EX BIBLIOTHECA 
 FRANCES A. YATES 
 
06 
 
THE LACHES OF PLATO. 
 
o- — • 
 
Classical §txk& 
 
 THE 
 
 LACHES OF PLATO 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES 
 
 BY 
 
 M. T. TATHAM, MA. 
 
 OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD. 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. 
 
 NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. 
 
 1896 
 
 All rights reserved 
 
First Edition, 1888. 
 Reprinted, 1891, 1896. 
 
 GLASGOW : PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The text of Plato followed in this book is that of the 
 Zurich edition of 1851. The points in which I have 
 departed from it are not numerous, and are chiefly 
 ones of punctuation and spelling. I have however 
 added the references to the sections of Stephanus 
 (which are not given in the Zurich text), and have 
 verified from Stephanus' edition the references both 
 to sections and pages. In quoting from or referring 
 to other dialogues I have always used Stallbaum's 
 text of 1850. 
 
 An essay on the text of the Laches by Dr. Michael 
 Gitlbauer,"^ Professor at Vienna, suggested some dis- 
 quieting ideas as to the genuineness of a considerable 
 portion of the text. But I did not think it suitable 
 to the character of my book to depart from my inten- 
 tion of abstaining as far as possible from textual 
 criticism ; and those who have read the Professor's 
 treatise will, I think, allow that his suggestions, 
 ingenious as they all are, and plausible as many of 
 them seem, are at least not such as to be adopted in a 
 school edition. 
 
 * In his Phitologische Streifz'dge (Freiburg, 1886). 
 V 
 
vi 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In writing the Introduction and Notes I have con- 
 sulted chiefly the Introductions of Jowett and Grote, 
 the Notes of Stallbaum, and Riddell's * Digest of 
 Idioms' in his edition of Plato's Apology. In the 
 first part of the note on the ^ modes ' of Greek music 
 I have followed Gevaert (Histoire et TMorie de la 
 Musique de VAntiquiU). 
 
 It is hoped that the book may be useful as an 
 introduction to the study of Plato ; but it is not 
 meant for the lower forms of a pubHc school, or for 
 those who have not already some acquaintance with 
 other Greek authors. 
 
 NORTHCOURT HoUSE, 
 
 Abingdon, Aprils 1888. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction, ix 
 
 Note on the Language of the Dialogue, . . , xxii 
 
 Text, 1 
 
 Notes, . . . . , o , . o . 41 
 
 Appendix, . . . « . . » , . 90 
 
 Indices to the Notes, . c « , . c . 95 
 
INTEODUCTIOK 
 
 Plato, the son of Ariston and Perictione, was horn 
 about B.C. 429.^ His father is said to have traced 
 his descent from Codrus, his mother was the great- 
 grand-daughter of Dropides, brother of Solon. Plato 
 was of an healthy and athletic frame, and gained some 
 skill in the art of wrestling under an Argive trainer 
 named Ariston. He was taught to read and write at 
 the school of a Dionysius, and his education was con- 
 tinued by the lessons of Draco, a teacher of literature 
 and music. The boy learnt readily, and is said to 
 have developed a taste for writing poetry. We have a 
 few epigrams ascribed to him, but it is not probable 
 that any of them are genuine. There is a story that 
 on hearing Socrates discourse, Plato burnt a tragedy 
 that he had intended for the stage, exclaiming, pre- 
 sumably in self-derision — 
 
 "H(^atcrT€ irpofJLoX^ wSe, UXdnov vv tl ado yaTi^ei. 
 
 'Hephaestus, come. Plato hath need of thee.' 
 
 * This seems, on the whole, the most probable date. Our 
 authorities do not enable us to fix the date of Plato's life with 
 any certainty, and consequently the dates here given for his 
 travels must be taken as being no better than approximations. 
 
 ix 
 
X 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Plato's intimacy with Socrates dates from his 
 twenty-first year, but his philosophical studies had 
 begun before this, as he had already made acquaint- 
 ance with the Heraclitean system under the guidance 
 of Cratylus. But from the first year of his friend- 
 ship with Socrates, to the day of his master's death, 
 we may be sure that the two were as constantly 
 together as the duties and dangers of those troubled 
 times would allow. Plato indeed seems to have kept 
 aloof from active political life at Athens, partly, it may 
 be supposed, because he could not persuade himself to 
 work under a democratical system which he disliked, 
 partly because he had a weak voice, which must in 
 great measure have disqualified him for public speak- 
 ing in the Pnyx. 
 
 He was present at the trial of Socrates, and did all 
 that he could in support of his friend, but was pre- 
 vented by illness from being with him in the prison 
 when he drank the hemlock. 
 
 After the death of Socrates, Plato withdrew to 
 Megara, where he stayed with Euclides his fellow 
 disciple, and became acquainted with the Megaric 
 system, which was a combination of Socratic philo- 
 sophy with the doctrines known as Eleatic. From 
 Megara he went to Gyrene, a Greek colony in Africa, 
 and from Gyrene he may have visited Egypt. He 
 then — possibly after returning to Athens — travelled 
 in Italy, where he made the acquaintance of the 
 Pythagorean philosophers of Locri and Tarentum, and 
 Sicily, where he became intimate with Dion, brother-in- 
 law of the elder Dionysius. The elder Dionysius was 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 then on the throne (b.c. 388); he is said to have 
 quarrelled with Plato, to have dismssed him in anger, 
 and even to have contrived that he should be sold as 
 a slave by Pollis the Spartan in whose ship he was 
 returning to Greece. The story goes that he was 
 ransomed by Anniceris of Cyrene. 
 
 However this may be, Plato twice again visited 
 Sicily, once in B.C. 366 at the request of Dion, 
 to guide the younger Dionysius, who had succeeded 
 his father, in the government of Syracuse. Though 
 Plato obtained some influence over the prince, the 
 result was not satisfactory ; his friend Dion was 
 banished, and Plato returned to Greece shortly after- 
 wards. Once more he went to the island (B.C. 363), 
 this time at the request of Dionysius, but failing in 
 his endeavours to procure Dion's recall, and having 
 lost the favour of the tyrant, he gave up all idea of 
 influencing him for good, and returned to Athens, 
 where he lived until the time of his death (b.c. 347). 
 
 It was about the year B.C. 387, after his first visit 
 to Sicily, that Plato began to teach philosophy at 
 Athens. He discoursed and lectured first in the grove 
 and gymnasium of Academus on the north-west of 
 Athens, and afterwards in his own house and garden 
 between that place and Colonus. The nature of his 
 teaching can be in some measure inferred from his 
 dialogues, and many of his distinctions and definitions 
 have been preserved by Diogenes Laertius, who wrote 
 lives of the philosophers about the end of the second 
 century A.D. Aristotle {Mdajyh. i. 6) gives an account 
 and criticism of Plato's philosophy, which is of great 
 
xii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 value, but treats of questions beyond the scope of this 
 book. For the Laches is one of the ' Socratic ' dialogues, 
 and Socrates considered questions of moral philosophy 
 without ever attempting to construct a system deal- 
 ing with nature as a whole (^(i}Kpdrov^...7r€pl fiev rot 
 rjOiKa TTpayfiaTevofJievoVy irepl ttJ? oXy]^ (pvcreuys ovSev, 
 Aristotle loc. cit.). 
 
 We have the following anecdote on Aristotle's 
 authority. Once Aristippus, when Plato as he thought 
 had spoken with too much assurance, rebuked him by 
 saying, '*Our friend" (meaning Socrates) *^never talked 
 like that" {Bhet ii. 23, 12). It is also said that his 
 lectures were at times above the comprehension of 
 most of his audience. He must however have made 
 his teaching intelligible to his more select pupils. 
 
 Many eminent men of the time came to learn from 
 Plato, but by far the most famous of his pupils are 
 Aristotle and Demosthenes. The latter, Cicero tells 
 us, was a diligent reader of Plato's works, as well 
 as a hearer of his lectures, and he considers that 
 Demosthenes by this means obtained much of the 
 impressiveness of his style. Aristotle's debt to his 
 master was of a different nature. The style of his 
 extant works is as different as possible from that 
 of the dialogues of Plato, but his great system 
 of philosophy could never have attained half its 
 development without Plato's teaching. 
 
 Plato was not popular at Athens. We have seen 
 that on the death of Socrates he found it advisable to 
 withdraw from his country, and we are told that on 
 one occasion, when Chabrias the general was on his 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xiii 
 
 trial for his life, and Plato was going up with him to 
 the Acropolis to plead for him, Crobylus, the informer, 
 who met them, said to the philosopher, "Have you 
 come as another's advocate, when you know that the 
 hemlock of Socrates is awaiting you ? " Part of this 
 unpopularity no doubt attached to these two men from 
 their being at times confused with the Sophists, and 
 something will be said on this subject in the notes to 
 the Dialogue ; but the restored democracy of Alliens 
 disliked everything not democratic, and neitlicr 
 Socrates nor Plato, though good citizens, approved of 
 the Athenian democracy ; and further, Socrates had 
 taught Alcibiades, Critias, and Charmides, and the 
 two latter were kinsmen of Plato. If we remember 
 the deserved hatred in which those names were held, 
 as well as the dislike so easily earned by clever 
 men who taught sons to be wiser than their fathers, 
 we shall not think it strange that Socrates— who 
 besides made many men his enemies by exposing 
 their ignorance— should have been accused upon a 
 capital charge, or that Plato may have been in danger 
 of the same fate. The condemnation of Socrates, it 
 should be observed, was the direct result of his un- 
 bending and almost defiant attitude toward his judges, 
 and this is distinctly insisted upon by Xenophon. 
 
 Anything like an account of Socrates, m spite of 
 the deeply interesting nature of the subject, would be 
 out of place here. In Xenophon's MemmMa, an 
 easy and fascinating book, the reader will find nearly 
 all that is known about his life, and for his death he 
 should read the end of Plato's Phaedo. The account 
 
xiv 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 there given is no doubt authentic, and there are 
 besides several pieces of information about the events 
 in Socrates' life scattered through Plato's works. But 
 that is all we can say. For though Socrates is the 
 principal speaker in nearly all these dialogues, the 
 thoughts are those of Plato, not those of Socrates. 
 The Socratic manner is, however, more or less faith- 
 fully reproduced, and in some of the earlier dialogues, 
 such as the Charmides, Laches, and Li/sis, there is 
 probably but little departure from Socrates' real 
 teaching. In fact we possibly have here a side of 
 Socrates, which Xenophon has merely hinted at. The 
 Socrates of the earlier Platonic dialogues, if suggestive, 
 is yet mainly critical, destructive, and negative. The 
 Socrates of the Memm^ahilia is critical, but he is con- 
 structive and eminently practical. He would prove 
 to mankind that there can be such a thing as moral 
 and political science, and consequently an art of 
 living and of ruling. Nobody, he said, dreamt of 
 making a shoe or playing a harp without first learning 
 how to do it; and it was absurd that any young 
 gentleman of good birth and manners should con- 
 sider himself — without any training — fit to guide the 
 counsels of his country or command her armies. 
 With an air of gentle deference to their superior 
 wisdom he would put to such aspirants a few 
 apparently innocent questions, their answers to 
 which soon proved to them that they knew nothing 
 of the subjects on which they thought themselves so 
 well qualified to guide others. Many who had been 
 thus exposed left Socrates in disgust and became his 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XV 
 
 bitter enemies, but the better sort would come back 
 to him, and then he was most ready to help them 
 with sound practical advice. Xenophon by no means 
 ignores the fact that Socrates discussed the nature of 
 the moral virtues, but he gives much greater pro- 
 minence to the practical part of his teaching.* 
 
 Before passing to the Laches in particular, a few 
 words should be said about Plato's dialogues in 
 general. It is not unlikely that the earliest of 
 them were published not long after Socrates' death ; 
 but it is not at all probable that any of them were 
 composed, far less published, in his life-time. There 
 is indeed a story told by Diogenes Laertius that Plato 
 not only composed his Lysis while Socrates was 
 living, but actually read it to him, when Socrates 
 remarked, " Good heavens, what a number of lies that 
 young man has been telling about me." ('HpaKAet?, 
 0)9 TToXAa ixov Karexj/evSeO' 6 veav6(7K09. Life of Plato, 
 § 35). But the story is too improbable to be accepted 
 on such authority. There seems, however, to be 
 reason for supposing the Lysis to be the earliest 
 of the dialogues. 
 
 In these works Plato treats of various subjects, but 
 chiefly of those belonging to the sphere of moral, polit- 
 ical, and mental philosophy. The Charmides seeks 
 for a definition of temperance, the Lysis asks, " What 
 is friendship r' the Laches, "What is courage r' the 
 Beptthlic discusses the nature of justice and the per- 
 fection of the individual in society, the Phaedo treats 
 
 * For the account given of courage-the subject of Plato's 
 Laches-hy Socrates in the Memorabilia see Appendix. 
 
xvi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of the immortality of the soul, the Theaetetus of the 
 nature of knowledge, the Meno of virtue, the Sympo- 
 sium of love, the Philehus of pleasure. These are but 
 a few of Plato's dialogues, but they are some of the 
 best known, and for the most part are concerned with 
 a definite subject. Some of the others could not be 
 so shortly described. 
 
 The style of Plato has been described by Aristotle 
 as midway between poetry and prose." This need 
 not refer merely to the language, but probably alludes, 
 in part at least, to the nature of the dialogues them- 
 selves, many of which for their dramatic force may 
 well rank as excellent works of fiction ; and Aristotle 
 would have called fiction poetry. 
 
 The language itself is often poetical, but not more 
 so than we consider allowable for prose. As Greek it 
 is of course beyond praise, though a beginner might 
 sometimes wish the sentences to be a little less long, 
 and the constructions a little more free from collo- 
 quial irregularities. 
 
 The Laches is one of the earlier or Socratic dia 
 logues of Plato ; it is very dramatic. The characters of 
 the dialogue are Ly simachus, son of Aristides the J ust, 
 and Melesias, son of Pericles* rival Thucydides ; their 
 two friends Nicias and Laches, Socrates (who is ap- 
 parently represented as being quite a young man), and 
 two boys, the sons of Lysimachus and Melesias, named 
 respectively Aristides and Thucydides after their 
 grandfathers. 
 
 The scene is a palaestra. Nicias and Laches have 
 been with the two fathers to see a * master of arms,' 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xvii 
 
 named Stesilaus, fighting in heavy armour, and 
 are to give their opinion on the performance. 
 Lysimachus and Melesias want to know whether this 
 exercise would be a suitable accomplishment for their 
 sons, whom they wish to educate as well as possible. 
 Nicias professes his readiness to give advice, but Laches 
 suggests that the opinion of Socrates should be asked, 
 as he is a man who is constantly considering the ques- 
 tion of the education of the young. This makes Lysi- 
 machus think that this Socrates, the son of his old 
 friend Sophroniscus, may be the man whom he has 
 often heard the boys praising. One of them tells 
 him that he is right in his conjecture, and, after a 
 testimony from Laches to Socrates' good conduct in 
 the retreat from Delium, Lysimachus presses Socrates 
 for his opinion on the subject of " fighting in armour." 
 Socrates modestly says that Nicias and Laches ought 
 to speak first, and accordingly they give their opinions, 
 Nicias in favour of the exercise as an useful addition 
 to the art of warfare, Laches against it as an unprofit- 
 able innovation. Lysimachus is sorry to find that 
 they differ, and an appeal is made to Socrates to settle 
 the question by his casting vote. This Socrates will 
 not do, for," he says, the question is not what do 
 the majority think, but is there any among us who 
 really knows about the matter we are considering, and 
 if so, what is his opinion ? The matter we are really 
 considering is what are the requirements of the soul ; 
 and if any of us has scientific knowledge of the treat- 
 ment proper for the soul, his opinion will be valuable ; 
 but to have it he must have studied the subject under 
 
 A 
 
xviii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 good masters ; if not, it is very unlikely that he will 
 have any skill in the matter, and we shall not believe 
 him, if he says that he has such skill, unless he can 
 show us some practical results of it in the shape of the 
 improvement of his fellow-men. I could not afford 
 masters, and I have not been, able to acquire the skill. 
 But let us inquire if Nicias and Laches have it." 
 
 Nicias and Laches agree, but the question is not 
 pursued any further in this form, Socrates suggesting 
 that they shall substitute for the inquiry, " Do we 
 know how to improve the soul 1 " the inquiry, "Do 
 we know the nature of that which is best for the soul, 
 namely, virtue 1 And he further suggests that it 
 will be enough for the present purpose to take one 
 part of virtue, namely, courage, and see if they know 
 what that is. 
 
 Laches thinks the question an easy one, and defines 
 courage thus : "A man who was ready to keep his 
 place in the rank and resist the enemy, and not run 
 away, would be courageous " (190 e). 
 
 Socrates objects that this is at best only a definition 
 of a hoplite's courage, and he explains that he wants 
 a definition of courage in a much wider sense. Ac- 
 cordingly Laches now explains it as " an endurance 
 (or resistance) of the soul." Socrates suggests that 
 such endurance or resistance will be noble onlj^ when 
 combined with prudence or wisdom ; otherwise it 
 will be harmful ; and that as courage is noble, it will 
 be only sensible endurance that can be called courage. 
 Laches agrees (192 D). "Yet," says Socrates, "a 
 man who is resolute in spending sensibly, or resolute 
 
INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 in refusing unsuitable food to an invalid, is not there- 
 fore called brave, nor is a man who resists in war 
 thought more brave when all the advantage is on his 
 side, and he knows it. Nay, when the advantage is 
 on his opponent's side, and he knows it then is he 
 rather called brave for resisting. And in many like 
 instances we find the greatest courage is the resistance 
 which is combined with a want of prudence. Here, 
 then, we have a contradiction, but we must not give 
 up because of the check. So we will ask Nicias to 
 help in the chase." 
 
 Nicias (194 c-d) says that avSpeta had better be de- 
 fined as a sort of wisdom, and suggests that this will 
 be in accordance with Socrates' usual teaching. "What 
 wisdom 1 he is asked. He answers, " The wisdom to 
 understand things to be dreaded and things not to be 
 dreaded, both in war and in all other circumstances." 
 
 Laches objects that we do not call husbandmen 
 brave for knowing about things to be dreaded in 
 agriculture, or doctors brave for knowing about things 
 to be dreaded in disease. 
 
 Nicias answers that doctors, as such^ know only 
 about health and disease. They may know whether 
 their patient will recover or not, but their profes- 
 sional knowledge does not tell them which is most 
 terrible to him, recovery or death. 
 
 " Oh," says Laches, " then your brave man is simply 
 a prophet ? " 
 
 " No," Nicias replies. " A prophet knows merely 
 what will happen, not whether the future will be ter- 
 rible or not." 
 
XX 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Laches calls this shuffling, but Socrates is inclined to 
 think there may be something in what Nicias says, 
 and so proceeds to question him. " You think that 
 no one can be brave without this knowledge ? " 
 
 Nicias assents, and says that beasts and children 
 may be fearless (a<f>of3a), but cannot be brave (dvSpela), 
 
 Laches calls this sophistry ; but Socrates still keeps 
 up his judicial attitude. He proceeds : 
 
 Soc. Nicias, you call * courage ' a part of virtue, I 
 suppose 1 
 
 Nic. Yes. 
 
 Soc. What then are things to be dreaded, and the 
 reverse 1 future evils and goods 1 
 Nic. Yes. 
 
 Soc. Courage, then, is the knowledge or science of 
 good and evil in the future. But can any science be 
 of the future only 1 Must it not be just as much 
 concerned with the present and the past ? 
 
 Nic. It must. 
 
 Soc. Then courage will be the science of good and 
 evil whether past, present, or future, and will there- 
 fore be the whole of virtue, and not a part only. So 
 our definition was wrong after all, and we must go to 
 school with the boys to learn. 
 
 Thus we have no definite answer given to the ques- 
 tion, " What is courage ? " Yet an answer is sug- 
 gested in the conversation, which contains besides 
 many points of interest and instruction. Attention 
 will be called to these in the Notes ; and the reader is 
 referred to the Appendix for further remarks on the 
 subject of the dialogue. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xxi 
 
 The date at which the conversation is supposed to 
 take place must be between the autumn of B.C. 424, 
 when the battle of Delium was fought, and the sum- 
 mer of B.C. 418, when Laches fell in the battle of 
 Mantineia. Socrates was more than seventy {Apology 
 17 d) at the time of his trial (B.C. 399), so that he 
 must have been at least forty-five in B.C. 424. There- 
 fore he could hardly have been a young man at any 
 time when the dialogue could have occurred. Plato, 
 however, aims at plausibility rather than possibility 
 in points of chronology. 
 
THE LANGUAGE OF THE DIALOGUE. 
 
 Special difficulties occur in the interpretation of every 
 author ; those in Plato are due chiefly to his endeavour to 
 represent in his dialogues the characteristics of actual con- 
 versation ; yet from the frequency with which irregularities 
 that we should call colloquial occur in all Greek literature, 
 and from the fact that there was no sharp distinction in Attic 
 Greek between the language of careless talk and that of liter- 
 ary prose, it is impossible to say with certainty that any 
 given peculiarity in Plato is the result of a studied negligence. 
 For an exhaustive treatise on these peculiarities the reader is 
 referred to the 'Digest of Idioms' in Riddell's edition of Plato's 
 Apology ; here it will be sufficient to give a short account of 
 some typical points of interest or difficulty in the language of 
 the Laches. 
 
 I. AS TO THE USE OF WORDS. 
 
 The following words are used in a somewhat unusual 
 sense : — 
 
 TToXXaKis, 'perhaps,' 179b and 194a. 
 X«pts, ' different from,' 195 a. 
 avT^Ka, 'for instance,' 195b. 
 ciruiKwS) * sufficiently,' 200 B. 
 
 II. AS TO THE ORDER OF WORDS. 
 
 Hyperhaton, the figure by which a word is for the sake of 
 emphasis put out of its proper place in a sentence, is found in 
 the following passages : — 
 
 (a) Cbairep <iri toO dLaKpLvovuTOS 8ok€i /ulol deiv t]/juv t) ^ovXtj^ 184 C, 
 
 where ^tl belongs to 8€lu. 
 (/3) ovK ivT€TvxvK(ji)s dvhpl StJXos ^Tt el, 187 E, where 'in. 
 
 belongs to ovk iyreTvxv^^^' 
 (y) TTpbs Tt TovT elwes piX^xj/as ; 195 A, for irpbs ri ^X^xj/as tovt 
 
 elires ; and perhaps in 
 (5) eiddra [l\v otl p07)dr)(T0V<TLV dXXot aura;, wpbs iXdrTovs de Kal 
 (pavXoTepovs yuaxeirai, 193 A, where if fiev is to corre- 
 spond to 5^ it should follow porid'qdovaLv. 
 xxii 
 
THE LANGUAGE OF THE DIALOGUE 
 
 III. AS TO COMBINATIONS OF WORDS. 
 
 A remarkable combination of particles is that of vw 8i 
 jrapused to introduce a clause contradicting a foregoing hypo: 
 thesis that was contrary to fact. See note on 184 d where 
 the expression occurs, and compare 200 e. > ^ic 
 
 Notice also the combination d dpa iroXXdKis, 179 b (where 
 see note) and 194 a. ^ 
 
 IV. as TO IRREGULARITIES OF SYNTAX. 
 
 These result in general either {a) from a wish on the part 
 of the speaker (or writer) to put before the mind of his hearers 
 (or readers) more than the logic of grammar will allow • or 
 (6) from the fact of his thoughts being so concentrated on a 
 particular clause that he forgets its precise relation with the 
 rest of the period. 
 
 The former tendency is shown in (i.) Irregular Anticipa- 
 tion, (11.) Confusion of Clauses, (iii. ) Irregular Recapitulation ; 
 the latter in (iv.) Irregular Apodosis, (v.) Anacoluthon. 
 Instances of these irregularities will now be given in detail :— 
 
 (i.) Irregular Anticipation. 
 
 ela-rjy'rjaaTO ovv TLs ijfuv Koi tovto to (id6ii[Jia, otl KaXov d-q 
 r^J ve(^ fjLade'iv kv oitXols /uLaxeadai, 179 D. 
 Here Kai tovto to fjiddrjfxa anticipates the 6tl clause. This con- 
 struction is, however, little more than an extension of the 
 common figure by which the subject of a dependent sentence 
 is taken out of it and made the subject or object of the 
 principal sentence. (See note on to de cbcfiLajxa ... olov airefir), 
 183 d.) 
 
 oh ovdev dXXo /neXei €v Tip (Blip ^ tovto ^TiTetv Kal eiriTT]- 
 8€V€iv, 0 TL div fxadovTes Kai eTLTrjde^aauTes irXeoveKTolev 
 tCjv 6Xko3v, K.T.\., 182e. 
 
 Here /cat iwLTrjdeijeLP anticipates the relative clause and spoils 
 
 the grammar of the sentence. 
 
 (ii. ) Confusion of Clauses. 
 
 tCvos 6vtos tovtov ^rjTovfiev tovs didaaKCiKovs ; 185 B, 
 which is a combination of tluos ^TjTovfxev tovs 8i8aaKa.\ovs ; 
 and tL ecTTL tovto ov ^TjTovfxev tovs didaaKciXovs ; 
 
 (iii.) Irregular Recapitulation. 
 
 tovto ovv <jov eyuj avTiUomi-^S) Aucrt/xaxf, Kaddwep dpTi Adxris 
 fjij) d(pL€adaL o-e efiov die KeXe veto dXXd epojTav, Kal ky(a vvv 
 irapaKcXevojJiai croi fJii] dcpieadaL Adxwos fnide ^lkLov dW 
 kp(jOTdv, 186 D. 
 
xxiv THE LANGUAGE OF THE DIALOGUE. 
 
 Here Kai eyuj vvv irapaKeXe^ofiai col is inserted to resume the 
 idea of avrideofxaL on account of the intervention of the clause 
 Kaddirep ... epwrdv. 
 
 (iv.) Irregular Apodosis, 
 
 cdv TLS avroLs OT)(iPovX€vo*T]Tai, ovk dv €tiroi€V d pooOaLVf 
 
 178 a. (See note on the passage.) 
 €l Ni/ctas ^ Adxns €{JpT]K6V rj p.€)id6T|K€V, OVK 6lv 6av[id(rai)ii, 
 
 186 c. 
 
 (v.) Anacoluthon, 
 
 eidSres ovu Koi vfuv wets ovras iiyrjadfjLeda fiefieXrjKevaL wepi 
 avTtov ... €L 5' dpa 7ro\Xd/cts fxr] TrpocetrxT^/care tou vovv rip 
 roLovTcp, viroiivrjo-ovTCS 6'rt ov XPV clvtov dfieXelv, Kai irapa- 
 KaXovvT€S vfids €7rl rb eirLfi^XeLdv riva iroL'^aaadai twp vUcop 
 KOLPy fxed' rjfxQp, 179 B. 
 Here there should properly be finite verbs in the place of 
 vTro/uLPTjaoPTes and irapaKaXovPTes. 
 
 Tjp be 7^/\a;s Kai Kporos virb tCjp €K ttjs oX^ddos iiri T€ tw 
 <r\Tj|iaTi avTov, Kat iTreLdrj ^aXopros tlpos Xidcp irapd ro(>s 
 irodas avTou iiri to Kardarpwixa d(pL€raL tov doparos, tot' 
 ^Zr\ Kttl 01 €K Tfjs TpiTjpovs ovK€Ti oIoC t' ^jcav TOV yi\o)ra 
 KaT€X6iv, 184 a. 
 
 Here errL re (rxTy/xart avrov suggests that another dative 
 governed by eiri will follow. Instead of that we have a long 
 clause with quite a different construction. 
 
 dW dpayKOLOP oT/xat TLp ravra XeyoPTi /Jirjdepbs drjpiov dirodi- 
 X^crdaL dpSpeiaPf ?) ^vyx^j^p^^v drjplop tl ovrio ao(f>bp elpai^ 
 ware Sl oXiyoL dpdpuiTru)p 'icraaL . . . ravra XeovTa ^ irdpSaXiv 
 ^ Tiva Kdirpov <|>dvai eidhat, 196 E. 
 Here the insertion of the words Xeopra ...<pdpaL thrusts out the 
 word ^iryxwpetJ' from its legitimate government of eidepai, and 
 their omission would make the sentence quite logical. 
 
HAATfiNOS AAXH2. 
 
TA TOT AIAAOror nPOSfiHA 
 
 AY2IMAX02, MEAH2IA2, NIKIAS, 
 AAXH2, HAIAES AY2IMAX0Y 
 KAI MEAH2I0Y, 2f2KPATH2. 
 
HAATfiNOS AAXH2. 
 
 /. TeOeacrOe fxev rov avSpa iJ.ax6iJ.evov ev ottXo/v, its a 
 & N(/c/a re Ka\ Aax>y9* ov S evcKu ly/xa? eKeXevtruiuLtv 
 crvvOedaracrOaL eydo re kol MeAyycr/af nSe, rore /ntv 
 ovK elirofxeV) vvv (5' epovjmev. rjyovimeOa yap \p}]vai 
 7r/D09 ye Uyua? irapprjcna^ecrQaL. elcri yap Tive<; o'J 
 Toov TOLOVT(cv KarayeXooG'Ly kol edv tz? avrok 
 crviULl3ov\evcr)]TaL, ovk av eliroiev d voovcnv, dWa 
 <jToya^6iJ.tvoL Tov \ auimlSovXevo/j.evov dXXa Xeyovm b 
 Trapd rrjv avroov So^av' v/nd? Se rj/ixek ijywd/neioi 
 KOI LKavovg yvcovai kol yv6vTa<^ dirXio^ dv elireh' d 
 SoK€i vjULiv, ovTOO TTapeXd^Ofxev €7r\ rtjv (tv^PovX)}v 
 nrep\ &v laeXXoiuLev dvaKOivovcrOai. eariv ovv tovto 
 irepl ov irdXai rocavra irpooi^td^o^uL, \ rdoe. 179 a 
 rjjULLV elcTLV vlek ovrou, oSe /mev rovSe, irainrov ex^^v 
 ovojUia, QovKvSlSrjgy €^09 Se av oSe. TraTTTrwov Se Kai 
 OVT09 ovofx exei Tov/uiov irarpog' 'ApiarrelStjv yap 
 avTOV KoXov/ULev. m^v ovv Tovrm SeSoKrai ctti- 
 imeXrjO^vaL otov re jULaXio-Ta, Ka\ m 7ron](Tai oirep 
 Oi TToXXoL, eireiSh p^eipdKia yeyov'ev,^ dvelvai avnm 
 o TL /SovXovrat iroielv, dXXd vvv Srj Kai clpxerrOai 
 aiWwv eiriimeXelaeaL Ka& ocrov olol t \ ecr^tv. B 
 
2 
 
 nAAT12N02 AAXH2. 
 
 179 B elSoreg ovv kol vjulIv vieig ovrag rjyria-aiuieOa /me- 
 jULeXr^Kevai irep\ avTwVj elirep tlctlv oXKol^, ttoj? av 
 OepairevOevTeg yevoLVTO aptcTOL' el S' a pa ttoWclkl^ 
 fjLrj IT poG'e(r\rjKaT€ top vovv to) TOiovTcpy virofjivrjcrov- 
 T69 OTL ov xph OLVTOu oL/uLeXeci/, KOI TrapaKoXovPTeg 
 vjixag eiri to eTri/uLeXeidv Tiva Troir/cracrOaL tcov vlewv 
 ' KOLvri jULeO' rjiuLcop. 
 
 yjjuLh TOUT eSo^ev, c5 NiAc/a re Kai 
 Adx^^f Xph GLKodcraLy kup fi oXlycp imaKpOTepa. 
 (TvcrcTLTOviJLev yap Srj eydo re Kal MeXyjcrlag oSe, 
 
 C Kal rjijuv TO, /uLeipoLKia \ irapacLTel. oirep ovv koll 
 apxo/UL€vo^ eTirov rov Xoyof, irappyiG-LaaoiJLeQa irpog 
 vjULcig. rj/uLoop yap cKarepo^ irepl tov eavrov Trarpo^ 
 TToWa Kal KaXa epya ex^L Xeyeip tt/oo? tov^ peapi- 
 G'KOvg^ Ka\ ocra ev iroXejUicp eipydcraPTO Kai oca ep 
 €Lpyjpr], Sloikovpt€^ tol re tcop avjuLjULaxfJOP Kal tol 
 TrjarSe Trjg TroXewg' ^jmerepa 6 avToop epya ovSerepo^ 
 ex^f- Xeyeip. ravra Si] vTraLcrx^^djULeOd re TOvaSe 
 Kal aLTicojuieOa tov^ irarepa^ rjimwPy otl rj/uidg fxep 
 
 D e'lijop Tpv(t>dv, eireiS^i \ jmeipaKia eyepojmeOa, to, Se 
 TCOP aXXcop TrpdyjuLaTa ewpaTTOP' Kal TolaSe Toig 
 peapiaKOi^ avTa TavTa epSeiKPVjULeOay XeyoPTeg oTiy 
 el jULep djUieXrja-ovG-iP eavTcop Kal /mrj irelcoPTaL rjniiPy 
 ciKXeeig yepr](TOPTaiy el eirijiieXYiCTOPTaLy Tax glp 
 TCOP opo/ULCLTcop d^iOL yePOLPTO a exovcrip. ovtol fxep 
 ovp (pacrl TrelcrecrOai' rj/meig Se Srj tovto (JKOirov^ep, 
 TL dv OVTOL lULaOoPTe^ rj eTriTrjSevcraPTe^ o Ti dpiCTOi 
 
 E yep OLPTO. el(jriyY}(TaTO ovp Tig rj/ulp \ Kal tovto 
 TO juidOfjjuLay OTL KaXov eirj to) peep juLaOeip ep oirXoLg 
 
HAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
 3 
 
 /ndx^o-Oai' KOL €7rr]V€L TOVTOv ov vvv vjmeig eOedcrao-Qe 179 e 
 eiriSeiKVviJievov kut e/ceXeue OedaraaOaL. eSo^e Sr] 
 XprjvcLi avTOv^ re eXOeh eiri Qeav TavSpo^ kol vjma^ 
 G-v/ULTrapaXa^eii/ cljULa jmev (rvvOeaTdg, a/xa Se crv/UL- 
 iSovXovg T€ Koi Koipcopovg, eav ^ouXtjcrOe, irepl rrj^ 
 Tcop vleooi/ eTTf/xeXe/as*. ravr \ €(ttlp a e/SouXo/xeOa I8O A 
 vjULip dpaKOivooaracrOaL rjSr] ovv v/uLerepov fiepog 
 crviJL^ovKeveLv kol irepl tovtov tov jULaOy^/uLaro^, 
 €LTe SoK€i XP^^^^ iJ.avQdv€Lv €LTe fXT], Kai irepi rcov 
 aXXcoVf el tl ex^re eTraLvecraL jmaOrjiuLa peep dvSpi tj 
 €7nTr}SeviJLa, koI irep] rrjg KOLVwvla^ Xeyeiv oiroiov 
 
 TL 7rOl7]G'€T€. 
 
 Ill, NI. 'Eyo) jULev, & Avcrl/ULax^ kol MeX^/cr/a, 
 eiraivw re vijloov Trjv SidvoLai' kol Koipcopeh eroLjuLog, 
 ot/mai Se koi Kdx^Ta rovSe. 
 
 I A A. 'A\r]6t] yap o'lei, 3> NiKia, cog o ye eXeyei b 
 o AvcTLimaxog apri irep\ rod irarpog tov avTOv re 
 Koi TOV MeXrjarlov, irdvv juloi SoKel ev elprjcOaL kol 
 elg eKelvovg kol elg ^juidg koi eig airavTag ocroL to, 
 Tcov iroXecop irpdTTOvaLVy otl avTolg crx^Sop tl 
 TavTa crviuL^alveL a ovTog XeyeL kol irepL iraiSag 
 KOL irep\ ToXXa 'lSlq, oXLyoope'iarOaL Te kol d^eXm 
 SLaTlOea-OcxL. TavTa jmev ovv KaXm Xeyei^y & Au- 
 (TLiuLaxG' OTL <5' rjimdg fxev avux^ovXovg irapaKaXelg 
 eiri Trjv tcov veavlcKoov iraLSelav, ^coKpdTrj Se TOpSe 
 ov I irapaKoXeig, Oavjuid^co, irpwTOv /uev ovTa SrjinoTrjV, q 
 eireLTa evTavQa de\ Tag SLaTpi^dg iroLOv^evov^ oirov 
 TL ecTTL TCOV TOLOVTcov S)v (TV ^rjTeig irep\ Tovg veovg 
 rj jUidOrjiuLa rj eiTLTy^SevjULa KaXov. 
 
4 
 
 nAATf2N02 AAXHS. 
 
 180 C AY. ITco? Xeyeig, & Adxr}9 ; ^WKpdrr]^ yap oSe 
 TLVO^ Tcop tolovt(joi> eirijUieXeLav TreiroLrjTai ; 
 AA. Udi^v iJL€v ovPj & AvcrliuLaX'^' 
 NI. Todro 
 
 Xeipov Actx^TO?* KOL yap avrco jjlol €i^ayxo9 av8pa 
 D irpov^evrjore tm vlel SiSdcrKaXop \ juLOVcriKrj^y 'Aya- 
 OoKXeovg jULaOrjrrjP AdjULCOva^ dpSpoov X'^P^^^'^^'^^^ 
 ov jjiovov rhv jULOvcriK}]v, dXXd Kai ToXXa oirocrov 
 ^ovXei a^Lov crvi/Siarpl^eiv ti]Xlkovtol9 veavr 
 
 (TKOig, 
 
 IV. AY. OvTOi Ti, c3 ^(jOKpaT€<^ Te Ka\ Nt/c/a 
 Ka] Adx^9, ol rjXiKOi eyco en yiy pcocTKOjuLev Tovg 
 V€<jdT€pov<^, are /car' OLKiav rd TroXXd SiaTpl^ovTeg 
 viro Trjg rjXiKLag' dXW el tl Ka\ cv, & irai 2w- 
 (f)povLG'KOVy exeig TwSe tlo cravTOv Srj/uLOTr] dyaOov 
 E crvjUL^ovXeucraiy xph (Tvp-^ovXeveLv. \ SiKaiog S' el' 
 Kal yap TrarpiKog ^jULcv (plXo^ Tvyxdi^ei^ wv' dei 
 yap eyci) Ka\ 6 trog irarrjp eralpo) re Kal (plXco 
 ^jUL€Vy Ka\ irporepov eKelvo^ eTeXevTrjcre irpiv tl 
 ejuLol Stei^exOyjvai. TrepLcpepei Se tl<$ /me Kal jULvrjimrj 
 dpTL T(jovSe XeyovTOOi/' rd ydp jmeipaKia TdSe irpog 
 dXX7]Xov^ OLKOL SiaXeyojULevoi Qapid eTrijULejui/fjPTaL 
 ^coKparov^ kol cnpoSpa eiraivovcnv' ov jmePTOi 
 irdoiroTe avTOvg dvrjpcorrjcra el rov Hco^popla-KOv \ 
 ISl A Xeyoiev' dXX\ <S 7ra?(5e?, Xeyere julol, oS' ecrrl 2a)- 
 Kpdrrj^, Trepi ov eKdcTTore imeimprjcrOe ; 
 
 IIAI. TLdi/v juLev ovPy S) irdrep, ovTog. 
 
 AY. Ei5 ye vrj Tr}v "Hpai/, c3 Sw/c/oare?, on 
 6p6oi9 TOP irarepa, apicTTOV dvSpoov ovra koj. 
 
nAATON02 AAXHS. 5 
 
 aXXw^ Kac^ Srj Kal Sn oiKela ra re era ^^Iv Wcipiei isi 
 Kai <J0L TO. rjjULerepa. 
 
 ^ AA. Kal ^y^v, & Avcrlfiaxe, m acjylecro ye rauSpog' 
 0)9 eyco Kac a'XAoO/ ye adrov eOeacri^^v ov ^jl6vov 
 Tov irarepa aWa Kac rhv \ irarplSa opOoSpra' ev B 
 yap airo Ai^Xlov ^vy^ ^er i/mod iwavexwpei, 
 Kaya> ctol X^yco Srt el ol aXXoc '^OeXov Toiodroi 
 elpai, opeh^ dV rj iroXig ?jv Kal ovk dV IWe 
 
 Tore TOLOVTOV TTTCOJUia. 
 
 AY. ^uiKpareg, OVT09 /mepToi 6 cTraivoi ecrri 
 KaXog, OP crv vvv eiraivei vir avSpwv a^lwv iricrreve- 
 a-Oai Ka\ ek ravra ek a ovtol eiraivova-Lv. ev ovv 
 'IctOl otl eyio ravra aKOvwv x^^P^ on evSoKijULeig. 
 Kat (Tu Se rjyov p.e ev roig y evvovcrrdroig croi etvai. 
 Xp'nv oup Kai TT pore pop \ ye (poirap avrop Trap c 
 ^yua? Kai oiKelov^ ^yeicrOai, wcrirep ro SiKaiop' pvp 
 S ovp airo rrjcrSe rrjg rf/mepagy eireiSr} apeypoopio-ajuLev 
 aXX}]Xovg, fiirj aXXoog iroleiy aXXa (rvPLcrOl re Ka\ 
 ypwpi^e Kal rj^ag Kal rovoSe rovg pewrepovg, oirm 
 dv Siaarco^rjre koi viueig rrjp rj/merepav (piXlap. ravra 
 ^ep OVP Kai (TV TTOirjcreig Kai rjjmeig ce Kai avviq viro- 
 (xprjcTOiJ.ep' irepl Se &p yip^afxeQa ri ^are ; rl SoKei ; 
 ro /ULaOrjjULa roh /meipaKioig eTrirr'jSeiop elpai rj ou, ro 
 [xaQeip €p oirXoig jmax^o-Oai ; 
 
 V. I 'AXXa Kal rovroop Trepi, & Ava-l/uax^, D 
 
 eycoye ire ip aero jmai arv/uL^ovXeveip ap ri Svpco/uai, Kal 
 av a irpoKoXei irapra iroieip. SiKaiorarop fxevroi 
 jjioi SoKei eTpai, e/me pewrepop ovra rcopSe Kal airei- 
 porepop rovroop aKOveiv irporepop rl Xeyovcri koi 
 
6 
 
 nAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
 181 D fnavQaveiv irap avTooi/' eav S' ti aWo irapa to, 
 
 VTTO TOVTOdv Xeyo/uLepay tot rjSr} SiSdcTKeLP Koi irelOeLV 
 KOI cre Kol TOVTOv^, dXX', cS N(/c/a, tI ov \eyei 
 iroTepog v/ulcop ; 
 
 NI. 'AW ovSep KCoXveiy & ^coKpaTe^. SokcI yap 
 
 E ejULol I TOVTO TO juLaOrijuLa T019 peoL^ oxfyeXijULOv ehai 
 €7rl(TTa(r6aL TroWaxH' k^olI yap to jmrj aXXoOi 
 SiaTpl^eiVy ev 0T9 Srj (f)i\ov(nv ol veoi Tag SiaTpi^ag 
 TTOieicrOat, OTav crxoX-h^ aywo-iPy aXX ev tovtm, 
 
 ' €v €X€Ly oOev KOL TO (Tw/uia ^cXtlov 'icrxeLv avdyKr} 
 
 182 A — ovSepog yap tcov yvjULvao-loov ^avXoTepov \ ovS' 
 
 eXoLTTOi) irovov exei — , Ka\ a /ma irpocrr/KeL jULoXicTT 
 eXevOepo) tovto re to yvfivacLOv Ka\ rj tinriKy]' ov 
 yap ayoovog dQXrjTal ecrjuev kgu ev 0I9 yjimv 6 aywv 
 irpoKeiTai, julovol oStol yvjuLvd^ovTai ol ev TOVTOig 
 Toh Trept Tov TToXe/uiOv opydvoig yvjuLva^o/mevoi. 
 eireiTa 6vr]<jeL jmev tl tovto to jULaOrj/ma Kal ev 
 Til /mdxu GLi'Trjy OTav ev Ta^ei Serj fnaxearOaL fueTa 
 TToXXcov aXXwv' jmeyicrTOV jmevTOL avTOv o^eXo?, 
 OTav XvOcocTLv at Ta^eig Ka\ t^Srj tl Serj julovov irpog 
 B JULOVOV 37 SicoKOVTa djuLvvojuLevcp I Tiv] eTrSecOaL rj 
 Ka\ ev (pvyrj eiriTLOe/uLevov aXXov djuLvvacrOaL avTOv' 
 ovT dv viro ye evog ef? 6 tout eTTicTTdiuLevog ovSev 
 dv irdQoLy '[(Toog S' ovSe viro irXei6vcf)v, dXXd TravTaxri 
 dv TavTH irXeoveKTol. ctl Se Kal ek dXXov koXov 
 jjLaQrjiJLaTog eiriOviULLav irapaKaXel to toiovtov' irdg 
 yap dv jULaOcov ev oirXoig jmdx'^o'Oai eTriOvfxweLe Kai 
 tov e^rjg ixaQrjiJLaTog tov irepi Tag Ta^eig, Kal TavTa 
 Xa^cov Kal (pLXoTljuifjOeh ev avTOig eiri irdv dv to 
 
nAATON02 AAXHS. 7 
 
 on ra tovtcop exo^em Kal ^aOy^^ara iravra Ka\ 
 einTyjSev^xaTa iravra Ka\ KaXa Kal iroXXod a^ta 
 avSp\ ^aSeh re Kal eirirrjSedaai, S^v KaOyiyr'^craiT 
 aV TOVTO TO fxdOrj^a. irpocTOwotxev S' avr^ ov 
 o-^iKpav Trpoa-eyjKrjv, on ivavra avSpa eV TroXeVco 
 Kal OappaXewrepop Kal avSpeiorepov dV iroiijcreiev 
 avTOv^ avTod ovk SXlycp avTrj iTricrn/iuL^]. /uij 
 an^dcMfxep Se elirelv, ei Kal rw criuLLKpoTepov 
 SoKel eivai, on Kal evcrxwovecTrepov evravda ov 
 Xph rov avSpa \ eva-Xfj^ovea-repou (jyalveaOai, ov D 
 afxa Kal Seivorepo^ rolg exOpoIg ^avelrai Sia r^v 
 ^evcrxyif^oarvvriv. e^xol jnev ovv, & Ava-l/maxe, wa-Trep 
 Xeyo), SoK€i T€ XP^^^^ SiSd(rK€iv rov^ veai/lcTKOvg 
 ravray Kal Sl' a SokcI eiprjKa' Actx^ro? S\ el n 
 irapa ravra Xeyei, kolv avrog rjSeoog dKOva-aLjULi. 
 
 VI. AA. 'AXX' 
 XeycLP ire pi otovovv juaOij/marog, cog ov xph 
 6dv€Lv' irdvra yap eTrlcrracrOaL dyaOov Sokcl elvai. 
 Kal Srj Kal TO ottXltikov tovtOj I el jULev ecTi julol- e 
 O^^ay oirep (paclv oi SiSdcTKOVTeg, Kal oJov Nf/c/a? 
 Xeyeiy xph glvto jmavOdveiv' el 8' ecTTi p^ev jmrj 
 IxaQrjfiiay aXX' e^aTraTcoo-Lv oi vTrio-XJ^ov/memi, t] 
 /udOrjiua juLev Tvyxdvei ov, jurj jmevTOi irdvv cnrovSalov, 
 TL Kal SeoL dV avTO fmavOdveLv ; Xeyco Se TavTa ire pi 
 avTOv elg TaSe diro^Xe^ag, otl oljuai eyco tovto, 
 el TL rjv, ovk av XeXrjOevai AaKeSai/movlovg, oh ovSev 
 aXXo jUieXei ev Tcp /3lo) rj tovto ^rjTch Kal eiri- 
 TrjSeveiv, o TL av /uaOovTeg Kal \ eTTLTriSevcravTeg 183 A 
 
 B 
 
8 
 
 nAATON02 AAXHS. 
 
 183 A ifKeoveKTolev tcov aXXcov ire pi tov TroXe^toi/. el 
 S eKeiPOvg eXeXyjOei, aXW ov tovtov^ ye Tovg 
 StSacTKciXovg avTOv XeXrjOev avro tovto, oti eKelvoL 
 juLaXicrTa tcov '^XXypcov (jTrovSa^ovcnv eiri roF? 
 TOLOVTOL<$, KOii OTL irap eKelvoig av tlq Ti/uLr]6e]g 
 €L9 TOUTa Kat irapa twv aXXayp irXeio'T av ep- 
 yd^OLTO \pr]iJiaTa, wcirep ye Ka\ TpaycpSlag TroirjTfjg 
 irap ^juLip TLjuirjOel^. TOiyaproL 09 olv o'lrjrai Tpa- 
 ycpSlav KaXw^ iroielvy ovk e^ooQev kvkXo) irepi rrjp 
 B I 'Attlktjp Kara ret? aXXag TroXeig eTTiSeiKViJiuLei/og 
 irepiepx^TaLj aXX' ev6v9 Sevpo (peperai kou tolctS^ 
 eTriSeLKvvG-Lv. eiKorm. Tovg Se ev ottXols' jmaxo- 
 jmevovg eyoo tovtov^ opw Trjv i^ev AaKeSal/uLOva^ 
 )]yovjuLepov^ elvai a^aTov lepov Kai ovSe aKpw 
 iroS\ eTTi^aiuoPTag, kvkXo) Se irepuovTa^ avrrjv 
 KOI iracri /maXXoi' eTTiSeiKwuxepov?, kcxi jUidXicrTa 
 
 ' TOVTOl^ 01 KUP aVTol OJULoXoyiJCTeiai' TToXXov^ (T(j)(i)V 
 
 irpoTepov^ elpai irpog tol tov iroXefjLOv. 
 V, c VII. '^^TreLTa, & Avcrl/uLax^, ov irdvv \ oXlyoig 
 eyo) TOVTCOP irapayeyova ev avTcp to) eyjyo), Kot 
 6 poo oTol elcTLV. e^ecTTL Se koi avroOev rjjuiiv ctkc- 
 "^atrOaL' coo-Trep yap eirlrriSe^ ovSe\<$ ttcottot 
 evSoKijuLO^ yeyovev ev to) iroXejUiO) dvrjp tcov tol 
 oirXiTLKa eTTiTrjSeva-dvTcov. KaiTOL ei? ye ToXXa 
 
 TTOLVTa eK TOVTMV OL OVOJULaCTTOl ylyvOVTai, €K TCOV 
 
 eTTLTrjSeva-dvTCOv cKacTTa' ovtol S\ eoiKe^ irapd 
 T0V9 dXXovg ovTO) crcpoSpa elg tovto SeSvcTV- 
 XnK^acLv. eirei kcu tovtov tov l^TrjcrlXecov, ov v/meig 
 D jui-GT efjLOv ev tocovtw oxXm eOedcraa-Oe \ CTTiSeiK- 
 
HAATONOS AAXH2. 9 
 
 vv^evov Ka\ ra fxeyiXa irepi avroS \iyovTa a 133 d 
 eXeyev, erepwOi eyw KaWiov eOeao-a/x^i/ t?i 
 aXrjOela W9 aXrjOS)^ eiriSeiKvi) fxevov ovx eKovra. 
 irpocr^aXovcTTj^ yap Tn9 vewg e^' T] eire^dreve, 
 Trpog oXKaSa rim, e^axero exm SopvSpliravov, 
 Sia(f)€pop Sr] oirXov are kol avrog toov aXXcou 
 Sia^epwi/. ra ^ev ovv aXXa ovk a^ia Xeyeiv irepi 
 ravSpo^, TO Se (TOfj^LcriJLa to tov Speirdvov tou 
 Trpo? Trj I Xoyxu olov aire^ri. /xaxoyoteVou ydp e 
 avTOv evecrx^TO irov ev tol^ tij^ peo)^ crKtvecri 
 Koi avTeXajieTO. clXkcv ovv 6 Sr^yo-ZXeo)? ^ovXo- 
 [xevo^ airoXvcraLy Kai ovx otog t rjv rj Se mv<? 
 TVjv vavv irap^ei, Tecog jmeu ovv irapeQei ev t?] 
 vrjL avT€x6^€V09 TOV SopuTog. eirel Se S)] irap- 
 rjfieLpeTO rj vavg tvjv vavv Km eireaTra avTov tov 
 SopaTog exdpievov^ rj(j>LeL to Sdpv Slcl Ttjg x^^P^^'^' 
 60)9 UKpov TOV I (TTvpaKog civTeXd^eTO. i]V (5el84A 
 yeXco9 Koi KpOTog viro toov ck Ttjg oXkolSo^ eirl 
 re Tcp (TX^^I^GLTL avTOVy kol eTreiSrj ^aXdvTog Tivog 
 XlOo) irapa Tovg iroSag avTOv cttJ to KaTacTpcofia 
 (KpleTai TOV SopaTog, tot f]Sri kui ol eK Ttjg Tpi- 
 ripovg ovKeTL olol t ricrav tov yiXooTa KaTex^Lv, 
 opoovTeg alcopovaevov eK Trjg oXkclSo^ to SopvSpe- 
 iravov eKeivo. 'la-cog /mev ovv eirj av tl TavTa, wa-rrep 
 ^iKiag Xeyei' oh ovv eyco evTeTvxw^^^ toicxvt 
 
 CLTTa eCTTLV. 
 
 VIII. "'0 ovv KOL e^ I apx?? elTrov, otl e/re B 
 ovTW CTjULiKpdg docpeXem exei fxdOrj^a ov, ehe p-h 
 ov cj>aa\ Koi irpocriroLOvvTaL avTO ehai p.a6}]fxa, 
 
10 nAAT12N0S AAXH^. 
 
 184 B ovK a^LOv eiTLxeLpelv jULavQaveiv. kcu yap ovv jmoi 
 SoKeij el juLev SeiXog Ti^ ololto avTOV eTrlcTTacrOaL, 
 Opacrvrepog av Sl avro yevojmevog eirLcfyavecrTepog 
 yevoLTO oio9 rjv' ei Se avSpelog, (pvXarTO/uLevog dv 
 VTTO Tcov avOpooirooVj el kcu (TjuLiKpov e^ajmapTOi, 
 jmeyaXag dV SLa/3o\ag 'Icr^eiv' €7rL(/>6opog yo,p rj 
 C TrpOG-TTolrjcrig Trjg TOiaiJTrjg \ eTrKTTyiiuirjg, &(jt el 
 fjLYj TL OaujULaarTov ocrov Sia(pepeL Trj a pern tcov 
 aWwi/, OVK ecrff oircog av Tig (pvyoi to mrayeXa- 
 (TTO? yevearOaiy (jyacTKCov e^eiv TavTrjv Trjv eTTKTTTJiULrjv. 
 TOLavTrj T19 ejuLOiye SoKei, co AvcrljUiax^, h 'Trepi 
 TOVTO TO juLaOrjima elvai cnrovSri' xph ^' oirep ctol 
 e^ apx^9 eXeyoVy Kal HooKpaTrj TOvSe jmrj acpievaiy 
 aXXa SeicrOaL crvjuL^ovXeveiv OTrrj SoKei avTcp irep\ 
 Tov TrpoKei/uievov. 
 
 AY. 'AXXa Seojmai eycoye, w Sco/c/Qare?' Kal yap 
 D cocTirep €TL TOV SiaKpivovvTog SoKei I jULOi Seiv ^jmiv 
 rj /3ov\r]. el jmev yap crvve^epecrOrjv TooSe, 7}ttov 
 dv tov TOiovTOv eSei' vvv Se Trjv evavTiav ydpy 
 W9 o/oa?, Kdyjig ^iklcl eOeTO' ev Si] e\eL aKovo-ai 
 Kal <TOv, TTOTepu) TOLV cLvSpoiv (TviUL\l/'r](pog ei 
 
 IX. 2f2. T/ Sal, & Avcrl/maxe ; oiroTep dv ol 
 ifKelovg eiraivMcnv rjjjLWVy TOVTOig juLeXXeig XP^^^^'- ? 
 
 AY. T/ yap dv Tig KOI iroioi, & Sci/c/oare? ; 
 
 '^H KCU (TVy & M.eXr}criay ovTcog dv iroioig ; 
 E /cdV el Tig irepl dywvlag tov \ vleog croi ^ovXij e'lrj 
 Ti xph dcTKeiVy dpa TOig irXelocriv dv rj/LLwv irelOoio, 
 t] \elvcp ocTTig Tvyxdvei viro iraiSoTplj^ii dyaQcp 
 ireiraiSevixevog Ka\ i^crKriKdog ; 
 
nAATON02 AAXH2. H 
 ME. 'EKeww eiVo? ye, S Sc^/cprxre?. „ 
 
 yO A ' " " ' * ^ ' 184 E 
 
 ^2.U.Avr<p ap av fxaXkov ^elOoio t, rhrapan, 
 
 OV<TLV rjjULCV; 
 ME. ^I(7C09. 
 
 ov irXyiOeL, to ^eXXov KaXwg KpLewecrdai. 
 ME. TLoog yap ov ; 
 
 2f2. OiJ/co?!/ Kai vdv xph TrpwTOv avTo rovro 
 (TKexfrao-eai, ei 'e'en T19 w^v rexvLKo^ irepl o5 
 I ^ovXevo^eOa, o& Km el ^ev kartu, e™i85A 
 Treieea-eaL epl ovti, rovg S' aXXou^ eaV e! Se 
 aXXov Tim ^rjTelv. tj irep\ o-jUiiKpod oteo-Oe 
 vvv\ KLvSvveveiv Km crv Km Avcrl^axo^, aXX ov 
 irep\ TOVTOv tov KT^fxaTog o tcov vjueTepwp jueyi- 
 (TTOv OV Tvyxavei ; vUcov yap ttov rj xp^o-twv tj 
 TavavTia yevofxevoyv kol irag 6 o?ko9 6 tov iraTpog 
 ovTm OLKYicreTm, oitolol av Tiveg oi iratSeg yevcovTui. 
 
 ME. ^AXtjOrj Xeyeig. 
 
 2f2. UoXXrjv apa Set TrpojULT^Oeiav avTOv ex^iv. 
 
 ME. mdvv ye. 
 
 Urn I ovv, o eyco apTi eXeyov, eo-KOTrov/uiev B 
 av, el e^ovXojUieOa crKe\[raG-9m tl9 ^/ulcov irepl aycovlav 
 TexviKooTaTog ; ap ovx o /uaOcov kol eTTiTrjSeva-ag, 
 S> Kcu SiSacTKaXoL ayaOol yeyovoTeg rja-av avTov 
 
 TOVTOV ; 
 
 ME. ^'EyUOfye SoKel. 
 
 2f2. OvKOVV €Tl TTpOTepOV, TLVOg OVTOg TOVTOV OV 
 
 ^rjTOv/ULev Tovg SiSacrKaXovg ; 
 ME. Ucog Xeyeig ; 
 
12 
 
 nAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
 185 B X. 2f2. ' QiSe '1(7009 /xaXXoi/ KaTaSrfKov ecTTai. 
 
 OV IU.OL S0K€L €^ Cipxd'^ ^1^^^ CO/ULoXoyrjcrOaL, TL iroT 
 
 eoTTL irepi ov ^ovXevojueOa koi cKeTrTO/uieOa, odTig 
 C rjiuLcoi/ TeyvLKog koi tovtov eveKa SiSacTKoXov^ \ ck- 
 TYjcraTO, Koi octl^ [jlyj. 
 
 NI. Ov yap, & UdoKpare^, ir€p\ tov ev oifKoi^ 
 juidx'^fydat orKOTTOvjuLePy €lt€ xprj avro tov^ i/eavl&KOvg 
 fJiavQaveiv eiTe jmrj ; 
 
 Ilai^i; iJiev ovPy c5 Nifc/a. a\X orav irepi 
 (fyapiuLCLKOv tov tt/oo? d00aX/xot'9 (TKoirrjTaij e'/re 
 Xph GL^TO viraXeLcjyecrOaL eiTe /ult], irorepov olei t6t€ 
 eivai Trjv ^ovXrjv Trepl tov (pap/maKOv rj irepl tS)v 
 6(l)6aX/ULa)P ; 
 
 NI. Tlepi t(jov 6(l)6a\/uLO)v. 
 D 2f2. OvKOvv Koi oTav 'liriTcp \ xaXivov crKOirrjTal 
 TL9 el irpocroL(JTeov t] fxiu K^ai ottotc, t6t€ ttov irep\ 
 TOV 'lttttov ^ovXeveTai aXX ov ir€p\ tov xoXlvov ] 
 
 NI. 'AXnO?,, 
 
 2Q. OvKOVV €VL X6y(f, OTav TL9 TL eVe/CCt TOV 
 
 CKOTTr], irepl eKelvov rj ^ovXrj Tvyxavei ovora ov 
 eveKa ecrKoirei, aXX' ov irep\ tov o eveKa aXXov 
 
 €^}]TeL. 
 
 NI. 'AvdyKr}. 
 
 Aei a pa Ka\ tov q-v/ul^ovXov CTKOirelvy apa 
 Tcx^^f^dg ecTTLv eU eKelvov Qepairelav ov eveKa 
 orKOirovjuLevoL cKOTrovjuLev. 
 
 NI. Ilai^u ye. 
 
 E 2f2. OvKOvv vvv (fyafjiev \ irepi iJLaQr}iJLaT09 (TKOirelv 
 Trj9 yjrvx^'^ eveKa r^? tcov veavlaKOOv. 
 
nAATfiN02 AAXH2. 13 
 
 irelav kol olog re KoXwg tovto Oepairevcrai, kol otm 
 SiSacrKaXot ayaOol yey6va(Ji, tovto cTKeirTeov. 
 
 AA. T/ ^e, CO Sco/cpare?; ovitm eco/oa/ca? avev 
 SiSaarKoXwv Texi^LKooTepovg yey ovoTa^ elg evia rj 
 jULCTa SiSacKaXoop ; 
 
 "Eycoye, cS Aax^9* 0T9 ye crv ovk av eOeXot^ 
 TncTTevcrai, el (paiev ay aOol etvat SrjiuLLOvpyoL, el /ulyi 
 TL (TOi Trj^ avTcov Tcx^m epyov exoiev einSei^aL ev 
 eipyaar/uiemvy \ kcu ev koi TrAe/co. 186 A 
 
 AA. Tovto jmei/ akriQrj Xeyeig. 
 
 XI. 2f2. KaJ /y/xa? apa Sei, & Adx^9 Te koi 
 Nf/c/cc, eireiSf] AvcrljULaxo^ kcu MeAjycr/a? crvjUL- 
 l3ov\r}v TrapeKoXea-aTrjv /y/xa? irepl tolv vleoLV^ 
 TrpoOvjuLOv/mevoL avTolv 6 tl aplcTTag yevedOai ra? 
 V^f^ct?, el iJLev (pap-ev exeiVy eiriSel^ai avT0i9 Ka). 
 SiSacTKoXov^ o^LTLveg rj/uLcov yeyovacTLv, o^ avTol 
 irpcoTOL ayaOol oi^re? Ka] iroWcov veoov TeOepa- 
 irevKOTeg yp^vxci^ eireiTa Kal rjpa^ SiSa^avTeg (palmv- 
 TaC I f] el TL<^ rjpwv avTwv eavTO) SiSdo-KaXov pev B 
 ov (prja-L yeyovevai, aXX! ovv epya avTO^ avTOv 
 exei eiireiVy Ka] eiriSei^aL Tiveg 'KQyivalwv rj twv 
 ^evwv, rj SovXoL rj eXevOepoh eKelvov opoXoyov- 
 pevm dyaOo] yeyovacriV el Se prjSev rjplv tovtwv 
 virdpxei, aXXovg KcXeveiv ^rjTeiv Kal prj ev eTalpwv 
 dvSpwv vlecTL KLvSvveveiv Sia(p6eLpovTa<^ Trjv peyLcrTrjv 
 ahlav exeti' y^ro twv olKCLOTaToov. eyw pev ovv, 
 & AvG-lpaxe Te Kal MeXrjcrla, TrpcoTO^ ire pi epavTOv 
 
14 
 
 HAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
 186 C Xeyco OTL I SlSglg-koXo^ julol ov yeyove tovtov ire pi. 
 
 KalroL eTriOvjULco ye rov Tr/oay/xaro? e/c veov ap^a- 
 fievog. aXXa T019 fiev o-ocpLorTaig ovk ex^ TeXelv 
 juktOov^, OLirep julovol eirrjyyeWovTO jme otol t 
 elvai TTOLrjaai koXop re KayaQov' avTog S\ av 
 evpelv Trjv Texvr}V aSvvaTW en vvvi el Se Nf/c/a? 
 37 Adx^9 euprjKev rj /uLe/uidOrjKePy ovk dp OavjuLdcraiiuLL' 
 Koi yap XPVI^^^^^ e/uov SwardoTepoL, &(JTe jmaOeiv 
 Trap dWcop, Kai ajua 7r pea /Sure poLy cocTe t^Srj evprj- 
 Kepai. SoKovoTL Srj julol SvvaTo\ elvai TraiSevcraL 
 
 D I dvOpwirov' ov yap dv irore dSew^ aTrecpalvoPTO 
 7rep\ €7riTt]SeviuLdTCt)P veao XPW^^^ '^^ '^ctJ Troprjpcop, 
 el jULr] avTOig eirlo-Tevov iKapoog elSevau ra fjiev ovv 
 dXKa eycoye TOVTO19 TrLcrTevco' on Se SiacpepecOop 
 dXXriXoLPy eOavjuLacra. tovto ovv crov eyco dpTiSe- 
 ojuiai, & AvcTLjuLax^, KaOdirep dpn Adx^9 fJ-h 
 d(pLecr6a[ ere ejmov SieKeXevero dXXd epoordpy Ka] 
 eyco vvv irapaKeXevojmal aoi /mrj cKpleorOai Adx^Tog 
 juLfjSe ^iKioVy dXX epoordp, XeyovTa otl '0 [xev 
 
 E HcoKpdTrjg I ov (prjcTLP eirdLeiv irep\ tov irpdyjUiaTog, 
 ovS^ Uapog elvai SiaKplvai oirorepog v/ulcoi/ dXrjOrj 
 Xeyei' ovre yap evpeTr}^ ovTe jmaOrjrrjg ovSepog irepl 
 Toov TOLovToov yeyovevaC av S\ & Adx^^ '^ct^ N(/c/a, 
 elirerov rj/mip eKdrepog, tlvl Sf] SeiPOTdrcp avyyeyo- 
 vaTOv irepl r^? twi/ veoov Tpo^yj(^, Kal iroTepa 
 IxaQovTe irapd tov eirlcTTacrQov rj avToo e^evpoPTCy 
 Kal e't /mev jULaOoprey r/? o SiSdcKaXo^ eKarepw Kal 
 
 187 A TLPeg dXXoL I ofjLOTexvoi avrok, iV, dp firj vfiip 
 
 crxoXr] rj viro toop Trjg iroXecog irpayfiaTMP, eir 
 
nAAT12N0^ AAXH2. 
 
 15 
 
 a^cjyoTepa eirLfxeXyiQvjvaL kol toov rj/uLerepoop kol toov 
 vfX€T6pcjoi^ iralSooVy oiroog /mt] KaTaLcxui^oocrL tov^ 
 avToou Trpoyopov^ (j)av\oL yevoimevoL' el avTo\ 
 evperal yey opore tov tolovtov, Sore TrapdSeLyjUia, 
 TLVoov j^Srj aXXcop eiri/uLeXyjOevreg €k (pavXwv KaXovg 
 T€ KayaOov^ €7roir/craTe. €l yap vvv irpwTOv ap^e- 
 <jQe [ iraiSeveLVy o-KOirelv xprj jur} ovk ev tm Ka/oi B 
 v/uiLp 6 KLvSvpo^ KLvSvvevriTaLj dXX ev tol^ vlecrL re 
 KOL ev T019 Toov (plXwv iraLcrl, Kal arrexvo^f^ to Xeyo- 
 jULevov KaTa Trjv TrapoLjuilav vjmlv crvjUL^alvUf ev irlOcp rj 
 Ke pa/me la yiyvo^Jvr]. Xeyere ovv, tl tovtcov rj (paTe 
 vjULLV virdpxeLV re Kal irpocrrjKeLVy 5y ov (pare. Tai/r, 
 & AvcrliuLaxG, Trap' avTOov irvvQavov re Ka\ jur] jmeOlet 
 Tovg avSpa^. 
 
 XII, AY. KaXw? liiev e/LLOiye SoKei, & avSpeg, 
 llcoKpoLTrjg XeyeLv' el Se ^ovXojuievocg vjullv €(ttI \ ire pi C 
 Tciov TOLOVTcov epcoTadOal Te Kal SiSovai XoyoVy 
 avT0V9 Sr] xph yt-yi^oocTKeLVj & Nf/c/a re Kal Act^^?. 
 ejuLOi juev yap Kal ^leXrjcTLa TwSe SrjXov otl rjSojmevoLg 
 av e'lrjy el iravTa, a llcoKpuTrjg epcoTcXy eOeXoLTe 
 Xoyo) Sie^ievaL' Kal yap e^ cipx^9 ivrevOev rjpX'^M^ 
 Xeycov, OTL elg G-viJ.^ovXrjv Sid TavTa vjuidg irapaKaXe- 
 caL/meVy otl jmeiuLeXfjKevaL vjulv rjyov/uieOaj cog ef/co?, 
 irepl Ttiov TOLOVTWVy Kal aXXm Kal eTreLSrj ol iralSe^ 
 vjuLiv oXlyoVy cocTTrep ol rumeTepoi, rjXiKlav \ exovcTL D 
 iraLSeveo-Oai. el ovv vjullv jmr] tl Siacpepei, eiVare 
 Kal KOLv?] yuera Sw/c/oarof 9 (7/ce\^ao-0e, SiSovTeg Te koI 
 SexdjmevoL Xoyov irap dXXyfXwv' ev yap Kai tovto 
 
16 
 
 HAATfiNOS AAXHZ 
 
 187 D Xeye£ oSe, on ire pi tov /ULeylcTTOV vvv ^ovXevojULeOa 
 
 Tcov rjfxeTepcop. oXX 6 pare el SoKet XP^^^^^ ovrco 
 iroLeiv. 
 
 NI \l AvcrljULaxGy SoKeig julol cog aXrjOwg Sw/cpctTJy 
 iraTpoOev yLyvoocrKeLV ijlovov, avTw ov crvyyeyo- 
 E vevaL aXX' rj iraLSl ovriy el irov ev \ Toh Sfj/uLOTaL^ 
 jUL€Ta TOV iraTpog clkoXovOcop eTrXriarlacre croi t] ev 
 lepcp r] ev aW(p tm crvWoycp tcov SrjjULOTcov' e'TreiSri 
 Se irpecr^vTepog yeyoveVy ovk ePTeTVX^fccog T(p 
 apSpt SrjXog eTL eZ 
 
 AY. T/ juaXio-Ta, & Nf/c/a ; 
 
 XIIL NI. JULOL SoKeig elSevai otl b? av 
 eyyvrara ^coKpoLTOvg fj Xoyw wcrirep yevei kol 
 TrXrjcTLd^U SiaXeyo/uLevog, avayKri avTcp, eav a pa kol 
 ire pi aXXov tov irpoTepov ap^rjTai SiaXeyecrOai, jmrj 
 iravecrOai viro tovtov irepiayojuevov tco Xoyw, irp\v 
 av ejULirecrrj eig to SiSovai irepi avTOv XoyoVy ovTLva 
 
 188 A Tpoirov vvv Te ^rj Kal ovTiva tov \ irapeXrjXvOoTa 
 
 /3lov /SelSlwKev' eireiSuv 6' ejuiirecrr], otl ov irpoTepov 
 avTOv acpYjcreL ^coKpaTrji^, irp\v av ^acavlcrr] TavTa 
 ev Te Ka\ KaXwg diravTa, eyco Se crvvrjOrjg Te eljuLt 
 TcpSe Ka] olS^ OTL avdyKrj viro tovtov irdcxeLV 
 TavTa, KaL eTL ye avTog otl irelaoiuLaL TavTa ev 
 olSa' x^^P^ 'Y(ipy ^ AvcTLjuLax'^, tw dvSpl irXyjcrLd^wv, 
 KaL ovSev oI/maL KaKOv elvaL to virojULL/uLVT^o-KecrOaL o tl 
 B KaXwg rj ireiroD'iKajuiev | rj iroLOVjuLev, dXX elg tov 
 eireLTa ^lov irpojuajOecrTepov avdyKrj elvaL tov TavTa 
 jULf] ^evyovTay aXX' eOeXovTa KaTci to tov ^oXcovog 
 KOii a^LOvvTa jmavOdveLv ecoorirep av ^rj, Kal juLfj 
 
HAATONOS AAXH2. 17 
 
 oio^evov avTw^ to ^ y^pa^ vovv exov irpocriemi. m 
 6/xo£ ovv ovSev arj0€^ ovS' av arjSk viro looKpi- 
 TOff /3aaravL^€cr0ai, aXXa koi Trakai axeSov ri 
 rjinnrTa^iriv on ov wepl rwv /meipaKioov tj/ULiv 6 Xoyo? 
 ea-OLTO ^WKpdrovg TrapoVro?, aXXa irep] Ijjulwv 
 avTwv. oirep ovv \eyoo, \ to jmev e/mov ovSev kooXvcl c 
 HwKpaTel cvvSiaTpl^eLV ottco? ovto^ ^ovXeTm' 
 Adxnra Se TOvSe opa oircog exet irep] tov tolovtov. 
 
 XIV. A A. 'AirXovv TO y e/xoV, & N^/c/a, Trepi 
 Xoya^p eo-TLv' el Se ^ovXei, ovx dirXovVy dXXa 
 SlttXovv, Kot yap dV So^aijuLL tco (piXoXoyoq elvai 
 Kcu av juLLG'oXoyog. oTav /mev yap olkovoo dvSpog 
 irepl dpeTy]9 SiaXeyo/mevov rj irepl tlvo^ cro^/a? (5)9 
 dXr}Qod^ 61/T09 dvSpo9 Kal d^lov tcov Xoycov &v Xeyei, 
 XGi'ipo) virepipvcog, OeoojULem^ a/ma \ top te XeyovTa D 
 Ka\ TO. XeyojULeva otl irpeirovTa dXXrjXoig Ka\ 
 dpfjiOTTOVTa eo'TL Ka] ko/ullS}] /ulol SoKel jmovcriKog 
 6 TOLOVTOV eJvai, dpfJLOvlav KaXXlcrTrjv fjpfMOG-p.ei/09 
 ov Xvpav ovSe TraLSidg opyava^ aXXa tw ovtl ^rjv 
 y]pluL0G-/uiei/09 [ov] auro? avTOv tov ^lov crv^cpcovov 
 TOig Xoyoig irpog to, epya, aTexvoo^ So)pia-Ti aXX 
 ovK laa-TL, OLOjuiaL Se ovSe (ppvyicrTi ovSe XvSktti, 
 dXX rjirep piovrj 'EXXi/R/c?/ ecTLV dp^ovla. 6 fxev 
 ovv TOLOVT09 x^^P^^^ 1^^ iroiel (pOeyyo^evog Kat 
 SoKetv I oTMOvv (piXoXoyov etvaC oi/rco ccpoSpa E 
 CLTroSexojULaL Trap avTOV to, Xeyofxeva' o Se ra- 
 vavTia TOVTOV irpaTTCov Xviret /xe, oVw av SoKrj 
 a /me LVOV Xeyeiv, tocovto) jutaXXov, Kai iroiel av 
 SoKeiv elvai juLoroXoyov, ^coKpaTOvg S' eyo) to)v 
 
18 nAATflN02 AAXH2. 
 
 188 E iuL€i/ \oyo)i/ ovK €/uL7r€Lp6g elfJLL, oXXa TrporepoVj m 
 
 eoLKe, tS>p epycov eTreipaOrjv, Koi €K€l avTOv evpov 
 
 189 A a^LOv ovTa Xoycoi/ koXcov koi Trdcrrj^ \ Trapprja-lag. 
 
 el ovv Kcu TOVTO €\eiy crv/uL^oiiXoiuLaL TavSpi, kol 
 ijSicrT dV e^eTa^OLjiirjv viro tov tolovtov, kol ovk 
 dV axOoLjULrjp juLavOdvcop, dWa koi eyco no HoXcovij ev 
 jjLOVov irpocrXa^coVj ^fy^wpco' yrjpdcrKcov yap woXXd 
 SiSdcKecrOai eOeXco vtto xprjcTTOdv /ulovov. tovto ydp 
 /ULOL (TvyxodpeLTCO^ dyaOov kol avTov elvai tov SiSd- 
 (TKoXoVy iVa pLYj Svcriuia6rj9 (palvcojuLaL df]Soo^ /mapOdvcov. 
 el Se v€(jOT€po9 o SiSdcrKoov eo-Tm rj /xi/ttco ev So^n wv 
 
 B ^ dXXo TOOP TOLOVTWP \ €X(JOV, OvSeV fJLOL JULcXeL. CTOL 
 
 ovv, & XcoKpaTeg, eyco eir ay yeXXop-aL kcu SiSdcTKeiv 
 Ka\ eXeyx^iv ^ '^'^ dp ^ovXrjy Kal /mapOdpeip ye 
 o TL av eyoT olSa' ovtco <tv irap ejjLOL SidKeicraL dir 
 eKeiprjg Trjg rjjuiepa^, rj jULer e/mov (jvpSieKLpSvpevcra^ koI 
 eScoKag cravTOv ireipap dperrj^y rjp xph SiSopai top 
 jueXXoPTa SiKaicog Soocreip. Xey ovp o tl coi (plXop^ 
 jmrjSep Trjp ^jueTepap rjXiKiap viroXoyop irOLOVjUiepo^. 
 
 ra vjULeTepa, cog eoiKep, \ aiTiacro- 
 jiieda jULrj ovx eTOLjma elpai Kai av/UL^ovXeveLP Kai 
 
 (TVCTKOireLP. 
 
 AY. 'AAA' rjlueTepop Srj epyoPy do ^ooKpaTeg' epa 
 ydp ere eyooye rjjuLcop TlOrjjuLL crKOirei ovp dpT ejuLOv 
 vTrep Tcop peaPLCTKiiop o tl Seo/meOa irapd TcopSe 
 irvpQdvecrQai, kol crv/ui/SovXeve SiaXeyojuepog TOVTOig* 
 eyoo jmep ydp Ka\ eTriXapOdpo/aaL rjSrj ra iroXXd Sid 
 Trjp rjXLKLap &p dp SiaporjOco epecrOai koi av d dp 
 aKOvcoo' edp Se jmeTa^v dXXoi Xoyoi yepcoPTai, ov 
 
Kai 
 
 nAATftNOS AAXH2. 19 
 
 iravv ^S„ac. vf^d, olv \iyere Kat St^^cre -rrpo, m 
 v/xa, \ avTOv,7repl&,-^poddefjLeea- iy!, S' ^Kovaof^u d 
 Kjxi aKovcra. av ^era Me\,,arlov rodSe ^oajaw tovto 
 
 O TL av Kai VJULIP SoKYj. 
 
 UetcTTiov, S> ^iKla re Kai Acix>i9, Avcrt^dxce 
 ■t MeXrj^ca. d ^'ev oZv vvv eirexeipiwa^ev 
 (TKOireiv, TLveg oi SiSdcTKaXoL ^fxlv r^g Totavrn^ 
 TratSelag yeyovacrip tj rlvag dXKovg ^ekrlovg 
 7r€7roi7]Ka^€v, 'la-Mg /xei/ oh KaKwg exei e^erd^eiv Ka\ 
 Ta TOiaura \ /J/xS? avrovg' a\X oljuai, Kai ^ roulSe e 
 (rK€\lrL9 elg ravrov (fyepei, axeSov Se ri Kai /udWov 
 ^PX^^ (^v- €l yap TvyxdvojULev eTrio-rdjuevcH 
 OTOVOVV irepL, on irapayevo^evov /SeXnov iroiel 
 €Keivo & irapeyivero, Kai Trpocren olol re ea-juev 
 avro TTOiCLv irapaylyvecrOaL eKelvcp, SrjXov on avro 
 ye 'lo-^ev tovto, ov irepi o-vju^ovXoL dv yevoljuieOa 
 o)? av ng avTo pacrra Kai dpLCTT dv KT/jaaLTo. 
 f(TW9 ovv ov fnavQavere julov o n Xeyw, dXX wSe 
 paov ^aOr/cecrOe. el rvyxdvojuiev eTrLo-rdjUievoL on 
 o\fy^i9 irapayevo^evrj \ 6(p9aXjuL0L9 ^eXrlovg iroLel 190 a 
 eK€Lvovg oh irapeyevero, Kai irpoarerL olol re ecrjuiev 
 iroielv avrrjv irapaylyvecrOaL ojUijuiacTL, StjXov on 
 o\fyiv ye 'la-juiev avrrjv o rl iror ecrrLV, ^9 irepL 
 avjuL^ovXoi dv yevoLjjLeQa wg dv rLg avrrjv pacrra 
 Kai dpLcra KryjcraLro. el yap jurjS' avro rovro 
 eLoeLrjjuiev o rL iror ecrnv o\fri9 rj o n ecrrLv aKOij, 
 (TXoXu dv (jvjUiBovXoL ye d^LOL Xoyov yevoljueOa 
 Kai larpol rj irepl o^OaXjuoov rj irepl wroov, ovnva 
 rpoirov cLKOrjv rj o\I/'lv \ KdXXLcrr dv Kryjcrairo r^?. B 
 
 c 
 
20 nAATI2N02 AAXHZ 
 
 190 B A A. 'A\i]6rj Xeyeigy cb llcoKpareg. 
 
 XVI. 2fl. OvKOvv, (h Adx^9, KOI vvv ^/ma^ TcoSe 
 irapaKoXeLTOv eh crvfjL^ovXrjv, tlv av Tpoirov T0I9 
 viecTLv avToov aperrj Trapayevojuevrj Taig xf/'vxoih 
 ajuLelvovg iroirjcreLev ; 
 
 AA. TLavv ye. 
 
 212. ^Kp ovv TOVTO y virapyeiv Seiy to elSevai o 
 TL iroT ecTTLV apeTYj ; el yap irov /mrjS^ aperrjp 
 elSeljuieu to irapairav o tl iroTe Tvy\aveL ov, tlv 
 dv Tpoirov TOvTOv (Tviul{3ovXol yevoljULeOa OTCpovv, 
 C I OTTW? dV avTO KaWicTTa KTricraiTO ; 
 
 AA. OvSemy e/uLOiye SoKei, (h Sco/cpare?. 
 
 2f}. ^ajmev apa, w Adxrj^, elSevai avTO o tl ecrTLV. 
 
 AA. $ayuei/ fjLevTOL. 
 
 2f2. OvKOvv o ye 'IcrjuLev, kolv eLiroLfJiev S/jirov tl 
 
 eCTTLV. 
 
 AA. ITo)? yap ov ; 
 
 2f2. Mt; tolvvv, S> apiCTTey irep\ o\r]g dpeTrjg 
 evOewg (TKOTrwjuieOa — ifKeov yap 'lctci)^ epyov — dWd 
 jmepovg TLi/09 irepL irpooTOV 'iScojiiep, el LKavm e^ojiiev 
 D Trpo? TO elSepai' Kal ^jullv, to etVo?, | pacop 
 ri orKe\f/'L9 ecTTaL. 
 
 AA. 'AXX' ovTw iroLco/mei/y & llcloKpaTeg, wg crv 
 ^ovXei. 
 
 T/ ovp dV TrpoeXoLjuLeOa tcop t^9 dpeT^jg 
 jmepcov ; ay ^^Xov St] otl tovto elg o TelveLV SoKel 
 rj ev Toh oVXof? iULd6r]<TL9 ; SoKel Se irov Tolg 
 TToWoh elg dvSpelav. ^ yap ; 
 AA. KaJ /JLoXa ovTco Sokci. 
 
nAAT£2N02 AAXH2. 21 
 
 2fi. ToOto Tolvvv TTpwrov imxeipwwfxev, 5 m 
 Aaxvi, enrelv, avSpela rl ttot i(rrlv 'iireira /xera 
 TOVTO a-K€xlr6fie6a kui Stw aV rpovw rok veavlaKOi^ 
 I -TrapayivoiTO, Kaff Sa-ov oFoV re ii eTnrtjSevfjidTwv e 
 T6 KOI /j.a0r]fidTwv vapayevia-dai. dXXu -Keipm 
 eiireiv o Xeycc, rl iaTiv avSpela. 
 
 XVII. AA. OJ Ma Tov Ala, S, Impure?, ov 
 XaXeirw enrelv' el yip t<? eOeXot ev rd^ei 
 fxevwv d^vveaQai rovs -TroXefxlov? ku) fx^i (j^evyoi ev 
 'la-Oi OTL avSpeiog dV e'lrj. 
 
 2f2. E5 /xei/ \eyei9, & Adxm' aXX '/ctw? eyw 
 amo9, ov (ra0w9 efVdJi/, to ere aTroKplvacrOai /uli) 
 TOVTO o Siavoov^ei/og )]p6juif]v, a\X cTepov. 
 
 AA. IIco? TOVTO Xeyeig, & Sco/cpare? ; 
 
 2Q. 'Eyw (f)pd(Tco, I 6ai^ oto? t€ yevcojULai. dvSpeiog 191 
 TTOf oSto9 oi^ /caJ (Ti/ Xeyef9, 09 ctV ei/ rJ; Ta^ei juevoou 
 /xaxriTaL TOig iroXejULLOL^. 
 
 AA. 'Eyo) yoL'i^ (prj/uLc. 
 
 2r2. KaJ yap eyw. aXXa r/ av oSe, 09 dV 
 (pevycov yCtax'^Taf Tor9 TroXe/uloi^ dXXd jurj fjLevwv ; 
 AA. IIcI)9 (pevycop ; 
 
 2f2. ^X}(T7rep TTOV Koi l^KvOai XiyovTm ovx V^tou 
 cjievyovTeg rj SicloKOVTeg /max^cyOai, koi ^'Ojmrjpog irov 
 eiraivoov Tovg tov Alvelov '^Linrovg k p a i ir v d jul dX 
 € V 6 a K a \ I e V Q a ecprj avTOvg eirlcTTaa-Qai S i co- B 
 K e L V rj Se (pe/BecrOai. kol ovtov tov Alvelav 
 
 KUTCL TOVT €P€K(jOIUiLa(T€y KaTCl TrjV TOV cj)d^0V 
 
 eTriG-Trijuirjv, kol etirev ovtov etvai fxr](T t (a p a 
 
 Cj) 6 (3 O L O, 
 
22 
 
 nAATOX02 AAXH2. 
 
 191 B AA. Kal KoXcog ye, cb ^coKpaTeg' irepl apjULCLTcov 
 yoLp eXeye. kol arv to tcov ^kvOcov iirirecov irepi 
 Xeyeig. to /xei/ yap lttttikov to eKelvMv ovtoo 
 /ULOLX^Tai, TO Se ottKltlkov to ye tcov 'EWyjvco}/, 
 eyoo Xeyot). 
 
 JlX}]v y iVco9, CO Aa'x?;?, to AaKeSaijULOvloop' 
 C AaKeSaiiULOvlovg \ yap (pacriv ev JlXaTaLai<s, eireiSrj 
 irpog TOig ye/5po(/)6poi<^ eyevovTO, ovk eOeXeiv 
 jULevovTag irpog avToug jjiaxea-Qai, aXXa ^eJycii/, 
 eTreiSf] S' eXvOrjcrav ai Ta^eig tcop TLepo-coi/y avacTTpe- 
 (pofJievovg wcTTrep iirireag jmaxecrOaL Ka\ ovtco viKrja-ai 
 Trjv eKel jULaxrji/. 
 
 A A. 'AXrjOn Xeyeig. 
 
 XVIII. 2f2. "YovTO TOLvvv aiTiov eXeyoi/, otl 
 eyo) aiTiog /mrj KaXcog ere airoKplvacrQaiy otl ov 
 KaXm i^pojiirjv. /SovXojULepog yap orov TrvOecrOai jurj 
 
 D fjiovov I Tovg ev T(p oitXltlkw avSpelovg, aXXct Ka\ 
 Tovg ev T(p iiriTLKcp kcu ev ^vfJuravTi T(p TroXejuLiKw 
 e'lSeif Ka] lULrj julovov Tovg ev T(p iroXejULCp, aXXa Ka\ 
 Tovg ev Toig irpog Trjv OdXaTTav KivSvvoig avSpelovg 
 ovTag, Ka] ocroi ye irpog vocrovg Ka\ octol irpog 
 irevlag rj kcu irpog to, ttoXitiko, avSpeiol elcn, Ka\ 
 eTL av juLr] julovov octol irpog XvTrag avSpelol eicrLv 
 rj (f>6fiovg, aXXa Ka\ irpog eTTLOu/mlag ^ rjSovag 
 ScLvol fxaxecrQaL, kcu /ixevovTeg rj avaa'Tpecf)0VTeg — 
 
 E elG-\ yap irov \ TLveg, & Adx^^y '^^^ "^otg tolovtol^ 
 dvSpeiOL. 
 
 AA. KaJ acpoSpa, m ^doKpaTeg. 
 
 OvKOVv avSpeloL /mev irdvTeg ovtol elcTLv, dXX 
 
HAATONOS AAXH2. 2.". 
 
 oifxai, beiXiav ev to?? avTok tovtoi^. 
 A A. rTani ye. 
 
 OV 6v ^a<n roiroi, rairov e<TTiv. ^ oWcc Kara- 
 fxavOavei? 6 Ae'yw ; 
 AA. Ov iravv Ti. 
 
 XIX, m. 'AXX &§e Aeyc, | cS.^ep e/is^A 
 Taxo9 rjpc^Tw, Ti ttot' ecrrlv, % Ka\ ev ™ rpexecv 
 Tvyxavei oV ^^,lv Ka\ ev ™ KiOapl^eiv ical ev 
 Xeyeiv kuI ev rw ^avOdvecv Kal ev ^XXoig iroXXok, 
 Kal (TxeSov Ti avTO KeKT^^xeda, o5 kuI irepi Si^iov 
 Xeyeiv, ev tuI^ twv X'^ip^v irpdieaiv ^ cTKeXwv ^ 
 (TTOjucLTog T€ Kai (fxjov^g Siavola^. rj ovx ovtoo /ca! 
 cru Xeyeig ; 
 
 AA. Tldvv ye. 
 
 2il Tolvvv tI^ epoiTO, "^fi IwKpaTe^, tI 
 Xeyei^ tovto o ev irdcnv ovojud^eig TaxvTyjTU elvai ; 
 eiiroi^ av \ avTw oTi Ttjv ev oXlyw XP^^^ ttoXXol B 
 SiairpaTTOfxevriv Suvajtiiv TaxvTrjTa eycoye kqXw 
 Kai Trepi (pcovrjv koi irep\ Spo/ULOV koi irep\ ToXXa 
 iravTa. 
 
 AA. ^Op6(f)9 ye (TV Xeywv. 
 
 2f2. Ueipw Srj KOi (TV, S) Kdxy}9y rrjv dvSpelav ov- 
 Twg eiirelvy Tig ovara Svvajung rj avTrj ev ^Sov?] koi ev 
 Xvirrj Koi ev airacnv otg vvv Srj eXeyojmev avTrjv elvai, 
 eireiTa dvSpela KeKXrjTai. 
 
24 HAATfiNOS AAXH2. 
 
 192 B A A. AoK€i Tolvvv /ULOL KapTepla TL^ elvai Trjg 
 \l/'vx^9j €L TO ye Sia iravTwv irepi apSpelag ireipvKog 
 Set elirelv. 
 
 C 'AXXa I fxrjv Set, el ye to epcoTcojuievov 
 
 aTTOKpii/ovjuLeOa rjijuv avTOig. tovto tolvvv e/uLOiye 
 (palveTat' ou tl iracrd ye, cog eySjmai, KapTepla 
 avSpela crot (palveTai. TeKjuLalpojmaL Se evOevSe' 
 crx^^ov yap TL oiSa, (h Adx^9i otl twv irdvv KaXcov 
 IT pay fjiCLToov rjyel cv dvSpelav elvaL. 
 
 AA. El} /mev ovv IctQl otl twv KaWla-Tcov. 
 
 2f2. OvKOvv rj /mev juLeTa (ppovyjcrewg KapTepLa 
 KaXf] KciyaOr]. 
 
 AA. Haw ye. 
 D Sf2. Tl S' I ^ jiieT d(f)pocrvvrjg ; ov TOvvavTlov 
 TavTrj ^Xa^epd Ka] KaKOvpyog ; 
 
 AA. Na/. 
 
 2f2. KaXoi/ ovv TL ^Yj(TeL<; (TV elvaL to tolovtov, 
 ov KaKOvpyov re Kal /3\a/3ep6v ; 
 
 AA. OvKOvv SUatov ye, S ^coKpaTeg. 
 
 2f2. OvK apa TYjv ye ToiavTrjv KapTeplav dvSpelav 
 ojULoXoyy^G-eLg elvai, e7re(&/7re/o ov KoXrf ccttlv, rj Se 
 dvSpela KoXov ecTTLv. 
 
 A A. ^AXrjO^ XeyeLg. 
 
 (ppovijuLog apa KapTepla KaTa tov (tov 
 Xoyov avopeia av eLrj, 
 
 AA. '^^OLKev. 
 
 E XX. HQ. '^IScojuLev I Si], rj eh tI (ppdvLjuLog ; rj // 
 6/9 airavTa koll ra jmeydXa koI ra o-juLLKpd ; oTov el 
 T/9 KapTepel dvaXlcrKCOV dpyupLOv (Jypovluco'^. eiScog 
 
HAATfiNOS AAXH2. 25 
 AA. M(i A/' oJ/c eVa)y6. 
 
 AA. U.d OTTooa-Tiovp ovS' avrrj. 
 
 m. 'AXV TroXeVo) /caprepo^^ra aV^pa ^aJ 
 eyeXo^ra ^axecrOai, <j>popl^c^ XoyL^6^evov, elSora 
 ^ev Stl My)crovaiv SXXoi avr^p, irpo^ eXdrrov, S'e 
 Km <pavXoTipov9 fxaxelrm ^ ^eO' S^v avro? eartv, 
 en Se x^pla exei Kpelrro) — rodrov rhv juera t>> 
 TOLavrrjg (fypovwewg Kai irapacrKev^g Kaprepodvra 
 avSpeLorepov aV cjyal.ri^ ?j rov ev rw evavrlw (rrparo- 
 ireScp eOeXovra viro^iiveiv re kol Kaprepelv ; 
 
 I A A. To J/ ev Tw kvavr'iw, efioiye SoKel, w b 
 Kpareg. 
 
 2f2. *AXXa fxrji/ acjypovecrrepa ye rj tovtov rj ^ 
 Tov erepov Kaprepla. 
 AA. ^AXrjQri Xeyeig. 
 
 2f2. Kai TOV ^er e7rL(TTrjlJ.m «/>' ^'^Tr^Krjg Kapre- 
 povvra ev iinro^axia rjrTOv ^rjaeL^ avSpeiov ehm rj 
 TOV avev eirLa-TrjiJLri^. 
 AA. ^^E/xofye SoKet 
 
 TOV /xera cr(pevSovr]TiKrjg rj to^lk}]9 rj 
 aXXrj^ Tivog Tex^^^ KapTepovvTa. 
 
 I AA. Udvv ye. C 
 ocTOL av eOeXooaiv ei<^ (ppeap KaTa- 
 /SaivovTeg koi KoXvju^oyvTeg KapTepetv ev tovtm 
 
 A 
 
xvi 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of the immortality of the soul, the Theaetetus of the 
 nature of knowledge, the Meno of virtue, the Sympo- 
 sium of love, the Philebus of pleasure. These are but 
 a few of Plato's dialogues, but they are some of the 
 best known, and for the most part are concerned with 
 a definite subject. Some of the others could not be 
 so shortly described. 
 
 The style of Plato has been described by Aristotle 
 as midway between poetry and prose." This need 
 not refer merely to the language, but probably alludes, 
 in part at least, to the nature of the dialogues them- 
 selves, many of which for their dramatic force may 
 well rank as excellent works of fiction ; and Aristotle 
 would have called fiction poetry. 
 
 The language itself is often poetical, but not more 
 so than we consider allowable for prose. As Greek it 
 is of course beyond praise, though a beginner might 
 sometimes wish the sentences to be a little less long, 
 and the constructions a little more free from collo- 
 quial irregularities. 
 
 The Laches is one of the earlier or Socratic dia 
 logues of Plato ; it is very dramatic. The characters of 
 the dialogue are Lysimachus, son of Aristides the Just, 
 and Melesias, son of Pericles* rival Thucydides ; their 
 two friends Nicias and Laches, Socrates (who is ap- 
 parently represented as being quite a young man), and 
 two boys, the sons of Lysimachus and Melesias, named 
 respectively Aristides and Thucydides after their 
 grandfathers. 
 
 The scene is a palaestra. Nicias and Laches have 
 been with the two fathers to see a * master of arms, ' 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xvii 
 
 named Stesilaus, fighting in heavy armour, and 
 are to give their opinion on the performance. 
 Lysimachus and Melesias want to know whether this 
 exercise would be a suitable accomplishment for their 
 sons, whom they wish to educate as well as possible. 
 Nicias professes his readiness to give advice,but Laches 
 suggests that the opinion of Socrates should be asked, 
 as he is a man who is constantly considering the ques- 
 tion of the education of the young. This makes Lysi- 
 machus think that this Socrates, the son of his old 
 friend Sophroniscus, may be the man whom he has 
 often heard the boys praising. One of them tells 
 him that he is right in his conjecture, and, after a 
 testimony from Laches to Socrates' good conduct in 
 the retreat from Delium, Lysimachus presses Socrates 
 for his opinion on the subject of " fighting in armour." 
 Socrates modestly says that Nicias and Laches ought 
 to speak first, and accordingly they give their opinions, 
 Nicias in favour of the exercise as an useful addition 
 to the art of warfare, Laches against it as an unprofit- 
 able innovation. Lysimachus is sorry to find that 
 they differ, and an appeal is made to Socrates to settle 
 the question by his casting vote. This Socrates will 
 not do, for," he says, " the question is not what do 
 the majority think, but is there any among us who 
 really knows about the matter we are considering, and 
 if so, what is his opinion ? The matter we are really 
 considering is what are the requirements of the soul ; 
 and if any of us has scientific knowledge of the treat- 
 ment proper for the soul, his opinion will be valuable ; 
 but to have it he must have studied the subject under 
 
 A 
 
xviii INTRODUCTION. j 
 
 good masters ; if not, it is very unlikely that he will ; 
 
 have any skill in the matter, and we shall not believe \ 
 
 him, if he says that he has such skill, unless he can i 
 show us some practical results of it in the shape of the 
 
 improvement of his fellow-men. I could not afford i 
 
 masters, and I have not been, able to acquire the skill, j 
 
 But let us inquire if Nicias and Laches have it." 1 
 
 Nicias and Laches agree, but the question is not 
 
 pursued any further in this form, Socrates suggesting 1 
 
 that they shall substitute for the inquiry, Do we ; 
 
 know how to improve the soul 1 " the inquiry, "Do ' 
 
 we know the nature of that which is best for the soul, ; 
 
 namely, virtue V And he further suggests that it ; 
 will be enough for the present purpose to take one 
 
 part of virtue, namely, courage, and see if they know j 
 
 what that is. ! 
 
 Laches thinks the question an easy one, and defines 
 courage thus : "A man who was ready to keep his 
 
 place in the rank and resist the enemy, and not run j 
 
 away, would be courageous " (190 e). 1 
 
 Socrates objects that this is at best only a definition ; 
 
 of a hoplite's courage, and he explains that he wants ■ 
 
 a definition of courage in a much wider sense. Ac- \ 
 cordingly Laches now explains it as " an endurance 
 
 (or resistance) of the soul." Socrates suggests that \ 
 
 such endurance or resistance will be noble onl}^ when j 
 
 combined with prudence or wisdom ; otherwise it j 
 will be harmful ; and that as courage is noble, it will 
 
 be only sensible endurance that can be called courage. ] 
 
 Laches agrees (192 D). "Yet," says Socrates, "a j 
 
 man who is resolute in spending sensibly, or resolute ! 
 
INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 in refusing unsuitable food to an invalid, is not there- 
 fore called brave, nor is a man who resists in war 
 thought more brave when all the advantage is on his 
 side, and he knows it. Nay, when the advantage is 
 on his opponent's side, and he knows it. then is he 
 rather called brave for resisting. And in many like 
 instances we find the greatest courage is the resistance 
 which is combined with a want of prudence. Here 
 then, we have a contradiction, but we must not give 
 up because of the check. So we will ask Nicias to 
 help in the chase." 
 
 Nicias (194 c-d) says that dvSpeta had better be de- 
 fined as a sort of wisdom, and suggests that this will 
 be in accordance with Socrates' usual teaching. "What 
 wisdom ? " he is asked. He answers, " The wisdom to 
 understand things to be dreaded and things not to be 
 dreaded, both in war and in all other circumstances." 
 
 Laches objects that we do not call husbandmen 
 brave for knowing about things to be dreaded in 
 agriculture, or doctors brave for knowing about things 
 to be dreaded in disease. 
 
 Nicias answers that doctors, as such, know only 
 about health and disease. They may know whether 
 their patient will recover or not, but their profes- 
 sional knowledge does not tell them which is most 
 terrible to him, recovery or death. 
 
 " Oh," says Laches, " then your brave man is simply 
 a prophet ? " 
 
 " No," Nicias replies. " A prophet knows merely 
 what will happen, not whether the future will be ter- 
 rible or not." 
 
XX 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Laches calls this shuffling, but Socrates is inclined to 
 think there may be something in what Nicias says, 
 and so proceeds to question him. " You think that 
 no one can be brave without this knowledge ? " 
 
 Nicias assents, and says that beasts and children 
 may be fearless (a</)o^a), but cannot be brave (dvSpela), 
 
 Laches calls this sophistry ; but Socrates still keeps 
 up his judicial attitude. He proceeds : 
 
 Soc. Nicias, you call * courage ' a part of virtue, I 
 suppose 1 
 
 Nic. Yes. 
 
 Soc. What then are things to be dreaded, and the 
 reverse 1 future evils and goods 1 
 Nic. Yes. 
 
 Soc. Courage, then, is the knowledge or science of 
 good and evil in the future. But can any science be 
 of the future only ? Must it not be just as much 
 concerned with the present and the past ? 
 
 Nic. It must. 
 
 Soc. Then courage will be the science of good and 
 evil whether past, present, or future, and will there- 
 fore be the whole of virtue, and not a part only. So 
 our definition was wrong after all, and we must go to 
 school with the boys to learn. 
 
 Thus we have no definite answer given to the ques- 
 tion, " What is courage ? " Yet an answer is sug- 
 gested in the conversation, which contains besides 
 many points of interest and instruction. Attention 
 will be called to these in the Notes ; and the reader is 
 referred to the Appendix for further remarks on the 
 subject of the dialogue. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The date at which the conversation is supposed to 
 take place must be between the autumn of B.C. 424, 
 when the battle of Dehum was fought, and the sum- 
 mer of B.C. 418, when Laches fell in the battle of 
 Mantineia. Socrates was more than seventy (Ajwlogy 
 17 d) at the time of his trial (B.C. 399), so that he 
 must have been at least forty-five in B.C. 424. There- 
 fore he could hardly have been a young man at any 
 time when the dialogue could have occurred. Plato, 
 however, aims at plausibility rather than possibility 
 in points of chronology. 
 
THE LANGUAGE OF THE DIALOGUE, i 
 
 ! 
 
 Special difficulties occur in the interpretation of every j 
 author ; those in Plato are due chiefly to his endeavour to 
 represent in his dialogues the characteristics of actual con- 
 versation ; yet from the frequency with which irregularities ; 
 that we should call colloquial occur in all Greek literature, I 
 and from the fact that there was no sharp distinction in Attic i 
 Greek between the language of careless talk and that of liter- ^ 
 ary prose, it is impossible to say with certainty that any j 
 given peculiarity in Plato is the result of a studied negligence. \ 
 For an exhaustive treatise on these peculiarities the reader is \ 
 referred to the 'Digest of Idioms' in Riddell's edition of Plato's 
 Apology ; here it will be sufficient to give a short account of I 
 some typical points of interest or difficulty in the language of | 
 the Laches. I 
 
 I. AS TO THE USE OF WORDS. 
 
 The following words are used in a somewhat unusual ! 
 
 sense : — ! 
 
 iroXXaKis, 'perhaps,' 179b and 194a. j 
 XwpCs, ' dififerent from,' 195 A. 
 avT^Ka, 'for instance,' 195b. 
 
 cirkciKwSi ' sufficiently,' 200 B. i 
 
 II. AS TO THE ORDER OF WORDS. ! 
 
 Jlyperbaton, the figure by which a word is for the sake of i 
 
 emphasis put out of its proper place in a sentence, is found in ■ 
 
 the following passages : — ^ 
 
 (a) dxTirep 'dri roO biaKpivovvTOS doKel /jlol deiv rjfuv 17 povXr)^ 184 C, , 
 
 where belongs to deXp. 
 
 (jS) ovK €VTeTvxr}K(j3s dvdpl 8t]\os 'in e?, 187 E, where hi | 
 
 belongs to ovk iyTervxv^^^' j 
 
 (7) irpbs ri tout elires pX^xj/as ; 195 A, for wpbs tl ^\i^as tout^ ! 
 
 elTTes ; and perhaps in ; 
 
 (5) eidora \Lkv otl p07)dri<T0vaLV dWoi ai^rcp, wpbs eXdrTOvs de Kal j 
 
 (pavXorepovs fiax^LraL, 193 A, where if fieu is to corre- 1 
 spond to 5^ it should follow porjS'riaovo-Lu. 
 xxii 
 
THE LANGUAGE OF THE DIALOGUE. 
 
 III. AS TO COMBINATIONS OF WORDS. 
 
 A remarkable combination of particles is that of vvv 8^ 
 Vapused to introduce a clause contradicting a foregoing hvpo- 
 thesis that was contrary to fact. See note on 184 d where 
 the expression occurs, and compare 200 E. ' 
 
 Notice also the combination €t dpa iroXXoiKts, 179 b (where 
 see note) and 194 a. 
 
 IV. AS TO IRREGULARITIES OF SYNTAX. 
 
 These result in general either {a) from a wish on the part 
 of the speaker (or writer) to put before the mind of his hearers 
 (or readers) more than the logic of grammar will allow ; or 
 {b) from the fact of his thoughts being so concentrated on a 
 particular clause that he forgets its precise relation with the 
 rest of the period. 
 
 The former tendency is shown in (i.) Irregular Anticipa- 
 tion, (ii.) Confusion of Clauses, (iii. ) Irregular Recapitulation ; 
 the latter in (iv.) Irregular Apodosis, (v.) Anacoluthon. 
 Instances of these irregularities will now be given in detail :— 
 
 (i.) Irregular Anticipation. 
 
 elarjyrjaaTo ovv tls ijfjuv koX tovto to jj.dG'qjJia, on KaXov eifj 
 Tcp v€({j fjiadeiv ev ottXols fJLCLX^o-daL, 179 D. 
 Here /cat tovto to /jLadrj/xa anticipates the 6tl clause. This con- 
 struction is, however, little more than an extension of the 
 common figure by which the subject of a dependent sentence 
 is taken out of it and made the subject or object of the 
 principal sentence. (See note on to 3^ crScpLa/jLa ... ohv dir^^rj, 
 183 D.) 
 
 ols ovdeu dWo /xeXet iu t(^ picp rj tovto ^riTeh Kal cttltt]- 
 86V€iv, 6 rt div ixadbvTes koI eirLTTjdetjcravTes t\€ov€ktol€v 
 tQu dWojv^ K.T.X., 182e. 
 
 Here /cat eiTLT-qbeveLv anticipates the relative clause and spoils 
 
 the grammar of the sentence. 
 
 (ii.) Confusion of Clauses. 
 
 tCvos ovtoS tovtov o5 ^rjToviuLev Toi)? didacTKaXovs ; 185 B, 
 which is a combination of t'luos ^riTovjiev tovs didaaKaXovs ; 
 and H ccttl tovto ov ^r)Tov/x€P tovs didaaKoXovs ; 
 
 (iii.) Irregular Recapitulation. 
 
 TOVTO ovv (Tov €y<h cLVTLd^ofJiai, & AvaifMaxe, Kaddirep dpTL Adxps 
 fjLT] d(pL6(TBaL <je e/Jiov 8l€K€\€V€to dWd epo^Tav, Kal cyw vvv 
 irapaK€\€vo|JLai oroi /jlt] d(pL€adaL Adxvros fnjde Nt/ctou dW 
 eptoTciv, 186 D. 
 
xxiv THE LANGUAGE OF ' THE DIALOGUE. 
 
 Here /cat eyCo vvv irapaKeXeijo/JLai col is inserted to resume the 
 idea of avTLd^ojuLat on account of the intervention of the clause 
 KaSdwep . . . epcoTciv. 
 
 (iv.) Irregular Apodosis, 
 
 €dv Tis avTols <rujjipovX€V<rT]Tai, o^k &v €l'iroi6V d poovcnvy 
 
 178 a. (See note on the passage.) 
 €l 5^ Ni/ci'as ^ Aaxv^ iijpi\Kev ij |i.€p,d6T)K€V, ovk Blv Oavp.do-ai)i.i, 
 
 186 c. 
 
 (v.) Anacoluthon. 
 
 eidSres ovv kol v/uuv wets Suras riyrjcrdfJieOa /ue/xeXry/ceVat wepi 
 avrCju ... el 5' dpa ttoWclkls firj TrpocetrxT^/care rbu vovv rip 
 TOLOVTipy virop.vi?jo-ovT€S 6tl ov xpV cLVTov dfJLeXeiv, Kat irapa- 
 Ka\ovvT€S vjULois eiri to einfx^XeLdv riva iroLTjaaadaL tQv vUwp 
 KOLvfj jxed' 7j/jlQv, 179 B. 
 Here there should properly be finite verbs in the place of 
 vTTOfivrjaouTes and TrapaKaXovvres, 
 
 rju de y^Xcos Kai Kporos virb tQu €K rrjs 6^^d5os Itri T€ t<3 
 a'\r]\i.aTi avrov, Kat eireLdrj ^aXovros tlvos X'lBi^ irapd roi)s 
 wodas avTov iiri to KardaTpiofia d<pL€TaL rod boparos, tot' 
 ijST] Kttl ol €K Tfjs TpiTjpovs ovK€Tt oXoL t' -fjcav Tov •ycXwTa 
 KaT€X€iv, 184 A. 
 
 Here eiri re r^J (rx'^yA^ctrt avrov suggests that another dative 
 governed by eirL will follow. Instead of that we have a long 
 clause with quite a different construction. 
 
 d\X' dvayKalov olfxat r<^ ravra Xeyovn /JLTjdevbs 6r)pLov dirobi- 
 X^adaL dvbpeLav^ t) ^vyx^p^^v drjpLou rt ovruj (T0(pbv elvai^ 
 Cbcrre & 6Xt7ot dvOpdjiruu taaaL . . . ravra XeovTa ^ irdpSaXiv 
 •ij Ttva KaTTpov <|>dvai eid^uai, 196 E. 
 Here the insertion of the words Xeovra ... <pdvaL thrusts out the 
 word ^vyx(j^p€Lv from its legitimate government of eidivai, and 
 their omission would make the sentence quite logical. 
 
HAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
TA TOT AIAAOrOT IIPOSfinA 
 
 AY2IMAX02, MEAH2IA2, NIKTA2, 
 AAXH2, nAIAES AY2IMAX0Y 
 KAI MEAH2I0Y, 2f2KPATH2. 
 
nAATQNOS AAXHS. 
 
 ^ /. TeOeaa-ee ^lev top avSpa /uiaxojuiemv ev oirXoi^, 173 a 
 & NiKla T€ Ka\ Adxm' oS S' €V€Ka vfxag eKeXevcra^ev 
 (Tvi/eedcraa-OaL eyco re Kai MeXjyo-Za? oSe, rore /mev 
 ovK eiVo/xei/, vvi; S' epovfjLcp. ^yovfieOa yap XP^^^I- 
 irpo^ ye v^d^ irapprjcnd^ecrOaL. eicrl ydp rive? 01 
 T(i)v TOLOVTWv KaTayeXoocTi, Kol edv rig avrok 
 crv^^ovXevcrriTai, ovk av eliroLev a voovctlv, dWd 
 CTTOxa^d^evoL rod \ (Tv^^ovXevoimevov dXXa Xeyovci b 
 irapa rrfv avrcov So^av' vjuLag Se ^jmeig rjyrjcrdjUievoL 
 KOI iKavov^ yvodvai kol yvovrag dirXcog dV cLTreiv a 
 SoK€i vjULip, ovTCO TTapeXd^OjUiev eirl rrjv (Tvju/3ovXr]v 
 irep\ S)v /ueXXo/mei/ dvaKOivovo-dau €(ttlv ovv tovto 
 irepi ou irdXai Tocravra irpooijuid^ojUiaL, \ roSe. 179 a 
 rjjixiv elcriv vleig ovtoll, oSe jmev rovSe, Trdirirov ex^v 
 ovojiia, QovKvSlSrjg, e/uog Se av oSe. irairirtjpov Se kcu 
 ouTog opo/UL exet tov/ulov irarpog' 'Apio-relSrjv ydp 
 avTOu KaXov/mei/. rjjULiv ovv tovtwv SeSoKrat eiri- 
 jueXrjOrjvaL cog otdv re judXio-Ta, kol jurj TroLrja-ai oirep 
 OL TToXXol, eTreiSi] juLeipdKia yeyovev, dvelvai avrovg 
 o Tt /SoijXovTaL iroieiv, dXXd vvv Sr) kol apx^o-Oai 
 avTOdv eTTijUieXeiorOaL Ka& ocrov olol r \ e(Tp.ev. B 
 
2 
 
 nAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
 179 B eiSoTeg ovv kol vjulIv vieig oi^ra? rjyrjcrajUieOa jme- 
 /meXrjKei/ai irepi avTiSdv, elirep tlctlv aWoig, irwg di/ 
 OepairevQevTe^ yevoivTO apicTToC el S' a pa iroWaKig 
 juLf] IT pocrecrxYiKaTe tov vovv tw TOiovTcpy virojJLvqcrov- 
 re? OTL ov xph olvtou a/xeXefV, koI TrapaKaXovvreg 
 vjuLag eiri to eirijuLeXeidv nva Troirjaaa-OaL tcov vUcov 
 ' KOivrj jULeO' rjiJLOOV. 
 
 IL ''06ev Se yjjjLLV TavT eSo^eVy & NfAc/a re kcu 
 Adx^9y Xph aKOvcraiy kuv fi oXlyuo /maKpoTepa. 
 crvaro-iTOVjULev yap Sfj eyco re Kal MeX>/cr/a9 0(5e, 
 
 C Kai rjiuLiv Tcc imeipdKia \ irapacLTel. oirep ovv kcu 
 dpxd/ui€V09 eTirov tov Xoyov, irapprjciao-oiuLeOa irpog 
 v/mdg. rjiJLWv yap cKdTepog irepl tov eavTOv iraTpog 
 iroXXci Kal KaXd epya ex^i Xeyeiv irpog Tovg veavl- 
 CTKOV^y Kal ocra ev TroXejuLcp elpydcravTO Kal ocra ev 
 elprivriy SioiKOvvTeg Td T€ tmv orvim/ULdx'^^ f^(^l Ta 
 TrjaSe Trj(; iroXecog' ^/ULCTepa S' avToov epya ovSeTepog 
 ex^f- XeyeLv. TavTa Srj viraiax^^dfjiedd re TOvaSe 
 Kal aLTLcojuieOa Tovg iraTepag rjjuiwi/y otl rjimdg /mev 
 
 D eicov Tpv(f)dvy eireiSi] \ jmeipdKia eyei/ojuLeOa, Ta Se 
 TCOV dXXcov Trpdy/uLaTa eirpaTTOv' Kal TOicrSe TOig 
 veavLG-KOL^ avTa TavTa evSeiKPvjmeOay XeyovTeg OTiy 
 €L fjiev djuLeXrjaovG'Lp eavTcov Kal julyj ireltrovTai rjixivy 
 aKXeelg yevrjcrovTaiy el S eTrijuLeXr^crovTai, Tdx 
 Twv ovo/uidTcov d^LOL yevoLVTO a exovarLV> ovtol piv 
 ovv (jyaarl irela-ecrQaC rj/meig Se Srj tovto (TK07rovp.€v, 
 TL dv OVTOL liiaOovTeg rj eTnTrjSevcravTeg o tl dpt(TTOL 
 
 E yevoLVTO. elcrriyi^craTO ovv Tig rj/miv | Kal tovto 
 TO juLdOrjp.ay OTL KaXov elrj ro) vecp juLaOeiv ev oirXoLg 
 
HxlATONOE AAXH2. 
 
 3 
 
 jUidx^o'OaL' KOt eirrivei tovtov ov vvv v/jieig eOedcracrOe 179 e 
 einS€iKvviJ.evov' kcIt e/ceXeue OedaacrOai. eSo^e Si] 
 XpijvaL avTOvg re eXOelv eTri Oeav TavSpog kol v/mdg 
 (rvfjiirapaka^elv a/xa fxev crvvQeaTa^y a/xct Se <tviul- 
 ^oJXof? T€ Kcxi KOLVCovovg, edv ^ouXi^crOe, irep\ Trjg 
 Tcov vUcov eTTf/xeXe/a?. TavT \ ccttIv a ejSovXo /meOa 180 A 
 v/uLiv dvaKOLVcooracrOaL. rjSr] ovv v/ULeTepov ixepo<^ 
 (TviJi^ovXeveLV kol irep\ tovtov tov ixadr^fjiaTO^, 
 €LT€ SoKel XP^^^^ lULCivOdveiv eiTe jmrj, kol irep\ tcov 
 aXXoov, el ti ex^re eiraLvecraL jmdOrjiixa vecp avSpi S] 
 eiriTj'iSeviJ.a, koi ir€p\ Trjg KOLVwvlag Xeyeiv ottolov 
 
 TL 7r0iri(T€T€. 
 
 Ill, NI. 'Eyd) juLev, & AvG-l/ULax^ koi MeXrjcrLa, 
 eiraivw re vij.(jov ttjv Sidvoiav kol kolvcovciv €TOl^o^, 
 ol/mai Se Koi Kax^ra TOvSe. 
 
 I AA. 'AXrjO^ yap olei, & NfJa, o ye eXeyev b 
 o Avo-L^axo^ apTL iTep\ tov iraTpog Tod avTOv re 
 Ka\ TOV MeXfiG-LOV, irdvv julol SoKei ev elp^o-QaL Ka\ 
 ek eKelvovg Ka\ ^^dg Ka\ et? airavTag oaoL ra 
 TMV iroXewv irpaTTOva-Lv, otl avToh crxeSov ti 
 TadTa (TVim^aiveL a oSto^ Xeyei Ka\ irept iralSag 
 Ka] irep\ TaXXa 'ISia, oXiyc^pe^creal re dfxeXS^g 
 SiaTLOeaOaL. TadTa fxev ovv KaXm Xeyeig, c5 Av- 
 o-l^axe on S' P^ev avp^ovXovg^ irapaKaXelg 
 
 €7r\ Tnv Twv veavlo-KWV iraiSelav, ^wKp^Trj Se TOvSe 
 ou I irapaKaXeh, Oavfxd^w, irp^TOV pev ovTa Snfiojnv, C 
 eVetra evTavSa kei Tag SiaTpi^dg iroiovfAevov, Sirov 
 tI eo-TL tS^v TOiovTOOV &v (TV ^t^Tel? irepi Tok veovg 
 r] ^dOrjjuLa n eiriT-n^evfxa /caXoV. 
 
4 HAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
 180 C AY. 11(0? Xeyeig, c5 Aax^9 ; ^coKparrjg yap oSe 
 TLV09 Tcov TOiovTcov eTTijuieXeiav ireiroir^TaL ; 
 AA. YLavv /mev ovv, & Avcl/ulcxxg. 
 
 NI. ToVTO jUL€P (TOL KOLV iyw €XOlJilL eilTelv 01) 
 
 Xelpov Actx^To?" Koi yap avTcp jmoi eVayxo? avSpa 
 D irpov^evr](T€ tm vlei SiSdcTKaXoi' \ imovo-iK^g, 'Aya- 
 OoKXeovg jULaOrjTrji' Aa/xcom, avSpodv xapiecTTaTOV 
 
 OV /ULOPOU TrjP fJLOVCLKrjVy oWa KOI ToXXa OTTOCTOV 
 
 ^ovXei a^LOv crvvSiaTpl^eiv TrjXiKOvroL^ veavr 
 
 CTKOig. 
 
 IV. AY. OuTOi Ti, cS lldoKpare^ re Ka] Nf/c/a 
 Ka} Adx^9, OL ^XIkol eyot) en yiypcocTKOjULev Tovg 
 P€(jOT€pov^, are Kar OLKiav to. ttoXXo, Siarpt^ovTeg 
 VTTO Trjg rjXiKLag' dXX el tl Ka\ (tv, & iral Sw- 
 (ppoPLCTKOVy €X€i^ TwSe Tcp (TavTOv SrjjULOTrj dyaQov 
 E (Tv/uL/SovXeucrai, xph crvpL^ovXeveLV. \ SiKaiog S' el' 
 Ka\ yap irarpLKO^ ^jULiv 0/Xo9 TvyxcLt^^i^ wv' aei 
 yap eyo) Kal 6 crog iraTrjp eralpw t€ Kat (plXco 
 ^juei/y KOI irpoTepov eKCivo^ ereXevTijcre nrpiv tl 
 e/uLol SiepexOrjvai. irepKpepeL 8e r/? fxe Ka\ juLi/}]jULrj 
 apTL ToovSe Xey6vT(f)v' ra yap /meipaKia rdSe irpog 
 dXXriXov^ OLKOL SiaXeyoiiievoi Oa/md eTn/uieiiiprjPTai 
 XcoKparovg Kal (T(p6Spa eiraLvovcnv' ov jmevroi 
 TTcoTTOTe avTOvg dvr]p(joTr]cra el rov XoocfypoplcKOv \ 
 ISl A Xeyoiev' dXX\ & jraiSeg, Xeyere /ulol, oS' ecrr} Sw- 
 Kparr]^, irepl ov eKao-Tore niejuLvrjcrOe ; 
 
 IIAI. Hdl'V jUL€P OVP, (h TTCLTep, OVTOg. 
 
 AY. Ei5 ye vrj Trjv ^'Upav, & ^(jOKpaT€<^y otl 
 opOoh Tov Trarepa, aptcTTOv dvSpcop ovra Ka\ 
 
nAATONOD AAXH2. 5 
 
 aXX(09 KOL Srj KOL OTL OLK€ia TCL T€ CTO, r]^?p VTrdp^il 181 
 
 Kat COL Ta r]juL€T€pa. 
 
 AA. Kai ^r)Vy w AvcTL^axG, M cKplecro ye ravSpog' 
 0)9 eyo) Kai aXXoOl ye avrov eOeacajmr]!/ ov juloi^ov 
 TOP irarepa aXXa kol rrjv \ irarplSa opQovvra ev B 
 yap rrj airo ArjXlov cpvyrj jner eniov iwavexoopei, 
 Kayco (TOL Xeyo) otl el oi aXXoi rjQeXov tolovtol 
 elvai, opdrj dp rj^xcov rj iroXig rjv kol ovk dV eTrece 
 Tore TOLOVTOV iTTwixa. 
 
 AY. "il Sco/cpare?, ovto^ imevroL 6 eTraiPog ecri 
 KaXog, 01/ (TV vvv eiraivel vir avSpchv a^Lwv iricrTeve- 
 crOaL Koi el^ ravra eig d ovtol eiraivovcriv. ev ovv 
 'lctQl otl eyo) ravra aKOvm xalpod orL evSoKL/mei?. 
 KaL (TV oe rjyov fxe ev roig y evvovcrraroL<^ ctol eimL. 
 XP^^ 1^^^ '^^^ TTporepov \ ye (poLrav avrov irap c 
 i/yixa? Kol OLKelovg ^yeiorOaL, cocrirep ro SUaLov' vvv 
 
 ovv airo rrjaSe rrj^ rjimepa^y eTreLSrj aveyvoo pier ajxev 
 aXXy]Xov^, /mrj dXXoog Tro/et, dXXa avvLo-Ql re kcll 
 yvcopL^e Ka\ rjima^ Kai rovcrSe rovg vecorepovg, otto)? 
 dv SLacrw^rjre Ka] vjuelg rrjv ^jmerepav (pLXlav. ravra 
 ixev ovv Ka\ crv Troir/creL^ Ka\ ^jmelg ae Ka\ avQ^i viro- 
 jULvwo/uLev' Trepl Se S>v rip^dfxeOa rl ^are ; ri SoKel ; 
 TO imdOrjiuLa rolg jmeLpaKLOLg eiTLrriSeLOv elvaL rj ov, ro 
 fxaQelv ev oirXoL^ nxax^o-OaL ; 
 
 V. 2f2. I 'AXXa Kai rovrcov irepL, & Avcrl^axe, D 
 eycoye TreLpdcTOfAaL (Tvim/SovXeveLV av tl Svvw^ai, Kai 
 av a irpoKaXei irdvra iroLelv. SiKaLorarov ^tvroL 
 IJLOL SoKel elvaL, ejae veoorepov ovra rcovSe Ka\ aireL- 
 porepov rovTMv moveLv irporepov rl XeyovcrL KaL 
 
6 
 
 nAATON02 AAXH2. 
 
 181 D /mavOdpeiv Trap avrwp' eav ex(«) tl aWo irapa to, 
 
 VTTO TOVTMi/ Xeyo/uLei/af tot rjSrj SiSd(TK€ip Koi irelOeiv 
 KOI ere KOI TOVTOv^, dX\\ c3 Nf/c/a, r/ ov Xeyei 
 TTOTepog vjULoov ; 
 
 NI. 'AXX' ovSep KooiXveiy & HcloKpaTeg. Sokcl yap 
 E ejuLOi I TOVTO TO jUidOrjjuLa T019 veoL^ cocpeXijuioi/ elvai 
 eTrlcTTaa-QaL iroWaxt]- k^cu yap to jmrj aXXoOi 
 SiaTpl^eLVy ev oTg Si] (piXovcnv oi veoL ra? SiaTpi^ag 
 TrOLeiQ-Oaiy OTav crxoXrjv dycoarip, dXX ev tovto), 
 ev ex^iy oQev kcu to crco/xa ^cXtlov ^laxeLv dmyKrj 
 
 182 A — ovSepog yap twv yv/uLvacLoop (jyavXoTepov \ ovS' 
 
 eXaTTO) Trovov ex^L — , Kai ajua irpoG-YjKeL (jloXlctt 
 eXeuOepcp tovto re to yvjuvdatov Ka\ rj liririKr}' ov 
 yap dycovo9 dOXrjTal earjuiev Ka\ ev oh ^jfJiiv 6 dyoov 
 TrpoKeiTai, julovol ovtol yvjuvd^ovTai ol ev TOVTO19 
 TOig irepl tov iroXefjLOv opydvoig yv/mva^onievoi. 
 eireiTa oviqaei jmev tl tovto to /jLaOrj/uLa koi ev 
 Trj /ULaxu CLVTTjy OTav ev Ta^ei Serj /max^crOaL /xera 
 TroXXoov aXX(jov' /uLeyia-TOv jmevTOi avTOv o0eXo9, 
 OTav XvOSktlv al Ta^eig /caJ 'i^Srj tl Ser] /ixovov irpog 
 B juLOvov rj SiwKOVTa djULvvojUievo) \ Tivi eiriQecrQai rj 
 KOI ev ^vyrj eTriTiOe/mevov dXXov d/uLvvacrOai avTOv' 
 ovT dv viro ye evo^ eTg 6 tovt eTriorTd/uLevog ovSev 
 dv irdQou ?cr(09 S ovSe viro irXeiovcoVy dXXd TravTax^i 
 dv TavTrj irXeoveKTOi. eTi Se koi eig dXXov KaXov 
 juLa6}]iuiaT09 eTriOvjuLiav irapaKoXel to toiovtov ttS? 
 yap dv /maOcov ev oirXoi^ jmdx^o-OaL eTriOv/HT^creie Kai 
 TOV e^rjg jUiaOyj/iiaTO^ tov irepl Tag Ta^eig, Ka\ TavTa 
 Xal^oov Ka\ (piXoTijuirjOeh €v avTol<; eirl irdv dv to 
 
HAATfiNOS AAXH2. 7 
 
 on ra tovt<^v ex6,xem Kal naBy'ifj^ara iravra Ka\ 
 eiriTriSevt^aTa iravra k^i KaX^ ^aj ^oXXoS a^ut 
 avSpc fMadelv re Kal iirirriSeS^ai, &v KaOriy^'iaair' 
 rovro r6 fAddr^a. irpoad,'icTOfxev S' aiW^ ov 
 a-HiKpav irpocrd^Kriv, Sri irdvra avSpa ev ttoLVw 
 Kai ea^^aXeiiyrepov Kai avSpeiorepov dV iroii)creiev 
 avrw aOrov ovk 6\lyw aurr, eiricrr/i^,]. /^i, 
 arifxaa-wfiev Se elire'iv, ei Kal rw a-fxiKporepov 
 SoKei eivat, on Kal evcrxi/movea-repov evravOa ov 
 XPI Tov avSpa \ eua-xmovearepov (patvecrOai, ov D 
 ap.a Kal Seivorepoi to?? exOpok (f)avetrai Siu rijv 
 eiKTxnfJ-ocTuvtjv. ifiol ixev ovv, w Avalfiaxe, wcnrep 
 Xeyo), SoKei re XP^^^' SiSda-Keiv rov^ veavla-Kovf 
 ravra, Kal Si' a SoKel e'lpijKa' AdxiTOs S', e'l ri 
 ■wapa ravra Xeyei, Kav avros ^Secos aKOvaaiixi. 
 
 VI. AA. 'AXA' 
 Xeyeip irep\ orovovv iULa67]jULaTog, cog ov xph l^^v- 
 OaveLv' iravra yap eirlcrraa-QaL dyaOov SoKel eivat. 
 Kai Srj Kal TO oirXiriKov rovro, \ el jmev ecrri jud- e 
 6r]fj,ay oirep (j)acrh ol SiSdcTKOvreg, Kai otov l^iKuxg 
 Xeyei, xph gl^to juavOdveiv' el S' ecrri jmev jult] 
 fxdOrj^ay aXX e^airaroocnv ol vTricrx^'ov/uLevot, tj 
 ^aOrjfiia juev rvyxdvei ov, jurj /mevroi iravv orTrovSaiov, 
 rl KOL Seoi av avro juLavOdveiv ; Xeyco Se ravra irepl 
 avrov elg rdSe airo^Xeyf/ag, on oljuiai eyco rovro, 
 e'l ri rjv, OVK av XeXrjOevai AaKeSai/uovlovg, olg ovSev 
 aXXo jULeXei ev rep ^lo) rj rovro ^tjreiv Kal eiri- 
 rrjSeveiVy o ri av jiiaOovreg Kal \ eTrirrjSevcravreg 183 
 
8 
 
 nAATONOS AAXH2:. 
 
 183 A ifKeoveKTolev tcov aXXooi/ ire pi tov iroXefjiov. el 
 S €K€imvg eXeXT^Oei, aXX ov tovtov^ ye Tovg 
 SiSacrKciXovg avTOv XeXrjOev avro tovto, otl €K€ivol 
 juLaXicTTa Twv '^XX}]P(jov (TirovSa^ovcTLv ein toI^ 
 
 TOLOVTOig, KOI OTi Trap* €K€LPOig OLV T£C TijuirjOeig 
 
 €L9 TavTa KOL irapa toov aXXcov irXeicrT ai> ep- 
 yd^OLTO xpY]iJLaTa, wcrirep ye kcu TpaycpSlag TroLrjrrjg 
 Trap ^juLtv TLjULrjOelg. TOiydpTOL 09 av o'lrjraL Tpa- 
 ycpSlav KaXcog iroielv, ovk e^coOev kvkXo) irepi Trjv 
 
 B I 'AjTTLKfiv Kara ret? aXXag TroXeig eTriSeiKVVjUiepog 
 TrepiepxeTaiy dXX evOvg Sevpo (peperai kcu tolctS' 
 eiriSeLKwcTLv. eiKoroog. Tovg Se ev oirXois' fxaxp- 
 juLepovg eyvo tovtov^ opco Tr]i/ jmev AaKeSai/mova* 
 riyovjULepovg elvai d^arov lepov koI ovSe aKpcp 
 TToSi eiTL^aivovTaf^y kvkXw Se irepuovTag avrrjv 
 I Koi irdcri /mdXXop €7riSeiKi/viuLei/ov<^, koi jULdXicrTa 
 < TOVTO19 Gu Kav avTo\ ojuLoXoy/jcreiap TroXXovg ccj^wv 
 TrpoTepovg elvaL irpog Ta tov iroXejuLOv. 
 
 C VII. ^'ETre^ra, & Avcrlimaxe, ov irdvv \ oXlyoig 
 eyot) TOVToov irapayeyova ev avrcp tm epyw, koI 
 opSf oIoL elcTLV. e^ecTTL Se kol avroOev rjijuv cKe- 
 \f/'acr6aL' wairep yap eirLTriSeg ovSelg ttcottot 
 evSoKijuLog yeyovev ev tm TroXe/ucp dvrjp tcov tcl 
 OTrXiTiKa eTriTrjSevcrdvToov. KaiTOi e'lg ye raXXa 
 irdvTa eK tovtcov oi ovojuLacTol ylyvovrai, €/c tcov 
 eTTiTrjSevardvTOOv eKacrra' ovtol S\ cug eo//c€, irapd 
 T0V9 dXXovg ovTO) a-(p6Spa elg tovto SeSvcrrv- 
 XVKO,(TLV. €7reJ Kol TOVTOv TOV l^TrjclXecov, ov vjuLeig 
 
 D lu^eT e/ULOv ev tocovtw o)(X(p eOedcacrOe \ eiriSeiK- 
 
HAATONOS AAXHS. 9 
 
 vv^evov Kai ra ^eydXa irepi avrod Xeyovra aissD 
 eXeyei/, ere/jcoOf eyw KaXXtov ieeaaajULrjv ev 
 aXrjOela m a\rj6M<; einSeLKVv ij^evov ovx eKovra. 
 Trpoa-^aXovar]^ yap t^<^ vem e0' rj CTre^dreve, 
 irpog oXKaSa rivd, e^dxero exm SopySpliravov, 
 Sia(f)€pop oirXov are kol avrog tcov aXXcou 
 Sia(p€po)u. rd fxeu ovv dXka ovk d^ia Xeyeiv TrepJ 
 ravSpog, TO Se cocpLcr/uia to tov Speirdvov tov 
 TTpog TV] I Xoyxn olov dTre/Srj. juLaxcjUiemv yap e 
 avTOu eveo-x^TO ttov ev Toig Trj^ veoog cTKevea-L 
 Kol dvTekd^eTO. €l\k€v ovv 6 ^TrjcrlXeoo^ ^ovXo- 
 fievog airoXvo-ai, koi ovx ofo? r ^v' rj Se vavg 
 Trjv vavv ira prjei. Tecog jmev ovv irapeQei ev Trj 
 vrjL dvTexd^evo^ tov SopaTog. eirei Se Srj irap- 
 r]fxe[/3eT0 rj vavg Trjv vavv Ka\ eirlcrira avTov tov 
 SopaTog exd/iievovy rjcplei to Sopv Sid Tvjg x^'-P^^y 
 eoog OLKpov tov \ cTvpaKog dvTeXd^eTO. rjv (5el84A 
 yeX(jog Ka\ KpOTog viro toov ck Trjg oXKdSog em 
 T6 TO) (TX^I^J^GLTL avTOVy Ka\ eireiSt] ^aXdvTog Tivog 
 XlOcp irapd Tovg iroSag avTOv eiri to KaTacrTpoojuLa 
 d^leTai TOV SopaTog, tot rjSr] Ka\ oi e/c Trjg Tpi- 
 rjpovg ovKeTL olol t rjcrav tov yeXwTa KaTex^^v. 
 opoovTeg aloopovaevov ck Trjg oXKaSog to SopvSpe- 
 iravov eKelvo. tcroog /mev ovv elrj dv tl TavTa^ warirep 
 l^mag Xeyei' oh S' ovv eyco evTeTvx^^^^^ TOiavT 
 arra ecTLV. 
 
 VIII. '^0 ovv Ka\ e^ I apx?? ^^ttoi/, otl etTe B 
 ouToo (TjuLKpag cocpeXelag exei nxdOrjfxa ov, e'he p.r] 
 ov (pacr\ KOI TrpocriroiovvTai avTO elvai ^aOrj^a, 
 
10 
 
 nAAT12N02 AAXH^. 
 
 184 B ovK a^LOv eirixeLpelv juLavOaveij/. kol yap ovv julol 
 SoK€iy €L jmev SeiXog T19 cSi/ ololto avTOV eTTLcrTacrOai, 
 Opaa-vTepog av Sl avro yepojmepog eincjyavecrTepo^ 
 yevoLTO OL09 rjv' el Se avSpeiog, (pvXarTO/uLevo^ av 
 VTTO Tcov avOpooircoPy el kol ciuLiKpov e^a/mapTOLj 
 jueyaXag dV Sia^oXag 'IcrxeLv' €7rL(f)6opo9 yap 
 C TrpOG-TTolrja-L^ T^9 TOiatfTrjg \ eTTLcrTT^iULrjg, mctt el 
 juLYf TL OavjULaa-TOi/ oaop Siatpepei Trj aperrj toov 
 aWodv, OVK ecrff oiro)^ av T19 (pvyoi to KaxayeXa- 
 (TT09 yevea-Qaiy (pda-Koop exeiv TaiJTrjv Trjv eincrTrjiJiriv. 
 TOiavTrj T£9 e/ULOiye SoKei, o) Ava-Ljuiaxe, rj Trepi 
 TOVTO TO juLaOrjima elvai (titovSyi' xph ^' oirep (tol 
 apx/i's eXeyov, Kai llcoKpaTrj TOvSe jmrj acpievaij 
 aXXa SeicrOaL a-vjuL^ovXeveiv oirrj SoKei avTO) Trepl 
 Tov irpOKeiiJLevov. 
 
 AY. 'AXXct SeojmaL eycoye, & ^coKpaTeg' Kai yap 
 
 D MCirep €TL TOV SiaKpiPOVl^TOg SoK€t I JULOL Seiv rifJUV 
 
 rj ^ovXrj. €1 jmev yap crvve^epecrOfjv TcioSe, 7}ttov 
 av TOV TOLOVTOV cSci' vvv Se Trjv evavTiav yap^ 
 0)9 o/oa9, Aayjl^ Nf/c/a eOeTO' ev Si] ex^L aKovcrai 
 
 Kai (TOVy TTOTepCp TOLV CLvSpOlV (TVIUL\lrr](f>0^ el. 
 
 IX. 2f2. T/ Sal, & Ava-ljuax^ ; oiroTep av ol 
 TrXelovg eiraivoocrLv rj/majVy tovtol^ juLeXXeig XP^^^^^ ? 
 AY. T/ yap av T19 Ka] ttoloi, & 2w/c/oaT69 ; 
 
 Kol (TV, c5 MeXT^o-Za, ovTi^i^ av iroioh \ 
 E Kav el T19 irepi aycovla^ tov \ vleo^ croi ^ovXrj elrj 
 tI xph CLaKeiv, apa Toh irXelocnv av rjiucov irelOoio, 
 rj \elv(p o(TTL9 TvyxGi^^i ^^TTO TraiSoTpl^r} ayaQcp 
 TreTraiSevjixevo^ Ka] i^crKfjKcog ; 
 
nAATON02 AAXH2. U 
 ME. 'E/cetW eiKOi ye, cS I,wKpares. 
 
 VO A ' " » ' * ^ . 184 E 
 
 ovcLv Yjijuv ; 
 
 ME. ^1(70)9. 
 
 ^^n. '^TncTTmii yip, olfiai, Sel Kplvecrdai, a\X 
 ov irXy'iOeL, to p^eWov AcaXw? /cyoi0y/(7e(70af. 
 ME. IK)? yap ov ; 
 
 2^2. Ou/coJi/ Kai vvv xph TrpwTou avrh tovto 
 (TKexl^afrOai, el eart rig ^j^wv texvlk^^ Trepl o5 
 I ^ovXevi^eOa, rj o'& Kai el ^ev k'cmu, eKemp iss a 
 Treldecreai em ovri, tov^ S' aWov^ eaV el Se 
 my aXXov Tim ^riTelv. r] irepi (TjULiKpod oleo-de 
 vvm KivSvveveip Kai crh Ka\ Kvcriiixaxo^, aXX ov 
 Trepl TOVTOV tov KTTjfxaTog o twv v/meTepcop ^eyi- 
 (TTOv ov Tvyxavei ; vlem yap irov rj xp^o-twu i] 
 TavavTia yevo^evwv koi irag 6 oSco? 6 tov iraTpo^ 
 ovTO)9 olKYjG-eTai, oiroioi av Tive^ oi TraiSe^ yevcovTui. 
 
 ME. 'AXrjOrj Xeyei<^. 
 
 2f2. TloXXrjv apa Sei Trpo/mrjOeiav avTOv ex^iv. 
 ME. Haw ye. 
 
 2f2. Hcog I ovv, o eyo) apTi eXeyov, eo-KOTrov/uiev B 
 av, el €^ovX6jv.e6a (rKe\f/'aG-6ai r/? ^/ulcov irepi ayoovlav 
 TexviKooTaT09 ; ap ovx o /aaOoov Kai eTriTfjSevcra^, 
 & Kcu SiSacTKaXoi ayaOol yeyovoTeg rjuav avTOv 
 
 TOVTOV ; 
 
 ME. "YiiJLOiye SoKel 
 
 2f2. OvKOVV €Tl TTpOTepOV, TLVOg 0VT09 TOVTOV OV 
 
 ^t]TOv/uLev Tov^ SiSacTKaXov^ ; 
 ME. Ucog Xeyei^ ; 
 
12 
 
 nAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
 185 B X. 2f2. 'f2(5e iVo)? juLoXXov KaTaSrjXov ecrrai. 
 
 OV JULOl S0K€l CipX^9 rj/ULlP COjULoXoyrjo-Qaiy TL iroT 
 
 €<TTL irepi OV ^ovXevojueOa Koi cKeTTTOjUieOa, ocrTi9 
 C ^/uLcioi/ TexvLKo<^ KOL TOVTOV ev€Ka SiSao'KaXovg I eK- 
 TrjcraTOy koI oottl^ firj. 
 
 NI. Ov yap, & ^coKpareg, Trepl tov ev oTrXoig 
 jmdx'^o-Oai arKOiroviJLeVy e'/re xpri avTO Tovg veavl&KOvg 
 fixavQaveLv e'lre jult]; 
 
 Haw iJikv ovVj cS NiKia. aXX OTav Trepl 
 
 (pap/ULCLKOV TL9 TOV X/Q09 6(f)6aXjULOV(^ CKOTT^Tai, €LT6 
 
 Xph avTO viraXeLcjyecrQaL e'/re fjLYjy Trorepov olei Tore 
 etvai Trjv ^ovXfjv irep\ tov (pap/ULOLKOv rj irep\ tcov 
 6(p6aXiuL(jop ; 
 
 NI. Hepl Tcoi/ 6(p9aX/uL(jl)v. 
 D OvKOvi/ Kal OTav 'Ittttcp \ xaXivov cTKOirriTal 
 
 Ti9 ei TTpocoiO'Teov t] JUL)'/, Kai oTTOTe, t6t€ ttov Trepl 
 TOV 'iTrirov j^ovXeveTai aXX ov irepi tov xaXivov ] 
 
 NI. 'AX;;^;;. 
 
 2f2. OvKOvv evi Xoycpy OTav Tig tl ei/e/cct tov 
 CKOirrj, Trepl eKelvov rj ^ovXrj Tvyxa^ei ovaa ov 
 eveKa ecTKOTrei, aXX' ov Trepl tov o eveKa aXXov 
 e^rjTei. 
 
 NI. 'AvdyKrj. 
 
 2f2. Aei apa Kal tov cviul/SovXov CKOTrelv, apa 
 Texi^i'f<:dg ecTTiv eig eKelvov OepaTrelav ov eveKa 
 CKOTrovfJievoL cKOTrovjUiev. 
 
 NI. Haw ye. 
 
 E 2Q. OvKOvv vvv (pajmev \ Trept imaOrijuLaTog crKOTreiv 
 ^fX^? eveKa Trjg tcov veavlcrKcov. 
 
HAATONOS AAXH2. 13 
 
 NI. Na/. 
 
 V 185 
 
 Ei' Tf9 apa rj^ihv rexvLKo^ irep\ \[/'vx^i9 Oepu- 
 irelav kql oU^ re KoXwg tovto Qepaireva-ai, kol otco 
 SiSacKoXoL ayaOoL yeyovacTLy tovto (TKeivTeov. 
 
 AA. T/ (5e, & Sco/cpare?; ovirw ecopaKa^ avev 
 SiSacTKaXMi/ TexvLKooTepovg yeyovoTa^ elg evia rj 
 juL€Ta SiSacTKaXcov ; 
 
 2f2. "Eywye, w Aax^9' oh ye av ovk av eOeXoig 
 7ri(TT€V(jai, el (palev ayaOo] etvai SrjjuLLOvpyoL, el jm/} 
 TL COL Trjg avTwv Texvn^ epyov exoiev eTriSei^uL ev 
 eipyacrjiievoPy | Koi eV kol TrXe/w. 136 
 
 AA. Tovto jmev aXrjOrj Xeyetg. 
 
 XL m. Kal yjjuLa^ apa Set, & Aax^9 tc Ka\ 
 Nf/c/a, eTreiSr] AvcrljULaxo^ kcu MeX/ycr/a? eh (jv/ul- 
 /SovXrji/ TrapeKoXecraTrjV fj/ma^ irept tolv vleoLV, 
 TrpoOvjULOvimevoL avTOiv o tl aplcTafi yeveo-Oai Tag 
 ^/^f^ct?, €£ /mev (paiuev exeiVy eTriSei^ai avToh Ka\ 
 SiSacrKoXovg o'lTLveg rjfxwv yeyovacnv, ol. avTol 
 irpwTOL ayaOol ovTeg Ka\ ttoXXoov vecov TcOepa- 
 irevKOTeg y^rvxci^ eireiTa Ka\ rjfxa<^ SiSd^avTeg (j)aLvov- 
 TaC I Y} el TL^ rjjuiociv avTwv eavTcp SiSdarKaXov fxev B 
 ov ^rjo-L yeyovevai, aXX ovv epya avTog avTOv 
 exet elirelvy Ka\ eiriSel^ai TLveg 'A6r]mL0)v rj twv 
 ^evMV, rj SovXoL rj eXevOepoi, Sl ketvov o^oXoyov- 
 imevciog ayaOol yeyomcnp' el Se fir]Sev l^fxtv tovtwv 
 virdpxet, aXXovg KeXeveiv ^rjTeiv Kal eTalpwv 
 avSpwv vlecTL KivSweveiv 8ia(j)6elpoi^Ta9 t^v fxeylcrTrji/ 
 ahlav exeii' v^o toop oiKeiOTaTWv. eyo) fxev ovv, 
 & Avo-limaxe re Kal MeXyjcrla, irpwTog irepl efj.avTod 
 
14 
 
 nAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
 186 C Xeyoo OTL I SiSdcTKoXog julol ov yeyove tovtov ire pi. 
 
 KaiTOL einOujuia) ye tov Trpay/xaro? e/c veov ap^d- 
 /iiei/og. dXXd T019 nxev (TO(pL(TTaig ovk exoo TeXelv 
 ^icrOovgy OLirep julovol eirriyyeXXovTO jme otol t 
 elvai TTOirjcraL KaXov re KayaQov' aJro? <5' ait 
 evpelv Trjp Te^vriv aSvvaTOo eTL vvvi el Se Nf/c/a? 
 Y} Adx^9 euprjKev rj jmejUidOrjKeiJj ovk dp OavjuidcraLjuLL' 
 Koi yap xprnnacTLV ejuov SvmTcoTepoiy wcTe jULaOeiv 
 Trap' dXXoop, kol djua irpear^vTepoLy (ocrre '^Sr} evprj- 
 Kevau SoKOvcri Sr} julol SvpaTol eivai TraLSevcrai 
 
 D I dvOpcDirov' ov yap dv irore dSecog aTreipalvoPTO 
 irepl eTriT^SevjuLdTCjoi/ vecp XPW^^^ '^^ '^^^ irovrjpcop, 
 el /ULT] avTOi^ eTrlarrevop Uavwg elSevai. rd /mev ovv 
 dXXa eyooye tovtol^ TriarTevco' otl Se SiacpepecOov 
 aXXyXoiVj eOavjuLacra. tovto ovv <jov eyco avTiSe- 
 o/xat, (S Avo-ljULax^} KaOdirep dpn Adx^9 l^h 
 diplecrOal ere e/mov SieKeXeveTO dXXd epwrdvy /caJ 
 eyw vvv irapaKeXevojuLal crot jmrj dcpLearOai Kdx^TO<$ 
 juLfjSe Nf/c/of, dXX epcordvy Xeyovra otl '0 jmep 
 
 E ^coKpdrrjg \ ov (prjcLV eiraieLV irepl tov TT/oay/xaro?, 
 ovS Uavo^ elvaL SLaKplvaL oiroTepo^ v/ulcov dXrjOrj 
 XeyeL' ovTe yap evpeTrj^ ovTe jmaOrjTrj^ ovSepog irepl 
 Toov TOLovTCOP yeyovevuC crv S\ & Adx^j^ Kal Ni/c/a, 
 elireTov rj/uLiv eKdTepog, tlvl Srj SeLVOTdToo arvyyeyo- 
 vaTOv irepi ti]9 tcop vImv Tpocprj^, Ka\ iroTepa 
 IxaQovTe irapd tov eirLorTacrOov rj avTO) e^evpoPTe, 
 Kal e\ jmev jmaOovTe, TLg 6 SLSdcrKaXog eKaTepco kol 
 
 187 A TiVe? dXXoL I oiJLOTexvoi avTOi^y %\ dv ^rj vfxlv 
 
 crxoXrj rj viro Toov r/J? iroXecog irpay^aTa^v, eir 
 
nAATI2N02 AAXH2. 
 
 15 
 
 A 
 
 aj,<t>orepa e^meXriOnmc Kal rwp hfJ^eripwv kuI to,, 
 vp.eTepwv -TralSwv, oVo,? f,'r, Karaiaxivo^m rov, 
 avTwv irpoyovov? ,pmXoi yevofiemi- « S' avTo\ 
 eiperai yeyovSre roO roioirov, S6t€ irapaSeiyna, 
 tIvwv '/iSr, a'AXcoi. evifxeXtiOevTe^ <f>avXa,i, KaXovl 
 re Kuyaeohs eTrou/o-are. ei yap vdv vpwrou ap^e- 
 ade [ iraiSeveiv, (TKOTrelv xph M ovk ev tw Kap] 
 vp.lv 6 KwSwof KwSvvevriTai, akX ev roli vUcri re 
 KOI ev Toci Twv <plX(ov Trata-l, Kal arexvwi to Aeyo- 
 p.evov Kara, t^v irapoip'iav vp.w cru/uL^aivti, ev irlQw >; 
 Kepapelu yiyvopevr,. Xeyere oSv, tI tovtoov rj (/tare 
 vp.LV vTrdpxetv re Kal irpocnjKeiv, J; ov (pare. TauT, 
 (h Ava-lpaxe, irap' avrwv TrvvOdvov re kuI filj peOlei 
 Tovi avSpu9. 
 
 XII. AY. KaA£? 
 ^MKpaTtjg Xeyeiv' el Se ^ov\ojul€VOl<^ v/ullv ecrri \ irep\ 
 TO)v TOLOVTo^v epooTOLcrOaL T€ Koi SiSovai Xoyovy 
 avT0V9 Sr] xph y^yvcoo-Ketv, S> NiKia re Kai Adx^9. 
 efioi p.ev yap kol MeXrjcrla tmSc SrjXop on rjSojmivoL^ 
 dV eir], el irdvra, d ^coKpdrr]^ epcora, eOeXoire 
 Xoyo) Sie^LevaC Kal yap CLpx^'s evrevQev ripx^M^ 
 Xiycjdv, on el^ G-v/UL^ouXfjv Sia ravra vjuia^ irapaKoXe- 
 craijuL€P, OTL jULe/uLeXfjKemL vfjuv rjyov/uieOa, eZ/co?, 
 Trep] Tcoi/ TOLOVTCoVf Kal aXXco^ Kal eTreiSrj ol iraiSeg 
 vjuiv oXlyov, cocTTrep ol rjfjLerepoi, rjXLKiav \ exouo-i 
 iraLSevea-Oai. el ovv vjuiv jmy] tl Siacpepei, elirare 
 Kal KOLVv} imerd llooKparov? o'Keyf/'aarOe, SiSovreg re kqI 
 SexdimevoL Xoyov irap aXXr/Xcov' ev yap kuI tovto 
 
16 
 
 HAATfiNOS AAXHZ 
 
 187 D Xeyet oSe, on irepi tov /neyta-Tov vvv ^ovXevojueda 
 
 TU)V ^/JLETepuiv. aW opare ei Sok€? \prjvai outco 
 •woielv. 
 
 NI '12 Ava-LjULax^j SoK€i9 julol 0)9 aXrjOciog ^coKpaTrj 
 iraTpoOep yiyvwcKeiv /ulovop, avrcp ov crvyyeyo- 
 E vevai aXX' t] irmSl ovti, el irov ev \ TOtg SrjjuLOTat^ 
 jueTa TOV Trarpo? olkoXovOcop eTrXrjcrLaa-e col rj ev 
 iepcp f] ev aWcp Tcp crvWoyto tcov Srj/moTCov' e-TreiSrj 
 Se 7rpecr/3vTepo^ yeyovev, ovk evrervx^oog tm 
 avSp] StjXo^ eTL eZ 
 
 AY. T/ jULoXicrTa, & l^LKLa ; 
 
 XIIL NI. 0? fiiOL SoKeig elSevai otl 09 av 
 eyyvTaTa ^coKparovg fj Xoycp war ire p yevet kol 
 ifKrjcrLd^r} SiaXeyo/uLevogj avayKrj avTO), eav a pa kol 
 ire pi aXXov tov irpoTepov ap^rjTaL SiaXeyecrOai, jmrj 
 iravecrQaL viro tovtov irepiayoimevov tco Xoyo), irpiv 
 av e/ULTreo-rj eig to StSovai irep\ avTOv XoyoVy ovTiva 
 
 188 A Tpoirov vvv T6 Ka\ ovTLva TOV I irapeXrfKvOoTa 
 
 (31 ov ^e^LCOKev' eireiSav S' ejULTreo-rj, otl ov irpoTepov 
 avTOV cKprjcreL l^ooKpaTrjg, irp\v av ^acravlo-r] TavTa 
 ev Te Ka] KaXoog diravTa. eyto Se crvvy]6rj^ Te eijuLL 
 TcpSe Ka] ot(5' OTL avdyKrj vtto tovtov irdaxeLV 
 TavTa, KOL eTL ye avT09 otl TreloroimaL TavTa ev 
 olSa' x^^P^ y^py ^ AvcrljULax^, tm avSpl TrXriaLd^cov, 
 Ka\ ovSev oIjuLaL KaKOV elvai to vTrojULijuLVT^crKecrOaL o tl 
 B M KaXoog rj TreTTOLy'iKajmev \ rj TTOLOVjueVj dXX el^ tov 
 eireLTa /3lov irpojUirjOecrTepov dvdyKr] elvaL tov TavTa 
 jmr] (pevyovTay aXX' eOeXovTa /caret to tov lloXcovog 
 Ka\ a^LOvvTa juLavOdveLv ecoorirep av ^ij, Kal jmrj 
 
HAATONOS AAXH2. 17 
 
 oio^evov avT^^ to y^pa^ podi^ kxov 7rp oo- f eW f. iggB 
 e^ot fxev ovv ovSev arj6e9 ovS' av arjSk vtto looKpd- 
 T0V9 jSaa-avL^ea-Qai, aXXa kol TraXaL axeSov ri 
 riiTLG-Ta^Yiv OTL ov irepl rm jueLpaKLcov rjjULii/ 6 Xoyo? 
 eaoLTO Sw/cparof? TrapoVro?, aXAa ir€p\ i^fjiwv 
 avTwv. oirep ovv Xiyco, \ to jmev e/uLov ovSev KooXvei c 
 llwKpaTei o-vpSiaTpt^€Lv ottw? ovTog ^ovXeTai' 
 Aax^yra Se TOvSe opa oiroo^ exei irep\ tov toiovtov. 
 
 XIV. AA. 'KirXodv 
 X6y(/)v ecTTLv' el Se ^ovXei, ovx airXovv, aXXa 
 SlttXovv. kol yap av So^aijuLL tm (piXoXoyog elvai 
 Kal av juLicroXoyog. OTav luev yap olkovw avSpo^ 
 irepl ap€Tyj9 SiaXeyo/ULevov rj irepl tlvo9 cro(p[a^ 0)9 
 aXrjOcio^ OVT09 avSpog Kal a^lov twv Xoyeov mv Xeyei, 
 XGitp(Ji^ vTrepcpvoog, Oeco/mevog ajua \ tov Te XeyovTa D 
 Ka\ TO, Xeyofieva otl irpeirovTa aXXrjXoig Km 
 
 apjULOTTOVTOL €(TTL' Kal KOjULLSi] /UiOL SoK€L jULOVCTlKOg 
 
 6 T0L0VT09 elvai, apjmovlav KaXXicTTrjv rjp^oa^evog 
 OV Xvpav ovSe TraiSiag opyava, aXXa tw ovtl ^tjv 
 rjpjULOG-jUievog [ov] avTog avTOv tov ^lov orv^^wvov 
 T0L9 Xoyoig irpog to, epya, arexi^fJ^? So)pL(jTi aXX 
 ovK lao-Ti, oLOfJLai Se ovSe (ppvyiarTL ovSe XvSkttl, 
 aXX Yjirep /uovrj '^XXrjvLKT] ecTTiv ap^ovla. 6 p.ev 
 ovv TOiovTog x^h^''^ 1^^ iroiel (pOeyyo^evo^ Kai 
 SoKeiv I oTdpovv (piXoXoyov elvai' ovtm cr^oSpa E 
 airoSexofJiaL Trap avTOv to, Xeyo^eva 6 Se ra- 
 vavTia TOVTOV irpaTTCOv Xvirel ^e, ocw av SoKrj 
 a/ui€Lvov Xeyeiv, toctovtco fxaXXov, Kai iroLel av 
 SoKciv elvai jULicroXoyov. llcoKpcxTOvg S' eyo) rwv 
 
18 HAATfiNOS AAXH2. 
 
 188 E jixev Xoyodv ovk ejuLTreipog el/uLij aXXa TrporepoVy cog 
 
 €OLK€, Toop epyoov eTreipaOrjv, koI €K€i avTOv evpov 
 
 189 A a^LOv ovTa Xoycov koXcov kol Trdcrrjg \ Trapprja-lag. 
 
 el OVV KCU TOVTO €X^h CrVjUL/SovXojULai TOLvSpl, KCU 
 
 yiSlctt dv €^eTa^OLjuif]v viro tov tolovtov, kol ovk 
 dv dxdoLjurjv jmavOdvcop, ciXXd kol eyco T(p lloXcopi, ev 
 lULOvop irpocrXajidov, $vyxjMp(jc>' yrjpdcTKcov yap iroXXd 
 SiSdcTKecrOai eOeXco biro XPW^^^ julovop. tovto ydp 
 jULOL (Tvyx'^peLTOOf dyaOov kol avrov elvai tov SiSd- 
 CKaXoVy 'Iva jULrj SvcrjuLaOrjg (palvoo/uLaL drjSm p-avQavcov. 
 el Se vecoT€po9 6 SiSdcTKOOv ecTTm rj pyiroo ev So^n wv 
 
 "B ''I TL dXXo TOOP TOLOVTCiOP \ 6X^1/, OvSeP pOl peXcL. (TOL 
 
 ovvy & 11(jok paregj eyco eir ay yeXXop-m Ka\ SiSdcrKeLP 
 Ka\ eXeyx^i^^ ^ ^ovXrj, Ka\ pavQdveLV ye 
 
 o TL av eyotT olSa' ovto) crv irap epo\ SiaKeicraL dir 
 eKelprjg t^9 rjjuLepag, rj pier epov crvvSieKipSvpevo-ag kol 
 eSooKag o-avTOv ireipav dpertj^y rjv xph SiSopaL top 
 peXXopra SiKalm Sooareip. Xey ovp o tl col (piXop, 
 prjSep Trjp rjperepap rjXiKLap viroXoyop iroLOvpepog. 
 c XV, Ov TOL vpeTepa, (09 eoiKep, \ aiTiaco- 
 
 peOa pr] ovx eTOtpa efpat Ka\ o-vp^ovXeveip Kai 
 (jvcTKOireLP. 
 
 AY. 'AAA' rjpeTepop Srj epyop, to Sco/c/oare?" eW 
 ydp ere eyooye rjpwp TlOrjpC (TKOireL ovp dvT epov 
 virep Tcop peaptcTKWP o tl SeopeOa irapd TcopSe 
 irvpOdvecrOai, Ka\ crvp/3ovXeve SiaXeyopepog tovtoi^. 
 eyco pep ydp Ka\ eiriXapOdpopai r^Srj tcc iroXXd Sid 
 Trjp rfXiKiap &p dp SiaporjOw epeaQai koI av d dp 
 aKOvcco' edp Se peTa^v dXXoi XoyoL yepcoPTai, ov 
 
HAATONOS AAXH2. 19 
 
 Kat aKOvcra^av ^era mXrjcrlov roSSe iron'^aw tovto 
 o TL av KOt vjuLip SoKrj. 
 
 m. UeLCTTeov, & Nf/c/a re Ka\ Kaxm, Avat^dx^o 
 Kac MeX^cr/a. S fi'ev oZv vvv eirexeipwa^e, 
 
 (TKOTreiV, TLVeg ol SlSaCTKoXoL fjfxlv T?l^ TOtaVTi]^ 
 
 TraiSela^ yeyovacriv tj rlva^ clWovg (SeXrlov^ 
 ireiroLYiKa^eVy iVco? fnev oh KaKm exei e^erd^eiv kul 
 TO, TOiaura \ ^fxa^ avrovg' a\X oI/ulcu, kqi ^ roidSe e 
 (TKexjMg €19 ravTov (pepei, (TxeSov Se ri koi ludWoi' 
 ^PX^^ ^'^n (^v. el yap Tvyxavojmev eTrLarrdjULevoL 
 OTOvovv irepi, on TrapayevojuLevoi/ tw ^eXriov iroLel 
 €K€Lvo (h irapeyevero, kol irpotrerL otol re eo-jmev 
 avTo iroieiv irapaylyvecrQaL eKelvcp, SrjXov on avro 
 ye 'Icr^ev tovto, ov irepi (tviul^ovXol dv yevoljUieOa 
 ft)? TL9 avTo pacTTa koi apicTT dv KTtjaraiTO. 
 io-ft)? ovv ov /mavOdveTe julov o tl Xeyco, dXX SiSe 
 paov /xaQriorecrQe. el Tvyxavoimev eTria-TdjuLevoL otl 
 o\fy'ig irapayevo^evrj \ ocpOaX/uLoig ^eXr/of? iroLei 190 a 
 eKelvov^ oh irapeyeveTOy kcu irpoareTL olol re eV/xei^ 
 iroielv avTrjv irapaylyvecrQaL ojULjuiacn, SrjXov otl 
 o\frLp ye 'icr/mev avTrjv o tl ttot ecTLV, rjg irepL 
 crvjuL^ovXoi dV yei/OL/meOa ft)? av Tig avTrjv pao-Ta 
 Ka\ apLQ-Ta KTrjaaLTO. el yap jmrjS^ avTO tovto 
 elSelrjjULev o tl ttot ecrTtv o\f/^i9 rj o tl ccttlv cikoii, 
 crxoXij dv (tviul8ovXol ye ol^lol Xoyov yevol^eOa 
 Ka\ laTpol ri irepL 6cj>QaXiJL0)v rj irep\ ootwv, ovTLva 
 TpoTTOv OLKOrjv rj o^I^LV \ koXXlctt dv KTrjaaLTO TLg. B 
 
20 HAATfiNOS AAXHS. 
 
 190 B AA. ^AXrjOyj Xeyeig, w Sco/c/oare?. 
 
 XVI. 2f2. OvKOvVy (h Aa^;;?, koi vvv ^/xa? TOdSe 
 irapaKoXeiTOv ei^ crvin^ovKr^v, tlv av rpoirov Toh 
 vlecriv avTwv aperrj irapayevojULevfj raig ^Irv^ah 
 ajaelpovg iroL7](T€Lev ; 
 
 AA. Jlavv ye. 
 
 2f2. ^Ap' ovv TOVTO y virapyeiv Self to elSevai o 
 TL iroT ecTTLV apeTY] ; el yap irov /mrjS' aperrj)/ 
 eiSeijuieu to irapairav o tl iroTe Tvyxavei ov, tlv 
 av Tpoirov tovtov otviul^SovXol yevoLjueOa otmovv, 
 C I oTTcog av avTO KaWicrTa KTricraiTO ; 
 
 AA. OvSevay e/ULOLye SoKeij & l^^coKpaTeg. 
 
 2f2. ^ajuev apa, (h Adx^9y elSevat avTo o tl ecTTLV. 
 
 AA. ^a/iiev juevTOi. 
 
 2f2. OvKOvv o ye '/cr/xei/, Kav eliroiiuiev Syjirov tl 
 
 eCTTLV. 
 
 AA. 11(1)9 yap ov ; 
 
 2f2. M?7 TOLvvVj S apLCTTe, irepl o\i]9 apeTrjg 
 evOeo)^ (TKOiroofjieQa — TrXeov yap icrco? epyov — , aWa 
 juiepovg TLV09 irepL TrpooTOv 'iSoojuiev, el LKavcog exo/mev 
 D TT/oo? TO elSevai' Kal ^jullVj to eiKog, \ pacov 
 rj (TKexlrL^ ecTTaL. 
 
 AA. 'AXX' ovToo TroiwjUieVy (h llcoKpaTeg, cog crv 
 /3ov\eL. 
 
 2f}. T/ ovv av TrpoeXoljuieOa tcov Trjg apeTrjg 
 juepcov ; rj StjXov Sr] otl tovto elg o Telveiv SoKel 
 rj ev Tolg oirXoig /uLaOrjo-Lg ; SoKel Se irov TOig 
 TToXXoIg elg avSpelav. rj yap ; 
 
 AA. KaJ fjLoXa Srj ovTco SoKei, 
 
HAATONOS AAXH2. 2I 
 
 2f2. Todro Tolvvv irpwTOv eTrixeipwcojuiev, 5 190 d 
 Aapg, elirelv, avSpela tl iror icrrlv eireira fxera 
 TOVTO a-Kexly^o^eOa Kal orcp av rpoircp toI^ veavlaKoi^ 
 I irapayevoLTO, Ka& ocrov olov re iTTLTrjSev^drcov e 
 T€ KOI fxaOrj^dro))^ irapayeveaQai. aWa ireipw 
 eLTrelv o Xeyco, rl eo-riv avSpela. 
 
 XVII. A A. Ov fxa Tov A/a, (5 Sw/cpare?, oh 
 XaXeirov elirelv' el yip T19 eOeXoL ev rd^ei 
 /xeVo)!/ d^vveaQai rovg iroXejUilov^ Kai juLt] (hevyoi, eu 
 icruL OTL avopeio^ av ettj. 
 
 2f2. ES /xei/ Xeyeig, w Adxm' dXX hco^ eyw 
 a\TL09, ov (Ta(l)Mg elircov, to ce ccttok plmarOai juli) 
 TOVTO o Siavooviiievoq yipofjirjv, aXX CTepov. 
 
 AA. 11(59 TOVTO Xeyeig^ & HooKpaTe^ ; 
 
 2f2. 'Eyo) (ppda-o), \ edv oto^ re yeuco/ULai. dvSpeiog 191 A 
 TTOv ovTog OP Koi. cv Xeyei^, 09 dV ev t7] Td^ei jmei/wv 
 (xaxnTai TOtg iroXejULLOig. 
 
 AA. 'Eyo) yovp (prjiuLi. 
 
 yap eyoo. dXXd tl av oSe, 09 dv 
 (pevycop fxdxnTaL TOig 7roXe/>t/W dXXd jur] /mepcov ; 
 
 AA. 11(09 (pevyclov ; 
 
 2r2. ^X}(T7rep TTOV Ka] ^KvOaL XeyovTai ovx vttov 
 (pevyoPTeg rj SicoKOVTeg jmdx'^crOai, Kal ''OjULrjpog irov 
 eiraivoov Tovg tov Alvelov 'lirTrovg k p a l ir v a p. dX 
 evOa Kal \ evOa ecprj avTOvg eTrlcrTacrOaL S i oj- B 
 K e L V Se (pe^ecrOaL. kol avTOV tov Aivelav 
 KaTOL TOVT €veKwp,Lacr€y KaTO. Trjv TOV (jjo/Sov 
 eTrLG-TTiiuirjVy Kal etirev avTOV elvai p,}]G-Tco p a 
 
 (p 6 /3 O L O. 
 
22 
 
 HAATflXOS AAXH2. 
 
 191 B AA. KaJ KoXcog ye, oo ScS/c/oare?* irep] apjuLCLTcov 
 yoLp eXeye. kol ctv to toov ^kvQoov iirirecidv irepi 
 Xeyeig. to [jiev yap [ttttikop to eKelvwv ovtoo 
 jUiax'^TaL, TO Se ottKltlkov to ye tcop ^EXX?}i/a)i/, o/? 
 eyco Xeyo). 
 
 2r2. UXyjp y 'icrcog, co Adx^9> to AaKeSai/uLOVLCov' 
 C AaKeSai/uLOvlovg \ yap (pacriv ev nXaramr?, eireiSfj 
 Trpo? TOig yeppo(l>6poi^ eyevovTO, ovk eOeXeiv 
 jixepoPTag irpog avTovg /max^crOat, aXXa ^evyeiv, 
 eTreiSrj S' eXvOrjcrav at Ta^eig tcov Jlepa-wv, avacTTpe- 
 ^o/mevovg wa-irep lirireag jULax^crOai Koi ovtco VLKYjcrai 
 Trjv eKei imax^^- 
 
 AA. 'AXfjOn Xeyeig. 
 
 XVIII. 2f2. Toi/TO TOLvvv olItlov eXeyov, otl 
 eyo) aLTL09 fxh KaXcog ce airoKplvacOaL, otl ov 
 KoXm ripofjiYiv. ^ovXojULevog yap crov irvQea-Qai jmrj 
 D [jLOvov I Tovg €v TO) oirXiTLKcp avSpelov^y aXXa kol 
 
 TOVg ev Tip LTTTTlKCp Kul €V ^Lf/ULTTaVTl T(p TToXejULlKCp 
 
 e'lSeLj Koi jULrj fjLovov Tovg ev Tcp iroXejULWy aXXa koi 
 Tovg ev T019 irpog Trjv OdXaTTUv KivSvvoig avSpetovg 
 ovTag, KOI ocroi ye 7r/oo9 vocrovg ko,] ocroi tt/oo? 
 irevlag ^ koi irpog to, ttoXitiko, avSpelol elcri, kol 
 eTL av juLfj juiovov ocol irpog Xvirag avSpelol eicriv 
 rj (f>6^ovg, aXXa kol tt/oo? eTriOvjuilag rj rjSovag 
 Seivol jULGLX^o-OaL, Ka) jmevovTeg fj avacTTpecpovTeg — 
 E elcrl yap irov \ Tiveg, to Aax^9y Kal ev to?? TOiovTOig 
 avSpeioi. 
 
 AA. KaJ G-(j)6Spa, Sf 2co/c/oaT69. 
 
 2f}. OvKOvv avSpeioi jmev iravTeg ovtol eitriv, ctXX' 
 
HAATfiNOS AAXH2. 23 
 
 ol^J.m, beiXiav ev To?g avrok tovtoh. ' 
 A A. Haw ye. 
 
 OV ev -rraac rovroc, rair6v icrrtv. ,^ o?x. .«r«- 
 fiavUavei^ o Xeyw ; 
 AA. OJ 
 
 Aeyai. /caJ eV rS> fxavedvecv Kat eV a'AAo^? TroXXoh, 
 Kaj (Txe^oV T£ aJro KSKT^^eOa, oS Kac iripi fl^tol 
 
 (TTo^arog re Kai ^wi/i/? Siavom. v ovx ovrco Kai 
 crv Xeyeig ; 
 
 AA. Tldvv ye. 
 
 2f2. El TOLIVV t/9 fie epOLTO, ""Q lo!)KpaT€9, Tl 
 
 Xeyei^ tovto o ev Trdanv ovo/md^eig raxvTrjra eivai ; 
 eiTTOi^' dV I avTcp on rrjv ev oXlyo) XPoVw TroXAa B 
 SiairpaTTOfxevrjv SuvajuLiv raxvrrjra eycoye KaXco 
 Kai irepL (^covrjv koi irepi Spojuov koi irepl raXXa 
 iravTQ, 
 
 AA. ^Op6ot)9 ye (TV Xeyciov. 
 
 2f2. Tleipco Sr] Koi crv, cu Adx^]9, rrjv dvSpeluv ov- 
 Tft)9 eiTreiVy Tig ovcra SvvajULig rj avrrj ev rjSovr] Kai ev 
 Xvirrj Ka\ ev airaaiv o?9 vvv Srj eXeyojuev avrrjv eivai, 
 eireiTa dvSpela KeKXrjraL 
 
24 nAATONOS AAXH2. 
 
 ,92 B A A. AoK€l TOLVVV jUiOL KapTCpla Tig €LVaL Trj^ 
 
 yp-vx^^j €L TO ye Slu iravTcov irepl avSpelag 7r€(pvK09 
 Set elireLv. 
 
 a C 2f2. 'AXXa I iJLr}v Seiy et ye to epcoTcofievov 
 aTTOKpivoijjULeOa ^/uliv avTOig. tovto tolvvv ejuioiye 
 (j>aLV€Tai' 01) Ti iraara ye, co? eychjuaij KapTepla 
 avSpela col (palveTai. TeKjiialpojuLaL Se evQevSe' 
 (TXeSov yap tl oiSa, (h KaxH^y otl tcov iravv koKoov 
 TrpayjuLCLTCoi/ rjyel crv avSpelav elvm. 
 
 A A. E5 [JieV OVV LCtOl otl TWV KCxXKlo'TtJdV. 
 
 SQ. OvKOvv rj fxev juLeTa ^pomjaeM^ KapTepia 
 KoXrj KCiyaOf]. 
 
 AA. Udvv ye. 
 D Tl I ^ jueT a(}>po<Tvvrjg ; ov TOvvavTiov 
 
 TavTrj /SXa^epa kol KaKovpyog ; 
 
 AA. Na/. 
 
 2f2. KaXoi^ OVV TL (p}]creL9 cv elmL to tolovtov, 
 ov KaKOvpyov t6 kol pXa^epov ; 
 
 AA. OvKOvv SUmov yey & Sw/cparc?. 
 
 2f2. OvK apa TYiv ye TOLWUTrjv KapTeplav avSpelav 
 o/uLoXoyy^creig elvaL, eireLSriirep ov KaXri ecTLV, rj Se 
 avSpela koXov ecTTLv. 
 
 AA. 'AXrjOrj XeyeLg. 
 
 2f2. 'H ^povL/uLog apa KapTepla KaTct tov crov 
 Koyov avopeia av eirj. 
 AA. ^'Eof/cei/. 
 
 E XX. 2f2. '^ISco/ULev I St], rj elg tl (ppovLjuog ; rj rj 
 eh airavTa kgll to, /meyaXa kqI to, o-juLLKpa ; otov el 
 Tig KapTepel avaXla-Kcov apyupiov (j)povLU(jog. eiSm 
 
nAATflN02 AAXH2. 25 
 
 AA. M(i A/' oi)k e'yo^ye. 
 
 ^AXX ojop el Tc, larph, S^y, Trep.TrAe.^o./a 
 TO. ...09 exo/xe.0. ^ ^'XXo. ^al ^eo^eVo. Tr.ef. 
 
 AA. KJv6 OTTwcTTiovv ovS' avrr]. 
 
 2f2. 'AXV e, TToXeVo) /capTepo?.Ta aV(?pa Kal 
 edeXovra ^axeaOac, <t>povl^i<^^ Xoyi^6^evov, elSdra 
 fiev Sri MwovcTiv ^XXol avrw, irpo^ eXdrrovg Sh 
 Km <pavXoTepov^ fiaxelrac }, ^e& &p avrog ecrnv, 
 ere Se xc^pla e'xet Kpelrro) — rodrop top juera r^l 
 T0iavTf]9 (ppopT^G-ewg Kai irapaa-Kev^g Kaprepodpra 
 dpSpeiorepop dV 0a/;y9 rhp ep rw epaprm crrparo- 
 7reS(f eOeXopra virofxepeip re kqi Kaprepelp ; 
 
 I A A Toj/ ep kpaPTLw, ejuLoiye SoKel, w Sw- B 
 KpaTeg. 
 
 2f2. 'AXXa ^^p dippopeorrepa ye ^ rovrov rj ^ 
 rod erepov Kaprepla. 
 A A. ^AXrjOrj Xeyeig. 
 
 2f2. Kai rop fxer eina-rrj iiir}($ ap iiririKvig Kapre- 
 povpra ep LTriro^axla rjrrop ^wei^ avSpeiop ehai fj 
 rop apev e7ricrr}]jULr]g. 
 
 AA. '^Ejuioiye SoKei. 
 
 2f2. Kai rop /merd (Tc/iepSoprjriK^g rj ro^LKv]^ fj 
 aXXr]^ ripo^ rexv^^ Kaprepovpra. 
 
 I AA. TLdpv ye. Q 
 ocot ap eOeXcocrip eig (jypeap Kara- 
 ^alpopreg Ka\ KoXviJL^wpref; Kaprepelv ep rovrw 
 
26 
 
 nAATON02 AAXHZ 
 
 193 C tS) epywy ^rj oi/re? Seiml, rj €v tlvl aWto toiovtw, 
 avSpeiorepovg c[>rj(T€Lg twv ravra SeivcoV. 
 
 A A. T/ yap av Tig aXXo (palrj, & ^wKpareg ; 
 2f}. OvSev^ e'lirep ololto ye ovt(jO(^. 
 AA. 'AAXa jjLfiv OLjuial ye. 
 
 2f2. Kal jui7]p TTOv a(ppov€G-T€poog y€y M Adx^9) ol 
 
 TOLOVTOL KlvSvpevOVCrl T€ KOI KapT€pOV(TLV rj OL JULeTCL 
 
 Tex^rjg avTO TrpaTTOVTeg. 
 
 A A. ^alvovrai. 
 D I 2f2. Omovv ai(TXpcL rj a^poov ToX/ma re koi 
 KapT€pr](n<$ ev T(p irpocQev ecfxxvrj rj/uLip ovcra koi 
 ^Xa/Sepa ; 
 
 AA. Hdpv ye. 
 
 2f2. Se ye avSpela w/moXoyeiTO koXov tl elvai. 
 AA. ' VlfiXoXoyeLTO yap. 
 
 2f2. Niyj/ S av TToXiv (pajmev eKelvo to alcrxpovy 
 Tr]v acj)pova KapTeprjciv, dvSpelav eii/at. 
 AA. '^olKajULev. 
 
 212. KaA(09 ovi^ (TOL SoKOVjULep Xeyeiv; 
 
 AA. Ma Tov Al\ & HcloKpaTeg, e/ULo\ juLei/ ov. 
 
 XXI. 2Q. OvK a pa TTOV KaTci tov crov Xoyov 
 E SoopicTTl I fjp/uLOcrjuieOa eyco re /caJ avj c5 Adx^9' to, 
 yap epya ov ^v/mcpcovei rjjULiv TOig Xoyoig- ^py^^ 
 ydpy cog eoLKe, (pair] dv Tig rjjudg dvSpelag jmeTex^iv, 
 Xoyo) S\ 0)9 eyw/maiy ovk dv, ei vvv rj/uLco}/ aKOvceie 
 SlaXeyo/ULepcov. 
 
 AA. ^ AXrj6e(TTaTa Xeyeig. 
 
 212. T/ ovp ; SoK€i KaXop eipai ovTCog rjjuLag Sia- 
 KeiorOai ; 
 
nAATI2N0S AAXH2. 27 
 
 AA. OvS' OTTODO-TLOVl/. 
 
 2Q. BovXei ovv 5) Xeyojmev TreLOw/meOa to ye 
 TOcrovTOv ; 
 
 AA. To TTOIOP Srj TOVTOy Ka\ TLVL TOVTW] 
 
 2f2. Too \oycp b? Kaprepeiv KeXevei. \ el ovv 194 A 
 ^oijXei, Kol rjfxeig eirl rrj ^rjTr}<TeL eTrijuLeLvoojUiev re 
 Koi KapTepr]<TWfxev^ 'Iva kol firj rj/mcov avrrj rj avSpeta 
 KaTayeXacrrjy on om avSpelwg avrrjv ^fjrovjmei'y el 
 a pa TroWoLKig avrrj rj Kapreprjo-l^ ccttlv avSpela. 
 
 AA. 'Eyd) [ixev eTOLjULO^, (h ^wKpareg, jurj irpoacpl- 
 (TTaarQai. Kal tol ari6^9 y eijuu toov tolovtwv \6yo)v, 
 aXXa TL9 IU('€ KOL (piXoveiKia eiXrjtpe irpo<$ tu eiprjjULeva, 
 KOI 0)9 aXrjOcog ayavaKTO) el ovroocri \ a voco jmr) olo^ b 
 T eljuu elirelv' voeiv jmev yap e/moLye Sokw irepX 
 avSpela^ o tl ecrnv, ovk olSa oirri /me apri 
 SiGfjyvyev, wcrre (jly} ^vXXa/Seiv tm Xoyco avrrjv Kal 
 eiireLV o tl eo-Tiv. 
 
 2f2. OvKOvVy w (jylXe, tov ayaOov KwriyeTriv 
 [xeTaQelv xph '^^^^ M avievai. 
 
 AA. HavTCLiraa-L fJiev ovv. 
 
 Sr2. BovXeL ovv Kal NiKiav TOvSe irapaKaXco^ev 
 €7r\ TO Kwriyeo-Lov, el tl tj/ulcov eviropooTcpog ecTLv; 
 A A. BovXofxaL' 7rco9 yap \ ov ; C 
 XXIL "Wl Si & Nf/c/a, hvSpaa-L (j^lXoL^ 
 
 X€LiuLa^oiuL€VOL9 €V Xoycp Kal airopovcTL ^oy]9rjcrov, cl 
 Tiva ex^Lg SvvaiJ.LV. to. /mev yap S^ ^^eTepa opag 
 0)9 OLTTopa' (TV S' elircov o tl nyel avSpelav etvai^ 
 ^/xa9 T€ T^9 airopm eKXvaraL Kal avTog a vo€i^ Tcp 
 X6y(p ^e/SaloocraL. 
 
28 nAAT0N02 AAXH2. 
 
 194 C NI. AoKeire tolvvv julol iraXai ov AcaXco?, w 
 
 Sco/c/oare?, opl^ecrOaL Trjv avSpelav' o yap eyco crov 
 rjSri KaXcog XeyovTO^ aKrjKoa, tovto) ov xP^^^^- 
 
 Sfi. HoLO) Srjy & Nf/c/a ; 
 D I NI. IIoXXa/c£9 oLKYiKoa crov Xeyovro^ on ravra 
 ayaOo^ eKacrTog ^julwPj airep arocpo^, a Se ayuaS?)?, 
 TavTa Se KaKo^. 
 
 2f2. ^AXrjOtj jULevTOL vrj A/a Xeyeif^, (h N(/c/a. 
 
 NI. OvKOvv eiirep 6 avSpeiog ayaOogy Si]Xov otl 
 
 (T0cj)6<S eCTTLV. 
 
 2f2. '^HKOVcrag, co Adx^^ j 
 
 AA. ^'Eycoye, kol ov cKpoSpa ye fjiavOavw o Xeyei. 
 
 2f2. 'AXX' eyo) SoKM [jLavQaveLVy Kal julol Sokcl 
 avrjp aocplav Tiva rrjv avSpelav Xeyeiv. 
 
 AA. Holav, S> Sco/c/oare?, a'0(pLav ; 
 E 211. OvKOvv TOvSe I TOVTO cpooTcxg ; 
 
 AA. ^'EycDye. 
 
 '^I6t Srjy avTM elirey c5 N^/c/a, 7ro/a (TO(f>La 
 avSpela av eirj /caret roi/ crov Xoyov. ov yap irov 
 rj ye avXrjTiKrj, 
 
 NI. OvSajuLoo^. 
 
 2f2. Oi;^e juLijV rj KiOapiCTTiKT], 
 NI. Ov S^Ta. 
 
 2f}. 'AXXa t/? ai/T>; t/i/09 eTricTTTjiuLr] ; 
 AA. Ilai/f /xei/ ovv 6p6m avTOv epooTa^, & 2co- 
 KpaTe^j Kal etireTCO ye Tiva cfyrjanv avTrjv etvai. 
 
 NI. TavTr]v eycoye, co Aa^^?, Trjv tcov Seivcov Kal 
 
 195 A OappaXecov eTna-Tij/uLrjv \ Kal ev iroXep-w Kal ev T019 
 
 aXXoi^ (XTracTLv. 
 
HAATflNOS AAXH2. 29 
 AA. 'O? aroTra \eyei, S, Sci/cpare?. 
 
 VO TT ^ ' - ) T ^ , 195 A 
 
 Ilpo? TiTovr el-Tres /SXe'V^a?, A«xw; 
 
 , f-^; ^P"*^ « "^^ ; X^^P'? <5>7xot; <ro0/a etrr)!/ 
 apopetag. 
 
 Oi/a:ow 0;;c7/ ye N^/c/a?. 
 
 AA. /^eVro^ Ma Ala' radrd tol kui Xrjpel 
 
 Sopoojuiep. 
 
 NI. OvK, aWa fxoL SoK€i, w 2w/cpaT6?, Aax^9 
 eTriOufMelv Kafxe ^ap^vai juLrjSev Xeyovra, on Kal 
 avTog apTL tolovto9 \ €(f)dvrj. ^ 
 
 XXIII' AA. Hdvv ^ev ovvy M Nf/c/a, kol ireipa- 
 G-o^al ye dirocp^paL' ovSev yap Xeyei^' eVeJ aJr/zca 
 
 €P TCXL^ VOCOLg OVX OL laTpol TCt ScLvd €7rl(TTaPTaL ; 
 
 rj OL dvSpeloL Sokov(tl col eiriaTacrQaL ; r} rovg 
 larpovg (TV dvSpelovg KoXelg ; 
 NI. 0J(5' 
 
 AA. OJ(56' ye Tov^ yewpyovg oTjiiai. Kal tol to, 
 ye ev Trj yewpyla SeLvd ovtol Syjttov eirla-TavTaL, kol 
 OL aWoL Sfj^Lovpyol diraPTeg Td ev Tai^ avToov 
 Texi^af9 SeLvd re Ka\ OappaXea 'Icracnv' dXX' ovSev 
 TL ^aXXov ovTOL I dvSpeiol ela-Lv. C 
 
 T/ SoKel Ad^n'^ XeyeLV, & N^/c/a ; eof/ce jmePTOL 
 XiyeLV TL. 
 
 NI. KaJ yayo Xeyef ye' tl, ov inevTOL dXrjOeg ye. , 
 
 NI. ''Or L oleTaL Tovg laTpovg irXeov tl elSevuL 
 irep\ Tov^ KdjULfOVTa^ rj to vyLeivdv elirelv oldv re 
 Ka\ mo-coSeg, ol Se &/ tol toctovtov julovov 'Icrao-iv' 
 
30 
 
 nAAT12N02 AAXH2. 
 
 195 C €L Se SeLvov T(p TOVTO ecTTL TO vyLalvELV juLoXXov rj 
 
 TO Kajuii/eiv, rjyei crv TOVTty co Aax^l^f TOvg laTpov^ 
 eTrlcTaaOaL r] ov iroXXoLg olei ck Trjg pocrov ajmei- 
 D POP eivai jmrj avacTTrjpaL rj avacTT^vaL ; tovto \ yap 
 elire cv iracTL (prig aixeivov elvai ^rji/ koi ov TroWoh 
 KpeiTTOV TeQvavai ; 
 
 AA. OljuLai eycoye tovto ye. 
 
 NI. Oh ovv TeQvavai XvcriTeXeiy TavTu oiei Seiva 
 etvai Kcu oU ^rjv ; 
 AA. OvK eywye. 
 
 NI. 'AXXa TOVTO Srj (TV SlSwg ToF? laTpoig yi- 
 yvdxTKeLv rj aWcp tlih Srj/uLiovpyw TrXrjp T(p tcov Seivoov 
 KOI jmrj SeLvoov eiriarTyjiULOVL, ov iyco avSpelov KaXoo ; 
 
 2f2. J^aTavoeig, c5 Adx^^, o tl Xeyei ; 
 E AA. ^'Eywye, otl ye tov9 jULavTetg \ KaXel Tovg 
 avSpelovg' Tig yap Srj aXXog e'lcreTai OTCp a/meii/ov ^rjv 
 r] TeOudpai ; KaiTOL crv, (h N^/c/a, iroTepov ojuLoXoyeig 
 fJnivTL^ eivaL rj ovTe juavTLg ovt€ avSpeiog ; 
 
 NI. T/ Sal; jUidvT€L av o'lei irpoarYjKeiv to, Seiva 
 yiyv(jo(TK€LP Ka\ to, OappaXea ; 
 
 AA. 'Eycoye* tlvl yap aXX(p ; 
 
 XXIV. NI. ^Ql eyoo Xeycoy iroXv /maXXov, St 
 jieXTL(JT€' eirei (jluvtlv ye ra o-rjjuLeia [jlovov Set 
 yiyvoocTKeip toov eo-ojuLevcov, e'lTc T(p OdvaTog eire 
 
 v6(T09 €IT€ airO^oXrj -^pr] /JLCLTCOf eCTTaL, €IT€ VLKrj 
 
 196 A I eire iyrra ri iroXejuLov rj Ka). aXXrjg tlpo9 dycoi/lag' 
 
 o TL Se TO) aiJieivov tovtwv rj iraOelv rj jmrj iraOelv, 
 TL /mdXXov juidpTeL irpocrrjKeL KplvaL rj aXX(p otwovi/ ; 
 AA. 'AW eyco TOVTOV ov /mavOdi/co, c5 Sco/c/oare?, 
 
HAATllNOS AAXHS. 31 
 
 0 T6 /BovXeTai XeycLv' ovre yap iulclvtlv ovre larpov m 
 0VT6 aWov ovSeva SrjXol ovTLva Xeyet top avSpeiov, 
 
 €1 ^rj €1 Oeop TLva XeyeL avrov elvai. e/xoJ /meu 
 ovv (patverai N^/c/a? ovk eOeXeiv yevvalwg \ ojULoXo- b 
 yelv OTL ovSev Xeyeiy aXXa (TTpe(j>eTai avo) kol kcltoo 
 eTTLKpuTTTOfiepog rrjv avrov airoplav. KalroL kclp 
 rj^ek OLOL re rj^ev apri eydo re kol arv roiavra 
 G-Tpe(f)€G-6ai, el e^ovXofieOa firj Sokclv evavrla rjjuLii/ 
 avTOig Xeyeiv. el jnev ovv ev SiKacrTrjpla) rj/mli/ oi 
 XoyoL rjarav, etyev av riva Xoyov ravra iroLeiv. vvv 
 Se TL av TL9 ev ^vvovarla roiaSe /uLdrrjv Kcvoig Xoyoi^ 
 avT09 avTOv koct/uloI', 
 
 2f2. OvSev ovS' ejULo] SoKei, (h A.a\yi<^' aXX opcojuiev 
 
 1 /uLi] Nf/c/a? oierai tl Xeyeiv koi ov Xoyov eVe/ca C 
 TavTa XeyeL. avrov ovv cracpecrrepov TrvOcojUieOa 
 rl irore voel ' Ka\ eav ri (patvrjrai Xeycov, ivyx^P^' 
 (TOjuieOa, el Se /x?/, SiSd^ojuiev. 
 
 AA. El/ roLvvv, w HwKpare^y ei ^ovXeL irvvQdve- 
 crQaL, irvvQdvov eyo) S 'lo-co^ iKavijog ireirvo'p.aL. 
 
 2f2. 'AXX' ovSev /me KCoXvei KOivrj yap earrai ^ 
 irvG-ri^ virep ejULOv re Kal orov. 
 
 AA. Haw juL€v ovv. 
 
 XXV. 2f2. Aeye Srt fiOL, & ^iKia, imaXXov (5' 
 ijluLtv' KOLVOv/meOa yap eyco re Ka\ Aax^9 rov Xoyov' 
 rhv dvSpelav eirLcrr^imrjv (t>h ! ^^ii/wi/ re Kal 6appa- D 
 Xecov elvaL ; 
 
 NI. ^'Eywye. 
 
 To^TO Se ov 7ravro9 Sh elvaL dvSpog yvwvaL, 
 OTTore ye finre larpov ^re p.dvrL<^ avro yv^iaeraL 
 
32 nAAT12N02 AAXH2. j 
 
 196 D jULrjSe avSpetog ecrraL, eav jmrj avrrjv TavTrjv Tt]v i 
 
 €irLcrTr}iJLriv Trpoa-Xd/Sr]. ovx ovTcog eXeye^', 
 
 NI. OvTCO fjiev ovv. 
 
 Kara Tr}v irapoLfjilav apa Tip ovtl ovk av 
 iracra yvolrj ovS av avSpela yevoiTO. \ 
 
 NI. 0'6 
 
 E 2f2. ArjXoi^ Srjy (h Nf/c/a, OTL ovSe \ Trjv ILpojULjULVCo- i 
 i^lav VP 7rL(TT€V€ig (TV ye avSpelav yeyovevau tovto 
 Se \eyct) ov iral^wi/, aXX avayKolov oijULai tcv Tavra 
 \eyovTL jULrjSevog Orjplov airoSexecrQaL avSpelav, rj \ 
 ^vyxjMpelv Orjplov tl ovtco cro<p6v elvai, cocrre d '• 
 oXlyoL avOpdircov 'icacn Sia to xaXeira elvai yvcovaif 
 TavTa XeovTa rj irapSaXiv /; Tiva Kairpov (pavai \ 
 eiSevaL' aXX' avdyKr] ojuolot)^ XtovTa Ka\ eXa(f>ov Kal I 
 Tavpov Ka). irlOrjKOV irpog dvSpelav (pdvai ire<pvKevaL j 
 Tov TiOe/uLevov dvSpelav Tovff oirep crv TlOecrai. 
 
 197 A I A A. TO?V 6eov9, Kal ev ye Xeyeig, w Sco- 
 
 KpaTeg' Kal rj/uLiv cog dX7j6cog tovto diroKpivaiy co 
 Nf/c/a, TTOTepov (TO(pcioTepa (prjg rj/mcov TavTa elvai \ 
 Ta Orjpla, a irdvTeg ojuLoXoyovjULev dvSpeia elvaiy rj , 
 irdoTLV evavTLOvjmevog ToX/mag juifjSe dvSpeia avTa \ 
 KoXelv ; ; 
 
 NI. Ov ydp TL, & KdxY}g, eyooye dvSpeia KaXco j 
 ovTe urjpia ovTe aWo ovoev to Ta oeiva viro 
 dyvolag fir] (j)o/3ovjULevoVy dXX d<po^ov Kal juicopov. 
 B rj Ka\ Ta iraiSla irdvTa olei /me | dvSpeia KaXeiv, | 
 a St dyvoiav ovSev SeSotKev ; ctXX' otjULai, to d(j)o/3ov | 
 Ka\ TO dvSpeiov ov TavTOv ecrTCv. eyco Se dvSpelag < 
 jmev Kal irpojUirjOelag irdvv tlctlv oXlyoig oifxai fxeTeivaiy \ 
 
 \ 
 
HAATfiNOS AAXH2. 33 
 
 Opaa-VTrjTO^ Se Kai roXfxrjg Km rod acf^o^ov fxera w 
 a7rpo^r]6€La9 iravv iroWoig kqc avSpwv kol yvmiKwu 
 Kai iraiSoyv koI Orjplcou. ravr ovv a av KaXelg 
 hvSpela Ka\^ ol iroXXol, eyw Opacrea KaXw, avSpela 
 Se TO, I 0/)oi/£/xa irepi &v Xeyco. C 
 
 ^^VL A A. Oeacrai, w UdoKpareg, 009 ev oSe 
 eavTOv Sri, oUrai, ko(t/ul€i rep Xoyo)' ovg Se 
 iravreg o^xoXoyovaLv avSpelovg elmiy rovrovg airo- 
 (TTepelv eiTLxeLpel ravTfj^ rvj^ rijuiyjg. 
 
 NI. OuKovv eycoye, w Adxm, aXXa QdppeC (j)y}ij.\ 
 yap ere eivai crocf)6v, kol AdjuLaxdv ye, elirep ecrre 
 avSpeloL, Km dXXov^ ye (tvxvov^ 'AOrjvaloov. 
 
 AA. OvSev 
 /xe ({>r]g cog dXrjOcog Al^oovea etvau 
 
 ye enrrjg, 00 Aax^9' k^gu ydp julol D 
 SoKeig ovSe jmr] rjcrOrjaOaL on oSe ravrrjv rrjv cro(j)iav 
 irapa AdjUioovog tov rj/merepov eralpov 7ra/)e/X//0ei/, 
 6 Se Ad/ui(jov TO) UpoSlKO) TToXXd 7rXf]G'td^eL, o? Srj 
 SoKei Toov crofpiCTCov KaXXicTTa rd TOLavra omiuaTa 
 Siaipeiv. 
 
 A A. KaJ yap irpeTrei, w ^ooKpareg, (TO(pL(TTr] rd 
 TOLavra jmaXXop KOfx^f/'evea-OaL rj dvSp\ ov r} iroXig 
 d^ioi avryjg irpoLG-rdvai. 
 
 JlpeireL fxevTOi, & \ jmaKdpie, rwv fieylarwv e 
 irpocTTaTOvvTL jULeyla-Trjg (ppcvy](reo)9 fxerex^iv. SoKei 
 Se JULOL Nf/c/a? a^Log elvaL eiTLO-Ke^lreMg, ottol irore 
 pXeiTMv Tovvo/ma rovro TlOrjO-L, rrjv dvSpelav. 
 
 A A. Auto? tolvvv (TKOTrei, c5 XwKpareg. 
 
 HQ. TovTO lULeXXo) iroLelv, co dpLO-re fxh fxevroL 
 
34 
 
 nAAT0N02 AAXHZ 
 
 197 E Oiov /UL€ a(})ricreLV cre Tt]9 Koivoovlag tov Xoyou, aXXa \ 
 
 irp6(Te\e tov vovv koi crva-KoireL ra Xeyo/Jieva. \ 
 AA. liavTa Se eVra), el SoKei xprivai. ^ 
 XXVII, 2Q. 'AXXa 8oK€L, (TV Se, Nf/c/a, Xeye 
 
 198 A rjiuLii/ iraXiv \ apx^^- olcrff on t^v avSpelav Kar ■ 
 
 apxot9 TOV \6yov ecTKOirovfjiev 0)9 ju^epo^ aperrj^ 
 CTKOTrovvTeg ; 
 NI. Ilapv ye. 
 
 OvKOVV KOI (TV TOVTO OLTTeKpLVCJi) ft)? JULOpiOP, I 
 
 OPTCOV Sf] Koi aX\oi)p fuepoov, a ^v^iravra apeTf] \ 
 K€K\rjTaL ; i 
 NI. Uw9 yap ov ; 
 
 2f2. 'A/o' ovp airep eyco, koi (tv Tavra Xeyet?; 
 eyo) Se koXm tt/oo? avSpelci (T(jocj)po(Tvvy}v koi SiKaio- \ 
 (Tvvr}v Koi aXX OLTTa TOiavra. ov koi <tv ; ; 
 
 B NI. UoLvv I jmev ovv. | 
 2f2. ^'E^e Sy'y ^avTa jnev yap ojULoXoyov/uiev, Trepi \ 
 Se Twv SeLvwv Ka\ QappaXecov crKeyJ/^ijojuLeOa, oVft)? /mi] \ 
 (TV jiiev aW arra rjyrjy rjjuieig oe aWa. a jmev ovv 
 ^imel^ rjyovjJLeQa, cj>pa(TOiJLev (toC crv Se av /mrj 6/xoXo- j 
 yiy?, SiSd^eig. rjyovfjieQa S ^/melg Seiva juev elvai 
 a Kai 0609 irapexei, uappaAea oe a jixr] deo9 irapexeu 
 Seo9 Se irapexei ov to. yeyovora ovSe to, irapovra '■ 
 Tcov KaKcov, aXXa to, irpOG-SoKCjofjieva Seo<^ yap eivai 
 irpocrSoKiav jULeWovro^ KaKOv. rj ov^ ovrco Ka\ (tol ; 
 SoKei, (h AoLX^^ ; 
 
 C A A. HoLvv I ye (TcfyoSpa^ w llcoKpare^;. | 
 Tol juev rjineTepa Tolvvvy co Nf/c/a, ciKOveig j 
 on Seiva fxev ra juLeXXovTa KaKcx (paiaev eivai, 
 
HAATONOS AAXHZ 35 
 
 ravTrj rj aXXrj irep\ tovt(jov Xeyeig ; 
 NI. TavTrj eycoye. 
 
 lil TovTWV Se ye tyjv eirKTrrj^v avSpelav 
 'TrpocrayopeveLg ; 
 NI. JLojullSij y^' 
 
 XXVIII. Sfi. ''Et^ Srj TO rplrov cr/cei/rw/xe^rx 
 €L ^vvSoKei croL re kol ^/ullv, 
 
 I NI. To iroLov St] tovto ; D 
 2f2. 'Eyo) §^ (f)pd(r(i). SoKe7 yap Srj e/mol re koi 
 TcpSe, irepl ocrwv ecrrh eTricTTyjiuLr], ovk aXX>] ij.ev 
 eivai irep\ yeyovoro^, elSevai oirr} yeyovev, aXXrj 
 Se Trep} yiyvo^evcov, oiru ylyverai, llXXr] Se oirr] 
 dp KaXXicra yevoiro Kal yevyjcreTaL to juLyirco 
 yey ovog, aXX rj avTy). otov ire pi to vyieLvov €i<^ 
 airavTag Tovg xp6vov<^ ovk aXXr] T19 rj rj laTpiK)/, 
 jiiia ovora, ecpopa kol yiyvofxeva koi yeyovoTa koi 
 yevrjcroiJLevay OTrrj yevyjareTai. koI irepl ra | e/c E 
 T^9 yij? av (pvofxeva rj yeoapyia o)(ravTm exei. 
 KOL Srjirov TO, irep] tov ttoXcjulov avTol av juLap- 
 Tvpr/craLT€ otl rj o-TpaTrjyia KaXXio'Ta TrpojuLrjOeiTai 
 TOL T€ aXXa Kal irepl to jmeXXov ecrecrOaL, ovSe 
 Til fJiavTiKri o'leTai Selv virtjpeTeiv, aXXa apx^iv, 
 0)9 elSvia KoXXiov to, irep\ tov iroXejuiov Kal yiyvo- 
 fixeva Kal yevrjcrojuLeva' \ Kal 6 vojuog ovtoo TaTTei, 199 a 
 fjirj TOV /uidvTiv TOV (TTpaTrjyov dpxeiv, dXXd tov 
 CTTpaTrjyov tov /navTewg. (priarofiev TavTa, c5 
 
 AA. ^}](T01JL€V. 
 
36 nAATI2N02 AAXH2. 
 
 199 A T/ Se ; (TV ^fxiPy S) Nf/c/a, ivfi(pU9 Trepi twv 
 
 avTcov Trji/ avrrjv eTncTTrj^yiv kcu ecrofievwv Kai 
 yiyvoixevonv koi yeyovorwv eirdieiv ; 
 
 NI. "Eycoye* Sokci yap imoi oi/ro)?, & 2co- 
 Kpareg. 
 
 2f2. OvKOVPy w apLCTe, koi fj avSpela tmv Seivwv 
 B eiTLCTTYjiiiy} I ea-TL koi OappaXewv, m 0?$9- ? yap ; 
 NI. Na/. 
 
 2f2. Ta Seipa w/ULoXoyrjTai Kal to, Qa^paXea 
 TO, jULCv juLeXXovra ayaOa^ tol Se nieWovra kuku 
 
 NI. Jlavv ye. 
 
 2f2. 'H Se y avrrj eirLarrnJir} Twv avroov Kal 
 juLeWovTcop Kai irdpTwg exovTWv elvau 
 NI. ^'Eo"Tt Tavra. 
 
 2f2. Ov juLovop (Ipa Twv SeipSfv Kai Qa^pa\eo)v y] 
 avSpela eTncTTYiiJLr} etTTLv' ov yap jmeWovTooi/ julovov 
 Trepi Twv ayaQwv re kol KaKoov CTratei, aWa Ka\ 
 C yiyvojuLei/oov Kai \ yeyovorcov Kai iravrw^ exovrwv, 
 wcTTrep at aXXai eTTKJTrjjUiaL. 
 
 NI. ''EoLKe ye. 
 
 XXIX. 2f2. Me/009 a pa avSpelag rijuLip^ w N(/c/a, 
 aireKpLVw crxeSov tl TpiTOV KaiTOL ^/meig j^pcorcojULep 
 oXfjp avSpelav o tl eirj. Kai vvv Srj, iog eoLKe, Kara 
 TOP (TOP \6yov ov /uLOvov Seivodv re Kai OappaXecov 
 eiria-TYi^Yj rj avSpela eaTLVy aWa cx^Sov tl rj ire pi 
 iravTccv ayaQwv re koI KaKoov Kai iravTOog exovToov, 
 D W9 vvv av o (709 \6yo9, avSpela \ av elrj. ovTcog 
 av juLeTaTlOeo-OaL rj ircog Xeyei^, S N(/c/a ; 
 
nAAT12N02 AAXH2. 
 
 37 
 
 NI. SoK€L, (h Sco/cpare?. ] 
 
 2f2. AoK€L ovv coiy CO SaLjULOvie, aTToKelireLv av ri 
 6 TOLOVToq aperrj^, elirep eiSelrj to, re aya0a iravra 
 Ka\ iravTairacTLV cL? ylyveTai kol yevricreTaL kcu 
 yeyovEy koll to, /ca/ca wcravTOO^i ; koi tovtov olei 
 av (TV evSea eivai croxjypoarvvrjg rj SLKaLOcrvvrjg T€ 
 Koi ocTLOTrjTO^f w ye fjLOvco 7rpO(jriK€L Koi irep\ 
 Qeov^^ KOI irep] avOpooTrovg e^evka^elcrQal re ra 
 Seiva Koi ra | jmrj, koll rayaOa iropL^ecrOaiy 
 eirLdTafjiivcp opOco^ irpoo'OjuiiXelv ; 
 
 NI. Keyetv tl, w ScS/c/oareV, jmoi SoKeig. 
 
 2f}. OvK a pay c3 Nf/c/a, fjiopiov apertjg av e'lrj to 
 vvv COL XeyojjLevov, aWa av/ULTraara aperr). 
 
 NI. "YiOLKeV. 
 
 2f}. KaJ fjLYiv €(paiuL€V ye rrjv avSpelav fxopLOV 
 elvai ev tmv Trj^ aperrjg. 
 NI. "E^a/xei/ yap. 
 
 2f2. To Se ye vvv XeyojULevov ov ^aiverai. 
 NI. OvK eoiKev. 
 
 Sf}. OvK a pa evprjKaimev, w Nf/c/a, avSpela o tl 
 
 eCTTLV. 
 
 NI. Ov (fyaivoimeOa. 
 
 AA. Kal iuLi]v eycoye, S> cjylXe ^iKia, w^rjv 
 ere evprioreiv, \ eireiSrj ejULOv Kare^povrjcag Sco- 
 Kparei airoKpivafJievov' iravv Srj p.eyoXf]v eXTriSa 
 e?xoJ^ ci)9 rrj irapa tov Aa/xa)i^09 (TO^/a avrriv 
 avevprjcreL^. 
 
 XXX NI. E5 ye, cS Actx»;?. oVi ou(5ei/ oia o-i; 
 eVf irpayixa elvai, on avrog apri ecpdvrjg avSpem 
 
38 
 
 nAATf2N02 AAXHZ 
 
 200 A irepL ovSev elScog^ aXX el kol eyoo ere/oo? tolovto^ 
 ava(f)aP7](T0juiaiy 7rpo9 tovto ^XeVcf?, koi ovSev en 
 Siolcrei, wg eoLKCy ctol jmeT e/mov inrjSev elSevai &v 
 7rpocrr]K€i eirLo-TrjiiJiriv ex^ii/ avSpi oio/uL€i/(p tl elvai, 
 B (TV jUL€P I ovi/ luioi SoKeig cog oXrjOcog avO pdoireiov 
 irpayfxa epyd^ecrOaiy ovSei/ irpog avTOV ^Xeireip 
 aWa irpog Tovg aWovg' eyw S' otfJiaL ejuLoi ire pi 
 wv eXeyojULep vvv re cTneiKwg elprjcrQaL, kcu el tl 
 avTMV jUi}] LKavcog elprjTaiy vcrTepov eTravopOcocecrOai 
 KOI fxeTa AdjuiO)vo9f ov cv irov olei KaTayeKav, kol 
 Tavra ovSe iScop irdoiroTe tov AdiJLMva, kol iul€t 
 aXXcop. Kat eireiSdp ^e/SaidocTcojuLai avrdy SiSd^co 
 
 KOL (76, KOL OV cl>QoVr}OrO)' SoK€ig ydp jJLOL KOL juioXa 
 
 C I (T(p6Spa SeiG-Qai jmaOeiv. 
 
 AA. 2o0o9 ydp Toi (TV ei, (h ^iKia. aXX' o/mcog 
 eyto Av(Tijuidx(p TwSe Kai McX^ycr/a (Tv/uL^ovXevco ere 
 jUL€P KOL €juL€ TTepl T^9 TTaiSelag Tcop peavlcTKcop xalpeiv 
 edvy llcoKpdrrj Se TOVTOvly oirep cipx/l^ eXeyoVy jmrj 
 d^L€vai' €L Se Kai e/uLOi ev rjXiKia rjaav oi TraiSeg, 
 
 TOVTO. dv TavT eirolovv. 
 
 NI. TaSra iJ.ev Kayw i^yx^P^y edvirep eOeXrj 
 ^coKpdTrjg twv jmeLpaKLOw eTri/ULeXeicrOaLy fjirjSeva 
 D dXXov ^riTeiVy eirel k&v eyo) | tov ^LKrjpaTOv tovtw 
 fjSicTTa eTTLTpeTTOLjuLLy ei eOeXot ovTog' dXXd ydp 
 aXXovg jULOL eKdcTTOTe ^vvlcTTrjcnv, oTav tl avTcp 
 Trepl TOVTOv juLvrjcrOcOy avTog Se ovk eOeXeL. aXX' 
 o/oa, (o AvarljuiaxG, el tl tov dv jmaXXov viraKOvoL 
 ^coKpdTrjg. 
 
 AY. AUaLOv ye tol, w N/Ac/a, eire]. koi eyco 
 
nAAT12N02 AAXH2. 
 
 TOVTtp TToXXa av eOeXy^o-aiiuLi iroietv, a ovk av clXXoLg 200 D 
 iravv TToWoig eOeXoL/ixL. iroog ovv (prjg, m Sco/cpare?; 
 viraKOvcreL tl kol ^vjuLirpoOvjUiy^creL cog ^eXTLo-TOLg 
 yevecrOai Totg jueipaKLOig ; 
 
 yap av Seivov e'//;, c5 Ava-l- E 
 luLax^> TOVTO y6; /mrj eOeXeiv Ttp ^vjULTrpoOvjuieicrOai 
 cug ^cXtIg'to) yevecOai. el jmev ovv ev TOig SiaXoyoig 
 Tolg apri eyco /mev €(j)dvr]v elScog, rcoSe Se /ultj eiSoTCy 
 SUaiov av riv e/me juLaXiarra eirl tovto to epyov 
 irapaKoXelv' vvv ojnoloog yap Trdvreg ev airopla 
 iyevofxeOa' tl ovv av Tig ^/ulwv tlvci irpoaipoiTO ; 
 ejUio} jmev ovv Srj avTcp SoKel ovSeva. dXX eireiSr] 
 TavTa ovTcog eyei, \ crKexl/^acrOe, av tl So^co ^vfx- 201 A 
 (iovXeveLV vjullv. eyco yap (f)r]iuL xprivaLy w avSpeg, 
 — ovSeh yap €K(f)opo9 Xoyog — KOLvrj iravTag 
 }]iuidg ^}]T€iv fULaXLCTTa jmev rjfjuv avTOig SLSacrKaXov 
 cog dpLCTTOV, SeojUieOa yap, eireLTa Ka\ Toig fxeLpaKLOLg, 
 IULr}T€ XP^I^^^^^ (peiSojUievovg /iiriTe dXXov fxtjSevog' 
 edv Se ^jmdg avTOvg ex^iv cug vvv exo/xei/, ov ^v^- 
 /SovXevco. el Se TLg rj/ucov KaTayeXdcreTaL, otl 
 TfjXLKolSe ovTeg elg SLSacrKaXov \ d^LOVfxev (pOLTav, B 
 Tov ''Ofxripov SoKeL julol XP^^^^ irpo^aXXea-QaL, 69 
 ecj)r} OVK dy a 6 rjv elvaL alSo) Kexpn ^^v^ 
 av S p\ ira pelvaL. Ka\ ^/iieig ovv edcravTeg 
 XalpeLV el TLg tl epel, kolvv} ^fxwv avTWV Ka\ twv 
 jjLeLpaKLCov eiTLfxeXeLav TTOLrjO-M^eOa. 
 
 AY. 'E/xoJ imev dpeoTKeLy & I^coKpaTeg, a Xeyeig 
 Ka\ eOeXco, ocrcpirep yepaLTaTog elfXL, toctovtm irpo- 
 OviuLOTaTa /mavOdveLv jmeTa tcov veavlcTKWV- aXXa 
 
 D 
 
40 HAATfiNOS AAXH2. 
 
 . B/xoi ovTwa-\ iroLrjcrov' avpiov ewOei/ a^/zcou oiW^e, 
 
 avTwv TOVTCov. TO vvv ehai rhv crvvovaiav 
 SiaXvcrcoiixev. 
 
 'AXXa iroLWCO, & Avcrl^axey radra, Kal 
 ^'^co Trapa ere aSptoi/, eai/ Oeo? eOeX?;. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 TA TOT AIAAOrOT nPOSfiHA. 
 
 Lysimachus and Melesias are two old men who live together. 
 Lysimachus is the son of Aristides the Just, who was himself 
 the son of a Lysimachus ; and Melesias is the son of Thucy- 
 dides the statesman, who was himself the son of a Melesias. 
 (Thucydides the historian was the son of Olorus.) 
 
 Nicias and Laches are two Athenians, who have had ex- 
 perience in the command of armies. Of Nicias, who is 
 perhaps the most conspicuous character in the history of 
 Thucydides, it need only be said that he had apparently 
 far too little energy and vigilance and far too much hesitation 
 to be a successful general, that he was exceedingly super- 
 stitious, but of great personal courage, and up to the time of 
 his death probably the most highly esteemed man at Athens. 
 Plato perhaps introduces him here as the type of a soldier 
 whose courage was spoilt by the preponderance of the 
 cautious element. 
 
 Of Laches, the son of Melanopus, we learn from this 
 dialogue that he was of the deme Aexoiie, and was engaged 
 at the battle of Delium (b.c. 424). Thucydides (iii. 86) tells 
 us that he in conjunction with Charoeades was sent to Sicily 
 in command of a fleet of twenty ships in B.C. 427 to help 
 Leontini against Syracuse, that in the next year he (being 
 now sole commander, as Charoeades had fallen in battle) 
 forced the Messenians to capitulate and become allies of 
 Athens, and met with other successes, but some reverses. 
 He fell at Mantineia in B.C. 418, where he commanded the 
 Athenian contingent in the Argive army. He may possibly 
 have had the reputation of being an officer of more dash than 
 caution, as he seems never to have been employed as general 
 in any operation of first-rate importance. However this may 
 be, it is obvious that Plato intends to mark a contrast between 
 
42 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 the characters of Laches and Nicias as military men. The 
 two were no doubt friends, and Nicias certainly, and Laches 
 probably, belonged to the aristocratical and philo-Laconian 
 party at Athens. Thus Laches was the proposer of the truce 
 with the I^acedaemonians in B.C. 423, and was associated 
 with Nicias two years afterwards in negotiating the peace 
 called by the name of the latter. 
 
 The sons of Lysimachus and Melesias are two boys called 
 respectively Aristides and Thucydides after their grand- 
 fathers. 
 
 For Socrates, see Introduction. 
 
 CAP. 1. 
 
 178 A Tidiaa-Qi [kiv. The juleu is answered by the 8^ in od 5' 
 
 eVe/ca. These two particles may mark almost any degree of 
 contrast in Greek, from the strongest to the weakest, and 
 their force has to be rendered in English in different ways 
 according to the circumstances. Here leave fjiiv untranslated 
 and render 8^ by * but.' Below translate rore fxev ovk cLiroixev, 
 vvv 5' epovfiev by ' though we did not tell you then, we will 
 tell you now. ' 
 
 Tov dvSpa p.axo(J.€vov SirXois. We are subsequently told 
 that the man's name was Stesilaus. The art which he 
 practised and taught seems to have been that of fighting 
 in the full equipment of a hoplite, and if it was complete 
 must have included the use of the sword as well as of the 
 spear, though the latter was the main weapon of the heavy- 
 armed soldier. Most however, if not all, of the parrying 
 would be done with the shield. Athenian soldiers at this 
 time probably underwent very little drilling, but there may 
 have been a spear and shield exercise taught in the palaestrae. 
 In that case, no doubt, no other armour would be used, and 
 the bodies of the combatants would be naked. 
 
 Aristotle mentions spears with rounded heads (eo-^aipw/x^z/a) 
 instead of points, which in his time at any rate must have 
 been used in such exercises. It would seem from what 
 Nicias says in this dialogue (p. 182) that men like Stesilaus 
 taught not only this military exercise, but tactics and 
 strategy, and this is confirmed by a comparison of Plato's 
 Eitthydemiis 271 D foil, and Xen. Mem. iii. 1. 
 
 irpos -ye vfids. The ye of course qualifies viias and not irpos. 
 
 T«v ToiovTwv, neuter. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 43 
 
 avTois crv\Lpov\€varie\Ta.i, ' asks their advice. ' * Gives them 173 A 
 advice ' would be avTols avfjL(3ov\€ijcrri. 
 
 ovK dv dVoiev, 'will not say,' i.e. * do not wish to say.' 
 The optative with dv must here be regarded as a milder way 
 of expressing ou deXovaiv eiirelv. For its conditional form is 
 not a result of its being the apodosis of edv tls .. av/m^ovXeijarjraL, 
 but exists in spite of it. The continuation in the indicative 
 dWa X^yovcTL is regular enough. The construction of the 
 following lines from the Alcestis 
 
 ijv 5' eyyvs 'ikdrj ddvaros, ovdeis ^ovXeraL 
 
 6vr}aK€LU, TO yrjpas 5' ovk^t^ ^crr' avroTs (3ap^ (671, 672) 
 
 would be an exact parallel if av ddvoi were substituted for 
 PovKeTai dvrjaKeLP. Of course the present indicative will be 
 found in the apodosis after edv in the protasis only in the case 
 of general statements. 
 
 dXXd <rToxa^6jjL6voi, k.t.X., lit. * but guessing at their con- 
 suitor say other things contrary to their own opinion,' i.e. 
 ' but make a guess at their friend's wishes, and in consequence 
 give advice which is contrary to their own opinion.' 
 
 iijias Sc T|ji€is, K.T.X., ' but in your case it is precisely B 
 because we thought that you were able to form a decision, and 
 having formed it would tell us your opinion honestly, that we 
 called you to a consultation on the matter of which we will 
 now speak. ' 
 
 ^OTTiv o{)v TovTo, K.T.X. , * wcll, the question about which I 
 have been all this time making this long preface is as follows.' 
 TrdXat, like jamdudum and jampridem in Latin, and phrases 
 like il y a longtemps que in French, gives to a present the 
 force of the English perfect and to an imperfect the force of 
 an English pluperfect. 
 
 Tov8€, ' of my friend here,' i.e. Melesias. 179 A 
 
 TrdTriro-u '4\(»>v ovofj-a, 0ovkv8l8t]s. We should say, ' called 
 Thucydides after his grandfather.' Notice the omission of 
 the article before the familiar word irdinrov. A reference to 
 the note on the Persons of the Dialogue will show that in 
 these two families one out of two names (Melesias and Thucy- 
 dides in the one case, Lysimachus and Aristides in the other) 
 was given in turn to the first-born of each generation. This 
 was the usual, but not the universal, custom at Athens. 
 
 liriiieXiiOfjvai, a deponent form. 
 
 Kttl |iT| iroifio-ai, K.T.X. , * and not to do what most fathers 
 do ; that is, let our sons do what they like now that they 
 
I 
 
 44 NOTES. ' 
 
 119 A have ceased to be children, but rather to make this the very 
 
 time for beginning to look after them to the best of our i 
 power. ' 
 
 [xcipcLKia 7e7ov€v. The neut. plur. predicate here attracts I 
 
 the verb into the singular, the more easily, perhaps, because ! 
 
 the subject is understood and not expressed. . 
 
 B |JL6}j.€XT]K€vai, impersonal. Supply v/juj/. (Strictly the 
 vfuu in the sentence is constructed both with buras and ■ 
 lieixeXy^K^vai. ) i 
 
 €lV€p Tio-lv dXXois, a common Greek phrase. Cf. such 
 English expressions as ' I saw fifty if I saw one. ' Here 
 translate, ' We thought you as likely as any men ' (meaning 
 ' more likely than any other men ') ' to have considered.' : 
 
 irws dv 0€paTr€v0€VT€S -ycvoivto dpio-roi, lit. ' being how i 
 
 trained they would become best, ' i. e. * what sort of training • 
 would make the best men out of them. ' There is a stiffness 
 
 and cumbrousness about interrogative sentences in English ; 
 
 which makes their management difficult, especially in trans- ' 
 lation. 
 
 €1 8' dpa TToXXaKLS, ' but if by any chance. ' dpa conveys i 
 
 the idea of a result discovered, TroXXd/cis implies that the i 
 result is within the bounds of possibility : cf. 194 A. 
 
 {iirojJLvificrovTcs and irapaKaXovvres. These participles are | 
 
 (as Jacobs says) used as if -rfKdofxev irpbs vfxds rjyricrd/jLepoL had j 
 
 occurred in the preceding paragraph. Anacoluthon is un- \ 
 
 fortunately frequent in Plato, but this instance is particularly j 
 
 harsh. irapaKoKovvTes is fut. here. \ 
 
 CAP. II. i 
 
 8t], * you must know that.' j 
 
 Q irapaoriTei. This verb and the substantive irapda-LTos had not \ 
 
 yet acquired a bad sense at the time when Plato wrote. ; 
 
 Sircp. It may be said that the antecedent to this is the 
 clause irapp-naiaaofjieda irpos vjuids. Translate ' As. ' 
 
 Tjp.€T€pa . . . avTwv, * nostra ipsorum. ' 
 
 TttvTa 8-?) viraia-yyvo^iQa t€ tovo-8€. The verb is constructed | 
 
 with a double accusative. ' Well, we feel rather ashamed of \ 
 
 this before them. ' \ 
 
 6ti Tjjids |i€V €lW rpv^av, /c.r.X., 'because they allowed us to ] 
 
 take life easily, as soon as we were out of our boyhood, while | 
 
 i 
 
NOTES. 
 
 45 
 
 they devoted themselves to the afifairs of other people,' i.e. to 179 c 
 public life. Lysimachus means no more than that Aristides 
 and Thucydides never made their sons take any part in war 
 or politics ; for in other subjects they gave them an excellent 
 education. Plato says in the Meno, p. 94 a, aWov be dr) 
 aKe^l/LOfieOa, ^ ApLareld-qv top AvaL/uLaxov ... ovkovv kuI ovtos top 
 vlbv TOP avTOv AvaifMaxop, oaa jxev dLdacTKaXcov ei'xero, KoWiaTa 
 'A6r}paLuv iiraidevcrep ; * Let us take another, — Aristides, the 
 son of Lysimachus : . . . did not he train his son Lysimachus 
 better than any other Athenian in all that could be done for 
 him by the help of masters ? ' ( Jowett) ; and in the same 
 dialogue, 94 c, he says, QovKvdLdrjs av 8vo vieU eOpexj/e, MeXrjaiav 
 Kal ^T^(pauov, /cat tovtovs eiraibevcre rd re aXka ev /cat eirdXaLadp 
 KaWiaTa ' AdrjvaLOJp. This training would however cease with 
 their boyhood. That education should extend through life is 
 an idea that runs through the whole of the Laches. 
 
 ovToi [lIv oSv, /c.t.X. * Well, they say that they will comply D 
 with our wishes, but we, as I was saying (5^),' etc. 
 
 tC dv oStOL JJLa06vT€S ^ €7rtTT]8€VO-aVT€S i) Tl dpiO-TOl 76VOIVTO. 
 
 The form of the sentence is exactly like that of irQs div depairev- 
 BevTes yevoLVTo dptdTOL above, 179 B, on which see note. 
 
 €l<rT]'YTj<raTO ovv ris t|(aiv, /c.r.A. *Well, somebody recom- 
 mended to us this course of instruction, (telling us) that it 
 was a good thing for a young man to learn to fight in heavy 
 armour. ' For the irregularity of the construction see note on 
 the Language of the Dialogue. 
 
 €iri86iKvrjjL€vov, ' displaying his art.' E • 
 
 €K€X€V€, ' advised us. ' When a man is said KeXeijeiv in Greek, 
 it merely implies that he used, as it were, the imperative 
 mood, not necessarily that he adopted an authoritative tone. 
 The person in question might have said, ' You go and see 
 Stesilaus, and judge for yourselves.' 
 
 (iho^€ Srj, ' so we thought. ' 
 
 o-vjjiPovXovs T6 Kal Koivwvovs, 'advisers and fellow-inquirers.' 
 ii(i€T€pov fjtepos. Supply Ictlv. 180 A 
 
 Kal ircpl Twv dXXcDv. Lysimachus does not wish to confine 
 the inquiry to the oTrXo/^taxta ; yet he has no notion of deter- 
 mining scientifically what the best training for his sons would 
 be, but is content with the empirical method of collecting 
 opinions on the value of this or that exercise. In other words, 
 he has formed no definite ideas of the qualities he would like 
 to see developed, or of the nature of the subjects in which he 
 would have them developed, and consequently has no data 
 
46 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 180 A iipon which to determine what sort of means he is to employ. 
 We shall see afterwards (p. 184d foil.) that it has hardly 
 occurred to him and Melesias (who is his counterpart) to 
 examine what special competency their counsellors may have 
 to give advice upon the particular question at issue. In the 
 course of the dialogue they are taught that the question can- 
 not be settled so easily, because (i. ) it happens to concern the 
 human soul, and is therefore of great importance ; (ii.)only 
 those who know what is best for the soul can give an opinion 
 that is worth anything ; (iii. ) our ordinary ideas of any good 
 quality [e.g. courage, the quality that such training may be 
 supposed to cultivate) are vague, and often contradict each 
 other. 
 
 CAP. III. 
 
 olfjiai 8i Kal AdxT]Ta t6v8€. Sc. eroLjULov ehai kolvo}U€lv. 
 B ' AXT]0f] *Ydp ol'€i. ' Indeed you are right. ' 
 cos, 'for.' 
 
 5 y€, ' the thing at least which.' 
 
 els €K6ivovs, ' in regard to them ' ( Aristides and Thucydides). 
 
 6ti avTois o-X€86v ti ravra, /c.r.X. crx^ddp tl (lit. * somewhat 
 nearly') qualifies the whole statement, and means that it is to 
 be taken as generally, but not universally true. If the words 
 6\Ly<jjp€L(Tdai re Kal d/xeXcDs biaTLBeadaL are taken as epexegetical 
 of rauTa, we may translate, * For as a rule what he says of 
 them is really the case, both with regard to their sons and all 
 their private affairs, that they are neglected and carelessly 
 managed.' If, however, we take ravra (rvfjipaivei oXLyajpelo-dai, 
 /c.r.A. , together as ' these things happen to be neglected,' etc., 
 we may translate, ' For as a rule it happens in their case that 
 what he speaks of— both sons and their private affairs — are 
 disregarded and carelessly managed. ' The last rendering makes 
 the sentence more complete, but the first is more in accordance 
 with Platonic usage. Kai wepl raXXa tdta is meant to be an addi- 
 tion made by Laches, who does not imply that Lysimachus 
 spoke of any other neglect than that of the education of sons. 
 
 '6ti 8' T|p.ds [kiv, /C.T.X., 'but I am astonished that you ask us 
 to give you advice about the education of the young men, 
 and yet do not ask Socrates here.' 
 C TTpwTov |i€V 6vTa 8t](jlotiiv, * in the first place, be- 
 cause he is of your own deme.' Plutarch tells us that the 
 
NOTES. 
 
 47 
 
 families of Thucydides and Aristides were both of the deme igo C 
 of Alopece, to which Socrates also belonged. The denies were 
 local divisions of Attica, something like parishes, and of great 
 antiquity. See Grote's History of Greece, part II., ch. xxxi. 
 
 TCLS SiaTpipds TToiovfjLcvov, ' spending his time.' 
 
 IIws X€7€LS ; ' What ? ' or ' Indeed ! ' The words express sur- 
 prise, or slight incredulity. 
 
 7dp, ' can it be the case that ? ' i.e. * do you mean that ? ' 
 ndvv jjL^v oSv. ' Most certainly he has.' 
 Kttl YcLp avTcj), K.T.X., *for he recommended to me lately a 
 music-master for my son.' 
 
 'A^aOoKXcovs |ia0r]T^|v Adficova. This Damon is always D 
 spoken of with great respect by Plato. He was pro- 
 fessedly a teacher of /jlovo-lkt), not in the wide sense in which 
 the word included all mental training that was not merely 
 elementary, but in our sense of music. He showed, how- 
 ever, great ability not only in explaining the theory of 
 his profession, but in political and ethical speculations. 
 Socrates himself was a hearer and admirer of Damon, and 
 so was Pericles. It is not certain whether Damon was 
 actually music-master to the latter — Plutarch thinks that he 
 was — but there is no doubt that they were intimate. Plutarch 
 suggests that Damon's profession of music-master was used as 
 a cloak for the instruction that he gave in other matters, and 
 that he was really Pericles' ' trainer and master ' in politics. 
 Plutarch calls Damon a sophist (though Plato does not), and 
 the passage in which he speaks of him reads like a reminis- 
 cence of Protagoras 316 e, where Agathocles, Damon's teacher, 
 is spoken of in very similar language. The whole speech 
 there put into Protagoras' mouth by Plato (316 c-317 c) should 
 be read by those who wish to know what a ' sophist ' was. 
 More will be said on the subject in commenting on p. 186 c. 
 
 dvSpwv \apiia-raTov, k.t.X., lit. 'the most accomplished of 
 men not only in music, but also in other respects worth as 
 much as you like for young men of such an age to spend their 
 time with.' The addition of oTroaov ^ovXei, k.t.X., spoils the 
 exact logical correspondence that we should expect between 
 ov fjLouou T7]v fxovdLKTjv aud dXXcL Kal rdXXa. Literary English 
 does not now tolerate even such mild anacolutha as this. 
 Translate therefore, ' Who is not only the most accomplished 
 of men in music, but in all other respects as good a com- 
 panion as you could wish for young men of that age. ' 
 
 For the construction of djiov here cf. p. 182 C, fxadrjfMara 
 ■ . . TToXXov ct^itt dv8pi ixcLdelv re Kal eiTLTTjdevcrai. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 CAP. IV. i 
 
 I 
 
 180 D 01 t|X{koi ky(a, * people at my time of life. ' tiXlkol is put for | 
 ttjXlkovtol ijXiKos eyu) ei/jLL, the plural number being due to what 
 
 is called attraction. Cf . Aristoph. Ecdes. 465 — .1 
 
 eKelvo deivop t6l(Jlv rfKiKOLai vtpv. \ 
 
 &T€ Kar' olKiav, k.t,\., * since we are compelled by old age ^ 
 
 to live most of our lives in-doors.' For the construction of ; 
 
 virb cf. 187 A, di/ /ult] v/uuv (TXoXt] rj virb tCov rijs woXeios irpayixaruiv. ! 
 
 Tw8€ Tw cavTov 8t]jj.ott]. He means himself. (For drjfxorri see j 
 
 above, 180 c). The hgure of speech is here used with the con- ' 
 
 descending playfulness of age. It could hardly be used 1 
 
 seriously in prose. But in tragedy it is common enough, | 
 
 without, of course, any idea of playfulness. Cf. Soph. Ajax { 
 
 445-6— i 
 
 pvj^ 5' ai^r' Wrpeidat (purl iraPTOVpycp (ppevas \ 
 
 eirpa^av, dudpbs ro0 5' dirLbaavrcs Kparrj. | 
 
 E SiKatos 8' d, sc. touto iroLelv, * and you are bound to doit.' ! 
 
 The phrase — a common one — might mean in a dififerent con- ' 
 
 text ' and you have a right to do it.' 1 
 
 Kttl irpoTcpov Ikcivos, k. r. X. ' And he died without ever having | 
 had a quarrel with me.' 
 
 '7r€pi<t>ep€i 86 Tis |xe Kai |i.VTjp.T], /c.r.X. * And now that they | 
 
 mention it I remember something ' ; lit. ' a memory takes me . 
 
 back.' Cf. Herod, vi. 86. 2, oure /uLejULvrj/maL to TrpijyjuLa, ovre fie \ 
 
 wepKpepeL {sc. fivrjiuLT]) ovbev eid^vat rovrujv rCov vjjiels Xeyere. [rCovde \ 
 
 XeyovTujv might however be taken as a genitive depending on j 
 
 iu.pr}fxr), ' of them saying,' i.e. ' of something these boys said.') ; 
 
 TO. ^dp |j.€ipdKLa Td8€. The yap merely serves to show that 
 Lysimachus is explaining what he means by his /uLPrjpiT] ns. 
 
 aXXriXo-us, 8LaX€7d(i€voL, and iTri\L^\Lvr\vrai are used as agreeing i 
 
 in sense though not in form with />tetpd/cia. Yet in 179 A, where i 
 the word came next to a verb, we have seen that Plato 
 regarded fieipcLKLa as sufficiently neuter to attract the verb 
 
 into the singular number (iTreidr} fxeipoLKLa yeyovev). ; 
 
 ciraivovo-iv, sc. avrbv. 
 
 €l Tov 2(0(|>povio-Kov Xc'yoiciv, * if they meant the son of \ 
 Sophroniscus.' 
 
 181 A o8' ctTTi 2(0KpdTT]S, K.T.X., * is this the Socrates whom 
 
 you mentioned on those occasions ? ' For the form of the ex- i 
 pression cf. Eur. Orestes 380 — 
 
 65' et'/x' ^Opearrjs, Mev^Xeus^ op icrropeis, 
 
NOTES. 
 
 49 
 
 * I (here) am the Orestes, Menelaus, about whom you inquire.' igl A 
 65' eaTLv 6 I^UKpaTrjs, k.t.X., would mean, ' Is this Socrates the 
 man whom ? ' etc. 
 
 irdvv ji€v ofiv, K.T.X., ' certainly, father, he is.' Lysimachus 
 had put the question to both the boys, but only one, his own 
 son Aristides,^ makes reply. They take no further part in 
 the conversation. Melesias, again, does not speak twenty 
 words in the whole dialogue, and Lysimachus himself takes 
 no part in the real discussion, which is carried on by three 
 persons only, Socrates, Laches, and Nicias. 
 
 opGois, ' you maintain the name of ' ( Jowett). 
 
 Kal dXXws. This qualifies the ev {iari). 
 
 KoX 8^1 Kal 5x1, ' and above all because. ' The whole phrase 
 Kal dWcos Kal dr] Kal is a more forcible form of the ordinary 
 dWojs re Kal Cf. 187 C. 
 
 olK€La TO, T€ (rd, K. r. X. , i. e. ' there will be intimacy between 
 us.' 
 
 (XT) d<|)i€o-6 -ye ravSpos, ' do not in any case give him up.' 
 
 €V 7dp rfj dirb At]\iov ^vyr^. This was in B.C. 424. Laches B 
 was not general at Delium, but apparently serving as a 
 hoj)lite. In the Symjwsium, 220 e and 221 a-b, Plato makes 
 Alcibiades say of Socrates, "'Ert roivvv, c5 dvdpes, d^iov 
 dedaaadaL Sw/cpdr?;, ore aTro ArjXiov (pvyrj dvexij^p^i- to arparoiredop' 
 ^Tvxov yap irapayevofxevos Xinrov ^xcoi/, ovros de oirXa. dv€x<^p€L 
 ovu €<JKeba(jfxh(jJV Tjdr) rCov dvdpdjirojv ovros re dfxa Kal Adxv^' ^ctt 
 iyu) irepLTvyxdvo), Kal IdCov evd^s irapaKeXe-uoiiai re avrolv dap'peXv 
 Kal ^Xeyou, otl ovk diroXeixpu} avrd). ivravda dr] Kal koXXlov 
 ideao-dfJLrjjf 'ZojKpdrT) t) iv UoTLdaia' avrbs yap tittov ev cf)6^cp rj dtd 
 TO e(p' LTTWOV elvai' irpCjTov fiev 6(jov irepLrjv Aaxwos e/x0pcoj' 
 ehai (in presence of mind). He goes on to describe how So- 
 crates marched along, * rolling his eyes, calmly contemplating 
 enemies as well as friends, and making very intelligible to 
 anybody, even from a distance, that whoever attacked him 
 would be likely to meet with a stout resistance.' (Jowett's 
 translation.) How far the story here related is true we have 
 no means of judging ; but that Socrates and Laches were 
 together in the retreat, being mentioned as it is in two 
 dialogues, is not likely to be due to Plato's invention. The 
 mention of the battle of Delium in the Laches helps us, as has 
 been said, to hx approximately the date of the occurrence of 
 the imaginary dialogue. For an account of the battle see 
 Thuc. iv. 91-96. 
 
 6p0Ti T||JLwv, K.T.X. , 'our country would have been pre- 
 
50 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 181 B served and would not then have met with such a disaster,' etc. 
 Laches means the defeat would never have occurred had all 
 Athenians behaved m the battle as Socrates did in the 
 retreat. 
 
 oStos ... 6 ^iratvos ... 6v a-v vvv ciraivci, ' the praise which 
 you are now receiving.' 
 
 Kal €ls ravra €ls d, /c.r.X., 'and for the things for which 
 they praise you.' Two reasons are given for thinking the 
 praise given to Socrates valuable — (1) the high character of 
 Nicias and Laches who give it, (2) the excellence of the 
 qualities to which it testifies. 
 
 Xp*nv [ikv o{)v Kal irpcJTcpdv 7€, /c.r.X, ' therefore you ought to 
 have visited us long ago of your own accord ' (avrSy). 
 
 C vvv 8' oOv, * but as things are. ' 
 
 (Tvvia-Qij from (ttuvelixl^ not avvoiba. It would properly be 
 followed by a dative, but yvupL^e, which is joined to it, deter- 
 mines, as being the nearer verb, the case of the objects. 
 
 \>|jL€ts , i.e. Socrates and young Aristides. 
 
 T|[ji€T€pav, i.e. that of Lysimachus and Sophroniscus. 
 
 TTCpl ... (av T|p|d|J.€6a, for irepi toijtwv irepl &v -qp^dfxeda. 
 
 J t£ (|>aT€ ; Of course addressed to Nicias and Laches as well 
 ' as to Socrates. The plural of the second person, whether in 
 
 verb or pronoun, is never used for the singular in classical 
 
 Latin or Greek. 
 
 CAP. V. 
 
 D ' AXXd, * Well. ' The word is used in the same reassuring 
 sense by Nicias at the beginning of the next speech. 
 
 Kal aS & irpoKaXci iravra iroictv. This refers to Lysimachus' 
 desire to be intimate with Socrates. 
 Twv8€, masc. , referring to Nicias and Laches. 
 TovTwv, neuter, referring to the subject under discussion. 
 dXXo irapd, ' different from ' : cf . aXXa irapd, 1 78 B. 
 t<$t' ijSii has the force of * then and not till then. ' 
 
 8i8d<rK€Lv Kal ircCGciv. dLddaKeiv is not so strong a word as 
 our teach, and both it and ireideLv are strictly imperfect 
 presents: ' to explain it and try to convince.' 
 
 iroTcpos vp-wv, * one of you two.' 
 
NOTES. 
 
 51 
 
 'AXX' ovhkv K«Xv6i, * Well, there is no reason why I isi D 
 should not.' 
 
 TO fji^i dXXoGi 8iaTp£p€iv. These words, together with e 
 the rest of the clause down to dW ip toutlp form the sub- 
 ject of €v ^x^L, and the clause odev ... dvdyKT) is a continua- 
 tion of that subject. 66 ev is equivalent to vcp^ ov, and the 
 antecedent to it is roiJTcp, Translate, * For it is an excellent 
 thing for young men not to spend their leisure in the other 
 diversions in which you know they are so apt to spend it, but 
 in this exercise, especially {Kai) as it is one which cannot fail 
 to make them in better condition.' 
 
 TO o-rafAa PcXtiov IVxciv dvd'yK'r], lit. ' it is necessary for 
 their body (bodies) to be better, ' taking peXriov as an adverb ; 
 or we might understand aOroi^s as the subject to lo-x^lp, and 
 take rb a-Q/uLa as the accusative of respect, or as an ordinary 
 accusative after it. In the last case ^^Xtlov must be taken as 
 an adjective. 
 
 Kal Ajia, * and at the same time. ' This introduces 182 A 
 Nicias' second reason for thinking well of the exercise. The 
 first reason was a double one : it kept boys out of mischief, 
 and, besides, kept them in good condition. He now says 
 that it is truly a free man's exercisCj as it teaches him how to 
 fight. 
 
 Kal i\ lirTTtKTj, ,s'C. rix^r}. This addition does not add any- 
 thing to the logical weight of the sentence, but it adds to its 
 rhetorical force by putting the oTrXo^aax/a on a level with 
 another art, which was confessedly a fashionable one. 
 
 o5 -ydp ayiavos d0Xi]TaC €o-(i€v, /c.r.X. This sentence in full 
 would be ov yap dyQuos ddX-rjTaL iafxeu Kai h oXs rjiuv 6 dyCov 
 7rp6K€LTaL, TovTov Tov dyQva Kal Iv tovtols (under those condi- 
 tions) fiovoL ovTOL yvfjLvd^ovTaL OL €u, K.T.X. ' For that sport in 
 which we are the players is properly practised, and the con- 
 ditions under which we have to play it are fulfilled by those 
 only who exercise themselves in this apparatus of war.' 
 
 [kovov irpbs jJLovov, 4n single combat.' 
 
 lirtTiGcixevov dXXov, genitive absolute. 3 
 d|ivvao-6ai avT<5v, ' to make resistance oneself. ' 
 
 o^V dv VTTO "ye hhs ds 6 tovt' cirto-TdfACvos ovSev dv irdOoi. 
 
 Nicias here claims too much for the art. Cf. Moliere, Le 
 Bourgeois Gentilhomme, act II. sc. iii. : ** Mons. Jourdain. De 
 cette fa^on done, un homme, sans avoir du coeur, est s(ir de 
 tuer son homme et de n'etre point tu6 ? Le Maitre d'Armes, 
 Sans doute ; n'en vites vous pas la demonstration ? " This is 
 
52 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 of course burlesque, but there is something of the same 
 humour in Plato's words. Nicias is as extravagant in over- 
 rating the accomplishment as we shall find Laches to be in 
 underrating it. 
 
 €'n'i0v(i.'<]<r€i€ Kal tov €|f]s, k.t.X., * would be desirous to learn 
 the science of tactics which comes next in the course.' 
 Stesilaus, like Dionysodorus (see Plato's Eutliydemus, p. 271 d, 
 and Xenophon's Memorabilia III. 1), seems to have taught 
 tactics and the whole art of generalship as well as the use of 
 his weapons. 
 
 Kttl TavTtt Xap^v, /C.T.X., *and having learned this, and 
 become proud of his learning.' 
 
 kirX irav &v to ir€pl rds oTparq-Yias 6p|JiVi<r€L€, ' would pass on 
 to the study of all that concerns the conduct of campaigns.' 
 The plural ras o-rpaTrjyias is used because generalship is here 
 looked upon as manifested on several different occasions. 
 (TTparrjyia meant the general's art in the widest sense, and, 
 unlike our word * strategy,' included tactics. This we see 
 from Xen. Mem. III. 1, 6, where Socrates speaks of rd raKTLKa 
 as being a part, though a very small one, of arpaTrjyia. 
 
 Kal ^Sr\ SfjXov, ' and you will now allow.' 
 
 TovTwv €x6|i6va, 'which are connected with these,' viz., 
 with TaKTLKOL and arparTjyia. 
 
 Kal KaXd KaC .... These words begin the predicate to jULadrjfxaTa 
 ir&vra Kal eTrLrrjdevfiaTa iravra. eari must be supplied. ' Are 
 (both) good and ... ' 
 
 iroXXoO d|ia dv8pl jiaGctv, k.t.X. Cf. birbaov ^ovXcl d^tou 
 (TwdiaTpL^eLP T-qXiKovTOLS veavLCTKOLS above, p. 180 D. 
 
 wv KaGiryrjO-aiT' dv tovto to p.d6T](ia. This clause at first 
 sight seems superfluous ; but Nicias, having said before that 
 owXojj.axf'O' would probably lead to crrpaTrjyLa in all its branches, 
 and that the fiadrjimaTa, etc., connected with crrpaTrjyLa are 
 confessedly good, now adds his conclusion that oTrXo/maxioi 
 would probably lead to good /jLadrj/uLara and iirLTrjdeiJiuLaTa. 
 
 avTw, i.f. TLp fxddrj/iiaTL. 
 
 avrhv avTov, ' than he was before , ' or ' than he would be 
 otherwise. ' 
 
 cl Kai, ' even though.' 
 
 Sri Kal €vo-\T]|xov€VT€pov. Supply iroLTjceLeu av. 
 
 AdxT]Tos 8€, K.T.X., 'but I should be glad in my turn 
 to hear what Laches has to say, if his views on the question 
 are different from mine ' (lit. ' if he says anything different 
 from this ') 
 
NOTES. 
 
 53 
 
 CAP. VI. 
 
 €l [kiv €<rTi (id0Ti[j,a, 'if it is a true art.' By fjLddr)/jLa, thus 182 E 
 used emphatically, Plato means an art which has rules and 
 can be taught, and for this we have no single word. 
 
 Sircp 4)ao-iv, K.r.X., 'as its teachers allege it to be, and as 
 good an art as Nicias makes it out.' 
 
 01 {nrio-xvovjjLCvoi, ' those who profess to teach it as such. ' 
 
 AaK€8ai|Jioviovs. Laches was no doubt well disposed to that 
 nation. See note on the Persons of the Dialogue under his 
 name. 
 
 €ls rdSc diropXexl/as, ' because of the following considera- 
 tions.' 
 
 rC KoX Sioi &v avTo |j.av9dv6iv : for the irregular apodosis cf. 
 Aj/ e'LTTOLev (178 a). 
 
 d Tt f)v, ' if it were any good. ' 
 
 6 Ti B.V jj.a96vT6S, k.t.X. This dependent question (of the 
 same form as that in 179 b, ttcDs av Oepairevdevres, k.t.X., and 
 that in 179 d, tL au oijtol fiadovres, k.t.X.) depends on ^7}T€lv, 
 not on €7rLTr)8€V€Lv. The interposition of /cat iinTrjdeueLv makes 
 it impossible to translate the passage oTs ovdep ... tov irbXeixov 
 literally. Jowett renders it as follows, ' Whose whole life is 
 passed in finding out and practising the arts which give them 
 an advantage over other nations in war.' 
 
 eX€\T|6€l, ,S'C. TOVTO TO jJiddrjILLa. 183 A 
 
 dXX' ov TovTovs y€ Tovs StSacTKdXovs, k.t.X., ' at any rate, 
 the following truth has not escaped the teachers of the art.' 
 €K€ivoi, the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Trap' €K6LVOLs dv Tis TijiT]0€is. The dp is pleonastic, and serves 
 only to anticipate the one that follows. TLfxrjdeis forms the 
 protasis to du ipyd^oLTo, and is equivalent to el TLix-qdeiy). For 
 the double dv cf. above, 182 B, our' dv viro ye evbs ets 6 tout' 
 eTTLCFTdfxevos ovdeu dv irddoL. 
 
 Kttl irapd Twv dXXwv. These words begin the apodosis. /cat 
 contrasts tCop aXXiop with e/cetVots, not however so strongly as 
 our word ' too, ' as it is not implied that the teacher would 
 make much money in Lacedaemon. It is therefore better 
 left untranslated. 
 
 wo-TTcp 7€ Kal rpa^cpSias, k.t.X. , ' just as a tragic writer would 
 who was honoured at Athens. ' Notice the suggestion that the 
 military pre-eminence of Sparta was as incontestable as the 
 literary supremacy of Athens. 
 
54 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 183 A Toi^dpTot, ' and that is the reason why | 
 B Tovs Se €V ^irXois, k.t.X. The argument is not conclusive. ! 
 The Lacedaemonians were so well trained that men like 
 Stesilaus would have nothing to teach them ; and they 
 were, besides, most intolerant towards foreigners. 
 
 irdo-t |idXXov €7rt8€tKvv|jL€vo\)s, 'displaying their art to any body \ 
 
 rather than to the Lacedaemonians.' i 
 
 CAP. VII. I 
 
 1 
 
 ov irdvv oXCyois, ' not so very few.' Riddell says that irdw \ 
 here goes closely with 6X17019. But see note on iyCo fih yap i 
 Kat eirCKavdavoixaif k.t.X., 189 C. j 
 
 C €v avTO) r<a 'ipy<a. The character of Laches is drawn ' 
 
 with much skill. He is a man of strong prejudices, but he \ 
 
 thinks that he has none ; and he now with a great appear- ' 
 
 ance of candour, appeals, as many people do, to * facts ' I 
 
 which have really no bearing on the question. The story of i 
 
 the awkward situation in which Stesilaus was seen on board 1 
 
 ship while employing an unusual weapon — though effective ' 
 enough as tending to throw ridicule on the man — goes no way 
 
 to prove either the uselessness of birXoixaxia or his inability to j 
 
 teach it. j 
 
 ^lecTi 8^ Kai avToOev T|p.tv (rK€x|/ao-0ai, * and we may as well i 
 
 consider the subject now.' Laches half apologizes for the j 
 
 story he is about to tell, as if he had meant to end his speech ; 
 
 with oXoi eiaiv. i 
 
 wcr7r€p -Ydp cttiti^Scs ovScCs, k.t.X. The force of the yap i 
 
 seems to be, ' I may, I say, as well put the facts before you, 1 
 
 because Stesilaus is no exception to the rule that none of | 
 
 these professionals are any good in real warfare.' ibairep ... ; 
 i-TTLT-qdes means * as if on purpose. ' Jacobs aptly compares 
 
 Cicero de Oral. i. 20, " nam primum, quasi dedita opera, ' 
 
 neminem scriptorem artis (writer of a treatise on rhetoric) ne ; 
 
 mediocriter quidem disertum fuisse dicebat," which is ob- j 
 
 viously an imitation of the passage before us. ; 
 
 rd oirXiTiKd, i.e. the art of fighting in armour. | 
 
 Kairoi €l's 76 rdXXa Travra, k.t.X. * Now, in all other ; 
 
 cases those who win renown for anything are to be found ■ 
 among those who make it their business ; but in this case, it 
 would seem, the professors of the art have been so very - 
 unfortunate in it as compared with other men. ' 
 
NOTES. 
 
 55 
 
 eT€p(i>Oi. eyo) kcLXXiov, k.t.X., 'I once saw to better pur- 183 D 
 pose elsewhere, really making an exhibition of himself— 
 though he did not mean to — in actual warfare.' aXrjdeia is 
 here opposed to the mimic fighting which Stesilaus displayed 
 in the palaestra. In Polybius the word has the technical 
 sense of active service. cos intensifying dXrjdQs and other 
 positive adverbs is common in Plato. 
 
 7rpo<rPa\ov<rT]s, intr., * having attacked.' 
 
 lircpdTCvc, * he was serving as a marine. ' The iiripdraL 
 were usually drawn from the ^^res, the lowest of the four 
 classes of Athenian citizens (Thuc. vi. 43). What follows 
 may have been a real incident in Laches' Sicilian expedition, 
 but is quite as likely to have happened on a diflPerent occasion, 
 or to have been invented by Plato. 
 
 8opv8p€iravov. The weapon was like a halbert, and is 
 described by Caesar, Bell. Gall. iii. 14, ' ' Una erat magno usui 
 res praeparata a nostris, falces praeacutae insertae adfixaeque 
 longuriis (poles), non absimili forma muralium falcium. His 
 cum funes, qui antemnas ad malos destinabant, comprehensi 
 adductique erant, navigio remis incitato praerumpebantur. 
 Quibus abscisis antemnae necessario concidebant. " One 
 would imagine that Stesilaus' weapon had a like object, but 
 that missing the cordage it stuck in the mast. If it was used 
 for cutting the rigging it would be of no value except against 
 transports or merchantmen, for Greek ships of war never went 
 into action with their masts standing. 
 
 8ia(|>€pov hi] 6irXov is in apposition to dopvdp^iravov and avrbs 
 is in apposition to the subject of efidx^To. 
 
 TO 8^ o-d<|)io-(ia . . . olov airePt]. Supply &^lov [earl) X^yeiv, 
 and for the construction cf. Gorgias 448 D, drjXos ydp /jlol UwXos 
 ... on TTjv KaXovfjLevTjv prjTopLKTjv .. iuL€fjL€X^rr}K€v. In both of 
 these cases the subject of the dependent sentence is disengaged 
 from it and becomes the subject of the principal sentence. 
 Often it becomes the object of the principal sentence, e.g. 
 188 c, AdxnT^ 5^ rdvde 6pa owcos '4x^i irepl rod tolovtov. Cf. 
 Plato's Euthydemus 294 c, ol(7da 'EtWvSrjfiov, oirSaovs ddSura^ 
 ^Xet ; Hom. Od. xvii. 373, avrov 5' ov adcpa olda, irbdev y^vos 
 evx^raL elvai ' and St. Mark i. 24, olbd ere tls el, where our ver- 
 sion has preserved the Greek idiom, " I know thee who thou 
 art." 
 
 T| vavs ri\v vavv Trapv^ei, * meanwhile the ships were pass- E 
 ing each other.' 
 
 irapTi(i€Cp€To. This must mean more than iraprjeL above, and 
 imply ' was clearing. ' 
 
 E 
 
56 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 184 A o-TvpaKos, the pointed cap of bronze that enclosed the butt 
 end of the spear, and by which the weapon could be stuck in 
 the ground like a fishing-rod. 
 
 aairiai k€k\lijl€vol, irapa 5' ^yx^^ fxaKpa ir^ir'qyev. 
 
 —Horn. 11. iii. 135. 
 " Defigunt tellure hastas et scuta reclinant." 
 
 — Verg. A en. xii. 130. 
 The (TTtjpa^ had another use, it served as a weapon of offence 
 if the spear-head broke off. The Romans, seeing the advan- 
 tage of this, copied the Greek form of spear for their cavalry, 
 their own spears having originally had no spikes at the butt 
 ends. (Poly bins vi. 25. He calls the spike by the Ionic 
 name aavpuTrjp.) 
 
 ... vird, 'was raised by.' 
 
 €ir{ T€ T(3 <r\r]\LOiri avrov. The re suggests that another 
 dative with ewL will follow, but instead of it we have the 
 clause Kai ... €K€lvo. 
 
 PaXdvTos ... XCGo). This is quite a usual construction of 
 pdWuj. We must translate however, * having thrown a 
 stone. ' 
 
 irapd Tovs irdSas, /c.r.X., 'on to the deck close by his feet.' 
 
 to-cos \i.lv o{>v, /c.T.X. *Now possibly there may be some 
 good in this exercise, as Nicias says ; but however, my 
 experience has been pretty much as I have told you.' odp 
 has almost exactly the same force in both clauses. In the 
 first it makes a show of setting aside Laches' experience in 
 view of the possibility of Nicias being right ; in the second 
 clause it sets aside conjecture for fact. ' Of course, in spite 
 of all of this, Nicias may be right ; but for all that, I have told 
 you the result of my experience.' 
 
 CAP. VIII. 
 
 *0 ofiv Ka\ €| dpxTis, K.T.\., * So as I said at first, whether it 
 is an art with such very little use, or whether they falsely 
 assert and pretend that it is an art, it is not worth while to 
 try to learn it.' The construction is illogical, but need offer 
 no difficulty. It is commonly explained by an ellipse of iarL 
 TovTo, 'what I said at the beginning is this, that'.... It 
 would be simpler to say that 6'ri is pleonastic ; in reality we 
 have two clauses each depending on the other, though not 
 simultaneously. The construction of the first is forgotten by 
 the speaker as soon as the second is reached. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 57 
 
 Kttl 7dp oSv jJLoi 8oK€i. After this we have first hv ... 184 
 yivoLTo and then av . . . '{(tx^^-v . The latter verb depends on 
 hoK€L, which is however parenthetical in relation to the 
 former. Strictly both verbs should be in the same mood. 
 Cf. Thuc. i. 3, boKei 8i /jlol ovde rovvo/ma tovto ^v/uLiraad iru) eixet/, 
 dWa TCL fxh irpb "EXXt/i^os tov AevKaXiuvos /cat wduv ov8e elvat ij 
 
 €TrLK\r}(TLS aVTT). 
 
 avrov eirio-TacrOai, sc. to /iddrjiuLa: *'se istam artem callere." 
 The insertion of the accusative reflexive pronoun is more rare 
 in Greek than its omiysion is in Latin. Cf. however Hero- 
 dotus i. 34, fjL€Td l^oXojva oixofJL^voUf ^Xa/3e e/c Oeov v^/uLeais /leydXr) 
 Kpoiaou ' u)S CLKdaaL, otl iuofiiae euivrbv eXvai dvdpuirojv dirdvrujv 
 oK^LihrcLTov, and ii. 2, ot 5e AiyvirrLOL ... ivofiL^ou euvrovs irpcbrovs 
 yeveadai irdvruv dvOpbJirojv . Also Plato, Sym2^osium 175 C, /xera 
 ravra ^(prj acpds fxev deLirvelv^ rbv 8k liOiKpdrr) ovk elcnevai. tov ovv 
 ^A.ydd(i3va iroWdKLS KeXeveiv /JLeraire/jLxl/aadaL rbv 'ZcoKpdTrj, i de ovk 
 eav. See Oorg. 474 B for a similar reflexive use of the accusa- 
 tive of the first person as the subject of an infinitive. The 
 ordinary practice when the subject of the infinitive needs 
 to be expressed and is the same as that of the principal verb 
 is to insert avrbs in the nominative, and in the number and 
 gender required as in the famous instance Kkiuiv ... ovk ^(pri 
 avrbs dXX' eKelvov arparrjyeiv. avrbs would of course be quite 
 out of place in the passage before us, but avrdp is not much 
 more satisfactory in Plato. eiriaraadaL requires an object 
 much more than a subject ; accordingly avro used to be read, 
 but on no good authority. 
 
 0pao-vT€pos &v 8i' avTo, /c.r.X., * he would become more 
 venturesome on account of it, and so more clearly display his 
 real character,' i.e. the man would venture into danger which 
 he would otherwise have avoided, and when the moment of 
 peril came be overwhelmed by fear and show what a coward 
 he really was. The word dpaavs has often a bad sense. 
 Aristotle {Nic. Eth. iii. 7, 8) says, So/cet 5^ Kal dXa^Cjv elvai 6 
 Spaavs Kal TrpoaTroLrjrLKos dvdpelas. ujs ovv cKelvos (the really 
 brave man) Trept ra (po(3€pd e'xet ovrws ovros ^ovXerai (paiveaOai' 
 €v oh ovv bvvaraL, fjufie^raL. Below (§ 12) he says, ot fxev OpaaeTs 
 TrpoTrerets, Kal (BovXb/uLevoL irpb rCov klv8ijvcov iv avrocs 5' * dcpLaravraL^ 
 ol 5' dv8peL0L ev rols 'epyoLS 6^e?s, irpbrepov 5' ri(Jvxi-OL. For 
 Aristotle's treatment of the whole subject of dv8peia see 
 Appendix. 
 
 <|>vXaTTdp.€vos, ' being watched.' 
 
 H.€7d\as dv SiaPoXds i'trxciv, * (that) he would be subjected 
 to very ill-natured criticism.' 
 
 ^ The be is pleonastic. 
 
58 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 184 B €7rC<j>0ovos 70.9, k.t.X.. eiricpdopos is of course here used in 
 the passive sense, ' liable to be disliked, ' and the remark is an 
 extremely true one. Laches however does not see that it 
 really makes against his main argument, for he is prejudiced 
 himself. 
 
 C w(rT€, * so that. ' The word may be followed by the indica- 
 tive (as here) or the infinitive. 
 
 €1 [JLT] Ti 0avp.a<rTbv 5<rov 8ta(|>€p€i, /c.r.X., * if he does not to a 
 remarkable degree excel other men in valour.' There is some 
 difficulty about the phrase dav^xaarbv 6(tov. It is commonly ex- 
 plained as short for davfj^aarbv eanv 6(tov (' it is wonderful how 
 much '), and the same explanation would apply to dfjLrjxdvojs 
 (Rep, 527 e; Phaedr. 263 d), and to the Latin " mirum 
 quantum." On the other hand ocros, unlike quantus, is not an 
 interrogative word, and though it is used in dependent ques- 
 tions [e.g. Soph. Aj. 118, op^s, 'Obva(Tev, rrjp deCjv iaxvu, oar] ;) 
 this explanation cannot possibly apply to the idiom 'dbwKev 
 avT($ TrXelara baa or to the expression in Herodotus iv. 194, 
 &(pdovoL SaoL. Much more satisfactory is the explanation (and 
 this seems to be Riddell's) which explains the oaov, etc., 
 as a condensation of a strictly relative clause. Thus tl 
 dav^iaarbv oaov will be put for rt davfiaarbv baov eari^ * some- 
 thing wonderful in its extent, ' d4>6ovoL SaoL, * unlimited in num- 
 ber,' TrXeicTTa oaa, * very many in number,' and so on. Cicero's 
 '*nimium quantum" and Horace's "Vino et lucernis Medus 
 acinaces/mma7iegifca?z^?^mdiscrepat, "cannot be easily explained 
 in any other way, and ' * mirum quantum " at least admits of this 
 explanation. The words baos or otos in this idiom are attracted 
 into the case of the adjective that they qualify. Where that 
 adjective is in the nominative the attraction of course cannot 
 take place, and where the adjective is accusative neuter (as in 
 the passage before us) the attraction will not be noticeable. 
 A good instance of the attraction is found in i?ep., p. 350 c, 
 6 bi) QpaavjULaxos uj/jLoXbyrjae fikv irdvTa raura ... fxerd ibpu}ros 
 davixacFTov baov. It must be admitted that in Plato's time the 
 idiom may have been to a certain extent a mechanical one, 
 and misunderstood by the Greeks themselves, and also that 
 the Latin idiom may be no more than a reproduction of the 
 Greek idiom, possibly misunderstood. See Riddell's edition 
 of the Apology, pp. 193, 194. 
 
 <|)do'K«v ^x^tv, K.T.X., ' if he professed to be a master of this 
 art. ' 
 
 ToiavTT] Tis, K.T.X., * such is my opinion, Lysimachus, about 
 studying this art.' 
 
NOTES. 
 
 59 
 
 &}0"irep ^Ti. The first of these words ('as it were ') warns us 184 C 
 that a metaphorical expression is to follow. It may belong 
 either to tov haKpLvovvros or to the whole sentence that depends 
 on doKet. '4tl belongs to belv, and is put out of its place as in 
 the Gratylus 399 a, KLvdvuevau, eav /jltj evXajSQ/xai, 'dri Trj/xepov 
 ao^dorepos rod deovros yeveadat, where ^tl belongs to ao<pur€pos. 
 
 vvv Si ... yap. The passage in which these words occur is D 
 usually printed thus, uvu de — ttjv havriav yap, Cos opas, Adxyjs 
 Ni/cta l^ero — ev dr] e'xet .... But Riddell has well observed that 
 vvp de ... yap, like dXXa yap. forms one phrase. He says that 
 * ' this combination is always preceded by a hypothesis of 
 something contrary to facts, and is parallel to the Protasis of 
 that sentence, which it contradicts. The 5^ and the yap exer- 
 cise a simultaneous force; 5e represents that the condition 
 stands differently in fact from what it is in the supposed case " 
 (here the condition in the supposed case was the agreement 
 of Nicias and Laches), " and yap further represents that the 
 inference must be different .... We are not to look to a sen- 
 tence beyond to supply a clause to the vvp de " (Riddell's 
 Dir/est of Idioms in his edition of Plato's Apology, p. 176). 
 Riddell quotes, together with the present passage and others, 
 p. 200 E of our dialogue, vvp 5' o/jloLcos yap iravres h diropLa eye- 
 vofxeda, and Apology 38 A, el fiev /mol xpVf^c^ra, erLfirjad/xrjv av 
 ... vvv de ov yap icmv. * If I had money I would have as- 
 sessed my penalty ... but as it is I have none.' The force of 
 the yap cannot be given in English. 
 
 T^jv IvavrCav, sc. \l/7j(pov, 
 
 Sy\, *so.' 
 
 CAP. IX. 
 
 Tt 8a(, K.T,\. * What ! Lysimachus, do you intend to adopt 
 whatever opinion the majority of us maintains ? ' 
 
 T£ 7dp &v Tis KoX iroLoi. ' Why {yap) what would you have 
 a man do?" The /cat implies that Lysimachus does not 
 acknowledge that he ought to do anything else than decide 
 by a majority ; without the Kal the phrase would be an appeal 
 for advice. 
 
 kAv €l' Tts. This dv prepares the way for the one that 
 follows. We have already had instances of this, pp. 182 b 
 and 183 a. 
 
 &pa Tois ttXcloo-iv &v t|jjlwv rrelQoio, /c.r.X. These and 
 the following words contain one of the main lessons of the 
 
60 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 184 E dialogue, which is this, that on any given subject a consensus 
 
 of uneducated opinion is worth nothing against the judgment 
 of those who are by their training qualified to decide upon 
 the subject. Bacon (Nov, Org. i. 77) goes so far as to say, 
 ' Pessimum enim omnium est augurium, quod ex consensu 
 capitur in rebus intellectualibus, " which is, of course an 
 exaggeration. On the other hand, in so far as educated 
 opinion means the opinion of a class or clique, it is liable to 
 contain special errors. The opinion of the lay public is 
 valuable as tending to criticise and counteract these errors, 
 vird, as we say * under.' 
 
 Ti<rKT]Ka)s. The word is used absolutely : * (who happens ) 
 to have practised.' 
 
 185 A Tovs 8' dXXovs cdv, ' and leave the others alone. ' The 
 
 phrase is a common one. It is sometimes varied by the addi- 
 tion of xcttpeti/, as in p. 201 B. 
 
 ^ iT€pl (rp.iKpov ol'€cr0€, /c.r.X., 'or do you and Lysimachus 
 imagme it to be a small matter that you have now at stake, 
 and not rather that possession which, as it happens, is the 
 most important of all you have ? For, T imagine, according as 
 a man's sons become good or bad, so will the character of his 
 whole household correspond in each case to that of his 
 children.' ourws oiK-naerai is literally 'will be inhabited in 
 such a way,' oUrjaeTCLL being passive. The verb is often used 
 with ttoKls and oIkos in this colourless way. 
 B 8 €70) dprt a€7ov, * with regard to the thing that I spoke 
 of just now.' The allusion is to 184 d foil., Khv e'C tls wepl 
 ay(j3vLas tov m^os, k.t.X. 
 
 dp' ovx 6 fAa0(6v, K.T.X., 'will it not be the man,' etc. 
 bocrates does not answer the question, ttQs . . . iaKOTrovfjLev dV, 
 K.T.X., in the form in which he asked it. ' 
 
 ovKOvv ^Ti "TrpoTcpov, K.T.X. Supply Slu €(TK07rov/jLev, ' but 
 should we not first ask what the thing was whose instructors 
 we were trying to find?' Here, as if almost by accident, 
 Socrates hints that it is not the professional warrior who will 
 know most about exercise, but a man of higher qualifications. 
 For the important question, as we shall see below, is the 
 effect of the exercise on the mental and moral character. 
 There is a mixture of two constructions, tIpos ^7}Tovixev Toiis 
 MacTKoXovs and rt eaTL tovto ov ^rjTovfjLev toi)s didaaKaXovs. 
 
 TTws X€76Ls ; Whenever Socrates' interlocutor asks him to 
 explain himself it must be taken to mean that Plato feels that 
 the subject is one of difficulty. The subject is generally 
 
 I 
 
NOTES. 
 
 61 
 
 started by a somewhat obscure sentence (as ovkovu ^tl irpbrepov^ 185 
 K.T.X.) with the purpose of arresting the reader's attention; 
 then follows the ttcDs \eyeLs (cf. 190 e), or the ovk efxadov ('I 
 don't understand'), which gives an opportunity for further 
 explanation. {SeeBep. 438 A andB. ) It should be observed that 
 many points are thought difficult by Plato that are not 
 difficult to us ; while, on the other hand, we often find in his 
 dialogues what seem unwarrantable assumptions ; but in the 
 latter case we are to understand that where a point is passed 
 over without discussion there is as a rule nothing that would 
 have been controverted by Plato's contemporaries. In 189 E 
 Socrates volunteers an explanation of an obscure sentence. 
 
 CAP. X. 
 
 *fl8€ IVcos jidXXov, K.T.X. ' Perhaps it will be clearer if I 
 put it thus. It does not seem to me that we have begun by 
 determining what the subject of our deliberation and inquiry 
 is, when we ask which of us has skill to deal with it, and has 
 had masters to teach him about it, and which has not.' 
 
 <()apjjLdKov, * ointment.' C 
 
 {)iraX€L<{)€o-9ai, med., ' to apply it to himself.' 
 
 iT€pl Twv 6<|)0aX|j.wv, i.e. it is considered what eff'ect the 
 ointment will have on the eyes, not what effect the eyes will 
 have on the ointment. So also of the horse and bridle below. 
 
 TOTC irov, 'then, I imagine.' j) 
 
 '^V€Kd Tov, ' for the sake of something else.' 
 
 Set &pa Kal rhv (rvjJLpovXov o-kottclv. avfxjBovXop is the object 
 not the subject of aKoirelv. 
 
 ^v€Ka o-KoiroviievoL o-Koirovficv, ' which is the object of the 
 inquiry we are making.' 
 
 Tfjs ^/vxTjs '^v€Ka. Here it is assumed as the most natural E 
 thing in the world that the exercise is intended as a training 
 to the moral character rather than to the physical frame. In 
 the Republic (iii. p. 410 B and c) Plato says, " ' Neither are the 
 two arts of music and gymnastic really designed, the one for 
 the training of the soul, and the other for the training of the 
 body.' 
 
 ' But what is their real object ? ' 
 
 'I believe,' I said, ' that the teachers of both have in view 
 chiefly the improvement of the soul. ' 
 * How can that be ? ' he asked. 
 
62 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 185 E ' Did you never observe, ' I said, * the effect on the mind of 
 
 exclusive devotion to gymnastic, or the opposite effect of an 
 exclusive devotion to music ? ' 
 ' In what way shown ? ' he said. 
 
 * In producing a temper of hardness and ferocity, or again 
 of softness and effeminacy,' I replied." (Jowett's Translation.) 
 
 Englishmen do not talk of athletics being good for the 
 *soul,' but they obviously regard them as good for the 
 character. ' Gymnastics ' or even * athletics ' in the narrow- 
 sense are not nearly so useful in this way as any thing in the 
 nature of a game or contest, which is less fatiguing — * * molliter 
 austerum studio fallente laborem " — and a much better relax- 
 ation for the mind. 
 
 El' Tis dpa T||ji«v, K.r.X. * We must consider then if any of 
 us is an expert in the treatment of the soul, and is able to 
 manage it well, and which of us has had good masters. ' 
 
 TC 8€, <S 2wKpaT€S ; oihrw IwpaKas, k.t.X. Supply tlvols. 
 Here again, as in 183 c foil., we find Laches, true to his 
 character, appealing to what he thinks is proof, but what is 
 really prejudice. What he says is true enough as far as 
 it goes, but the fact proves nothing, as it is extremely rare 
 compared with the vast number of instances to the contrary. 
 If A without learning to box can beat B who has learnt, it 
 does not prove that B has not improved by the training, or 
 that A would not improve by it. 
 
 *'E7i«)Y€, w AdxilS, K.T.\. * Indeed, Laches, I have ; but I 
 am sure you would not take their word that they were good 
 workmen, unless they could show you at least one piece of 
 good work produced by their own skill. ' 
 
 186 A TovTo |j.€v d\t]0fj X€7€is, ' There you speak the truth. ' aXrjdrj, 
 
 which is plural, cannot of course agree with tovto. That 
 word is an accusative governed by dXrjdrj-XeyeLS. 
 
 CAP. XL 
 
 Kat T||ias dpa Scu eirLdel^ai a few lines below completes the 
 construction of these words. 
 
 €l |X€V (|>apLev ^X^tv, sc. iindeL^aLy * if we say that we can.' 
 The words are ordinarily taken to mean * if we say that we 
 have had teachers,' a sense that they cannot easily bear. 
 
 B i\ €l' Tis ... ^X6i elirctv. We should have expected to find 
 €L de TIS to correspond to ei yuev above, and ^xei?/ direiv to carry 
 out the construction of Set, especially as that construction is 
 
NOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 resumed below with KeXeijeiv. If however we regard the 186 B 
 sentence from ij el' rts to yeyovaaLv as simply parenthetical, 
 the irregularity need not present any difficulty. 
 
 KaiToi ciriBvjjiw. The present here receives, as it were, from c 
 €K veov dp^dfjL€vos (as it would from TrdXat) the force of a perfect. 
 
 o-o<|)iorTats. The Sophists were paid teachers of rhetoric 
 and what they called dperr}, meaning by this that they 
 imparted general improvement or * culture.' They were not 
 a philosophical sect or school, and there was no system of 
 morals taught by them as a class. Further, there were many 
 eminent and virtuous men among their numbers. On the other 
 hand, since they taught rhetoric they were bound to teach the 
 nature of fallacy for the purpose of refuting it, and were apt — 
 partly from a confusion of thought — to teach not only its nature 
 but its use. Hence the name 'Sophist' began soon to acquire 
 a bad sense, and thus Aristotle draws a distinction between the 
 Sophist and the true rhetorician. The former, he says, uses 
 fallacies as well as fair arguments ; the latter understands 
 both, but uses fair arguments only. 
 
 The Sophists had a bad reputation with the mass of 
 Athenian citizens. This was, no doubt, in part due to their 
 being mostly foreigners, but there were other reasons for 
 their unpopularity : — 
 
 (i.) They taught for money, 
 (ii.) They were very clever men. 
 
 (iii. ) They taught young men to be wiser than their fathers 
 either actually or in their own opinion, and thus 
 made them less amenable to authority, 
 (iv. ) There were no doubt bad men among them who dis- 
 graced the profession by boldly teaching the use of 
 specious fallacy. 
 It will be clear that the second and third reasons here given 
 would account equally for the unpopularity of Socrates and 
 Plato. And no doubt Socrates and Plato would often by 
 thei-r enemies be called ' Sophists.' This could be the more 
 easily done as the word had the older and more honourable 
 meaning of philosopher lingering on by the side of its more 
 usual modern application in which it was used m a neutral 
 sense of a particular class of men, though that neutral sense 
 was fast passing into a bad one. The Platonic Socrates 
 speaks of the Sophists in the passage before us with gentle 
 irony, and he is not always so indulgent ; but we see that the 
 real Socrates had a high opinion of many of these teachers, 
 especially Damon, and he often recommended them to others. 
 (See 180 c for the case of Damon, and cf. 200 d and Xen. 
 
64 NOTES. 
 
 ISG C Mem. iii. 1.) But both he and Plato were markedly dis- 1 
 
 tinguished from this class of professional teachers by the fact ! 
 
 that they never took pay for their teaching, nor attempted to i 
 
 give anything like a technical education. Yet young men — i 
 
 like Critias and Alcibiades — went to Socrates in the hopes of ; 
 
 gaining from his dialectic such argumentative skill as might i 
 
 be useful in the law courts and the Ecclesia, and this gave ■ 
 
 colour to many misrepresentations of Socrates — notably that ■ 
 
 by Aristophanes in the Clouds — as the teacher of " how to j 
 
 make the worse appear the better cause." | 
 
 KoXov T€ Ka-yaGdv, * a good man. ' To understand this ! 
 
 phrase we must remember that dyadSs did not necessarily I 
 
 convey an idea of moral excellence any more than Ka\6s. i 
 
 K. L. Nettleship in Hellenica (p. 172) Avell observes — ' The | 
 word '*good" has so many meanings and associations in 
 
 English that it is important to be clear as to the particular ■ 
 
 sense in which its Greek equivalent was used by Plato. That i 
 
 sense is perhaps most simply and most clearly illustrated in j 
 
 the familiar expressions, "What is the good of a thing?" and ] 
 
 " What is a thing good for ? " ' It was therefore quite as easy ' 
 
 to a Greek to use * beautiful' in a moral sense as to use j 
 
 * good ' in a moral sense. In many phrases we use * beauti- j 
 
 fully ' as a synonym for * very well. ' ; 
 
 €l 8^ NiKCas . . . €iipT]K€v, . . . ovK &v 6avfJLdo-ai|xi. So we say, * I i 
 
 shouldn't be surprised if Nicias has discovered it,' meaning, | 
 
 'If I were told that Mcias had discovered it.' Cf. Cratylus, \ 
 
 p. 428 b, el fjLevTOL ^x^ls tl av kolWlov tovtojv Xeyeiu, ovk diu : 
 
 OavfjLa^oLfjLL, and for another form of irregularity in the i 
 
 apodosis see the beginning of this dialogue, 178 A, edu tls I 
 avTols av/jL(3ov\€var}TaL, ovk du eiiroLev d voovaLv, 
 
 Srj, 'so.' 
 
 D TO. ji€v o5v dXXa, /c.r.X. Notice the delicate way in which 
 Socrates hints that Nicias and Laches cannot both be right. 
 
 TovTo o5v <rov €70) dvTL8eo)xai, ' Therefore I make this request 
 of you in my turn.' 
 
 Kal l-yo) vvv TrapaKcXcvojJiai. These words are added as if 
 the speaker had forgotten that he had said at the beginning 
 of his sentence tovto . . . crou eyuj avTLbeoixai. Such irregular 
 
 redundancy is extremely common in real conversation. ' 
 
 X€70VTa 5ti. The 6tl is, of course, redundant as Socrates 1 
 
 proceeds to give the actual words that he would have Ly- | 
 
 simachus say. 1 
 E oi;T6 7dp cvpcT-fis . . . 'Y€YOV€vai. The clause depends on 07;cnV 
 
 above. j 
 
NOTES. 
 
 ^ <rv 8 , a, AaxTiS Kai NiKia, k.t.X. The cri) is justified by the 186 E 
 eKarepos. Since modern Englishmen do not use the word 
 ; thou the exact form of the Greek can hardly be given except 
 m some such way as follows : ' But, sir, Nicias as well as 
 Laches, you must tell us each of you,' etc. 
 
 (x^ v|iiv o-xoX^i fi {iird, K.T.X., 'if your time is quite 187 A 
 taken up by public affairs.' For the construction of M 
 as if after a passive verb cf. 180 d, /car' oldau ra TroXXd 
 dtaTpi^ovres vtto rrjs ifKiKicLS. 
 
 ^1 dji(|>dT€pa, ' or in both ways.' For this adverbial use of 
 the word cf . Gorgias 525 B. d tlvos fxeya yjy to aufjLa cp^^aeL ^ 
 TpO(prj ^ dfjLcpoTepa. 
 
 7€YovdT€ . . . 8dT€. Notice the combination (by no means an 
 unusual one) of dual and plural. With yeyovoTe repeat iiri- 
 (JTaadov. 
 
 €l Yap vvv . . . dp|€cr0€. This future, followed by an apodosis 
 in the present, must be translated by an English future, 
 " For if you are going to start their education now." 
 
 o-Koiretv XP^l fAT) ovk kv tw Kapi, k.t.X. The [xr] and the ovk B 
 have each a separate force here, the words ovk ev Tcp Kapi... 
 dXXd being as it were parenthetical. Translate ' You must 
 beware lest you make a da,ngerous experiment, not on 
 the proverbial Carian, but on your sons and the children of 
 your friends. ' ' To run the risk in the person of a Carian ' 
 was a proverbial expression for risking anything that was 
 comparatively worthless. It apparently arose from the fact 
 that the Carians often served as mercenaries, the loss of whom 
 would be but little considered as compared with that of citizen 
 soldiers. Cf. Euripides, Cyclops 654 — 
 
 dpdau rctS'* iv Tcp Kapi KLv8vvevaofJL€v, 
 and Plato, Euthydemus 285 b and C, ibairep ev Kapi h k^iol 
 
 '^(TTU) 6 KLvdvVOS. 
 
 dT€xvws, ' precisely. ' 
 
 €V 17100) T| K€pajj.€ta yLyvo\j.ivii\. Another proverb. Plato 
 gives it at greater length in the Gorgias 514 e, to Xeyofxevov di) 
 TovTO, ev Tip iridLp TTjv KepafxeLav einx^Lpelv /lavddveLv, so that the 
 meaning would be to begin a study at the wrong end ('to 
 learn to run before you can walk,' as we somewhat inaptly 
 put it). The iridos was the largest kind of wine jar, and it 
 would of course be usual to begin learning pottery on small 
 vessels where breakage would be less costly. 
 
 ov <|)aT€, 'negetis.' 
 
66 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 CAP. XII. 
 
 187 B PovXojievois vfiiv kcrrL. Cf. 187 C, c/jloI ... Kal 'M.e\r)(Tig, ... ijdoiJL^- 
 voLs av e'LT], and Phaedo 78 B, et aoi ijdofJL^Pip €<ttlu. 
 
 C Kal SiSovai X6*yov, * and to answer.' 
 
 avTovs St). The 8ri gives emphasis to the pronoun. 
 
 €|xoi [ikv yap, k.t.X. The natural order would be dijXou yap 
 (eaTLp) OTL ifjLoi ixh Kal MeXrjaia r(j;5e 7]8o/jl^j/ols B,u eirj. The 
 that should answer the /-teV never comes. 
 
 Kal d\X(os Kat. For the more usual fiXXws re /cat. Cf. 181 A. 
 
 oXlyov . . . TjXiK^av ^xovo-i iraiScveo-Oai, * are nearly old 
 enough to be educated,' i.e. to be educated for political life 
 and military service. The boys were probably about fourteen 
 years old, and it is to be supposed that they had already been 
 well trained in the ordinary music and gymnastic. 
 
 D el o{)v vfJttv fiT) Ti 8ia(|>€p€i, ' So if you do not mind.' 
 
 8t8ovT€S T€ Kal 8€x6[i.€VOi Xd-yov, /c.r.X. Cf. bLhbvai \6yov 
 above (187 c). 
 
 7raTp60€v, * from your knowledge of his father.' 
 
 dXX' 'irai8l 6vti, ' except when he was a boy.' 
 
 €V TOts 8T]|idTais. Cf. 180 C, irpCbrov fiev 'ovra drjfJLdTtju and 
 note. 
 
 E 8f]Xos ^Tt d. The ^ri belongs to the ovk ij/rervxVKi^s. 
 
 Tl jidXio-ra, lit., * Why especially ?' i.e. ' what makes you say 
 that?' 
 
 CAP. XIII. 
 
 wcnrep Y€V€i. It is impossible to translate these words as 
 they stand with any tolerable result ; and, if we may go 
 against the authority of the mss. here, it is simpler to reject 
 them altogether than to alter them, especially as the rhythm 
 of the sentence is much improved by their omission, and they 
 are precisely what may have been added by a commentator 
 who thought the phrase iyyvrara ... rj \6ycp (' is closely con- 
 nected with Socrates in talk ') too metaphorical. If we retain 
 them we must suppose that Nicias is represented as explaining 
 his own metaphor. But to explain one's own metaphors is to 
 confess them inadequate. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 67 
 
 €av Apa KaC. For the force of the dpa see note on ei 5' dpa 187 E 
 
 TToXXa/CiS, 179 B. ^ 
 
 efiTTco-Ti, * he is forced.' 
 
 TO 8i8dvai ... Xd7ov here means * giving an account.' 
 
 (JvTLva TpoTToy, K.T.X. A dependent question explanatory of 
 irepi avTov. With the second ovrLva we must supply a second 
 rpoTTov. 
 
 ^ Pao-aviVrj, « examines.' There is not necessarily any allu- 188 A 
 sion to torture, which is not implied in the primary meaning 
 of (Bdaavos. 
 
 aXK' €ls Tov ^ir€iTa ptov, k.t.X. On the practical good thus B 
 done to men by Socrates, Xenophon is constantly insisting in 
 his Memorabilia. 
 
 TOV Ta-uTtt [ki\ ^ivyovra. ravra means cross-examination by 
 Socrates. 
 
 KaTOL TO TOV SoXcovos. The line referred to is this — 
 
 yrjpdo-KO} 5' aiei iroWd dLdaaKo/Jiepos. 
 vovv ^xov, * bringing sense with it. ' 
 
 &T]0€s ov8' a.^ di]8€S. This is probably a play upon words. 
 
 irdXai . . . Ti TiTrio-TdjJLTiv. Here, as there is no reference to a 
 continued state, wdXaL does Jiot give to the imperfect — as it 
 otherwise would — the force of a pluperfect. 
 
 TO jJL^v 6|ibv ov8€v KwXvci, K.T.X. The construction is C 
 ov8^p KioXvec TO iih ifibv avvdiaTpL^eLu, k.t.X., 'there is nothing, 
 to prevent me, for my part, conversing with Socrates in the 
 way that he wishes. ' For the use of to ifxou, which is nearly 
 equivalent to e/me, cf . 'AirXovu t6 7' ijuLov below at the beginning 
 of Laches' answer and ov tol vfxeTepa, cos eoiKev, atTLaao/jLeda, 
 189 B. Also TO 7' ifMOJ^ ovdev olp Trpodvfxias diroXiiroL [Rep. p. 533 a). 
 
 AdxilTa hi t6v8€ 6pa, k.t.X. Cf. note on 183 D, to 5e 
 a6(piaibLa ... olop dire^r). 
 
 CAP. XIV. 
 
 'AirXovv TO 7' €ji.dv, k.t.X. * Well, for my part, Nicias, I 
 have only one mind about conversation, or, if you like to put 
 it so, two minds.' 
 
 ws dXT]9a)S ovTos dv8pds, * who is really a man.' For d>s 
 dXrjdQs see 183 D. 
 
 Kal K0fj.i8fj (101 8oK€i, K.T.X. , *and a man like that seems D 
 to me to be really musical, and to have tuned in the best 
 
68 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 188 D of scales not any lyre or pleasant instrument of music — 
 no, but actually to live with his own life tuned so that his 
 words make no discord with his deeds ; tuned not in the 
 Ionian, nor, I think, in the Phrygian or Lydian scale, but 
 simply in the one Greek scale, the Dorian.' The construc- 
 tion of the clause is somewhat interrupted by the insertion of 
 'ovTL ^rjv, which spoils the grammar. 
 
 dpfiovCav. This word must not be translated 'harmony,' 
 which it does not mean, and of which the Greeks were pro- 
 bably ignorant, but * scale ' or ' mode. ' We recognise two 
 genera of scales which we distinguish as (i.) the chromatic, 
 and (ii. ) the diatonic. The Greeks recognised three genera, 
 the * chromatic,' * diatonic,' and * enharmonic.'* Further, while 
 we divide the diatonic scale into two species or modes, called 
 
 ' major and minor, which differ from each other in the arrange- 
 ment of the tones and semitones, the Greeks divided it into 
 seven such species or modes, viz. (i.) Mixolydian, (ii.) Lydian, 
 (iii.) Phrygian, (iv. ) Dorian, (v.) Hypolydian, (vi.) Ionian or 
 
 I Hypophrygian, (vii.) Aeolian or Hypodorian — differing from 
 
 ; one another in pitch as well as in character. Of these the Lydian 
 corresponded to our major, the Aeolian to our minor scale. 
 They all would seem to have been of Asiatic origin except 
 the Dorian. That mode may be represented on the piano 
 by a scale of eight notes, which runs from E to E, but 
 is played entirely on the white notes. 
 
 In the Republic (398 d foil. ) Plato speaks very decidedly of 
 
 j the influence of the various modes on the moral character, 
 and is for rejecting all the modes except the Dorian and 
 the Phrygian. Aristotle too in his Politics^ though he 
 dissents from Plato, and thinks that every mode can be 
 used appropriately on the right occasion, yet draws a 
 sharp distinction between the Dorian and the others. 
 Of the Dorian mode he says, Trepl 8^ rrjs diopLo-rl irdvres 
 djuLoXoyovaLv cbs CTaaLfjuoTOLTTjs ovarjs /cat /xaXttrr' rjOos ^x^^^V^ 
 dudpelov. He thinks it therefore especially suitable for 
 the education of the young. The Phrygian mode was 
 wild and rousing, the Mixolydian melancholy and suited for 
 dirges, the Lydian and Ionian soft and convivial. It seems 
 curious to us that it should have been natural to the Greeks 
 to regard such differences as so obvious and so important. 
 We must infer that the effect of music upon the Greeks was 
 stronger and more definite than on an average it is upon us. 
 Mahaffy {Old Greek Life, p. 55) says, The modern Chinese 
 
 * The enharmonic scale admitted quarter tones, and was so far different, 
 in theory at least, from anything in our music. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 69 
 
 have the same beliefs" (as the Greeks) "about the moral 188 D 
 effects of music." 
 
 dX\' •fj'irep \i.6vr\ 'EXXt^viktI Iottiv dpjiovia. The antecedent 
 to T]7rep . . . apfxovia is dajpLari, which could even be used with 
 the article, as seen in the passage of Aristotle quoted in the 
 last note. 
 
 Twv \kkv \6y<av. Here /jlcv should not be translated, as E 
 it merely gives emphasis to X67a;z'. It is followed by dXXct 
 instead of 5e. The contrast between ^pyov and X070S is one of 
 which the Greeks seem never to have tired. 
 
 irpoTcpov, * first,' i.e. before I had experience of his words. 
 
 &|tov ovra Xo^wv KaXwv, /c.r.X., ' a man whom noble words 
 and all boldness of speech would well become,' or ' who 
 deserved to have a command of noble words and all boldness 
 of speech. ' 
 
 Kal TovTo ^x€i. The rovro means the noble words and 189 A 
 boldness of speech. 
 
 (TVfipovXo^ai TOLvSpi, ' I feel in sympathy with him.' 
 
 dXXd Kal €70) Tw 2oXwvt, /c.r.X., 'but I too agree with 
 Solon, making one addition only to his verse.' 
 
 a-vy\<apdr(>), sc. 6 'ZoXcov. 
 
 orol . . . lyu) eira-y^cXXofxat, * I promise to allow you. ' B 
 
 li-qSeV T^jv T||ji€T€pav T|XtKiav, /c.r.X., 'and do not consider 
 our ages in the least.' 
 
 CAP. XV. 
 
 TO, v\Lir€pa : cf. rb e(jJ)v, 188 C. 
 
 ovx '^TOip.a elvai. The ov is inserted because the verb C 
 alTLaaofjLeda was preceded by a negative. 'When an 
 infinitive would regularly be negatived by /x??— either in the 
 ordinary way or to strengthen a preceding negation— if the 
 verb on which it depends has a negative, it generally takes 
 the double negative firj ov. Thus Skatoi/ ean fir] rodrov dcpelvaL, 
 it is just not to acquit him, becomes, if we negative the leadmg 
 verb, ov dUaLou ian jULij ov tovtov dcpeivaty it is not just not to acquit 
 him .... Again, etpyei ae m roOro woLeTv, he prevents you front 
 doing this, becomes, with etpyet negatived, ovk eipyet aejxi] ov 
 rovTo iroLeTv, he does not prevent you from doing this (Good- 
 win's Greek Grammar, p. 309). 
 
70 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 189 C (Tvp.po'uXevciv Kal <rvcrK07r€tv, * to give advice and join in the 
 inquiry. ' 
 
 (TKoirci, * inquire.' For this sense of the word cf. Soph. 
 O. T. 285-286— 
 
 Trap' ov TLS Slu 
 (TKOTTLov rd8\ (j3va^^ eKjULOidoL cra^ecrraTa. 
 (ru^Pov\€V€ apparently here means ' join in giving (us) 
 advice.' It would be more satisfactory if it could mean 
 
 * consult with,' but this meaning is confined to the middle 
 voice. 
 
 l-yo) [lIv yap Kal emXavOdvo^ai, k.t.X. ' For I am so old 
 
 that I forget most of the questions I mean to ask, and most of 
 the things I hear ; and if a new topic is started in the middle 
 of a discussion, my recollection is not very perfect.' He 
 means that he forgets every word, ov ttolpv by a litotes being 
 really on occasions a very strong form of denial. But it is 
 only by a litotes that it is so, its literal and proper meaning 
 being 'not altogether.' (See HiddeWs Apologi/, pp. 171, 172.) 
 I> ircpl wv "TTpovGciieGa, for wepl tovtcju a irpovdifxeda, *on the 
 subject we proposed for our discussion.' 
 
 kijSToXjtiv Kal to, Totavra. rd roLavra is not logically correct. 
 Strict accuracy would require ravra, unless ola instead of a 
 had preceded. 
 
 E dXX' oljjiai, Kal t) roidSc (rK€i|/is, /c.r.X. Here there is 
 a transition — in reality somewhat an abrupt one — to a new 
 subject. The question of the possession of knowledge about 
 the soul, and of the proofs of possessing that knowledge, are 
 shortly dismissed, and there is substituted for it the question, 
 
 * Do we know what goodness (or * excellence ') is ? ' 
 
 The questions that any one would have to answer before 
 constructing a perfect system of education would be somewhat 
 as follows : 
 
 (i. ) What do we wish to make of human nature ? 
 (ii.) What means are to be used to produce that effect ? 
 or, in Plato's language, 
 
 (i. ) t'l €(ttlv dpETTj ; (190 b). 
 
 (ii. ) ttQs Tts avTTjv pacrra Kal dpiaT^ dv KTr^dairo ; (see p. 189 E 
 and 190 A and b). 
 Any one who can answer these questions aright can train the 
 soul ; and further it is impossible for any one to answer ques- 
 tion (ii. ) without being able to answer question (i.) Hence 
 the inquiry is to be, ' What is the nature of virtue or excellence 
 in general?' Subsequently (190 c and d) it is further re- 
 stricted to the question, ' What is the nature of courage in 
 particular ? ' 
 
NOTES. 71 
 
 <rx€8bv 8€ TL Kal iJiaXXov, k.t.X., ' and will indeed be, if any- 189 E 
 thing, more fundamental.' 
 
 €l -ydp rvy\6iV0[Liv eirtcTTdiicvoi, k. t. X. Lit. ' For if we happen 
 to know about anything, that, if added to something, it makes 
 that thing to which it was added better, and if, further, we 
 are able to cause it to be added to it, it is clear that we know 
 the thing itself, about which we should be giving advice as to 
 how any one might acquire it most easily and best,' i.e., 'for 
 if we happen to know that a thing is improved by acquiring a 
 certain quality, and, further, are able to make it acquire that 
 quality, it is obvious that we know the nature of the quality 
 itself, since it is about it, and the best and easiest means of 
 acquiring it, that we should, in the supposed case, be giving 
 our advice.' The want of abstract and philosophical terms 
 makes the Greek difficult. The use of technical language in 
 questions of morals and logic was hardly thought of as yet. 
 On the other hand, Plato probably intends to be somewhat 
 obscure here. See next note. 
 
 I'o-ws oSv ov jJLav0dv€T€ [xo-u 6 ri Xe-yw. An indication (see note 
 on TTcDs XiyeLs ; 185 b) that Plato thinks the subject difficult. 
 
 '6ri o^iv 7€ l'<rjj.€V avrriv 5 rC ttot' ^(ttiv. The con- 190 A 
 struction by which the subject of the dependent clause is 
 separated from it, and made a part (object or otherwise) of the 
 main clause, has already been noticed. The expression 'to 
 know what a thing is ' means to be able to give an exact defi- 
 nition of it. According to Aristotle, in defining we have to 
 show Tr]u ovaiav ij to ri eariv, ' the essence or what a thmg is, 
 that is to say, if we are defining a thing, and not merely ex- 
 plaining a name, we must mention the attributes which the 
 thing has as such-not necessarily all its attributes but those 
 from which the others may be deduced. Thus Euclid finds it 
 sufficient to define ' triangle ' as ' a figure contamed by three 
 straight lines,' this being what constitutes a triangle, or the 
 essential property from which all its other properties may be 
 deduced. The word 'essence,' from the Latin ' essentia, a 
 translation of ovaLa, is unfortunately now popularly used to 
 mean 'extract,' a sense in which it was employed by the 
 alchemists. In philosophy it has no such meaning ; the 
 essence of courage ' does not mean merely the important part 
 of courage, but the whole of courage as it really is, stripped 
 of all accidental circumstances which may accompany it, but 
 which do not really belong to it. 
 
72 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 CAP. XVI. 
 
 190 B 'Ap' oSv TovTo 7* virdpx€»'^ Set, to clSevat... ; * Ought not 
 we then to start with knowing ... ?' 
 
 TovTov o-vjiPovXoi, * advisers on this point' {i.e. oirws Slv... 
 KrrjaaLTo). 
 C 4»aji^v |i€VTot, ' Yes, we do. ' 
 6 -ye t<r(Ji€v, * since we know it.' 
 
 irXeov yoip I'o-ws ^p^ov, ' for that would, perhaps, be too long 
 a business. ' 
 
 D ^ 8t]\ov 8^1 8ti, /c.r.X., ' may I not say the one to which,' etc. 
 Tj €V Tois SirXois jJid6T]<n.s is equivalent to ij fiddrjais rod h 
 
 Tol% ottXols fJidX€<TdaL. 
 
 E iretpw, 2nd sing. pres. imperat. med. 
 
 CAP. XVII. 
 
 ov xa.X€irbv elircCv. The ou is repeated. Notice that Laches 
 finds the subject very easy, because he has never thought 
 about it, and therefore overlooks its difficulties. Consequently 
 (as is so often done by those who think questions easy) he does 
 not, as Socrates says below, answer the question put to him, 
 but another question that was not asked. 
 
 dXX' I'o-cos €70) alVios, /c.r.X., 'but I daresay it is my fault, 
 because I did not use clear language, that your answer was 
 not about the thing which I meant in my question, but some- 
 thing else.' Observe the mock humility of Socrates, and also 
 the obscurity of the sentence (cf. 185 b note, and 189 e). 
 With regard to the construction Riddell says that the use of 
 the accusative of the infinitive to express the result is common 
 in negative clauses, but seems to be confined to them, p. 150. 
 191 A *E7a) 70VV i^r\\t.i. ' At any rate, I call him so.' 
 
 Kal 7dp I7W, * Yes, so do I. ' 
 
 dXXd TL 886 ... ; * But what are we to say about the man 
 that ... ?' 
 
 dXXd jji^i jjL€va)v. We should say, *and not standing his 
 ground,' or 'instead of standing his ground.' 
 
 ndis <}>€V7wv; 'What do you mean by "who fights running 
 away"?' 
 
NOTES. 
 
 73 
 
 "OfiT]p6s TTOv ... The quotations that follow are to be 191 
 
 found in II. viii. 105 foil., where Diomed says to Nestor— 
 'AW dy, ifMLOP 6x^(^v ein^riaeo, '6(ppa idrjaL 
 OloL TpcbioL iTTiroL, eTrLGTdiJLevoL irehloLO 
 KpaLirua fxaX evda /cat €vda Stw/ce/xez/ -^^e cp^^eadai, 
 Ous TOT air Alvelav eXofJLrjv, /uLrjarcopa (pojSoLo. 
 The first three of these lines occur also in Iliad v. 221 foil. 
 The argument in the text is not to be taken seriously. There 
 is no allusion to ' Parthian ' tactics in 0e/3ecr^at, and fxrjaTcjpa 
 <p6[3oLo (' contriver of fear ') can only mean that Aeneas spread 
 terror among his enemies. Plato is fond of these punning 
 arguments from Homer, in which he probably meant to ridi- 
 cule certain far-fetched interpretations that were fashionable 
 at that day. 
 
 Kal o-v TO Twv 2kv0wv lirirecDV irepi XcYcis, ' and what B 
 you say about the Scythians refers to cavalry.' 
 
 irX-^iv y I'o-cos ... TO AttKcSaijjiovCwv. There is a good deal of 
 quiet irony in this remark, as Laches regards the Lacedae- 
 monian practice as the standard of military excellence. See 
 182 E foil. The stratagem of which Plato here speaks is not 
 related by any other writer, and is indeed not consistent with 
 the account given in Herodotus ix. 61 foil., who represents 
 the y^ppa of the native Persians as stuck in the ground for a 
 barricade, and overthrown by a charge of the Lacedaemonians. 
 By the yeppocpdpoL Plato means the native Persians, who had 
 adopted the wicker shield, and, in fact, the entire military 
 equipment of the Modes. See Herodotus vii. 61 and 62. The 
 yeppo^opoL are mentioned as forming part of Artaxerxes' army 
 in Xenophon, Anab. i. 8. 9. 
 
 a)o-ir€p l-jT-ireas is to be taken with dvaarpecpofMhovs and C 
 /jLCLxecri^at, * returned to the charge like cavalry.' 
 
 CAP. XVIII. 
 
 TovTO Tolvvv ai'Tiov ^X€70V, 5ti €70) al'Tios, /c.r.X., lit. 
 
 *This then I called the reason (saying) that I was the 
 reason you did not answer well, because I did not ask you 
 well,' i.e. 'this then was the thing I meant when I said it 
 was my fault that your answer was not to the pomt, because 
 I put the question badly.' Without the atnov, rodro roLvvv 
 'ikeyov 6tl would quite naturally signify, 'This then was my 
 meaning when I said,' and accordingly Jacobs rejects the 
 a'LTLov, and other scholars substitute dpn for it. But there 
 
NOTES. 
 
 191 C is no warrant for either alteration— the sentence can be made 
 to construe as it stands — and if anything has been inserted by a 
 later hand than Plato's it is most likely to be the words on 
 iyCo a'LTLos, from the passage in 190 E, to which the present pas- 
 sage refers. It should be added that Riddell explains the 
 words TouTO roivvv atrLov 'iXeyov 6tl eyw aiTLos (omitting the 
 comma after iXeyov) as an instance of cognate accusative after 
 an adjective. Accordingly, it may be presumed, he would 
 have given the meaning somewhat as follows, * This then I 
 meant by the responsibility for your not answering to the 
 point, which I said that I had incurred by putting my ques- 
 tion badly.' 
 
 Pov\6|ji.€vos 7ap. Socrates begins this sentence with a view 
 of showing how he put his question badly, but he interrupts 
 himself at the end of this speech by the words, eial yap 
 iroif TLveSf (5 Adxv^i tols tolovtols dvdpeioL, and on 
 
 resuming contents himself with showing how he ought to have 
 put his question so as to make the meaning clear to Laches. 
 I> Kal 6<rot ye irpbs vdcrovs. It would have been more satis- 
 factory if the enumeration of the circumstances in relation 
 to which dvbpeia is possible had stopped here. On the other 
 hand, we must not forget that we ourselves use ' brave ' in 
 two perfectly distinct senses. For instance, we call a man 
 brave for bearing pain well when he has the pain, and there- 
 fore cannot fear it in itself ; but we also call him brave if he 
 cheerfully submits to an operation to rid him of the former 
 pain. But the qualities praised in each of these cases are per- 
 fectly distinct. Secondly, o.vdpeios corresponds to our word 
 * manly, ' as well as to our word ' brave. ' Nevertheless, the 
 consideration of physical courage, in the sense of readiness to 
 face coming pain or danger, would have been a subject quite 
 wide enough for the dialogue. Aristotle would have said that 
 the man who behaves well in the face of poverty and political 
 difficulties, or resists desire and the incitements of pleasure, 
 is only metaphorically dvdpelos. See Appendix. 
 
 E Tt iroTe 8v iKarepov tovtcov, k.t.X. Supply K^KTTjvrai 
 from Socrates' previous question, and translate, * Well, what 
 is each of these qualities that they possess ? that is what I 
 meant to ask.' 
 
 dv8p€iav -irpcaTov, i.e. beCKLa is to be discussed afterwards. 
 The subject is never reached, except in so far as it is treated 
 by implication in the discussion about courage. 
 
 tC 8v €V irdo-i tovtois ravrdv Icttlv. 6v is, by so-called attrac- 
 tion, for ou(7a, lit. ^ being what it is the same in all these 
 things. ' However, as rt ov is the interrogative part of the sen- 
 
NOTES. 
 
 tence, and as literary English will not allow the interrogation 191 E 
 to be thus introduced, we must translate as if we read rt 
 eaTLv €v irdaL tovtols ravrbv op, ' what is it in so far as it is the 
 same quality in all these relations ? ' As shown by what fol- 
 lows (cf. note on irws XeyeLS ; 185 b, and 190 e), Plato thinks 
 that his readers may find the subject a difficult one to under- 
 stand. 
 
 CAP XIX. 
 
 ' A\X* w8€ \€7CD, K.T.X. , * But my meaning is, just as if I were 
 to ask what quickness is as a quality which we may display 
 alike in running, playing music, speaking, learning, and in 
 many other things ; in fact, it may be said that we have the 
 quality, as far as it is worth mentioning, either in the perfor- 
 mances of our hands, our legs, our mouth and voice, or our 
 mind. Do you not agree with me ? ' 
 
 El roCvvv Tis jx€ ^potTo. Socrates now represents the 192 A 
 question as put to him, not by him, which enables him to 
 give the answer to it with greater rhetorical effect. The skil- 
 ful method in which Plato manages this transition is worthy 
 of study. 
 
 6 €v irao-iv 6vo|Jid^€is TaxvTfjTa ctvai. For elvau after dvofid^etp, 
 cf. Theaetetas p. 160 b, Chare dre tls eXvai n ovofxd^eL. 
 
 7r€pC, ' in relation to. ' B 
 *Op0a)S 7€ a■v\iy^»v. ' Quite right of you.' Cf. Charmides 
 p. 156 A, and p. 162 e, KaXQs ye (Tv...TroLQv, where we may trans- 
 late, ' I am very glad that you do,' and Bep. 474 a, /caXcDs 7'... 
 iyu) ttolCov. 
 
 Iletpw 8^1, K.T.\. *So you must try now. Laches, to tell 
 me in the same way what single faculty courage is, alike 
 under the conditions of pain and pleasure and all the others 
 that we enumerated just now, so as to be called by one name.' 
 From T7]v dvdpelav (put into the main clause by a common figure 
 already commented on more than once) supply r] dvbpeia as the 
 subject to oS(ra, which we must construe as a finite verb, 
 making K^KXrjrau subordinate to it. See note on tl ov ev Tract 
 To<>TOLs ravrbv eariv (191 e) where the construction is the same 
 as here. ev dirao-iv ols is for iv diracnv ev oh. Lastly 'iireLra 
 has an inferential sense in reference to ns ovaa Uvafxis, K.r.X. 
 
 KapT€pCa Tts, * a sort of endurance.' 
 
 6l TO 7€ 8td irdvTwv, K.r.X., * if I am to say what is the 
 nature of courage in all these cases.' 
 
76 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 192 C €l' y€ TO lp(i)T<6fjL€vov diTOKpivov^cOa, K.T.X.f * if at least 
 we are to give ourselves an answer to our question.' 
 TO €pu3T(hfji€vov is a cognate accusative. Stallbaum says that 
 this construction is only possible with neuter participles (as 
 here) or neuter pronouns, and that with roV for instance, 
 
 irpbs would be required. 
 
 roivvv, ' further.' Socrates is of course about to overthrow 
 Laches' definition. Yet he does not start as if he meant to 
 overthrow it, but only as if he meant to add clearness to it. 
 Laches had defined courage as a sort of resolution ; Socrates 
 asks wJiat sort, 
 
 T€K|xaipofJLai 8^ €v06v8€, lit. ' And I infer (it) from this ' (from 
 what is going to be stated), i.e. 'and this is my reason for 
 thinking so.' 
 
 o-xcSov 7dp Ti otSa, ' I am pretty nearly sure. ' The yap is 
 not to be translated here, for it introduces the very subject 
 which is indicated by ivd^vde, and is therefore not here in- 
 ferential like our 'for.' It is more like our colloquial 'you 
 know.' The tl of course belongs to (rxe56»', which it qualifies. 
 
 OvKovv T| jjt€v |i€Td <})povT|<r€(os, K.T.X. The argument that 
 follows is — As endurance combined with wisdom is noble, 
 and endurance combined with folly is base, then since courage 
 is noble, courage must be the former endurance and not the 
 latter. Then Socrates goes on to point out (192Efoll.) that 
 often endurance (or resistance) combined with prudence is 
 not courage, and that often a man is more readily called brave 
 for doing an action contrary to the dictates of discretion or 
 unaided by knowledge than for doing an action which dis- 
 cretion commends or knowledge makes easy. Thus Socrates 
 confronts Laches with the difficult question of the relation of 
 the intellect to moral goodness— or in this special case to one 
 particular virtue — and proves to him that he has never really 
 thought over the question. 
 
 Tl 8' T) p.6T' d<j)po(riJVT]s, * And what about the courage tliat is 
 combined with a want of wisdom ? ' 
 
 I> OvKovv 8LKai6v ye, <S ScoKparcs, * It would be wrong to do 
 so, Socrates.' 
 
 CAP. XX. 
 
 E ^ i] ds iLiravra, k.t.X., 'Or shall we say that it is the 
 endurance which is prudent in relation to all things both 
 large and small ? ' 
 
NOTES. 
 
 77 
 
 irX€ov€KTiri(r€Tai, * he will gain an advantage.' Rutherford 192 E 
 
 [New Phrynichus p. 408) points out that this is the true 
 reading, and consequently irXeoveKTeh must be added to the 
 verbs that use indilferently the med. or act. form of the 
 future. Bekker's reading irXeov eKT-qaerai (fut. perf.), ' vv^ill 
 possess more,' does not give a satisfactory sense here, though 
 it has been adopted by most editors. irX^ov KTrjaeTat (fut.), 
 * v^ill get more,' would be preferable. 
 
 'AXX.' otov cI'tis larpbs wv, k.t.X., *But suppose that a man 
 who was a doctor, when his son or some other patient was 
 suffering from inflammation of the lungs and kept begging 
 him to give him something to eat or drink, did not yield, but 
 resisted ? ' 
 
 Ov8' oirwoTTLovv ov8' aiirif], * That wouldn't be courage 193 A 
 either in the least.' We should have expected ou5' ottojo-tlovp 
 ovde TovTov [avbpelov av koXol/jll), but Plato is thinking of the 
 quality Kaprepia. 
 
 €l8oTa (JL€V. If the sentence is regular we must say that the 
 fjLev is out of place, and is to be translated as if it followed 
 ^07)dr}aov(TLV. 
 
 Xwpta, ' positions ' or * fortresses.' 
 
 ^ Tov €V T(3 €vavTi'a) o-TpaToireSo). rj is here ' or ' as shown 
 by Laches' answer. The passage is a good instance of the way 
 in which the meaning 'or ' passes into the meaning 'than.' 
 
 eirto-TTipLiis. Notice that this word is here used in the same B 
 sense as r^x^7]s at the end of the section. Diogenes Laertius 
 says that Plato recognized three kinds of einaTrjfXT} — 
 
 (i.) iroLTjTLKr), which makes visible things, e.g. shipbuilding, 
 (ii. ) TTpaKTLKTi, wlilch acts, but does not make visible ob- 
 jects, e.g. harp playing, 
 (iii.) deojprjTLKT), which reasons and knows, but does not 
 make or act, e.g. geometry ; 
 and three kinds of r^x^V — 
 
 (i.) That which collects or fetches, but does not make 
 
 new things, e.g. mining and wood cutting, 
 (ii. ) That which makes the raw material into something 
 new {iuLeTa(TK€vaaTiKr) rexvy)), e.g. carpentry, 
 B (iii. ) That which uses things, e.g. the art of the musician. 
 Now, it is obvious that divisions A and B of rex^n corre- 
 spond to divisions (i.) and (ii.) of eirLar-qix-q ; and the only rexvy) 
 to which Plato would have refused the name of iTrLa-rrjjULT] 
 would be such fetching of material as required no skill at all. 
 Hence we have no word wide enough for all the senses of 
 iTTLaTTjfXTj, for science is strictly only deojprjTLKrj, and such 
 
78 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 193 B phrases as * the appliances of surgical science ' are inac- 
 curate, for it is 'art,' not 'science,' that 'does' or 'makes.' 
 Unfortunately ' art ' is now seldom used in English, except in 
 the sense of ' fine art ' (music, painting, sculpture, etc. ) ; and 
 the word ' craft, ' which is otherwise a very fair equivalent for 
 rex^Vi is slightly archaic. 
 C jjL'fj 6vT€S 8€tvot, ' without being clever at it. ' 
 
 ^atvovrat, ' Clearly they do. ' Here one would have thought 
 the argument might have ended. It is quite obvious that 
 there is a contradiction in admitting that, while courage is a 
 (ppdvLfjLos KaprepLa, the dcppovws KaprepovvTes are braver than the 
 (ppovLfjLcos KaprepovPTCS. 
 D 'n|Ao\o76tTo •ydp. * It was indeed (allowed to be so). 
 
 CAP. XXI. 
 
 OvK dpa irov, K.r.X. * Then we are not tuned, you and I, in 
 the Dorian mode you talked of. Laches, for our deeds are not 
 in tune with our words. ' The allusion is, of course, to Laches' 
 speech, ch. xiv. 
 
 E ^P7<t> K-^v ^dp, K.T.X., i.e. Socrates and Laches were con- 
 fessedly brave in action. It seems curious that Plato 
 should make Socrates thus praise himself, but Socrates' 
 valour was beyond all question, and he is besides identifying 
 himself with Laches. Further, the assertion is not so direct 
 as the co-ordinate structure with fxkv and be would at first 
 sight make it appear. Translate, ' For though people might 
 say, I believe, that we have discovered some courage in our 
 actions, I don't think they would say that we have discovered 
 it in our words, if they heard us conversing now.' 
 
 oiJrws T||ids SuaKcicOai^ ' that we should be in this condition. ' 
 
 BovX€i o5v w X€7op.€v, K,T.\. ' Shall we then believe in the 
 truth of what we are saying up to this point ? Laches. Up 
 to what point do you mean, and what is it that we are to 
 believe ? Socrates. Why, the principle that bids us have 
 endurance.' The reference is probably to the statement that 
 17 ^€Ta (ppovrjaecjs KaprepLa is KaXr) Kayadrj. It is true that such 
 a definition is not the same thing as an exhortation to Kaprepia, 
 but in morals the transition is easy from the statement of 
 approval of certain actions to the command to perform them. 
 For the idea that courage is necessary in philosophical 
 speculation compare Bep. , bk. ii. , p. 357 a, 6 yap TXavKoju del 
 re dvbpeibTaros ibv rvyxdvet irpos airavTa, Kai Srj Kal rbre tov 
 
NOTES. 
 
 79 
 
 Qpaavfiaxov t7]u airopp-qcrLv ovk aireU^aro ; and for the idea of 193 e 
 showing in the discussion a quality akin to the quality dis- 
 cussed cf. Rep. 368 B, dedotKa yap, fxr] oi)5' oaiov rj irapayevd- 
 [xevov diKaLoavvr) KaKrjyopovfjLep'r] airayopeveiv Kal /jlt] ^orjeelv ert 
 i/uLTTveovTa Kai bvvdixevov (pdeyyecrOaL, ' for I fear there may be a 
 sin, when justice is evil spoken of, in standing by and faihng 
 to offer help or succour while breath or speech remain to me ' 
 (Jowett). In this passage also there is the idea of holding 
 out and not giving in, and it should be noticed that dirSpprjaLif 
 in the first passage is a substantive exactly corresponding to 
 air ay op€V€Lv in the second. In our dialogue we have kindred 
 ideas expressed by irpoacpiaraaSaL (194 a) and dvUvai (194 b). 
 
 €l dpa iroXXaKLS, ^ if after all we should find that.' 194 A 
 It has already been said in the note on 179 b, ei 5' dpa iroWdKLs 
 jULT) Trpoaeo'xvX^'^^ '^^^ '''V tolovtu), that dpa suggests the 
 
 discovery of a result, while woWdKis hints at its possibility. 
 Cf. P/iaedrus, p. 238 c-d, where Socrates playfully says, tcJJ 
 6uTL yap deios 'ioLKev 6 roiros etvai, uxrre, edv dpa woWdKLS vvfJL(f)6- 
 Xtjittos irpo'iovTos rod \6yov yevojfxaL, jXTj Oavfxdjrjs. 
 
 ^TOl|J.OS, '"iC. ei/jLL. 
 
 ji^l 'irpoa<|)C<rTa(r0ai, * not to abandon the inquiry pre- 
 maturely.' Stallbaum quotes Phaedo p. 185 c, to ixevtol av rd 
 Xeyd/meva irepl avrQv fxrj ovxl iravrl TpoTrcp eXeyx^t-v Kal fxr] irpoacpL- 
 uraadai, irplv dv iravraxv (tkottCov direLTrrj tls, irdvv fxaXdaKov elvat 
 dvdpos. 
 
 dXXd rls Kal <|)tXov€iKta, k.t.X., ' but a love of controversy 
 has come upon me on hearing [irpos) what you have said.' 
 
 dvavaKTw d. This is almost the same as dyauaKTu otl, but 
 leaves the question of fact rather more doubtful. 
 
 €l ovTwo-l d vo(a olds t' €i[k\ €lir€iv, * at being thus unable 
 to express my meaning ' (Jowett). 
 
 Tov ayaQhv Kvvr]yirr\v. Socrates continues and makes b 
 more definite the metaphor that Laches has, unconsciously 
 as it were, introduced in the words hecpvyev and ^vXXa^elv. 
 Everyone must have met with instances of metaphors thus 
 developed in ordinary conversation. 
 
 dvi€vai, absoL, * to give up.' 
 
 CAP. XXII. 
 
 X€i}iato|i6Vois €V Xd-yo). Here the difficulties of the dis- C 
 cussion are described \mder a fresh metaphor, for which 
 Jacobs compares Phihhus p. 29 B, x^^t^^^ofieda yap 6vtojs vtt 
 diropias ev tols vvv XoyoLS, 
 
80 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 194 C '^^ ■ 'HM'CTCpa : cf. 188 c. 
 
 Kal avTos d V061S tw \6y<a pcPaicuo-ai, ' and establish your 
 own view by thus expounding it.' 
 D IIoXXdKis cLKiriKoci <rov Xe^ovTos, k.t.X. Socrates probably 
 overestimated the importance of the intellectual element 
 in moral virtue as much as we now tend to underestimate 
 it. Socrates' words however as given by Nicias are not 
 
 * wisdom is goodness,' but *a man is good at just the 
 things at which he is clever, and bad at just the things about 
 which he is ignorant,' a maxim with which nobody could 
 strongly disagree (see note on KaXov re Kayadov, 186 c). Xeno- 
 phon, in his Memorabilia iv. 6, 11, relates that Socrates said, 
 
 * Those who know how to behave properly in reference to 
 dangers and risks are brave, and those who have not this 
 knowledge are cowards.' But when asked whether courage 
 came by teaching or nature, he replied that one man was 
 naturally braver than another, but that courage could be 
 increased juLadrjaeL Kal ixeKerri [Mem. iii. 9. 1-3). 
 
 TavTtt 8^ KaKos. Notice the repetition of the 5e, which 
 cannot be literally translated. 
 
 IIoLav, w 2coKpaT€S, o-o4>{av ; cf. Charmides 174 b, ttolov, rj 5' 
 6'?, TreTTevTLKbv (see next note) ; Theaetetus 180b, tto'lols ixad-qrou^, 
 c5 baLjxbvLe ; and Aristophanes passim (e.g. Ac/i. 62, ttolov 
 ^acnXeios) for the scornful sense of ttolos. Here, as Socrates 
 takes it in his answer as being genuinely interrogative, we 
 may translate, ' What sort of cleverness, Socrates, I should 
 like to know ? ' 
 
 E ov 7dp irov -fj -yc avXir^TLKTj, ' I suppose, at any rate, 
 it is not cleverness in playing on the pipe ' (not * flute '). 
 The suggestion is ironical ; but such allusions to the arts, 
 ironical or otherwise, were very characteristic of Socrates. 
 See Xen. Mem. i. 2. 37. The angry iroiov ... irerrevTiKbp ; 
 quoted in the last note, is drawn from Critias in the Charmides 
 by a question from Socrates whether the knowledge which 
 according to Critias makes its possessor perfectly happy is a 
 knowledge of the game of draughts. 
 
 ndvv [X€v oSv dp0ws, K.T.X. * Now, that is exactly the right 
 way to question him, Socrates, and he must tell us what sort 
 of knowledge it is that he calls it. ' 
 
 TavT-qv ^70)76, w AdxilS, ' This is what I call it. Laches, the 
 science '.... 
 
 195 A npbs Tt tovt' etires pX€\|/as, k.t.X., 'What makes you 
 
 say that, Laches ? ' ( Jowett). 
 
 Ilpbs 6 Tt ; 'Do you ask what ? ' 
 
NOTES. 
 
 81 
 
 Xwpts, * different from. ' 
 
 OijKovv ^r\a-C 76 NiKias. * Well, Nicias says not.' 
 Ov [kivToi. Supply ^7]aL : ' Yes, so he does, and that is just 
 where his folly lies.' 
 
 CAP. XXIIL 
 
 dTro<()f]vai, ' to prove that you are so. ' B 
 
 avTLKa, ' for example.' Nam ut statim exemplum afferam " 
 (Stallbaum). 
 
 dXX* ovSev Ti [idWov oStoi dvSpeioi €io-iv. We may take this 
 criticism as a statement of Plato's own opinion, for he makes 
 Socrates commend the sentiment. Indeed, it corresponds with 
 Socrates' criticism of Laches (p. 193), in so far as it means 
 that when a man is courageous from having a skill that makes 
 the danger less, though the fact helps him to feel confident, 
 it yet diminishes the moral value of his confidence. Aristotle 
 (see Appendix), no doubt with this dialogue in his mind, 
 ranks the courage of experience among the spurious forms of 
 courage. Nicias however is not thinking of the courage of 
 experience, but has in his mind a more philosophical theory 
 as to the nature of courage, which he is nevertheless unable 
 so to expound as to be proof against Socrates' dialectic. 
 
 ^oiK€ p,€VToi X67€iv Ti, * there seems, you know, to be C 
 something in what he says.' Nicias replies with some hum- 
 our : ' Yes, there is something in what he says, but it is not 
 true.' 
 
 f) TO {»7i6ivbv elirciv olov T€, /c.t.X., i.e. r) to vyieivov re eiireLv 
 0161^ €(TTL Kai TO voaCbdes. 
 
 TovTo eo-Ti TO vYiaiveiv. The words to vyiaiveLv are explana- 
 tory of TOVTO. 
 
 <rv SiSws, lit. ' do you assign ?' i.e. in your theory. D 
 Tovs ixdvTcis. This no doubt conveys a slight sneer at the 
 superstitious nature of Nicias. See^ note on 199 a, 6 vofios 
 
 OVTIO TCLTTEL, jJLT] TOV fxdvTLV TOV <TTpaT7]y0U dpX^Ll^i K.T.X. 
 
 TOVS dvSpcious. The article with the predicate is justi- E 
 fied by the consideration that (according to Laches) the 
 two classes— prophets and brave men— would be exactly co- 
 extensive. Cf . Gorgias 491 e. tovs ijXtdiovs Xeyets tovs aw(Ppopas, 
 ' it is the silly whom you call the temperate.' 
 
 TC^aC; 'What?' 
 
82 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 CAP. XXIV. 
 
 5 E Xe^o), i.e., roijTip (irpoa-i^KeL) 6v iyu) X^yu), 
 
 cTTCi, * for do you think that . . . ? ' 
 
 3 A TovTov ov fjiav0dv« .. '6 ti povXcrai X^^eiv, * I don't know 
 ... what he means.' The construction must be by this 
 time familiar to the reader. 
 
 €l [L^ €l. Cf . the Latin * nisi si. ' 
 B ^Ti ovSkv X€7€t, * that he is wrong. ' 
 
 o-Tp€<()6Tai dvw Kal KaTw. Cf. Plat. Ion. p. 541 e, dXX' 
 drexi/cDs ibairep 6 Upcoreds iravTodairbs yiyvei <TTp€(p6/ui€Pos dvcj Kal 
 KOLTCJ, and Bep. p. 405 C, iKavbs wdcras . . . arpocpas (XTp^cpeadai . . . 
 ware fjLTj irapaax'^^v bLK7}v. 
 
 eirtKpvTTTdjjLcvos. An imperfect present, ' trying to hide. ' 
 €lx€V dv Tiva Xd-yov ravra iroictv, ' there might be some 
 sense in doing this. ' ravra TroLelv is the subject to €lx<^v. 
 vvv 8c, * but as things are. ' 
 
 OvS^v ou8' IjJtoC, K.r.X., * Nor do I think there is any reason 
 why he should, Laches.' Socrates answers as if Laches had 
 said uvv 8k ovbkv ean 5t' 6 rLS ... avros avrbv Slv Koafiol. 
 Q NiKtas oicrai. When the objects of fear or caution are 
 
 present or past, fMij following verbs denoting fear or caution 
 takes the present or past tenses of the indicative (see Good- 
 win's Greek Grammar, p. 262). Cf. 6pa fir) irai^ujv ^Xeyeu, 
 Theaetetus 145 b. 
 
 CAP. XXV. 
 
 I> TovTO 8^, i.e. rb SeLvbv Kal dappaX4ov, 
 
 iravTOS 8^, *cujusvis.' 
 
 6iroT€ 7€, * since you say that. ' 
 
 y.i\ri . . . ^•r\Tt. . . . * neither , . . nor ... or. ' 
 
 Kara t-^iv irapoi(xiav, ac.t.X. , * So really not any pig'* (to 
 qfuote the proverb) *' could know that," or could become 
 brave.' According to the Scholiast the proverb in question 
 was kSlv Kijuy kSlv us yvolrj, * any dog or pig could tell that. ' 
 
 E T^jv Kpo|xfiv(ovCav 5v. This animal devastated Crom- 
 myon, and was killed by Theseus. Plutarch gives its 
 name *H de 'Kpoixixvujvia <tvs, fjv ^at.av wpoa-ajvofxa^oPj ov (f)avXov 
 
NOTES. 
 
 83 
 
 7}!/ Orjpiov, dXXA fxaxtfiov kol xaXeTroj/ KpaT'^BrivaL. Crommyon 195 E 
 was in the territory of Corinth. 
 
 duo8€X€cr0ai, * to admit. ' 
 
 ^ gv-yX^P^^v Giipi'ov Ti, /c.r.X., lit. 'or else to allow that some 
 beast is so clever, that what few men know on account of the 
 difficulty of learning it, he asserts that a lion, ' etc. The sen- 
 tence would be regular if the words from \eovTa to (pdvaL in- 
 clusive were omitted. 
 
 6|J.oCa>9 Xcovra Kal 'A.a(j>ov Kal ravpov Kai ttiOiikov. These 
 substantives are in two groups, the sense of the passage 
 being, ' But he who defines courage as you do is bound to say 
 that in natural disposition for courage deer are on a level 
 with lions, and monkeys on a level with bulls.' 
 
 irdo-iv €vavTiov|j.€vos, k.t.X., *or do you venture, in 197 A 
 opposition to the opinion of everybody else, not to call them 
 courageous at all ? ' 
 
 dXX' d(|>opov Kal |jia)pdv. Thus the bird called ' the Booby ' 
 was so named on account of its absolute fearlessness. Darwin 
 (Naturalist^ s Voyage p. 398 foil.) gives some interesting facts 
 which show that fear of man is not found to exist in races of 
 wild birds when they are first brought into contact with him, 
 but, on the contrary, is acquired very slowly, and only as the 
 result of inherited experience. 
 
 TO d(f>opov Kal TO dvSpClov ov TavTov €<rTiv, ' fearless- B 
 ness and courage are different things.' The distinction is 
 a real one ; but see note on Prodicus, 197 d. 
 
 dv8p€ta 8^ Td <|)povifia. The neuter is used probably for the 
 sake of conformity with the first part of the sentence. 
 
 CAP. XXVI. 
 
 lavTov ... KOO*fj.€i Tip \6y(o. Cf. tl dv tls ip ^vvovaia roLade c 
 
 /JLOLTTJU K€VOLS \6yOLS aVTOS aVTOV KOa-flOL, 196 B. 
 
 0"0<|><5v, . . . €LTr€p €0-T^ dv8p€ioi. dp 8 pe LOU . . . eiirep eare ao(poi 
 would have been more satisfactory as a direct answer to 
 Laches ; but Nicias answers the thought rather than the 
 words. 
 
 Adjxaxov. Subsequently Nicias' colleague in the Sicilian 
 expedition. He was a brave and able general, and had he 
 not so soon fallen in battle the fate of the Athenian armament 
 might have been very different. Lamachus is the type of the 
 
84 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 197 c warlike man in Aristophanes, who finds his name convenient 
 for puns on fxdx'r)', e.g. — 
 
 iu} irduoL T€ Kol fidxcf- Kai AdjULaxoi. {Acharn. 1071.) 
 
 Cf. Peace 1291, where Trygaeus says to Lamachus' son on 
 hearing who he is — 
 aijSoL 
 
 •9} yap iyu) Oav/na^ou aKOviov, el av firj etrjs 
 dvdpbs ^ovXofjidxov Kal KKavcFiixdxov tlvos vl6s. 
 *i\fav clirciv, * though I have something that I could say,' 
 i.e. ' though I could if I liked.' 
 
 Al|u>vea. The people of Laches' deme, Aexone, were noted, 
 according to one Scholiast, for abusive language ; according to 
 another, for pride. 
 
 D ov8^ lif) -jjo-Ofio-Gai, * not to have perceived at all.' Stall- 
 baum however, following Godf. Hermann, regards the nega- 
 tives here as making an affirmative. 
 
 Tw XIpoSiKO), K.T.X. Prodicus of Ceos was one of the 
 
 most famous Sophists of Plato's time. He published one 
 or more treatises on the distinction between words apparently 
 synonymous, and for this he is ridiculed by Plato here and 
 also in the Protagoras, e.g. 337 a, where he is made to say 
 that those present at an argument ought kolpovs jmeu elvai 
 afxcpoLv TOLv diaKeyofxevoLv aKpoards, l<tous 5e firj, ^<ttl yap (he 
 explains) ov ravrbv Koivrj jxkv yap dKovaat deX djJLcpoT^pujv, /ultj l<tov 
 peLfxaL eKar^pu), dWd fiep ao(pa)T€pix} ttX^op, rip de dixadearepLp 
 iKarrop ... "to be impartial hearers of both the speakers ; remem- 
 bering however that impartiality is not the same as equality, 
 for both sides should be impartially heard, and yet an equal 
 meed should not be assigned to both of them ; but to the wiser a 
 higher meed should be given, and a lower to the less wise " 
 (Jowett). He ends his speech by saying, And thus we, who 
 are the hearers, will be gratified and not pleased" {eixppaLPoifjLeda, 
 ovK rjdoLfjLeda) " for gratification is of the mind when receiving 
 wisdom and knowledge, but pleasure is of the body when 
 eating or experiencing some other bodily delight " (Jowett). 
 Subsequently we find (p. 358 d) TLovp ; ^^tjp iyu), KaXe'ire tl d^os 
 Kal <p6(3op ; Kai dpa oirep eyd) (irpbs ere Xeyu, C: UpodLKi) ; irpoaboKlap 
 TLPd Xeyoj KaKov tovto, eire <p6^op etre d^os KaXetre. 'E§6/cet 
 TLpcoTaydpa ixkv KaVlTnriq. deos re Kal <p6^os etpat tovto, UpodiKcp 5^ 
 8eos, (po^os 5' ov. See also Charmideb 163 D. Plato is pro- 
 bably unfair to Prodicus, and Grote well observes that "a 
 teacher who took care, even punctilious care, in fixing the 
 meaning of important words of his discourse must be con- 
 sidered as guiding the minds of his hearers in a salutary 
 
NOTES. 
 
 85 
 
 direction ; salutary, we may add, even to Plato himself, 197 D 
 whose speculations would most certainly have been improved 
 by occasional hints from such a monitor." Prodicus how- 
 ever should be better known as the author of the pretty 
 fable known as the " Choice of Hercules," which should be 
 read as related in Xenophon's Mem. ii. 1. 21-33. 
 
 TO, Toiavra ... KO[ji\|/6i)€<r0ai, 'to make such refinements.' 
 
 dv8pl 8v T| TToXis, K.r.X. Laches, though still rather angry, 
 is yet mollified enough by Nicias' praise to return the com- 
 pliment. Nicias' silence during all this time while Socrates 
 and Laches are discussing his behaviour is in accordance with 
 the gentleness of his character. 
 
 npcirci ... Twv |i€7Co-T«v irpocTTaTovvTt, /c.T.X. Cf. Bep. p. 
 473 c-D, where Socrates is made to say that a perfect govern- 
 ment is only possible if philosophers are made kings, or kings 
 and rulers become philosophers, i.e, if those who possess 
 political power have high speculative ability, and have under- 
 gone a training to develop that ability. 
 
 8oK€i Se \Loi NiKias djios clvai, /c.r.X., 'and it seems to E 
 me to be worth considering what is Nicias' point of view in 
 his definition of this word "courage 
 
 CAP. XXVIL 
 
 OvKovv Kttl (TV TovTo, /C.T.X. 'Then did you not also 198 A 
 imply in your answer that this was a portion of virtue,' 
 etc. There is a similar construction below, p. 199 c, fxepos 
 dp^ avbpdas v/juv, u) Ni/cta, direKpbo} ax^^ov n rplrov. 
 
 ovTcov 8t) Kttl dXXwv, Ac.r.X. , 'thereby admitting that there were 
 other elements, the combination of all the elements being 
 called virtue.' 
 
 irpbs dv8p€£a o-a)<|)poo-vvT]V Kal 8iKaio<rvvTiv. The four ' vir- 
 tues ' of the Republic are cro0i'a, avdpeia, aojcppoavur], dcKaLoavvr}. 
 The first of these is an intellectual quality, but the other 
 three can be made to embrace the whole of moral virtue with- 
 out an undue extension of meaning. Notice however that the 
 word dperi] has not primarily a moral meaning any more than 
 dyae.6s has, and it is only in its application to the moral nature 
 of man that it can strictly be translated by our word ' virtue. 
 
 "Ex€ 8t]. ' Wait a moment. ' B 
 
 8i8d|€is, " you shall set me right " (Jowett). 
 
86 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 198 B OappaX^a, ' things not terrible. ' We have no single word in 
 
 English for this. 
 
 8€os yap elvai irpoo-SoKiav jjlcXXovtos KaKov. This is a very 
 inadequate definition of fear. Aristotle in his Rhetoric (ii. 
 5. 1 ) gives a more exact definition : "Ecrro; br] <p6^os Xvirrj tls ^ 
 rapaxv €k (pavraaias jul^Wovtos KaKov (pdapTLKov 'Kvirrjpov, See 
 Appendix. 
 
 ^ ov\ oijTO) KoX col SoKei, to AdxT^s ; Notice that Laches is 
 never left out of the conversation. 
 C TcL ... T|p,€T€pa means little more than tj/uloLs (see 188 c), 
 and Tjfjids cLKoveis otl (pafxev would of course be equivalent to 
 
 CAP. XXVIII. 
 
 D 'E^o) 8^1 <f>pd(r(ii>, K.T.X. In the following speech nothing 
 very difficult is propounded, though the phraseology is 
 difficult, for the reason that Plato had not at his command 
 any half- technical words like * past, ' * present, ' ' future, ' 
 * science,^ * subject-matter,' and so forth. Socrates says that 
 of any given subject-matter there will not be three separate 
 sciences according as it is past, present, or future, but only one 
 science under all these aspects. 
 
 Translate : * Well, I will tell you. My friend and I, you 
 must know, think that in all matters of which science is cog- 
 nisant there is not one science of the past, whereby we know 
 how it has been, and another of the present to say how it is, 
 and another to tell us how what is still future can best be or 
 will be, but one and the same for all. For instance, in refer- 
 ence to health with respect to any time, no other science 
 but the single one of medicine considers both the present, the 
 past, and the probabilities of the future.' 
 
 199 A K''^ "^^^ jJidvTtv Tov (rrpaTr]yov (ip\eiv, k.t.X. Here again 
 
 as in 195 E we have a gentle sarcasm aimed at Nicias' super- 
 stitious character. For Plato's readers there is probably 
 an allusion to Nicias' conduct after the eclipse of the moon on 
 August 27th, 413 B.C., when he delayed the retreat from 
 Syracuse in obedience to the soothsayers, and consequently 
 sealed the doom of the Athenian armament. It was certainly 
 a case of the prophet ruling the general. Kal fieWovruv avrCov, 
 eireLbr) iro'l/j.a rjp^ diroTrXeLV, i) ffeXrjur] €K\eiireL ' ervyx^^^ 
 ira(Ta^\r}vo^ odea, Kal oi 'AdrjpaLOL oi re irXeiovs iiriax^''^ cKcXevov 
 rovs (TTpaTrjyovs, kvdvfXLOv iroLOV/JLevoL, Kai 6 Ni/c^as {r)i/ yap rt Kai 
 dyau Oeiaa/iJico re Kal rc^ TOLOunp wpoaKelpLevos) ov8' div dta^ovXev- 
 aaadai ^tl ^^tj, irpiv, ws oi juLapreis e^rjyouvTO, rpls evvea ijfiepas 
 
NOTES. 
 
 87 
 
 fielvaLy OTTWS ki^ irporepov KLvrjOeir). /cat rots fiev ^kdrjvaLoLs fieX- 199 
 XrjaaaL dia tovto t) julovt) eyeyevrjro (Thuc. vii. 50, end). 
 
 Kai €<ro|X€va)v Kai ^fyvojJL^vwv, k.t.\. These words qualify 
 r(bv avTLOPy ' whether past, present, or future.' 
 
 "EYw-yc, ' Yes, I do (agree).' 
 
 Kttl irdvTCDS ixovTwv, ' and indeed under all possible con- B 
 ditions. ' Possibly these words were not Plato's, but added 
 from Socrates' next speech by a copyist. 
 
 CAP. XXIX. 
 
 Mcpos &pa... cLTTCKpivw cTxeSov ti TpiTov. Cf. 198a, ovkovv c 
 Kai aif tovto aireKpivoj d?s fibpiov ... ; 
 
 T| ircpl irdvTwv d'yaOwv, /c.r.X. Sc. eTncTTrifxr). 
 
 Kttl irdvTws IxovTwv, * and under any condition of time. ' 
 The Kai joins irdvTWs exovTOJv to iravTuiv. 
 
 oiJTcas |i€TaTC0€<r0ai, /c.r.X. 'Do you say that you d 
 make this change in your definition, Nicias, or what change ? ' 
 The av marks a transition of thought which we seldom indi- 
 cate in English. We might represent it by 'now' in this 
 passage. 
 
 "Ep.oi7€ 8oK€t, i.e. fieTaTideadaL ovtojs. 
 
 K«l Travrdirao-tv ws . . . ' and exactly how . . . . ' The construc- 
 tion here is not eideLr] ra dyada (hs yLyveTai, k.t.X., but eideir) 
 Td t€ dyadd Kai (hs Ta dyadd yiyveTai, k.t.X. 
 
 a 76 advw irpoo-TiKci, k.t.X., '(that man) who alone is in a 
 condition to distinguish with caution between things terrible 
 and the reverse in reference both to gods and men, and to 
 procure good for himself, because he knows how to behave 
 rightly towards them. " Schanz and Badham reject Kai Ta fXTj, 
 Gitlbauer rejects Kai Tdyadd. One or other of these correc- 
 tions seems almost necessary to avoid a very forced rendermg 
 of i^evXa^eiddau 
 
 CAP. XXX. 
 
 E« V€ 5 AdvTis, /c.r.X., 'I congratulate you, Laches, 2OO A 
 because you think it no longer any consequence that you 
 yourself were proved just now to ^^^^ ''f^}^^ .^Xl ZZ 
 Ige, but are looking for my being proved to be m the same 
 cSse ; and it would seem that you wil not at all «^md being 
 ignorant in my company, of things which a man who has any 
 opinion of himself ought to understand. 
 
 G 
 
88 NOTES. 
 
 200 B ^5 dXir]0cas dvGpcSirciov, k. t. \. , ' to be doing a thing that is i 
 very natural to all of us. ' 
 
 ly(a 8' otp.ai ... ImciKcIis €lpf)<r0ai, am of opinion that j 
 enough has been said " (Jowett). i 
 o^> (TV TTOV ol'ci Kara-ycXdv, ' whom you, it seems, think you 
 ' may deride.' | 
 p€paicd(ra>[iai avrd. Cf. 194 C, /cat avrbs & voeis rcj \6ycp 
 
 8oK€is yap jioi, /c.r.X., ' for you seem to me to be very much j 
 in need of learning. 
 C 2o<()6s 7dp Toi (TV d. There is a slight sneer in this, but 
 Laches soon recovers his good temper. 
 
 XaCpctv €dv. A very common phrase, 'to say good-bye to.' ! 
 
 See below, 201 b. ! 
 
 ravrd dv raOr' ciroCovv, ' I should do the same ' (as I advise 
 
 them to do). j 
 
 D NiKTjpaTov. Nicias' son, called after Nicias' father, accord- I 
 
 ing to the custom noticed in the note on 179 A. j 
 
 dWd 7dp, /c.r.X., ' but the truth is that he introduces other ' 
 people to me on each occasion when I mention it to him.' So 
 
 Socrates had introduced Damon to Nicias (180 c-d). In the \ 
 
 phrase dXXa yap there is probably no ellipse, but both particles i 
 
 exert what Riddell calls a simultaneous force. \ 
 
 TovTO), i.e. for Socrates. * 
 
 |v|i.'7rpo0vjjtTicr€i ... ; ' will you help ... ? ' ; 
 
 CAP. XXXI. j 
 
 J, vvv 8' 6fJLo{(i)s 7dp. See note on 184 d. | 
 tC o^v dv Tis Tjjjiwv Tiva TTpoatpoiTo, Ac.T.X., lit. * why then \ 
 should a man choose any one of us before (the others) ? I think \ 
 that (he ought to choose) none (of us).' There is not an exact 
 correspondence between the question and the answer in the 
 Greek. j 
 201 A ov86ls 7dp ^K<()opos X070S. The general sense clearly is I 
 * (I don't mind making these humiliating admissions and sug- 
 gestions), because my words will not be reported to anybody i 
 outside. ' About the precise meaning of the words there is more ] 
 difficulty. The MS. reading is that given in the text, and, if it j 
 is what Plato wrote, must mean, " for none of our conversa- \ 
 tion is likely to be reported outside." But ovdels ... \6yos is ; 
 
NOTES. 
 
 89 
 
 awkward. Consequently Stallbaum, Schanz, and C. F. Her- 201 A 
 mann read ovdeis yap ^K(popos Xoyov (neqne enim quisquani est qui 
 sermonem efferat — Stallb.). Stallbaum refers to Ar. Thesmo- 
 phoriazusae, 472, where the mss. have avrai yap iafiev, KovdejULC 
 ^K(popos \6yav, ' for we are alone, and no one of us is likely to 
 divulge what I say.' For the passive signification of h(popos 
 may be quoted Eur. Hi2:)p. 295, ei 5' €K(pop6s aoL av/Kpopa Tpbs 
 dpaevas; for the active Aesch. Eu7n. 910, tlov bvaae^ovvTwv 5' 
 €K(popcx}T€pa TreXots. Whether we read \6yos or \6yov, the words 
 are probably a quotation from the drama. If so we might 
 guess that the words are Euripides', and are parodied in 
 Aristoph. loc. cit. 
 
 €ls 8i8ao-KdXwv, 'to (the house of) teachers.' Cf. *adDianae.' 
 
 TrpopaXXeo-Gai, lit. ' to put before ourselves ' (as a shield B 
 or excuse), i.e. 'to plead the authority of.' 
 
 ovK d7a0T)V .. alSw K(yj^'r\y.iv<a dvSpi irapeLvat. The line 
 occurs in Od. xvii. 347. Plato here puts it in oratio obliqua. 
 He quotes it in its original form in Charmides 161 a — 
 Aidws §' OVK dyadi] KexpVP-^^V dvdpi irapelvai. 
 
 €do-avT€s yj[x.ip^iv. See above, 200 c. 
 
 KoiVT) T|jj.a)V a-uTwv, k.t.X., ' will attend to our own needs as 
 well as those of the young men. ' 
 dXXd }j.oi. 'But, I beg.' 
 ol'KaSe, 'to my house.' 
 
 TO 8^ vvv dvai. ' But for the present. ' C 
 Idv Gcbs €0€Xti. This use of deSs in the singular, without 
 
 reference to any particular god, is by no means uncommon in 
 
 Greek literature. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 The Laches is not meant to be an exhaustive treatise on 
 the subject of courage, but rather to give suggestions towards 
 an accurate consideration of the topic under the form of 
 a natural conversation, where character is not subordinated 
 to logic, and where the argument is developed by the free 
 action of one man's mind upon another. 
 
 It is therefore unfair on the dialogue to take away from it 
 its dramatic form. But it may nevertheless be of use to give 
 here a short summary of the argument in a more modern 
 shape. 
 
 " It is curious that great men should often take such little 
 care of their son's education. Yet that education is most 
 important on its physical as well as its moral side. We 
 find however that even on the subject of physical education 
 there is great diversity of opinion among sensible experienced 
 men. A particular form of gymnastics is praised by some and 
 blamed by others ; one man thinks it will probably be useful, 
 another suspects it to be altogether useless because it is 
 useless at times. Hardly anyone considers that bodily 
 exercise is at least as valuable to the mind as it is to the 
 body ; or attempts to base his theory of appropriate exercises, 
 in part at any rate, on the constitution of the mind and the 
 nature of the qualities he would cultivate in it. Indeed, as 
 to the nature of those qualities many are altogether ignorant. 
 
 Take courage for instance — this being the quality which 
 above all others manly sports should cultivate. Have we a 
 clear idea what courage is ? The man who does not run 
 away in battle is (presumably) brave ; but there are many 
 brave men who have never seen a battle in their lives. 
 Shall we say then that courage is a sort of resolution or 
 endurance ? If so, what sort of resolution is it ? Resolu- 
 tion in investing money ? Clearly not, but, if resolution, it 
 ought to be some kind of sensible resolution, or resolution 
 combined with prudence. Yet, if courage is defined thus, we 
 must further ask who is the braver man of the two, the im- 
 prudent man who fights against odds, or the prudent man 
 who fights with the advantage of numbers on his side ? 
 
 90 
 
APPENDIX. 91 
 
 It is true that in all courage, which is not mere brute 
 courage, there must be an element of wisdom. But we must 
 not therefore say that courage is a sort of wisdom. For 
 instance, some people say that courage is wisdom as applied 
 to the consideration of dangers. But dangers are coming 
 evils, and the wisdom that judges of evil in the future cannot 
 differ from the wisdom that judges of evil in the past and 
 present, and no one would call such wisdom courage. So 
 difficult is it to say what courage is, and so vague are our 
 notions on the very elements of the science of morals." 
 
 Though there is a great deal more in the dialogue than 
 the discussion of physical courage, it is only of that quality 
 that we shall now speak. In the Laches then we learn that 
 there is a physical element in courage and an intellectual 
 element, but that there is great difficulty in determining 
 the relation of these elements to each other. We learn 
 that in a sense "discretion is the better part of valour," 
 but we are not told what this means ; on the contrary, 
 we are shown that when the discretion is narrowly self- 
 seeking it does not add to a man's courage, but detracts 
 from it. Here it would be well to explain this contradiction, 
 and attempt to give an account of courage that shall har- 
 monise these conflicting views, which are entertained, we 
 believe, as much by Englishmen as they were by Plato. 
 For instance, no one reads the story of Nelson saying, "I 
 never saw fear : what is it ? " * without admiring the boy for 
 his utter fearlessness ; yet most of us would agree with 
 Alan Breck Stewart that " to be feared of a thing and yet to 
 do it, is what makes the prettiest kind of a man " + {KaXbu 
 Kayadov). 
 
 The truth is that we give to constitutional fearlessness 
 the same sort of admiration that we give to personal strength 
 or personal beauty ; whereas we admire courage that depends 
 on principle in the same way as we admire any other moral 
 virtue. The former kind of courage may exist without the 
 latter ; the latter perhaps never exists without some degree 
 of the former. But it will be convenient to speak of it as so 
 existing. 
 
 Accordingly we may analyse the courage of the man who 
 from principle sacrifices or endangers his own life for the 
 good of others into two elements— (i.) The wisdom of pre- 
 ferring a greater good to a smaller good : (ii.) The sacrifice of 
 his own immediate desire. 
 
 * Southey's Life of Nelson, chap. 1. 
 t R. L. Stevenson's Kidnapped, p. 193 
 
92 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The same elements constitute the courage of a man who 
 endures danger or pain for his own sake. He does what is 
 wise and also does it by sacrificing his inclination of the 
 moment, which does not necessarily in that particular in- 
 stance tend towards his well-being even from a purely selfish 
 point of view, for fear, which is on the whole an instinct 
 tending to preserve, is yet so eminently unreasonable, and is 
 so heedless of anything except the nearest danger, that on 
 many occasions it has a tendency to destroy. Thus a man 
 suffering from a dangerous disease to be cured only by a 
 painful operation naturally shrinks from the operation ; and 
 is therefore praised for submitting to it, even though he 
 should do so merely for his own sake. 
 
 On the other hand we blame, and justly blame, as rash a 
 man who puts himself into situations which are clearly 
 dangerous for him unless he do so with a fair prospect of 
 obtaining a greater good either for himself or his fellow-men. 
 
 To repeat this distinction in a slightly difierent form, fear 
 will, as a rule, bend to preserve an animal from destruction ; 
 on the other hand there are many occasions on which a want 
 of fear will preserve an animal from destruction. Hence a 
 due balance between fear and fearlessness will be the best 
 quality for preserving an individual. This fact may be verified 
 any day at a London crossing, where the over-timid and the 
 careless equally put themselves in danger of being run over. 
 Therefore we say that " discretion is the better part of valour," 
 and we blame men who are ' ' rash. ' ' 
 
 But as courage may also be a social virtue, that is, be 
 exerted for the sake of saving the community, and not for the 
 sake of saving the individual only, we praise it even when it 
 brings manifest harm to him provided his action be one that 
 tends to the good of society. It is the latter point to which 
 we expect him to give his best attention ; if it be once settled 
 that he will benefit his friends, his country, or the world by 
 exposing himself to danger, then the more careless a man 
 is of his own safety the greater hero we think him. 
 
 In Plato's Protagoras Socrates forces Protagoras to admit 
 that courage is the o'o0ta rCov dcLvQv /cat fir] deivQu, and that 
 cowardice is the corresponding d/xa^/a (p. 360). In fact the 
 doctrine is the same as that alluded to by Nicias in the Laches, 
 and is given as that of the historic Socrates in Xenophon's 
 Memorabilia. There Xenophon relates that Socrates said that 
 **thosewho knew how to behave properly in reference to 
 dangers and risks were brave, and those who had not this 
 knowledge were cowards" (Mem. iv. 6. 11). Yet Socrates 
 acknowledged a physical basis to courage, for when asked 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 93 
 
 whether that quality came by teaching or nature, he answered 
 that one man was naturally braver than another, but that 
 courage could be increased /uLadrjaei kolX /jLeXery {Mem. iii. 
 9. 1-3). There could hardly be a better or simpler state- 
 ment of the case than this. 
 
 In Plato's other dialogues we find various unreconciled 
 statements on the subject of dvdpeia. In the Laws i. p. 633, 
 it is spoken of as a resistance not only to fear and pain, but to 
 desire, pleasure, and flattery, in fact it is taken as manliness 
 in its widest sense, and there is the same extension of view in 
 the Republic, where it is defined as the power of keeping firm 
 under all kinds of temptations the right opinion concerning 
 things terrible and the reverse {Rep. pp. 429-430). And in the 
 Politicus (p. 306) we find the word dvdpeia used as a term 
 under which to include all the qualities of strength or 
 activity in mind or body. 
 
 In the Laws (xii. p. 963) we have mention made of dvdpeia 
 in the narrow sense, and there it is said that a courageous 
 soul comes into existence by nature and without the help of 
 reason. This view is much the same as that put into Pro- 
 tagoras' mouth {Prot. p. 351 a), Bdpaos jnev yap Kal dwd rexvn^ 
 ylyverai dvOpdowoLS Kal dirb OvfioO re Kal dirb [xavias, ibairep tj 
 duvapLLS, dvdpeia dirb (pijaecos Kal evrpo(pias rCov \pvx^v yiyveraL. 
 
 On the other hand, in the Gorcjias p. 495, it is said that 
 some courage implies knowledge, though the two are distinct. 
 
 And lastly, in the Phaedo (p. 68) we find the suggestion of 
 a higher courage where it is said that most brave men fear 
 death from fear of evils worse than death (for example, slavery 
 or disgrace), but that the philosopher will welcome it as a 
 release from the body that impedes the free action of his 
 mind. 
 
 We will conclude with Aristotle's account of courage. 
 In his Ethics (iii. 6. foil.) he says that courage, like all the 
 moral virtues, is a mean between two extremes, cowardice 
 and fool-hardiness. It is concerned with matters of fear and 
 their reverse, but more especially with the former. Matters 
 of fear are all future evils, but with many of these courage 
 has nothing to do. Thus, a man is not brave because he does 
 not fear poverty, or because he does not fear shame, except 
 in a metaphorical sense (here Aristotle clears the ground by a 
 most useful distinction), nor is he brave for not fearing death 
 from drowning at sea or death in disease, but only for not 
 fearing death and dangers in war. (Here Aristotle makes an 
 absurd distinction, which we see was natural to the Greek 
 mind from what Laches says in our dialogue, where he defines 
 courage in terms that can apply only to the courage of a 
 
94 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Greek hoplite, p. 190 e). Aristotle goes on to say that there are 
 things terrible beyond man's power of courage to endure, and 
 he considers that none but madmen, or men with no feelings, 
 or Gauls could fail to fear earthquakes or waves. Such 
 people show the extreme of fearlessness. He distinguishes 
 from this an excess of over-boldness, but the distinction is of 
 little importance ; except in so far as he says that the over- 
 bold are often mere braggarts, but in that case they are not 
 really bold. 
 
 The man who shows the extreme of fear and of want of 
 confidence is the coward ; but the brave man not only endures 
 what he ought, but does it rod KaXou 'eveKa. 
 
 Further that there are five spurious forms of courage — 
 (i.) irokLTLKT) avbpeia^ i.e. facing danger through obedience 
 to the laws, or for the sake of the applause of 
 society, or to avoid its censure, 
 (ii. ) Experience of the particular danger, 
 (iii. ) The courage of anger. 
 
 (iv.) The courage of the sanguine man (or of the drunken 
 man). 
 
 (v.) The courage of ignorance. 
 
 In his Rhetoric he gives a more popular definition, which is 
 meant to be good enough for ordinary purposes : " Courage 
 is the quality by reason of which men are disposed to do 
 noble actions in times of danger, and as the law commands, 
 and in obedience to the law, and cowardice is its opposite" 
 (i. 9. 8). And he says in the same treatise that fear is a 
 grief or disturbance arising from the mental picture (e/c 
 (pavraaias) of a painful or destructive evil about to come on 
 us and that soon (ii. 5. 1). 
 
INDICES TO THE NOTES. 
 
 ( The pages referred tc 
 
 I. GREEK 
 
 'A-yaOds, meaning of, 64. 
 CLYavaKTw €1, 79. 
 dXT|0€ta, military sense of, 55. 
 dWd^dp, 88. 
 dXXcas Kal Kat, 49. 
 djjL<|)6T€pa used adverbially, 65. 
 dv pleonastic, 53, 59. 
 dv8p€ios, wide meaning of, 74. 
 dv0pw7r6Lov, 88. 
 djtov, construction of, 47. 
 diroKpivio-Oai, followed by cog- 
 nate accusative, 76. 
 dp€TT], meaning of, 85. 
 dpp.ovCa, 68. 
 a{;, 87. 
 
 p€Paiov<r0ai, 80, 88. 
 povXo|X€vois V|XIV €o-t£, 66. 
 
 7dp not inferential, 76. 
 7€ppa and 'Yeppo(|>dpoi, 73. 
 
 8€, 42, 78 ; redundant, 80. 
 SeiXCa, how far discussed, 74. 
 8€os, strictly speaking distinct 
 
 from <f>6pos, 84. 
 8iaPoXd9 to-x€iv, 57. 
 8i86vai Xo-yov, 66, 67. 
 8iKaois el, 48. 
 
 SiKaioo-vvT] , one of the virtues 
 
 of the Republic^ 85. 
 8oK€i, changed construction of, 
 
 57. 
 
 are those of the book. ) 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 8opv8p€7ravov, 55. 
 8wpi(rTt, 68, 69. 
 
 €dv in protasis, followed by 
 
 pres. ind. in apodosis, 43. 
 €dv, 60. 
 
 cdv xa-^pcLV, 89. 
 
 cl dpa TToXXdKis, 44, 79. 
 
 el'TTcp Tis dXXos, 44. 
 
 ^K<t>opos, 88, 89. 
 
 €v TTiGo) T| Kcpafieia-yiYvojievT], 65. 
 
 €V TW Kapt KLv8vV6V€tV, 65. 
 
 €Tra'Y'Y€XXo|xai, 69. 
 eiTLpdrai, 55. 
 
 €7ri€LKWS, 88. 
 
 €7rip.€XT]9f]vai, 43. 
 €7ricrTi^fjiT], 77. 
 €'7rLTn8€S, 54. 
 
 €'TrL<|)0ovos in passive sense, 58. 
 €o-<j)aipw|x€va (8dpaTa), 42. 
 
 T|XlKOS, 48. 
 
 OappaXea, 86. 
 Gavp-ao-Tov 6<rov, 58. 
 0€6s without article, 89. 
 OcpaircvcLv, 44. 
 6f]T€s, 55. 
 
 6pacrvs, meaning of, 57. 
 
 Kai, peculiar force of, 59. 
 KaXdv T€ Kd-yaGdv, 64. 
 
 Kdv KVWV Kdv VS 7V0LT], 82. 
 
96 GEEEK 
 
 KaraYcXav, 88. 
 K€X€V€iv, meaning of, 45. 
 
 X6761V Tt, 81. 
 
 p.dOT]|jLa, 53. 
 
 p.dx€<r0at Iv SttXois, 42. 
 jj.€v and 8€, 42, 78. 
 
 with indicative, 82. 
 fiT) ov, 69. 
 
 [XTjo-Twpa <f>oPoio, 73. 
 
 fAOVO-lKT), 47. 
 
 vvv 8^ ... 7dp, 59, 88. 
 |vjj.irpo9\)fjL€t(r0ai, ' help,' 88. 
 olK€icr0at, 60. 
 
 6vop.d^€iv, followed by elvai, 75. 
 oTrXop-axCa, 52. See also 42. 
 opGois, 49. 
 
 OpGwS 7€ (TV Xc^wv, 75. 
 6(ros, 58. 
 
 5tl, redundant, 64. 
 ovhkv X€7€tv, 82. 
 ov irdvv, 54, 70. 
 ovcria, 71. 
 
 irdXai, force of, 43. 
 irdinrov, 43. 
 
 irapd, ' (different) from,' 50. 
 irapdcriTos and irapao-iTw, 44. 
 irapTi}i6Lp6TO, 55. 
 
 •ir€pL<j>€p€L |I€ jivrj^xT], 48. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 irXeitrra 6<ra, 58. 
 
 irXcoveKTrjo-CTai, 77. 
 
 TToios, in scornful sense, 80. 
 
 o-avpcoTT|p, 56. 
 
 o-Koirciv, ' inquire,' 70. 
 
 a-o(|>Ca, one of the virtues of the 
 
 Republic, 85. 
 a'rpart]yCa, 52. 
 o-Tp€<|>€o-0at, 82. 
 o-Tvpa|, 56. 
 <ru|xPovX€V€tv, 43, 70. 
 arup.povX€ve(r0ai, 43. 
 (rv|xBovXopLai, 69. 
 <rx€56v TL, 46, 71, 76. 
 <r«<|>po<rvv'r], one of the virtues 
 
 of the Republic, 85. 
 
 rd Tj}xeT€pa, 86. 
 Tfxn. 77. 
 TO €|i6v, 67. 
 
 TO Tt €0-TlV, 71. 
 
 inraio^vv€o-0ai, 44. 
 
 viro after active verb, 48, 65. 
 
 €p€o-0ai, 73. 
 
 6Pos, strictly speaking dis- 
 tinct from Se'os, 84. 
 
 Xa{p€iv Idv, 88, 89. 
 
 wo-ircp, introducing metaphor, 
 59. 
 
II. ENGLISH INDEX. 
 
 Accusative, reflexive with in- 
 finitive, 57. 
 
 cognate, 76. 
 
 double, 44. 
 
 Aexone, deme of, 41, 84. 
 
 Alopece, deme of, Socrates, 
 Thucydides, and Aristides 
 belong to it, 47. 
 
 Agathocles, 47. 
 
 Alcestisy 43. 
 
 Alcibiades, 49, 64. 
 
 Anacoluthon, 47. 
 
 harsh instance of, 44. 
 
 Aristides the Just, 41. 
 
 the education he gave his 
 
 sons, 45. 
 
 Aristides, grandson of the 
 above, 42, 50. 
 
 Aristotle on courage, 74. 
 
 - — on definition, 71. 
 
 on music, 68. 
 
 on spears with rounded 
 
 heads, 42. 
 
 Art, 78. 
 
 Artaxerxes' army, 73. 
 
 Article, with predicate, 81. 
 
 *Arts, The,' often alluded to 
 by Socrates, 80. 
 
 Athenian names, 43. 
 
 Athens, her literary pre-emin- 
 ence, 53. 
 
 Attraction, 44, 48. 
 
 Bacon quoted, 60. 
 Battle of Delium, 41, 49. 
 of Mantineia, 41. 
 
 Birds, slowly acquire fear of 
 
 man, 83. 
 Booby, the, 83. 
 
 ' Brave ' has more than one 
 
 meaning, 74. 
 Caesar quoted, 55. 
 Carian, 65. 
 
 Changed construction, 57. 
 
 Charoeades, Laches' colleague 
 in Sicily, 41. 
 
 ' Choice of Hercules,' 85. 
 
 ' Clouds ' of Aristophanes, 64. 
 
 Courage, combined with want 
 of wisdom, 76. 
 
 does it come by nature or 
 
 teaching, 80. 
 
 necessary for philosophical 
 
 speculation, 78, 79. 
 
 of experience ; views of 
 
 Aristotle and Plato on it, 81. 
 
 Cowardice, not discussed ex- 
 plicitly, 74. 
 
 Critias, 64, 80. 
 
 Crommyon, 82, 83. 
 
 Damon, 47. 
 
 Darwin's Voyage, 83. 
 
 Definition, 71. 
 
 Delium, battle of, 41, 49. 
 
 Deme of Aexone. See Aexone. 
 
 Demes, 47. 
 
 Diomed and Nestor, 73. 
 
 Dionysodorus, 52. 
 
 Discretion, is it the better part 
 
 of valour? 76. 
 Dorian mode, 68. 
 
ENGLISH INDEX. 
 
 Double accusative, 44. 
 Draughts, game of, 80. 
 Dual and plural combined, 65. 
 
 Eclipse of the moon on August 
 
 27, B.C. 413, 86. 
 Educated opinion, value of, 46, 
 
 60. 
 
 Education of boys, 66. 
 Epexegesis, 46. 
 * Essence,' 71. 
 
 Puthydemus, Plato's, 42, 52. 
 Exercise more valuable to the 
 soul than to the body, 61,62. 
 
 Fear inadequately defined, 86. 
 
 of man slowly acquired by 
 
 birds, 83. 
 
 Homer, far-fetched interpreta- 
 tions of, 73. 
 
 Indicative with yui/, 82. 
 Intellect as related to morality, 
 76. 
 
 Irregular apodosis, 43. 
 Kings philosophers, 85. 
 
 Lacedaemonians, 53. 
 
 their intolerance of stran- 
 gers, 54. 
 
 Laches, account of, 41. 
 
 his military capacity, 4L 
 
 his character, 54. 
 
 his prejudice, 58, 62. 
 
 philo-Laconian, 42. 
 
 his opinion of the Lacedae- 
 monians, 73. 
 
 finds a subject easy because 
 
 he has not thought about it, 
 72. 
 
 out of temper, 85, 88. 
 
 Lamachus, 83, 84. 
 Lysimachus, 41, 43. 
 
 Lysimachus, his unscientific 
 method of inquiry, 45. 
 
 Mantineia, battle of, 41. 
 Marines, 55. 
 Medes, 73. 
 Melesias, 41, 43, 49. 
 Memorahilia, Xenophon's, 42, 
 
 52, 80. 
 Metaphors, 59, 79. 
 Modes, musical, 68. 
 Moli^re quoted, 51. 
 Music, Greek, 68. 
 Music-masters, 47. 
 
 Names, Athenian, 43. 
 Nestor, 73. 
 
 Niceratus, son of Nicias, 88. 
 Nicias, his character, 41. 
 
 his generalship, 41. 
 
 his courage, 41. 
 
 his reputation, 41. 
 
 philo-Laconian, 42. 
 
 his good opinion of ottXo- 
 
 /xa%/a, 52. 
 
 his superstition, 81, 86. 
 
 his gentleness, 85. 
 
 his fatal delay at Syracuse, 
 
 86. 
 
 Peace of, 42. 
 
 Opinion, educated, 46, 60. 
 uneducated, 46, 60. 
 
 Peace of Nicias, 42. 
 
 Pericles, 47. 
 
 Persians at Plataea, 73. 
 
 Philosophical terms wanting in 
 Plato's time, 71. 
 
 Philosophers kings, 85. 
 
 Physical education, concerns 
 human soul and is very im- 
 portant, 46. 
 
 Plato, his manner of showing 
 that he thinks a subject 
 difficult, 61, 71, 75. 
 
ENGLISH INDEX. 99 
 
 Plato, intentionally obscure, 61,1 
 71. 
 
 his skilful management of 
 
 a transition, 75. 
 Plural and dual combined, 65. 
 Present indicative in apodosis, 
 
 43. 
 
 Prodicus, 84, 85. 
 Prophet, rules the general, 86. 
 Protagoras, 47, 84. 
 Proverbs quoted, 65, 82. 
 
 Qualities needed in philoso- 
 phical discussion, 79. 
 
 Relation of courage to wisdom, 
 76. 
 
 Roman cavalry, 56. 
 
 Science, inaccurate use of the 
 
 word, 78. 
 Scythians, 73. 
 Ships of war, 55. 
 Sicilian expedition, 83, 86. 
 Socrates, his mock humility, 
 
 72. 
 
 Socrates, the historic, 
 
 his opinion on courage, 80. 
 
 overestimates the intel- 
 lectual element in morality, 
 80. 
 
 Socrates, the practical good 
 
 done by, 67. 
 Solon quoted, 67. 
 Sophists, 63. 
 
 Sparta, her military pre- 
 eminence, 53. 
 
 Spear, spike at butt-end of, 
 56. 
 
 Spears, 42. 
 Stesilaus, 42, 54. 
 Strategy, teachers of, 42. 
 
 Tactics, teachers of, 42. 
 Theseus, 82. 
 
 Thucydides, son of Olorus, 41. 
 Thucydides, son of Melesias, 
 41, 43. 
 
 the education he gave his 
 
 sons, 44, 45. 
 Thucydides, son of Melesias, 
 
 the younger, 42. 
 
 Uneducated opinion generally 
 valueless as compared with 
 educated, 46, 60. 
 
 but sometimes useful, 60. 
 
 Virtue, a knowledge of its 
 nature essential in forming a 
 theory of education, 70. 
 ■ ' Virtues ' of the Republic, 85. 
 
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