to have the power of rejection and expulsion of citizens-whose numbers are to be limited; (2) Property, though allowed, is to be by all possible means kept in the background, and kept equal. b 2. 7rapakap/3v goes with all three nominatives.-L and O have ErWXeLprf'rIe, A (and L2, 02 and Stob.) has E7rt^Xetpco-rt, but the last two letters have been altered from something else. The first six printed edd. read E7rtXetpjo-Cee. (Cp. Goodwin, M. and T. ~ 295.) b 3. KaOap/TIov KaOapCt: the religious associations of these words seem to add a sanction to this purging process. b 4. KaOdpy MSS., KaOape^ Ast. It is curious that the manifestly incorrect form-possibly subj. of the late first aor. EKaOapa, but most probably a mere copyist's error-should have held its ground longer than the quite possible br'Xeepjo'y above; even Schneider keeps KaOdp7 (but not ErwXe~tpjor), Zurr. and Hermn. keep both subjunctives. It is possible that the first mistake was the earlier, and drew the other in its train.-ri oV'VOtKjo-Ct: at first sight these words seem unnecessary, and we could easily supply dyeXy with Kgo-JrT. Possibly it was put in to improve the rhythm of the sentence, and suggest the human community to which the adyeXk or crvvolKo-s is being likened. b 5. Tr& /ev KTr.: cp. Rep. 410 a 1 TOiS EV, evqve;v T- cro'araa Kal TagS tIvXas OEpatrcrEvcr^ rovS ToSe FC, 0oroit 1Lev Ka-ra (cr,(a TroLovTot a7roOv(ThKELV EUOVTLV, TOVS E KaTa T'jV T /VVX V KaKorv oVEiS Kal avaraovs avro adrroKTevov^rv.-Plato uses his favourite chiasmus here. (Wagner thinks there is no chiasmus, but that the good are sent away, and the bad retained for medical treatment. But 0epawrevEtv is much more likely to be used-as in the Republic passage just quoted, and as at Gorg. 516 e-of the training of the good, than of the curing of the bad. Expulsion and not cure is what he contemplates in the case of the bad citizen. 499 735 a THE LAWS OF PLATO b 6 If Stavoov'/AEV09... SaKa Oa tp'q Tat, "1for he will reflect how vain and endless must be the pains he will have to take with the animals' bodies or with their souls if he does not purge his -herds by discriminating selection, since either natural depravity or evil nurture, not content with ruining its victims, spreads the fatal1 taint to tempers and bodies, of one beast after another, which were hitherto sound and uncontaminated." bTo For dv-'4VVTOS WO0VO9 Op. aV-qVV7-Y KaL aWXr,:6K9 714 a, aU/-qvvTC 7rovovO-tv Rep. 531 a, OaV qVVTOV KaLKov Gorg. 607 e. c 3. KT-qy-taWV: as Stalib. says, here, and at G~org. 484 c /3oV9 Kai TrX KT-q/LaTa, and possibly at Laws 902 b 8, KTj~-r em to be used for KT-q'V-j. c 4. Tw-v a'Xewv Cyv depends on ra' IpEv, not on roS (Stobaeus has 'Xk'r aEnrov&_). In all three sentences 'o-i4 has to be supplied. c 6. The infins. &tepEvvacrATat and 4hpa~Etv are epexegetical to cr2rov8&)R T^ IL-E7LO'T-q, and the Te, possibly for rhythm's sake, has been put earlier than its natural place, which is after &Ecpevvaio-Oaa; Stobaeus has -ye for it. c 7. T'r 1rpoGr-jKOV C'Ka'oToL, "1the treatment proper to each case." d 1. 7rrpd$,Ev, "dealings with them, measures, treatment generally "-"and the whole of the rest of their treatment."aV~TtKa yap, "1to begin with," "for instance." d 3. Trypavvog 15EV WV Kat volzoGe'+,1 o avT~'7-: F. Doering (p. 14) is mistaken in saying that 709 e 5-712 a 7 is the only passage in the Laws in which Plato admits that a Tv'pavvo; may be useful to a state. In both cases there is a big if in the background. The possibility of the existence of a K6'uT1Lco, 1-vpavvog (7 10 d 7) or another Nestor (7 11 e) is spoken of as contrary to experience (E`04-' /AWv &~ oV'8a/jW 7 11 e 4), so that Doering exaggerates when he says that it is impossible that 709 e if., 691 c 6 if. and 7 13 c 6 if. could have been originally written as parts of the same book. There is not much difference between saying that an occurrence is extremely rare, and contrary to experience, and -saying that you must act on the assumption that it is impossible. d 7. Q'yairW'VTo, the reading of A and Stobaeus, is mentioned as a variant in the margin of L and 0, which have diyaw-q~wg, which is also given as a variant in the margin of A. - Probably the former was early altered to JLyamry)Twg a word which was used in the sense of "1with difficulty "; for this meaning admirably suits this passage. It is found at Critias 106 a, Lys. 218 c, and possibly at Lysias, 0. Andoc. p. 107 ~ 45.-("1 You must be content 500 NOTES TO BOOK V 735 d with that "-cp. 684 c 7-is not far from "1it is much if you get that.") Q'Ya-rJ-)vrws does not seem to occur elsewhere; it is in formation like ~o/_ooYovpkCvwg, which is common in Plato, and it possibly meant here "1he would be quite content to do merely that." e 1. -rqkwpt'a is not here used in the sinister sense which it bears above at 728 c.-The whole expression seems strangely pleonastic. e 2. Oava'rov...-ert-teid, "1exacting the penalty of death or exile "-(lit. "1making death or exile the accomplishment of the penalty "). e 6ff. 6''ooe. Vreo-Oat, "all citizens who, in the struggle for existence " (lit. "owing to scarcity of food "), "1let it be known that they have made themselves ready, in their poverty, to follow their leaders in an attack on the property of the wealthy." in736 a 1. T-ov',rotg is governed by TLOE/EV0S2 abraXkayv 'v may be inapposition to a~rOtKtav, "while calling these people a colonya method of banishment which brings no disgrace "-but it is better, as suggested by Burnet's comma after c~raX~ay 'v to see in the word the peculiarly Euripidean acc. in apposition to the action of the verb (knrEw1~a-ro). So Riddell, Idioms ~ 13. Cf. Corg. 507 e ravirag E7rLXELPoVWTa mXypo~vy, a'vn4VVrov KaKOY'. (The early printed editions read & E' ecfnqav J'xwaXkay^,, with no MS. authority. Ast suggests draX~ay-j; but this leaves -rovios n accounted for. Wagner would reject daX~akay 'iv; Stalib. suggests dVi a draXay ^,. Apelt (p. 9) would read i'7raXkayE'v 'ovopa ingenious, but the text seems more natural.) a 3. eV/1_kEvWgJ 05'n JLJa~trra, "hurting their feelings as little as possible."-7wav-rt 8pao-re~ov, "everybody who undertakes to frame a constitution must start by getting rid of undesirables somehow." Then he goes on to say that for their new settlement they will not be obliged to "plan (to send away) a colony, or select a method of purgation "; all they will have to do is to admit none but such as they approve among the applicants. This is described by the MSS. as EtL d'r~wwrepa than all the KaOap/.ot' that have been previously described, whether aX7-/ELvot or 7rp~xO'iepot. It is clear that Ritter's JKo7roWvepa, which Burnet accepts, fits this statement exactly, while it is most remarkable that all previous translators or commentators should have been content with the MS. reading. (Jowett neglects the 4E~ and translates "Our present case, however, is peculiar.")I a 6. OVT 4EKX,0p)qV rtwa KcLocqYTew3 all translations apparently take KaOa'po-TEwJ to be a gen. of definition; Schn. "1delecturn aliquem purganterm," Wagn. "1irgend eine Auswahl fuir die 501 736 a THE LAWS OF PLATO Reinigung."-I would suggest that it is more natural to take it, as at 872e 10 OVK evaL KaOapcrtv aXrlqv, to mean method or process of purgation, and to translate urjXaviao-Oat EKXoyrVv TLva KaO., "contrive a selection of a purgative process." EKXoyr is almost always used of selecting something you want, and would sound strange as applied to the process of picking (or casting) out the bad citizens. " Our task," he goes on to say, "is to see that none but the good are admitted." a 7. Madvig is right, I think, in rejecting EK. If it be retained we must, I suppose, supply V&(OwoV with 7roXXkv, or else with o-vppeovTrov. (Wagner transl. " von vielen Orten her," Schn. " ex multis locis.") b 1. Ta p/ev wrxqy6v: we are to understand, I think, that the spring water is what we want in our reservoir, and the muddy mountain torrent what we wish to avoid; and it seems that ~$avTrXovTsra in b 3 describes the drawing off of the spring water into the reservoir (Xitvre) and the two following participles -both compounded with dwro-the various ways of preventing the mountain torrents from joining the spring water. o'vppEOVTWV will then be conative. In the natural course of things they would have flowed into the same Xg/Avq as the Irfya'. b 4. "Clearly no political machinery can secure us from trouble and risk. True (ye); but as in our present attempt at constitution-making we can arrange our facts to fit our theory, we will suppose the gathering of the citizens complete, and its select character duly secured. To do this last we must refuse admittance to the bad ones among the applicants for citizenship, after we have plied them with all good advice and allowed a sufficient time for a thorough appreciation of their character, while we must do all we can by kind and gracious treatment to win the good ones to our side." b 6. ra (in T ' 8) has a demonstrative force, and is the subject of E(T-iv 7rpaTTO/UEva, and Tr vvv is an adverb of time; lit. "but since these attempts (of ours) are being made now in (the world of) theory and not in (that of stern) fact." The early editions-even Ast's-have 'XX' for r& 8', on no MS. authority; they apparently took either Tai vv or r a vvv 7rparrojueva as the subject. The MSS. of Plato all have r63', though there seems to have been some hint of Ta 8' in 0. Those of Stobaeus have Ta 8', which is clearly right. In A an o is written over the r. This is difficult to interpret; for though T6 8' (adverbial) might begin the sentence as well at least as dXX', it is hard to make anything of T8'. 502 NOTES TO BOOK V 736 b b 7. 7r7repavOW TE....Kat.... KaapoTrs O T / /rvpEprfqKVla: so, in the analogous passage at 712 a, we had two imperatives, KEXpl-crfP8ro)0w and ETrE8E^X0OJ. The substance of both passages is the same; i.e. (1) the claim that the political theorist should should not be expected to obviate, by his arrangements, all possible difficulties, and (2) the admission that there must be a certain amount of assumption and " make-believe" in the foundations of his structure. He admits this, as we see here, even in framing the laws for the actual community of Magnesia which is now in prospect. He can only legislate for that on the assumption that certain conditions are fulfilled. It is a mistake to suppose that Plato had in view (1) some theoretical conditions of city-founding, and (2) the actual conditions of the founding of Magnesia, as two distinct cases, and is talking sometimes about one and sometimes about the other. As Ritter says (p. 143), there is a constant intermingling throughout the Laws of fundamental principle and positive enactment. (See below on 739 b if.) c 2. Schneider and Wagner take retOoF wro-B (as instrumental) with 8taKoAivro&Jfev; it is better (as Jowett) to take it with 8Sa/3aoavtra'avrTs: persuasion, and good advice, are not efficient means of exclusion, but it is reasonable that none should be finally condemned who have not had a good opportunity of knowing and choosing the right way. (Badham says 7ret8o is a mistake for 7reipa, and Schanz agrees with him. But retOot fits the circumstances best. The object aimed at is not to discover the badthey are under suspicion, I take it, from the first-but to find which of them are curable.) c 3. eis 8vvafLtv seems to qualify evfLevefs tEW' re rather than rpoo-aywfeOa. A" Do all we can to win them" would leave the method to us, but, as the method is suggested, the qualifying words must apply to that. c 6 ff. EVTrvXEv, )s... C4vyEV, ("was lucky in having escaped." Ficinus translates us Gi. by quum effugit; Stallb. and Wagn. and Jowett take 6s as an otiose repetition of 'rt —as at Rep. 470d, Hdt. iii. 71 and ix. 6. Such a repetition, though not in Plato's style, is possible, but Stallb. has no warrant for introducing civitas nostra as the subj. of e'efvyev. It is best to suppose that the sentence started, as anybody can see, with the intention of finishing with "so it is with us"; but lost itself in a description of the disadvantages of a state in which it was otherwise. Sixteen lines lower down (737 a 2) he says: " and this (disadvantage) I maintain that we escape "; and this somewhat lamely 503 THE LAWS OF PLATO fills the tap. Ficinus filled it boldly by inserting after i-po'rrov (in d 2) " ita ferme et nobis accidisse videtur." (Muiller omitted KaOa'rEp, and took O'T-t to be the neut. of 0i'o-rvg. Schanz also prints 05, i-t, but keeps Ka&~c~wp. Both these readings put too much weight on -yvysvo'JV0, and, even so do -not straighten out the construction.) c 7. vop. - refers to the distribution of money as well as of land: "1dissension about land, about the cancelling of debts, and about the distribution of property." (Wagner believes that voU-qj3 means pasture here; most interpreters take it to apply to yi-qs only.) c 8. 'Yv: although in grammar this probably agrees with Eptv, it is really the subject of dispute rather than the dispute itself about which the city is called upon to legislate-either in a conservative, or a liberal spirit. '~v is governed both by Vojeo61ETIEZo0Oat, and by E'aiv, and KWtEt'v.-cLvayKcao-GELO-V?: the compelling cause is the discord between the "1haves " and the "1have-nots." d 1. ro-6XEt rwv a'pxaI'ov, "1any old-established state"; so Ficinus and Schneider. The earlier editors, on no MS. authority, inserted oVSE&, after cLKt'V-)TOV, for -rwv a'pxacdv to depend on. Stallb., though abandoning the oi'Uv, still takes -rwiv Jp~alco as a partitive gen. with "1anything " understood-as at Rep. 4 45 e-governed by eav and KtvEW', and he may be right. [A.M.A. suggests that Tw apaw may mean "any of the capital."] d 2if. Ei'X?'J S'E... 'SE "little but an impossible aspiration remains, and a slow and cautious change, advancing at long intervals by imperceptible degrees, in the following manner." EXq as at 8 41 c 7, Rep. 4 50 d, and elsew here, is what we might call a "1Utopian ideal " —in German " em frommer Wtinsch " (Stallbh4-The pZIEia,8fld~'Covo-tv, and the KtVOVVT)vr() in the next sentence, are the same people. d 4. ijE: the MSS., and almost all editors, write 'q 8S', and begin the next sentence with it. Burnet rightly adopts Bekker's addition of it, as '8c, to the previous sentence,-marking it more clearly by altering the commna which Bekker placed after it into a colon, and putting a comma before it. d 5. The early editions, again on no MS. authority, read vwrapXe-Etand so Stallb. and Herm.-as verb to 7' SE. 'rW^V KLVOVVTWV ac... ~apXEtv means "c(all that remains is) that there should be a supply of reformers from time to time (men who, etc.)." ~r'OV KLWOVV7-(OV is a partitive gen., like that after ~lkvi. According to Porson, who reads OtKOLS for ot'o'& at Aesch. Ag. 961, we have 504 NOTES TO BOOK V73d 736 d there v'7Ia'pXEI -rw-v8& in the same sense: "there is a store of those things." For the gen. cp. Aristoph. Ach. 184 O-vvEXC'yOVTO iWV Xe'Owv. (Badham. suggests altering v~rapXEtV into Q'7' a'pXq^.) d 6. Stalib. rightly points out that To'IrWv does not agree with f0EOEXOVTo)V, but is a part. gen. depending On To't, achropovPEVot3. It is the specially distressed among their debtors who excite the pity of the liberal-minded rich. e 2. vE/Lo/LE'vovS2 the middle voice is peculiar. At 739 e 8 vEqLAao(JJv, and at 740 a 2 vE/LEOa-Owv are used of the community dividing up its own property among its own members: here it seems to mean "sharing their property with them." (BadhA~m suggests that we ought to read a`73-ovc/ko/LkEvov3: the middle of this compound is used at Epinomis 991 b in an active sense.)-The four acc. participles are quite in order, as agreeing with the subject to KoLVe~vl/-which is used absolutely.-Plato's favourite chiasmus again: Ta& lle' Jf~. refers to the debts, Ta' 8E' VEu. to the gift of land; these two subjects were mentioned in the reverse order at d 5. -a y 717... ~f'VLVOV, "1they manage to show regard for moderation, and act from a conviction that poverty consists.. Cp. Arist. Pol. ii. 1266 b 29 uaXkov y/ap ME Ta'1 EWLrOV/,Lt'a Wj~caXL'~Etv Ta'3 OiOOl)(ta3 TOIVTO 0' OVIK E'(TTt A- 7rat8fEVO(LE'VOL9 'Kvo V7 T(OP7W VOJLW)V. - e 4. Go-rTrjp1ka a~Xq 7l-oXEW3) U~E-to-nT- " the surest source of civic well-being." e 5. ai'Tq: i.e. the true estimate of property-especially the repression of aJwX,-qo-Tta-not necessarily /LETPtOT-q', though it would come to much thejsame. e 7. T177 TOtaLVT7 KcLToraTTrEt: i.e. "for conditions so desirable as those above described." 737 a 1. The words i JL3 /ETa/3aWJEws have given much difficulty. Ficinus boldly translates TaV'T-q T. p1. by hoc fundamento, and Herm. (De vestig. p. 27) concluded that Ficinuas had read and Plato written /3oIw~ an in t er/& o (Shn accepts this). Fici-nus's translation, however, does -not prove either that he read i-i /3a'cwm, or that he translated Lrc43a ocwgs by funclamento. He may have read simply Tav'T-q 8E' O-aOpa-s ov"o)77%3 and supplied KpnprZ&; in thought from the context. The scribe of A may well have had two readings before him, for before p1-ra/3aaTCo3 there is a gap filled with two dummy letters. I would suggest that Plato wrote the Simple Tai'r-9, and that this was interpreted by one commentator to stand for Ka-raOTaOTEOJ3 (and rightly so); and by another for Kpyw~rt80o9 for which he substituted 505 737 a 737 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO the to him more familiar word ado-Ew; this last was, owing to a remembrance of what was said at d 3, corrected to pE-caflTCo0. It is- to be noticed that 'v in a 2, "the thing which we (in Magnesia) are escaping," fits in better as referring to an unsound political condition, than as to a rotten political foundation; -raVi-q then would refer to KaraG-T1-aoEWs. (Schneider, Stalib., Wagn., and Jowett make the best they can Of /IETa/3a'aE&o3 in the sense of change-" laborante hoc transitu," etc.-the "1change " being, acc. to iRitter, that from inequality of possessions to equality.)-oV'K EV' If I PXLIKr paL y -vo 1-.v "the statesman's course will be full. of difficulty." a 2. 1LWE1a' T-aVTa: iLe. after an unsound condition has been established. - Most editors now adopt Bekker's oi3SeIut~ for the MS. oZ3~ ga. a3. 'V KT-X: see above on e 7 and c 6.-O'euo SE.. vy'v "for all that, it is just as well to have it explained how we should have contrived to escape it, if we had not been so fortunate." a 5. Many recent editors rightly adopt Ast's S' vvv for the MS. 83q vviv; for vv'v is -unnatural when introducing a recapitulation. -The MS. reading &&a roi- uq 4taXXp-qAr E6cL-e /LEITcL SCLKr' May quite well stand for " by means of absence of avarice, combined with justice," and it has this advantage over the (easier) reading fitX. /ALET' fJ&Ktai, suggested by Heindorf, and adopted by Schanz, that -as below at 7 47 b 7, and as implied above at 7 36 e-avarice is thus by itself declared to be a danger, whether satisfied justly or not. Heindorf's reading would confine the blame to unjust gains; and so would have the same effect as the L'K — added, by later hands to St. Matth. v. 2 2 ra-, 01 0'PyCLEVO13 Trp J~ekv/x CLV'ToVi EVOXo3 E'orat Trv KpUTL'et; in both cases the commentator seeks to modify the moral censure of what is an ordinary state of mind.-The sentence in'troduced by E'p'arOe S' vvv is recapitulatory: he restates (1) the vital importance of 1AErptL'fl) in the words /LeTa' U3K71g and (2) the deadly danger of dXrjo-Tria 71XoV'TOV in the words Sta Tov-D4q qe)tkoXop~ykaTrEW. So too at b 2 he restates the impossibility of going further in the lawgiver's work until this danger has been removed (see e 5 above). a 6. a&XX?.. a~vp, "and there is no other way of escape, broad or -narrow, than such a plan as that." As Obvyyilv avT-q-s has occurred in the previous sentence, there is no need here to specify what the escape is from. Badham maintains that Plato must have written /A-qav'? Sta(~vy-i-and Schanz agrees-but to say, as he does, that a /_1Xv can be described as "1broad or boo NOTES TO BOOK V narrow " because it is equivalent to 0163 is only less preposterous than to hold, with Ast, thtby 7p~v TvI Paomatu to understand IArXavo) 8ta~vy'q;. (Stalib. takes i-ijs -rotaiviryg /,,qXav-q, as a gen. of definition with &4v/y: "effugium. quod tali inachi-na effici possit.") Plato often makes alXAos govern a gen. b 1. E'p/ja, "prop," varies the metaphor used above in Kpn?)WL&!. O has preserved for us the reading 8EJ, though the scribe altered it to 8' On Schanz's theory that 0 is merely a copy of A, we should have to suppose, not only that the scribe of 0 hit on the right reading by mistake, but also recognized it as a mistake. Ficinus's oportet shows that he too read 3Ei b 2. a'XX 'Xov,3 is said of the possessors who are implied in ovlag;a characteristic boldness of expression. b 3 if. c.. y ~: in this rather confused sentence I adopt Ast's E'Ko'vr-ag for the MS. E'o'v-ra, the universally accepted j~of the early edition~s for the MS. ', after ot's, and (like Burnet) follow iRitter in rejecting the Kai' before 0'o-ovg, which was first questioned by Stallb.-" Otherwise all men of any sense will refuse to go forward with the arrangement of the constitution for citizens who have long-standing disputes with each other (about property)." b 4. The gen. Ka-ia0-KEVr)3 depends on E13 'roV1Zwpoo-0,Ev as in ro'ppo o-oot'ag at Euthyd. 294 e.-For the poetical rel. with bare subj. cf. Goodwin, M. and T. ~ 540. Ast, followed by Schanz, inserts aiv before ~,but not before ~er I-a t. v-and oh. have different antecedents, it is hard to see why not. b 5. The Kae' before &rotg may well have been due to the idea that the two relatives had. the same antecedent. b 7 f. aUXX',Xovg is used of the whole population of Magnesia, including the three (self-constituted) legislators; i-oi'-rov3, like ot.g and ' v in b 5, of the three legislators alone. For one reason, OtKt'CEtv is much more naturally used of the founding authority, than of the populace of the colony. Where that is spoken ofas it is at 708 b 3-the middle 01Kt'CEa-Oat is used. b 9. ILe. "1no human being could be at once so mad and bad as that" or "1no human being, however vile, could be guilty of such folly as that "-iLe. as to stir up strife, where it did not exist, by dividing land unfairly. In other words, even the most incompetent and misanthropical of legislators would -never make arrangements which would be sure to cause dissension. c 2. A's av'i4wv here, like the ai'ToZ.19 of all MSS. at c 4 (which was probably meant to go with Jvo/Xo0,op7-T~oV) assumes that 507 737 a 737 c THE LAWS OF PLATO arrangements are to be made by the whole populace, instead of by the three lawgivers now consulting. Boeckh corrected the first error, and Herm. the second. (The aviT V of L and 0 is merely a copyist's error of a very ordinary kind.) —JyKov TOV cdp6pLov, " numerical amount," like oyKco 7rXOovs at c 6. c 5. For 7irl c. acc. describing distribution among cp. Od. 7r 385 aro —driLevoL Ka'a pIotpav E(' /yeaS, and Prot. 322 d - Er- 7iradvTra veldo; similarly at Tim. 23 b Ip o-rov (yevos) eir' advOpTrovs means " noblest among men." So we speak of spreading a gift, or a charge, over a number of people. c6. oyKos 3r' KTl.: the two points to be taken into account in fixing the number of heads of families are (1) the size of the territory, and (2) the necessity of having a population large enough to take its place among the surrounding states. The latter consideration fixes the limit downwards, the former upwards. But instead of saying, as we should expect: "you must not have a larger population than your territory will support," he says, in effect, " you must remember (when you are estimating the capacity of your territory) that only enough need be allowed to each man to satisfy moderate desires." As to this sentence I thoroughly agree with Stephanus in two important points: (1) that roroo-ov is the indeterminate pron. (like wOT'powv at 628 b 7), and (2) that the sense demands that Set should be supplied mentally from 7pora-s. Those who accent wro0ovs, and make the question a double one,-" how much land will support how many? "-imply that the amount and the nature of the territory available is yet to be ascertained; while wrXe'ovos... 7rporo8 sinks into a mere parenthesis. But the previous sentence implies just the opposite of this: i.e. that our decision as to the number of the people must depend on the size of the land. It is as if a man, after saying, " you must cut your coat according to your cloth," went on to say, "we must calculate how much cloth will make a decent coat." (Ficinus read 7ro-rov0, for he translates " ut tot moderatis hominibus sufficiat." So too Jowett.) -As to the second point, I would (mentally) add 6et even if reading yj with A or yN with Schneider and Burnet and L and 0, i.e. I would supply TavTrS T^S y^S (fes) as an antecedent to ovrcnd. I think, however, that the Aldine correction of yAj-or y7 as A-to y^s gives us the true reading. This brings it into line with 7rXAOovs Se at d 2, with which we must supply Set also. -Possibly the L in A's y&L is a mistake for c. Between 7roXets and y^S p/ev I can see no gap in the sense such 508 NOTES TO BOOK V 737 c as Badham discerns-only the ordinary explanatory asyndeton.(At Aristotle, Polt. iH. 1265 a 18 if., where he seems to be referring to Plato's two considerations as here given, I suspect we ought to read 7r-po'g -rE T-q'Y XwpaV Kat TOv~ <yeu-tTjVtWo&> av'Op o1(wovg; for he proceeds to suggest as an addition to what Plato had said, Kaet irposg rovg y~et'raoprag T67rous, i.e. he thinks Plato ought to have considered the kind of country the neighbours inhabited, as well as (the numbers and character of) the neighbours themselves.) c 7. XeXOetC1 here and XE7w/LLEV at 738 a 2 have the meaning "~choose" (pace L. & S. s.v. XE'yw B). d6. ' YpO K at Xo'yovg: i.e. we shall not only make such settlements as to number and size of lot as the circumstances warrant, but we shall give the reasons for them. -iv~v 8' K'rX. "on the present occasion (when we have none of the -necessary details) all we can do is to complete the outline of the legislator's task." I do not think he means here (as Wagner), " we will leave this subject in outline and proceed to the task of making laws so as to complete our discourse." i'va 7rEpatvrpat belongs, I take it, to O —p EV. K. V7roypa(~73, and I would take away the comma which separates them in all editions. The subj. of 7rep. is vo/AeoOecrkL, not Ao'yog.-For the o-X-qIaTos and the 1{woypa4~^s Ast well cps. Rep. 548 c f. 04 A'y~p ~xa-X/k 7roXCTU'a~ vi7oypa'/aVra a' aKpL/K3o a~repyaffcarOat. e 1-e 7. "1Let there (be assumed to) be-to choose a convenient number-5040 landholders-men ready to fight for their land. Likewise let the land and dwelling-places be divided so as to make the same -number,-man and portion of land making a pair. First then let the whole number be divided by two, and next by three; in fact (yap) the number admits of divisions by four, and five, and all numbers up to ten without a break." e 3. Ta' ai'-ra /A'P like TE'r&-dpa and 7IrE'I'TE (,a'p-q) at e 6, are ace., while the USio tpyj in e 4 and the -rp&'oa in e 5 are nom. e 4. a-vvvoIA4 the MS. reading, seems to mean a lot which counts as one single division; here it is "1a pair." Ast's suggested O-vvvopxLa, the adj., would give the same sense, but would not be quite so explicit; 7evOLeva a-vvvo/%a would be "1counting together." -What follows seems to be merely advice to the lawgiver to familiarize himself with the various groups into which his whole number may be divided. e 6. I would, with Schanz, adopt Stephanus's correction of the MS. T5ov al'7r'v into i-oi" ai'-rov, so as to retain the same construction for Trpkl as for 6o; for if Tr'v av'ro'v is right, 509 737 e 737 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO apd4Luo'v, and not Xo'yov, as Ast suggests, must be supplied with it.-(Ritter thinks that the divisions by two and three are laid dlown as imperative, whatever whole number be selected by the lawgiver, and he translates VEUL'qO'Th) "must be obtainable by division "-where he takes the 7E'(VKE y6pKI-. to apply only to the 5040. He gives as his reason the frequent occurrence in the subsequent civic arrangements of divisions into twelve and groups of twelfths. To this division he thinks that by two and then by three-i.e. into six-is intended to lead up.) 738 a 2. XVyoiEv 8 4-so A, 02, and Ficinus's dicamus-is "1let us choose etc."; XEyojLLEv 8-so L and 0-"1 we choose etc." a 4. 65 wia- (alptOlt4s) here is evidently not the same as ToVy 7waVr?3 aptO(ilov at e 5 above-for that is 5040, and this is contrasted with 5'040 - but " the complete number," Ficinus's "tuniversus numerus" perhaps we might say " the ideal whole number"[ number in general," F.H.ID.], "1the unlimited numerical series " jj infinity " A.MA.], "1totam numerorum seriem," Ast. This is obviously impossible. He will have to content himself with one which admits of "1no more than fifty —nine different factorizations " (which, I am told, is the case with 5040. It is also pointed out to me that 5040 = 1x2 x3 x4x 5x 6 x7). The oi' 7rk~tov3 in a 7 accounts for the adversative SE' in a 4, and is manifestly inconsistent with the absurd correction of the first 6" in a 4 to ov-, which is adopted by Boeckh, Ast, Wagner, Hermann and Schanz. (Grynae-us in his " correction " of Ficinus's version translates as if he read oV' lpEv &) in a 4, and it is curious to read in Serranus's translation, side by side with Stephanus's Greek text 6' IAEv 8-q -xa-, "1neque enim, omnis numerus." (Boeckh, p. 5 4, to support the neg., quotes from the "corrected" Ficinus.)-,EC' 7ra'Vl-a, "1for all purposes~~ so Et3 wo'X1EJoV Kai ocra K1-X. in the next line. Cornarius unaccountably translates it as ma-sc., " in quemvis" (numerum). a 6. 7rp0' &'rrcVra Ta' 9-/,0X Kalt K~tvowvxcLI-a~: these words come in very awkwardly after 03o-a Kai-r et'P~q'V?. I suspect they were the marginal comment of someone who was thinking of the necessity of arithmetic for business purposes. " Business engagements and dealings " are -not spheres in which the multiple divisibility of men's total number-i.e. varied grouping-is of special importance. But it is of great importance in arranging (1) an army and (2) the collection of taxes or the distribution (8tavo~~uwiv) of state allowances. (Cobet rejected Ka.t K0LVWV)L/1_tara, thinking K. a gloss on o-v1A43.-Cp. Rep. 333 a o-vpj3Qktaa 8' X'7L 510 NOTES TO BOOK V73a 738 a K~tVOWVI/La~ra, q rt iA~o.-Ficinus for wpo' awav-ra (Ta') has "ad contraria, omnia "; can he have read wrp04 rdivaV~ia 7caV-z-a, Of which our text is an explanation? Cf. Xen. Mem. iii. 12. 4 ra'vr-a ye r-cvav-rta o-vpflalvEt.). b 2. "1These numerical relations must be seriously studied and clearly comprehended by men whose business it is to do so-they will find it just as I say-moreover the founder of a city needs to have his attention called to them, and I will tell you why." The reason is then explained to be that it is of the highest importance -to put it into modern language-that the -number of parishes should coincide with the actual number of patron saints already venerated by the people, and that every opportunity be taken to localize and keep alive religious sentiment, The number 12 which he recommends below at 771 b for the tribes, is chosen ostensibly because the Olympian deities were twelve in -number; but jPlato may well have had in mind the thought that it was perhaps some wise old arithmetician who fixed on 12 for the number of the deities, because it was such a convenient number for human divisions. Number was itself, in a way, a sacred thing to Plato.-Kat' emphasizes Ka-ra' aXoXq'iv.-For /3Ef3at'Ws Xa/3 ELY cf. Xen. C1yr. iii. 3. 51 Xa/Sdtv 8' E'v -ra~g yev ats /SE/3aa'W 1oVro. b 3. E'XEt lap OiVV OVK a ikg q Tavy: these words should be marked off, as by Stallb., as a parenthesis; i.e. the comma, which Schn. and Burnet put after raiS-rp, should be a colon. Cf. 7 71 c.5 Ef ' reY' -ray^-ra a'-00 0"Vra, K'aTaL o~oX7'qv ovKi CLv wroXV' EWErrSEle$EEv pJLOog, where, as here, we are assured that study will prove the truth of what has been said. b 4. The following 83' is not violently adversative; the contrast is between the study of the facts by the proper officials, and the recognition of them necessary on the part of the city-founder. (I see -no need to assume any lacuna in this passage, as has been done by Badham, Bruns, and Schariz.) Further on, b 5-c 7 enjoins on the voaeoOE'n-q the supreme importance of preserving every available feeling of veneration existing in his citizens, no matter whence obtained, and this injunction is summed up in the words TrOV'7row I4ZE'V i 7TqEov at c 7. Then with rotZ.tk /LCO-LV eKaG-TOts; the arithmetic is brought into connexion with religion. Each tribe must be provided with a patron deity, and a "1God's acre " of its own, to serve as a centre and type of its corporate and social life. b 7. &)VrtAwov eWovofLEL7-EatfL Oe4: Theseus's promise to Heracles at Eur. HF. 1329 furnishes an example both of the relation described and of the grammatical construction r a^T r'wvoIopaoJI~va 511 738 b 738 bTHE LAWS OF PLATO crEOEV, rb' XotrO'v EK f3pomw^O K<EcKX rE'TCU, oniy there T~aV-Ta is TrEpv,UE instead of L'Ep6', as here.-tapVo-Oat applies to the case of a newly founded city; h'ovop4CeorOat to that of a regenerated old one. C 1. 'o-U E'K ACX-oW' KTK: it seems best to take o'o-a as governed by fret-EL O'E OcE' to be supplied from the following fhE7TEWaV. e2. o~~... OG v, "1in whatever way they persuaded people -whether telling of visions of the Gods whicli had appeared, or of an inspired message delivered from heaven." c 3. XeXOetUI-93: not "qui dicitur" Stallb., cangebliche (Wagn.), or "'reputed " (Jowett), but "1reported." OEC~v belongs to both clauses; either the Gods themselves appeared on the spot where they wished a temple to be built, or they inspired a man with the knowledge of their preference, and he "1reported " it. (Herm. unnecessarily rejects ret'TLv1-res in c. 2, -and so Schanz.)-With. -7r-Et`aVTCS; SE the subject changes from the old-time stories, to the old-time men (veteres Fic.), who told them. So, as Stalib. points out, at 761 b c, the subject changes from vaitrait to alv~ponrot, though there~ the gender of the participles in agreement with the different subjects gives an indication of the change. (I do not see why Stallb. postpones this change of subject to KaOtc'pwxrcv instead of making it begin at once with KaeTeo-1-~oavTo.) o 5. KaOLEpWGraV 8E: 84' is not adversative, but introduces an amplification of the preceding statement.-" And moreover, by such stories they gave sanctity to oracles, and images, and altars, and shrines, and provided each of these with a piece of consecrated ground." For j4Lt)A- in the sense of seat of an oracle cp. Eur. Hel. 820 4>-qoL- Ttg OLKO)V EV ILVXOLs ~8VtLEVyq. d 3. 7wp(( )ots: i.e. before any portions of land are assigned to human occupants. d 6. Et' T~E Ta' XPL EKQcWTa3cLEvpXtpEctav Wapa0rKEVa'Cwot: as the subject of ~rcpao-. is not the same as that of the next verb, it is better to put a comma after it. These words are generally taken to mean "1may provide opportunity for the satisfaction of all kinds of needs," but Ficinus took them to mean "1may provide opportunity for the discharge of all the services they can render (et facultatem sui facilius ad quoslibet usus exhibeant ").-Is it possible that the -words mean "t(not only) provide facilities for the several religious functions"? [" No." F.H.D.] d 7. 4)tXo-~povWiVrac: again there is a (slight) change of subject, from the meetings to the citizens engaging in them.-pUETU OvaCrCOv, "thanks to the sacrifices" for this -use of /AEi-a see above on 720 d 7. ("1 Verm6gen der Opfer." Wagn.). - OLKftW'VTLL KcLL 512 NOTES TO BOOK V 738d yvoplos-tv: hendiadys, "become intimately acquainted with one another." Cp. 953 a 7 eT7reIEXEl-OatL Kat TrnfLEXeLV. e 1. o Iue /Lov ov8v... a: " Frequens hic Graecis est mos post genitivum comparativo junctum i inferendi" (Heindorf on Gorg. 500 c, where he quotes, among this and other passages, Dem. Phil. i. p. 43 7t yap aiv yevouro TroTov KaCVorepOv V MaKESOt avrkp KaraTroXE/wAiv V 'EXXca;) e 5. 2v 7rpbS ev roUT-o, "this anlong all objects"; litotes for "this above everything." Cp. above 647 b, and 705 b. 739 a-e. To understand this very difficult passage it will help us if we go back to 737 a, where we were told that it is ' OpO'rpov "-here, at a 6, it is dpOrTaTov-to consider the possibilities under less favourable circumstances than those actually to be enjoyed by Cleinias's prospective fellow-citizens. The TrpltT 7roXtTera (as he here calls it) is a general name for all such inferior arrangements as either the invincible conservatism of a lawgiver, or the unfavourable circumstances of a community may render necessary. The 8EVTEppa TroXtTea marks the first, and a moderate, deviation, in the same direction, from the perfection of the ideal state. Generally speaking, we shall find that Cleinias's new city -will be in a condition to adopt this second best constitution (cp. below 807 b c), but the Athenian will not dogmatize; he will have done his duty when he has laid all the possibilities before Cleinias, and left him to choose between them. a-b 1. "The next move that I am going to make in my process of lawgiving-a move like that of the desperate draughtplayer who has to abandon his "sacred" line-is of an unusual kind, and may cause surprise at the first hearing. Still, reflection and experience will make it clear that a city is likely (av) to attain to (only) a second-best constitution. Possibly people whose only conception of a lawgiver is that of an arbitrary dictator, will say I ought to have given them something better. No; the right course is to set forth the best constitution, the second-best and the third-best, and leave the choice between them to the authority who is responsible for the community in question." a 1. The qfopd-the "move" for which he apologizes-is the abandonment of ideal perfection, and is well typified by the draughtman's abandonment of the "sacred" middle line on the board, a 3. I would put a full stop at 7ro^eieLEv. a 4. Attention must be paid to the ah, with OLKEtC-Oa: he does not say, "it will appear that a 7ro6tL is being constituted," but "is VOL. I 513 2 L 739 a THE LAWS OF PLATO in danger of being constituted," "is likely to be constituted" (cp. 790a5?rpos i-rw ad OeXELv v r re&eo-OaL). All translators and commentators ignore the aiv, except Stallb. who translates by a fut. infin. He takes the sentence to mean: "apparebit secundo loco conditam civitatem conditum iri ita ut ad id quod est optimum temperetur et conformetur;" in other words, "that the secondbest" will turn out the best; which is too paradoxical. —rpos iP3XTtLrro' is best taken as a qualification and explanation of 8evrepos; cp. d 4 VirEpfoXj nrpos apenjv.-(Badham's oVX iTrEp(o for 8ev-repws simplifies the immediate context at the expense of the general sense of the passage; avr'7v in the next sentence would then have nothing to stand for but " a well-constructed state," and this is not what we want.) a 5. At first sight it seems more natural to take 3oa i- /ur ca-rvv^es to mean " owing to the unsuitability (of the second constitution) to a lawgiver who is not absolute "; but the /u ( -vvw7Oes recalls the cdOrs oo-a of a 2, and suggests that (as the -rt here is the same person as the dKoovvTa there), it may mean, " owing to the want of familiarity (on the part of rns) with a lawgiver who leaves anything to a people's choice." This second interpretation suits the general idea of the passage better. Ficinus takes it so: 4' quia consuetus non fuerit cum legumlatore more tyrannico inferendis legibus non utenti." b 3. These are not the headings of separate divisions of the succeeding portion of the work. The author here gives us to expect that, with a view to the practical utility of the work, he will often give alternative enactments on the same subject. Ritter (p. 146) has collected several instances of such alternatives. Cp. especially the alternatives at 740 e f. b 4. I have adopted Burnet's correction of the MS. av E47rore to aEi oTroE. b 5. Kar'a rov EavToiv rpOrov... a.. ap'8o, "to choose in accordance with his own disposition such of his native institutions as are to his taste." In other words, familiarity will sometimes count more than abstract excellence. b 8 ff What Plato here says is this: "Although the /bopa a+' repo^ has been made-although it has been admitted that some of the enactments now to be suggested are incompatible with the ideal constitution described in the Republic-for all that, the only proper test of the excellency of any provision or enactment will be this: how nearly does it approach that ideal?" The vigorous denunciation of selfishness in all its forms which we have already 514 NOTES TO BOOK V 739 b had at 731 d 6-732 b 4 is quite in the same tone.-The practical result of the fopd here is that Cleinias is to be allowed to retain the institutions of (1) the family, and (2) private property-though with limitations. c 1. The mention of the proverb (see Rep. 424 a and 449 c) makes it quite clear that Plato is here explaining the relation of his present disquisition to the Republic, and the theories there propounded. The old theory is here reaffirmed in the most impressive manner, but I think we should not be wrong in reading between the lines an indication of the different circumstances under which the two treatises were conceived. The Republic was more than half philosophical speculation: the Laws has a practical object, i.e. (1) the suggsetion of a polity such as might be adopted by a new state under favourable circumstances, and (2) the reformation of existing laws. c 2. X`yerat 8e Js, " the saying is that..." —ovroW is the philosopher's addition to the proverb: there is a deeper meaning in it, he implies, than people suspect. c 3. rorT' oiv KTX.: the resumption of this which begins at d 6 -EtTE wTT..., and the conclusion there —suggest that he began this sentence with the intention of saying: " This state of things, whether possible or not, is the true way to happiness." But the details of the ideal scheme made himn forget the form in which the sentence began, and he finishes by saying that the laws (d 3) which breathe this same spirit are only excellent in so far as they do so. c 4. The ace. c. inf. clauses —EmvaL goes in sense with the first and third as well-are in apposition to Tovro. Burnet, by marking off KOLvS.....ravrava as a parenthesis, makes it quite unnecessary, with Steph. and Stallb., to change the indicatives in c 6 into infinitives; these verbs must have et supplied with them from the previous EtrE... EIE. c 5 ff. " And if all means have been taken to eradicate utterly, from all sides of our life, what we mean by calling a thing one's own, and if means have been devised to secure that, as far as possible, even what nature has made our own should somehow become common property-I mean that our very eyes and ears and hands should seem to see, hear, and act as if they belonged not to us alone but to all of us-and if again we have all been brought to praise and blame, as far as possible, in unison, and to be pleased or pained at the same things on the same occasions." c 7 f. The infins. yeyovevat, SoKElv, eravetiv, and ~ieyev depend on fLEuJr]Xav]'Tai. 515 THE LAWS OF PLATO c 8. KOLVCa, "communem in usum" (Fic.). d 3. KaG is denique (Ficinus and Stallb.).-KaTA Svvalpv rOTI /dkTLa: the usual pleonasm. d 5. tXXov: i.e. "no one will find any other criterion of superior excellence for laws (TovrVo))" than the knowledge how far they serve the purpose of binding the community together by a common interest. (There is much that is attractive in Ficinus's way of taking TroVITWv as dependent on dXXov —" any definition of perfect excellence other than (all) this " —" this" being its doing away with M'ov, and putting KOLVOV in its place.-But then he has to "go round " the o'TrCves votot clause, which he translates: "ac denique (si) pro viribus sub his legibus vivant quae unam quam maxime civitatem efficiunt"; the " vivant" is not in Plato.-Badham's r-rov'Tas, which he imagines to have fallen out after adrepydovr'at, provides a construction for otrsves vo/oLt KTX., but introduces a foreign element into the passage. TOVT(WV then for him, as for Ficinus, will be "all these conditions"-" all this unity." He would also read v7repPloXgs for 'vrepP3oX7; I imagine he made TOVTWV depend on aXXov and v'rep3oX^js on opov. I see no reason for the latter change, but TrovnrVas —after -OV'rat - should be carefully considered. On the whole, I prefer the MS. text. d 6. 7roXts is left " pendens." (Badham would reduce this to order by reading el for a, and then.&'Tt 7-ov, Oeot 8', for EtTE 7ro 0eot.)-For i after e(TE cp. below 862 d 4 e'Ie Zpyots j Xoyos. d 7. [wrXdAovs evo]: apparently, as we should say, "two or more," " a few,"-for there must be at least two to form a community-but it is a strange phrase.-Possibly OiKovot means not inhabit, but manage. If so we must supply "its citizens" with 8tLatVTres. Anyhow we are meant to infer that superhuman conditions may be necessary for the realization of the perfect polity. I think that the 7rwXCovs Evo',-which also agrees with rra.8es understood-in 740 c 3, has got in here by mistake. It is not unlikely that in some MS. the two passages were the length of a column apart, and so might have stood side by side on a page. e 1. aXkI, "alibi" (Fic.). e 4. Maavacrtas EyyVTara Kat x Al'a 8evTrepos: so the MSS.; we may well believe, he has suggested, that only divine natures could support the perfect polity. " The polity which we have now set ourselves to evolve in our conversation is the nearest approach we can get to the divine conditions, and is (only) in the second degree the (really) one state we spoke of"-" si non primo, certe secundo loco erit una" (Fic.). It must be admitted that, in 516 NOTES TO BOOK V73e 739 e spite of the apparent reference to the 1ukav of d 3 above, the utmost significance to be got out of -q) /da is small. (Can it mean "a united state"?) Perhaps Apelt's suggestion (p. 10), to readT tU'a for it, gives us what Plato wrote. (Heindorf removes the comma before ecrq and puts one after a&v, reading et'vj ye a&v, in the sense of "1is a possible one." Schanz supposes y' 1dta to be a mistaken interpretation of d"v, i.e. wrpWr-q,, which hie actually prints: " next nearest to the divine and the first polity.") e 5. This must not be taken, I think, to mean that the author proposes to furnish a complete polity and set of lawi s for the conditions which admit of only the "1third-best " polity.-He does not definitely propose that, even for the "1second-best " conditions. -The word &ta7rEpat'VeLv (without some such word as ravTEX0^)S does not always mean to complete; e.g. at Tim. 89 e To" 8' E'V 1rapepyy... c8tcxrEpawaLT' a'v is opposed to &' dKptflEt'a3 SteXOciv; at Gorg. 451 aT-q'Vad71-OKptO-tY ")V i'p ~,v 8taur'pavov only means " favour me with the answer to my question." Cp. also 790 c 3 below. (For 7wepat'vetv, "perform," of music, or a dramatic representation, see Adam on Rep. 5 32 a; used of a speech it is "1deliver, " cf. Plut. Mor. 130 a.) What he here contemplates is the furnishing his hearers, when the opportunity occurs, with specimens of such legislation as will be wisest in conditions still further removed than the " second-best " from "1the ideal." (See above on 739 b8.) e 6. Tav'r'qV is the "second-best " polity.-Tiva,.. KaL 7r(t)S )EV/lVY 'A Uoa~rvrcls the introductions to the descriptions in the Republic of the oligarchical and other constitutions and characters; Rep. 5 48 d 6 T -ia... 7Wo3 T i-/f7VOJ1LEVO and 553 a 3 Wig TE 7t-/veTat,, Ot0S T-C 7EV0/LEVOS EOTTLV. 740 a 1. IJ4ov iO Kai-c'...EtL'pq-at: 'not "1has been declared to be too great a task for" but "1is a proposal which is too big for"- majus sonat " (Schneider). So at Sc~ph. 226 c 3 StatpETtK6i wo - EOE'I- e~xv~is not "1have been declared to be concerned with division," but "1are uttered as terms denoting division." a 2. yEVC0OLV Kal Tpo-~V Ka L 7wati8vo-tv: i.e. the citizens are not a picked "1strain," like the /fl'XaKfg of the Republic, nor has their early nurture or subsequent training fitted them for the "ideal " conditions. a 4. KOLV'V aV'Tij'V T-3 7ro',kw3 a-/,rv -o-its3: to this fundamental principle of ancient and modern law Plato adds two considerations designed (1) to endear, and (2) to dignify the possession 51 7 74o a 740 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO of land. (1) He appeals to patriotic sentiment:-" The coun~try of which it is a piece is your -native land"; and (2) he reminds his hearers of the fact that the Earth, of which it was also a piece -which, at Tim. 40Gb c, he calls y-1-v (3~' ipoc/ov Ikev yleI-epav 7.. T-q~~V KaLL 7WpEOJSVTa.TmV O1EW)V 000L E'VTO'S oV'paV0V -YEyO0VaLTL -claims allegiance and honour from all mortals. op. 8 77 d 5 if. a 5., Neither the aO'Tq'v nor the S3et' are necessary to the sense, but their repetition gives clearness and importance to the following clauses. I would therefore neither expel (3d' with Stalib., nor change it to Jet with Schanz. a 6. -rw Kat yEyovEvat: this awkward addition means apparently "1all the more (ought we to cherish it) because, being itself a goddess, it is the mistress of such as are mortal." a 7. TaV'T a... 8ato/ovag: though in form this is a command to extend these sentiments of reverence to all the supernatural beings who haunt the country, in effect it serves to bind all such religions up into a mutually supporting whole. (I therefore see no reason with Usener to reject this passage.) b 3. Al wrote, EG-Tt for c'o-Tat; mistakes like th is, and V7rep/3fAXEkLcv (for Wrapq43JXXL~cv) at 741,a 3, shake one's confidence in the scribe of A. b 5. Schanz adopts the Aldine (I (3' for the MS. U(', with a comma after 7rr6Xkv. b 7. E'va /LOVOV K~rqpovo/.ov: Herm. (De vestigiis etc. p. 23) says it is probable that Attic law attempted to restrict the number of families to a fixed number, but did not interfere with the size of the families. Plato sees that, to do the first, it is necessary to do ~he second as well. Ce1. 6EW-V... yevov3: i.e. his ancestors, called at 717b 5 ira-rp 'wv &,EOJv. I take Kalt (yev.). Kalt (,7ro'X.) to be "1both and, and ye'vovg- and 76X.ews; to depend on Ou-ov. Those who take the Ka.L before 7-AEOY; as " and " (Wagn. and Jow.) saddle the heir with a great responsibility; how is he to be the 0epawrev~r j " of the city and of all the dead and living citizens" It is not clear how Fic. and Schneider take it.-T-V TIE C'iVTrWV Kato-rov3 K-X.: a comparison of 717 b.5 shows that this means all the inheritor's own ancestors, including his parents. Apparently the new KXqjpoV0xos;O is to enter upon his office during his father's lifetime, and EL~g Tov To-re Xpovov ("1 up to that time ") would then be the date of his installation. At 7 75 e 5 if. we are told that the heir when he marries is to occupy the second family reside-nce, i.e. that away from the city. 518 NOTES TO BOOK V 740 c c 2. ros 8e aXXkovs xrasas: instead of some verb meaning "to dispose of," which we expect to govern the accusatives, we have only the two infins. which indicate the special ways in which the two sexes are severally disposed of. These infins. replace the imperative KaTakAXETrErW O. It is not easy to say whether they would be felt as imperatives, or whether a Be; was imagined as preceding. c 4. vo/Lov: probably that as to the age of marriage; cp. 772 d e. c 5. XEL'rry: at 844 b 2 we have a similar impersonal AX~XE7rEL c. gen., KaC eAXXE7reL TWYV dvayKaCOv 7rcoraTv, and Stallb. cps. Dem. De cor. p. 326. 20 &v 8' EVE'AIrrE T TordA, TaVTae 7rpoa'Oetvat. Ast adopts Steph.'s insertion of Tr before TrS yevecretoj, and remarks, with a curious self-contradiction, that "when this verb is used impersonally, it must have a subject in the nominative." c6. KaTa Xdaptv: i.e. "among friends,"-to such as would be glad to have them on personal grounds. (This refers, I think, both to the marriage of daughters and the giving away of sons.) eav 8e 'rtCv e XAe^t7rtO v XapLTEs will mean " those who have no such personal friends" (among the marriageable or the childless). The expressions include the notion of a possible personal inclination on the part of the daughter or the son. — 7rrXEl0ovs Ertyovot K7T.: i.e. if there is a large family of younger children, whether girls or boys, it is too much to expect the parents to find new homes for them all. c 8. 'roVvavrov 'rTav Xa 'rrovs ro'v, "when there is a deficiency " (lit. ("when there are too few children of any parents "). This covers the case of those who had only one child, as well as that of those who had none. d 1. 7ravTwv TOV7wv depends on reIXav6v in d 3.-apX')v: if this word had come third in its clause instead of first, no one would have wanted to change it to the nom. (as Schanz does). Its position emphasizes it; calling special attention to the intervention of the civic magistrate. As a nom. it would not be so emphatic, because its position would be an ordinary one. d 3. t Toi eXEltrovo-i: this "bull" is a sacrifice to the desire to balance both parts of a sentence against each other, and to the preference for the concrete. The Ath. is talking here of the superfluity and deficiency in particular families, not (as Ast) in the state as a whole. —7optLTW KT.: cf. Rep. 460 a 2 iv' 9 JXuTcrra 8tacr>xrt oo'v aT v lov JpiiOpov TiA v dv 8pov. d 6 ff. og, "(to be applied) in the case of those who." (As 519 74o d 740 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO this word was omitted by the first hand in A, Schanz omits it.) -KaL& T-oVvavr0v... o XE11yop1V: I do not think that any alteration of the MS. reading is necessary here; but I agree with Burnet that, of the many suggested emendations, Winckelinann's insertion of uat before &6vavi-at is the best. But why not take TE after Ttlxat' not as both but as and-connecting E10OtLv and &6vYaVrat?-E'7rt/E'XEtat Ka~ oirou~a[ form. a hendiadys-"1 deliberate encouragements." - dwav-rworat is a difficulty. It seems to be used in the same sense as at 830 a 5 E13 arv'T a&V a~raVTe[LEV Ti'V aywyva, i.e. that of "1take the field "-here, more particularly, itoperate," —itl/aE~ and the other datives being instrumental. Both EWWtcx&JEoIEs and biW1+lLkXELCa, not the latter alone, are the subjects of vcvraVLt; w7Ept v~ov3 is the equivalent of an objective gen. The meaning we may thus get from the MS. reading is: "1And on the other hand (there are) deliberate encouragements of larger families, and (both of these), operating [jthrough the voice of warning] by means of honour and disgrace, and the admonition given by the old to the young, are able to secure the object abovementioned." The chief awkwardness in this sentence seems to me the repetition of the idea Of VoV0ET-q'o-Eo-t In 3d, X"yoWV voOVOTqr/t~KCJV. Is not the latter a marginal comment? I have inserted a comma afterE ELo' V and bracketed && a\koywv V0VOET-mp-LKCV. (awav'rwo-rat is certainly not "respond to" there is no notion of concord in the Greek U'lrcaVl-V, as there is in the English meet.Ast turns rtqaZ13 KI-X. to noms., Herm. rejects EaP-tV, Badham. turns it into TLO-L, Schneider reads 8VVarat (for UMV~avr), Schramm a~wavrwarat,3, and Schanz &rwavrai at' 8ivavrat.) e 2 if. In case of the failure of all possible methods for keeping the numbers down, we must send out a colony.-7waa-a, "1complete," as in the common 7rao-a avaL7K'q. e 6. ivcapxEt, "is at their command." e 7. W'v: dependent on L7rOLKtwV~ "consisting of such people as.. The Ald. ed. emended &i to o't which Sclianz adopts; but this substitutes a less important for a more important consideration. e 8. E'v '. V T Ew~XO IroTE KViLka Ka~cLKXVO7L'v 4,Pov V0reWV, "tand if ever a flood of disease comes surging upon them." We have a like metaphorical use Of KV/-ta (and Ka-raLKXV'o)) at Tim. 43 b, and at Rep. 473 c. (Cornarius puts in ~ before v&,-ov, and takes KJpa and Ka~raKkvG-/Lo'V lteay. At comparing 677 a, approves.) 741aa. vO9WLUE[: stronger than the o-L rp at&4'a Of 520 NOTES TO BOOK V 74 a 735 a 4. There, the education referred to was less stringent and complete: here it is "a base imitation" of the education of the higher classes. —EKo'-Tra, "if they can possibly help it."-For 7rapefl/3daXtE see above on 740 b 3. a 4. Cp. 818 d 8, Prot. 345 d, Simonides, Fr. 5.-The string of alternatives here concluded furnishes a striking instance of the feature of the Laws mentioned on 739 b 3. a 5. viv = vvvlj. - a opEfv: almost "let us imagine." - - /,lv belongs, as Stallb. says, to T'Sv Xeyo/evov Ao'yov. As a rule it is taken with 2rapatvelv.-Here the Xoyos personified appeals-not, I think, to the three, nor to the three plus an imaginary group of colonists, but-to the imaginary assembly of the new colonists, in the same strain as that of the prelude at the beginning of the book. I think the speech is supposed to finish at cra-qbe in 745 b 1. Though some new regulations are introduced at 741 e 7, the whole passage consists mainly of arguments and explanations designed to secure compliance with the regulations as to property. At 744 a 8 there is a repetition of what was said at 741 b 7 f., which suggests that the speaker is still the same. a6 ff. -rev OLOtorTpa... 7rpayfJLawv, "never cease to follow Nature in honouring conformity, and equality, and identity, and correspondence, whether in number or in any (other) influence productive of fair and noble things." —o6oXooyov/Levov is middle, "that which agrees"; cp. 746 c 8. I agree with Ritter (p. 147) that the genitive is objective, and that we are meant to infer that dpLOp/os is a UvvatLLs T(Wv KaXiov KayaOwxv 7rpayadrtov. b 4. /,r'ptov is not merely "mediocre" (Fic.), or "modest" (Jow.); it has the notion of symmetry and suitability. He speaks as if the amount were a statue of which they are begged "not to spoil the true proportions," by adding to or detracting from them by trafficking in it. b 5. KXipos: this was the reading of the first hand in A, and O. In both MSS. there is a suggested correction, possibly by the original hand, to KXijpov, v being written over the s. In A the s is in an erasure. This suggests that the writer was at first in doubt as to which was right. Ficinus's "neque deus ipse distributor " leaves us in doubt as to his reading. He may well have been in doubt himself. I cannot think that if the original reading had been KAjpov, eanyone would have altered it to the noin.; but the very recent use of the word in the sense of portion of ground may well have led to the reverse change. At 690 c 5 Plato speaks of the ruler chosen by lot as OeoL\XiA. This 521 ) THE LAWS OF PLATO is quite in accordance with the description of the lot as a minister of heaven, and so a 0OEo. Hermann cps. the deification of "OpKos at Hes. Theog. 231. The addition of the Wv marks the word as in need of an explanation or reminder. The reminder that the lot is divine is in place, but not so the reminder that the previously mentioned "distributor" was a God. Evidently KhA poS is right. -Burnet marks off OVTe yap.. o. vOoOeTrS as a parenthesis. This abruptness makes it a little easier to dispense with the somewhat complicated verbal notion "will (help you) if you do"; but it obscures the connexion with what follows. The law (b 7) and the religious considerations (c2) definitely refer-in the usual chiastic order —to the voluo0ferr- and the Oe6s of Burnet's parenthesis; so, too, at d 3 apa vofju Kat r( Ofew. I would therefore mark the passage off with colons only. b 6 ff. What follows is involved in structure, and consequently obscure. rrprov (in b 6) seems to correspond with the zrpOs TOVrroet S' 'er at c 8; the second rwpirov (at c 1) with e5ra at c 2. To confirm what he has said of the antagonism of the God, and the Law to the recalcitrant citizen, he adds: (1) (b 6 ff.) that the law enjoins further that-as he took his land knowing beforehand that it was already sacred to the gods, and that it was going to have this sacredness ceremonially confirmed -punishment must follow the infringement of the original arrangement; and (2) (c8 if.) that there was to be constituted a special machinery for inflicting this punishment where it was due. c 1. t /,f Kk)lpovo-OaL: this depends on 7rpoeLtr'v. The law had warned this man (who is now unwilling to obey it) that his land must either be taken on these particular terms, or let alone. (There is therefore no such "bull" here as Stallb. discerns.) c4. Tov prpta/Aevov.. 7n 7r-XEiv does duty both as the direct object of 7rpoo-raTrrt in b7 andas an expression of the substance of the prayers mentioned in c3; in the latter case it is "will pray that the sentence may be duly executed." (Stallb. takes it as dependent only on Evxas ' rolr0jo-oLevv, and translates Irpoo-TaTT&r TrpoELtr( -regardless of the difference in tense-by "ita praescribet t... moneat"; Schneider finds an object for rpoo-rarreTL by putting in "obedientiam (injungit)." c6. ypa'avrTeC-anyhow a break in the construction-must agree with the subj. of KaTaor-Tr'oovo-w as well as that of Orcoovo-r, and therefore I think it describes not the priests, but the legal authorities; this is confirmed by the vo/Az in d 3.-[Longinus] IIept 'bovs ~ 4 rebukes Plato for fantastically calling &krovs 522 NOTES TO BOOK V Km~rapt~rwtag /eYq7f4a3. He might well have blamied him for the obscurity of the whole passage. C8. (VXaKri'pta TOV'T(OV, O7W3J aV 7L7yV'q~tJ~L KaTa-T-fjO-OVOLtV EV..,"wil] give the duty of seeing the punishment enacted to. d 2. The use of 7wapaywyq' for transgression is peculiar. d 3. aJ3Trov's, like the subj. of O-'4orovo-t and Kai-ao —r., is the legal authorities.-The t'va clauses, coming after 67z-og &v yC'yV-rqraL, are somewhat tautological.-Truly O' OctOg HIc~rwv, as Longinus calls him, has given us an obscure piece of writing to decipher here. d 4-e 6. &r-ov ya'p U.. Xp,)pjca~a "how great a boon the enforcement of this policy confers on states which accept it-given an organization to correspond-no one can know, as the old saying is, while he is unregenerate. He must find it out by a course of training in good habits. In a state organized on this model there are no great fortunes to be made-a society in which it is natural that men should find it not only unnecessary, but illegal to make money by any vulgar trade-witness the way in which a liberal soul shrinks froni the reproach implied in the terms "1mercenary," and "1mechanical." He would as soon think of flying as of amassing wealth by such aieans."-The yap 6&q introduces a reason for the course just prescribed. d 5. -r 'qv E&opjvEV-q Kal-aO-KEV~V 7v poo-Xaf'v: for the permanence and success of the equality arrangement, certain conditions are necessary. The repetition of the word Kai-aGWE v- at e 2 shows that what he means by it here is the organization of society in such a way as to relieve the fully educated classes from all " illiberal" employment or pursuit. d 7. KaKO' W'Y: the "1saying " must have been something like OV'M' Ei'O-EIaL al7r-epos 'Av or experientia docet. - As Ritter (p. 148) says, this thought is akin to that of 7 33 a 1 if. If we shirk the necessary training, we shall never have our eyes opened to the glory and advantage of what is good. Somewhat in the same strain is Wordsworth's "1and you must love him, ere to you he will seem worthy of your love " ("A Poet's Epitaph"), and, on the positive side, the Gospel saying ' 'v -rt O Oy OE~JL avT' MTCW vErtl~L'i ~aX i3. Cp. also 968 d 6 if. -E oEt goes, I think, with both E/j,7WEtpo! and E'7tEtK J'3: habit is the essence of the training, and also of the resulting virtue. e 1. oi'T'. rO3a: litotes, as sometimes in the case of o'V wavy. 523 741 e 741 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO e 4. flavavoa-ia: cf. Ar. Pot. 1337 b 8 /a'vav(o-o 8' E`plov ewvat E3EL TOV'TO VObLLCELY KaLL TEXv7)v TaVTcqV Ka& u Oc-qatv 0'Ta pO' TaLS KOL (L waELS T'L3 T-q&3 aLPET711 'XP7JPTT0 (7rEp7Ly VTL TO U(XL TOW EXEVO0p(WV i' T'~V,bVX'V Ti')V St votav, and see Adam's note on Rep. 495 e 2. e 7. 7rp0', roiTotg 8'...rov'lrotg, " there is besides yet another law which goes with all these ordinances." (It is unusual to find a phrase repeated so soon in Plato; cp. c 8 where also we have T-p09 TOVotO3 8' E"T.) 742 a 2. 18ut Tr it is explained at b 2 why the community needs money. The community's money would doubtless be of gold or silver, whereas the daily uses of internal traffic would be served, it is implied, by an inferior currency. a 2-5. I can find no complete explanation of this very difficult passage. Some light is shed on it by Rep. 371 b 3-e 5, where Plato explains why coined money is needed within the state itself. He there says (1) the 8-qjLovpy/ot' want it to facilitate their buying and selling intercourse with each other, and (2) it is needed for the payment Of &JaKovot; he does not say (in the Republic) whether these are paid by 4V'XaKE13 or by 8-qutovpyot' Inasmuch as the former are forbidden to have any private property whatever (416 d), it is probable that the currency was only to be touched by the 8&q/-ovpy/oi and fPto-O&Toi. So in our passage the JXkay4 which necessitates a currency is spoken of as taking place (1) between the 8-9,uovpyo4' and (2) between wrao-tV KTXk. (whoever they are). This last point is made clear by the TE..KOL', and is, I think, generally ignored. Ast alters owrocWV to o7'aog, and translates "(et omnibus) quibus illo opus est ut mnercedem...solvant" TWV TOCOVTOWV he says, means money. Stallbaum. says 01w. ~lrOVTO)Vr stands, by attraction, for 7raa-Lv TotovrtgL o1rocbwv XP~ta (Eo-Ttv), and means "1(quam, facere fere necessarium est opificibus) atque omnibus istiusmodi hominibus quorum opera utimur." Ficinus -like the early editors, who put a full stop at '8uT j-dr nt like the modern editions, take v, to-pta to be governed by E$ELv(LL KEKT-3qoG-OaL understood. His translation though could hardly have been made from our text; it is: "1sed quia nummis opus est quotidianae commutationis gratia, quae inter artifices et huiusmodi ferme est necessarium, cum mercenariis et servis et colonis mnerces asiqua debeatur, iccirco, nummos habere concedimus etc."-Badham cuts out daXkdaTTEOrOat, and T~v rTOLV'TO)V pwLUOoi~ but then he has to take 'v, iLe. diAkay 'v, as the object of J'rortr'VEtv, and this does not help us. Schanz, so far, has the last word in saying 524 NOTES TO BOOK V 742 a "locus haud dubie corruptus." If driven to translate the text I would suggest, for Ka2t ravrv... arortveLv, "and for all men whose function it is to pay, to hired slaves or aliens, wages for services of such a kind "-the "services" being spoken of as the equivalent of the work produced by other artificers. In this way the paying wages for services would be represented as a kind of barter. F.H.D. suggests that Trv rTOI-OVV /Ltr-ovs ="wages in money "-consisting in v0o/cr/a (as opposed to wages in kind): A.M.A. would reject -rwv TOtOVTWV. a 6. avo s... K.. o/OV, " current at home, but worthless abroad." a 7-b 2. The occasions which take representatives of the state abroad are divided into (1) military, and (2) peaceful missions. The second class may either go as negotiators (7rpeo-pes) or mere state-messengers (KjpvKeS). At 950d 8 a third class of mission is added-K rpv$Lv 'i Tpee/3ELaCS Ka) T-LrT 0ewpotL. b 1. The first five editions omit all the words between this rT T7rdoX and that in the next line. Steph. discovered the omission too late to include the words in his text. b 3. v6por/fLa 'EXXrvtLKov: this addition is grammatically otiose, but welcome in the interests of clearness. Ast rejects it.L8orB) 8: the position of the private traveller is not explicitly defined on all points. (1) We may conclude, I think, from what goes before, that he had to get leave from the authorities, not only to travel, but to employ some of the state fund of Greek currency for the purpose. (2) The next question, which is at first sight obscure, is what is the voiUCor/la $eVLKOV which is (possibly) left in his pocket on his return? Is it some money current only in a foreign state, or is it some of the aforesaid v6/LareLa 'EXArVKOrV, or is it perhaps some "barbarous " coinage? The answer is, I think, that the term ~EVWKOV would apply to all three cases and is meant here to do so. (3) We may again conclude, I think, that, though we are not told of the transaction, the returned traveller gives back, as a matter of course, all he had not spent of the state money. But if, over and above this (repLyevd'EEvov), he has in his possession some foreign money-either given him by a foreigner, or made by him in trade-he must not keep it in this form, but must change it into the home (i.e. brass, or copper) currency. This regulation might be partly prompted by a fear that the travelled citizen might have entered into secret compact with some foreign power, for the purposes of which compact the possession of foreign currency would be useful. The words do not warrant Ficinus's 525 742 b THE LAWS OF PLATO interpretation that the traveller first changed his foreign money and then deposited it in the state treasury. It is to be noticed that the penalty of concealment is (b 8) confiscation. This would be no penalty if the money was the state's by rights already. b 4. The -first five printed edd.-and some edd. of Stobaeus, apparently-forsake all the Plato MSS. in reading wcapaycrao-cuEvos for iraxpqLevog. There could hardly be a better instance of the way in which a marginal interpretation makes its way into the text. b 6. wrp'0 Xo'yov: apparently in the sense of the more usual cava Xo'yov; cf. iDem. Pro Phorm. 954. 19 7wp0' /,4Epo3 and Gorg. 464 c 7rpo3 To /3EXTtffT0V. b 7. The object of i&OStoL~evo, is not "1anything "-e.g. any part of the sum of state money borrowed-but the sum of foreign money in question. This is made clear by the fact that the fine to be paid by the man with the guilty knowledge is to be' not less than the sum of the foreign money brought back." b 8. dip~ Kati o'Yet~S, "1exsecratione et infamia " (Schneider);the former religious, the latter social. c 2. Perhaps the author here imagines himself to be asked: "How is a man to marry his daughters if he has no property?-or get security for money lent, if his debtor has no money, or, for that matter, how can he lend money at all? The answer is: "1The Law will give you no help in either of these latter transactions; arid it forbids dowries altogether."-The usual chiasmus. c 3. The Law wishes to make trade impossible, and therefore will not recognize credit. It is suggested at Rep. 556 a that that is the best way to prevent the creation of debt in a state: ftpyoVrE9 TM~ axVTov 0rc- T f3Po UE-rcL ITpWE6v. Cp. also Stob. Flor. 44. 22 q WcrrrEp Xaxpwiv~ax Ka' HX1,arov; OV'Tot yap 7rapaXp-qxla KEXEVOVO-t SO'Vat Kiat Xaxc/3cx'vctv, c'av 8E TLI ZrUiT(Ocry ptu etvat S1ov, a\rv ~ cxTLov ELVOLL Trip a8tK' L3. Cf. also below 849 e 8 o 3E\ rpo"E/tlevog WdS WIATTEVOJV~ ccv TE KO/LW'JTqcrt Ka't cxv Cr, -T-EPyETO)3 OUKETC 8&K-q' oVo —q TWV TOLOVT&V 7wEpt o-vvcxXX'$Eov, and 915 e 2 ff.-As to usury cf. below 921 d.-As to dowries, at 774 c d Plato gives reasons for this law, and penalties for its infringement. This was apparently the law in Sparta " teste Aelian. V. H. vi. 6, Hermanri, De vestig." Stall~b. c 7. E7 tr-Sev'cxara: used in the neutral sense of habit, rather than practice. d 1. Ewcavacx'poV KTX. explains J)&S.-rv f7QV.. KcxL Tq2V OAItY:we mnay translate the words as a hendiadys, "1the 526 NOTES TO BOOK V 742 d fundamental intention." apx7 is used in the sense of "first principle" much as at Tim. 48 (b, c,) e2? 8' ovv atiOs adpX' 7rep TOV 7TraVTros eTTW /AE^OoVWS T' TrpOCe0 8LpppV. d 3. All the edd. which I have examined-except the Louvain ed. (1531), which has a comma after vo!~oOErv —put a comma after faiEv; Steph. and Ast put a comma after vopo06ErrTv as well. The latter comma seems to me right, the former wrong. This was Ficinus's view, for he translates "quam in legumlatore optimo esse debere multi affirmant"; Schneider also translates as if there were no comma after KaiEv. 8EcV, which is anyhow rather redundant (see above on 731 d 5), is less so if taken to depend directly on (caxEv av.-Those who adopted O's povXevCE-OaC for fpoXevcOat would naturally put a comma after hafev. d4. vowv e = ewvov xv, as far as construction goes, but the former has a suggestion of good sense, as well as benevolence; cp. 692 c 5 ra... vo0evrTa KaXa. d 5. vofLoOEroC: if the "reported speech" had depended upon a primary tense, this would have been (') dv (voLyv ei) vo/oO'ery; after a secondary tense, any dependent clause's av c. subj. becomes, in the reported form, optative, e.g. Euthydem. 276 e a7rEKptvaro OTt plaVIavOLev ol pLavOtavovTes a OVK E'rrtaTaCLVTo. Here 4(arev av has the same effect as a secondary tense. So in English we say: "I should say that it was" but " I say that it is"; i.e. I should say has the effect of a secondary tense. d 6. Burnet was the first to print the correct MS. reading XpoJe~a and dpySpeea. Even Schanz prints Xpvota and apyTpa without comment. d 7. 7rpocr0elev 8' av, "I dare say they will add."-It will be remembered that the doctrine here taught has been put forward before at 687 f., where it was explained (688 b 6) EgvX Xp?^rOat or<baXEpbv ELvati vouI fL KEKTIfL4pVOV..e 3. Ta 8E fir' SvvaLTa OUT' ov flovXotTo iratats /POVXrcTELS oVT av E7relXepot: it is true that this sentence would be clear and grammatical without,tarata; /3ovXj-creS, but I find it much harder to imagine (as Schanz does) that anyone would complicate the construction by inserting these two words, than to explain them as they stand. Occupying, as they do, the same relation to iT ]ud 8vvara' as ]/ovXotr' av in the previous sentence does to -ra vvaTrd-and standing side by side with E7rtXEtpo adv, which also governs Ta t w 3vrvard-the words av fPovAotro tiraT as PovXoa-eLt are enabled to govern rad rj Svvard directly. So above at 705 c 9, in tULycTrL irova)pas I/Lt-L Oat TOVS 7roAXE/Fovs, and at Eur. I.A. 527 THE LAWS OF PLATO 1 1 81 cr' e67( Ka't 7raE~es 8E$oM60a 8e'$tv iv cre U8acw!OL XPIEWv, verbs with ace. of the inner object are enabled to govern a direct object as well. At Symp. 222 a v'.ktWO Juv'a ILe vf,8pto-,Ev the [LkE is in a similar position. (Ast says,pai-. /3ovX are " epexegetic " to Ta& /Aq 'SVVoT '), Stalib. that Tza,w-j 3vvaTr are "Iabsolute posita "-"1 quod vero pertinet ad ea quae non possunt fieri" the objection to this is that E-7rLXEtpot' wants a direct object.)-" He will send no vain wishes in the direction of the impossible, any more than he will try to attain to it." e 4 f. axE80'V... yC'yvEur0at: i.e. they could hardly be one without being the other as well. e 7. 0v yE S' 7rX. o' -7roXkOlt KaLTaXIE'YOVOt: Ritter (p. 148) reminds us that it follows from the definition of poverty given above at 7 36 e 2 f. that Plato would call rich the man who is abstemiou~s and. independent of external possessions. e 8. b 'v kX'yot3 -row d'v~podww~v: a variety of o-443 poa, or 8a(ACp0VTro3. Stalib. well cps. the Lat. "Ihomno in paucis doctus." e9. a Kat KaKOS TV3 KEKTT &v: I think this means "1and that is just what a bad man would be likely to acquire." But all previous interpreters take it to mean "1and that is what even a bad man might possess." If they are right, the argument halts. Plato has previously said-not that it is not necessary for great riches and great goodness to be united-but that it is impossible. The ordinary interpretation would be a good proof of the former, but it is superfluous after the latter. Moreover, as he has just said that a. very rich man cannot be very good, why should he here state it merely as a possibility that the great fortuLne should be in the hands of a bad man? 743 a 1. The argument then proceeds to deduce from the previous statement (at e 5) that goodness and happiness must always go together, that the very rich cannot be happy either.airro is o' 7woXXo4 who are assumed to bold that great riches are -necessary to happiness. a3 f. Jya6'w SE\. d.. Jia-rov;: this is a simple restatement of what he said above at e 6 f. Its repetition is not necessary to the argument. Probably it was put in to make it clear that this is what the following arguments are destined to prove.-It is noticeable that Stobaeus (Flor. 93. 26), in quoting this passage, reverses the order in which the two forms of the statement occur; aJya~Thv 3~ b`v-ra 8afx'po03... comes before, 7rXova4ovg; 3' aV o-~60'pa.. -Not only nearly all Plato MSS., but the MSS. of Stobaeus and Origen who quote this passage, read ta(~6'pw3 in a 3. ElsewbLtre 528 NOTES TO BOOK V 743 a Plato always uses this word in the sense of differently. Ast, Herm., Zurr., Stalib., and Schanz read Sta~po'vT-o3. I think Burnet is right in following the MSS. For variety's sake Plato used the word in -4an unusual sense, trusting to the following 8&a0Ep'vi-reg,, in a similar position, to define it. a 5. "7' TIE E'K &tKat'OV Ka't a'8 KOV Kr-,r(Tt Stallb. says the 'r~goes with the Kad. He compares LCrito 43 b 4 EV Too-airg), TE aypvwrv[a ~ i wand Phaedo 86 c a~' r' Ev o'O 'y t a [at]~v T 1rwv 8r,~xtovpy1Wv ~'Epyotis. May be; but I am inclined in this instance to think that jq 'TE... Kr7jcnt was meant to go entirely with ra' TE a'vaX&4Lja1a. (So Schneider.) a 6. 7rXE'ov " 8twrkart'a: this implies the belief that more than half the money made in trade or other intercourse is made by asking too much for one's goods or services.-rca TE. a.cva~tw-KEo-Oat, " the expenditures, which " (in the case of the bad man) "tshrink from being made equally when it is right to spend and when it is disgraceful to do so." The negatives go in sense with,EO0EXov-ra, which is used with a curious "personification" of the expenditures. Stalib. cps. Rep. 370 b 10, where also the subj. of C'OEXEL is inanimate. In both cases MOE'Etv seems to be used as a semi-auxiliary-like our own "will." a 8. rowv. awavaoOat "which are rightful and are ready to be incurred on rightful objects."-The KaX(-V Ka't C1 KaXa' balances JnATE KaXw3~ [s/rqE ata-p66 in sound, but not in sense, as it only deals with one, sort of expenditure.-St7rkao-ty E'X'r'rova this time it is not wXgov 8t r),ao-[', i.e. the necessary expenditure of both men is assumed to he about equal to what the good man spends on charity and the like; e.g. A spends ~100 on necessary objects, and ~100 on charity and the like, while B only spends ~100 altogether. In the subsequent calculation both expenditure and saving are spoken of as if they were in the relation of 2 to 1 and I to 2 respectively. b 1 f. rc-v (masc.) is gen. after wrkovotW;-TCp03. With T(wv E'K We must supply something like wrpa~rO~'VWV, as suggested by the following 7wpai'i-wV; ToV7rwv (neut.) is the getting twice as much and the spending twice as little. b 4. 61 8E' Ov KaK6'S &rTav " 4OEt~woX: the miserliness of the bad man keeps him in a neutral state as far as regards expenditure on disgraceful objects; though it does not imake him good, it keeps him from being bad in a particular direction.-The less well attested reading Ov'K aiyas~s (for ov' KaKo63) comes to the same thing, i.e. "the other (the bad man) is not good when he forbears to spend on VOL. 1 5292 3 THE LAWS OF PLATO bad objects-only miserly"; but oV KaK6O goes much better with the next line (dya0Us 8e KTX.).-Early edd., e.g. Louv. and Steph., have TOTE; SO Ast, who points out that, as at A 63, TOT' 8E is used without the usual rore IpEv preceding it. So Stallb. and Burnet. Other recent edd. read TOTE, which would mean "when he is miserly." The words TOT' 8 iTrore mean " though on occasion "; i.e. when it is a question not of spending, but of making money. Then the bad man's actions are positively-even superlativelybad. (A's 7rayKaAos is clearly a mistake.) b 5. o7rep Etlp-TaL r vvv is equivalent to a geometrical Q.E.D.For "The Philosopher Leo" or "The Great Leo" mentioned in Burnet's note to this passage as here ceasing to correct the text see Gibbon ch. liii. (vol. vi. p. 104 Bury's ed.). b 7. orav KaC... w. rev, "provided that he is at the same time of a niggardly nature, though in fact the superlatively bad man is very poor, because he is generally a profligate spender." -Granting, as everybody seems disposed to do, that 7rayKaXos (b 4) in A is a writer's slip for rdyKaKos, the text appears quite sound, and needs none of the alterations great or small proposed by Madvig, Badham, and Schanz. Plato treats the situation thoroughly-turns it inside out. He then turns to consider the way in which men become very poor. Here, too, the very bad have the pre-eminence; indeed it is only the vice of niggardliness which keeps a few very bad men at the other end of the scale. c 3. Again "Q.E.D." c 5. Above at 718 a 6-b 5 we have been told that the details of our code will teach us what behaviour to our fellows Trv wortv tV ovV, cr/I/ovXevOEVtwv OeOV, ILaKapaLV Te Kaf eva&/Lova adrOT'eXe. Again, at 693 b 4 we read 7roXLtv eXevOepav Tr e vat &te Kalt e',pova Kal Iav'uj Xqv, KaT lV VOVLO voOVV7CL TWrp TavTa /3pE7ovTa 8et voLoOETErt. At the same time, T rwv VOlJowv rV;6eo-0 s W vTaO(. E'pXErev does not, I think, refer to any definite statement in an earlier part of the work, but is a completion of the statement begun just above at 742 d 2 ff. There he tells us what the statesmanlike lawgiver would not make his object in framing his laws. Hence I would translate: "The object of our laws (which I was explaining) is." The imperfect is what Goodwin, M. and T. ~ 40, and Adam on Rep. 490 a, call the " philosophic imperfect "-"was " being equal to "is, as we saw." d 2. Xeyoptev 8': the asyndeton emphasizes the statement. SeLv: in O elvat is written before Xpvar-v, but is marked as doubtful. This means that the writer-or corrector-knew of a 530 NOTES TO BOOK V 743d text in which there was no ElVaL. Stobaeus also has eIatU before Xpvo-ov. Schanz's note-" at cf. Theaet. 176 d "-reminds us that, as there in oloV13 8et E'V i —7 7rXet ro'g Ocrw~o-o/uvov3, so here in &LEVF 7vru IOEt we have a-probably conversational-use of &LV in the sense of "1to be proper," " to be of the right sort." We get the same use in the absolute Seov and in (e.g. 7wpwiadTEPOV) TOV^ d 4. (Ltlq& POO-K~LaTWUv atwr~pwvu: this expression is a puzzling one. Ficinus translates as if the right reading were acdo'p(^, (for adcr~p~iv)-"1 nec ex pecoribus turpiter." So Stalib. "1Videtur intelligi turpe lucrum ex re pecuaria," Wagner "1(durch) schimpifiche Viehzucht." Schneider translates baldly "nee questum multum artibus exercendum sordidis et fenore aut turpibus Pecoribus "; Jowett has "1or rearing the meaner kinds of live stock." Susemihl asks if 800-Kr/iara could possibly mean "(slaves" Ritter thinks that what is forbidden is (1) the rearing of beasts for sport (cp. 789 b f.), and especially (2) the fattening up of beasts to serve as delicacies for the table, and that the term acdcrXpWv is used because animals so fattened are generally castrated. Ritter rightly points out that he cannot mean to forbid all rearing of stock, as that is allowed at 849 c 1. I would suggest that in fl0GrKT)qCa'TWV Plato is merely carrying on and enlarging the metaphor contained in TO'KO9, and that ai'o-~pcwv belongs to both nouns. I would translate: "And we will have no great money-making out of base trade, or vile money-breeding -or money-feeding either." The capitalist is represented as not only "1 breeding " from his nioney, but as rearing-" nursing" ---his stock so bred. d 4f. raand 0'rn'o-a (" such only as ") are " vi deminuendi posita " (Stallb., who cps. Soph. 217 e and Phaedo 83 b). So at Ar. Nub. 434 aXX 0'o -E/aVTW OrTpe~08o&'-at, and at Aesch. Septem 732 XOO'va vatLt ELY arflXag 07owo-aV Kalt 4)/tLLEVOITGLV KcaTEXEtV. d 6. Money, he goes on to say, is only needed to supply human wan ts, and the first of these is a proper training for soul and body. If Xpq/,LtaTtGo7JLo' bulks too large in the state, it will not only take up time and energy which is necessary for education, but it will make men forget the need for education. e 1. T-q73 akXX9 7rtL8et'ag, "1the corresponding (mental and moral) training." (The usual chiastic arrangemaent.) —oV'K. aea Xo'yov,!' will never be anything but poor things." e 5. dpOd~, like 0&ra and owlroaa above, is used in a limiting sense. 531 THE LAWS OF PLATO e 7. OV'(o: i.e. in accordance with the order of importance just given. e 8. vo/uoOETvat, the reading of 01, is doubtless a writer's slip for vo/uo0ere'rat, which is the reading of Stobaeus. The perf. (as A), though less natural after el raTrrIEat, is more significant: "we have been right in the laws we have made;" i.e. the fact that the right qualities are held in the highest honour is a proof that the legislation has been right. —ol aCVTO0 rpo(Tra'7'rToEVoI vo/zot are " any laws which may hereafter be made in the colony," i.e. " and the same test will be applicable to all future legislation." 744 a 3. eral-zuaVET(raL, "( make it clear to himself." a 4. el... j: as eLrcr')Fa'veorOaC is equivalent to "ask himself the question," this question can be treated as if it were an indirect one. If it were put directly, the two alternatives would be introduced by ro'repov....; "The lawgiver, I tell you, must often ask himself these two questions: first, 'What am I aiming at?' and secondly, 'Am I hitting the mark, or missing it?' In this way, and this only, he may possibly so discharge his task as to leave nothing for others to do after him." (Schanz marks a lacuna after roKOtro.) b 1. JV KaAXov: so StKatorClrov jv at 869 b 6. See Goodwin, M. and T. ~ 416. b 3. Xp',faTa: though we are not told so, we must assume that this portable property was not allowed to remain in the form of money-for the possession of gold and silver was forbidden (742a)-but was exchanged for land which was added to the original KXA^pos,-The KX-qpos was doubtless given by the state, so that a citizen, who arrived with only enough money to enable him to work it, could take his place among the rest.-The property qualifications for the four classes would probably be estimated not in (acres of) land, but in (bushels of) produce. b 4ff. The difficulties in this passage-and they are greatfortunately do not obscure its main point, which is contained in the words 8et 8.. T.. t LaTa avwra yeveoOal. —" It would have been more convenient," we are told, " if each colonist had brought the same amount of property with him, but they have not." It being so, it is best (for certain reasons) for the state to recognize this inequality, and to make it the basis of a classification of the citizens into four divisions.-The difficulties concern the reasons for this proceeding.-Ritter (p. 149 ff.) has a helpful discussion of the passage. I follow him generally-except in what he says at the end about the readings-and more particularly 532 NOTES TO BOOK V 744 b in taking the E'VEKa clauses to furnish the grounds for the classification, not the purposes which it was meant to serve.-&L' tGUTo1qTp0 EvEKa: 7r-oXk(wv... Tre is on the, model of a"AkW9 TIE... Kat. He will not go into all his reasons, but only mentiens one -i.e. the promotion of internal peace by allowing its due weight to wealth. We may translate: " especially as the state allows all a fair chance." b 5 if. LV a K'TX: I prefer to regard this final clause as containing a rather gross zeugma, than as either deficient, or redundant. (Steph. would remedy its supposed deficiencies by adding Ka' before T 'v in b 6 and y/i"YVWVrat (oaagrl&Va)beoeri TL/Lai, and putting 8& (for T-e) after it.-Ritter accepts the Kara', and would reject d'p~at'..t3avopatc. Ast-followed by Schanz -would reject from dp~at' to Tt 'v, and the latter also brackets w-orTiqTo1 CVEKa.)-I imagine that, when the speaker begins t'va r'9v... T L~Lqv he personifies the occasions of election and tax-fixing, and has in mind some such expression as "1may take account of," "1may estimate," to govern riqL "v-"1 the price of each man's value," and, when all that does follow is drokaj43c1(VOVTrESagreeing with a different subject-and 8Lap0JEPVTat, he has a vague notion that enough may be got theince to fill the gap. (Stallb., with a quite different explanation, adds i-c to 106T7rog.) The only change I would make in Burnet's text is to reject the comma after &tavolzat'. b 6. Stavoiat': in the case of distributions I imagine that the lower classes would receive more, while of elo-/hopat' they would pay less. b 7.,)u-. po'vov... XXa Ka': he does not say that birth and personal distinction of mind or body are not to weigh with those who appoint, but that the, size of a man's estate ought to be considered as well. c 1. All editors agree in reading juy&S with 0' for A's 1mi i-C. c 2. Xp-a-tv and i-crvtav are the MS. readings (though 01 has -xevtia5). If the simpler Krqo-tv (Ast) had stood for the former, it is hard to see how the more out-of-the-way Xp-qa-v came to be substituted for it.-With r'gTtpa i-cT we must suppose the subject to change and become "1men," i.e. the men mentioned in cEiao7-T-oe. to tirat~aa i-p4iT avicrp O-VUq/1-p - how real equality can be ensured by an award which though unequal is proportional to some recognized standard, is explained-as R~itter says-below at 7 57 a b, where we are told, however, that the true standard can only be discerned by the divine intelligence.-I would translate 533 744 c THE LAWS OF PLATO (eva... 8taepowvrat): "that all occasions of election to offices or fixing of taxes or bounties (may estimate) each man's real worth not merely by his own or his ancestors' virtues, nor yet by their bodily strength or attractiveness, but also by his enjoyment of or his lack of wealth, and that men may be endowed with dignities and responsibilities on so fair a principle of proportional, though unequal, distribution, that no quarrels may disturb their peace." c 4. /JEeyf0e: an instrumental dative with TrtA'rLaTa wroLEirOaL, which is equivalent to TrqifcOac: "arrange by size of property in four classes." Ficinus translates /ueyE0Et TiS ovoa-iat "magnitudine differentes bonorum." c7. o"rav rE.. Ka oTav: with 7rporoayopevoj'evovs; i.e. in any event the names (and property qualifications) of the classes will remain the same, whether the individual members change or not.-O's correction of its 7rkovcr-L'TIpoI to rrXovou'rT'roL-which is the reading of A-suggests that the latter was not a mere copyist's mistake on the part of the scribe of A (see below on d 4) but an old variant. d 2. T08E... VOLOV 'xtr-jLa = vO'Ov cx(rjaTros TOo&E. d 4. The scribe of A seems to have been under some disturbing influence about this time. Not only does he make such a careless mistake as votdry'a'ros here for voFr't-aaro and o8 for 83e at e 1, but he omitted altogether, at the first writing, a long passage from 745 a 2 (0eoZs) to c 4 (oE). —... KEKXjcrO0at, "which may more rightly be said to be disintegration than discord." Cp. Arist. Pol. iv. 1296 a 8 w"rov yap 7rokv TO &4 / 0o'o, jKt-'ra oTerfov ' Kat tlao-rTcoet yTyvovTrat rTCv 7roXLTELTv. (Some translators-Fic., Serr., Wagn.-take j to be or.) d 6. With rrXoarov we are meant to supply some "strong" epithet equivalent to XaXewr'v. d7. TaUra cdjLOTrepa: i.e. -cTacrv Kat 8rLaoTrLv. Here we may call them class-division and class-discord. (Ritter says that, as these are only two names for the same thing, ado'oTepa should be rejected.)-The persistence of the reading d/oITrepa for cd/aoTeptov in d 6-so A, 0, Stob.-gives weight to Wagner's suggestion that it is the second Jd/Aloepa in A and O which ought to be altered to the gen. So Schanz, but Burnet prefers the authority of L which alters the first.-eKa-repov: i.e. rrevtgas KaC 7rwXovov. e 1. apXoV ovSs... T re TE XXW A( ovSes KTX., "no magistrate, and no good citizen." e 5. Ka[ Le(XPt reTparXao-lov: Aristotle, Pol. 1265 b 23, says r ajv,racrav ovotlav ef',lrt, yIvearatL uXptL rrvTrawrXauo'as; he 534 NOTES TO BOOK V 744 e evidently took K T-dorOaL to mean "acquire in addition to the KX'kpo3."-7rXEt'ova, like Toi'%-cwv and rai 7fI-Ep/tyVoIEva, is rieut. pl.; hence SoO~viwv and -qptcea. 745 a 4. (kavet'... q'uO'CrEO-tv, "1it will be open to anybody to get half by disclosing the fact."-O' 8E' 04Xev:if convicted, the culprit will lose an amount of his lawful property equal to that of the surplus which he had held unlawfully. a 8. ra& 8' ipo-q.A'-Ea -rc~v,EJ3v: it would thus appear that the informer and the Gods would together get an amount equal to the illegal surplus.-Below at 754 e f. the penalty for holding too mnuch property is different: the culprit is to be excluded from the benefit of any future distribution (of laud) and to bear publicly the reproach of aC(X0E8,ta-h addition of 7ra-ioa facilitates the omission of the art. before xowL'3; possibly it is best to take XcupL closely with y/Ey/p40b. Perhaps there 'would be two records: one giving the name (or -number) and position of each KAi-po9, unuder the owner's name, and the other registering only each man's surplus holdings. These need not be near either half of the original KXi'pog, and so would go best in a separate register. Suich a register would give the courts sure ground (cp. o-a/~,s' in b 1) to go on. a 7. /iV'a$tv &pkovotv: the former word seems to be explanatory of the latter, so that the two words might be rendered in charge of the magistrates." b 1. I would adopt H. Steph.'s 0'ra for &ruac. The difficulty of the MS. reading is the only reason for thinking it genuine: "so as to simplify legal actions as far as property is concerned." b 2. t'8pi'o-Oat: lit. "to have (his city) placed" (middle); cp. Syrnp. 195 e T1'JV oL"K-t)(TV i'8pvrat. (Ast, Lex. calls it pass.) b 3 f Kacd. EKXEezLtkEV0V, "1after he (the legislator) has chosen a spot possessing besides all the qualities advantageous to a city." Badham "requires"~ v'rap~oVT' EXov'a. It looks as if it was to avoid this jingle that Plato chose the more lonDg-winded 6o-a. TrOV i'iapXO6vrov. TWV vrapx0vTWV is "1the attendant circumstances." (Ast makes it masc.-sc. T6owwv-anid translates' "1ex uis locis qui praesto sunt.") b 7. LEpo~v: this has been variously interpreted: (1) as 7-E/LCV05; so Ficinus-he understands it to be the first of the twelve divisions-7wpowov being rpW^TOV lkp0o;; (2) as= templum-one for all three deities (Jowett); (3) as one temple apiece for the three deities (Wagner). I believe (1) is right, but that the sacred aKp67wok11 is independent of the twelve divisions.-cuk' oZ: from 535 THE LAWS OF PLATO the Acropolis, as from a centre, are to radiate the dividing lines of the districts. (Fici-nus takes a4' oib to be "1starting from which"); another meaning which might be given to it is "apart from which.")-This central portion is particularly suitable for Hestia; cp. Phaedrus 24 7 a with Thompson's note. O 1. TQ' SC068EKcX: the art. here and in the next line is not merely "the just-mentioned"; it suggests that the number is the rational one. At 771 b Plato justifies the selection of the number twelve-a division, he says, C'0z1E-opVr TO13 UqCrtV KELL 'T7 t aVT vecjn.-It is clear that the dividing lines are to radiate from the central enclosure because each division is to contain part of the city proper. O 2. i'o-a: the equality, he explains, is not to be reckoned by size, but by the productivity of the divisions. e 3. ya'-/aOs -yij and Xctpovog are genitives of material. O 5. KaLL crVYKX'qpwoxat..~a'rcpov, "and to join together as a lot two pieces of land partnered each with its near piece or with its far piece," iLe. each piece will have a fellow, the "1far " one a "4near " fellow, and the " near " one a "1far " fellow. So I understand Peipers (Qtuaestiones Or. p. 96) to take the passage, and though the use of,xre'xEtw-" hold on to a partner "-is extraordinary, it seems better so to take it than to alter EaTIEpOV to E'Kaic'pov (Ast) or C'KaELTpW0JEV, either of which would be superfluous, or even to 4bcdc~rToTE (Schanz), "in the case of each KXUpo1," which would be equally superfluous-and, besides, -OV^ T-c... pLCrf'XVra would then seem a verycmlctdepeso frT~ evyy, O 7. Jek KX&~O3: again I would follow Peipers (p. 9 7) in rejecting Cih KX-qpos as an intruder from the margin. The only possible way of explaining it, if it be retained, seems to be to supply O-vy/ikXqpw0ro-,ETaLL in thought from the previous o-VYKk~qpo'do-aL. Ast's &`irT Would not account for the datives. On the other hand, if only a comma be placed after C'KaiTEpov, and CLtR KX~)po,; be omitted, the next two clauses fall quite smoothly into their places. d 2. ~u'q~avart~aL SE'. 8tavo/Aqj, "likewise in arranging the separate halves we must regulate the proportion of poor soil to rich, of which we spoke just now, using differences of size to produce equality "-i.e. the poverty, and richness of the soil must vary inversely as the size. Not that each half KXq~pog must be equal to its fellow half, but that the near halves should be equal, and the far halves too. T'0 d/avX io'T'TO1 TIE KaLL apET-99 Xwpag is 536 NOTES TO BOOK V 745d "the matter of the poverty etc. of the land," and, by a natural, though apparently unexampled expansion of this idiom, Plato makes vvvS' XE/6'IEevov agree with the T-o'. Ast and Schanz do not believe this expansion possible, and insert wrept-Ast before c/xavX. and Schanz after X 3 Stallb. makes the gen. by itself equal to the gen. with 7i-Ep4, comparing Rep. 5 76 d 7. But this does not mean the same thing; it is not " what he said above," but the "Cmatter " itself, which is the object of /ptjqavaa~at.-The expression is like -ro ruIg -rf'Xv-q at Gorg. 450 c. The article is probably left out here because, if put with one of the three nouns, it must have been put with all. At Eur. Phoen. 403, in a similar expression, we have i-sa 4~IXkv for 1-a' Trwv 4ikwv, and at Herc. Fur. 6 33 Tdv powrwv for T 'aT'Vav vOpo W'wv.-8t'Xa T uo,/.a-t is equivalent to a compound. (Ought we possibly to read d 5. The MS. vE' aorOat-Fic. "dividere "-would have to usurp the sense of the act. here, "1we must divide the men too into twelve bodies "; if not, how is ovvTCL~cL[LEvov to be explained? Schanz holds that there is a lacuna after u"Epy. I believe that Plato wrote vEL/LaL.-As at e 1 above the MSS. vary between &) and &Et; this time A is right, and 0 wrong. —n'v: with this I think we are meant to supply 8tavop~,' as suggested by Stavopq's; and vE'/Lat just before. (Ast would supply iKzrjcn0v, or, in preference, change 7-'v into Ta.)-a`XX71, "1superfluous," i.e. over and above the KXkf'~ d 6. ds & 3t'a i-A a'8 68EKa pe'rj, "1(arranging the distribution) so as to make the twelve tribes equal (in wealth)." (No need with Schanz to reject raL)-This division would spread the rich men equally throughout the twelve tribes. d 8. The twelve Gods are to have their KX?/pot as well as the citizens. This assigning of each territorial division to a patron deity would foster tribal patriotism, and prevent separate coalitions amongst either the rich or the poor throughout the state. e I. kXcuy'v: see L. & S. s.v. ~ V. e 4. v'LE-Oat 4E'KxO-TOV: there is a change of subject here. "Each citizen is to possess two houses." e 5. All edd. now adopt Boeckh's correction of the MS. Ka7ToLKqrtLv to Ka7-otKt~rtv. Cp. above 683 a 1 and a 6. o 7. C'K 7rav-r6 rpo'7r-ov: Stallb. cps. Euthyd. 282 a. e 8. Ta' V'V ElpWqlEvaL 7ra'VTaL KAX., "all the arrangements suggested, above are -not likely ever to find just the conditions which will ensure that they should all be carried out quite literally." 537 745 e THE LAWS OF PLATO e 9. o{v'i-w ("quite") goes with KaTaL Xo'yov-as in the phrase a~~wXg oV'T-o3 at 6333 c 9. 746 al1. &68vpa, Te here, and -ET 83' X6.p. JIEO-OT~71-ag TKLLL..otK-qa-etg at a 6 introduce the two main divisions into which the above-mentioned "Iarrangements" fall1-the accusatives being in each case in apposition to o-v'4xwaVi-a. (Stalib. takes jueo. and otK. to he governed by 'EX0VTE-E~) a 4 f. Xpvro-o^: here regarded as an ornament.-The two clauses which express what the "Imen " will not submit to have-limited money, and limited families-are balanced by two clauses which express what the men will not submit to be deprived of-i.e. decorative gold, and other luxuries which the legislator will evidently forbid.-7rpoo-Ta'$wv is rather strangely used for "add to the list of things forbidden." (Badham proposes to read ETEpC a, regarding it as the second out of three things which are not likely Y-vIJaraVi-a GYVjL/S'vaIt 7evOpeva, i.e. (1) alvrpCag i- KTX., (2) KaL ET-Epa and (3) &'t 86 XW'pas K-X. But things 428ij-,o,3 61 Yo/jo0E&q rrpoo-Ta$ov are not of the nature of things which may be expected not to happen. They are within the power of the legislator, to ordain or not as he sees fit. a 6. Here we have th e usual chiasmus: it is the city which is to be in the middle, in the ideally arranged state, and it is to have dwellings arranged "4all over the country" round it. The plural /JLeo-orp-qa~g is chosen perhaps to balance the plural obcKqo-etL3, and to avoid the two short syllables at the end Of (L1EO-6-T'Ip- T-c, and, though strange, it can be explained as " central positions for all states which have a city." (I think it is possible though that we ought to read peco-rrj-a' -re.-Wagner would read jteo-ar~1at%'T in agreement with ot'KY'rGEts3; the superlative seems hardly natural.) a 7. otov Y 'vetpai-a A'yow, -q rXa'TT-Oiv KaOa~rep EK KrYjp-v: Stallb. aptly cps. Rep. 471 c, where Socrates is said to have forgotten to show ik 8vva-Rj' ai~ I' q q 7rokLTI-da yeve~rOat, Kat i-Wa 1-po'wov woi8vvaT'.-Burnet has rightly gone back to the arrangement of the older interpreters-e.g. Ficinus and Ast-in putting the commna after 7r 'VT'~ instead of before it. b 1 f. XP'i S' Tia' TOtaL6E, "1he " (the legislator) "1must go over his ground again in the following mianner."-It looks as if this and the following sentence were two alternative ways of saying the same thing. Plato can hardly have meant both to stand as they are. (Schneider, Wagner, Stallb., and Schanz prefer the 6~ 7ravTa Xaui8a'vetv of A to the e'rayakajL/Mvetv of L and 0. Schneider translates "sed opus est ut quisque haec secumn reputet."' In so 538 NOTES TO BOOK V 746 b doing he ignores the fact that -ra& rota8E, especially coming, as it does, so soon after -a' -rotaiv-a, must mean "what follows." It is hard to say what Ficinus read; his translation of.TOME is: "sed ea quoque narranda quae legislator adversus diceret.") b 2. wra',tv d/pa~'Ct repeats the notion of E'7avakaaj8a'vEtv. What follows is, in effect, a "repetition " of what we read at p. 739 about the degrees by which a state may fall off from perfection. What is here the model is (as Ritter says, p. 154), what was spoken of above as the 8ev-repa 7ra b 4 f. The subject of 8teSL$EXE-rcL is To' VV^V XEy(6 pevov-see above on 727 b 2; Buirnet therefore does well to reject the comma after XEYo'pJ"EVov. (Winckelmann would read TO-'w for T6; but no "1man~ has so far been mentioned.) b 5. E'V K&40TOLg TOW_ JLEXXOVT(V Ezreo-Oac: i.e. "4whenever there is contemplated any future course or performance." b 6. 0 has here the correct T&3E as against the TOWVE of A, L and 02; cp. below 967 d 1 where also 0 preserves the right reading. b 8. p`: masc. (Ast would like to read 7r-i for Tt in c 1, and take Ji as neut.) c 2. Twh' VXotrw'v: i.e. "1among possibilities "-what are left over after impossibilities have been "ruled out." c 3. o-vyycvC'0raToV... 7WpaITELV, "1is most akin to what it is good to do "-iLe. to the perfect institutions of the "pattern." c 4. For 8ta/p1rqava^r-0a cf. Rep. 518 d. c 5. Te4Aog... flovAr'aet: i.e. " to make his 7r-apa'eeypa as perfect as his heart could wish." Not only must the colonists' representative (i.e. Cleinias) do his utmost to carry all that is practicable in the pattern into effect, but, before deciding what is practicable or not, lie niust let the lawgiver (i.e. the Athenian) finish his description of the " best possible.' c 7. TWiv flpryuevwv (which depends onl irL), and T39 Vo/A0o1EGota3 (which depends on Tt') both describe the lawgiver's proposals as conveyed in the 7rapaJ&Ety/a, and o-vlme'p~ and 7Wpo'raVTE3 (CO-Tt) are used absolutely. (Ficinus, and apparently Wagner, translate -ribg Popxo0,Earta as if it were a dative governed by 7wp6'oaVTeC: "tquidve ferendis legibus adversetur "-"1 und was der G}esetzgebung Feindseliges angeffihlrt worden.") c 8. 4olpwoyo 4Levov ai',r acdrr4: this refers to aTvfL~EpEt. An instance of inconsistency would be the placing the city in the middle of the country, when there was a manifestly better site for it elsewhere. "1 Self-consistency " is also the subject of the following passage albout numerical arrangements. 539 746 d 746 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO d 3-e 3. I think the key to the explanation of this very difficult passage is to be found in Stailbaum's suggestion that TOV^T'aTO in d 3 is Ti-Z01/-okoyo 4 evov ac'To a{'Tr,-or rather "the need for self-consistency" but he did not follow out this idea far enough. He stopped at the word IreV1TaKtU-XtXt'Wv, whereas the reference to this self-consistency is not made clear until we get to the words,LqLETpa, and QXX~Xots o-' Oiwva, at e 2. The main part of the sentence I take to be this: -7po~vju-qT'ov I8EZv -t'va Tpo'rov 7rav'ra TaVTa CILI.LETPfL K(L& JAA7)A1Xo cr'/IqWVa 0E TO"V VO/ILOV TaWTTEIY. 7TaVTcL Ta~Vi- resumes" Ta& &JEKc JEPTpJ Ka41& Ta OVT-OLS 0-VE~ro/AEVaI (including the p(1-pcpa etc.)-05Oev... o-Ta~pa' being, as Burnet marks it, a parenthesis.-I believe that for the MS. 'nq'v 3o'av Tq;we ought to readT3 i- 0 So$6 3-,bEi- would then mean "1in conjunction with " instead of "in sequence to."-8 ^Xov I take to agree with T-p0'wov.-aV`T0oD, if genuine, must be the adverb (as in EcvL'S aTov-, Ka' ot'Kovs av3-ov-), but I prefer to accept Stallbaum's suggestion that it is a mistake for 4i. We may translate: "1That very self-consiste-ncy we must now do our best to consider in conjunction with the proposed division of the state into twelve parts, inquiring in what conspicuous way the twelve parts, which in their turn admit of being divided in very many ways,these and their immediate subdivisions, and those which spring frota them, until we get down to the 5040 individual citizensand such divisions will give you your 4parptcat, your Sqtt and your Kwpjat, and besides these, your military divisions, whether for battle or the march, yes, and your money-values and your measures, whether of solids, liquids, or weights-how all these, I say, are so to be fixed by law 'as to harmonize with and to fit in with each other." Hermann proposes a very ingenious emendation of &SAov &, i.e. SLEXELv 8dEt; and upon this Wagner founds a still more ingenious explanation, which some may prefer to that given above. It is that the original text ran: rb' T'rVa Trp7woV &EXEv&~ 8 rZ a 8'1 /AEP'q. &7Xov KaiTa' /U'pq TOw 4VT-~o K-rA., and that, owing to the similarity of the two clauses, 8texeiv... /Ap-r was accidentally omitted. (He does not explain how Kai-a' then beeame ra" &U&Ka.) He then takes 7rXEU'-a3 as a true superlative: "1clearly you will split them up into the parts which have the greatest number of divisions "-he accepts Ast's avT&rwv for av-'roii.-This explanation is more natural (than that given above) so fazr, but it does not accommodate itself so well to what follows. -As to 7rXdo-CrasQ 8ta~vopacLR in d 5, 420 (-I of 5040) is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 540 NOTES TO BOOK V 746 d 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 20, arid 21, to say nothing of larger numbers. d 7. Oparptial KaLL &34/OV19 Ka't Kw'/Lag: the first, as in Athens, would be a personal division, founded on blood-relationship; the last two are local ones. Herm. De vest., in commenting on the adoption of these familiar terms, reminds us that Aristotle, Poet. 1448 a 35, says that KOL'1&q IS the Spartan word for what the Athenians called 8^og On this passage of Ar. Bywater quotes Jsocr. 149 a &3LEXO/EVot Tr7)V fLEY 70TOXLV KaTaL K(t)/tLCL, T-qj/ se X~opav~ Ka~ra 8'/ovg. This does not seem to have been Plato's idea, for below at 848 c the 8Wo8EKa Kw'/Jxa are evidently in the country. o 1. A2 made a bad suggestion in changing d'ywyacg to Jyc'ovag. Op.819c 4E~1~Er~srwv a7-rparorEwv 1-a$1Et3 Ka' iywya4g. The arrangement of an army on the march differs from the battle order. e 3. 02 makes a natural but quite unnecessary su ggestion that for v0,1ov we ought to read vo/,o0Cj-V. e 4. &ta-av-ra follows the construction noticed above on 643 a 6, and 688 e 5, of the acc. of the agent after a verbal adj. in -'rEo0V.TriqV 8o'aoav 5v yt'yvEo-0at o/UKPoXoyt'aV, " what might appear to be a peddling minuteness." o 6. The standardizing of the parts of machinery, due largely to Sir Joseph Whitworth, has conferred incalculable benefits on modern mechanical engineering. (We want a world-lawgiver to-day, to ordain a metric system on a duodecimal basis.)-Kat'KOV Ay(P vopt'ilavra: advantage is taken of the fact that &wt-0aV'rc has preceded, and the construction is continued; but the connexion with the main verb (Q/o/llqT'a EG-T[) is not the same. In translating we must begin afresh, as Ficinus does-" Et cornmnuni ratione censeat, etc."-Schanz would slightly mitigate the avaKo~kov~ov by omitting 7ra'Vra in e 5. 747 a 2. 'a v aro:i.e. pure arithmetic; &r-a `v/J)oKat Ev /a6,Eu-t: plane and solid geonietry. Then follow the numerical aspects of the sciences of harmony and kinetics. a 5. 7rpo"' r-avfra 7racvra #XA.4av-ra: i.e. in view of this general applicability (7rp~g rravvo Xp-qlrtlzoi)3 a 1) the lawgiver must insist on the importance of this standardizing (o-vva'r$Efog). The reason is that men's minds will be accustomed to think of each number as having certain relations to other numbers. b 1 if. "1For home life, for public life, for all kinds of arts and crafts, the most efficacious branch of education is mathematics. But the great point is that it wakes up the sleepy and stupid nature, and makes it quick, and mindful, and shrewd; the 541 THE LAWS OF PLATO improvement upon its original selIf is miraculous." For the usefulness and intellectual effect of mathematics cf. below 81.9 c 6 Kalt WcLvTo)sXP? b-t)T1EPov3 avTov.s aVTOLS KcLL fYP7)YopOra,3 t1LXXOV 1-Ov'S Jv0p67woV3 a'C-J'1~ Cp. also Rep. 5 22 c, 5 25 c, and 526 a 8. b 5. The use of rrapa' is much the same as above at 693 b 1 rt' 7rCLxpa -raVUTc E~EL 7WpaTTEtv &Xo, and grows out,-of the meaning in comparison with which is often found in irap' Xalkkqa, e.g. Rep. 435 a; cp. above 729 e4. (Wagner translates: "1indem, er, verm.ogen dieser gottlichen Kunst, gegen seine Natur Fortschritte macht.") b 6. a'Xkov is almost our "1further." b 7. T tS: our " you." b 8. aviTa' is, of course, mathematical proficiency. o 2. T~V KacLXOvJ-Vv GIV TL3 wravovpyt'av avrt ro/0cL tasawepyao-a'~ljEvos Xa'oit, "1you would find, to your surprise, that you had made a regular rogue of him, instead of a philosopher." T')V KaLXovILE'V1?V - regular," "1professional." c 5. a3DtXWV, as at b 6, denotes the rest of the habits and influences (besides mathematics) which mould the dispositions of these unpopular Semites. Op. Rep. 436 a Ti- -4tXo~pijuarov O' WTEAL TOv3 TE 4D~OLVtKa3 Elvcat Kat' TOV'3 KaL1L At`7VVrTOV 1batl Tt,3 av OV)( -)K U7TC. c6. KT-q/J~aTO)V LveEXvOept'a3 is put for q~Xo~p-qy-aT1'a-" owing to the debasing effect of the rest of their pursuits, and of their wealth." (The Egyptians got no further in their "geometry' after they had learnt enough to make practical land-surveyors. It was the "1free " spirit of the Greek which built mathematical science on this foundation.) O 7. Without U'iv this sentence would mean " whether it was a bad lawgiver who did it"; the Gi makes it "whether it might have been a bad lawgiver who did it. " (Steph. would change the a&v to a"V Ast would read E$~Ep7WTratTO for Z~Tfyi-craTo, 'Stalib. confines the force of aLv to 7evo',uLevoi Schanz changes it to &'.) d 1. ft'rf KaLL /)Ant a'XXk- TV9 Totai&rq, "1or even some natural influence of such a tendency apart from these." One such possible influence, as he proceeds to say, is that of locality. d 3. The ov'i, which Ast would reject, is established by all MSS., and by those of Galen and Stobaeus. Stallb. rightly defends it as the same negative which is put in after diapvdtoaOat, and cites similar negatives at Prot. 35 0 d and Philebus 2 6 d, where they are inserted after W'1 OVK 63pOw' JoX&%Ok-Ta, and oi'K 542 NOTES TO BOOK V 747 d 1Et3VcTKOXa;`V0/LEV respectively. Here WJ...u 98E' wta kavOavE'TW " let us -not be so forgetful as to imagine that..."1 (Schanz follows Ast in deleting OV'K; other proposals are to read Eot'Kao-Lv (Duibner) or 7,rE/1)V'Kao-Lv (Haupt) for oi'K Eto-LV.) d 6. All editors adopt Ruhinken's St' EtXT)o-,ELs for the MS. 8tEt~k17rEt3, though such a word as the latter would be quite natural here with 7wavrot'a3 understood.-i'vai'o-tot: there is no need to alter this word, nor is Stallb. right in assigning a sinister meaning to it. The Ka[' in all three cases is or. Different neighbourhoods, Plato says, produce a'/AEtvOV3 Kat XetPovs;-Solne good men, some bad; and the lawgiver must recognize this. He then explains how the effect is produced differences in the prevailing winds, and in the amount of sunshine are either prejudicial or the reverse (so Wagner), just as the drinking-water and the crops impart benefits or evils (a&/EeiVW Kat Xat pw) to souls as well at bodies. d 7. Stobaeus's St aVlTn'V-so Ast conjectured-for which Galen has simply &ta (so Schanz), is much more natural than the MS. ta' Ta'VT17-v.-aI'a&t~o1v-av is transitive. (Fic. inakes it initrains.) e 1. For the & after os' /X(' rov cf. above, 6 67 a 1. e 3. For To'srot xw'pag ep. 760 c 7. e 4. OEt"U E"wrt/7oLU: Cf. below, 811 c 9, and Rep. 499 c I.-The notion in 8aqiuo'vwv XU$Et is the same that we miet at 745 4 8, where we read Of the KX-pot of the Gods.-The special salubrity of certain districts is so marked, as only to be explained, he says, by souse supernatural agency. Cp. Eur. Med. 824 ff.-For the -rovsg of 0 and L, A has an inexplicable TOoZS; the scribe's eye mnust have strayed to a neighbouring oT3. e 5. oh,-for which Ast would read oi`~-goes with i-eOcvat -rovg vo4lovg. He will miake his laws to fit these special local conditions. e 8. A stronigly miarked explanatoryasyndetoi (srp(5rov rpEsrTr'ov). BOOK VI 75I a 4. GSo -d~q: we were told above at 735 a 5 that two main divisions of statecraft are (1) the appointment of the executive, and (2) the giving of laws. Here the first of these two divisions is subdivided into (a) the selection of those who are fittest to be magistrates, and (b) the apportioning, among the various offices, of the laws which have to be administered.-A and 0' have 543 75i a THE LAWS OF PLATO ytyv6I Evov. Like the TroV in all MSS. at d 1, the mistake was due to a careless assimilation to a neighbouring word. L has ytyvolyva. b 5-c 2. The main idea of this difficult paragraph is: "the sharper the instrument, the more dangerous it is in inefficient hands." The main difficulty lies in the infinitive clause ro... vod1Lot, which depends on ov8ev 7rwEov av o'vfL/3aivot. The context shows, I think, conclusively that Plato's general meaning is: "no advantage can spring from a well-equipped city's well-made laws, if it appoints incapable magistrates to administer them." The construction is hard to grasp, but I do not think it is improved if with Steph. we change -ro to (K TOV, or with Schramm (who is followed by Hermann, Wagner, and Schanz), we change -rov into mr. We may say, I think, that the gen. -ov erto(Tijo(a is "prospectively" or " proleptically" attracted by r1-E0vrwv. Riddell (Dig. ~ 27) calls it "a genitive placed at the beginning of a construction, for the sake of premising mention of it, without any grammatical justification of the gen."-A minor difficulty arises in connexion with the gen. abs. clause yaCov... 'pyov. Wagner translates " inasmuch as" (da),-Jowett, and probably the Latin translators, by "although... lawgiving is a hard task," or "an important matter." I think the former is preferable to the latter, but that, though the syntax would allow either, and /jCya Cpyov is often thus used, the hint of the ev 7rapeorKevacr-evrv and the emphatic position of feyaXkov entitle us to translate: "where the product of lawgiving is an elaborate one "-the; rov belonging to 6'pyov being left out for rhythm's sake. For tEya E'pyov in the sense of "grand achievement" cp. Symp. 178d. I would translate the whole clause: "that, where your code of laws is an elaborate one, what follows if a wellequipped state sets inefficient officers to administer its well-made laws is this: not only does it reap no benefit from their excellence, and become a laughing-stock to the world, but you may be pretty sure (o-XE86v) that states in such a condition would find such laws particularly dangerous and injurious." (Heindorfs idea, which Ast adopts, that apXas e7rtT-8Eovg V 'X"tV has fallen out before <~K> vTO is sufficiently refuted by Hermann in his critical note. The whole passage is unintelligible if we do not grasp the fact that voko0e-crla and apXW'v KadcrTacrts are two quite distinct things. -F.H.D. suggests that Ev rEOEvrwv is a "gloss.") c 4. I think 'rovro refers back, and means " the danger of having incapable magistrates appointed." 544 NOTES TO BOOK VI75C 751 C c 6. f36oravov... divat (3&8)K0Tas: further references to the (Athenian) (3oKqct/A01a occur at 7 54 d 1 and 7 55 d 6. o 8. The correction of A's av'7oi,4 to av' 7-ovh was made in some MISS., and in all the printed editions.-.The periphrastic ct'vat &&)KOTaLg is peculiar. o 9. Ast suggested that TC is a mistake for &ELF. Schanz held that Tf~p6a4Oat and TE ought both to be rejected; but, though there is some tautology in TEOpac(hOat we~at~vpavovg, it is awkward to -suppose the eLVat from c 8 to be supplied in thought with 7rErat83Ev/Lc~vov,3. Hermann and Burnet think it better, with Stailbaum, to bracket Only T~E. It is hard to believe that anyone deliberately inserted the TE: it must be due to careless writing; either the scribe's eye was caught by the TE in the next line, or he unconsciously repeated the first syllable Of TreTpacOat, which came after another -6cat. (Ficinus's "1esse educatos " gives some support to Schanz's view.)-ev q'jOe0-t vo'lvov: cp. 625 a 5 Iwe3q E3 eV TOOTOS"OETY T'G/pa4AKE V0/L6KO_ (TV?Er Ka' ' e Good laws breed good characters and habits of mind in those who live under them. d 1. For the MS. Toik see above on a 4.-Kpt'vet KaLL al7oKpWletV: the usual chiasmus. The latter verb is used in the same sense at 961 b 6. d 3. rairTa SC' is adverbial, and seems here to have the meaning "but in this case" cp. 8 73 a 3. d f. LXU y 7p... (katvoturo: in other words "1what we began in a speculative, imaginative vein, has turned into reality, and we have now gone too far to retreat; your state we must found, under whatever disadvantages. Even the imagination too has claims. I don't like to leave my fancy picture unfinished."-The omission of the (~aa-'v in the MSS. was probably due to its similarity to the last two syllables of the preceding word; it was recovered from a scholiast's quotation of this passage in his commentary on Crat. 421 d. el1. IAEv (38 "lxv balances 8E' (after ~y~,and should not be taken with 8' in the ordinary sense of the collocation puEv &U." Adam on lkev 8~ in a similar passage at Bep 5 56 b. 752 a, 1. Kara' Trfr ~rapov'arav 77vU Ta V~V Fv00ooytav: cp. aboe o 72 a4,b 2, 736 b 6. Most translators take ~tv~okoy/x to mean conversation (Ficinus, Schneider, Wagner, and L. & S. s.v.), but it is clear that the Ath. regards his fanction to be that of providing the ideal to which the actual is to conform as far as may be. His proposal when the conversation began, and as it developed, VOL. 5 45 2 N 752a 752 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO was to draw a picture of a perfect polity. At first it was all "cmake-believe " and the make-believe is not all to be given uip, even now. a 3. rXavWoJ/LEYO3.. afvotlro, "1if it went about the world without a head, it would look hideous." For the metaphor cp. Gorg. 505 d, Phaedr. 264 c, Phil. 66 d, Tim, 69 b. The scribe of A did not understand this passage; he put a stop after ~rXavWo/,ICVo3 and left out the -ya'p which we owe to L and 0. They also preserve the reading KarLt~roqL whc altered to Kara~cdlrOqLu. After the a.v with 7rXkav' o/L g and the aiv in the preceding line it is natural that the a~v with '/aivoMro should be omitted. Ast (who conjectures aiv d~raVTj) adds it, and so Cod. Voss. Heindorf's abcv- o aw qz- is not lightly to be rejected, but 7rrav4Eo seems to want an amplification more than 4cdtvoCro. Herm. would reject a'vray. a 6. o" 1uo'vov '/E a'X~A': for the ellipse Stallb. cps. Phil. 2-3 b, Phaedo 107 b. a 8. The repetition of this reservation (cp. above 739 e5 and 632 e 7), coupled with a reference to the auithor's age, is a pathetic indication of his fears that he might not live to complete his task satisfactorily. b 2 if. EITO/evot KTX., "with his help we will not forget." "What?7" "1What a bold stroke our present attempt at state. founding will prove."~ b 7. irEp't rti /3XE7rWV.. aiT `, etp-qicag "on what subject are you thinking in saying so?" and the J0 in the answer depends on a supplied /3Xfwiv: "( am thinking) how, etc." KaG 7rot' /ba'Xitcr~ (flrinv) is "and why do you say so?" Stephanus's wrpo'! for wspt' amounts to saying the same thing twice, for wp'03 r[ is here just the same as 7rot; Badham's transposition Of Kalt ~ro t to the place before, flX'7row (which Schanz adopts) would make it less clear that /SAkE'owv has to be supplied in thought with the following&R. The two questions are answered chiastically: " I -say we are venturesome because our future citizens will find our laws new and strange, and what I am afraid of is that they will reject them." b 10. 057Mo3 &$oVi-cd rOTIE, "in the hope that they will manage to accept." c 1 if. As explained above (7 51 c 8 if.) no elector can choose magistrates properly who is not imbued with the spirit of the laws they will have to administer. Manifestly this will not be the case with the new colonists. There must be an interregnum to allow a generation to grow up who have acquired familiarity with the new 546 NOTES TO BOOK VI75 752 C laws. Thus leavened-thus ~ratL&LYorvOE'o-a, as Plato says-the, community may, be trusted to elect its magistrates.-For the MS. rpoo?86$aoYOat the Louviain edition (of 1531) was the first to substitute the future. Schneider, Stalib. and the Zur. edd. retain the MS. reading, Stalib. defending it by a comparison of Phaedo 67 b 9, where K oa-a(OaQc follows ekXwt" (E'o-Tt). Madvig would read Y' Q&v for ye. c 2. et' S~' /LEtvatw'EV 7rwg, "1but if we could manage to survive."Madvig's emendation of /LElvaqLtev to 1LLEL'VEtav, which Schanz adopts (so too F.H.D.), would simplify the construction, but is not necessary. c 3. 7cLa8eg is predicative, "1from childhood " (Jowett).-The a7vI'- in cTvv-rpa4~eYvrEs and 0-VV'rjOEts9 7EV0/JEV/Ot Couples the two expressions so closely that the tKaw-og is felt to qualify them both. 7. rj ir~~w~:it is difficult to decide whether this (as a possessive dative) goes closely with alpXatPEO-LOV, or with KOWMw4-q O-etav, i.e. whether it means "in the election of the whole list of state functionaries, or "tshare with the whole state." I incline to the former view. C6. E1`7TEP TtV't 'rP47W KaL& /,nlXavfi 7voTO '~pO6: this (like the 7rwO; in c 2) suggests that the temporary arrangement for the administration would have to be very carefully devised. c 7. By TO'V T'To'r rrapOVra Xpo'vov is meant the period of the interregnum-the TOO-OV'TOV Xpo'vov of c, 2. c 8. For the use of 7rtcLL&L7q0J77)Uav cp. above 641 b 1 and 3 OVJtOOO E~3~~rLa~)1Ovro%; and 7watS'O, E'O1 7i Kat Xopov 7watay~oy-q0CeVTro KaI-a 1-po'rov &vo',. It answers to our phrase "1to go in leading-strings." d 4. I) jo'vov J~ooutwaao-Oat Wep't T-'r Xowpa3: some emphasis should be laid on Xw'pa-which all translators hut Wagner ignore; "1ought not to restrict themselves to bare ceremonial relations with the land (which your colony is occupying) "-the soil i.e. as contrasted with the human element in the settlement. d5and 7. L has `~v viVV KaToCtKLIETC, A and 02I'V viv Ka7o~Kce~rat, which A-2 corrected by changing 4) to ", and 02 by changing -Tat to -TE. Those who follow A2 (Stallb., Schneider, Zurr., Hermann, Wagner, and Schanz) hold that the 7rpU)TOV l/EV'Sog was the careless addition of v to ', due to the following v'm'; those who follow 02 (Ficinus, the early edd. up to Ast, and Burnet) hold it to have been a case of the common mistake of at for e. (Stallb. says one of the Flor. MSS. has i'. KaT-OLKL'CETE.) The testimony of L seems to me to settle that matter in 02's and the vulgate's favour.-But this reading does not go well with 547 752 d 752 dTHE LAWS, OF PLATO Hermann's W'GTW5TC for the MS. o-Tn5rtv in d 7. The subject to KaTOLKLCETIE is not " you and Megillus," for there is no reason to regard them apart from the trio, but "you Cretans," or "you Cuossians," and, as Cleinias is a COnossian (op. 7 02 c 4), you must be supplied as the subject of e'w.kX-Oijvat. But the subject of &U1-T&rt must be they, i.e. the Cnossians. A still. more decisive reason against L'o-TC5OLV is that the Athi. does not explain until the. following paragraph who is to appoint the magistrates. It is only then that we find that the appointment is to be made by the Cnossians alone. Op. '7 54 c. d. r,s rp'ag ap~a thsacwhich furnishes the main support of Herm.'s conjecture &cr-Txrtv, is intelligible, I think, with o-rrwot. The construction whereby what should be the subj. of a dependent sentence is put in the acc. is a sterotyped one, something resembling the acc. c. inf. Op. Aristoph. Nub. 1148 Ka~ /LC TOV vLOV Et 1L/UC~/la-KE V Ar-/0Vo'yo 4eivov et'-A', and 1115 TOVS KPLTaLR a KCP&LVO1XCtLV... /3ovX0O/.ETo-0 'q'/AdL3 4ipacratu, where Blaydes unnecessarily conjectures ToZ3 Kp~I&Tat.-Along with this question we may consider the reading in e 1 wbere A has av~kuv, and L and 0 'iv 'juiv-and so A2 -and the vulgate is 8' aiv y'2v.w &v has no place here, and Steph. (followed by Ast and Wagner) changed it to av', while ilerm. (followed by Schanz and Burnet) discards it, supposing it to have arisen from a mistaken reading of 8'. 1 would suggest that J'v ptv is almost as likely to be a mistake for 8' i' i as for 8'1,C Aand that the former would suit the context better. d 7. Ta-3 alkXai must be supposed to be under the government of an atpetUGcOat.I el1. Kad, "'merely."-vo,Lkofrt~aKaI: for the functions of the Athenian officers of this title cp. Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. v. (oh. xlvi.) p. 226 f. One of their chief duties seems to have been to keep the ordinary magistrates " up to the mark." Ritter compares Epist. viii. 356 d-where it is proposed to give to thirty-five vo[Lo4~v'aKC9 the decision of war or peace,- and of sentences of death and exile. Above at 671 d, as R. says, it is not an official title, hut a general description of men who enforce particular laws. (The following passage from p. 161 of Lord Acton's Lectures on the French Revolution describes a similar constitutional device to that of Plato's Vopto~l1SkaKEg: "1He " (the Abb6 Sieye's) "1mitigated democracy by another remarkable device. The Americans have made the 'guardians of the law into watchers on the lawgiver, giving to the judiciary power to preserve the Constitution against 548 NOTES TO BOOK VI75e 752 e the legislature. Siey~s invented a special body of men for the purpose, calling them the Constitutional Jury, and including not judges, for he suspected those who had administered the ancient law of France, but the e&te of veteran politicians.") Wagner well reminds us, in this connexion, of the use of the term jOAXaKE3 in the Republic - first introduced there at 374 e. The qw6AaKE3 rlav1-~EXEL3 of 414 b, and the T'rAXot 4V'kKIES of 428 d correspond to the votL0/flkaKES of the Laws. e 5. -r(iiv 7WoXX(*v w6'XEwv: a reminiscence of E'Ka-o'/7troXIS~, the Homeric epithet of Kp''I7-. e 8. Ficinus confirms Steph.'s E'rouKyo-o'v-rov for the MS. EWrotK7)OcaVWT, for he translates r(iiV abLKO/IE&wv by "1qui convenere, and Tniv br. by " qui habitabunt." I think we should follow him. 753 a 3. Schanz may be right in thinking T-u a mistake for TMu', especially as in A the ~ of 7-yt is in an erasure; Still, T-q IIIET. Svv. might well mean "by means of the power which they are entitled to exercise." a 6. E'Ktvo~v-qcra?1-: for the termination see above on 705 d 5. a 7. 14aya 4Apoovo~V00t: in saying that the enterprise was "beneath the dignity" of Athens and Sparta, the Athenian mnay well have meant to hint that the interference of two such great powers would be dangerous to the independence of the new state, to say nothing of the possible want of harmony between them. a 9 f. Ka't ToLtg... AcyOV~va~, "(a-rid this remark applies equally to the other founders, as do the proposals just made about yourself," i.e. the nine other Cnossians, mentioned above at 702 c 5, are also to be induced to become citizens of the new state. It is a question whether we ought not to put a comma after E'XEt. Serranus, Schneider and Stallb. are right in taking OIKwO-T-cL to mean conditori bus. Ficinus and other translators take it to mean simple "colonists." The mistake of Xe7yo(Lev for AEy6O/IEva seems to have originated with Ald. No MS. has it, and Ficinus translates the true reading. b I. Both A and 0 seem to have copied from a text which had p.ev v~v instead of uc'v oi'v, but both corrected the error early. b 2. EcpT)~TOw (ep. 814 d 8) is equivalent to our "so much for..." The question how the "1interregnum " V0/10o5v'X(LKE3 are to be elected is re-opened below at d 7. But he considers it important to give details of the normal election proceedings first. b 6. e' ra-t 0-~E1'rpatis cuV-rWV T-qi3 -qktKt'a 8uV~a'/LEa-tV, "while their ages permitted," ie. the electors are to be all who are serving 549 753b THE LAWS OF PLATO (0&7rXU rtOW'vrait), and all who have served (7roXE'UV KEKoLVWV r)KOXYtv), as long as their age allowed it. Clearly it would not be intended to deprive the veterans of a vote after their retirement. b 7. Inasmuch as Kotv&VbJvOrJOv is equivalent to &Ei KOLVO rV wo uOat and the following infinitives are felt to be dependent on a preceding 8Se'; with 4~EPE1-T) at d 4 he returns to the imperative. Cp. below 755 d 5. c 2. )3o)1j,0v: Stalib. refers to Plnt. Them. ch. 1 7 and Pericles ch. 32 for instances of votes being placed on an altar. A corrupt vote would thus be sacrilegious. c 4. tma'r TUVcTG'L GoV'rw': the o{'TWS is used as in UU~OW's o{'TWS. e 5. 05TtirEp. E-YpaP/.LfVOV: i.e. if any citizen took objection to any of the names proposed, he -might submit it to publicly delivered magisterial decision. Any names to which such objections were sustained would be Q7roKptOE'Vra. c 7. J,LJ "EXaVTTOV Tpta'KOVTa qlpv I think this does -not mean "for a period of not less than thirty days" as most translators take it-but " within as much as thirty days." He is to have full thirty days during which he may make his objection.KiqnOyvra E'v Wrpw'Trot means the same as the subsequent 7rpoKpdOE'VTa,3 at d 3, and the KpWOE'V-a implies either that the names have not been objected to, or that the objection has not been sustained. There is naturally no power of objection at the two later stages of the election. d 1. /EpELtv is used as at 756 c 2-(h1petv E'vVE1rKovTa fPovXev-ras -here in the sense of "vote for," there in that of "elect by voting." d 4. 4EK T( E'KOaT6Ov goes with i'v a'v floiVyrTLL, not with O' flovA-q9eLS_1 (as Zeller). d 5. St'~ To0et`WV iropevo/lEV0: this further religious sanction makes the third and de-finite vote a still more solemn ceremony. Stallb. well cites Dem. Contra Aristocr. p. 642 oi8~e TO'V 1-VXO'Vra TtV OPKOV TOVTOV woortqrEi aXX..fTa'S EWLr' TOV TrOILLUV Kdt7rpov Kat KpLOV Kat Tavpov. d 6. The subject of aro4k-qvcvrcov is ot' (LPXoVTEl which we may supply from the T-ON alpXov'ras at c 8 which is the subject of the infinitives &ieat at o 8 and d 3.-Zeller not only makes the "1semi-final" -hundred elect the thirty-seven (from among themselves), but preside at the election as well; ije. he makes them the subject of carofn-vd'vewY. Ficinus goes further and makes the thirty-seven the subject of a'ro(b-qvc'vrwv; i.e. he makes them return themselves. It is the absence, in a brand-new state, of proper presiding and,returning officers which necessitates the arrangements now to be 550 NOTES TO B300K VI 753 d described at d 7-754 d 4. o~rocfjvc'vi-ev is "appoint," cp. 767 b 3; not, as Jowett, "proclaim." KPtvaVTEs here (as Bitter says) = 8OKt/Ja'a-avi-Eg; op. below 755 d 6. d 7. rTiME1 oiV': the description given above applies to normal elections in the adult state. But "1in our state " —qtUV 'V T-^w6XEtwhich is just beginning, there are no a~pXoVTe3 who can "1publish" names, and of whom it can be said K~tWaVT1E9 dw'7oc/jvd'v'wv apXovi-a3. Some special provision therefore must be made of presiding magistrates for the first election of vo/Ao4~V',aKIES. e 1. 8oKqi1ao-tW'v: Ritter aptly cites Deinarchus, Contra Aristog. ~17, where the questions supposed to be asked at a S~oKL/Aao-ia are: "Is he a good son? Has he done his military duty? Clan he show any monuments to his ancestors?" (reading q'pia) "Does he pay his taxes?" The presiding magistrates' inquisition however would hardly extend, as Bitter thinks, to such questions of personal suitability for office as are described above at 689 c d. e 2. For 7rpw^rop ov'rw cp. above on c 4. e 4. 7rp4 7rao-wv rw'v a'p~iiv: these words present great difficulty. Ficinus translates them ex omnibus magistratibus. But as yet there are no magistrates in the newly formed state. That is the cause of the difficulty in question. Ast, the ZtLirich edd., Wagner and Herinann adopt Cornarius's emendation of 7rp0' to 7rp0. The words will then mean " before a single magistrate has been elected." This gives a satisfactory sense, but it is hard to see how the easy 7rp6' could have been changed into the difficult r7rp g. Schneider's ingenious wpoo-Taao-(v Twv apy.v ("under the presidency of the (proper) magistrates) " is palaeographically more likely, but does not give nearly so satisfactory a sense as p' wao-(Uv TOV JpXWV. Stallbaum keeps wrp0' 7rao-W^ Ti-oV a~ translating "1von Seiten aller Behorden." I am inclined to keep the MS. 7rp&', and translate "cof all conceivable authorities there are none to be produced." (F.H.D. would follow the majority of edd. in reading 7rpo'.)-Badham's rewritten sentence, as so often in his case, while making excellent sense, does not fit in with the larger context. The following 3e't 1_-qv ae/ui35 y4 7wog implies not a preceding "1we must have," but a " we haven't." All Bdh. gives us is adVC'yK?7 'll/V EtVat Ttva,;, ot'Ttveg EZEY aV 7rp~ waao-wv Tcov 'pxw-V 7E7OVOT~ES (deleto OV'K E&TT).-For OV'K E~~V... otrV69 cp. Minos 320 a 2 oV"K f'o-rw Ot1~Lvcg aJreXov-at o-vurroo-1cov. e 6. I think Naber is right in rejecting the words E'v rat-s; wapot/-4acg as a marginal comment. They are in an awkward position in the sentence. 551 753 e THE LAWS OF PLATO e 8. T 8': best taken, as e.g. at 642 a, adverbially, " whereas." 754 a1. 'vo: i.e. To apaacOat, or Trrv a pXv. The two stages are distinct, as in the previous statement: "not only is any beginning," he says, " more than half the business, but a good beginning is beyond praise." Our "well begun is half done" modifies this in two directions. Cp. below 775 e 2. a 6. Ast tells us to take el7TEl with erropw (and consequently 7rXvr as a preposition, and 'rpos TO rapov closely with dvayKaov KaL (TrV!/(bpovTos), and Ast (Lex.) and L. & S. s.v. quote Phaedr. 235 a, as if it were Ev7ropwv 7roXXa XEyEtv instead of EV7ropw)V TOU 7roAXXa Xyetv, in support of such a construction. It seems better, with Steph., to take wrkrv as a conjunction, and eL7reLv as dependent on avayKcaov Kal o-vlqEpov'TOS-LVOs being governed by ev'ropw. (The decision between the two grammatical views is so difficult that it is not surprising that Steph. forbears, as he says, to mark his own view by the punctuation.) b 1. oro at..... ta is something like the conversational English "a good few." It is hard to say whether 7roXXaKLt goes closely with E'vtat, or generally with the verbs of the sentence. Ficinus's simple multas ignores 7roXXaKLs 'vtwat altogether.-A came to grief both with KaT'oLKL-OErW'bv and KaTroKta-d'a-s, writing first KaToLLKLroev, then KaoVTKlU-'OevTvv for the former, and first KoaTotcraocat and then KaTOtKr)Tcra'aLs for the latter; L and O2 wrote the former correctly, L and O have KaTrotLKora'-ats for the latter. b 3. vvv,zv ev Ti 7wapovL: the sentence thus begun is never finished; ' 8... yyovora at b 7 ff. is a substitute for its conclusion; in other words a &) vYv "resumes" vvv /jv ev T( 7rapovTt. b4. Ev ye rj Trapovay wras8tas aTropla, "while the helplessness of childhood lasts." I have followed Burnet in reading 7raL&as. Even if the MS. reading 7raSLew'a be retained, it must still mean childhood (not, as Jowett, " while he is in want of education "). As to the form of the word cp. Schneider on Rep. 537 c 1 and below, 808 e 2 and 864 d 5. b 6. dvayaKatov is the emphatic word, "finds allies solely among his own connexions." Ficinus's "ad suos semper refugiens in his solis praesidium reperit" suggests that possibly olKEtoVS was a marginal interpretation of avayKaCovs. b 7. d: i.e. the mutual affection natural between young children and their parents, and the sense of dependence on the latter felt by the former.-Kvoxr ^ot 8ta r'v E7rTXEuav,LC "erga curatores eius 552 NOTES TO 1300K VI 754b Gnosios " (Fic.). &da T. e~w. does not (as Jowett) give the ground for the assertion; it is rather "1thanks to their care." C 1. VraPXIECV E1TOtfL&)3 -yEov-iVa: for 'E'ot'14ws where we should have expected the adj. cp. 880 b 1. c 2. 8 ' L and 02, and so Burnet; for this Schneider adopts the -ye of A and 0; all other editors give the SC of the early printed texts. Ficinus's igitur justifies Burnet's choice. c 4. The construction from,7wpoo-ekoLjVvov to b'a-r'V civapwuiv is conversational-almost slipshod.-As this is a repetition of Xp-qvat Ta'TI-rv at 752 e 4 if., we are bound to take KOM^i to mean "in conjunction with the colonists," for there we read Kotiiy^ IeT a ro J. Eisr - r In other words 71-poo-E. T-o eiV i-S. dwr. d(LqtKoikvwov explains KOL~i7, and is a loose equivalent for UEra& T6;V a4. KT-X. at 7 52 e 5. (Steph. takes KOM^ closely with wrpoo-,EXouvv' placing the comma before it, instead of after.) c 8. The r-vv- in the verb marks the contrast with the state of things described in d 2 ff. Before, and dining, the election the 100 Cnossians and the 100 colonists act togethtr. As soon as the colony's magistrates are duly appointed, the alliance ceases. d 4. 'rwiV C. K. r.: for the partitive genitive as the predicate of ELVat or ytyveo-Oct Ast cps. 762 e 9, 948 b 1. (6' -oV^ LeyW1-TOV TC1LjjuaTro3), 950 e2, 951 c7. d 5. br' ro itrl&: a little more than "1for the following purposes "; e~wi has the notion of presiding over a certain province, as in the phrase T-ovg ~r 1-ot3 rp5y/iatv 0Vra,3 in Demn. Phil. iii. 110. 22. d 7. dii', for e'v o t,3 is not too "strong" an attraction for the conversational style of the present passage.-airo-, "duly."-Tot^ apXovo-t too is rather loose for "1for the (proper) -magistrates to keep" cp. above 7 45 a 6 'q 8"E K T?O-11 X"J)Pt 1-0V KX-qpV. V 1-9 4XLVEpw) yEypa,60 7rapa q'xc4tLv apxOUorLP. d 8. 7X1'v K-X.: the full construction would be C'v oj a'v d7roypa~/~ 6 EYLEW-TOV 1TFlqi771a E~0JV To 7rXq-0o T1-) av'Tov ovo-ta3 n-K'v 1-e1 —po)v pvwiv. No man of the highest class would be held guilty of a mnisdemealnour if he had only understated his property by about ~20. (Interpreters from Ficinus to Ast were content to hold Plato to have meant that the property of a man of the highest class was four minae; and that, as llermann remarks (De vest, note 137), though a man of the highest class is said at 948 b 1 to be liable to a fine of twelve minae for a single offence.) In keeping with the loose style of this whole passage is the careless arrangement of subject matter, involving a repetition (as 553 THE LAWS OF PLATO Ritter points out) of much that we have had before in Bk. V. at pp. 744 d e, 745 a. (Schanz accepts Badham's suggestion that there is a lacuna after '-oyp4i'-. e 4. wrp0's roii-p 8" K-X.: a comparison of 745 a shows us that, besides the confiscation of the offending sum, an equal sum was to be produced by the offender, half of which was to go to the informer, and half to Religion. e 8. For C'v of the tribunal cp. 784 d 2 E~v &tKao-1-rjptp and Gorg. 464 d (et eoc ev 7FL &a(w40 755 a, 1. At the mention of irwiv KOLV(OV KT-q/J~a'rwv and 8tvtt, an Athenian citizen would think e.g. of the rents of the state silver mines, and of the &tw/3eXta. a2. T0Vy KKIPOV is not governed by 7rX 'v, but by the notion "tpossessed of " to be supplied from alotpog; after each distribution he is to be left possessed only of his original lot. a 7 if. I believe that O[O80 KovTa should be rejected, as also the (after a 4) quite unnecessary and very awkwardly expressed Ivq~e'i6&aVO~qO~TW. -With i'nrep/a34 we must from a 5 and 6 supply 7riC VTr)KovTa. This provides a natural explanation for the apparently tautological 7riXEoV i17riEp/pc; the ri-X'ov is more than ten years.-KUal- -rovrT. O"VX'ov proovides an antecedent to& S or, more strictly speaking, the antecedent to 057MS is Contained in the -ooV-rov. We should say "1and so, in proportion, according as the vol~ov'Xa.$ has gone further (than that) beyond (the age of fifty)"; e.g. if sixty-two he has only eight years of office before him. (There seems no reason, with ilermaun, to think 61r &r' a more likely expression here than i-ewg.-Apelt (p. 10) would read &a~r, for 0'riw,3, putting a comma after it, and none before it. He justly points out that KcLIa' TO'TOVio Tr'V A'yov must mean something more definite than "for this reason"; it means "in this proportion "; but I cannot follow him in -his alteration and interpretation of the succeeding words. He translates frora K0a-aL to Stavo-O. "nach diesem Verhaltniss soll jeder (nicht bloss der 60 -jiahrige), wenn (a~.v) er (beim Antritt des Amtes) schon uiber 60 alt die 70 erreicht, nicht lauger daran denken, dies Anit zu verwalten." -F.H.D. also holds that rw'oYV1Cre,8ap/3i means "having passed (sixty) by more." Stallb. holds that 057rre is "1de tempore accipiendum," and translates "1atque secundum hauc rationem, ubi quis hanc aetatein tranagressus plus septuaginta annos vivat, ne jam cogitato etc.")-As Ritter points out (p. 157), it would not happen that exactly thirty-seven vopoLofnSkaKE~ would have to be chosen at every election, as the time of office would in many cases be shorter than 554 NOTES TO BOOK VI 755 a the maximum twenty years, and vacancies in the body would occur at irregular intervals. b 3 f. TraL Trpt'a Wep TOw VO/LO~4VXa'KWV 7rpoo1d-/yjara are, I think: (1) They are to have a general surveillance over the laws. (2) They are to have the charge of the property-registers. (3) They must form a court for the trial of the over-rich. b 5. E'Kacr-os: SC. vo/Aos; each fresh law will give the vojuofV'XaKE3 some fresh work to do. c 1. The correction by A2 and 02 of the more "1elegant" VrqpEGtfa!; to V~r'qperas was very probably due to a previous marginal interpretation. c 3. OtTOV Ka[': Badham would change this to El KWLL, under the impression that the 0`vo/_&z in question is o4'XapXot, and that P. is thinking mainly of the first half of the compound. It looks though as if he were thinking rather of the second part-the -ap~og. We may translate oZ"... E'rovotud'ovo-t " to whom we may appropriately give just that sort of title-in fact most people do call themn TaetapXot.' Ficinus has "1quos merito multorum more praefectos ordinum nuncupabimus."-Plato will not propose quite sans phrase to adopt the Athenian titles. c 5. 7rpoflaXX&6o0v: the vo/Lo4~V'XaKeg are to draw up a prel'hninar~y list, i.e. a list of fit candidates for the office of G-TpaTrr-161. d 2. TovrT av'Tr6: i.e. the fact that he believes him to be the better man. d. (6rapo ' 'l 8taXEtporovoV/ ' v% whichever of the two is fixed on by the J)tUblic vote " (is to be added to the nominated list). d 6. 8oKq1JaLUI9EVTWV: generally (Ast, Wagner, and Stallb.) taken to be a gen. abs. without a subject; "after they have passed the scrutiny." (Op. below 829 d 5, Rep. 586 d, 590 d, Parm. 137 c 2 JXX' E'pcuTa 64 a7roKptVa[LtEvov.) But it is better to follow Ficinus in making TpEt'S (nomn.) thee subj. to the imperative SoKt/Lcw-OE'VTO)V; TOVTOV13 elvat 7roXeJov will then depend on the immediately preceding words oT3...-4y0/0JTaL which are equivalent to "about whom it is decided." d 6 ff. Ta$.. r. mpo/3cXXccrOat... U&6 Ka, (E'K6aTTUo-r;, TraLcapXoV): this seems to be a loose expression for "they must provide themselves with a candidates list, with a view to the election of twelve taxiarchs." We are distinctly told in the sequel that the proceeding is to be identical with that followed in the election of the o-TrpaTiq10t'. There is to be a wrpoflokqj, an opportunity for a4vr&7rpoflokr', an C-7tXELPOTOVta and a 8oKqlao-la 555 755 d THE LAWS OF PLATO (called here Kpo'aLs). If, as is usually assumed, the generals are only to nominate twelve, the XELporovta would be a farce. (One way out of the difficulty would be to suppose that each of the three generals is to produce a list of twelve candidates. But there is no hint of any limitation of the number of candidates in other cases, and the " one for each tribe " could only apply to candidates on the further assumption that each general must choose one of his from each tribe. F.H.D. proposes to reject ra^tapXov; this would give us "twelve candidates out of each tribe.") e 1. aKda-ry 4vXy, is the reading of L and Eus. It is strange that both A and O should have the extraordinary EKacmjrr <UXaKiK, and that the corrector of A should have got no further than putting a " vitii nota" in the margin. e 2. Madvig was possibly right in inserting ~ before Tcv, so as to bring the expression into line with that below at 756a 7. Stallb. thinks both expressions allowable. e 4. TOV 38 crVX)oyov KTk.: the assumption that, in ordinary circumstances, no popular assembly could be convened except by the flovXr and its representative officials shows us Plato here writing as an Athenian for Athenians. The dramatic standpoint is abandoned. Herm. (De vest. p. 39) says that for some points the Laws tells us more about Attic arrangements than we can get from any other source. e 8. r'Iv oLrov,p/rokX4tov is not, as L. & S., "all who are of military age," but, as 756 a 3 shows, "all who belong to the forces (in any capacity)."-The E$edjs rovTotL is not local-does not qualify Kaio-at, but EuJ7roXtAjov, and takes the place of the word for "remaining" which we should expect: "all who after the cavalry and the hoplites have a claim to belong to the forces."Xf(porovoVTV7V KTX.: " Unum tantum apud Platonem ab Atheniensium usu recedere videtur, quod taxiarchos a solis peditibus, hipparchos ab equitibus, inspectante tantum reliquo exercitu, creari jubet, quod Athenis ab universo populo factum esse constat" (Herm. De vest. p. 40). e 9. krc7rdpxovs r' VTES: this seems to be in direct contradiction to b 1 in the next page, where we are told that the cavalry is to elect the i7rnapxoL. Many ways out of the difficulty have been suggested. Stallb., Wagn., and Madvig, whom I follow, reject Kat i7rTrpXovs here; Herm. rejects the account, given a few lines below, of the election of the hipparchs; Badham would read v7rapXovs -"vice-generals "-here. Possibly the fact that the hoplites looked on at the election may be thought to justify the 7ravTs. 556 NOTES TO BOOK VI75a 756 a 756 al1. A further difficulty is presented by TO5roLro&. If, like, the similarly placed datives ToOi-o&R (755 b 8), a{v1-o'crit (d 7), EaVTOL'3 (756 a 3), it means "1in subordination to," "1as assistants to," and represents the superior o~fficers, there will be nothing to which this TiOVTOL3 clearly refers-even though we do not remove the Ka'd tir'ri-cpxov3 with Stallb., Wagn., and Madvig. For this reason Madvig (followed by Schanz) proposed to take out the sentence ObvX... at'pet'o-Oo and put it after t'-W~EvVTWVI (b 3). An argument against this is that at a 4 Plato seems to imply that the only election that had still to be arranged was that of the t'-~rapxot, whereas, by this arrangement, the dnS',apXot are left out as well. Of course Hermann's athetesis of t'raoXeWV t... irEVdYTVi-, if accepted, cuts away the ground for Madvig's transposition. The difficulty is best met, I think, by Ast's proposal to read aiv1TO't for aZTOVTOL1. (If the MS. text be left unaltered, we must suppose that its contradictions and irrelevancies are due to the absence of the author's final revision.-F.H.D. would reject airv'rTO&ts.) -(T-qv cio-wt%) rTO4E/evot: not, as, Ast, for 7rept O9E'lovot, "1sibi induentes," but the same technical use which occurs above at 753 b 6, i.e. "1serving as hoplites." a6. The MSS. and the early printed edd. all had 'v-tfl/oX2v for av'rt~rpo/&oib'v, though the early translators got the meaning right. Ast was the first to correct the error. b 5 f. If, after the second recount (i.e. the third count), the decision as to which two candidates had the largest number of votes was challenged, the tellers were to settle the matter by voting among themselves. The Aldine edition was doubtless right in correcting the MS. 'roV57oLg (assimilated) to roV'ToV19.-oto-7wep Tr1^ XELPOTOVLS fL&pov E'Kao(TToL EKcOcT1OVv:a strange expression: "1to whom severally in each case had fallen the duty of counting the hands held up.",e'rpov E'XfLV 7rpo~ at 836 a is "1to provide a curb for," "to account for," "to be competent to deal with," and so I.c-rpov eO-tlv av-rpZ Ty Xe1pOorvtag might well mean "1it is his duty to deal with the votes." This expression would fit in particularly well where the duty was one of counting.-E'KaO-rov CKacrrot, might mean that a separate set of tellers were appointed for each count, or merely that separate tellers dealt with separate bodies of voters.-If these tellers were merely required to settle among themselves what the result of the voting had been, they would only be resaying what they had said before. Evidently the election was put into their hands by the challenge of the third count. (The general view is that the words denote the presiding magistrates.) 557 756. b 756 bTHE LAWS OF PLATO b8. 1t'yvotvro aiv 7rpOVE' ra' Savofmit^ "will form a convenient number for our subdivisions " (e.g. the 7wpv1-cdvets). c 1. I think Stalib. and all other interpreters (except Ast) are wrong in taking 'roiv-nv to depend on r.Ov 4pt piv, and that it depends on /p4', while i-~, t~pOjzv (if genuine) qualifies the numeral as at Phil. 17 c 12 47-o'cra -Eo-i-' o'Y~ d'ptdp.6v. Ast, quite unnecessarily, substitutes o{'1-co for roirTWv, appealing for support to Ficinus~s ita ut-" et in quattuor partes. per nonaginta distribuatur, ita ut a censibus. singulis consiliarii nonaginta ferantur." -A change I would suggest is the rejection of the words Kcai-a EVEVKOV1a Trv dptd4L0v. In view of the next sentence they are superfluous, and they are awkward. An arithmetically minded commentator may well have added the words in the margin. c 3. /ie7[Croy1 here, and oyktKpG5aoi —v at d 1 and d 3, refer of course, not to the numbers of the classes, but to the amount of the property - qualification. We must translate by "1highest " and "1lowest." He seems to use the plural and singular indifferently in the same sense.-ar~'7raVsa: the same as 7r~ra'~ a~lv~pa at e 4. Apparently the whole community, not only the soldiers, as in the case of the election of magistrates (753 b 5).-At the -first reading it looks as if from each class, on its election-day, ninety senators were chosen. But when we come to the fifth day, and the final election, we find that it is possible, out of the number voted for out of each class, to select 180. The first voting, therefore, must have been a 7rpopoX ' like the first voting in the case of the /ojLo0,V'XaKE3 described at 753 c, where everybody wrote the name of the man he wanted to elect. o 4. i-,q 8oair C-j'~ the same as what, at e 1 and e 5, is called q ~rpci-~q- Cqluda. (We may guess it to have been three drachma%) c 6. Ka~a Tara~3* Kawc7ep TV~ 7wpo'o-ev: i~e. on this, as on all the days, the whole community voted. At Pol. 12-66 a 14 if., Aristotle describes the arrangement for the election of' the flovX given in Plato's Laws. At e 16 he gives i'o-ovg (i.e. /3oVkCVd'rs) as representing this KaVT\ TaV'rct K. T. r. Either, then, Aristotle made the same mistake as Muretus, Stallb., and others-i.e. understood the fixed number of ninety senators to have been elected on each day-or Nickes is right in emending &'Crovs to LiO-ws. (See Susemilil and Hicks ad loc.) el1 f. We may conclude that, on the third dlay, when, the candidates from the third class were being nominated, a member of the third class who failed to vote was fined double the 7rwpeTq 6p1Lk. 558 NOTES TO BOOK VI 756 e e 3. l8Etv stands for (t)cTre Sewv; cp.?lj/epoV 890 c 8, also 759 d 8, 857 a 6, and 917 e 6. e 4f. (Epstv 8' EK TOVTwrO al rdvTa avSpa: it is not easy to see why this second election took place. Why not take from each class the 180 who had most votes (i.e. nominations) at the first election? Perhaps it was intended to give those citizens who had voted for themselves, and saw it was no good, a chance of voting for someone else. The only difference between the two elections would be that on the fifth day the members, of the two lowest classes would be compelled to vote, whereas on the third day the fourth class, and on the fourth day the third and fourth classes were let off, if they liked-the principle being that the classes are to be fined which would be most likely to be defaulters. The publication of the first list would show who were the likely candidates, and the third and fourth classes would, on the fifth day, have the opportunity, as Ritter says (p. 159 f.), of upsetting a previous decision of (mainly) the two higher classes. Aristotle's account (e 19 f.) of what happened on the fifth day is very inadequate. As to his further conclusion that there will be "more," and "better," men from the "highest class," if he means more (definitely elected) senators, he has misread, or misremembered Plato's account. If he means "more" among the nominated candidates, it is hard to see, even if it were so, how it would much affect the final result; for each class must have 180 representatives. S. and Hicks take it to mean "more" voters. But is it likely that abstentions would be so frequent in the fourth, and far more numerous class, as to reduce the number of voters below that of the highest? e 5. As at e 1 in the previous page, L alone has the correct reading (eKXAeavrag where A and 01 had CKXAEav7re). e 7. draoKXrpPwcavrTaS: the introduction of the lot would confound the machinations of such a "caucus" as Aristotle (Pol. ii. 1266 a 27) deprecates in the election of magistrates. e 10. s del 8eLt Jearevetv: cp. above 693 d 8 8e' 8) oZv Kat adayKatoov JLEraXa/3ev Ja/o0v TOVTOLV, EIt'Ep EXEv0epla r' 'oTraL Kat (flXta LE~TLa povc(rESo. —The {s is a curious case of attraction in sense it stands for iv, but is attracted into the number of the immediately preceding 7roXLrdaea. 757 a 2. The MS, &8ayopevodLevo looks like the right word, and Stobaeus's 8tayo'/epvoi and Boethius's (Photius and Suidas) 8tayevo1eEvo like imperfect recollections of it. It is used, as &86rt7vE often is, in the sense of pronounce-dvayopevo/LevoL, which Badham proposes to substitute for it here, is announce, proclaim559 757 a THE LAWS OF PLATO and with the three preceding words is equivalent to our phrases " being placed in the same class," " being judged to deserve equal honour." We may translate: " slaves and masters will never make friends, nor will worthless and worthy to whom equal honour is awarded-for equal treatment results in inequality when it is given to what is unequal-unless given in a due measure-and both those two false relationships are the fruitful sources of civic discord." ros dwvo-ous is not, as Wagner takes it, an instrumental dative-"durch das Ungleiche"-but a common dative of the recipient. a3. ci /,d rTvyXayvo Trov fe-pov: the really equal treatment is that which takes cognizance of the inequality of the recipients; so we read above at 744 c 2 that if honour and power are bestowed with discrimination, they are bestowed with real equality (o's Fao'aTaTa). We use the same metaphor, in almost the same phrase, when we talk of a man's being " equal to " or " unequal to " his position or his task.-Proper weight should be assigned to the TryXavoL; the idea of due proportion is contained partly in the verb, which means to " hit the mark." (Campbell, on Politicus 284 d, says of -this passage: " here we seem to find the point of transition from the Platonic to the Aristotelian /Eerro'-rr.") a 4. 6t..... adfrkopa ravTa: not, as Jowett, equality and inequality, but, as Ritter (p. 161 f.), the two varieties of arLo-oT7s which are found, one in the croo2pa SovXda or eo-TroTeta of absolute rule, and the other in the o-6S'8pa eXevOepta of complete democracy. Both these relationships provoke rebellion in different ways. Both are equally unstable political conditions, because incompatible with the 4tXla without which we have often been told that no community can cohere. (Cp. 693 b 4, 697 c 9, 699 c 1, 701 d 9, 743 c 6.) a 5-c 6. wraXaLs... Ka'a Xoyov, < There is real philosophy in the true old saying that equality is the mother of friendship, but the ambiguity as to which kind of equality it is which has this effect leads to grievous mistakes. There are two sorts of equality, which go by the same name, but in action produce in many cases virtually opposite results. Any ordinary state or lawgiver can employ the one in bestowing dignities. All that is necessary is to use the lot, and so distribute them by the indiscriminate impartiality of numbers and scale. But the truest and best kind of equality is hidden from the ordinary sight. None but the divine eye can discern it. Man's vision cannot penetrate far enough to help himu rwch, but what he can see of' 560, NOTES TO BOOK VI 757 a it is of priceless value to states and to individuals. To the greater it gives more, to the lesser less, adapting its gift in due proportion to the nature of each, and when it comes to honours, it assigns the higher ones to those whose worth is higher, and whenever it deals with those who are deficient in disciplined virtue it gives them their fit share, all in due proportion " (reading CKWTTOTE in c 5). a 5. 1o1o'rIql -~0X0rTlqz a'7rEPYaCLfE-at: this proverb, says Plato, might seem to prove that if men are placed on an equal footing, they must thereby be made friends. In effect, he says, this result would only follow if they are rightl~y so placed. In other words, the real meaning of the proverb is no more than "1like will to like." b 4. [4I-pk. Kat craOa9Lk,' KatL aptOu6,: what Lord Acton (Fr. Rev. 16 1) calls "by coarse and obvious arithmetic." b 6. In just this spirit Sir Henry Taylor's Philip van Artevelde says: "1The world knows nothing of its greatest men." So, too, Coleridge: "It sounds like stories from the land of spirits, If any man obtain that which he merits, Or any merit that which he obtains." (Op. Aristotle on 'r~ 8LcLV1E/.LqTL1bV &tKaLtov in Eth. Nic. v. 1131 b 27.) b 7. The scholiast on Gorg. 508 a (7' lu'rysi 'q) VEOJWETPtK-q Kat 4v &oCLs Kat'c a'v v~pW'7rot5 /pya 3vva-rat) says: TovTrcTrtV y' &tKat0c0vV5i)J -rawriqv 84E T-q'V -1EW/~fTPtKi7v avakoytaV AL6t KPI`YV E'v No'kot'R EKaXccreV, w4 St aVrtj-1, 1ow^ ira VTWV KEKpqLECYOW) TE Kat 6ptarpywy.act'is almost "1as a matter of fact." b 8. The subject of E'-7rapKE2 is not lopo'-ryr, nor AtLg Kial'gt, but t&rpT)o3 Kptacng, the power of discerning the true equality, whereby each man would be treated proportionally to his merit.7rav ocrov av e7raPKE": lit. "1every bit of help it gives." c 5. a~pETrig TE Kat 7rat8Eclaq is a kind of hendiadys-"1 disciplined virtue"; the great object of all training is a'pETi. -It is quite possible that, in order not to overweight the sentence, Plato did not complete the parallel, but left what was missing to be extracted from the general summary that follows. Steph., however, thought that some words must have fallen out after 7rat~daUs, and Ast thinks they were i'rTovI '8t8oVo-a. Schanz marks a lacuna after 7rat~etag. Ficinus translates: "'minoribus autem v~rtute et disciplina minores." I suspect that we ought to read c'Kd0OTOTC for f'KaT'pot13 (due to the preceding E'KaT'p9)); VOL.I 51 2 VOL. I 561 2 o 757-c THE LAWS OF PLATO then all is in order. (F.H.D. would keep CKarepo but put a dash after wratSedas.)-For KaTa A X'yov see above on 755 a 7 Kara TrovToV 'rv o6yov. c 6. Cr'ov yap KTX., " denn es ist doch wohl auch die Staatsklugheit fur uns stets das Recht an sich " (Wagner). Plato will not recognize a statecraft that is not founded on just principles. -" Honesty is the best policy" is another variant of the same theme. d2. TcavTO TOrVTO: i.e. the " just policy" just enunciatedS as such, and expressed in the next line but one by the words rh SKcKaov.-aoK07rov'jIvov 7rpOs is "in the interest of." d 3. For the q... rt cp. above on 643 b 8. d4. To KaTa ov'TLv 'lov avlo'oTs EKarTTorE 800oo, "the sort of equality meted out by Nature's decree to the unequal";;'qov here is used in the sense of "fair." d 5 ff. dvayKaClov y -y Zfv Kct: as Ritter says (p. 163), avayKalov here has somewhat the meaning "the best we can do"; this use is further discussed in his note on p. 173, where he refers, among other passages, to 628 d 1, and e 6 below.-TroALv araa-av: not, I think, as Jowett, "every city," but as Wagner, " der gesammte Staat "; the implication is that the state need not be so precise in its use of terms as the individual. We may translate: "When, however, a community as a whole applies these terms "-those of natural equality and civic justice-'" it must be content sometimes to use them in a modified sense unless it is willing to admit a certain amount of civic discord in its midst(all) equity and indulgence are infractions of the perfect and strict rule of justice "-(the last words in italics are Jowett's). (F.H.ID. and A.M.A. prefer " every state " for 7r. ar.) d 6. 7rap(ovvd'owrL: predicative. The relaxation from the true sense of the word ico'r s is in the direction of the spurious woTr-s which holds that all men have an equal right to power and honour. As explained at 756 e 5 if., such an equal chance is to be given within a strictly limited area. e 1. ycp is not "for," but "you know." Burnet properly indicates the relation of this clause to the preceding one by marking it as a parenthesis. The reasons why the lot is to be introduced into the political machinery are threefold: (I) because man's judgement of character and worth cannot be trusted very far (b 7); (2) because the temper of both rulers and rifled will not always stand the strain of the position (e 4); and (3) because, by so doing, we invoke the guidance of Haven (e4f.). Of' these 502 NOTES TO BOOK VI 757 e reasons the second is explicitly stated, the two others indirectly indicated. e 3. i-r rov K), poV Z~ry: spoken of above at b 4 as the bro"T13 which is /LE'Tpp Kat o-'ra9tq Ka'& a'pt~pL(5. (The r-poo — in. the verb at d 6 and e 3 possibly implies that where the agency of the lot is used, it is an accessory, not the main instrument.) e 4. 0OEOV KaLL a'yaO-q~v TV'Xqv: it will be remembered that, in the enumeration of the *w/Aa-ra a~pyJ', the lot was spoken of (at 690 c 5) as 0eo/tX', and eVyTX?,. 758 a 3. 7-q'v paXXova-av a-'eorOat.. 7ro'Xtv: ep. Rep. 5 43 a 1 1, fLEXXOArv( aLKPW)R OMKEW 7roXet. a6. r(Zv a&Xowv 7r6'XeOJv: gen. of definition; the foreign states, with which ours is brought in contact, are represented as so many threatening billows on the wide sea of international politics. Of the numerous poetical and rhetorical passages which compare the state to a ship, Aesch. Septem 2 perhaps comes nearest to this in combining a reference to the need of sleepless vigilance on the part of the authorities &orts OXdovet 7rp&'yos h' rpt6AP7, ir6ews OtctKc wP 63u(v f3Xeqapa Ud7 KoIIMaV V'ryyc. -When using Kv~la in a metaphor (as a t Rep. 4 57 b, 4 73 c and 611 d, Tim. 43 b, and Laws 740 e 8) Plato thinks of a wave as bursting on or flooding the land; KXV'8wv represents danger at sea. -8Layo/Auevi: as Adam says (on Rep. 344 e), this is probably not a middle used in the sense of the act. ~St'ayov (intr.), but a passive of the active use given at L. & S. s.v. ~ III. The notion. is that of a, wind-driven ship. a 7. O0'KIELV is hardly more than live, pass its time (as a city), as in the passage quoted above on a I~ The eV Kkv&JVL 8LayoLe~ oI&Ket, and a~tw-Keo-Oat show that Plato was no more averse than Shakespeare from a mixture of metaphors. a 8. Ovvd7TTrELv is best taken to be intransitive here; otherwise we must suppose a very awkward change of subject between o-vvaL2T1Etv and Xq'yeev-which are connected by TE. Op. Ep. 353 a 6 O1VVILTTt Se elt 7raAata' TrEXLEVT7 80Kov'o-a a'pyj c/vo/L'vr) V b 2. 7rXi~Oog: not the multitude -the common people, as opposed to the rulers (as Ast and Wagner)-but a large number (of rulers, or counsellors). b 4.The&~,which Ast and Hermann substitute for S8, makes an awkward asyndeto-n. The slight irregularity caused by the introduction of two consecutive co-ordinate clauses by 3E' may be 563 758 b 758 bTHE LAWS OF PLATO rendered in English by beginning the second with "1No."-rAv 7rXELUTrOV T-OV XPOVOV: Burnet is the first editor who has ventured to restore the idiomatic Tov of A and 0 for the vulgate TO& b 6. Though at d 3 he calls this twelfth part of the floVK ' T lrpoKaLt9)[evov ris 7r'ke he does not until 760b 1 use for them the Athenian term r-pVv1-JveL3. b 7. Ev E, kPE'v 'v " severally "(lit. 'y v, 1po,3 '' ev p.qvi'). (Fic. takes it to mean "1one (part) after another.")-The avTroiN which Steph. and Ast print for the MS. av'roi'3 involves a change of subject for the infin., which is the more awkward because VdE,.Laav13a manifestly agrees with the vague "1they " or "1we " which is the subj. of C'Nv. (If not, they ought to have printed a'T-6iv as well.) c 1-5. 1v'rM TE... Tac~s abroKpL'aCEi: Plato's preference for a chiastic arrangement makes it probable that the J7,XXEL~ev is supposed to be the task of the man E' Cti~n Tq 700Xews, while the 7rvv~c'vcu-Gat takes place at the interview with the tovr~t TMvi 7roOev a'XUo6ev. c 2. eT~tuw&3 E.WLvrXdv, "so as to meet at short notice," is epexegetic to IrapEXEtv ai',robs ojv',aKag. (H. Richards would read 'ET0oq/JoV3. It is hard to see how so simple a reading as that could have been altered to the more difficult-and recherch6 -adverb.) d 1. For tc~XUta-a IAEv, "1if possible," cp. 830 d 4; literally it is "for choice."-oT-, Tadxtr qalifies a'crOou&71; the early revelation of a seditious plot is of cardinal importance. d 2. Winckelmann's & ' ~ explains the MS. Sta-which the vulgate &M does not-and has been rightly approved by Wagner, and adopted by Schanz and Burnet.-u-VXXoydC0V T-E... ical 8taXvo-eow): crv'XXo-yWh', as Burnet writes it, is the proper correlative to 8&aLX~o-EO)v; i.e. the opposite of a M'cXvcrts is -not a a-AWX-yos but a crvXkoy. The Greeks 'kept the two senses of our convocation distinct. Besides, this correction supplies wrpoo-7rtoTvo-o3v with a second fem. noun to agree with it.-These same presiding magist-rates-this standing committee of the f&ovX '-is to have the power of convoking and proroguing all state meetings, regular, or extraordinary.-It is doubtful whether TT 1 7r-'XECO3 depends on 7rpoKaq4/bLEV0V, or on UnVXXo-y6V Ka'& 8taXVcrcCovprobably on the former, in its technical sense of preside, as at Aristot. Pol. vi. 1 3 22 b 1 4 7?poKa'O-qTcLC TO1) i7rX '6oV3. o 2. 7'Vt'Ka is temporal ("now that," "1as soon as ever "), not causal, as Ficinus, Serranus, and Jowett. It may be doubted whether Plato ever uses i2V&Ka in a causal sense; but when used 564 NOTES TO BOOK VI75e 758 e temporally with a perfect tense, as here, it is nearly causal.-We shall learn at 7 60 b why the twelvefold division of the country and city (cp. above 745 b 6 if.) was an important preliminary to the appointment of various magistrates. e 4. 01Kq'rE~ov is "Private houses," oIKo03o/M6w "public buildings." As to the former, dobttbless no houses could be built in any situation or style that was not approved of by the city officials. At Pol. vi. 1321 b 19 Aristotle speaks of '9 i-Jk)V 7nept TO~ au~-TV &?1fAocrL'OV Kat' iiewv (birt/Aketa), 0o7rcog EV'Koc-tLa 759 a 1. The usual chiasmus; the subject coming last in the previous enumeration is dealt with first.-VEWK0pov3 TIE Kat tepeca3 Kat tepetios: here the priesthood is supposed to be separate from the office Of VIEtioopos; below at b 3 f. the offices are joined. Cp. Arist. Pol. vi. 1322 b 22 crv,43dvtM &E Tq'V brtjeetaV TraV-Tiqv EvtaX0Vo /%f&' Jlvat /ilav, otov eV Tat19 lltKpaiv 7ro',eo-tv, CvtaXoV SC' roXXa' Kat KEX(0pt-ILEVa19 r'ql tCpwo-Mq9~ otov... i/ao~/w',aKag. (There is no need to bring the two passages into line by rejecting, with Badhain and Schanz, the re K~at' in a 1.) a 2. O'&Wv: this and the following genitives may be said to depend on a'pov-rwv (Cr1`q) at a 6, or to be assimilated to the genitives in e 5 above. a 3. Kc0O7rUV TroV Wrpt Ta 'rotaVra: e.g. at Athens the c'-rrvv0'jkto had the superintendence of the scavengers (Boeckh, P.E. p. 204 Eng. Trans.), though the word K&J-1LL0 as at line 8 below, has a much wider signification; in the latter case the officials' duties extended to the regulation of trade. a 5. KaU 7rpoaarTeup,: at Athens W'riVV~pO/.t and Jyopavo/,kot were regularly appointed, five for the city, and five for the Piraeus.Ira 7rpocnJKov'ra irokXeo-v, "the stateliness and decorum of a city." a 6. Lk'o-Oat Set`: Stobaeus, whose quotation begins with the word EXV0r0at, puts in a SC before the Set_ —evidently to round off the quotation. Schanz, however, accepts the 8E as part of the original, and, like Ast (who rejects Sd), founds on it the (not unnatural) conclusion that the previous text is deficient. Ast supposes that before ZEACOr6at has fallen out a reference to the duties of the aiyopavojeoe; but this, as Stallb. says, is refuted by the fact that TrN Yvvv& Xceyftv is declared to belong only to the ado-Tvv0'eoe~. If the text is sound, we must suppose the 'ppia E1`&q to include the temple officials. In that case we have again a reverse chiasmus. At a 1 if. the temple officials were named first, and the police last; now the city and market police are dealt with first, and the temple officials last. 565 ~759.4 THEUE LAWS -OF PILATO a 7. Ca-OVQ,La'COVTa: the last time we had a participle so describing the action of the -agent (Ycd'/aVras 7 58 b; ep. also 7.57e 5 e&EucaX 'ovvsv) it was in the plural-possibly agreeing with an imaginary ' 's; here, as at b 8 and c 1 below, it is singularused, apparently, of a -single va/AoOE'vqsp-or, perhaps, merely 'rtva' or -cr is to he swpplied. a, i f. 1piuiV e ~... TrOES ~OE, "1temple priests or pri estesses whose office is hereditary must not b e removed; but if, as may well happen with such appointments in the case of newly settled people, either no temple or only a few temples (have priesthoods), to any which are unprovided with them priests and priestesses must be appointed to undertake for the deities the charge of the shrines." With IA'q~evti and vTo-w O3Xiyot& we must supply tiepOJ-V'aL cla-tv from the -previous sentence.-ots fz- Ka~OEcT'nKot is literally"t any" (? ipot; Stallb. and F. H.D. say Ocoi,) " to which appointment should not have been made." Its meaning is made clear by the followin1g -Kacaraorc'ov (Z-Eepas). KaOEO-17)Ka is virtually the perf. pass. Of KaOwT-T7/m. It is here used as an impersonal passive like 7rC~r'7p-ca& at Phterkr. 232 a 4 or the Thucydidean (bret&lq aihTo'1) wrapecTKEva(7TO (i. 46). (Many emendations of the passage have been proposed. H. Steph. would read O'XtyL`G'ToL, for &\,k'yo&, oT'. I think Ast was the first editor -to put a comma after dUL'yots.A-at would read 1cp.ocn-vij, 0. Apelt o' at, Wagner so'ia ~Tt/A" for At /Al, Orelli &n01a for oth, while Schanz rejects ol' Uq' KaOEc-,rq`Kot altogether. Stallb. and Wagner take P-q8,Evt' and jXt'yoLS T'run to be not temples but people (and so F.H.D.), in which case -eLt'L'V ird'ptcu tfpocrVva&t has to be -supplied.)-_Hermann was the first to remove the (.) or (.) from after Zcpecas in a 8 and put it after I7pa /os.7 r~pItat is used in the sense of wral-p t' (which Ast would substitute for it). b 1. As above at 7 54 b -1 and 7.55 e 1,1 L alone iseems in a T -to have preserved the true raig Schanz does not note the fact,that A reads M"9 b 4. The sentence Trov~ron.. comes almost as a parenthesis in the middle of the directions about the priesthood; hence the asyndeton.-which Herm. wanted to remove by reading 8~' for &8. b-6. /J.U7VVSVTa*S: there is a double laxity in the use of this word: (1) it is plur. whereas the corresponding participles on each side of it-Cirovo 'Ciovra, 4V&pfirovi-a, and aJwo&&8vra-are sing.; and (2) -the inf. KaTa ^(rat, with the subj. of which it is supposed to agree, is not there, but 'has to be evolved -mentally as the equivalent of 4v Tat' Ka'raa-ria-ca-,t (cp. below 760 e 6).-S8'/ov KUL 1.4-q -566 N OTES TO BOOK VI ~5. M -b 8'ljov: the discussion on p. 757 has prepared us to associate the lot with Kpa'ToS &-q/xo0V T (d 3). Hence, I am inclined to think that 87i1uo0' is not a local division here (as Stalib.), nor merely, as Ritter (p. 16G3), F.II.D., and A.M.A., vulgus (Ficinus's plebs), but a democratic form of government, as at Aristot. Pol. iii. 1 27 7 b 3, where he talks of O' f'o-xTa-ro 8^o The word is used almost in this sense above at 714 d 1 8&q^Iov VLK71(ravTa, ia -oXL-rE'cLv a"XXv. In no other way, I think, can its proper meaning be assigned to "fYva3or to p/o' Njeov.-By 7wpo' c/nXtav aLXXXotg Plato signifies that the partial employment of democratic methods would please the 7rX^0o3, and prevent friction between different classes. The words in b 5 admit of the supposition that, as in the case of the Senate's election, both principles might be combined. Ast takes the passage to mean that the Astynomoi and Agoranomoi were elected entirely by vote, the priests by lot. b 7. E'V E'KC'LOT-... rro',e' must mean, in this connexion,9 in each urban division (as opposed to the rural divisions).-The same mixed principle of election is to be applied both in town and country.-For Et"1q (Ast would read e~ p. Goodwin, M. and T. ~ 3 30. -The MS. 'o1voWiV has -nothing but 83jos to agree with it. It would avoid a good deal of difficulty if we could read 0'Lov0'WV (gen. plu. of 0,.~ovoos) for I ovo-v, or read olpovowcrtv instead of O[tOVOiuV 'Et? Ficinus has " ut maxima sit in omnibus consensio. " Tr& T-W Ve~w (=~fW TOV'S L'Eepa) is governed by Kkrqpol~v. b 8. rji O1Ej... YtyvEO-Oat, "1leaving it to the god to secure that the appointment should be such as to please him " (not merely "1leaving it to the god himself "). We may conclude from this that the lot was to be either the main or the sole agent of the,priests' election. c 3. 01K -'rc-wV: not "1families " (as Jowett), though it comes to much the same thing; as at Phaedo 5 8 b the city, and at 9 47 d below a funeral ceremony, are said Ka~apEl'cev, so here the dwellings of the priest's father's and mother's families are considered as capable of pollution. c 4f. &E seems here to be used with the force of the not uncommon 8~E 8&q; "tand in fact he himself, and his father and his mother likewise (Kavra Tairca'-cp. 753 a 9)-must have lived free from all taint of blood-shedding or any such offence against Heaven." o 6. Here again L seems alone to have avoided the extraordinary blunder of 8CVTCp'r'V for 8~ xp'~ vo'C7. As to the office of E'4IylqT '-" interpres religionum "-cp. Rulink. Tim. s.v. 567 759 d THE LAWS OF PLATO d 1. rovrot: i.e. rots v'pout. d 2. /Ai 'XaTTov E,'KovTa: Hermann, De vest. p. 41, says this restriction is the only point on which Plato differs from general Greek usage in the matter of the priesthood.-The following words, especially the LKavEos, admit of the supposition that there might be some younger priests not fully qualified. d 5-e 1. Adopting A2 and 02's correction of rpls for rpets (Ficinus has " ter") in d 5, we may (freely) translate: " Four out of the twelve tribes are on three (separate) occasions to elect (by voting) four men, each from themselves, and after duly examining (and thereby definitely appointing) the three (from each lot of four) who get most votes, must send (the remaining) nine to Delphi (for the oracle) to pronounce for one out of each lot of three" (i.e. the set elected by each group of four tribes). The E$ atvrwv (d 6) leaves us in doubt whether each voter could only vote for men of his own tribe, or for any members of the four tribes of which his own was one; probably the former was the case.-The association of the tribes into three separate, probably territorial, voting-bodies of four tribes each may have been meant to secure that the final six should not all come from the same part of the country. The SoK/aocta is to take place in the case of these as well, and all vacancies occasioned either by failure to pass it, or by death, are to be filled-not by Delphi, but by the original voting-bodies-from the same source from which the defaulter came (e 1-3). d 8. aveXELv a= ro-r aveXEv, " oraculo designari" (Ast); the technical expression for the pronouncement of the oracle. The early printed edd. up to Steph. had dqbeAEtv, but not Stob. or any MS.-If this explanation is right the total number of E$^yr/rai would be six, of whom three only would be chosen by Delphi. (Ritter would retain rpels in d 5 and read rerpadKLs for rE'Trapas, or else thinks that these three latter ones form the whole body, and so F.H.D.; but SoKp(I-avraas is against this, as also the o; d'v 7rxELa-T y;E. eIV os.) e 1. fro Xp6vov rrjv 'XLKiav, "the age-limit." e 2. -rov Xtto'v-a (7rpoaLpedcr0o-av), "(elect) the missing man"; we should say "fill the vacancy." The main point is not in the word for elect, therefore it seems unnecessary, with Herm., to make it more significant and apposite by reading 7rpoo-apedo — OO(frav. e 3. -e 85, as 02 would write it-probably on some authorityseems more appropriate here than 8e o8. 568 NOTES TO BOOK VI 759 e e 5. Toi'rwv: iLe. i-~v Tq/LEvYhv.-Coupled as it is with Kap7rbWV, IuotaO0W'aeov here probably means rents —doubtless grazing rents. 760 a 1. -mv ILtEY W-TWV T cJq 'raWV: plur. for sing. as at 763 d 6 and 756 c 3. a 3. Ka~a',i-ep/ q7 TW-V cr~par-qycv EytyvETo: cp. above 755 c f. a 7. For wrept' c. gen. as a substitute for an objective gen. see above 685 c 2.-For -ra',r, followed by an explanatory clause cp. 687 e 8 rovTo.16..evkELOat &Ltv... OWWwg vov-v E$L b 1. wPv-ravt'oWv: see above on 758 b 6. b 4. Eusebius has veve/ArOw for vsve'p~rrat. Plato doubtless wrote the latter. He has twice before mentioned the division of the rural territory into twelve equal parts (745 c 1 and 758 e 3). An author quoting the passage would be likely to bring this verb into line with the imperatives which follow.-4~vX?') &,: as at Athens, "1the tribe, as a whole, did not correspond with any continuous portion of the territory " (Grote, Hist. cli. xxxi. p. 60). The assigning of a de-finite portion of country to a tribe by lot is an ad hoc arrangement-for organizing the rural police. Moreover, it will be seen that the arrangement only holds for a month. The twelvefold division of the land for administrative purposes has already been referred to at 745 e 1; they were probably wedgeshaped districts arranged round the city as a centre-as is implied by KCVKkp at d 1. b 5. icar' 4E'VtaVT'rV: either these words are not Plato's, or they were written before he had matured the plan explained at d 2 -e 3; for they are irreconcilable with that on any interpretation. I would therefore bracket them. b 6. ot'ov: this rather strange qualification is perhaps due to the fact that the officials have two titles given them.-Hermann's conjecture that the MS. qvX'pXov3 is a mistake for (bpovpacp~ovs; is confirmed by two MSS. of Eusebius.-CO-T-c: apparently for t'o~IE-rw; "let it be open to them," by way of meiosis for "1they will have to." Is it possible that we ought to read <16v> rovTrotg 8' ELMvO, "let it be their duty" -The natural order of the following words would be &Kaa-y~h TOJV #EVI-E KaTaXE'6aOa-0 &IJ3,EKa EK T~uV veowV r-i~ arwT(v (or av'i-oiv) OvA',. It must have been the unusual order which gave rise to the variants &o&EKa'T and 8wo&Ka7-oV for Uj&Ka r('v. (F.H.D. would bracket T-_V 7rt'rre.) c 2. 8taKX17pWOG'pr: the Sta- in the verb not only describes the original distribution by lot of the twelve /pkpta among the twelve 4kvkat', but the subsequent change of distribution described 569 :THE LAWS OF PLATO by the words 'EKar'a Kao-roL KarTa /-va; but the subsequent changes were decided by a fixed rotation, not by casting lots. In other words the K)rpo0rOTw, in its strict meaning, only applies to the first distribution, the 8ta- to all the subsequent distributions as welL c 5. 4(povpois TI Kal dapXowv: the usual chiasmus.-I think we may conclude that both the sixty 'povpoi and the five apXovres in each tribe were all called aypov6/ol. (Cp. 843 d 4 ff., and on e 4 below.) co6 ff. O'7ro.. KVKX): I believe that the difficulties of this passage have all arisen from the improper inclusion in the text of the words ro;s nTS X@pas TOTrovS, which were a marginal interpretation of ra' /kept, made by a commentator who feared that Ira pupi7 might be taken to mean the twelve tribes. The intruding words were taken to be the object of LeraAXdrXTTovTas, and this involved either the change of the earlier edd. (and Stallb.) of rTbv Es TO7od to Trv $is rOwrv, or else the insertion (by Schanz) of els. The comma which Burnet puts after To7rOvs restores Trv Tr7rov as the proper obj. of peraXaTXcrovTas, and brings the four offending words into their proper place-i.e. of apposition to ra pspr) —but, at the same time, reveals them as intruders. ---rros av is not temporal-" cum primum " (Ficinus)-but describes the positions-or order-from which the " changes to the next lot" are to be.made; " auf welche Weise " (Wagner), " quemadmodum " (Stallb.). d 1. 7rl &cda: i.e. following the sun, or, as we should say, the hands of the clock. ---vXA No. I. would spend the twelfth month in lot No. XII. and then would begin to retrace its steps, beginning with lot XI. The following explanation shows that Plato knew of some "observers" who faced the South, and consequently had the East on their left hand. d 5. wrpbs Ary X p stands for "besides learning the country." -TWras Wpas eKacrTs ("within the course of each season") is a temporal gen. going with ob ytyvod'evov. d-7. /erTapaL/3cd ev els 'oirov means just the same as the previous LeTXraXardLr TO7TOV. e 3. I quite agree with Schanz in rejecting TOVS... r/fALeX/as. It is just such an insertion as TOVS 7jS Xopas TOrOVs at c 7-a marginal explanation that aypovoovs KCLz ftpovpapXovs was here used, as at b 6, of the five head magistrates, and did not include the subordinate sixty (cp. on c 5 above).-It is impossible to suppose that the outgoing five are each to choose thirteen successors; i.e. that X7rJzX-rTa's is the subject of atpe4crat. Ficinus's transla570 NOTES TO BOOK VI76e 76o e tion is: "1Tertio autem anno quinque alii agrorum et custodiae principes a prirnatibus tribuum deligantur ipsorum duodecini curatores." The woxds in italics are an explanatory addition of the translator's own; his separation of the predicative E7r~tLA~qrdfrom rovg 7re'vTe makes the best that is to be made of the MS. text. —Some later translators take agyp. of the sixty subordinates, and Op. of the head five. Doubtless the sixty were to be renewed also, though he thinks it unnecessary to say so. e 4. 8ta-rpt/3' here means "1time of office." It is in the plural because they passed separate periods at separate places. As a noun containing the, notion of a verb, it has the power of governing the,dat. or 4 e~ i-wp 'Kao0Tp (cp. above 631 d 3 and 715 c 7). (It would have been awkward to have a second E'v in the sentence.) Jowett translates, "1while on service at each station." e 6. ra~pEl'ovras: for the construction cp. 759 b 6. e 7. dL7roO-KdcLrovra3 does not seem to be used of a different aperation from that described in Ta~kpEi'oy-Tas, but amplifies the -notion by adding, in the dro-, the mention of its purpose. The ditches are to serve as impediments to the foe. (Is it possible that raApEvio may also have meant "raise embankments "?)-The MS. reading 4v Oi'Ko8O/r4,Lwr,-V... IELpyoVTC3 IS naturally interpreted by Jowett "1confine in fastuesses (the evil - disposed) "though Ficinus avoided this conclusion by a vague "1turribus et claustris, pro viribus, circumductis." But this notion is quite foreign to the passage, which-from e 5 to 761 a 3-is solely occupied with precautions against attack by a foreign foe. Also such summary im)?risonment as these words would describe is not likely to have been in the powers of any rural police. Clearly Schneider's f'VoLKO0o.&uAao-tv is the right reading; E'VOLKO42JAEL is used, like the Lat. inaedifteare, for "1to block up." The noun then will mean uwalls built across ravines to block the way. (Ast and Stallb. would take iv as denoting the instrument, and Ol1K. to mean any structure designed as a fortification.-Herm. proposed 1EI/OKO80,L?7/aWT~v independently.) 761 a 2. TWiV 0&1KEOWV... CKkeyopevov3, "avoiding their busy times as much as possible"; lit.!' picking out their leisures from their own work" The "4pregnant " use of leisure for time. of leisure is like that of e~g. at'cr0hqo-tv (with mrape'Xetv) in the sense of opportunity fir seeing. a 3. 81' 8~: summarizing, "1and in short." - I unhesitatingly -adopt Burnet's pE'v for the MS. E'v: (1) eV TroE.9 E'XOpoZ3 is nonsense here, as the scribe of 0 saw; (2) we want a pE'v for the 571 763i a 761a THE LAWS OF PLATO following 8U; (3) after the final p of 7Z-otetv an 1 was likely to fall out. As to its position see Burnet, Pref. to vol. v. a 6. The rain-water is to be diverted from flooding the crops and conducted by artificial channels and dykes into reservoirs. b 2. erpyovras is subordinate to EwL/tLEkovuVOI).-Tca4~pEvq/Lacrw: not dykes in the sense of embankments, but channels for drawing off the water from the reservoirs in the desired directions. b 3. Ka-aWSEx6 LEvaC KLLL 7ruvova-tfL: the former participle refers to the water which remains above ground in the KoLacu va'wua and which goes off as vwa-/kaa or wornoia.k, the latter to the water which the ground absorbs and gives off in springs (Kp~jvat). b 5. It is perhaps permissible to wonder whether Plato did not write 7rpote'tcrau, not 7rotov-TcLL here.-Ka[', "1even." b 6. 7r?7ya'ta (i'Sara): this adj. is used to denote the clear water from spring or lake, as opposed to the turbid storm-torrent (cp. above on 736 b).-The language of the whole of this -hastily written passage (b 6-d 3) more resembles the latter than the former. b 6 f. -ra' re 7rl7)yaia V&ara KrX, "and that, enhancing the beauty of the clear water, whether stream or spring, by plantations and stone structures, and collecting the streams in rockchannels, they may ensure abundance, and, by means of artificial ruinnels, should any sacred grove or consecrated enclosure be near, may add to their charm by discharging their stireams at every season of the year into the very interior of the temples of the Gods. " b 7. KOT1,Lol'1TE13: there is a change of subject here, from the varraL to the rural engineers. e 2. alq~ova 7ra'V~ra seems to have been a common phrase for abund~nce. Op. Plut. Cony. Disp. iv. 4 (667 c) KalL o-vvovo'La,3 7rOL0VVlaL /LeT cLXX7/Xo)0V eV da49oVot9 7raLot.-KaO' E&Jc'rTag Ta etpaq: not "1to suit the seasons," "1pro singulis anni teniporibus" (Schn.), "1je nach den einzelnen Jahreszeiten " (Wagn.), but simply "1at all seasons " (Jowett)-even the driest. c 3. L again alone has the right reading, Laro-o. A, and probably 0, had Mro-o, a mistake easily to be accounted for by the similarity between A, A and A.-7rfpt T-avra: i~e. in the neighbourhood of the 7rorauo' or Kpr I1 c 4. dApeLJLeyvO MSS.; as Jv~tqyu is often used of the consecration of men or animals, Ast, followed by all subsequent editors, except Winckelmann and Burnet, rightly altered this to cLvetuevov. It is possible that Plato -used the niore out-of-the-way compound on purpose. On the other hand, the occurrence of dq4LEVTES just 572 NOTES TO BOOK VI afterwards in its natural sense is in favour of a'vsq/jEVOV, and provides a possible account of the source of the error.-Schanz rightly rejects the difficult y' in c 4. Cp. below 9 58 d 4. -I accept Stallb.'s and Burnet's punctuation whereby avi-rd goes closely with ra -TwY GEwYv Itpa'. c 5. KOo-pAW-t: a final revision would scarcely have left this word so soon after Koo-MoVvV-rEs; its object is alko-og -q TfE/LE:VO understood.-(The Zurich edd. adopt the reading U~pet'as of the Ven. MS. ~,making it the object of 70WouoV, and Madvig would insert a -re after et in c 3.)-y/v1,wdancz KrTX.: since Ficinus all translators (as far as I know), in spite of the natural meaning of the particles in c 6, treat the gymnasia and the baths as two separate institutions-the former for the young men themselves, the latter for their elders. Ficinus, however, follows the literal sense of Plato's words, according to which the young men are to make the gymnasia (c 6) "1not only for themselves, but for old men as well," and they are to do this by adding (not only a frigidarium, which all gymnasia would have, but also) a tepidarium. This would render the institution a boon to the old and "1to the sick and the toil-worn." I would even insert a comma after y'povo-t to make this plain. o 7. Vat. 1029 (Bekker's Y) omits Geppdc, and Naber would reject it-rightly, I think. The mention of the supply of firewood is enough by itself to show that hot baths are meant. The expressiony)'EpoVrLKa' koVTpc' is quoted by Pollux, Onom. ii. 13, p. 158.-With the use of the adj. Stallb. cps. that Of $EVLKaJ with Oepa~rcv/ aTa at 7 18 a 7, and with cIMpTrgla-a at 730 a 4. d 1. It is hard to piece together these disjointed jottings. E~ i t- '~e ("1 with a view to their amendment ") seems to go closely with SeXop~EVOIS EV/)JEv(Og and iT. KaL' to connect KaLv0`VTOW VOTO-ot (o,01"ara) andTrE-rpv/_ava 7-o'vots cro651=Ta. d 3. &$wet: Winckelmann has undoubtedly recovered the original word for us in changing the MS. 8' ~'$tv to Sf'$Lv. Its construction is that of a "cognate" ac~c. with 3e~opE'ovg-as at Eur. l.A. 1182 Se$' E~Oa eS'$tv 'v cre 86'ao-Oat Xpwv As to ia~rpoi, perhaps it is best, with Stallb., to take it as " nota breviloquentia dictum pro -q &S~tv Iarpoi^,q' vavv oro'4ov." Another possibility is to take ia-rpoi' /J. 7r. cr. to stand "pregnantly" for "1than treatment by a poor physician." Ficinus translates: "1quae sane curatio longe melior est quam. medici parum. periti medela." We should say: "1a visit to the bath is much more efficacious than a visit to a poor physician." 573 76i c TILER LAWS OF PLATO d.pe&~ a.&& e?L JXapTOV: a pregnant use off the preposition; "1and will provide- the means of delightful recreation."-The connexiou of ideas between racuASG( and o-iroiv&q seems to be this: "1The ' povN4Lot have to, provide recreation: for themselves and others-but they have also work to do which is no play; they have to risk their lives in our defence." d 6. 7rp 'ravrat is quite general-: "-(the serious part) of their bueiness."-,ro~v i~ycoyra: the sixty young subordinates from~ each tribe. d 8. -letrvoMv refers, I think, to neigh-bouring foreigner-s, so that &XUog &XUov in the following line does not apply to them, but only to the na~tives-To^iv aL\Xov ro-XvTr'; if this- is- so, i4'vovtv is short for -v i-Ti -/evro0eWv cLtK-l. e 2. IV'TOVS3 "h]y themselves') e3. /LETUI T-c'V 8&Kasl, "cum duodenis " (Schneider); cp. below 762 e 9. This must mean that each of the five (Apo' papXet of the tribe associated his twelve young subordinates with, him to- forma the tribunal; its numbers would then be sixty-five. The follow.mng Toils e~rrl-sXt8u&Ka is doubtless, rightly rejected by- Hug- as ahasty comment of someone who simpl~y added together twelve and. five. There is nothing to make us think that only one lot- of twelve~ was thus associated with the five IOpovipapXot. The- i-ijv with &oJ'SeKa implies that the number had been mentioned- before. This was only done at 760 b 7, and no subsequent mention hasbeen made of any particular twelve. e05. StKJ'CEW KML~ &'p~av: the arrangement is remarkable, because it is not chiastic. e 6. 7-X'v...flaa-mk~ay, "1except those quasi - regal judges whose judgement- is final." For rI'Eog e'irt0-r&6va in this sense cf. below,, 7 67 a 4, and 7 68 b 6 (Tre'Xo, KplveLVy~, 95&7 b 4. e 7. The'acc. r-oV4 i'-ypoVd'Jovq has nothing to govern it. He starts as if 0'vetLto-E'rov or &ZE'v oivet8l&tetv were to follow,, and ends with O'Yed8- 4epIEo-G6xrav as if a nom. had prreceded. 762 & 1. XPfa/4SveLv KCa~,0'petv: a variety of ('XyeLV K0a, 4CpIEV. At Rep. 574 a 3 /C`pew is used alone in this sense. —riiv (partitive> is,- I think,, neut, and refers to the V'7raC'vyta and. 04"KETa& mentioned at 760 e 9. Already there it was intimated that the " commandeering" was not to, be quite arbitrary. a.2.av. 7tSrov "f they accept a present offered, with corrupt motives." Plato's custom is to put s-apca' with the gen. of the person from whom, a thing is received, but here it, would be inconvenient to put in 7rapa', so he takes advantage of the fact NOTES TO BOOK VI76a 762-a that the person is expressed by a participle, which might count asd a gen. abs., and leaves it out. a 3. [Ka't &LiKagI a&UKoi &cavf'Uwoo': the fact that 0 gives a wSL( as a variant for dISt'KW)% suggests that there was a MS. read'. ing which rejected Ka't & IKLLg and supplied i-t from a 2 with ta.vq4two-. This I believe to be the true reading: 8Lcav'LEtv is the, natural counterpart of 86Xar~at but &KaLg 8taV~,e'/L is not a natural expression at all.-Tatb! 1av Ow(retEag V'7rEt'KoVTeg, "1if they fall victims to corruption." a 4. 0'vad&7 4,EPkr010wav: probably this degradation would, involve disqualification as magistrates. Their names would be removed from the rolls. a 6. For the "neighbours"' courts see below 7 6 e 3 if. anDd, 9 56 c 2. a 7. E'KO'VTE3 is contrasted with the following 'alv /iq '6,EXwo-wv (17rr'Xetv). The smaller suits can only be settled by the rural tribunal with the defendant's consent. b 1. T~ UE6Co'G1ravr-cQ... ES~ &'epov T67rov is not governed by W7rtrEvVTEf13 but is dative of instrument with a'rooev$6o-Oat.. b 2. -EtlyoVTCs: as Ast says, this is a pun; "while they are defendants in the suit " is what the word means technically-as we might say, "1hoping that as defendants they may defend themselves successfully." b 3. A alone gives -rov'7- 7reptXayXa'vetv for TrOVmWF 7rip tX. and it is uncorrected.-Xay~a'vetv, "must proceed"; infinitives alternate with imperatives in much the same sense. b 4. I agree with Burnet that L (again) with A2 and 02 preserves in &6Kat3 the right reading, and that A and Q, and the edd. who follow them (Herm., Ziirr., Wagner, and Schanz) go wrong in reading &'a3 &'KaL or &tKVJV may easily have been left out by the author after XayXdJvet here-in spite of the fact that X.. is not used elsewhere without &tK-qv in this sense in Plato -seeing that C'v rat'1... &Kat follows,-The KotvaLt UtK= were presumably the city courts. b 6. ra' &o &i1-, " during their two years (of office)." b 7. KaO' E'Ka'I-TvTOV3 To0i&rovg: this leaves it vague whether there was one CC mess" for each local division, or more than one. It is conceivable that each of the five leaders, with his twelve subordinates,, formed a separate mess, but, as T6V Jx' vm ndnt o,rog, are spoken of, in the next line but one,, as having power to dispense with attendance, or make other arrangements, it is m-ore probable that the sixty-five messed together. c 4. E4Qv diro4+~vwanv av'ro'v, "1if they take cognizance of. his, 575 THE LAWS OF PLATO offence~ dvoo4altvw is used as "1to name " is used as a technical term in the House of Commons. The following words describe the process by which this is done. It is implied that the five faight overlook an offence in one of the sixty, though, as we see below, the juniors were to show the seniors no mercy. (Ficinus translates dbro4k'vexrt by damnent.) e 5. "1And post him in the Agora as a deserter." O 6. T~ &xvroi pwio3, "quantum in se sit " (Fic.). d I. d~rt1W q~, qualifies KokatkEarOw, not KoXa'CEtv.-If Plato meant both- the anvi-iwv of the _MSS. and av'-ro's to stand-which is doubtful-his object was to emphasize the fact that in the case of the a&pXovTC3 there was no one whose orders or permission could excuse absence; aiVi-6s would then be "1on his own authority, ultro."-Probably aiV'Triv is a mistake for av'. d 2. There is a delicate /i,Et`Wo-v about E'rtuEXEt^GOat, "attend to." d 4. (jtq') 'bre&uv is subordinate to the preceding participles: "he who notices or hears of it without indicting the offender." d 5. 7r1Ep1 KTX.: a striking instance of an explanatory asyndeton. It tells us what " the severer (7r~etovt) penalty " was. d 6. -'4Tt~LaSXTOO MSS. Schanz is very likely right in substituting for this the more technical 'Tl- tdCrO (ep. Re.53b ovObTOW 27 a~ro~av0'VTL q 'EK7rECYO5VTCL -q drq,,wONVr). The offender is to be disqualified from ever again holding office over any of the young ~ypovy c-r ~ v euter; "1the vo/bo4vXaKE3 must pay strict attention to such lapses. If they can't prevent them, they must at least be sure that they are duly punished." Then follows a most valuable little 7rpooqllov on the philosophy of authority and government in general. The asyndeton makes it the more impressive. (Stobaeus's Se", which Ast adopts, is a natural error.) " Believe me-I wish everybody would believe me-that there is not a man living who will ever make a good master without being a servant first; and no success as a ruler can bring a man so much honour and credit as loyal service, first of all to the laws,-for therein he serves the gods-and next, while he is young, to all elders and superiors." e 5. W1 raLV'TV T063 Ocot's oi'T(V tSovXeUav: this construction is here felt to be an expansion of the simple SovXdav -used as the "amc of the inner object " with SovXkieLV'c; WIR with a noun and participle in the ace. can, however, by itself be used in the sense of "1under the idea that." So at Phaedo, 109 d J'3. Ta Q'rcTa1pQ XWipovvra, and Rep. 345 e d'XXa luw-O0'v a1TovotV (0 OVX& aVTOtcrt WoextaLV ECTO1ACV27V EK TOV apXCLV a')XX TOL3 aPXO/LEVO&M-For the 576 NOTES TO BOOK VI76e 762 e dat. -ro~g Ocot, depending directly on the noun 8ovkedav, cp. above on 760 e 4. For the statement itself cp. on 715 c 4 if. e 6. KaLt cvTt`LJ~w /3,E/3ttc0ont: as Wordsworth says, " we live by admiration." The veneration felt by the young "1squire " for the distinguished veteran who commands him is half his training. -Burnet preserves the letters of the MS. wrEtTa et' in writing EcreLt act; Stobaeus has IEli-ELIa aLct1 and so Schanz. All edd. before Schanz print brwetra alone. e 7. Schanz would follow Ast in rejecting Toi'1 vcovs, but though unnecessary it comes in quite naturally as the (superfluous) correlative of Troig 7p-pEa-/3vTf'pot3. e 8. The MS. reading aJwOpov, if right, means "1povertystricken," " scanty," "1penurious" at 6 80 d 8 we had dbropkt in the sense of dearth. But, though I do not think adro-pov impossible here, I believe 0. Apelt (p. 11) is right in reading a'wrVpov for it. Plutarch (Bellone an pace etc. ch. vi. p. 349 A) uses &wrvpa ari-ta of the meagre fare of soldiers on a campaign, as contrasted with the rich diet allowed to a chorus in training. This meaning exactly suits our present passage.-For yeyYEv/avovEL0V aL as a subsitue fo yee%-Ot c. /3kczo'oa g cvat at 631 d 3, and /3Xk~crov~r' elvat at 963 a 3, for 8flX7r1etv. —For ro5v i-rwv aYPov04Wnv yIEyGovoa cp. on 754 d 4. e 9. ot' &urE~a: i.e. the five lots of twelve each-" duodeni" (Schneider); the same who are called -rov' Zy'i EqoVY7a at d 3 above. (Op. on 7 61 e 3.) e 10. flovXEvC'0o-Orav W'1...OVX l'ovcrtv, "1they must reckon on not having." 763 a 1. oiovriep, like ot'ov at Charm. 153 a 2, and olla at C~ritias 11 3 e 3, is utpote-"1 cum famuli sint " (Schneider). a 2. cK is lit. "1from amiong "1-" and they must not (seek aid) from the neighbouring farmers and villagers, and use their slaves, etc." a 4. so-a Et a S-wit oxrta stands for c~r-t roo-aVra EL-ac3 a 87xzo-taco-~r-tv (V2-rqpEr 'xara).-Ta, 8' a&Xka: other I')7+qpuT-'4jxca, that is, than those done for the sake of the public. To mark this I have changed the colon before ra to a comma. a~lXka is governed by 8LaKovov'vTcg T-. K. &. a 6. I have ventured to bracket E'avvot'1. There is nothing in it which has not already been expressed by aivi-i St' ai'ir(^v. For the collocation of act. and pass. cp. 697 d 6 /LroioVvrC3 puo-oivvrat. I have also marked the fact that Ste~Epevv4JLLevot brings a change of subject matter by, putting a dash instead of a comma before wp6s. VOLi. 577 2 F 763 b THE LAWS OF PLATO b 2. ov3Evos EX'ACrov, "as important as any"; he is, doubtless, not thinking here of the educational value of the studyas he was in his panegyric of mathematics at 747 b-but only of the value of the information itself. b 5. aXX/7s, "attendant"; we must supply Xdptv from b 3, with the genitives. b 7 f. Ed'E TS.... TOTO 7rpooayopevtov, "while calling them Kp. or ay., or whatever he likes "; i.e. " under whatever name he prefers, let each man do his best to protect his country." With roiro 7rpocrayopevov (" calling them by that name ") Stallb. cps. Symp. 212 c TOVrOV oVv TOV Xoyov.. OTt Kat r7Qa Xatpets ovot/dsowv, Trogro ovolale. (Though ETrrLrTSeVCrZo governs rb;TrjiSEvZ/a, supplied from b6, Ast is wrong in saying that TO^ro refers to srrLtevua.) As the Spartan Kpvrrvda, mentioned above at 633 b 9, was a similar kind of service to that of the aypovo/loL, it is natural to refer to it here. As the exhortation seems to be specially addressed to the rank and file of the dypov/o,o, it is not likely that, as Orelli suggests, Timaeus's (and Photius's) Tr7ra/yperag ought to be substituted for KpVwrTovs, for that word is said (by Tim.) to be the title of a (probably) high official. c3. rb5 8 /xera TovTo.... v rop6Ovov, "next in our election of magistrates came that of the Agoranomoi and Astynomoi." alpe'Ea-wo depends on erdTa TOovro; cp. Syp. 217 e 1 deXpt SeCpo ToV Xo-yov, and similar genitives with evTrav^a. ayopavopowv Irept and A-T. Trrpt are periphrases for the simple gen. (cp. above on 685 c 2), so that r5 dyopavoYzwv rrept stands for rTb -trv dyopavolwv, and is the subj. to jv E7roJuvov. (Possibly the TO was, by a slovenly conversational laxity of construction, allowed to do double duty: (1) to form the adverbial To5 /Era TOVTO, and (2) to go, as above explained, with ayopavojtwov repp.) — As to the reading, I believe Burnet's is the right solution of the difficulty. All other MSS. but A, and all the printed edd. have aorTvvvitOv Jv.'.itv.TropeVOV, but in A jv is in an erasure which is too big for it. In the margin stands Trpev (" cum vitii nota," Schanz). Burnet naturally supposes that Tpev originally stood in A where now Jv stands, and further conjectures that it was a clumsy scribe's version of an indistinctly written 7rept i7v. -The Jv refers to 760 b 1. 5. Bekker substituted ye for the MS. re, which is certainly wrong; Ast would simply reject it. We may conjecture that the insertion of ye after dypov6ouols improved the rhythm of the sentence; it is hard to see how it improved its meaning.-It is 578 NOTES TO BOOK VI 763 C strange that the three a'o-T-vV'ot. should be said to correspond in function to the sixty subordinate a'ypov4o'po of each tribe, rather than to the five 4po ppxL They, like the five, were elected, while the sixty were selected by their superiors. We are not told that they had any subordinates, nor what was the length of their period of office. We may conclude from 7 60 a 6 f. that the military officials undertook the defence of the city; so that the cdo-TVYo'Mot would be relieved of the military part of the duties of the Jypov~olLt. C 7. Cqrte,6o',evot is subordinate to,LL1/o0V4,evot. It explains wherein the resemblance lies.-rW'V KaraL r6 Q&rTV: i.e. those main and cross streets which lay wholly within the city, while those next mentioned are the "extensions" (rTErapE'vwv) within the city of the main thoroughfares converging from different parts of the country. d 1. Ka/TL vOI1LOVS the city was not to be allowed to build itself anyhow. d 3. T1E6,Epaz-Ev/L'va: the same care which the cJypov6opo (ot' Opovpo~v'res) bestowed on the quality and conduct of the water outside the city walls, will be expected from the a'O-Tvv6/LLot within the city. d. oo: cp. above 761 c 5 o-.r, of the decorative effect of fountains and streams and pools.-Kab' -roV'TovS2: a reference to the importance of the office of &ypov6opw, implied above in c 1 f. d 5. 8vva-roi'3: not, I think, as Ast, Schneider, and Wagner (and F.H.D.), divite8, proceres, but, as Jowett, "1men of ability." It does not follow that because, as e.g. at Thucyd. viii. 2 1, ot 3vvaToi' could be used to denote "the rich," "the upper class," Svya~ro' by itself could mean " rich." As is explained by Plato at Prot. 351 a 1 if., a man becomes SvvaTro' partly by training; the requisite training, and the "leisure " would be more likely tp be found in men of the highest class, hence the &Ao in d 6. Besides, the Kat' before ~roi~rov~g would then mean that the /poipap~ot were to come from the highest class. Fic. does not take 8vvaTol'), absolutely, but joins it, like a-XoXaJov~ra,, with e'~rt~uXc1xG0at, and he is very likely right. d 6. A comparison of e 4 f. shows that the plur. -t-q'/Aa-ru is here used (as at 756 c 3 and 760 a 1) as a variant for the singular -and shows also that it is the dc(rrvv0'/Aot, and not their proposers, who are to come exclusively from the highest property class.J / C I ~ ~ 7raIS fl0) 0pVAO,/AEY03. 579 763 d 763 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO d 7 f. 8CX1XELPOTOVYOE'VT(0V.. )aV(VTCa, "when a show of hands has decided between the candidates, and you have found the six who have most votes." I think 8LcLXecp. is gen. abs. with the subj. left out, and that Kcd' is expilana~tory-i.e. introduces a more detailed account of the samne process described by &aXap. The subj. to J46KO/%C'VCV is the antecedent to olis. Where the Greek says when those who have most votes (XEtporovt'a has to be supplied with 7rrXetioiat) "come to six," we should say "1when you come to the six, etc." In both cases the coming is metaphorical. (It would spoil the sentence to put in KpkcrtV, with Heindorf, or-rather better-'$1cwL wt Winckelmann, after et'3.) e 2. oA roViTOV wqEXrjC)1E: probably, as Ritter says, the 7pVS-a vE v. R. cps. 7 5 8d2iff. au d 7 55 e 4. e 3. Here again, in M&O'ro L alone among our MSS. preserves the right reading; A and 0 have at"Toi'. e 6 if. SfKa..Jro4Pqvat: Aldus's insertion of CEK before Tr~ V aXXoW, adopted by all editors, leaves the main difficulty of this passage untouched. After the preceding words no description of the pimcess of the election of the Agoranomoi is needed; if given, it should repeat the substance of d 7 if. 8LcaXetporovq/O'V-rv Ertq/EXE's. But our text, in reading XEtp0ToV-1OE'VTas introduces an unheard-of novelty. It makes the elected ten themselves select by lot five from among their number, and proclaim their appointment. Ficinus has: "1quippe de decem qui ceteros suifragio superarint quinque sorte des~ignentur, et cornprobati magistratus declarentur." This suggests a reading &EKa i-is &XXioV VpoXCCpoT0ro0v-jwvm (or 7rpoKptO'v1-wv). The view that a'LXXwv is governed by a word denoting preference is supported by the reading of L and 0 (which is also that of A2) 17 W-v 'Xewv. This variant I take to be due to a marginal q" ot" akXoet, intended to explain r6wiv aXkowv. I think the best course here iis to bracket (S'KCL..dro j-vac; the niext best merely to read 8EKa 7iwv DX~ov 7WpoXELtpo-roY0fvTOEvT, in either cae rejecting Aldus's EK. e 8. XEtpo-rovEt'1 86 7rag 7rc'vra: these words are difficult. If we apply them to the election of the Agoranomoi they introduce a further contradiction of yt'yv. r?)v a' pEoT Ka~&7r-eP r Jo-'rvv6/iwv. Besides, what can be the result of an election where "cevery voter votes for every candidate "? The only way out of this difficulty is to suppose that every member of the voting assembly was bound, under penalty, to lift up his band either for 580 NOTES TO BOOK VI 763 e or against each of the orpopaXXoA/evot. But we have no other reason to assume that there was any such process as voting against a candidate. I therefore think the words mean that every member of the voting assembly is to vote at the election of every official; i.e. whether it be for Agronomoi, or Astynomoi, or Agoranomoi. It will be observed that the risk of having to pay the large fine of fifty drachmas need not be run by any member of the two lower classes, for he may absent himself from the assembly with impunity (764 a 3 ff.). (Ficinus translates rdcvra by quemlibet. Jowett takes wrdvra to be "all the ten." Ritter mentions-to reject it-the possibility that the following O,JLp '0eAov means "the (elected candidate) who refuses to serve.") 764 a 3. els EKKXrCtLaV KaC TO7 KOLVOV oVXXoyov: this seems to be a general direction applying to deliberative as well as voting assemblies; and this gives some support to the assumption just made that the Xelp. 7ras Trdv7a was of general application, and did not refer to one election alone. a 7. -t may perhaps have arisen from dittography of the following ir, and Schanz rejects it. If genuine, it is an adverbial ace. of inner object-" unless the magistrates issue some sort of order." b 1. robvs 8 q 8 dyopavlopovs, "to go back to the Agoranomoi." 8e 8j recognizes that there has been a digression. b 7. arov's, " by themselves," as at c 3 below. c 6. EKaT'p(wv depends, I think, not on apXovras (" of each of the two subjects "), but on &LTTOVS (" two sets of each kind of official"); there would thus be four kinds altogether. c 7. av'wv, if correct, must mean "in the subjects"; i.e. music and gymnastic. axvrrs, which is the reading of L and which Ed. Lov. and Steph. print, seems to mean "(of education) proper," as distinguished from the public contests which tested it. It would be interesting to know where avTrv came from; its only warrant to us is Cod. Voss., a late hand in A, and a somewhat earlier one in 0. I believe L again is right. For this use of avTjS cf. b 7 and c 3. [F.H.D. prefers a-vr(v as the more difficult reading.]-The fact that wraL8Ela.. -. dyWVTL-Km- was omitted both in O and in A is prima facie evidence that one of the two MSS. was copied from the other. But (1) they may both have been copied from the same original, or (2) from MSS. which shared the omission, or (3) the omission, of which the cause is patent, might have been made independently by the scribes of both.-With the second 7aLt(8a%, as with dywvwas in d 3, we ought, I think, to supply dpXovras from the preceding sentence. 581 764 C THE LAWS OF PLATO f f. yvIuvaLuT0v Kcal Mau-icaXXetOw f'LuEEXr7T a3 these words count as a titular designation, and K~0'07/LV... KOP(O)V are loosely tacked on to part of it, i.e. to ~iErqLx~kq'rJ: "by superintendents of education the Law means overseers of gymnasia and schools, to look after both their outward seemliness and the instruction given in them, and the regulation of these matters, and to regulate the attendance and residence of boys and girls." (Stallb. would make yv1'tv. and &&xo-K. depend on the genitives, which depend on E7r&jekqLEryrag.)-Stephanus's correction of the MS. 8t3aO-KQXt('V to 8aL&LcTK(LXOv (cp. 804 c3) is supported by the reading &&LTKaXOwv in Vat. 1029. d 1. idsrpUOV is used, I think, of the dignity and beauty of the buildings and other surroundings of the places of education. It will be remembered that at Rep. 401 b if. Plato attaches great importance to the beauty of the surroundings in which a child learns. (F.H.D. prefers arrangement, Jowett "1order.") d 2. 01K7JO-Eo)v: not, I think, as Jowett, "lodging," i.e. home. accommodation; this would hardly fall within the sphere of the Education Authority. Its connexion with 0o,aljrqe-WV suggests that it means that the education official should assign pupils to the several schools according to residence-should see, in other words, that each child went to the school nearest its home, and that there was a school within easy reach of every home. llermann's c'xrKcJo-eow which Schanz adopts, denotes a part of the subject which has been already mentioned-i.e. the iracdSva-v itself-and does not come well in connexion with "the going to and from school." d 3. a~yowiaR: both A and 0 first wrote Jyw'vaig here. Such a mistake could hardly be made independently. It seems to have been corrected early in both MSS., and probably existed in the MS. or MSS. from which they were copied.-This branch of the /L0GKT&Kr?1 KaLt YVLVa01-TK7J13 a4XOVIC-E might incidentally serve as "6examiners " of the schools and superintendents of their public displays, but their main duty was with adults. The word 'yowvta is here used generally of all public contests, though at d 5 (if the reading is correct) it is used, as at Meno 94 b, of gymnastic contests only. On the other hand cWXkp-a't1 in d 4 is rather unusually applied to competitors in "1musical " Jyw3vei as well as to those in gymnastic contests. d 5. Stallbaum, suggested that we ought to read d-ywvas for ay~ovtav here. The suggestion gets some little support from the mistaken d'ytvag at d 3, but still leaves the sharp contrast between 582 NOTES TO BOOK VI 764 d the restricted meaning of adyewvav in d 5 and the general meaning of c'ywv1`a, in d 3. I am more inclined to bracket rep't IL. aXsov as a (quite unnecessary) marginal comment. The words add nothing to what was said at d 3 f. E'V TE... dOXk-qrat~. d 6. aLvOpW'7row vs Ka t ' Cri rwv: Ast notices that Plutarch (SImp. Probi. ii. 5, 639 F) remarks that the horse is the only animal which can share with man the distinction won in athletic contests, because he alone shares in the discipline and danger of the soldier. (Plutarch is arguing that the true significance of all games is that they are /-tuqL/ear-a r(5V rOXEIUKCOV.) d 7. ovois rep&',ovy&~av vrs Kal )U/Aq~tKqY-~~, "artists who perform by themselves "; pAovyp&'av is the emphatic word. Dramatic representations are not mentioned; probably because, for reasons given in the Republic, they were to be prohibited. e 2. The loose style of this classification, and its minuteness, are characteristic of the Laws. The author's -first object is not to settle precisely the divisions Of fLO1XrLK-q or yv1Avao-rtlK2 but to give a general indication of the duties of the " Ministry of Education." Hence he resumes what he had begun to say at d 7 by an unnecessary repetition of E'Tepov3. At first sight Stallbaumi's rejection of this second C'TFpovg-he thinks it was a gloss on aLXUovg-seems to regularize the sentence completely; but then it is discovered that la~/q)3tiy, and the four other genitives with it, are left rather awkwardly stranded, because we are then obliged to take W0,aOi-raq (as a secondary pred.) With TVo'3 aiv',ov' in d 6 as well as with &E'Tpovg in d 7, whereas with the second &'T"pov3 the informal " resumption " serves to show what had been left out in the previous expression, without putting it all into grammatical order. e 3. The arrangement of subjects is chiasstic as usual. e 4 f. ratuav: we, have no word for this display of a delighted and delightful activity, in which the delight is heightened by the restraints imposed by the artistic sense. With us a game implies skill, and therefore practice and training, but not necessarily that satisfaction of the artistic instincts which was associated with the Greek ITra&Sta as here used.-C'v 3'PXq'O?50-t0..,oVo-CKT I follow Ficinus in taking this prepositional adjunct to be a qualification of 7rat&6av; this would be made quite clear if, as I think we ought, we read ytyvou'v-qv for the hardly construable -tyuyvojavpE' in e 5. (Wagner and Jowett take the words with alpXoyvva,.) Fic. has "1Primum igitur in chori ludo, ubi yini pueri et puellae tripudio ceterisque, musicae modis exercentur, principes eligendi." 583 764 e 764 eTHE 14WS OF PLATO -i-a$LI is " systeml" "systematic arrangement," what we should call the, rules of the Musician's art, not merely (as Wagner and Jowett) the ordering and arrangement of the performance by the apxov'i-c. (Reading ytyvo/.Cvjqv), we may translate: "as displayed in dancing and the whole round of artistic manifestation." -i-ovV apXovras: the plural is quite general, "1the authority." It is necessary to use the plural as long as the number is not definitely ascertained, even though it may turn out to be only one. e 8. The mistake of &iavW^! for L'Kavo~g must have been an early one; A L and 0 all three have it; only A corrected it. -Schanz believes that A had L'Ka*J'b to begin with, though he admits some disturbance in the MS. at the syllable -63. (Possibly the text once was &KaLV(O SC' Cxc.) 765 a 2. ~:at 721 b 1 E,7rEC&8av Ei-O5v'a i-LS TpLaUKoyia shows that TJptQaKOVTa y/CYoVW3 ET6cV would be good Greek. There is therefore no necessity with Ast (and Schanz) to reject the ~jhere. -Ccrayw~yels: this title denotes the official as the man to whom all intending competitors must apply; who would certify their right to compete, and assign them -their order (cp. 8ia0cE-r,^pa below), as well as decide the result (i-2) 86LKpl~cV Wo'Vat). a 4. It would have seemed simpler to us if he had said euTa7OYCV3 i-c Et~vat K~a' a. cbo& va&; as it is we must take re Kas coupling clolay. and diro&o&n,, and take d~vat with them both.8taGET17pc: this title cannot be supposed to imply any placing of the members of the chorus in a proper position-that duty would fall to the Choragus."qiim a 5. 6000L M6cy 4ktXo~kpoVW3 ECT~qK~ff 6 Tpt i-a -otavi-ra, 1 ucm que haec studia, ada'marunt " (Schneider); i.e. "1devote themselves to the subject." Ficinus has "1qui huic rei vacant." Is it possible that he read a-XoX4'Covacn, and that our /cocp Co E'XqKao-L was originally a marginal interpretation of it? At b 1 these musical devotees are called ot' C'piretpot. a 8. Kat T-qv 7rpofloX~v 8\ i-~w a'po' evov EK T-'V f'1Ii2-ctpeW ~rotn-fov, "in proposing a name too, the elector must take one from the class of musicians." b 1. e'v i-c. a.i~repog 05 aXa'v': I think the dictionaries are wrong in assigning to Kai-qy'pva here the meaning objection, and to dmqy' pym the meaning "1defence." Kai-'q7opfcv is used by Plato in the sense of assert, declare, while the force of asir- is constantly that of rejection. The author's decided fondness for chiasmus too is an argument on the same side. i-~v piv are the challengers, 7-y the defenders. Ficinus has: "1una haec approbatio repro584 NOTES TO B300K VI 765 b batioque habeatur " (though hie alters the order of the subsequent clause because the chiasnius does not suit the Latin idiom). b 4. The sole result aimed at by the SoKL/Acw-tL is to get the best musician of the ten selected candidates. I would therefore, retaining Stephanus's comima, which Bur-net has reinserted after 8OKt/J4aa-Oct'g reject (Ast's) commna before it. In iA'X?, SOKLpaa~OEL' the participle is as significant as X an tewod ma "succeeds in passing the examination and (so) gets the appointment." Otherwise `g 'v Xa'Xi, is a lame repetition of the information conveyed by 6 kXawAv in b 3. (Heindorf thinks i-6Y~ has fallen out before S8F'a; on the other hand Hermann, at c 6 below, would remove the -ri5v which the text has there. If either change be thought necessary, I should prefer Hermann's.-F.ll.D. thinks SoKqllacrOed' a gloss.) b 5. Kara' ravr'T SC.. XaX~ W\V?\) Kp40rtv: two controversies divide interpreters of this passage. (1) In the first place it is disputed whether (a) aLpXe'Tw governs 14ovw&t3v -rE KalL o-vvcLvXtLJvas it does the corresponding r5v X0Pi6V in the preceding sentence; or whether (b) 14ov. and o-vvavktiv depend on the preceding Kpw-Ltv-in other words whether Tn5V oa'hKo/LEVGW C13 KpknrV refers (a) to the candidates who are "1examined " for the office of a&pX~wv or cWoO&' ov dvor (6) to the competitors in musical cJyw)veg. Ficinus, Ast, and Stallbaum. take the former view; Wagner, Schneider, and Ritter the latter. The previous i-div Xopwiv dp~e-rco, the importance attached in the case of the corresponding election to the 8oKtpuacrta, the Kplaltv in d 1, the tense of d4LKOJLLEvwv and the number of /tov. and o-vvavktcav are all arguments in favour of (a). The main reasons against (a) are that the final words et"R 6 XaXv 'W)V 9' Kpkcrw are tautological and somewhat otiose; also the position of 'r~v C'Pavrv EKELVOV is peculiar, and the meaning Of -kXa'v strained. Whichever view be taken, no great h arm is done to the general tenor of the passage.-But (2) those who in the second controversy hold, with Stallbaumi, Susemihl and Jowett, that C13 To&'1 Kpt'Tag 6`ro&8oi'3 T.. KptUtVmcans that the W~ko061r11 /LOVp~twv is not to decide between competitors, but to refer the decision to another body, stultify the whole description of these elections. The one most important function of all these Presidents is undloubtedly to judge at the contests (see e.g. 7 65 a 3). The term Wa'ko0C'-r?1 itself proves it. Wagner gets out of the difficulty by rejecting EL5 Troi9... aXa'V T\~V Kptaltv, and Schanz follows him. Ficinus, Ast, Schneider, Wagner, and Ritter refer the words, as undoubtedly they ought to be referred, to the 8oKtpao-la to be 585 765 b THE LAWS OF PLATO passed by each of the ten selected candidates, and as such, though somewhat tautological, they are, considering the importance attached to the SOKL/LctorL'a, not out of place.-We may infer that ot' KptTat were the special body of musical experts chosen (by the vOo/x6X0aK03 -see above a 7) to conduct the SoKq.tao-'a. We may translate: "Ithat man among the candidates for examination who is appointed (XaXw'v) by proceedings just like these, for that year, shall be president of solo-performances and concerted pieces; and each man " (of the ten) "1drawn by lot must " (as described in connexion with the previous election) "submit to the decision of the jury (of musicians)."-(Ast, followed by Stalib., may be right in thinking 01 Xa~w4v in c 1 an explanatory comment. If so, it is a correct comment. It is almost "1(each of the ten) when his turn comes." b 7. o-vvavXVCL: prcbably a piece of music in the performance of which the flute alternated with the lyre. See Athenaeus 617 f. and 618 a, and the commentators on Hor. Odes iv. 1. 22, and Epod. 9. 5. (Some think that the two instruments sounded together.) C 3. EK TOW' TP'T'wv Tf Kat ETW 'r 'SEVTip~o i-&q~j,,qaxJTwV: the musical and literary critics might apparently belong to any property class, even the highest. (Nowadays these would mostly come from the two middle classes, while the best judges of horseflesh or athletics would belong either to the richest class, or to the poorest.) c 5. It is hard to see how the Kat' arose, which A, L and 0 have after 'rptor~v. No printed edition has it, I think. A2's substitution of 'ptpurt for TL-'puV Ka~t seems to suggest that Kalt arose from a misreading of v. c 6. aXCev is here used, as at b 4 and b 6, in the sense of "1to be definitely appointed." o 8. Tvv 13OKL/MLa''VTOJV: i.e. a jury of experts-corresponding to the KPLM'1 of c 1. The word 0l'bos suggests that there might be differences of opinion among the jury, And that a majority carried the day. d1. apX X(^1 $LV KcLL Kp'O-Lv: a hendiadys; almost "1appointment to an office by examination." The two processes are closely connected, as in the words kaX6 8oL LacOL a. h,qTV0Vseems to make the application general to all the kinds of official whose election has been mentioned since 764 d 5. These final words are meant to emphasize the importance of the d 4. 7repLt TaL 7rpOELPTWCLVUL= TOW 7rpoEtp-q/AEVeWV, I.e.,LOVGflK2)9 KCLt yiI/Avao' rtKqjg (7 64 c 5). d 7. For the e p. above on a 2.-The age limit is established 586 NOTES TO BOOK VI 765 d independently by the fact that this official was to be chosen from among the VO/JLo4~vAUKCE, who must all be over fifty. d 8. Oa'repa: a curious adverbial neuter; "(he must be the father of children) of one sex or the other." e 1. 01 7rpoKpt'vei1: this does not mean, any more than r'rv alpoiltevov at b 1 meant, that this official is to be appointed by one man; the words would apply to anyone who took paxt in the appointment-either as nominator, voter, or 8OKt/_a'Cwv.-For the W3 with the acec. part. cp. on 643 d 8 and 762 e 5. e 2. The 7rat~ov' o, whom Lycurgus put in charge of the Spartan boys was to be elected Ce$ 1hwe~p at' /j,4yto-Trat apXa' KaG 0LfrTavrat (Xen. Rep. Lac. 2. 2). e 3. 7rav~ro'... y,"whatever the creature-whether plant or animal, tame or wild [or man]-if its early growth makes a good start, that is the most important step towards the happy consutamation of the excellence of which its nature is eapable. Now man we hold to be a tame animal; all the same, while with correct training, and a happy disposition, he will turn into the most divine and gentlest of creatures, if reared carelessly or ill, he is the fiercest creature upon earth."-The comma which Burnet inserts after c'p Otq0E&ra guards against the error into which Ficinus, Serranus, and Jowett have fallen of connecting irp'3 'pET'V with oppzrjCto'0a instead of with K V PLOt'1) 'T (Cp. below 931 e 7i-p09 aCo4Lx?, p~o~paV KVPto'Trala, Tim. 84 c KVpUOrra-a 7rpo Oavarov, and Ate. L 120 e TfkX'ovg ytyvea'Oat 7rpbs dpCT 'v.) e 5. The r'rtv in Hermann's and Burnet's original text is of course a misprint for 'r^Ow. 766 a 1. I cannot help suspecting KaLt adv~pWrwv to be a (very early) commentator's addition. The enumeration is complete without it. In grammatical formn it is awkward; the T-E and Kat[ best suit a pair, and the absence Of TWnv with avope7;we increases the awkwardness. (Stobaeus.'s Te- after 'q~e m ends matters a little.) The case of the man is quite sufficiently introduced and considered in the following clause. Further, as they stand, the words i'mp.ly that there are tame and wild men, as well as tame and wild beasts, and so anticipate what is given as a piece of fresh information in the following sentences.-Ast well cps. Aristotle, Pot. i. 2, 12 53 a 3 1, who doubtless had this passage in mind when writing. a 4. F. A. Wolf's conjecture that r'rv has fallen out after ayptw'rarov is a very likely one.-So too Ast, independently. a 6 if. vrpW^rop SC'.. t%,iEkap-v: this difficult sentence has 587 TUE LAWS OF PLATO suffered from many misapprehensions. To begin with, Aid. altered the MS. 7rpOO-Ta'TTELV e7rqJ.Ekq''qT V into 7rPO(TTCLTTYV KcL IE7rl,/LEXYJT-J1/, a mistake which even Ritter has perpetuated; Hermann, to simplify the construction, rejected the important a'pEO~vat, taking TO~V UXUoVTQ aiA ~ X'r/%kow~cru to be the Vo/1oGE'TJ; Stalib. and Schanz follow him; Schneider and Wagner translate ao~c-Oat UtpeG~jvat by "1auctorem fleri ut eligatur," "1veranlassen dass gewahit werde," also understanding, as do Stallb. and Apelt, 'r`w /,AXkovi-a KT-X. to be the volkoNT-gs instead of the director of Education; these latter interpreters also make an awkward break in tl~e sense after J, and separate TrOV^TOV, the manifest antecedent of O's &V, from its relative; further, Ritter unaccountably makes -r v EvTq r'.kctOE depend on ~rpiW-TOV instead of on a~pto-T0!JBu i is Ritter who has shown us the right way out of the difficulty; and that is to take Xpc~-' )'v as an "1accusativus absolutus," as at Thuc. iii. 40. 4: "1but inasmuch as the right choice of the man who is to have charge of them (7rcd~wv) is bound to come first and foremost, (he must) do his utmost to appoint and make their Director that man who out of all in the state is in every respect the beat man."-Both auvcwv in a 7 and av'i-ot~ in b 1 refer to the children.-With rw-v CY I e p. below 878 a 2 yE'vos 5'Trf-p aV jq TOW~ EV 'T1770e EVo~JiJaIo ~p~ pEh~.With 2FpOUTrTV we must supply 86t from a 5. (Jowett slurs over the difficulty by putting for p$a~'~a Xpc. atpcO~vat, "1he should begin by taking care that he is elected who etc." otherwise he follows Schneider and Wagner.-I do not think that anything is gained by Apelt's ingenious substitution of EVaa-OGaL forI ~Lpao-6a, though it makes that part of the sentence easier from his point of view. b 2. 7rrkiv /3ovU1i K. 7r.: the inclusion of the 360 fo~va would have made the electing body unwieldy.-i-b TOV' 'A~rr'XXoWos eepov: a place peculiarly suitable for deciding a matter connected withp/OVO&LK2 b 3. It is interesting to note that though all other interpreters and editors before Bekker took Tw~vV0/vo05V~a'KWV to be governed by Kpv'/3&-v, the Louvain editor (Rutger Ressen), while keeping the comma after VoJAofVXa'KWV, shows, by putting a comma also before it, that he sees the right way to take the words.-4ep0'vewV A0'4o.. OvtyTW av CK. 1qy.: if AI(jov had been omihted, the antecedent to be supplied in thought with 6'VrTLVa Would have 7been '1ovTov (cp. above on 753 dl 1); as it is we must supply i-oi~ry. b 5. The addition of -yevopE'vwv to Tz-LV (neut.) rc-pit rat~dav is strange, and Hug would reject it; but it would be stranger if 588 NOTES TO BOOK VI 766 b any commentator or scribe put it in when it was not there to begin with. The reason for its insertion was probably rhythmical. Plato would hardly end a sentence with five consecutive long syllables. b 7. TrXiv voLofvXakdKWV: we are left to conjecture the reason for this exclusion. Could such great and wise men be suspected of jealousy? [F.H.D. says "yes " —by others than the electing body."] c 2. 7rpv... fpLepQv: in other words, "while there is more than a month of his time left to run." c 5. From Steph. onwards all edd. have kEXov, which was the reading of A and 0. This was thoughtlessly corrected in A and O to CXXoov, probably the mistaken reading of some other MS. c 6. o 7rpoorjKOvres: i.e. of the ophavot, not of the Eir'powros.Kat E'7rtLS LOVv'rE: i.e. only those who lived within reach of the home circle. c 7. u'XPLt LvEr/(v irat8(v: this definition of relations who are to count legally occurs below at 877 d 1 and 878 d 7; at Dem. C. Macart. p. 1067 we have ieXp& davecaddSwv [wra'cov]. The same grade of relationship is expressed at 925 a 6 by /,IXpt 7rad'7rov 7ra'Swv (ViM&v): the grandchildren of the children of one's grandfather are one's own first cousins one remove.-The only connexion between these two injunctions is that both are cases of substitution. A final revision would hardly have left them as they stand. d 3 ff. Before describing the appointment of this next kind of officials, i.e. the judges, Plato introduces a short preface in which the two main points are: (1) the judges must be men of superior intellect, and (2) the machinery for giving legal decisions must be such as will favour (a) clear presentment of cases, and (b) due deliberation. d 4. For KaTa TPpo7rOV see above on 635 d 7.-a /ovos: below at 876 b he talks of S8TKaco'rjpa cavAa Ka a(lowva, which give their decisions by ballot. A true judge, Plato implies, ought to be able to throw light on the principles of justice which underlie the statutes, and not content himself with a safe legal yes or no, like a mere arbitrator. d 5. /,t 7XrAkel Tv T aVTl8LKOV eV T(a avaKp('~(ct': the preliminary procedure for legitimizing the position of the two parties to the trial was naturally mostly formal. d 7. oV"re wroXXovs ~vras: there are two reasons for this: (1) a large bench of judges could not all give reasoned judgements; 589 66 d THE LAWS OF PLATO it must be a question of voting yes or no; and (2) the number of superior intellects is necessarily small. The tribunal must be hoth small and -good. e 1. 71-ap' C~arpow goes closely with To dflp(t-,qoi~Vo/AV; "what the contention of each side is.") e 2. Kal TO' fppV' To' TIE 7roX~LKv3 U'vELKpI'vetv: in effect explanatory of what is meant by 05 Xpovog; "1tempus autem et mora, frequensque inquisitio ad aperiendam controversiam. conferunt"' (Fic.). 76 a.O~ pXow. y'V~& while not a ipuling offiial has yet a very high authority." The Kat emphasizes. a9. KpfvOJv... aL7rOTEX&J "finally decides." Cp. on 720 e 1. b 1. aiV dCLV wrpCroVTC9 stands for irp~irotcv 'ay in the sense of "9would be the right ones" i.e. "1ought to be appointed." b2. TILVO and EKao-Tov are both neuter1 and so too T ' Xotw's b 4. - Kvpce'aToV: with this word obscurity begins. At first sight the words seem to be reintroducing us to the three tribunals mentioned at 766 e 3 if.: (1) that of neighbours and friends; (2) the first court of appeal; and (3) the final court of appeal. But, if KVptwTaLToV means, as Ficinus thinks, "1augustissimumn" (Schneider's "summia dignitate praeditum"), the, epithet can hardly apply to a court composed of arbitrators informally appointed by the litigants themselves. (Below, at 9 15 c 6 the " neighbours' " court, and the alpvrot & TcLare spoken of as two distinct courts.) ]Ritter thinks KvptuaTcLoY means "most competent " ("1 befugtest ".Even so, it would seem to exclude the notioi of an appeal from it. Susemihl thought it a mistake for ro5 lrpWoTOV-and it may perhaps be worth considering whether IrpwT-ov at c 2 and KVPLWTaTov here may not, by some accident, have changed places. Some difficulties, but -not all, would disappear if this transposition were made. I think Plato means that if both sides agree to the court, the decision is to be final.-As we proceed, we find, instead of the two appeal,courts, two courts for the trial of different kinds of suits: (1) b 5, those suits in which one private citizen has a grievance against another: (2) b 7, those in which the alleged offence is one coniinitted. against the state.-Still more puzzling is the question, what relation does the next court mentioned-that introduced at c 2-bear to any or all of those just described? The words TO' TL'o taf-fl-jqTovcrLV seem to mark it as the third court (of appeal1) mentioned above at a 2 f., and the words 18tW'TaL3 7rpog adX7AoVq exclude the supposition thalt it is the court which is cognisant of offences against the state-that mentioned at b 7. If, however-, 590 NOTES TO BOOK VI 767 b at c 1, we follow Burnet-alone among editors-in adopting the uncorrected reading of the MSS., and read X1EKI-'OV olri-&ot, putting, with him, only a comma after /3oq~Oc-v, we are driven to identify the Treason Court with the Court of final Appeal; for we must translate: "1but as for that (court) when someone thinks the state wronged by a citizen, we must say of what kind and who the judges (in that court) are"; and then follows the method of election of the judges of the Appeal Court. I think, as to this, that we cannot avoid taking 02's correction, and reading IEK1-reOV (3, with a full stop after floqOe'v. It might be thought that the twofold division mentioned at b 4 ((3i5o &) KTA.) is to extend to both appeal courts; that, perhaps, i.e. there were to be parallel courts(1) second and third appeal courts for "1Common Pleas," and (2) second and third for state trials; but such a supposition does not agree with what we read at e 9 ff.-Plato, by calling this account of the courts a reptypaq'fr at 768 c 5, shows that he is conscious of the "sketchy" nature of this description. See below on 768 b 4. c 2. rrpw'-rov (if correct, and it most likely is) is adverbial, "first of all " (we must set up the third Appeal Court). c 4. r-6daal Tag~ dlpya, as shown when the subject to r7vvXek~ey is,_resumed at 0 8, is used in the sense of 7rdv-rag Trov' aLpXov'ra5. c, 6 f. &'ret&av. rpixrocv, "on the day before that on which the New Year is about to begin with the (new) moon that follows the summer solstice." d I. All MSS. seem to have had 0'vo/,6'a~avra3-a thoughtless mistake due to the dittography of the last syllable Of OE4v.arapeaowOat is used as a transitive verb governing E'va (3LKa0OT-qV, in the sense of " offer as first-fruits " or perhaps "1as a ceremonial dedication "-and so "1consecrate.")-7racoxrq apq eva) "one from each body of magistrates." The gen. is governed by the dw60 in the verb; d'pxti', as in the following line, is used as a collective noun. d 2. a&v... &aKplvetw is "1to be likely to decide." Cp. 769 b 1 oVKi a"V rOTE (3OKIEL 7rav'r~ao-Oat KoujO/AVoa.-Wagner's suggestion that we should read 8taKpLVfdv-like Heindorf's at Eiuth. 287 d to read a7rOKjWEC'L for a'roKptiVfl-gratuitously adds one to the small list of doubtful cases of aLv with the fut. Out of the list given by Adam on R1ep. 492 c, and Goodwin, M. and T. 197, those at Crito 53 d, Crat. 391 d, and Phaedr. 227 b have only partial MS. support, while that at Euth. 287 d has no MS. support at all. The only instance left by Biurnet in his text is 1ie. 65 a ova(3 av -Et SfE'po. ~59 I 767-d 767 dTHE LAWS OF PLATO d 3. av'T93: a possessive dat., used as a variety for cavrov. d 5. aihToig is probably the right reading, though the Cod. Voss. av'i-oi^ points to a quite possible variant ai',rov' (ArTOTCAN being read ATTOTEAN). d7. -ro Z ='Xu 8CKaW7T 'pa 4~vyov~rt: possibly 065etyE was a technical term used of those who "1had recourse to " a higher court; the -notion being that the highest court was a place of refuge. Cp. Eur. Hipp. 1076 d's Tov' ci/oWvovs;,aprvpas oei'yets; e 2.- Toi's CXopevo-v3 av'roi's: as Ritter points out, this would not be, true of all individuals, only- of the'different magisterial bodies, each as a class. By that time many of the individuals who served in the previous year would have been replaced. e 3. i.&V & TLRi KTX.: this enactment may well apply, as Ritter thinks (p. 168), to all courts. e 5. V~EEW let him be under an obligation." e 6. rb -qwAcv: so the MSS.; Ritter, comparing 846 -b 3 —ro v 8twXaot'ow vnro6LK0S IEOT(O Tq )8/Xa00/EYTL-thinks this a mistake for Tb &67rkacrtov; although it is only a minimum penalty, it may be all the injured man will get; for acc. to e 8 f. anything beyond this is to be paid to the state and T~ riq'V 8L'K-qV Stua-apuevy, and he might be an informer. Wherever -quurv comies from it is clearly a mistake. [F.H.D. suggests that the mistake arises fromn a misreading of a numerical expressionajl e 8. All editors but Wagner have adopted the Ald. roi1.ry for the MS. TOVTWV; 7rp019 TOVrwv would involve a, feeble tautology -"1 the judges are to decide what penalty they are to suffer at their" (i.e. "1the judges"'") ",hand." e 9. u7-eplt S~' viV S-q1Jo0iWV Ey'-KX?7)(cToW: here we go back to the court first referred to at b 7, for the trial of offences against the state. In this the public is to take an important part. Whereas, in the tribal courts for trying sruits between private citizens,, the public is only represented by a section of itself, ele~ted by lot, in state-trials the jury, as we should call it, is to be the whole 8j os.-the Public Assembly of all the citizens. 768 a 1-5. Burnet has made the connexion of ideas clearer by marking off of" y' p.. 83taKplarewv as a parenthesis. This parenthe~sis gives the reason for the arrangement outlined in the main sentence,9 which is as follows: "(It is necessary) in the first place to admit the public to a share in the trial (of state offences) but, while the inception, and the final decision of such a suit must lie with the whole body of citizens, still the investigation must be conducted by such three of the highest order oDf 592 NOTES TO BOOK VI 768 a magistrates as the defendant and plaintiff shall agree on." To the Iev in a 1 corresponds the aA'X in a 4, which is "resumed" by the 8E in a 5; dpx'rv e... d.roSt8o/EE/vrv is a concessive clause. a 3. 4v 8tK-, "justly" ("and they would justly resent being excluded from all share in such decisions "). a 5. 'v is technically used of the court before which a case is tried.-Apparently then the Public Assembly had to give leave to prosecute, and to acquit or condemn (and assess the penalty), on a report from a competent legal tribunal who had investigated the case. It is to be noticed that this leaves no room for the influence of rhetoric on the susceptible public. a 8. L, and several other MSS., for a'ro ---which is clearly right-read avTroCs; this reading occurs as a marginal variant in 0, and was printed in the four first edd. Ficinus would seem to have read av-nrv, as he translates " consilium ipsum electionem utriusque cognoscat et judicet." (Possibly a scribe in whose ears avTro and avrj sounded alike, wrote the latter by mistake; this then became av'rT in one MS. and avr^js in another, this last changing back to aVrots by the converse of the original error. There is no trace of a reading avac.)-..KpttIvetv aCvrv r?'V atpea'tv EKarTpov: avrwv probably depends on EKarEpov-" the choice of each of them," not "the choice of them (i.e. judges) made by each." Most likely each litigant chose one judge; the difficulty would be to agree on the third. If each persisted in his own choice for the third judge, the /ovXA would have to select one of the two. It would therefore be manifestly unwise for either of the litigants to choose a decided partisan.-By pfovX4 we ought perhaps to understand the rpvra'ves, who were a standing committee of the /3ovXk. —The Er-t- in ETtrKpCvetv seems to mark the action of a superior authority. b 2. o yap aKOtLVWvV?0... e.vat, "no man can feel himself a true citizen, who does not share the right of pronouncing judgement on his fellows." This little piece of political wisdom helps to form a true conception of the state, and citizenship. It may rank with another enlightening little sentence at 740 a 2-4, which reminds us that the land which belongs to a citizen also belongs to the state. b 4. The Kat marks the pvXtsEKa '8tKao-'ptLa as a fresh tribunal, and yet at b 7 below they seem to belong to the class of courts of first appeal mentioned above at 767 a 2 (dAXXo SLKa-rfTpto). Stallbaum is inclined to regard them as alternatives VOL. I 593 2 q 768 b THE LAWS OF PLATO to the court of neighbours and friends; but in that case there would be only one appeal court, and it is clearly laid down at 767a 3 that there are to be two. See also 915c5f. which distinctly speaks of the neighbours' courts as distinct from and inferior to the VXEItLKat KatL. The truth seems to be that in this 7rEpLypa4' (c 5) Plato did not attempt to give us a complete plan of courts as they might be arranged in detail, but only to enumerate certain leading principles of such an arrangement; e.g. (1) that there must be separate courts for state and private trials; (2) that there must be a second and a final court of appeal; (3) that this final court must be carefully constituted. b 5. (K Tro r apaXpjJa: these words mark the contrast between the elaborate constitution of the final appeal court and the haphazard choice, for the tribal courts, of the first citizens at hand, as occasion demanded. Probably it was not contemplated that the whole tribe should be assembled for their election.-It seems to be hinted by the coupling together of the three points of (1) election by lot, (2) election as occasion demanded-i.e. when there was a cause to try-and (3) the inaccessibility to motives of personal sympathy, that somehow (3) was more likely to be found in conjunction with (1) and (2).-Perhaps these tribal courts were conceived as country courts, and the second Appeal Court in the city would sit more regularly, and be of a more elaborate constitution. - Both Kkqrpt and (K TOV wrapaXpqp/a logically qualify some such word as " be appointed"; this idea is implied in StKaELiV. b 7. o' aefJLEVv.. rape(rKevd(Oat, "which we assert to have been endowed with as complete an impartiality as the wit of man could devise." b 8. No editors put a comma after 7rape-rKevdaOat; i.e. they all take Tros IL' 8vvapLevoCS with it, and not with Kplvetv. I prefer, though not very confidently, to take the dat. with KptveV, and would therefore insert a comma before -rois.-Ficinus for faqLev wrapEr-KevdcaOat has "esse debere diximus," as if he had read irapacrKEvao-r'ov.-Tl'oS is masc.; Fic. takes it to be neut. (" ad eas lites dirimendas "). c 1. The (vkXETiKa 8LKaL-rT'pLa are mentioned below at 915 c 5. c 2. At 915 c5 aXraXXa'rTEo-rOat, when used in exactly the same connexion as here, is expanded by the addition of 7rpb aXXrXovs and T(v ey7KAVlY/aTdv; Ast is therefore probably right (Lex. s.v.) in giving to the word in these two passages, not its ordinary sense of "get rid of," "finish with," but the meaning 594 NOTES TO BOOK VI76 768 c which is more commonly found for &taXXJTTEO-OcL, and KaTaXXa7-Treo-Oat, of "1to be reconciled, compound their differences." e 6. J p~K-EV: this 7rpono-wrwotta is like that which Plato often uses in the case of O' XO'yo3; it is still more marked in the TaV'Tatg etpqucr6o two lines below. —a' 8' dtToXE5-Et: it is possible that rd is nom. here, but most likely a'woXdEt`rt is used, as at Rep. 603 d 9 (6' T'-cdr&Je hrXIotteV) in the unusual sense of omit.-This use of a qualifying o-XE&0'v is a mannerism with Plato in his later works.-Again L has the best reading, A and 0 giving aW7oXEtLWOL (probably meant as an opt. of wish: "some points, however, it had perhaps better leave out "). o 7. vc'lkwv Ocrtg is equivalent to a compound noun, and, as such,- it and not merely Eao-ts is coupled with 8tatipEcrt as the subject of the verb y1'yvoui-o. It means regulation, and Plato would no doubt have used vo/tto~co-i'a for it, if he had not used that word just before. The two subjects which are best reserved for a final chapter are (1) the detailed regulation of legal and judicial procedure, and (2) the elaborate distinction between the different kinds of suits-and consequently of courts to try them in. The alcia marks that the a'KptflIJ3 goes with both vopliwv 6&nTt and 8tcd'pEo-ts. (All previous interpreters have adopted the view that both 0O'o-tg and Stat'pcot are to be construed with I3LKWV V'uwv: "judicialium legum exacta positio atque partitio " Fic. Stephanus proposed to read 8tKaVtKGV for 8tKCOV. Bekker would reject v0'buov [and so F.H.D.], which is left out in one MS. (Vat. 1029), and Orelli would read VO/~tKC)V for it.) o 8. racv'ratS MKIX, "1let these subjects be told to wait till we have reached the end "-lit. "1to wait for us at the end." d 2. T')v wXciaTo-rv... vojeo0,Ed-av: the contrast with subjects said to be half treated shows that this means " have received their full regulation," not "have occupied the most of our legislative attention " (Wagner and so Jowett). For the use of 7rkEt`'T-q- for complete cf. Rep. 564 a 8ovXEta 71-XE[OCr-T, Soph. 249 e Ev aiyvotie r~7rXEty1 d 3. -r6 8~' J'Xov.. a. oa/i: like Schanz, I would certainly print Ast's 8totK-qctLv for the MS. 8totK-qO-EWV. " But a complete and exact description of every single department of the state and of civic administration in general, is impossible "-(with 8totK'acqOE: "about every single point in the arrangements of the state and of the whole civic administration ".Objections to the MS. reading are (1) the two words &LOLK 'a-ct3 and 7wokttK-uc would both mean the same thing, i.e. management, control; (2) the 595 768d THE LAWS OF PLATO use of 7roXtTLtK as an adj. lis more in accordance with Platonic usage than its use as a subst., and when Plato does use it as a subst., it is generally-as e.g. at 650 b 9-in the sense of the science or art of government (Wagner tries, in vain, I think, to fit that sense in here); (3) the dependence of rAev 8tOLKK(EOV on the neut. vods Tf Ka TavTrov, or on ITb O'XO T-E KaC aKpL(Pfes), though not impossible, is awkward. d5. For this use of Siosos in the sense of enumeration, account, cp. above 718 b 2. A sketch df the whole, he says, must precede the details of the parts, because in the explanation of these details a reference to other departments is often necessary. Op. below 812 a 8. d 7. Here he goes on to say that we have now reached the right (tKavr) point in our sketch where the subject of the appointment of magistrates may end for the present, and the account of laws proper begin. Ficinus and Schneider take yevop4vr) as a gen. abs. with T7s &ieooSov understood-the latter translating it by "quoniam progressa est." Wagner takes yev. with alpeae'ws"bis zur erfolgenden Wahl der Obrigkeiten." The formerlis clearly the right view. "You see (vvv /jv), at this point, now that the general outline has been completed as far as the election of magistrates, this would be a fit conclusion for the preliminary part of our subject." e 2. Kat connects ~Kav — which is supposed to be carried on to dpX7 —with dv. Ka, 0oKV. oV. Tt 81Eo/Jv; the failure to see this led the first three printed edd. to substitute ecrrl for the MS. ern. Though Bas. 2 corrected this error, it reappeared in Steph. e 7. Xtowss: what specially pleases the Athenian's hearers is that he has enabled them to see the subject as a whole in its two main divisions of (1) Political Machinery, and (2) Legal Enactment. 769 a 1. Above at 685 a 7 the Ath. says 7rept vo'/wov ragtovras 7ratSlav 7rpeC'p-VTK'qV o'&opova, and at 712 b 1 7retpJWELcO...., KaOcW7rp wraiSes 7rpeo/fl'Ta, IrXarTELtv T' XoyT roVs vodiov. There is the same contradiction of terms in Parmenides's rpay-,uaTreu8~I rratSiv zraCIetv (Parm. 137b) as in the 'EfUpv 7TraS8ta... 8&a7rerawcrpEv here: 'raslae involves the notion of a pastime, and of make-believe; but there is a method and a meaning in this 7ral&La, as is shown by the words rpayzLaTeAl8Srl and <'powv. a 3. This contrast is still further brought out by Cleinias's answer. The connexion between the two remarks is better seen when we notice that the first begins with KaXos and the second with KaXrv. "A fine game," the Ath. says: "A fine piece of 696 NOTES TO BOOK VI 769 a work," Cleinias answers. Notice also the contrast between 7rpe~o3v~i'v and dv8pCv. —8rXoiv is "set forth," "display." The " work" is the actual constitution of Cleinias's new state. a7 ff. oo-0r' n-et KTA., "just as the artist's brush, you know, seems never to get to the end of its work upon the several figures in his picture, but looks as if it were going on everlastingly heightening colour or 'relieving' it, or whatever the initiated call the process,-never reaching the point at which it admits of no further increase of beauty or vividness." (Tro yeypa,/JLLva comes in better earlier in the English sentence.) Ast wished to eject KaOa7rep, but it is better to suppose a conversational inconsequence -"just as the artist's brush, you know," standing for "you know how the artist's brush"; the KaOdjrep enables us to put in the "how," and marks the simile. a 8. Shov: though Cov is used for " picture " below at c 1 and 5, I think Ast and Stallb. are wrong in translating wov by " pictures ' here; it is " figures." a 9. droxpatveLv: at Arist. De color. 796 a 24, where, however, there is a variant awroxpe'rat, this verb is taken to mean "to change the colour of." If, however, it means here to change, or to tone down, or simply to remove colour, as some have thought, the expression is too straightforward to be technical; and that is what the subsequent words proclaim it to have been. At Rep. 586 c 1 spurious pleasures are said to look like real pleasures because they are " thrown into relief" (dc'ropaLvo/evas) by adjacent pains. The sense of "throw up," "(relieve" (by adjacent contrast) also exactly suits our present passage. Therefore I think Ast and Stallb. right (but see Adam, on the Republic passage) in taking the use in the two Platonic passages to be the same. (A.M.A. holds that awroxpaivew describes removal of colour, the relief being obtained by contrast, which normally consists of removal or darkening of adjacent colour. The explanation of adroxpatvErv in Tim. Lex. — TO ra XpeTo'OEvra evorwotlv-does not help us much, unless it be thought that "combination" of colours is akin to the bringing out the force of one colour by the juxtaposition of a contrasted one.)-rTOV Xp. ~ ao~Xp. and Koov-oocra both depend, in different ways, upon wrav-acrOaL. b. For ol owypdaowv 'aF8es cp. above on 720 b 5.-at 7ravcracrOat is just like dv 8taLKpivEtv at 767 d 2. b 2. o-re: the words OVK av rOT......raTauacOat contain the idea " will never reach a particular final point," and on this idea depends "such as to admit of no further improvement." 597 769 b THE LAWS OF PLATO b 5. Tre, " alioqui," Ast; cp. on 669 b 6. A clear case of re r "although." All interpreters but Ast and Jowett seem to have taken aKOvwv as governing TaVTa, as if C1. said "listening to your words teaches me," and translate Eretd by since, or for, as if it introduced a reason why it was only by such listening that he could learn. This is far-fetched. What CL says is: "I know pretty well from hearsay what you mean, though I am no expert in the painter's craft."-The Ka avros is best translated by emphasizing the first I. b 6 ff. "That doesn't matter; we can easily use the abovementioned fact about it as an illustration." b 7. Ws is epexegetic of To Trotuv8c-" nempe, scilicet" (Ast)." Let us put it to the following use-such as to ask.." c 1. Cov: a survival of the Gk. use of Ciov —" living creature" -for " picture" may perhaps be seen in the Art term "still life." c 1-8. From Ast downwards, all edd. have adopted Van Heusde's correction of the MS. Trds to T~E S; but there remain two violent breaks in the construction-quite (pace 0. Apelt p. 4) beyond the range, I think, of Platonic anacolutha. The second is the jump from TOV E7ravopOovv re in c 4 to otos TE EacTai in c 6. This is entirely obviated by supposing, with Herm., that Plato wrote not roV but hs before 7ravopiowv. Schanz alone ventures to follow Herm. in his text. The re and the Kai link the two clauses together in a way which is impossible if the text stands as the MSS. have it.-The earlier break is in c 1-3 KaC TOVT'.. XpO.ovO and should be remedied, I think, by inserting <iCvat> after cefor which some early copies seem to have had 8X'. If this 8~ was a true variant, and not a corrector's guess, it points to some confusion in the text at this point; and it does not seem impossible that eva —which exactly represents Ficinus's progrediatur-should have been accidentally omitted. Without some such addition I think it is impossible to arrive at any of the renderings which have been given for the passage. The To before QfavXorepov in 02 I take to be a guess, made to bring it into line with rb pe3rtov, by a corrector who did not see that the To does not go with f3ekrov but with ^rxtv (intr.). Whether we insert the To or not, we cannot construe the sentence satisfactorily if we take Z'CTe&v as transitive; nor has &o-Xerv, however we take it, any satisfactory predicate in the received reading. Ficinus's rendering is: "quod non ad peius sed ad melius futuro tempore progrediatur." (A.M.A. suggests taking rove to be the subject to trxevI/ in the sense of ylyveo-Oat —cp. 3eXrtowv yi'yvrTa at e 1.) 598 NOTES TO BOOK 'VI 769 c c 3. crvVVocE~, " 4nonne vides " Fic. All edd. except Ast print the whole sentence, as a question. c 5. (C'aV iTL o-(baXXUp-at. ) 'ro' Xpo'vev: cp. Tim. 22 d Sta" pLaKp~ov Xp6VWV 7L7YV0/EV~ WV Eirt 71 7-VOL 7roXk(p 00op6. The pl. Xpovot seems to have been a mannerism of Plato's later style; op. Laws 850 b5, 798 b1, 872 e6, 6380 a4, 738 d5, (Phil. 36 b6(). c 6. 7rpg Trq'V TEXq goes, not with 7rapaketvj.OE', as Schneider -"1 praetermissum ad artem,"-but with ado-6eYE1aR ---- wegen seiner eigenen Schwache in der Kunst " (Wagner). Cp. Laws 757 c 3 /.,LE&'Cov irpbs a'pcE'Y, Prot. 318 c 4 irp~ -ypa ~tK '~V (/3EX7t`O) 4EOE, a..Kat 67rLtiocretv), Phaedr. 263 d 5 r~ 1 or~Kp'aR 7rpog Xo'yovg, Alc. L 120 e 4 -7rXc1'V3... wpbg QxpE1TqV. c 8. All edd. but Herm. follow Steph. in emending the MS. rrapaqLEVct to 7rapa~lmvet. d 1-e 1. "1Well, don't you think the lawgiver will want to do likewise:-first to frame laws as nearly perfect as may be, and then, as time goes on, and he finds how his plains work in practice, is there, think you, a lawgiver in creation so foolish as to be blind to the fact that there must be numberless details left in a condition which will need the attention of a correcting hand, if the administrative system of the state he has founded is to go on getting more perfect instead of less 1 " d 6. If 7r-apaXet~reo-Oat is right, it ought not to be translated as if it were a simple XI7rc-Eatu-"' be left behind him "-as do Fic., Schn., and Wagn. It must be "1that there are many omissions, or deficiencies " (for successors to correct). I think it possible, though, that the simple Xch'rcarOat is what Plato wrote. It is like him to vary the expression of a corresponding passage; and like a commentator to make the two passages uniform. As it is, the MS. text is somewhat redundant. [F.H.D. thinks Plato meant 7rapaAke7t~ET-Oat.]-We may imagine Plato applying this analogy to a philosopher, and the doctrines which he leaves to his school.G'VVE7roILE~ov does not, I think, denote following the lawgiver, but attending to the laws-the same notion as is contained in the Ov~ka',r~etv (Kat' CravopOov'v) at e 7. e 1. 7rcpt e. ace. is equal to a possessive genitive. Op. on 685 c 2. e & For 7w~v yap ovl; inserted in the middle of a sentence Heindorf on Gorg. 487 b cps. Soph. Electra 1307 a'XX, oi'cOa /AEV 'tcW9VOE3, 7Tw'g Yap Oi'; KXV&JV. Steph. was the first to suggest the correct punctuation of this passage.-7rv'Vra O'VTLVO3VV: I have not been able to find another instance of ira OO'cTLU-(ov) declined as if it were 7raq rtg. 599 THE LAWS OF PLATO e 5 if. Burnet is clearly right in -taking -'pYVp Kal Xyo'tOV With &&84ctv akv rather than with picaw'4v zx6 though he has only Ficinus, among previous interpreters on his side.-Ti-Lv ~rporov & Uiv is a dependent interrogative explaining what -oii-,o is; the 8&Ld'~Etcv &XV after T-(va 1-pO'-ov IS just like the ytyJ/o0LT &v -after oel t 7 I sA aoce. to Schanz, has T&Va' the scribe evidently took UL& to be the apodosis to Et' EXOL.-ELTE /ULt'OCov e"T E EacTTO) some make this agree with &'repov (Fic.), soine with evvotav (Schneider, Wagner); Jowett takes it with rpo'rov. The alternatives already mentioned admit of six different translations of the passage; and there is further the doubt which has been felt whether wplv eWr -rE Xo3 'X6,EZ means (1) "1until he has finished his explanation, or (2) "until he succeeds in his object," or (3) Stalib. thinks it may mean "while life lasts." (2) is right, I think.-As to the reading in e 5, Ald. was no doubt right ilL correcting the MS. -roV3'rOV to troVio. Possibly the scribes understood ToiV-rov to be Tr'V Vo,U0oO&T-v, but more likely the final v was accidental. (I think Fic. read TLv&, and either read or put in a Kat' after v4Lovs; but his translation is not literal enough to indicate his reading clearly.) We may translate: "1Well, supposing a man discovers a way to teach another, however imperfectly, by precept or example, the right method of conserving or improving laws, he will persevere, won't he, in his explanation of his method, until he succeeds '?" 770 a 6. lev -8c/kZ To V- flt'ov: the reading at Arist. Poet. 1 4 57 b 2 4, which attributes this phrase to Empedocles, rests on inferior MS. authority; but it looks like a sensible correction of Aristotle's text, and may even have had the support of some independent tradition unknown to us. a 8. Kal rorov'TV, "1them too " (as well as ourselves), —c'TOig, "at the same time," goes with the following words. (Schneider's "hos quoque ipsos" is pointless.) b 1. CL. " Certainly; if we cant." b 5. ijL 7rQ4J7roXXa r-apaXet'bofev, " we lawgivers shall leave in-numerable deficiencies in each of the subjects about which we legislate"; i.e. "in every division of our legislation."-For the omission of vept' with &i op. above 659 a 7 E'K TaihvTOV o',LaTos OiArep Tov's 9OovSg (W'EKaXE'0faTo, 7 14 d 2 wpo' &Xkko -rt... r1 O b 6Zf ov' juv dXX'. 7.rrEpt-yyl0EO&, " at the same time we shall do our best to provide what I may call a sketch of the important details, and the general outline. This sketch it will be for you to turn into the finished picture."~ 600 NOTES TO BOOK VI 770 c C 2. avsrd, "what it is"-the guiding principle, i.e., indicated by the words 0rrot #XCwTOVTCE. It is the same as rava Els darEp KTX. at c 5.-The following passage is a reminiscence of 630 e 2 and 631 d, which is again recalled below at 963 a 3. c 7-e 6. "Our unanimous decision amounted briefly to this: in whatsoever way our citizen's nature, be it of man or woman, young or old, was likely to achieve a full measure of the excellence of soul of which it is capable, as the result of some occupation, some habit, some kind of possession or desire, or opinion, or of some mental discipline, towards this same object every nerve shall be strained as long as life lasts; nobody in any station must show a preference for any kind of thing that thwarts these means (of achieving perfection); he must sacrifice even the state, if it appears necessary that it should be overturned, sooner than see it bow to a servile yoke at the bidding of its meaner citizens, or else he must give up the state and become an exile. Any such fate must be suffered by men sooner than they should accept a regime productive of their deterioration." d 1. dva'p dyafos is predicate, the subject being vro-ts in d 4. — For yityvor' av cp. on 769 e 6. d 3. For 7roLas KrToaeos Apelt (1901 Prag) would read 7OT' ao'Kfcrw s; after eI7rlt7ev aaros, however, da'Kro'ews is de trop. [F.H.D. "probably right; see 896 d."]-The (e'K) uaO0ria'rwv 7roTr rLV(Ov is a foreshadowing of the aKpit3Er-Tepa rratSEa of 965 b 1. d 5. This 0'7rwo is the indirect form of s, and introduces the gist of the above-mentioned o-vyx;prlctrs. d 6. Stephanus's restoration of reTa/xevry for the MS. reay-Epvwq is confirmed by Ficinus's " omni studio tendat." d 7. TOV'roI is not (as Ficinus) "this object," but these tmr^tqSev/Aara, rjIr Kr\A. e 1. xJr6j' o'crroo' v: i.e. whether he be an official or a private citizen. (Stallb. prefers /vq8' oroTiv, which occurs in a MS. of no authority.)-reXevreWv: so MSS. Here we approach the central knot in this bundle of entanglement. I see no way of untying it. It has been cut in different ways. From Stallb. I would adopt the change of the MS. vTro/zerevao-a to v'7roftva(rav, and I would put a comma after yryveafrat, and read TEXEv7av for TefvX1-V, taking it with ronwXos in the sense of "part with the state," " sacrifice the state " (on the analogy of /3ov, Xoyov reXevrav). It seems to me that we want two alternatives of which q AXe'reav is the second, the infinitives being governed by an imaginary " but must choose" implied, by contrast, in /Au8qv rporqLorv. If we 601 77o e 770 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO have no such infinitive in the place of T-EXEVTOJV we are driven (with Fic.) to take 46O',kev KICX. as the alternative to Xu'EwI-L-i.e. (do something) "sooner than either Bait down under the rule of mean men, or go into exile "; and it is not -clear what the "something" is: Ficinus takes it to be " die for his country." But -even if he could get this Gut of 1-EXEv-rWv 8E' icut 7r0'XEo,, and could fit in C'&v 'ytyycar6at, the Words- 7ravra r&' -rotaVia in e 4 imply that more sacrifices (than that of life alone) have been mentioned. His translation is: "1Pro patria praeterea, si necesse sit, mori paratus sit antequam velit aut eversam videre civitatem iugoque servitutis subiectam a peioribus gubernari, aut fuga ipsam deserere."-Of the alternatives as I read them, the latter (exile) would only be adopted wlicu the "right minded " were too few to make a fight; the former danger (extinction of the state) would result when neither side was strong enough to gain the upper hand, and they destroyed each other. (Ast -would read Kac~ 7r-6XEcos cWvo —roQT0o cap ay. 4O., yiyv., and 157ropctvav; his two alternatives then are (1) hanishment, (2) flight.-Stallb. keeps aivao-rai-ov, makes wro6Xews depend on it, reads v'ro/et'vacrav, and, like many editors, puts only a comma after iro'Xtv. Wagner would read Tr' 7r-6Xeug for 7rowgo; he supplies, I imagine, 44 dv avyKr) fru'va w thX7etv. With these two interpreters W' in e 4 is not for, but that. Schanz reads v'ropdcvas with Ast, and rejects ' with Madvig.) 0 7. v~t like the q'xZ at b 5, is emphatic: that was "we lawgi'vers" this is "YOU V01J0o a)XKCS. -"-fI.W^V goes with Troi's vgpv.-Thea rar-a E'KcLTepa (and the TaVrTa in the following line) are not, as Ast and Stallb., (1) private, and (2) public, virtue, but (1) the encouragement of such pursuits etc. as are helpful to virtue (d 2), and (2) the discouragement of Zrwocra cpwro8a 1TovTOrot (d 7). -I accept unhesitatingly 0. Apelt's (p. I11) restitution of 4`iravvre for the MS. C'7ravcZ'Ie; "6pass in review" exactly describes the action proper to the vo/%o4,vAaKEi. Above at 7 08 el1, 0 and all the inferior MSS. had i~ratv~ov where A alone had preserved b.iavtwv. Cp. also 693 c 6, Theaet. 186 b 8. 77I al1. Ficinus puts in eas inquam vituperate after vo'fLovs; acting on this hint, or on one from Cornarius, Steph. silently inserts ~, TcEy7 Mc'v into the Gk. text at that point. a, 3. -rdiv cJya.0v Xcyo/Ev wv: the worst of it is that some of these 4iaro'8La-e.g. great wealth-are regarded as legitimate objects of ambition. a 5.-a ~p Xq 8~.'. I' p y A~v "we must next begin our laws somewhat as follows, keeping religion in view from the first." 602 NOTES TO BOOK VI That is, we must obtain the sanction of religion to our political divisions and arrangements. (He has said this before, at 7 38 b if., with reference to the territorial divisions.) a 6. a6akaflojetv is rather more than "1call to mind" at 7 38 b 2 those concerned were bidden "1to give their minds to " (Xa/3eiv) the arithmetic of the civic arrangements:here we are told to "give our minds to it again," and in this case to consider the subdivisions of 5040. & 7. Jxev is the "philosophic" imperfect-" how many we found that it had." b 1. 7wpoor~6p ovg, "convenient." b 3. 0'p6&r'7ara, "9exactly."-In 4nV'v, Geoi' 8&5pov, and O-ij(VTO V at b 5 and 7 Plato emphasizes the notion that the properties of number lie deep in the nature of things. b 4. 1EKa'GrT17V... T')v p~o~pav, "each of these twelfths." b 5. lepa&: Ficinus's translation "1sacrum esse dei Munlus," though it fits Steph.'s conjectural Epo'v, does not prove that he had not our MS. text before him. He always allows himself a translator's right to vary modes of expression. The gender of f~rol~ke'yv is in favour of 'epd4v.-f~r0LEV7?V, "corresponding to." b 6 if. Tj -ro' rav70rc~t w~~'&: "1haud dubie ad orbem signiferum s. zodiacum haec spectant," Ast.-&6 8tavolzv, "1that is just why its instinct sways every city by consecrating these divisions, though some (authorities) perhaps make a more exact partition and consecrate it with more happy results than others." 8tL' is strengthened by Kat' as at Epist. 335 a 6, and Phaedr. 258 c 4. b 7. For &'ycev used in this absolute sense cp. Eur. Ilipp. 1268 o-v a'r~v e6v~ aLKa/L77TOV c,6Eva KaLL /3porov ayEvg, KViwp t. -Ficinus takes t'Epov~v to be an inf., translating ducit ad eas sacrandas; though such a statement fits the context far better than any translation we can get out of 4epovv as a participle, alyetv cannot be used in the sense of compels (to do something). Is it possible that we ought to read 1'Epovo-aav= "1leads them along a course of hallowing of the divisions"? (Ast, Schneider, and Wagner take 7ra^0-av;rnXtv to be totam civitatem.) c 4 f. E'' 6c&Tepa 1'ynq' 'yiyverat, "cyou can mend it one way." There are two ways of arriving at an exact multiple of eleven, either by addition or subtraction (Wagner).- 'rovC'/Xcv does not mean exactly "1to subtract," but "1to set aside." This meaning comes out clearly when there is no dative of the person or thing to which something is assigned; e.g. at Polit. 276 d -rn)v adwovE1LO0Etirav f1ir-qLEkqt1-K1~V it means "which is made into a 603 771 a 771 -c 77zc THE LAWS OF PLATO special class." Op. also Laws 848 a 7. (Grou conjectured &7r-o rdT1AJ6ia&v, and Ast accepted it. Ficinus takes bri 6SUi-pa with a~ovestkO-culv, " si..ad alterarn partem... accesserint.") C 7. rg -raporj 4 1 'rj Ka't Xo'yy: hendiadys, "1the principle just enunciated." dl-. raVarqv; Schneider, who translates "1et distributionem hanc faciwamus,"Y apparently takes Tcurr-qv to stand for T'V 8tavo/k?'v TrUVT7; all other interpreters take it to mean T-RV7v0ikt'v or Tn'V yiv Ast reads a 'rnV for it. Ficinus leaves it out in his translation. d 3. ~r' av~-ro is i.e. at the altatra (Schn. "Iad eos" apparently he takes advTo~ to refer to the patron deities). d 4. 8W'S&KO,c'v... Sapepw-pq: apparently each tribe had one rural, and one urban festival every month; the former for the tribe as a whole, the latter for that tribe's division of the city proper (cp. above 745 e 2). -d.5. GE4OV... 9sov's: in the previous exposition of the advantages of these religious aTV'vo~3o or (TVXUoyot at 7 38 d 6, the advantages were likewise represented as being of two kinds: (1) religious, and (2) social. The second class there corresponds almost exactly to the second class here. The first there was expressed in the difficult words 05rawg &V... t TaS XPE6a *Kdo-rag ev/.tcapetaV 7rcapaa.-KevdCLw(-x. The words which here represent the first class I take to mean "to secure the favour of heaven and all -the heavenly influences," taking T1-cV 7rEp'L 6ofiv as well as G4v to depend On X Ts.At 7 96 c 3 we shall -find a similar difficulty in dealing with the elusive word Xa'pt-rJV Trq OCO{' Xa'ptV Tt/Wv-ras. Here it has generally been interpreted to mean either gratitude, or worsh4p (and by some T(0 ro Ep' Ocoi'q is made to depend directly upon &'vEKa): "1primum quidem diis habendae gratiae et 'rerum divinarum causa " (Schneider)-" baec deorum primio divinorumeque colendorum gratia ita fiant" (Ficinus). (A.M.A. agrees witb this.) d 7. W' 6=/szZsv U"iv marks the inclusion of the last named object as an opinion -for which the speaker is personally responsible. The necessity of mutual acquaintance to the members of a com.munity was enlarged on at 738 e 1 if. el1. 7rpo6s, "1in view of." o 2. Tq'v ctyvotav - C K&Saxrt: ay, and otk are generalizing neuters; T-roiroW (depending on I votav) has to be supplied in thought as their antecedent.. ----r&w is almost equal to a pluralCCpeople."- We may translate: " to put an end to ignorance of brides' families and brides themselves, as well as of families into 604 NOTES TO BOOK VI 77I e which daughters marry." For the neut: plur. cp. -7rpirrovra at 772 d 7, and Soph. Ant. 659 el y&p rd y' eyyA evv- Svr'Et aKo Op pE/, Kapra roVS (o $ yvovs, and Soph. Phil. 448 f. There is no need, with Ast, to write Tv for i. e 5. (r7rovjs... rratSts.. Xopevovras: Plato is never tired of finding "earnest" in pleasurable sport; cp. 672 e 5 o'X,7 eLv rov Xopeta OX' r7ralSevrTs vv AlZiv, and 656 c 2 riv rep" Has Mouo'as rratSelav rE Kcat tat8Lav, and the place assigned to pleasure, and festivals in the theory of education as expounded at 653 c f. 772a 2. fJLea&... 7rpoadceW: this is not to be done at all times, and as a matter of course; a reason must be assigned, and a particular age fixed on. Some old story might associate such relaxation of ordinary rules with a particular age, and so give it a quasi-religious sanction. The rtvS is possibly an indication that,XGKta is not used in the ordinary sense of time of life, but in that of occasion, season; cp., however, Symp. 206 c bretrav Ev rLrtL 'lXtKl yevovTaCL. a 3. JEXPTrEp al8ozs (rfpovos ' KaT(v, " under the restraint of a clean-minded shame on the part of all." A ro-wpwv at8oS would admit of greater relaxation than an alcws of the wrong sort. Cp. Plut. Lye. ch. xiv. - 8e 7yvLjUvwtrs rwv 7rapOevwv ov3ev aloXpbv ELXEV, atc8ovs.ev 7rapov'crs aKpao'ras 8' a7rovor.s.-eKa'-orwo suggests that there might be some who would not be fit for such a function.-For the connexion of alwSs and ao-wpoo-vvry cp. Phaedr. 253 d Ir/S-q3 Epa-rs /etra o'(Oxpoc'vs V Cre Kad atSovs, and Charm. 160 e f. a 5. roVs T-)V Xopivp apXoovT'as Kat vopooOeras: these would be the ayoVwrTtKs5 dOkXoO0eraL o rrWept Xope8;av mentioned above at 764 e 2; voiJo0Tras seems used here in the limited sense of atXAoioras. a 6. ooov av, "wherever," lit. "to whatever extent."-The Aldine -r'rrovras looks simpler at first, but -Ta'rovires goes rather better with the neut. sing. 'o-oov. (If TaTrovTas be read it would seem better to put the comma after vo/oe0'ras instead of after voLoUbvaXcKwvV.) Schneider and Burnet are the only editors retaining the MS. text. (Schneider, and others, take vojtoO0eras to be predicative, i.e. coupled by Ka[ with 7rtLEXr?7ards and Koo-l7eTad.)Ald. also changed the MS. o'crov to o'rov, but only the next three printed edd. followed him in this.-Is it possible that voiAoOeras is a mistake for dOXoOeras? a7. Ast would make 6(ra oUICKpa Kat 7roAa' the direct obj. 605 772 a 772 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO Of &JkXE etv, but it is best to take 0i'o-a KTX. closely with 'roaUATQ 7rUvl-c, and supply " aliquid " (Schn.) withiKkEt'reLv. b 2. KaT' C'V~aV0Vv, "1quotannis," strengthened and amplified by the d'd; "in each succeeding year." b 4. 6'w3 a&V 6'po KAT., "cuntil the regulations for such proceedings shall seem to have been sufficiently defined." b 5. The MS. Xopbs for Xpovo was very likely due to the o'pog in the preceding line. b 6. As no MS. has a possible reading, we shall do well to follow Schanz and Burnet in adopting what is by far the best of the, conjectures in place of the &KO 1'?pL, of A and 0, i.e. Schneider's 8EKas1-9pVR. This, like the vulgate JKa~'r o~ ight be an adj., in which case the genitives Ovo-w-W and Xo~(^) would depend on 4i/_xmtpt'ag, but it is best to take it as a noun on which the two genitives depend directly: "a ten years' cycle of festal sacrifice and dance would be a reasonable and adequate period to assign"1 (lit. TOrX0&EI is "1if assigned ") "1for each and all of the details." (Ast, holding that 7ra'Vrc Kal E'KaJo-JaL and the lawgiver's enactments, both during and after the Xpo'volg -raXOeLg, refer, not to lepaI alone, but to all legislation, would reject the words Ova-toWV 1- KatL XopELW~Y; but, as Ritter says (p. 171), the mention at d 2 of 0OEw3v ttavrdta,3 favours the general view that the whole passage refers to tepo'L alone. C 1. KOLV'^: i.e. in consultation with the lawgiver. O 2. e6tY4-E'pEtv here means " report."-Tg a',r-^v ' "w11ithin the sphere of their office." O 3. 'KaoTov: i.e. EK. T6 7rapaXEt~l-o/LfVoV. O 4. -rov KcLXO)S E4 pEL o-Ocu10a depends on and explains TE'Xo-. e 6. ai-roTiv3: i.e. the various officials. c 7. " KcL1rLa[La~d'vew proprie dicitur quicquid inopinatum, et repentino quasi impetu nos deprehendit, et in universum, quod improvisum nobis accidit," Ast.-7racras... E~WEX00'VIa-O: EITEXGeiFv is usged, I think,-as at 8 50 c 2 CEII-EX&W KLL irdctra,3 'rJv 7rt~ktv-rather in the sense of consult, lay a matter before, than in that of visit; and so it governs aJpxa.g and 8nt/ov as well as ~tavrtai;. The Xopw'v apXoYI-Es and the vo/j~osbiaKE; are to consult first the whole body of state officials, next the public assembly, and thirdly all the oracles. A single objection from any of these quarters is to be fatal to a project of change. d 4. For KpaTEZtV abs. in the sense of "1to have the best of it" op. Phaedr. 272 b 65 /.kl 7TELOO1ULEVO9 Kpared, and below 839 a 4 and 5, Tim. 5 4a. 606 NOTES TO 1300K VI72d 772 d d 5. After this important digression the Ath. resumes the thread broken at a 4.-Aid. (not Steph., as Stalib. says) altered the MS. 0o7roTEr, into o17ro'Oev-an improvement in every respect; cp. Rep. 362 b WeLrTCL yaflet orroOEv a'v /3ov'AraL.-w7rfvrE Kai EtKoatr. See note on 721 b 1. d 6. OKo7TWV Kd't oKo~ro / LEvos {'r-' a&Xkwv: the occasion seems to be thought of as a quasi-medical examination of candidates for matrimony. At the same time in the KaL1a' vovv &.avT~we discern recognition of the part which personal preference may play in the matter. Cp. on 7 73 b 7. d 7. 7rpE'irovra: cp. above on 771 e 3. (Heindorf quite unnecessarily conjectured 7rpon-rov rc.) el1. A has ra&3 for 7rg and irwv for E'-iwv; L and 02 corrected the first mistake, and A2 the second.- riv 7rc-r1e: the article implies that this limit has been mentioned before; cp. 721 b 1. e 2. wg, "quo pacto " (Fic.). For the use Of C'rJT-EFV ep. 630 e. e 3. W4 f~no-tv KXEtvt'ag: cp. above, 7 23 d 5 if. e 5. C'Xka/'3~ TIE KTX. it is not clear whether Cleinias means that the subject of marriage comes in aptly at the point where the Ath. has introduced it, or that marriage is a subject which will specially profit by a wise preamble; probably the latter. e 6. Kat' emphasizes pa;V; so at 773 c 2 Ka'& juaX ~-TtL. 77 us.'ri ya/zovIR, "such marriages as commend themselves to the wise." This matter is discussed in just the same sense at Polit. 31 0b if. a a 3.yv rXct: i.e. if a man is hesitating between two choices, the only difference being that there is rather more money in one case than in the other, he should choose the poorer.-All through this disquisition it is the choice of the family into which to marry, rather than the choice of an individual bride which the speaker has in view. a 4. Tt/,tW'V-a: Used like our "1prefer," in the sense of " choose." The participle contains the more significant idea: "prefer, when you marry," etc. Op. Hipp..iNai. 303 e 2 avTa,1a irpb T-i5V a4Xkwv a 6. r6 yap 6%uakbiv. rpb-; adpc1-V, "for homogeneity and proportion are far superior to a state of excess." Here he is thinking, not of the married pair, nor 6ven of the families united by the match, but of the effect produced by various kinds of marriages on the state of society at large. If men always aim at marrying into richer families than their own, wealth will tend to 607 773 a 773 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO accumulate in a narrow area, and a similar excess of poverty will be found at the other end of the scale. a 7. In the same way endowments of mind and character must be tempered by the admixture of opposites, if the state is to be manned in a salutary fashion. (Plato wouki doubtless, in modern times, have counselled alliances between families of opposite political views.) b 5. pvqo-rei'o ~ya'/ov sounds like a poetical expression; possibly it is a reminiscence of lEur. LA. 847,"Lvev)O~~ 'yaliov3 OVK0Va b 6. frperacu & 7w3o wkI-X: again it. is the famity with which the alliance is to be made, rather than the positive qualities of the particular bride or bridegroom, which are supposed to determine the choice. It does not seem to have occurred to Plato- that personal inclination, if more play were allowed to it, might act in the same way as the counsels of ot' C'11pove3. C, 1. 1rpo~row rOEotv: cp. 968 d 2 rpin7rwv rOeo.riv Ka&l WeOEW. c 2. -qpu'V is emphatic, " to us, the founders of this state," as opposed to -7a' 7rXe1o-7aL3 lrXo. L a ~X-r:cp. KCLJa atU 772 c. 6. c 3. &&a Xo'yov, "1expressly " (not "1per rationem." as Fic.).v, y is an instrumental dat. (not "1add to the law " as Jowett). c 7. yeXo'ta qualifies the infinitives 7rpoo-T-d'z-r~et and ava7YKaCLEtV. So at Xen. Mem. iv. 2. 32 KaL 'r v7tabVELv Kat r ~voOre& aycaOa a' EU?).c 8. a&v 7ELY~'pat (Ast) is better than a'iv a'vEydpat (Bekker) for the MS. * * ~WEyE' at. Both A and 0 have a blank space between Ovpo5v and E`yEtpa&, Which may well have been filled with ay-, due to dittography of the first syllable of the already misread caveyetpat. ve7EpeLv is far commoner in Plato than aveyet'petv, more particularly in thle figurative sense-cp. Rep. 440 c5 oV'K WeGEtE 7rp'o& rov^iro aVi-roV- C'/EyE'pco-at 05 Gv/A6';-The rare optative form in -at (cp. above 719 e 3) was not so unusual in Homer as in Attic prose, and was perhaps adopted here from a vague reminiscence of Homer's Tpwui-v O6vp6v F_/E7EPaL, though the latter, like, the Homeric fivo 7eypetv (with dat.), is used, not in the sense of incense, but in that of "1put heart iinto.'?-The early printed edd. insert Ka't before Ovpz~v divejdepat. d 1. &K?)V Kpa-T?)po3 eKEpa/ACV?)v, "mixed after the fashion of a drinkers' bowl."-o' WkTX, "1in which the wine, when poured in, is hot to madness, but when chastened- by another and a sober divinity, thanks to good company, yields a wholesome 1 608 NOTES TO BOOK VI 773d and innocuous beverage."-/_atv4L/Evo3 is not merely an epithet of ol'vo3; it is part of the predicate.-At An seni, etc. 792 b Plutarch paraphrases KOka~'o/AEvog by o-w~powtCEo-Oat K0XaC0'OJAEVOV. Plutarch's comment at De aud. poet. 15 e illustrates a'ya0Ow, Kat I/ 'LV iti 4)atpEt ya'p 2~Kpa- rL OV O io; O~VTo" ~ertv;i saav a /3dwTov, ov o-vvatpovao-a T-o Xp-g-q-ov. [F.ll.D. cps. also Phil. 61 c 6.] To Athenaeus this passage is simply a " familiar quotation "; he applies it, in a manner quite inconsistent with its context, merely to enforce the precept oi' Xp' uLE0V'Etv. [Longinus] Hepit f;ovs says that in the judgement of many Plato's own style here needs the chastening of a "spirit of soberness": v 'Oovra -ya'p, jkao-4' Ocol\ To5 i3&o)p XE7/ELV, KO'Xacrtv SE fl)V KpaaOLv, 7rot-qTov nLvo T-p OVwit OVXL V4qovr6EO'T. d 5. Eav 14EV vOIJP Ta TotaV~a dva-/Katov: not "the law must leave such matters " (Jowett), nor even, as Schneider and Wagner, "we must omit such matters in our law"; the following SE c~lause shows that we ought to supply 7rrtpaoOcau from it, and translate "(the wise mian) must give up trying to attain such objects by law." d 6. E7,-jSovra Wet'Oetv: so at 664 b4 bWrIetv is used of the persuasive power Of 11oVo-tK~) similarly at 671 a 1 E-wrpSOv 71-yt veoOatL vEotg rrp63 cdpE7rV. Stallb. cps. 837 e 6 EirQj8wY 7ret'OEw, and 944 b 3 Trota-V^Ta 7rapa/uv~o14LEvog ErT'L8Etv, and Rep. 608 a 3 E7W&OVTE3 q'[L'tv aLvTot TOVTOV TOY XoyoV... Kat TaVTrjv TflJV E7NP8q9v. d7. i-uv i-v 7rat )v op aA~q~a av -cv a ro: above at b 7 he said the state would be ill-balanced if some citizens were excessively rich while others were excessively poor; here he points to the fear that the natures of the offspring would be one-sided if the temperaments of the parents both inclined towards the same extreme. There he was thinking of the external circumstances of the citizens; here of the natures and temperaments of the children. It is not easy to determine whether 0'/p. avTr. allT. Means that the object which each single father (C'Kao-'rov) must have in view is (1) the approximation of all citizens to a common type, (2) the resemblance of the man's own children to each other-so Wagner-or (3) the "equability "-so Schneider and Jowett-of each child's own temperament. The emphatic av-row inclines me to the third interpretation. Schan z says A has aLv~tq. el1. Steph. was the first editor to print awX7rk'-ov for the vQxC nihili JWXetLUTov of the MSS., though A2 and 02 made the correction.-The insatiability of those who desire the wrong sort VOL.!1 609 2 R 773 e 773 eTHE LAWS OF PLATO of "1equality " is, by a rhetorical figure, transferred to the equality itself. e 4. flta~opuvov-which is a variety in expression for flta,-is antithetic to St' c~vei'ovR; like eirjovra in d 6 it agrees with the subj ect of rletpaco0at, on which 6aWoTpee7TEv depends. (SclbaDZ reads /3ta~eoa-u; Stallb. says fltaC6/Levov "1stands per anacoluthon" for the inf.; while Ast compares it to idiomatic participles after verbs of saying and perceiving where we should expect an inf.) e 8. E(" rocTOe: at 721 b 6 if. Here we have a further glimpse into Plato's deepest thoughts on human destiny. There we read that yE'vceot, the power of reproduction, gives the human race a hold on immortality; here he says that 7yVEUecrS provides for the continuous service Of Tr' 7ra&rcov alptoTov (728dl1), the supreme object of worship, and implies that only those who serve the Highest get into touch with T r^3 ' ~Et-yevov r4wo- -real, indestructible existence. Thus we are led on to that wonderful passage at 903 c, where we are told that every y/E'veaLs fashions an instrument for helping to secure the felicity of the universe, and that the great mistake to which each insignificant mortal is liable is to fancy that the universe is made for him, and not he for it. -With Tq, aEctyevVog oAV'eeW1 aV1EX~a-Oa& cp. above 721 c 6 JMava~rtLa JLLEmtEkX~h#vaL, and Aristot. De an. 415 a 29 t'va Tov ad KaL TOV toEO LEEX(lXY&V -7SVV~~ e 7. Steph. first corrected the MS. KcaraXE1`7roVl-& to the acc., though he left the dat. in his text. 774 a 1. With V'r-qpE'ras dJVO' a1C'TOV' vapa&~86vatecp. 776 b 3 KcaOclrep Aal~d'Sa roiv /3'ov 7rapaotoovrag a&Xxots C'$ Q&AXoW, OpLrvVcL aEL GEOV3 KaLTa vouLovR. a2. g Xpl yajuEtV: these words are difficult. Ficinus, misled either by his text or by his eye, seems to have joined them to the r7rept y/auov in 7 73 e 5; for th ere his translation is: "ad nuptias igitur, ut decet, celebrandas "; here it is merely "de nuptiis fineundis." Wagner takes Jog to be how-going back, i.e., to the subject of the sort of marriage which is advisable-a subject discussed above at 7 73 a if.-he would even read oi's for J0s. But the following threat of penalties upon obstinate bachelors is in favour of Schneider's and Jowett's view that W4 is that, and that the words mean "1that marriage is a duty," and depend rather upon 7rpoot1Ata~o'1Levo,3 than on eLt'7ot. I would suggest that it may have been a marginal heading which strayed into the text. Its place in Ficinus's translation gives some slight support to this view. 610 NOTES TO BOOK VI 774 a a 3 wp~qio~''fEV0O pO'~is: not "1if he makes a fitting preface " (as Serranus), but "1by way of apposite preface." a 4. JKOtVW'vp-qov does not denote merely the absence of the marriage tie, ("1 alienus ab hoc consortio" Fic.), but unsociable in character and behaviour; for marriage is a duty to the state. The Kac" after C'xy is explanatory. a 6. E'KaT'OV 8paX/ptat': Clem. Alex. Strom. ii. 423 a, in. describing this law, calls the sum paid -rpo4frqjv -/vvatKO3, and seems to say that there were magistrates' fees to be paid as well. In the Times of Nov. 21, 1911 it was stated that the Mecklenburg Provincial Diet had resolved to tax all bachelors over thirty who had no relatives dependent on them. They were to pay twentyfive per cent more than married men. Wives are evidently more expensive to keep nowadays than. in Plato's time. b 4. ras3: not, I think, every Taluda3 T3 'Hpa3 (though the CKaOTov3 at e 3 is somewhat in favour of that view), but every citizen. It was incumbent, i.e., on every citizen, if questioned at the EV'Ovva of the magistrate concerned, to give evidence as to his own liability to the tax, and say whether he had paid it or not. (Hermn. would read 7ra~a-c-in the sense Of T-~ f3ovkops'vTp ('"ETCE'aL). He truly observes that it is superfluous, after stating the steward's liability, to say it applies to all stewards.)-csk, "1in the matter of" so at 677 b 7, 775 a7, 784 b5, and 809 e7. b 6. IEKOJ v here is "1if he can help it." b 7. 803or,Edro Ka't d'/JvvE'T, "must rise and defend"; fo?10CtV is "1to take the field, "to be up in arms," and not, in itself, "1to assist," as the dictionaries say. Cp. Thuc. v. 75. 1 TqI 8' JaXq [LEX XkoV'-q,RJ EoecroOat.. 1- H X turrociva $. C18 E/3 r) y E- Kat 4 p ttv TE-yCag J4t'Kero, -7rvOO5evag SC' T?)7V VL'Kyv dreX p bo-e. No doubt, in certain cases, 's~hen construed with a personal dat., it gets the meaning assist. So "1to be out " for the Pretender is to assist the Pretender). C 3. lrpol-epov: i.e. at '742 c 2. c 3 if. dpIPWO6w 3' irdkcv 44 tTa QYT& UMxV 1r'ri LYTO/Aq~ Xa~z48a'vovrt IAejr' EKWO3OV~t St'~ XPrnLAdTwv arToptav yypd0rKEtV TOV w7Ei-qa3: at 733 b 5 tfo-a avri gcrcov was "in a case of equality"; here, with E'o —dv, it is "1it is a case of equality," i.e. (with a negative in the following clause) "1there is just as little probability one way as another." The proper object of E'&83~v-n, and therefore of Xa/,t/3a'vovTt also, is a bride, not, as has generally been assumed, a dowry; as at d 2 and 742 c 2, we should in that case have &&,o'vl-t. These datives are genitival, and go with d~ropiav. 611 774 C TilE LAWS OF PLATO The negatives are difficult; for they do not negative the participles so much as 71?IpLd0`KEV. We may translate: "But I would return to the sub~ject, and insist that there is no great probability that, on account of dearth of money, whether in the case of the bridegroom, or in that of the bride's father, the poor should fail to reach old age." The reason follows: "in our state there is no abject poverty." The early printed edd. turned i-r6 into i-ji and so all subsequent edd. except Schanz and Burnet. Another alteration of this passage suggested in the margin of 0 and the Florentine MSS. was the substitution of O-K-EtV for -yqpaJO-KEtV. Ficinus read yyqpco-KEtV. Ast and Stallb. welcome this change, and take Ma&WrKEtv as an inf. with an imperative force: "1we must teach the poor that it is as broad as it is long if a dowry is neither given nor received, all being equally poor," "1propterea quod isto modo, omnibus sit pecuniarum pecunia " Stalib. The following yap clause does not in the least support a statement of this nature. Schneider and Schanz give the passage up and suppose a lacuna after JK&8t8lrfl. Apelt proposes to read yEpacLpEtv for yrjpahrKetv, retaining the unauthorized T~ and expressing doubt about the previous part of the sentence. His idea is that Plato is here urging us to pay respect to parents. c6. V- rQ'p)OVia Fo-t stands for V'7rpx' asat 903 c 4 v apXovaca stns vo a~-cp.-The gen. after 7wao-t is unusual; Schanz emends it to roig.-It would be better to put a colon after 7iloXket what follows is a distinct reason for dispensing with dowries. c 7. {/3p v;: Stallb. ad 1oc., and Bekker in the Excursus to the twelfth chapter of Charicles have collected many passages from ancient writers illustrative of the airs and tyranny of the uxor dot ata (a&Xoyo~g 7roX1S8wpog). Even Justiniajp iii. 3 adopts Plato's arguments, speaking of dowries as "1frena." The original reading in A and 0 was Zflpevg; the correction miade by A2 anad02 to I'/3pt~ has been universally adopted. Steph.'s i'j-rr-v for 4'1-rov has no MS. authority. The adverb fits both clauses better than the adj.; especially as S3ovkcta has two adjs. already. Ficinus's minor is not conclusive for jTri-V, though somewhat in its favour. d 2. 2V TrOV KaXOw^ 8pu'- 'rOVr &v, "will so have one good deed ito his credit."-: we should have expected an explanatory KaLL instead of the -first I. This?' is not or, but either, or whether. 'The early printed edd., not seeing this, coolly put in aXX' before 'it; they also, de suo, changed the 86 before p-vaIg to 1AEV. \Cm~trary to his vasual c-ustom, Plato here begins the enumeration 612 NOTES TO BOOK VI 774 d of the four classes at the bottom. The sentence leaves several points unexpressed, and to be supplied from the context; if all were there it would run: < /fev> rXoov.... 6. <T7rCov > vra's <data> KrX. d 4. 6 To f7LytCorov rir/iKa KEKTJ1OEVoS: these words might well be marked off as a parenthesis. Their addition renders the corresponding additions in the previous clauses unnecessary. [F.H.D. suggests that the words are a commentator's "gloss."] d 5. 6X~etfT'- p/Ev T 6/ 8/oo-t~: so L and 0; it is doubtless the right reading. The scribes of these MSS., however, knew of a variant r- St' for T,,yL/oo-t%), which variant is the text reading of A, which has the correct reading in a late hand in the margin. A further knows of a variant S-ja'o-et for DELXET'o.-The author leaves us in some doubt as to the nature of the penalty. It is clear that the temple stewards concerned are to confiscate the surplus money or goods given with the bride; but it is not stated whether one or both of the guilty parties-and if one which-is to pay the equivalent fine to the public exchequer. We may conclude that in case of a marriage between members of different property-classes,the rate of the higher class would fix the amount. e 2. rap' avrcwv eKa'-Tovs, "each out of his own private store." This payment by the defaulting stewards would apparently go to the temple treasuries.-Stallb. cps. Plut. Solon ch. xx. Trv 8' aAXwv yatl)wv a~EzXE TraOs chEpvas, 1fJaTnLa Tpia, Kca (TKEVq JULLKpOV vof VOILtaTro aldLa KE)AXEV~as, ETEpYPOV OE 1E1v, E7trtEpEoaOaL rTV yaGIov-LPEv-v. There probably the 0epvr4 was not the dowry in general, but only the trousseau. e 4. ~yyvriv: Herm. De vest. p. 9 (note 25) notices that the two points in which Plato's law differs from that given at Dem. Contra Steph. p. 1134 are (1) that Plato characteristically admits relatives on the female side, and (2) mentions the grandfather as coming before the brother.-Steph. would write prpWrrTv for 'rpwrov. The case is like that of iTTTOv at c 7; he has not here, however, any support from Ficinus, who has prirnum for 7rpTrov, deinde for SevTepav, tertia for Trp[r'v. e7. L and O do not share A's mistake of (rvp3alv~e for (rvfJt/3L[v7. e 8. Kvptov: the adj. can be applied, in a slightly different sense of course, to the people who are capable of making a " valid" betrothal. On the validity of the betrothal depended the legitimacy of the children of the marriage. e 9. For rrporeXeta cp. schol. on Aristoph. Thesmn. 973 "Hpa TeXkea 613 774 e THE LAWS OF -PLATO Kat ZEV3 TeXCLOS ETL/L&W^TO eV' 7OL3 7CLJLOtS (O3 W(pJv~.avevgO& f;7 a' c 'v TXO13 S o -Y cq09. 8t' Ka' 7rpOTEXeta EKaXEJr o Ovcr' 7wpo TCV 7aiwv ytyvoj~kv-q. See also Rulinken, Tim. s.v.-For the MS. ' i-&s I think we ought to read -q' T13. 0o-a and Tr(s would then both introduce interrogative sentences dependent in grammar on Ep(JT(OVTa. Stalib. wished to read 'q' et"tg 775 a 2f. WetOOLevov 1EK-E&'VOt3 7'IyeW-OaLL iaVTaL EaLVTp /bETptGJ 'yiyvecrda&, "and be quite satisfied to do as they tell him."TOi '$jyrc: these officials have already been mentioned at 759 c d. a 4. For the "absolute" 7riept clause Stalib. cps. Phaedr. 2 50 c 8 7rept 8' KcLXOV3 KTX. a 5. Ficinus unaccountably has ex latere paterno for what in our MS. text is 4E'Kapcov; so Serranus ex parte patris. aT7 et' XPrn'ja-a~ cp. above on 774 b 4.-As at 774 d 4, the graduated arrangement of property-classes forms a framework which renders full expression of the points connected with each stage unnecessary; Tyj /,w)/uCTrw is loose for "the man of the highest class." a 8. i $ oVj'TW, KazoaJ7Ep, "just in series according as... b 3. &)4 d7rE&po'KaX'V 'TE o5Vra KaU a7raLLSeurov Trwlv repl -rais V/&u~Wag Movicra3 v~ouv: for the two ideas cp. Rep. 403 c 1 Otyov arTEtpOKaXI'aI Kca ac/_ovorta3 vt~p4E'ovra.-For 7rept c. yen. as a variant for asimple possessive genitive cp. above on 685 c2. For the genitive after c~wct~ev-ros cp. Rep. 619 d3 wrovwv a'vLao-o3- think Jowett is right, as against all other interpreters, in giving v0'1oWV its technical musical sense. Laws are not things you are educated in; music is. It may be said that "1the laws of the hymeneal Muses" is itself a figurative expression for "a cultivated, liberal state of mind and feeling"; but the Muses are not readily compared to legislators; and the sense of strains or melodies, or harmonies fits the phrase better: "1as a vulgar soul that is not attuned to the melodies of the Muse of marriage." b 4. The subject of excessive drinking comes in naturally on the mention of the wedding feast. b 6. OMS' do-/xaXE', "1besides, it is da-ngerous."-ob'T-' oiVY (coming after oi"TE &UXo6t' 7rov) is "above all" (it is out of place, and dangerous).-The MSS. of Athenaeus, who quotes this passage at x. 39, have oi'8' &XUo6t, and oi'S' da4(~aX,3; the Plato MSS. have oiV1Te in both places. Dindorf corrected the first ov'& in Athenaeus, and Bekker the second oi~re in Plato. c 2. I am convinced that we ought to put a full stop after 614 NOTES TO BOOK VI 775 c /LEraXka'T1TOTaR, and to treat 06woi) ytyVnpac as an independent injunction, similar to the prohibitions treated of at Goodwin, M. and T. ~ 283 (Prot. 313 c, Euthyd. 296 a, Charm. 157 b, Aristoph. NYub. 824, Dem. iv. 20 (P. 45). If it be held that only a future could be used in such a sentence when it is positive, we must suppose the clause to be an abrupt anacolutho-n. A colon should follow fLte-ra Oeov'. The whole passage-b 6 ov"r' ov'v... d 4 ro-r' av-is thus arranged, as to its main ideas: "1To drink deep is especially wrong at one's wedding-is to cloud the mind at a crisis in one's life when above all the mind should be clear. Your possible offspring too will suffer in mind if your mind is cloudy when it is made. And its body will suffer too, from the relaxed state of your body. Both body and soul of the drunken man are at war each with itself, and offspring then generated will in all probability be perverse and crooked in body and mind." o 6. E'v /Aot'p~-" uti par est " (83chneider)-seems rather otiose. Cornarius-he was a doctor of medicine-plausibly suggests 4EV,avrpt for it. c 7. 6' SE &pTVW1J4Vo KT-X., "1why, when a man is in liquor, he drives and is himself driven all ways at once; there is war in his body and in his soul: a drunken man must be but a staggering and fumbling sire, and produce ill-balanced and shifty offspring, whose minds are probably as crooked as their bodies." d 4 f.,tuaXov /p4ev introduces the two higher, /%d',kta-cL SE the indispensable lower, and 83La/)EpovYrwo &E the lowest possible of the requirements. d 8. f6,AP/ E$/~VJeVov bc~rV2oV(Tr0a both words are probably middle, and have as their object "the faults just spoken of." We are told by the scholiast on this passage, and by Timaeus in his Lex., that 'E$eo/opy7VVJLEvo,3 has the same meaning as E'K/Lca-rTO'/LkEV3 -Tim. adds aiorvroipevog; i.e. it probably was used as a technical term of the sculptor's art in the sense of to mould a likeness. At Eur. Bacch. 344 I~q8' k$ojo'p~eit fpoptaV T'V r-q'V E/ot; the metaphor is still perhaps that of the coming off of colour from one contiguous surface to another. Op. also Aristoph. Ach. 843. el1. 7r67vr, "1in every respect "-whether in body or mind.av~ko'repa: not "worse than their parents," but "sadly inferior creatures." e 2. acp~q -yap Ka', O Ebg EI acLp6/OW'7ot tL8pvJLEv-q a O9 -EL 7ravra, "m ien recognize in all beginnings a divinity of universal efficacy, if etc."-lit. " beginning, set up as a very deity among men, makes all right." This is the third handling of this theme in the sixth 615 775 e THE LAWS OF PLATO book. At 753e8 we were told that the proverb apxi itqLj'v 7ravTos did not honour apx'' as highly as it deserved, and again at 765 e 3 the significance and importance of q 7rpo'r /3 Udo'-rr-" the seeds and weak beginnings" Hen. IV. Part 2, iii. 1. 85-was eloquently described.-Ast suggests that Ka' may be a misreading of the tachygraphical sign for os. This would give us an easier sentence, but we are not driven to this assumption-still' less to Schanz's athetesis of Kat 0Ocos: the emphasizing Ka[ and the abrupt identification of apX? with the divine power seem not out of place in such a striking sentence. Probably Schanz, like Stallb., took the 0e6' to be the deity mentioned at c 4-/e~Ta& 0eoU. apx) o-cLt radvTa was very likely a proverbial saying. (Apelt holds KaC Oo6s to be a mistake for KaT' EoS, and translates KaL' Wos t3pv/jev, "der sich durch Gewohnheit fest eingewurzelt hat." But does not this make the following if clause superfluous? apeX cannot gain a firm footing unless it is duly honoured.) e 3. 8Ipvu~lev: lSpvr'Oa is the regular word for the establishment of a divinity. e 5. Trav olKcav: the 8vo OL[K)aTELS belonging to each KXApos mentioned at 745 e 4. 776 a 1. VEoTTGV: there is here none of the disapproval which was implied in the use of this metaphor at Rep. 548 a, where he speaks of wedded homes as aTEXVWs veOTT rtd ltas. a2. Xtopro'0Era is the most significant verb in this passage. The motive for this separation from the paternal home is explained by the following yap clause, and its necessity is again urged at a 7 if. voui'o-arTa is subordinate to Xtopto-revTa; the re, inserted after the latter word in Aid. and the next three printed texts, obscures the true significance of XopL^o'evTa. (Ritter p. 405 suggests that perhaps vodr'avTa e'va stands for voFb'etv.) a5. KaTaKOpq &S... rX.. rC ov~'g, "while a companionship which is too close, and which misses the desire begotten by long absence, makes (the same natures) fall apart from sheer satiety (of companionship)." b 1. Plato does not seem to have used e7rtcrKOwreu elsewhere in the sense of visit. b 3. KaOaT7rep kAa/lraoa rov f3lov 7rapaSMSovTas aXXois e$ XAcoXv: Boeckh p. 140, among other instances in which Lucr. "colorem duxit a Platonicis," compares this passage with De rerum nat. ii. 78: Inque brevi spatio mutaitur saecla animantiu Et quasi cursores vital lampada tradunt. 616 NOTES TO BOOK VI 776 b For the Xa/l7rasrqpopla, or Xa/cTra, as it was also called, cp. Hdt. viii. 98, Rep. 328 with Adam's note. b 4. With OEpaLrevovTas atE OEovs cp. above 774 a 1 elt iT OIeO vWrjpeTas dav avrov 7rapa8oL6vat. b 6. All subsequent editors have rightly adopted Ast's correction of the MS. KEKT)7TO to KEKTrTO.-Ta- /YLV OoV wToAXa... Ao/IEva, " Of the majority (of such belongings) it is as easy to give an account as to get possession of them; but slaves are a difficulty every way " (i.e. it is difficult to get possession of them, and difficult to give directions about them). "And the reason is, that we say things about slaves which are partly right and partly wrong; for we contradict experience of their serviceableness as well as follow its teaching in the form which our very language takes about them"; in other words, "our very language about slaves is inconsistent, and our experience shows a similar diversity and contradiction." This enigmatical sentence naturally brings from the downright Megillus a request for further explanation. " Do we?" he says; " what do you mean? " At c 6 ff. the Ath. admits the obscurity of his remark, and then explains that he meant that about any known system of slave-holding you will find a bewildering diversity of opinion more particularly that, though we all know cases where slaves have been more to their masters than even brothers or sons, we sometimes talk of them as if they were good-for-nothing:-e.g. you find Homer saying that by divine ordinance slavery is essentially degrading to the slave. (Susemihl takes Xpeica to be "our needs," and tries to get from the words the meaning "sometimes we speak of slaves as if they were the reverse of useful to us, and sometimes as if they were useful"; but, as Ritter says, even if the words could be made to mean this-which they cannot-that would be no reason (airLTov) for the difficulty of the subject. Ritter himself construes EvaovTrl' KC.. KaEl a AEyof/Eva "for according to the way we treat them, slaves show characteristics that are the opposite of each other, and in accordance with the way in which we treat them, we also mould our judgement about slaves." This general conclusion harmonizes well with the following remarks of the Ath. about the treatment of slaves, but ignores entirely the manifest opposition between evavrTa raps XpdEat5 and Kara ars Xpetas.) c 3. The ra which was left out in A is supplied by an early hand in the margin, and is present in 0, though Ta XeYEyoeva is in an erasure; it seems as if in the original of both there was some indistinctness about the Ta. 617 7'76 c THE LAWS OF PLATO c 7. 7rr'Yvm.' Tr. 'E.: the gen. goes with the superlative n-Xdro —rvj, and is like that of the idiomatic d'voperO-ov- in the world" with a superlative. It is equivalent to "1throughout the whole of Greece" op. Prot. 342 a 7 /tXoo-o4t'a -y' eO-Tv' 7aXaWTcraT7 -re KaLL wmke?)n' 'EAX wve ev KpnV T~e Ka't AaKE~at'/ovt, an Laches 197 d 4. c 9. ' 'HpaKcXewrW~v t8ovXEac Trig Tr^V Maptpav&VJV Ka-ra8ovXW'reeg, "1the slavery-system of Heracica under which the Mariandyni are held in serfdom." This is (nearly) Stailbaum's interpretation, and is right, I think, as against Ruhnken's view -adopted by Liddell & Scott-that 8ovXet'a is "1abstract for concrete "-as in the next case cited-and stands for body of slaves. R. is however right, as against Stallb., in taking Ka-rcuovXWo-reoJ to be a genitive of definition (op. on 7 23 d 6), rather than a genitive of origin.-For the relation of the Mariandyni to the people of Heraclea Pontica, Ast and Stallb. refer, among other authors, to Strabo xi i. 3. 4 1, p. 8 17. Athenaeus vi. 2 6 3ef. and 26 4 af. gives authorities for regarding the servitude of the Mariandyni and Penestae as the- result of voluntary compacts. d 4. O".7".0 i 4(rtv an abrupt explanatory asynideton. -,7rptwv -r(,, AoyT, " in the course of my argument "-lit. "1as I passed along it in my argument." d 5. iEerpkev apt. 4crrovg: in other words, we all admit the possibility of slaves being capable and well-disposed. The y in d 7 -is "1why I " or "1you know," rather than "1for." d &. It would be interesting to know whether 0 has -any trace of the senseless dislocation of letters by which A arrived at yevoIlEvota- 'ECT) KaOtv. (A new collation of the now recovered 0 would be of great value.) e 4. With -rovYCvTv&ov we must supply either X' —Yelrct, or to-pev XEy4LE~VOV. e 5. Tr~ 'y~e' is sufficiently defined by the 8oi'X-s in the preceding line. Ast wanted to insert i-oii-y, and Stalib. TOJ1v 8oi'Xew before ylevet. e 6. MI cLrIE~I~VjaTo, "1explicitly declares"; the KaLL emphasizes the verb. 777 a 1. For the variety of reading -see scholia and notes on Od. xvii. 322 f. -re vo'ov - a -cv~pi'v sounds more like Homer than 'i aperrjg. a -cvepos, and gets some confirmation from the aVOpWnroV..v0v Eyve in a 3.-The first hands in A and 0 thoughtlessly wrote Jap4/ert Lad 2and 0 have dapa(Epe'rat. 618 NOTES TO BOOK VI a.rai'ra 8 &aXa/3'vrEcE'aUO 1o- 8tavo,uaaotv, "ewe these two views a man decides for himself." a 4. KaT" SC' Oi9pt`v 95/'0tv "as if they were dealing with brute beasts." a 5. ov' rpLt Lo'vov aXka' 1roXXa'Kt1... Sov',ka,: cp. Plut. Lyc. ch. xxviii. TTo-e ro&g XCyoPrag, ev AaKc8at'pov ca't Tr"v 4EXECVOCpoV)pa'Xt0rra E'XEVO0Epov El Vat KOa' TOYV 8ovkoV /,ac'~t-ra 8ov^,ov, ov f)aVk0)1 TEO4E(0)P-)KfE \8pVatL T-7V 8LLoUV. b 2. K7 'OECW3: like Kr 'aoaaOat at 7 76 b 7-which referred by implication to slaves-this word denotes not so much the acquiring as the form of possession-in other words, the legal position of the slave with regard to his -master. b 5 f. 0. Apelt's suggestion that we ought to read Cu —irt't 6p49La for E'rrt -r6 Op~elkpa seems, at first sight, to improve the construction, but if we are to make Ei`Xprqo —r0v predicate to the subject "1man," it will be hard to justify the gender, if alvOpo~r-os alone is the subject, whereas it is quite in order if To Opea/Aja &vOponros is the subject. I think Burnet is right in leaving the MS. reading untouched. Most recent editors (Stallb., Wagner, Zuirr., Herm., Schanz) follow Ast in reading C'6c'Xet for 0EOEXEW, and assigning Oat've-rat to Cleinias. This makes Plato say: "It is clear that because man is a 'difficult creature' to deal with, therefore he is wont to be difficult in a particular case." The MS. reading says: "1because he is difficult (in general), and particularly in the relations of master and servant, the servant question is bound to be an awkward one." This suits the argument at least as well as the former, to say nothing of the awkwardness of the asyndeton after O)aiverat in the former arrangement.-divayKactav, "1inevitable."-Plato is probably not thinking solely of the disinclination to serve, but also of the possible failure of the capacity to rule. It will be remembered that in the Republic he is anxious to provide means for removing from a lower or a higher class in the community individual members who were manifestly out of place. He hints here, rather than expresses, the view that the difficulty has its source in the diversities of a nature which refuses to be forced into our artificial categories:-that the source of much trouble caiised by slave-holding is that some slaves were better than their masters, and some masters only fit to be slaves. o 1. The yaip introduces confirmation of the ov'Sa/kL^ cEVXPrJO-TO0V rather than of the XaXe~ro'v o 3. &K [ZWi' 4cuvi3, "1eiusdlem linguae," Ficinus. o 4. If the Ira, which 0 alone omits, is correct, it stands for 619 777 a 777 c THE LAWS OF PLATO 7rept -ra K1X. - the WEpt' being naturally left out in view of the ~rept' in the following line; it is easily supplied from the preceding 7rep't -rc,, and 7rept' yE 'rcg. If the ira' be rejected, the construction must be KacLL OT'Q crTV/43(LtVEt 7rcpL6LVWV... EpycL KaCL 7raiq/-ac1-ra.-For wqn&t~'vov (so a late hand in A and 0 for 7repI6E'vGwv) the scholiast in A, and Hesycli. s.v., give the interpretation 7rEtpa-rw-. c 5 f. Athenaeus and Stobaeus have wravro8ai5w'v, clearly an error.-The MS. KcXo7TOJv, which Naber would reject, Burnet well emends to KXw)7rWv. In A the o is in an erasure. We may translate: "History has repeatedly shown (how many troubles result from this source) in the case of the frequent revolts wont to be made by the Messenians, and in that of the states which own many dependents of the same race; and again in the case of the multifarious robberies and adventures of the so-called I'Rovers' of the Italian shore." It is implied that these Italian pirates had once been held in subjection as slaves. The people in that part of the world have always taken naturally to brigandage. --— Stobaeus has doubtless preserved the correct reading in aiv 7raYv'a, where all other texts have alsraVia. Cp. Adam on Rep. 437 b: "1I have noted the-certain or probable-omission of av in all or the best MSS. in Phaedo 62 c, 109 e, Euthyd. 291 e(?), Rep. 457 d, 516 e, 558 d, where the omission is lipographical; also in Phaedo 7 2 b, -EuthydL 2 81 c, Orat. 3 89 e, 4 09 a, A le. I. 1 32 b, 133 e, Soph. 266 a, Phil. 47 b, H~ipp. Mai. 295 a."-This sentence is a curious-perhaps we may say careless-repetition of the EIN a KatL KrVaT ~aT X'a~gITX. at 776 d 2. c 7. &o S) XEt'WErOOov Mo,'vw avc, "all I can find to recommend by way of policy is these two things." C 8. TOV'1 /ULEXXVTcLg plZov t8OVXEL'?-EtV1 "1if they are to bear the yoke easily."-The Grammarians quoted in Stallb.'s note tell us (1) that -7raTrpbW'Tr was used in the sense of (rvu aTptW'Tri1, just as 7roXt'i-7g is used for a-vjuaroX&'-q, and (2) that 7woXT&) would be used for a free Greek, 7raLTptWiT-)3 for a slave or a barbarian. d 2.,IA-q p-kovov. rpo-rquwVra,3, "paying them attention, n~ot merely on their account, but still more on their, own." 7wpo'rt/pkv, as at 7 70 d 7, is not used in the sense of prefer, but is merely a stronger rt/%av. With av'Tiv we must supply E'veica from the former part of the sentence. d 3. -q) 8,' Tpocfr TOwv -tol5TroJv, "the proper way to treat men in that position is.. 620 NOTES TO BOOK VI77d 777 d d 4. EL' SUVaci'rv marks the statement as something of a paradox; aS&KtZ is, of course, never allowable. The following yca'p clause sets the precept in its right light. The justice which shows itself when there is no compulsion, must be genuine, and is therefore admirable. d 7. e' 7Wep' -ra -rwv 8oi'Xwv "O Ka't 7-pa'$EL stands for 01 7ept,ra wrEpt roWv &oiXwv i. K. 7r. Schneider is, so far as I know, the only interpreter who takes these words in the right way; all others content themselves with the reproduction of Ficinus's senseless "circa mores actionesque servorum." "O KaLL 7rpa~cvs is fairly rendered by the English behaviour-" the man who shows himself free from all taint of wickedness and oppression in his behaviour towards his slaves." e 1. a-WEL'PLv 1 d' pCe1, E'K~hVo-tv (t'Kav&-ra-ro) must be a poetical quotation; " ad producendas virtntis fruges, aptissimus " Fic. Cp. 6Cymbeline iv. ii. 180, " valour I that wildly grows in them, but yields a crop I as if it had been sow'd." The poetical a(/U'aVToI was doubtless part of the same passage. It reads like a bit of Pindar. e 2. Et7rEtv opooJ~ a&,/t XEYOVTa, "1to say, and with truth." "Rhetoribus tritium est dicere C17r~v X~yow, E/nj wrov XEyev" Lobeck on Soph. Aj. 7 57. e 3. Kai' is " or, " and 7ruio-av "1any kind of."-Here, as in the injunction at 729 b, aierxivPeo-Oat TOik ve'ovs, we come very near to chivalrous and even Christian sentiment. e 4. 7rpo', &o-O. C'av. does not go with SVVaorev'ov-rt-that would be tautological-but with elirct&-"1 to declare in the case of any snperior with reference to his inferior." Cp. the note on rpo3s at 778 a 2. e 5. The 6' dECt of A and 0 is a peculiarly senseless reproduction of a scribe's error, due to the dittography of the A of 86EZ. If it had not been for the quotations in Ath. and Stob. we should no doubt have acquiesced in the vulgate dEt'-Ka',w KIk-X.W, "1instead of debauching them by mere admonitions such as we should use to our equals."-Aristotle at Pol. i. 1260 b 5 directly contradicts Plato on this and the following point. 778 a 1. wravaa, "1pure and simple." a 2. a' Sy, "whereby "; a curious adverbial neuter pluralsomething like -o SC' -used for "1whereas." Nearly the same ''8 occurs at Phaedr. 244 d 6 (possibly in a poetic quotation), at Soph. Aj. 1043 (Lobeck's note), Dem. Epist. 1490, and stands for Ci-re S'or o'ta 64-7rpU4 Sov'Sovg is the greatest difficulty; it seems 621 778 a 778 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO to be used "pregnantly," in the sense of "in their treatment of slaves." Op. on 7 77 e 4; the sense is helped by the previous 7wp&'1 in wpoo-7rat'COVra~g. a 3. The active Op lVrTovre3 is manifestly used in the sense of the previous 6p1'rrETOa-0 7roteiv, and we must supply aii-OV5, or, better, Tov /3tov, from the context, as its object. alpXeoOat and alpXeLv a-re somewhat irregularly epexegetic of XaXErWWTEPOV. (Schneider takes a' to be directly governed by 6pi~wTovTCS-" cuJusmodi deliciis multi admodum. stulte in servos utentes.") IWe may translate: "cwhereby, in their treatment of slaves, many people, most unwisely, in bringing over-refinement into their life, make it harder both for the slaves as slaves, and for themselves as masters." a 7. 0TE... KaT-EOKCVaC-LCT/VO0..v Xp-.. an unusual construction-the indefinite &z-re etrjq for the simple temporal OEEMor oi-av j7 It is as if we should. say as often as, in the place of as soon as ever; the &, Ji-q at Theaet. 155 a 4, where the apodosis, is 402ro~lkev a&v y/,vE'GOat, is somewhat analogous, but less extraordinary. I think it possible that Plato wrote xpqIv-a "philosophic" imperfect; if so, the opt. would be more regular. b 2 f. v-qv... 7wo'Xtv ~wErtuX1?T'r0V dtvac: for the acc. of the agent with a neut. verbal adj. cp. 6 43 a 6 and 6 88 e 5. b 3. 7rept' TE LEpa' KaL& TC'Xdyj: Ii think interpreters are wrong in treating these words as if they were 7WEpt TQ E VEPa Kat i-& TCdXv i.e. TIE is not both, but and. vLept' L. Ka~t T. are a variety of expression for Ti-isV ~Efp&JV Kca TE6'X(,tW and as such are coupled by rc with TOVTOW). What Plato says is that the virgin city's task is to go into all details of city architecture, "and (more particularly) the details of the structure of the temples and the city walls." That is to say, he does not here limit the question to the consideration of temples and walls alone. It is only at vv3v 8E 1-tovov in c 1 that he lets us know that the subject of city architecture is not to be treated at length. b 4. 3v: a variety of the "1philosophic " imperfect; really, properly, came before.." He goes on to explain that, though in reality the houses would. have to be built before the family life was beguLn, in a disquisition on the subject we may arrange matters in the reverse order, if we like. b 5. The subject to r'JYVETat is 76-0Xtg (understood),k-Xyp is a repetition of the Xoyp at a lO0.-K-/ EX(pJ)P "tipefcl legitimate "-the strengthened luaka. b 7. cav Oe~4 MikX: as at 632 e 7 this is added, by way of "make-believe, " about a topic which will not be found in the 622 NOTES TO BOOK VI78b 778 b Laws. We never get the details referred to as 7ravra 1a& rotav-la. TTE "at lat" for the more usual TOTe M&j, as at Theaet. 1 65 e 3.-E~w4 "on the top of," "Iafter." c 1. vv~v 8e~ po'vov 0'o'ov rtva& rvSrov: the adversative 8c' refers to the statement (rv/Airaorn3 T'qs 01KO80/JtKq3 E'1rt1EX'qTrfov Tlva Tporlov KaG-Ta $,Et, which has in a way been "1resumed " in the words c 4-d 3. These directions for temple-building are obscure, and in parts the text is corrupt. In the first sentence I follow Ast in making 7r-EpL$ govern both 7ra~o-aV TV)V ayopaI' and TV/"V 7rotXV 05iKqV: the Te and KaLC point to this; besides, the question of the position of the city as a whole-which other interpreters suppose here indicated-is foreign to our present subject, and has been dealt with to some extent at the beginning of Bk. IV.; moreover, the expression 7rp' OS ro't 'VqXo73 TGJV To'ro)v denotes not one site, but several. The second division of the passage, which is hopeless as it stands, I would propose to reconstruct as follows: (1) For &tKaLO-T'qpto)v read 8tKa TT2pta, and (2) reject the second 8tKaO-T'4qpta EV ong-that in d 2-as an accidental repetition of the 8LKacTT~qpta EV Mg at c 7. Possibly it was originally a marginal correction of the erroneous 8tKaG-T7/pt'WV Cv ots; perhaps it caught the scribe's eye in a moment of vacuity. We may translate: "1The temples we must build not only all round the Agora, but also in all directions about the city, on elevated spots, for the sake of both security and cleanliness; and adjoining them magistrates' quarters, and courts of law, in which judgements will be pronounced and received as on holy ground, partly because they are on solemn subjects, partly because the buildings are the abodes of solemn deities; and in these buildings trials for murder would fittingly be held, and for all such offences as are punishable by death." [F.H.D. 'Would reject KaOtEV TOV'TOLIR &KacTT 'pta.] c 81f Ta /Av... tf8pV4LaTa: this is difficult. I think we should put a colon after t'pi'/wtara, and take the full expression of the thought to be Ta' P' o&riwv 7r~pt etaLv a' &tKat, Ta 6 Ka WS TOLOVTWov 09eWv 1pV'/Ja'raL E'OTTLV Ta ILEpa. d 1. ToLoV'TG)L = 00U.OV. d 5. The author of HlEpt iLove, ~ 4, who couples this metaphor with KV7?apt-TTrvaT Iv' ag (741 c), as instances of Tro ~v~po'v, reads CrvoL'(Ta(T-caL; he also has E'ywi $vju4Epo1`LVV yv afl -ry raprl evidently quoting from memory. d 6. KaLX(20.9 JLECV Kad 0' 7rtOLrtKb4 V7rip aLVTWV A0yo3 vflzVEtTat, "I quite agrm for oine thing " (lm'v) "1with the poet's often quoted 623 778 d THE LAWS OF PLATO words in which he tells us."-The author and poem are unknown. -Here again Aristotle disputes Plato's judigement: at Pol. 1330 b 32 he says 7rep't (3~ -ELXWV, Ot 1_M 4fcKOVTIES 8av ~'EXIELV TU&R a-p~LET-9)5 aVTL7rotoVJLECVaI 7roX L Xav ap aho v.7ro a~ vovotv. -The pAEV K U [marks the first of the two reasons given as subordinate in importance to the second, which is introduced by (3..E"TL 7rp0'3 TOV'TOCS. e 1. yqtva: not necessarily of earth-or even of brick. He uses this word rather than X(Otva because of the previous E V T~q I/ Y) Ka-raKEqLE~cL. The substance of the "1earth " in Greece is rock, and the walls dug out of the earth would be walls of stone. Ast quotes the orator Lycurgus (Adv. Leoer. 153) JXa r71V pJ~v OLVTwV ~v(3pIELaV &rlaXo-rTIEpaV -~VXaK-q'V etvat VO ML`OVTE' TOW_ Xdlivwv 7rEpt/30X(Ov. Plut. Lye. ch. xix. represents the legislator Lycurgus as saying, V~iK &v L- aT-~ LX-0 73rOAC3 ai-S aV83p(rt Kat oV 7wXt'Vot,3 Ec-,E0vwrr." Here 7rXVvOoL means blocks of stone.-T-O -qpwErcpov/ is a periphrasis for -q/A3 e 2. ro' KaLT EvtaVT6V (LE'V EKrEfL7tE`CV Et3 TVJV Xwpav -rovg veovs the reference is to the tasks proposed at 760 e 6 if. for the coypovo~Lot; the IAEV corresponds to the SE at e 6, where the construction goes on as if we had EL IAEV EKwe7roqLr~/ev here. e 5. Wog.. Ov'K M'coovTag brWl/3tLvEtv, "w~ith the manifest intention of keeping them out of the country." e6. Steph. would substitute EL for SC', and Wagner supports Eby the argument that it is not the mission of the J'ypovo/eot, btthe building of the walls that is said to be "1ridiculous." But what Plato says is ridiculous is the inconsistency between the two actions., and that is exactly expressed by the p~tv and SE'. e 7. Ast is certainly right in taking wrpos to be an adverb. (Stalib. would have us couple 7rpo' 1AaXOaK2)V Z'$V W7rtEtLY in the sense of "1conduce to effeminacy.") o 8. wrpoKaXo[LVo/kVV KTI-., "ca city-wall incites men to run inside it instead of facing the foe, and instead of seeking safety by ensuring that some of them are vigilant night and day, to fancy that the real way to be safe 'is to shut oneself up and go fast asleep inside walls-as if men were meant for inactivity Such men don't know that real ease and rest is what comes after toil:-what is more, I can tell them that ease and rest of the disgraceful kind, which is nothing but laziness, inevitably produces toil and trouble in its turn." 779 a 4. The close coupling Of KaOe(3ov-ras with ojpaXOG'vras by i-E Kat' is a humorous touch, as if not~ ~q be wide awake, 624 NOTES TO BOOK VI 779 a (4OpovpCE~v Vi5Ka-p) but to go fast asleep were the right way to protect oneself. a 6. W ith r T '7P p 7TTWYqv (3 "vrTo) EOTTLV E'K r-~v ii-4vov, where the 6'v'no' marks the expression as proverbial, we may compare 2 Henry IV. v. iv. 28, " Well, of sufferance comes ease." a 7. oTj/_at is a gentle expletive; Wagner's "nach meiner Meinung " makes too much of it, and too little of the strength of the opinion here expressed.-Kat' is explanatory. (The early printed texts altered 'S~Ovjudag to ',Ovjudat, an erroneous assimilation like that Of S&Kao-i-rpta to 8tKao-i —qptujjv at 778 c, 7.) a 8. 7ra'Ltv: whereas the natural order is from toil and trouble to rest, an unnatural propensity to rest first will work the reverse way, and lead from rest to toil and trouble.-Jowett's "1a renewal of trouble " introduces a wrong notion.-nt, "1 for any reason." b 2. fl'dX~Eo-6at: used (in the middle) like the Lat. iacere (fundamenta, muros). b 3. ',ak0'i-qr[` TIE KaLL 64jot6Trqav: instrumental datives describing the way in which security was to be gained. The houses were to be built on the same plan, and of the same size, so that they would fit together and present an impregnable front to the outer world. (Ficinus took the two datives with the previous clause-as if these characteristics made the city "1one continuous wall.")-Els i-a's 618ovis: this arrangement of the houses was apparently not to be confined to those on the edge of the city.. The O'Sot would cut the town up into blocks enclosed in continuous walls. b 6. Sta',opos3: superior, that is, in safety, to an arrangement which would expose each house to be attacked on all sides. b 7. MSS. cw av lp,~v ~ Schneider corrected pj'Ev y' to )m'vy, but, as Ritter says, ew ap /pwvy is unintelligible. Burnet has doubtless restored the correct reading by the suggestion that the first letter of the MS. eoq is due to dittography of the c of &.I think it is possible that we ought to remove the comma after SE' and make T-OV'Tov depend on r-& o1Kico)U'qOevra. C 1 f. Kai, "1even to the extent of." C-qUtoiVia,3 i subordinate to wrpocrava-yKaC~oYva3, indicating the means of compulsion. C 4. i-twv r'3 7rr6XEw,...E'i-tX'~bEi-c, "encroach on public property " (Jowe~tt). It is possible that the words mean " interfere with the plan of the city." c 7. O1KEdv, as Ast and Stallb. say, is administrare. (Ritter follows Susemihl in taking &r-a... pbrov a~v OLKELV cd' to mean "which sites it would be proper to occupy with buildings "-lit. VOL. I 625 2 s 779 C 779 CTHE LAWS OF PLATO "inhabit." His objection that the province of the JUTO-rvAoL did not extend outside the city-walls would apply still more to his own interpretation. Such matters, however, as e.g. the introduction ol water-courses, and the places where the country roads were to enter the city, were naturally the concern of the city authorities.; [F.H.D. and A.M.A. suggest that &i-a may be O'octa i'Saira.]UrVVt3v1~e3 'ra'01 XpeaS L: 'r~ ircQVrc is not directly governed by G-VYL&W'TEs, but by C7t~VOALOOET0VLYVTV; the dat. Xpetats is governed by the crvv- inl o-VVt80'VTC, "considering them in the light ol experience "- " usu docti " Fic.-" usu cognita " Sch-n.-There i,, some analogy in construction with 9 65 b 1 0 rpbs3 EKEO o-vv'acr$c a6c 7r cva' o~vpir there 7r 'Vra is directly governed by d 2. &' 4a'roptav: there are many such points which th( statutory law is incapable of foreseeing.-G-E, "nwthat." d 4. 7rcpt/lu'vet, "1are ready for." d 8. eo-Two)av yeyovorEs: so at 736 b7 ZE07Wh G-V/43E/3KVLO where there was the same invitation to imagine that a certain stag( had been reached; cp. too 7 12 a 4. d 9. &'ata: rather vitae spatium (Schn.) than vivendi regulU (Fic.); 'jv in the next line is temporal, like T'v V pfLpav at 7 80 a 4. e 2. 8a~epoVa0 C~r0oLv-0: this, and C'v 8taqc'pwv at 91 —3. b 5 may, as Stalib. says, be added to Porson's list in his note 6At Hec 358 beginning "1Rara participii substantivi cum alio participic conJunctio."-Schneider, Ziirr., Herm., Wagner, and Schanz all follow Bekker in printing a mark of interrogation after eho,~-oiv?7. The early, edd. up to Steph. put a full stop after it. Ficinus however, had already seen that rtva -rporov xp-q C~v depends or COMM. Ast (in his text), Stallb., and Burnet rightly follo-m Ficinus, and Burnet makes the construction rather more clear b3 marking off Tb6 8-... 4C'-O'Avov (which Fic. neglects altogether as a parenthesis. This parenthesis means: "the natural sequel tC our previous injunctions "-the injunctions, i.e., given above alic interrupted at 776 b 5, on the subject of choice of a wife, and thn marriage ceremony. The above-mentioned majority of interpretern take TrC3V vi-v elp-gq~esvv to be the immediately preceding words But why should Plato call the problem that faces him one thai springs from the previous one, when it is the previous one-thfquestion, i.e., how the married pair are to spend the first year o married life? e 4. roto~roTv: i.e. SVOJcKOiAWJV or 8lo-XEpb~v, which is th( equivalent of the ironical oi' Irarcvw CZKOXWAMTOV. 626 NOTES TO BOOK VI78a 78o a 780 a 2. Fahse proposed to alter 71-paTTOvraig to ra6i-roVi-as; but we want 7rpairo0Via3 to govern T-' 8191kO-La Ka'L KOMV' more than we want something for 7ryj Xp Cv to depend on; for this depends very easily, as a 7rpo'gr ai-t1JXaLv0'JLLVOV construction, on rO'Ae-tLv awroqxLWeo-OcaL v6Puov5. Ast finds a reason for -r'rTOVTra3 in the fact that 'ra" 8,q1L0aa Ka KOLvaL go with C~v below at a 6. Rather should we see in the explicit construction at a 2-as the MSS. have it-an excuse for the looser construction when the phrase is afterwards repeated. a 3. Ast, comparing Phaedo 64 e I KaO' 000TV /L?)1 7woxx~l aLVfLKt Le~reXEtv auvT-Ov, thinks a has fallen out before aJva'TK-9 here; but this would suggest that the legislator in question did conceive that there might be cases where private life ought to be interfered with, and that is just what Plato at a 5 says he does not. Schneider takes 03oov aVa-yK27 to be "1as far as necessity goes "; his translation is "1privata vero ab omni necessitate liberanda," and so Wagner-" insoweit die Nothwe-ndigkeit in Betracht komme."-A further difficulty arises about r(^v 1i(tev: does it (as neuter) depend on aZLva-K~7, or is ~r(^v L-8twv (v61uawv) governed by 8,Edv? I think it is best to follow Schneider, and to take the genitive with dVayK'q: "SO far as compulsion in private life goes." (Apelt p. 12 would read aapIfor civc'yKf-"-' whatever rules over private life."-Ast, who ke~eps a store of prepositions up his sleeve for use in such cases, says Ta -q/ 40uaot "1est " Kaa' ra' i- &lLo'a, and rwv 1&'ov " est " 7rEpt T(;i W v.) [Fil.D. would make r ^v 'Siwv (neut.) depend on 00oov.] a 4. The Se~v in a 5 goes with elvaIt as well as with 7i7veo-Oat. -7avra: i~e. both public and private life. a 6. -a' ye Kowa& Kad 8wuo'ota: an irregular sort of acc. of inner object. See above on a 2.-EWEXvo-etv, "will be likely to"; or perhaps "will be willing to." In either case the implication is that, if the one province is left unregulated, lawlessness is likely to invade the other as well. (Cp. below d 7.)-aV'T0oi3 is8 the same asa'a2 i.e. ro' iiroXc'Tag. (Schneider takes it to be emphatic': "1ipsos suca sponte usuros legibus.") a 8. 8ta/EP0'vrwi: Ficinus, Schneider, and Wagner are wrong, I think, in taking this to be aliter. Plato seems always to use the word in the sense of either "1specially," or "more," never in that of "1oth~erwise."-In the two passages cited in L. & S. for the meaning differently from, it certainly means more (than).-Here jAq~~v 81a0epovnoW9 ~ 5-qTOV is used like our "1neither more nor less," in the sense of "juist as much." (Those who make 8t&aepo'Vmr VOL I 627 2 s2 780 a THE LAWS OF PLATO mean al'iter do not take it with C'V o-v0-o(rt~otT, only withT?'- V 'a t~av Oaotw0c. Besides doing violence to StabcpovTws, this enlargement of the reference to life in general is quite out of place; the following context shows that the cJ-vaF-a-Tta alone are in question here.-ToVroin- b 2 is the institution of the orvo-o-(`TLa.) b 2. T~O^ I pvov: by brachylogy for iq" C'V T....P'y b 3. Gav/.aox-Tbv S'v: i.e. to the rest of Greece.-(Ast would reject 06Y as due to dittography of the last syllable of Oav~kaa-T0iV, supplying iqv as the verb; but the anacoluthon in the SC in b 7 is natU-ral in a conversational style.)-KaTr' JpXM&s 7rpw^ov: a pleonasm of the same nature as KfLTU' &;vVaIJuV O1TL /La'Xt0ra.-7rap' v/Lv: i.e. in the countries of both his hearers. b 4. vo/LoOeTeZtV: used figuratively, like our "1dictate"; when the verb is repeated below at c 6 it is used in its natural sense. The first institutor was not a real lawgiver, but a special need-at e 2 he, calls it a providential one-the implication being that no human lawgiver could have ventured to enforce such a custom. b 5 f. {'Iav, from- b 4, has to be supplied in thought with V0/L0O6E-rjo-aLVTo0 and with this v'lZv 4'XoIL~votg agrees; the words fv O~XtyavOpo rhat and iViir' 7roXX,9s d'iroptas describe two attendant circumstances which conspired to compel the adoption of crVmo-iTM: (1) the population was small, and (2) it was threatened by a great danger. (A.M.A. cps. the "National" or "1Communal Kitchens " started during the war.) c 1. Schanz suggests that possibly we ought -to read IZ/EpEv for c -2. Cert~`&vfa: as at 6 38 c 2, "1practice." ~c 4-d 1. "What I wanted to explain was, that, though this institution was once viewed with -amazement, and was one which no lawgiver would have dared to impose on people, to-day there would be no such difficulty in the way of the lawgiver who wanted to enact it. But that which is the logical consequence of this institution, a thing which, like the former (Te), is by nature adapted to succeed if tried, and which, because it is, tried nowhere, as good as makes the lawgiver, as the saying is, card his wool into the fire and lose his labour in countless other such ways-this is one which it is neither easBy to propose, nor for the proposer to put in practice." c 7. The Tre after 7rIE4VK0`, and that after vi'v seem rightr enough, and there is no need to change the second into SC~ with Hermann (followed by Stalib., -Bdh., Wagn., and Schanz); but I think that Badham is -certainly right in removing the comma 628 NOTES TO BOOK VI78c 78o c after the second yta-yvo',tecvov and the T~e after o'XVyov. It is not the institution in question that makes the legislator's work fruitless, but the fact that the institution is nowhere adopted. The -re after vfiv connects the first -yvyv0'pevov with ii-otov~v, to which the second yItyvo'fJevov is subordinate.-There are two spheres where " law and order " (d 5) ought to be introduced; its absence in the second vitiates its action in the first. This is explained in what follows.-Another conjecture I would unhesitatingly accept in this passage is Ast's change of ~roto~vrcL to rrovo~vra. He cps. Rep. 486 c aJV6V-p~a 8-q w-ov(v.-d'V-qVVra IS an adverb. c 8. "The phrase ro 7rv vrat~ov-rwv in Plato seems always to mean "as they say in the proverb" or "proverbial saying." Adam on Rep. 422 e. d 3. cL7roKveitv: this word reminds us of Socrates's expressions of reluctance to deal with the regulation of the position of women at the beginning of Bk. V. of the Republic. d 4. adKo50o& a'v. aTiqV, "1I will explain, for fear that this very subject may involve us in much useless discussion." (Fic., Ast (Lex.), and Schneider take &ta-p tf3'4 to be simply delay: "ne frustra in hoc ipso diu vos teneam," Schneider.) d 6. -r~v 6E' a-ra'KTWoV... a'XXa C'-Tepa, " while most of what is unregulated or ill-regulated weakens the effect of something else that is well regulated." d 8. aXkca &.rEpa, "1others besides" a tautological expressionsomething like our "safe and sound "-sufficiently familiar to be used where the sense of rhythm demands weight of phrase. Cp. Eur. Or. 3 45 O tKov aiXUOV E'TrEPOV T -rV a'76 OeoYo'Vo yapwov, Suppl. 573 7roXkobg &'X'qv.8&) XaTipovg &Xsov rrovovs, Dem. De Rhod. lib. p. 198 K6v Kat TPo'Sov Ka' lXkag 'rpa rr'e'' X-qvt'8aes, Plato, Crat. 438 d 4 ov' yap wrov birt ovoi.aic yeC &ETpa &aka TOilTWV, and Laws 875 d 7, 894 e 5, and 933 e 6 (ace. to the MS. reading).-o4 87 Ka&t vV-v E`c~E'CTrrKEV 7rrpt T'r XEYOM-LEVOV, " it is just as an instance of this that the subject under discussion now presents itself to us." A partial analogy to this is presented by Arist. Metaph. ii. 999 a 24 4dwopt'c. rEpL i, 0 Xoyos E~Crr'(qKf viv; op. also Arist. Pol. 1 28 7 a 1. Trb Aeyo~wevov then would be the position of women, and the whole sentence would mean, "tthe position of women is a case in point." (It must be admitted that this explanation is somewhat strained. If we could be bold enough to adopt Badham's rather violent change (p. 20) of 7rE'pt to vrdpa, all difficulty of interpretation would vanish: "1and we have in this very thing a case in point, as the saying is."-It would also 629 78o d THE LAWS OF PLATO be perhaps too bold to imagine the existence of such a phrase as rpt plovrTov qc(rT'rKEVI in the sense of "that is the matter in hand "-eeSrTTq7Kev being impersonal.-Ast, Schn., and Wagner take (f0o-r/KKE —here, and perhaps in the Aristotelian passage as well-to mean "is at a standstill"; but, though 7Trwrl-jvat can certainly mean "to halt," "to come to a stop," it is doubtful whether the perf. was used in the sense of "to stand still"; besides, it is not clear that there is any halt in the discussion.Tb XeyopLevov, ace. to these interpreters, is oratio nostra. [F.IHD. agrees with Ast and Schneider.] e 1. o6rep ecrov: i.e. at 780 b 3: —avaot-T(Zs is not admirably (Fic., Jowett and others), but "to the world's astonishment," ' extraordinarily." 781 a 1. dvoJofferrTov /ILeOEat: the expression suggests that a charge of undue licence might be brought against the Spartan and Cretan women; and this seems to have been the case if we may trust Euripides (Androm. 595 if.). Stallb. cps. Hoeckh, De Greta ins. iii. 124.-elis To (ros JKTaL: a poetical expression, used as at Prot. 320d, Theaet. 157d, Tim. 91d, Laws 869 c, Rep. 461 c in the sense of " has come into being," "has been created "-A — s being " life" as at Soph. Phil. 415 /s /l7KE"T OVTa KELVOV ev fdEL voSE; whereas below, at c 6, as above at 722 e, and at Parm. 128 e, Phaedr. 261 e, QGs is used for "publicity." Here, however, as in some of the other instances where q>c(s means life, the secondary sense of exposure to men's gaze is suggested as well. a 2. XAAX' o: the MSS. and the early printed texts read kXo, and some of them not only accepted the asyndeton, and slurred over the aAXXs, but treated dvrOpWrwv as if it were avSpiv. Steph. was the first to see the true reading, though he printed aXXo in his text: TroTO in a 4 is the antecedent to this ".-KaI kaXos here = " to begin with"; we may transl.: " No; just that part of our human race which was, to begin with, clandestine and stealthy, as the result of its weakness-I mean the female sexhas most unwisely been suffered by the lawgiver to be free from law, because to bring it under law was hard." a 3. The comparatives stand for strengthened positives; for the /aXokov thus used see on 729 e 7.-For f7rtKXo7rwrcpov thus applied cp. Hes. Op. 67 and 78 (ev 8' E^0We cra-T0eao-r) evscad 0' alpvXivovs Tr Xoyovs Kal EWrLKXO7rov iOoS —of the first woman. a 5. eL'av'ros iTo9 volpoOEov: cp. Arist. Pol. ii. 1270 a 6 as 8)e yvvalKaS ~acrL Fe'v afyEtv rtri XeLpo7-at T'v AvKoVpyov t rb TOVS VoJovS, (S 8 avTEKpovov aPTOV, 7rOTqvaL 7raX'tv. -8&a 8E TOr 630 NOTES TO BOOK VI78a 78i a /WE0t/_4... y'ra viv, "and, owing to your neglect of this sex, you lost control of much which would have been in a far better condition, if it had come under the Law, than it is now." The early texts, down to Ast, had rapappEZ, and this seems to have been Ficinus's reading-unless indeed, like Stallb., lie took n-apfppct to be from rape'ppw; be also seems to have read ' Eq~v for Edv. He translated: hoc enim praetermisso multa nobis corrumipuntur." L. & S. can hardly be right in giving 7ra-pE'ppEt i'qEv here the meaning "slipped from your memory"; it is rather "cslipped from you," "got out of your control," but not as much as Schneider's "Idepravata sunt." {'/iktv-niot -qttYF-is clearly right; the Ath. does not conceive that any state could have taken in hand the regulation of the private life of women, which had not already dealt with that of men. a 7-b 4. To' (in b 1) does nrot go directly with 7rEptopQ4LJELIoV (as Stallb.) but with 7wep't i-es yvvatKag; To 7wept Tag yvvatKag, as above at 780 e 2, is a variety of I- rov )/VyvvatKOV, and is a periphrasis for "1the female sex."-The argument, rather fancifully thrown into a mathematical form, is this " 1it might be thought that, as women are the half of the race, the effect of leaving them unregulated by law would be half as much as the effect of leaving the whole race unregulated; but it is not so, because their tendencie~s to evil are greater than those of men-so much so that the result would be more than twice as much mischief as would have resulted from so leaving men alone;-so that?'qp1to-v and &t7rXa'o-Lov do not apply to the same quantity: the former is half the mischief which would be effected by the whole race, if unregulated; the latter the double of the harm which either half would do if they had been equally bad."~-aK0oou,-qrWg W7E~LOP(0WJEYOV is "under a laissez-fa~ire rdgime," lit. "1passed over on the principle of nonintervention." (Ast would read a'K6Go-o.-rV, taking r~ wr. r. y. cLK0O7-1J-TOV to be IIpravitas muliebris," and translating ireptop. by " Si legi bus non coerceretur." Stallb. cites from Gramm. in Bekker, Anecd. i. P. 369 ULTO'KTW3 as an explanation of a'Koo7/A-qm-which not only confirms the adv. but shows that Ast has taken both JK. and ireptp. wrongly.-Stallb., who takes vo' WE~LOPOJLEVOV as the subject of 'qjutoiV 'EoCrnv, has to supply ai'Tr6 as the subject of &a04E'pE&.) b 4. E'WavakaflctV, "revise." b 6 If ovTrwg qualifies ov&L/LW~g EV'VXW~s; he has told us at 780 (b 4 and) e 2 that the syssitia owed their existence to a happy chance, and a providential interposition. No such chance has 631 78i b 781 bTHE LAWS OF PLATO intervened to lead men to the kindred reform now advocated; instead of that there is a likelihood that its proposer would be thought mad-at all events (y') in states which have -no syssitia for men. o 1 f. aUIXTOLTUcL..tE80yJLE'Vc KCWTfL WO'XLV 1EIVcu, "that syssitia are a recognized civic institution."-{nz-ca'pXE& is impersonal. c 2. -xr50-v, as at Gory. 4 71 d and Symp. 1 72 c, means " how is it possible that...? -1pyp "in real life, as we know it in Greece," as contrasted with the theoretical considerations in which the political and social systems of the Laws are founded-referred to at d 3 f. in the words Xo'yov y' C'VEia. C3yV'Ko poo ~fiac-oGat TvqV (T. K. 7r. a aXo- 4Vpav OewpelO-16at: an awkward sentence: "to force upon women their consumption of food and drink's being publicly viewed." The ctcc. c. inf. clause is a sort of secondary object to wrpoo-tCicrOat, like i-avrcTa in oi' 86d Ta-zi-ra -wpoo-/3aC~ErO6at at Crat. 410 a 7. (Stalib. translates yvvat'Kag wpoo-Sgo9. a vXovb "muiers cger ad... cnsuptionem," supplying ' T1E before 4XLY-EpCLv OewpeEdTOCa. Ast is said to have suggested-I cannot find where-that 7rotowmvahEc has fallen out before 6,EopEt'o-Oc. Badham would change -yvvL&'Kai to -yvva6KoWv.) O 5. xa~(')TP adv., "6more reluctantly." C 6. 8&E81OK45: cp. Rep. 579 b KcLT tE~VKO)' 3E 8E' C'VT7 OCLK&L TU woxxa' w' -yvv' Cf. 0 by a common mistake has &3e~0LKl'g, and this is the reading of the early printed texts, up to Ast, and -of Ficinus, who translates timide. H. Steph. from a comparison of Rep. 1579 b conjectured Ka Ta8SE~VKo'g.-dyo/LEvov: conative; "when the attempt is made to drag her."-Ast would reject the ~3' after this word; H. Richards would change it to &). c 7. ra-oa-v, like ira'o-q at d 2, all kinds Of.-70oAv KpaTo-q'0-,& "will be far too strong for." d 1. Tor'V^': iLe. TO'-1 Evos, "1this sex."-0~3wEp which is Dekker's correction of the MS. obrep, certainly makes better sense than either the vulgate '7r.Ep or Stallb.'s oiiEp; it would refer to b 8. At the, same time, the vulgate '7TJep, which Schn., Ziirr., and Herm. retain, is possible, and accounts better for the MS. ohrfp. Stallb.'s Oi5rEp would mean "(in the other places) to which I referred"; but he had not definitely referred to any particular states which had no syssitia.-oi'86'... -l Xc'yov. i-v.r0p6v PtjO ra, "6not even the mention of the correct view." d 3. EL' &lj ~3KEZ" K-TX.: a practical application of the principle enunciated above at 739. If the circumstances of the case render 632 NOTES TO BOOK VI78d 78i-d the theoretically best impracticable, the philosopher is even willing to sacrifice theoretical completeness, and leave the subject alone. "1If you wish our discussion of politics as a whole to attain its end, as far as theory goes, I am quite willing to give reasons for thinking my view good and fitting, provided you like to listen to them; if you don't, I will drop the subject."-Fiihse and Ast would, very- plausibly, read d~-reki for ai-vX'i. Ast thinks that Ficinus read a'i-EX' because h~e translates the word by manca. This does not follow; e.g. at Crat. 420 c 7 he translates adTvXta by "defectus quidam consequendi impos." (aJTVXIl means unsuccessful as well as unfortunate. The Ath. means "if you have it at heart to make our talk a success."-Xyo'YV y' EVEKa is contrasted with the 1'pyy at c 2. (Stallb., Wagner, and Jowett take Et' 80KEt'. T. Xkoyov yvEoE-Oat to be "if it is your opinion that the discussion has been etc.") d 9 'vo~v ro~v -LErtcPctV "to be starting from a long way back." IE7rtXEtpeti/ is used absolutely, in the sense of proceed, take, a particular line in an argument or investigation. e2. With w7vri 'VT' VTO), which occurs below at 801 a 1, cp. f,qr8a/A^,x )&LJL6 above at 778 a I. e 5. With Bk. III. begins the investigation of the true nature and correct form of the WroXT'rda, and so he refers to what comes at the beginning of that book as Tal n-pw'ra AX~cj-vra. We are not bound to suppose that when these words were written the treatise actually began at Bk. III. e 6. Xpo'vos and Xp are both such common words that thy are likely to have been signified occasionally by their first two letters. This would account for the fact that A has Xpo'vov where L and 0 (though in an erasure) and the margin of A have the correct Xp4 Schanz thinks the mistake due to a misreading of an original Xpcewv. 782 a 2. As To 7rapo'Lrav qualified Et`XkqXEv and i'Et, so 7rcLVTW3 qualifies both Jv and E'rat.-i' 11jKo'9 -re. a Etj, "or else a space of time since its beginning-since it came into beingmust have lasted an immeasurable age." A very awkwardly constructed sentence; it is doubtful if it is Greek. It looks like the "conflation" of two modes of expressing the same thing; fortunately there is no doubt what it means-ije. that if the time of the world's existence is not infinite, at all events it is unthinkably long. (F.H.D. would asterisk JK1A-q-re' rTt Ty pX as spurious or hopelessly corrupt.] a 5. 1E7rLT-qSCVp/kUa~ means practices, courses, measures adapted to 633 78 -2 9L 782 aTHE LAWS OF PLATO influence character or habits; ra'&ws and a'1ra$[a3 are qualifying, adjectival genitives. We mnay perhaps render: "1refgimnes of all kinds, some strict, some lax." E7i-LTrq)oEV'~L- TaragLa is almost an oxymoron; it seems to mean nothing more than "1the principle of laissez-faire." a, 6. K'L~ /ppwareo) was rejected by Ast, and P3p. was emended to a3poiT-qjrow by Orelli, and to?'/EpWTEO)S by Hermann. Wagner would change flpoJaTWrV to &obauTreV. Schanz follows Ast. Though it is difficult I prefer the MS. reading. I would put a comma after /3pWoew3 and supply 7ravoi-oao brtTpq8E'JRxa withit, taking the words to mean "various fashions of feeding oneself." The counterpart to this is a variety of taste in articles of food, and that is the variety next mentioned. I even think that the introduction of the second variety-by a al/ea-would be too abrupt without the preceding Kat flpwoaEw,3. We shall see presently why he brings in the bodily appetites. (Cp. on d 7 below.) b 1. a'TainiV is "of their previous selves," i.e. "of their natures." b 5. The T-wa indicates that the Ath. does not insist on the historical truth of the myth of Triptolemus; someone, at all events, at some time introduced corn as a new food. b6. Many edd. have adopted Ald.'s unnecessary change of ~ to 1j,-~f.-The article with Xpo'vy after (" is peculiar; I think we ought to read 7rw for the MS. r4.-As at 780 b 6 and e I (see Burnet's notes), the margin, by l~ov, shows what the original scribe's mistake for ~twiv had been. o 1. The argument is that the survival of human sacrifices proves the existence of cannibalism in the past. Further, the Orphic vegetarianism and the Orphic sacrificial offerings, on the other hand, are indications% of very opposite feelings as to methods of feeding, and tastes in food, thus establishing the appositeness of the 7rcwv-ota, and 7rav-o~roa`r at a 6 and 7. c 3. For &rTe eP. Porson's note on to~' 6'TrE at Eur. Ilec. 11 0. -SchanZ's C'Tr6X/toV ILE'V is clearly a better correction than Stallb.'s C~roXirxwv for the MS. EI-roXJMOIev. The Se after 7rgAavat corresponds to the pA'v after ETO',k4WV; there:is an erasure over the o of E'oku6.kuv in A.-The order is, as usual, chiastic; food, sacrifices: sacrifices, food. o 5. alyVa" is, so to speak, in quotation-marks; as if he had.Aid "1in Orphic language, pure." Op. Horace, A..P. 392 victu foedo deterruit Orpheus; foedo being used, in the technical Orphic sense, for all animal foed; not, as Orelli, "1the food of beasts, " nor, as others "1cannibalism." 634 NOTES TO BOOK VI78C 782 C C 7 'p~o~-rVE Xyo~eo~/3ot Cy. yl. rotg ToE "what is generally spoken of as the Orphic rule of life was followed by our race in those days." The 'jpmiv emphasizes the -unity of human nature in all ages; the intimation is that modes of thought and taste which had once existed could quite possibly be recalled. 1 c 8. EiXo4LUevot, as the direct opposite of aII-etXoVTo and a'7rE~o/LE VOLt, is "insisting on "-Schneider sectantes; they made it part of their religion to eat what was not animal. d 2. 'a r' MSS. Bekker's rejection of the a' gives us on the whole a better sentence than either Steph.'s a' y' or Winckelmauln's aTor Stalb. 's a'rr'. The dittography of the a is more likely to have happened than the corruption of y'to Tr'.-There remains, hoeerather a superfluity of conjunctions; the first a merely emphasizes Cr4bo'8pa.-Ka't T~ho'SpU XEYOJ_&Eva, " what is very widely current." d 7. It is implied, though not said, that ra' TOV'TW5OL~ 3t next step in his train of thought-would explain why the preceding one had been taken. As at 7 81 d 9, the Ath. shows a consciousness that the order of his mental processes is somewhat obscure. It has been suggested above that the Spartan and Cretan institution of the syssitia points the way by which a complete regulation of the home and family life may be secured in the interests of the state. The Ath. next turns to consider the things in human nature which want regulating. These turn out to be the natural appetites, which, in certain aspects, may become, or be attended by, vo 'ntara (783 a 4). His solution is that all these appetites must be enlisted in the service of the community: otherwise there will be moral disease. d 10. xpciaq Kalt 6'wi~Gvjdas: a he-ndiadys, "imperative desire"; i.e. desire whose satisfaction is a necessity of existence.-7rccV=r TOES apw7rot PT-qptLva E'K..Means that these three desires are the cardinal factors in human -nature-the two first, in its individual, the last in its racial aspect. d 11. As in 728 c 4 with 0' TC TVX(JV Kat PL&q TVuyXa'vbw, so here the variety between dayo/Aevots and d'x~ectrw seems to have no special significance, but to be due to a desire for variety in sound and rhythm. e2. 4v rr'p t racrav, like rT~pi 67rrav'ra av'ra at e 5, stands for a simple genitive; here it depends on E'pwra, there on 4rtOvPI'ag. e 3. CE(,kvTov, like o-l /4vrov at 771 b 7, is instinctive.-orv OW~rTpOV Kat aV-qKOVGcTtag Tovy A., like the i,'/3pt i-rXdo-ir-y at a 3 below, suggests the lines along which the possessors of these cardinal 635 782 e THE LAWS OF PLATO instincts may be KaKWS dayo4Evot —in which case they become vo0r?)ajLTa.-o a-orpov Te KaL av7IKOvr-taS: a hendiadys again, 'frenzied rebellion." e 5. anrAr7povrTa': this construction supposes that a T-a is the subject to 7rpadTrev. e 6. XAV7s: this is the way desire works-by pain which craves alleviation. 3e'V might no doubt be dispensed with, but it is more like an author's than a scribe's pleonasm. I am much attracted by Apelt's suggestion (p. 12) that dEt 8ev —coming as it does after a final s-is a scribe's error for 7wreVeiELv. (r7rv8wv, he notices, is just so used at Timaeus 86 c 1, in a passage very like this.-cr4as is the pleasures and desires which are thus half personified-an unusual use of the pronoun. 783 a 3. vippet irXe'Ur- Kaof/ALos, " a reckless, wanton flame of passion." a 4-b 1. a 8... wtppor'v: (1) I think the object to be supplied in thought with -rperovia-which, and not the rpeTrovra of L, I assume to be the right reading-is not the voro-juala, but the people who are liable to them-i.e. the possessors of the appetitesthe avrols of 782 d 11, who were to be rightly guided. (2) Ritter glances at the possibility that, though the restraints are said to be three, the Ath. is really thinking of only two-i.e. the terrors of the law (cp. d 6 a7retXrUrovrTs -rcrv vozots), and the sort of persuasion used in the rpooiLpa which accompany the laws; but he is right, I think, in rejecting this idea, and regarding VO'/o here as force of habit. (3) I think it probable that -crpvvsvvrwv is a scribe's error, and that the Aldine and Vulgate a(rpvvvvaL is the correct reading. The scribe probably did not intend it (as Stallb. and Herm.) for a gen. abs., but for an imperative, forgetting the previous construction. (As to the possibility of such a gen. abs. cp. on 755 d 6 above.) (Steph. nay be right in reading Tpe~rovras, though the change of number is common in Plato in such cases, and the sing. is attested by the variant 'rp7rovTa.) " In dealing with these three dangerous impulses, we must guide men's eyes, beyond what is called delight, towards their true advantage, and must try, on the one hand, to restrain the dangerous tendencies by the three most potent influences of fear, habit, and philosophy; and on the other, by calling in the aid of Music and Gymnastics, to quench their fire and allay the fury of their onset." -The tLevrot in a 7 corresponds to the pev in a 5, thus adding, it seems to me, to the confirmation of the reading a'rEvvvvat.Ritter is right in saying that dyowviocr is almost predicative; no 636 NOTES TO BOOK VI78a 783 a special presiding gods are meant, but the gods generally, in their capacity of patrons of gymnastic contests. In the last few pages of this book we seem to have detached suggestions of lines of argument, which a final revision would have rearranged and worked up into a consecutive exposition. The chief points in it are: (1) The danger of leaving human nature to itself; (2) the great possibilities in the way of moulding human nature; (3) the mistake of confounding acquired habits and prejudices with laws of nature. The passage from waat&iv SE' 8&q in b 2 to KaXW-3 in d 4 occurs in L, but was originally absent from A and 0. It begins in much the same way as Bk. VII. begins; this fact, and the detachment of the passage, are further indications that this part of the treatise has not received its final ordering0. b 2. 09%Lev is used of the arrangement of topisi hi mgnr legislation. b 5. We are bound, I think, to accept the reading -qvtIKa 4W' U~peGa, though, as the text stands, it appears inexplicable. I would suggebt that the corruption lies in the MSS. EC' TO 4`Arrpoo-OEV. This phrase is common, especially with w7pot~vat-e.g. above, 755 b 4 mrpotVTr O Wv V OUJAAV Etg TOVJ/17rpoo-EY-and the neighbourhood of rpoi0VTrWv here may have influenced the scribe; but the phrase will not fit either 7repat'VOLTO aiv or '-)vtKa c~k~o[Lke~a. I would substitute JI~ for E13, and take J~ as the correlative of the oV'T-o in b 3: "while the discussion advances on the same lines as it did when we came on the subject of the syssitia before, possibly our full tale of regulations will be made up." The way the subject was reached above was through the question (779 d 5) "1what has the legislator to say to men and women after they are married?1 "-1 would, with Burnet, accept Ritter's arrangement of Tag -rotaVrag xa-ro~l~b9ca as a parenthesis. (One Florentine MS. and most of the early texts read r'va Kalt Ja4LK'AEO Evoc for 'q'vtKcL a(Ptio' e~a, and this reading is retained by Stallb. and Herm. Schneider reads 6'TE for 6' T-c, QcLktKW/L.E~c for a'4LK6JLE~c, and (like Zurr.) retains the spurious cis before Tag. Schanz abandons the passage as hopeless.) b 8. The second great difficulty in this passage is the interpretation Of T-c TIE EmrtTpo(TOEv..e7rL71-Poo-6cv 1rt-o-' EOaLG(. E' rt' 71-poa-0Ev irotEFU-Oat occurs above at 648 d in the sense of obtendere. The T-c seems to point back to the i-c in o' i- vo'lkog at b 4. If so, avT-ov may stand for vo'1,uwv, but more likely for Ti-,V o-VoT-mo-nv, and Ta" cEWLt'rpooGev aViTw-Y~ are "the necessary steps leading up to them,"~ which are to be made into screens, or defences, set up in 637 783 b THE LAWS OF PLATO front of them. And the preliminaries to the syssitia, which are (equally) unregulated at present, we will reduce to order, and place before them as a screen or shelter." The upshot of the passage then is this: " at the present stage of our inquiry we must be content to reserve the details of the regulation of private life, but I want you to remember what I said about the three cardinal impulses of human nature, for that is important." c 2. vvv8': i.e. at b 5 ff. d 2. All recent editors except Schneider accept Steph.'s insertion of Gi before To& vvv. (Schneider prefers to read d for r&.) d 4. We are here brought back to the point from which we digressed in 779 e. d 5. av'ros: i.e. Trov vvpfi'ovs, implied in ra VVllCfKa,. d 9. a7ro8oLKVvGr0aL, like d7roatveo-Oat at 780 a 1, is used for to produce. e 1. 7ravTE.... paie~os, "all who take part in any kind of common work." KOLVMvOL is the important word. As union increases efficiency beyond the proportion of mere numbers, so failure on the part of one of the united workers does more harm than if he were merely spoiling work of his own. e 3. /Azu EXOVTES vov: ignorance, as well as carelessness, may cause failure. This furnishes one reason for the supervision practised by the committee of wise women-as to whom cp. Theaet. 149 d 6. 784 a 1. ais etX6jeOa: here, as in the i}vVKa ad^aLKo/iEOa at 783b 5, many interpreters unaccountably translate the aor. ind. as if it were a subj. with av. It is possible that the past tense stands for (" whom you are to assume that we have chosen," but more likely Ritter is right in seeing here an additional sign of the lack of revision. When writing these words the author thought he had spoken of these female officials before. On revision he would have discovered his error. a 2. Tros apxovrntv: who the magistrates are who are to determine the composition of this body of female officials we are left to guess; possibly a committee of the votzoVXkaKes. (Stallb., after quoting Hermann's (De vest. ii. p. 7) extraordinary statement that the custodes of the married pairs were some men and some women, apparently, in his next note, takes 7rporTa-dTT1ev &apXoowt to mean "add to the number of (male) officials." But, as Ritter says, rrpo-cTarreWv never has this meaning in Plato. a 3. O'7roTa: i.e. at what intervals fresh elections were to take place. a4. /,XXpL rpiTov IeV'povs Opas: the proceedings at this daily 638 NOTES TO BOOK VI78a 784 a gathering are also left mostly to our imagination. Among other things we may conclude that twenty minutes was, the minimum. time of attendance. a 7. i' 7wo (cp. Rep. 4 61 a 6, and Laws 9 17 d 8T1 — fpaGuTtcy TrV7CrOw 0e wXq 'a 3 VW7O' K?1PVKO0 EV Tn7 a7Op~t KMqpV'avr-og (iWE'VKa /LEXXEL T-v~rTEo-OcL): of the circumstances accompanying the laying of the injunctions on the wedded pair. It is the same use which occurs as a term of music to denote the instrument which accompanies a song. b 2. 8EKE'Ttg: in the state of the Republic, where there were to be no husbands and wives, the time during which fathers and mothers were to produce children "1for the state " was twenty, years (Rep. 4 60 e). b 3. r5'Tav, "1in cases where." b 5. f3OVXEVo/L4EvV0V 1E13 Ta' 7rrpoopa C'KaTrE'poC&: for this use of EIs for "as to," or "in" op. 7 75 a 7 T~i 4u'V E13 Xp-qp/ara fLE)/tO-Trp. Interpreters all follow Ficinus-whose transl. is prout commodum, utrisque est disiungantur-in taking the dLs clause with 8taCEVyv-VV o-&au-" be divorced for their mutual benefit," Jowett. But the following sentence supports the view that it goes with /3oVXEVofLE,vovg. What the family conclave, with (if necessary) the help of the experts, had to decide was the terms of the separation, and in so doing to consider the interest of both parties. b 7. At 929 e ten vo/AO~6v~aKeg are called in to decide upon a divorce (for incompatibility of temper) along with ten of the female marriage officials. c 1. The MSS. have ots aiv &vrpc'two-tv ot'3 rac$wo-t: two violent assumptions have been made about this passage:-(I) that Ka'has dropped out before Ta'4coo-e, and (2) that f'W7LTp~EL7~v here means to order, to command. Nearly every editor has followed Ald. in the former point. As to the second, Ast and L. & S. (who cite it erroneously) give Xen. An. vi. 5. 1 1 as a support for 1EWrpElr1Etv in the sense of iubeo. But I&~EI'pE~,V there means " he gave it into their charge to., he assigned to them the duty of... That is different from -rav^a CrETpe~/ev-with no persons mentioned-used for "he gave these commands." (Cod. Voss. and a corrector of A altered T46$Ox,- to Tac'$ovo-t.) I believe that Burnet has restored the original reading by simply resolving ot'"e into o' 8'. As he has kindly informed me, he takes Tov'ToLs,EkLlLEvEtv with both clauses: with the first it means "1to abide by their reference to these arbiters,") and with the second "and by their decision on the point referred to them "-the whole being 639 PTQ JIU4 C 784 CTHE LAWS OF PMATO equivalent to'the legal term 'p 'vstv Tg Sta'r (eg rsop.W7 524); the disputants i.e. are to acquiesc in the court, and act upon its decision. (lIt will be seen that Burnet's text would admit of the interpretation adopted by Wiinekelmann, who would read cLOCS OV '7rL1-pE VeTV UE'cLec TO1TL E/AWLveL, "to abide by the decision of those to whom these (ten voIQ4)VXLK1E5) intrust it." But, as B. says, the original disputants are a much more appropriate subject to C'rL1-p~iwortv than the ten vobpo4hv~aKE13; besides, it complicates the proceeding unduly, if we are to suppose a second delegation.-ll. Richards would cut' the knot by reading Oh. a&v f7r fTa wYv03 OTL (/EEV-the assumption being that tKat'I... Ta'~$coot was a marginal variant.) c 7. avaypcL~bEtv corresponds to our "post," as used of defaulters. d 2. For EV of the tribunal cp. above 754 e8.-Steph. first recognized that ~W^V8SE goes with U'rt/_tog, though in his, as in the earlier texts, it is written i-J'v SE, and begins the next sentence.Ficinus misinterpreted the next sentence in a curiouLs manner, translating it "Nec nuptiis procreandisque liberis ulterius det operamt: ac si id tentaverit " etc. d 6. k$6&W... Kalt 7-tup-v: the " distinction " probably consisted in beiing attended by a train of servants. Stallb. notes that Theophr. Char. 25 represents the mean man as unwilling to buy a proper maid to attend his wife E& a& IE o,adthtDm.Av Olymp. 1182 describes a &'atpa asE 0$'~v Xa/1rpa E~oVo-aV.A has (acc. to Schanz) yEv&O-E* * ow, the third E being in an erasure. Burnet says this is corrected from an original YEV1E-UL TrWV (which J. G. Schneider conjectured); L and 0 have )/EVTEO-WV with YEE0VEGiwv in the margin. Fromi a comparison of AUl. I. 121 c 7-7-aViT' Cjk' q-p /3acr-'XkE0J yev,'E0,ca 7rcio-acL E Kalt sEopa',E 'Ao-'a-where one MS. has yEv'a-ta, B concludes, no doubt rightly, that ycEva-ta here is a mistake for 'yEYWXktL. (Stalib. mentions this as a possible emendation, but rejects it.) It is not clear whether there was any difference between the EWL1-rEXEtWO-1Et and the 7l~E'OXUa. Both appear to have ~been celebrated on the tenth day after the child's birth. Op. Aristoph. Av. 494 aud-~922. The former word, as Ast and Stallb. say, has a religious significance. 785 al1. The subject to ouLy- KE'GO) is the regulations just recommended. a 2. ~rpaTrr&Ow, "4they should be put in force." a 5. Burnet retains the original a'Xq of A, L and 0, but differs from all other editors in putting a full stop after it. (Schanz adopts the early correction to a'pv'7v, and inserts c'3 before ~Cui.) 640 NOTES TO BOOK VI78a 785 a coi'pX' would thus stand as a literal quotation of the formial words used in the register.-Burnet also retains the MS. wrapcLycypa-00(,w, which many edd. have followed Orelli iin changing to the inf. a 6. The occ. -rov aJptOL6'v remains a difficulty. It seems to be an acc. of inner object " 1let there be added a writing giving the, number." Perhaps we ought to accept Orelli's emendation. b 2. ya'/-ov 8~' 5pov: see above on 72 1 b 1.-The addition of TO5V /WLKpOraTOV Xp. a(j. is an indication that some variety in the enactment is conceivable. END) OF VOL. I printed by it & R~. CLARK. LA1.Tmu, Edinburgk. 'APR 1 9192? 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