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THIS BOOK IS FROM A GIFT OF
McGREGOR FUND TO THE
GENERAL COLLECTION
OF THE ALDERMAN LIBRARY

PUEDES PEATE CET ESCUELA TEESETHE DECLARATION
OF INDEPENDENCE

ILLUSTRATED STORY OF ITS ADOPTION, WITH THE
BIOGRAPHIES AND PORTRAITS OF THE SIGNERS AND
OF THE SECRETARY OF THE, CONGRESS

 

 

 

 

 

 

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ILLUSTRATED STORN OF EE EVES. OF
WASHINGTON, FRANKLIN, JEFFERSON &
OTHER PATRIOTS OF THE REVOLUTION

 

 

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UTE FEULEVUTAEPLLERUERS CEES TEER IEAUERELESTESERE EYThe Declaration of Independence

 

Illustrated Story of Its: Adoption, with the Biographies and
Portraits of the Signers, and of the Secretary of the Congress

 

The Declaration Intewwta pike
— 7OIHE Declaration of Independence was inevitable. It was
Ck ! forced into existence by circumstances and conditions
of ae | over which no one man or set of men had control. In-
deed, it came about despite opposition of strong men,
who later yielded to the irresistible demand for it, and
became its most ardent supporters. Jefferson wrote it,

| but he wrote only as the amanuensis of overwhelming

 

i&e| events. He put into form ideas that had found expres-
ew UL sion time and again in the colonies. He caught inspira-
tion from sturdy New England, from the Middle Colonies, and from the
Sunny South. The air was surcharged with independence, and every man
with a freeman’s soul within him who breathed it became a patriot, ready to
subscribe to the declaration, ‘Give me liberty or give me death.”” Yet, not
till blood was shed did absolute independence rise defiant. First, in New
England, then in the South, and then in the Middle Colonies, the blood
of patriots enriched the ground and the seed of liberty took deep root. The
plant of liberty lifted its head and became a tree. And so it has been since.
The roots of this giant tree have been fed by human blood, until now be-
neath its sheltering greatness are gathered more than ninety million people,
enjoying the most perfect independence known to man.

Cofftnanding critics have said that the draft of the Declaration as it
came fro the pen of Jefferson lacked originality; that every idea in it had
become hatkneyed, and that others had given expression to the same
ideas in very similar words. The great John Adams was one of these critics.
All such criticisms are puerile and in some degree malicious. Had any man
attempted originality in the construction of a declaration he would have
by that effort proclaimed himself unfitted for the task. Jefferson felt the
heart yearnings of the people; he realized that he was the medium of men
and women who had awakened to the heaven-born idea of the inalienable
rights of man. So he wrote. He claimed no special originality for the
work. On the contrary, with becoming good sense and modesty, he said:
“I did#hot consider it as any part of my charge to invent new ideas alto-
gether, and to offer no sentiment which had ever been expressed before.’’

A just writer has said:

The faults which it has are chiefly of style, and are due to the spirit of the times—ar Trin AHHH
UAE LUPRA HAGE ETO ETHEUTERLUUOUTROO EAS UOOERRUESERD

 

 

 

 
    
   
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
     

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HOUSE IN WHICH JEFFERSON WROTE THE
DECLARATION.

HERE is no longer any doubt as to the location of the house in which
ae Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration. In a letter to Doctor

Mease, of Philadelphia, dated September 16, 1825, the author of
the immortal instrument happily settles the question for all time. He
says: “At the time of writing that instrument I lodged in the house of a
Mr. Gratz, a new brick house, three stories high, of which I rented the
second floor, consisting of a parlor and bedroom, ready furnished. In
that parlor I wrote habitually, and in it wrote this paper particularly.
So far, I state from written proofs in my possession. The proprietor,
Gratz, was a young man, son of a German, and then newly married. |
think he was a bricklayer, and that his house was on the south side of
Market street, probably between Seventh and Eighth streets; and if
not the only house on that part of the street, | am sure there were few
others near it. I have some idea it was a corner house,” etc.spirit bold, energetic, sensible, independent, in action the very best, but in talk and writing
much too tolerant of broad and high sounding generalization.

No matter. The people love the Declaration of Independence. Aye,
they hold it in religious reverence; and the man who wrote it, is held in
esteem that will increase in ardor and strength, rather than diminish,
with the years.

The signers of the Declaration of Independence represented many
vocations. Twenty-four were lawyers, fourteen agriculturalists, four
physicians, one minister of the gospel, and three who were prepared for
that calling but chose other avocations, one manufacturer, and nine mer-
chants.

The longevity of the signers is remarkable. Three lived to be over 90
years of age, ten over 80, eleven over 70, fourteen over 60, eleven over 50,
six over 44, and one, Mr. Lynch, who lost his life by accidental drowning
at sea, was 30 years of age. Thus, the average of the signers was over
62 years.

The precise hour of the day of the adoption of the Declaration of In-
dependence is not determinable from any record in existence. The record
shows that Congress entered upon direct consideration of the question of
independence July |, 1776, by voting to resolve itself into a committee of
the whole to take into consideration the resolution introduced by Richard
Henry Lee, and to refer the draft of the declaration to this committee.
Benjamin Harrison, a member from Virginia, was called to the chair, and
after a prolonged debate consuming the entire day the resolution was
adopted. The committee of the whole then rose, and the President, Mr.
Hancock, resumed the chair, whereupon Mr. Harrison reported that the
committee had adopted the resolution. The House voted to postpone
action on the resolution as reported until the next day, July 2, on which
date the resolution was adopted. So that the real independence day is
the 2nd of July. Upon the adoption of the resolution Congress resolved
itself immediately into the committee of the whole, “‘to consider draft of
a Declaration of Independence, or the form of announcing the fact to the
world.” Debate on the draft continued throughout the 3d and 4th
of July.

On the evening of the 4th the Committee arose, President Hancock
resumed the chair, and Benjamin Harrison reported the draft of declara-
tion as having been agreed upon, which was adopted. The draft was
ordered on the 19th of July to be engrossed, and on the 2d of August the
engrossed copy was signed by 50 members. It would have been signed
by 51 but for the absence of Mr. Houston of Georgia, who had been sent
by the Congress to follow Doctor Zubly, a delegate from the same State,
who had fled posthaste from Philadelphia to his State, with the intention
of apprising the Crown governor of his State of what was going on behind
the closed doors of Congress respecting independence. It appears that
Zubly was giving away the secrets of executive sessions, and was accused“c

DESK ON WHICH JEFFERSON WROTE THE DECLARATION.
H. JEFFERSON gives this writing desk to Joseph Coolidge, Jun.,

as a memorial of affection. It was made from a drawing of his
own by Ben. Randall, cabinet maker of Philadelphia, with whom
he first lodged on his arrival in that city in May 1776 and is the identical

Bnclonb lickin wrorelrhe Declaration of Independence.

Politics, as well

as Religion, has its superstitions. These gaining strength with time, may
one day give imaginary value to this relic for its association with the

birth of the Great Charter of our Independence.

“Monticello, Nov. 18, 1825.’”—Letter of Jefferson presenting desk.

Ete

      
 

 

|

|

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DESK ON WHICH DECLARATION WAS SIGNED

AND CHAIRS USED BY SIGNERS.Gwinnett, Walton, and Hall.

complete without it. He says:

the following are extracts:

be formed to bind the colonies more closely together.

and passed that day and Monday, the 10th, debating on the subject.

from the parent stem, but that they were fast advancing to that state,

Robert R. Livingston, and myself.
of June, when it was read and ordered to lie on the table.

it. Delaware having but two members present, they were divided.

their constituents were for it, but that their instruct
month before, when reconciliation was still the general object,
themselves not justi
question, which was given them. The committee t

 

 

of his perfidy on the floor of Congress by Mr. Chase, of Maryland. Zubly
denied and challenged proof. The proof was made so strong that the
guilty delegate fled to Georgia. Congress directed Houston to follow

him and to circumvent his evil purposes. By the time they reached Georgia,
however, the Crown governor had been deposed by the people and he had
escaped and taken refuge in an armed British vessel lying in Savannah
Harbor. Zubly’s treachery came to naught, but it cheated Houston out
of his opportunity to sign. For this reason Georgia had only three signers,

The story of the consideration and adoption of the Declaration of
Independence as told by Jefferson himself must necessarily possess extraor-
dinary interest, and no history of that document can be considered

I will give you some extracts from a written document on that subject, for the truth
of which I pledge myself to heaven and earth, having while the question of independence
was under consideration by Congress, taken notes in my seat of what was passing, and

reduced them to form on the final occasion. I have now before me that paper, from which

“On Friday, the 7th of June, 1776, the delegates from Virginia moved, in obedience
to instructions from their constituents, that the Congress should declare that these united
colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved
from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them
and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, that measures should

be immediately taken for procuring the assistance of foreign powers, and a confederation

“The House being obliged to attend at that time to some other business, the proposi-
tion was referred to the next day, when the members were ordered to attend punctually
at 10 o'clock. Saturday, June 8th, they proceeded to take it into consideration, and re-
ferred it to a committee of the whole, into which they immediately resolved themselves,

“Tt appearing in the course of these debates that the colonies of New York, New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and South Carolina were not yet matured for falling

it was thought

prudent to wait a while for them, and to postpone the final decision to July 1. But that
this might occasion as little delay as possible, a committee was appointed to prepare a
declaration of independence. The committee were J. Adams, Dr. Franklin, Roger Sherman,
This was reported to the House on Friday, the 28th

“On Monday, the Ist of July, the House resolved itself into a committee of the whole,
and resumed the consideration of the original motion made by the delegates of Virginia,
which, being again debated through the day, was carried in the affirmative by the votes
of New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey,
Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. South Carolina and Pennsylvania voted against

Maryland,

“The delegates from New York declared they were for it themselves, and were assured
ions having been drawn near a twelve-
they therefore thought
fied in voting on either side, and asked leave to withdraw from the
hen rose and reported their resolution
to the House. Mr. Rutledge, of South Carolina, then requested the determination might
be put off to the next day, as he believed his colleagues, though they disapproved of theSTEEL CABINET IN WHICH THE ORIGINAL EN-
GRAVED COPY OF THE DECLARATION IS KEPT.

 
 

COPY AS SIGNED.

 

STEEL CABINET CONTAINING ORIGINAL
DRAFT AND FAC-SIMILE OF ENGROSSEDdelegates, that Congress should declare the colonies independent.

on the people of England were struck out, lest they give them offense.

CEPT MR. DICKINSON.”

ages’ respecting the tyranny of the King stricken out.

wrote a letter to Richard Henry Lee in which he said:

critics.’

 

 

resolution, would then join in it for the sake of unanimity. The ultimate question, whether
the House would agree to the resolution of the committee, was accordingly postponed to
the next day, when it was moved, and South Carolina concurred in voting for it.

“In the meantime a third member had come post haste from the Delaware counties
and turned the vote of that colony in favor of the resolution. Members of a different
sentiment attending from Pennsylvania also, their vote was changed, so that the whole
twelve colonies, who were authorized to vote at all, gave their votes for it, and within a
few days (July 9) the convention of New York approved of it, and thus supplied the void
occasioned by the withdrawing of their delegates from the vote. (Be careful to observe
that this vacillating vote was on the original motion of the 7th of June by the Virginia

the same day to consider the Declaration of Independence, which had been reported and
laid on the table the Friday preceding, and on Monday referred to the Committee of the
Whole. The pusillanimous idea that we had friends in England worth keeping terms with
still haunted the minds of many. For this reason those passages which conveyed censure

“The debates having taken up the greater parts of the second, third, and fourth days
of July, were in the evening of the last closed. The Declaration was reported by the com-

mittee, agreed to by the House, and SIGNED BY EVERY MEMBER PRESENT EX-

The draft of the declaration as it came from the pen of Jefferson was
changed somewhat by the committee before it was reported to Congress
for consideration. Then Congress struck out the language charging the
King with inciting “‘treasonable insurrections with our fellow-citizens,”’
by promising them confiscated property; that he had carried on the slave
trade, and refused to allow American legislatures to suppress it; that
Great Britain had not assisted the colonies in establishing themselves, and
that ‘submission to their parliament was no part of our constitution;
that part attacking the English people for continuing in power ‘the dis-
turbers of our harmony,” and allowing their King and those in his counsel
to inflict such wrongs on the people of the colonies. Besides this there
was a good deal of purely rhetorical matter about the incredulity of “future

It was apparent early in the debate that Congress desired as far as
possible to retain the original words of the report. The discussion never-
theless was very heated, John Adams leading in support of the report
of the committee. Jefferson sat in his seat without raising his voice in
defense of his own work, notwithstanding he writhed in agony as he saw
some of his most cherished paragraphs and sentences eliminated from the
document. After the adoption of the declaration as amended Jefferson

“I inclose you a copy of the Declaration of Independence, agreed to by the House,
and also as originally framed; you will judge whether it is the better or the worse for the

John Adams remained of the opinion that the House had struck out
some of the best parts of the draft. He insisted that great violence had
been done to Jefferson’s work by striking out the part indicting the Kingnent fu 1 nn

=o

Shek we pi pe c et an Ft EE CENSORS A RNR yO Sees

OLD STATE HOUSE AS IT APPEARED IN 1776.

 

   

OLD STATE HOUSE AS IT APPEARED IN 1876.for the continuation of the slave trade. Yet, it will be well to remember
that Georgia and South Carolina were both carrying on the slave trade at
this time as energetically as they were able, and other colonies had profited
largely by the traffic. Hence, it was ridiculous to arraign the King for
doing the same thing. At any rate, this part of the draft was easily set
aside. An eminent critic has said that “a comparison of the original draft
with the declaration as adopted will convince anyone that the House was
fully justified in its work.”

The vote on Richard Henry Lee’s resolution respecting independence
was taken on July 2d and failed of unanimity, though carried by a big
majority. All of New England, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, and Georgia voted for it. South Carolina and Pennsylvania
voted against it. One of Delaware's delegates, Colonel McKean voted for
it and the other, George Read against it. The New York delegates re-
frained from voting, for want of instructions to do so. Thus nine out of
thirteen colonies voted unanimously for the resolution.

During the postponement of a day Caesar Rodney came in response to
a call from Colonel McKean, riding eighty miles on horseback, and on the
next ballot the two carried Delaware for the resolution. The popular
sentiment in Pennsylvania was for independence, and organized conditions
so changed suddenly that Franklin, Morton, and Wilson voted for, Willing
and Humphreys, while Dickinson and Morris stayed away from the Con-
gress and in this way refrained from voting. When the final vote was taken
three delegates only voted against the resolution, viz: Willing and Hum-
phreys of Pennsylvania, and Read of Delaware, the New York Delegates
still refrained from voting. On the 9th, however, the New York delegates
were authorized by their state to sign, thus making the vote unanimous
so far as the States were concerned.

On the 19th of July the Congress ordered the Declaration “passed on
the 4th, fairly engrossed on parchment with the title and style of ‘The
Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America’; and
that the same, when engrossed, be signed by every member of Congress.”

Following this in the Journal under date August 2d it reads, “The
Declaration of Independence being engrossed, and compared at the table,
was signed by the members.” It does not say how many of the members
signed at this time. Certain it is that the fifty-six signatures were not
attached on this date. It appears certain that no one signed on the 4th
except John Hancock for and on behalf of the Congress, and only a part
on August 2d. It is quite certain that George Wythe signed about August
27: Richard Henry Lee, Elbridge Cerry, and Oliver Wolcott in September;
Thornton in November, and Colonel McKean says he did not sign till
in 1781. Thus six names were attached after August 2d, making it more
than probable that fifty signed on the latter date.

The New York delegates of course did not sign on July 4, for the reason
they had no authority to vote for the Declaration or to sign it. Thornton,PEAT EEA EP PRU EEEEEPAE EAT EGE OOO RISE

 

   

 

     

INDEPENDENCE HALL IN WHICH DECLARATION WAS
ADOPTED AND SIGNED (PRESENT APPEARANCE).

ONGRESS held its sessions during the consideration of the Declar-
C ation in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. Prior to the adoption

of the Declaration, the building was known as the State House. It
faces the north side of Independence Square, so the Chestnut Street front is
properly the rear of the building. The State House, originally constructed
for the purpose of accommodating legal business, the dispensation of
Colonial statutes for Pennsylvania, and the transaction of various other
matters, was commenced in the year 1729 and completed in 1734.

During the progress of the struggle for Freedom, the State House was
signalized by many scenes which transpired within it, and was, at one
time, used as a hospital for wounded soldiers. Here, Washington bade
farewell to public life and delivered his memorable address. Here, in 1824,
Lafayette received his friends.

The interior of Independence Hall has been restored, and contains
many authentic historical relics. The East Room is the one of great in-
terest, for it was the one occupied by the Second Continental Congress
which adopted the Declaration.Rush, Clymer, Smith, Taylor, and Ross could not have signed on that
date for the good reason that they were not yet members of the Congress.
Clinton, Alsop, R. R. Livingston, Wisner, Willing, Humphreys, and Rogers
were members on the 4th but never did sign.

Samuel Chase, who was absent on important business in Maryland,
wrote to John Adams under date of July 5, inquiring, “How shall | transmit
to posterity that | gave my assent?’ Adams answered on the 9th that
‘‘As soon as an American seal is prepared | conjecture the Declaration will
be subscribed by all the members, which will give you the opportunity
you wish for, etc.”

Elbridge Gerry also was anxious on this point, and wrote to both John
and Samuel Adams under date of July 21, from Kingsbridge, N. Y., desiring
to know if they could not sign his name as his proxy. This, with other
corroborating facts, it would seem, fully supports the conclusion that no
member of the Congress signed on the 4th except John Hancock.

Under act of Congress, approved July 27, 1789, which authorized the
Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs to take charge of all “‘records,
books, and papers in the office of Secretary for the Department of Foreign
Affairs,’ the Declaration of Independence was deposited in that Depart-
ment; and under an act approved September 15, 1789, which changed the
title of the Department to Department of State, and the Secretary thereof
to Secretary of State, that officer was authorized to “have the custody and
charge of all books, records, and papers remaining in the office of the late
Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, etc.”’

The Declaration of Independence, with other records, was deposited
in the Department of State, and has, to all intents and purposes, remained
in the custody of this Department since.

The Declaration is on parchment, and the paper shows distinctive
signs of cracking, which is probably due more to the injury done the paper
in the process of making a facsimile in 1823, under the order of President
James Monroe, than to time or the little handling or jarring the document
has received. In 1894 it was hermetically sealed in a frame and placed in
a steel cabinet with the original signed copy of the Constitution, where it
is at this time, locked and sealed, by order of Secretary Hay, and is no
longer shown to anyone except by his direction.

The steel cabinet in which the parchment copies of the Declaration and
Constitution are kept stands immediately to the right as one enters the
north door of the library of the Department of State. On the left of the
door in another steel cabinet may be seen two pages of the original draft
of the declaration in Jefferson’s handwriting, with a few interlineations
made by Franklin and John Adams. In the same cabinet and immediately
above the original draft may be seen a facsimile of the engrossed copy.
This facsimile was made, as has been already stated, by order of President
James Monroe, in 1823, for the purpose of giving a copy to each of the
signers then living and their heirs.PIBE Rae BE eis

then known as the State House, and was rung to announce the sign-

ing of the Declaration of Independence. It was cast in England for the
State House, and was brought from there in 1752; in being taken from the
ship it met with an accident which spoiled its tone, and it was recast under
direction of Isaac Norris, Speaker of the State Assembly, in Philadelphia
in 1753, when the words “‘Proclaim liberty throughout all the land and
unto all the inhabitants thereof,’ were inscribed upon it. It was Norris
who suggested this inscription—an inscription more prophetic than the
author dreamed of. When the British occupied Philadelphia, the bell
was taken down and hidden in the Delaware River near Trenton, but was
afterward hung in its old position, and for several years rung every Fourth.
In 1835 it was broken while tolling for the death of Chief Justice Marshall.
In 1854 it was placed in the hall of the Old State House on a pedestal with
thirteen sides representing the number of original States. In 1893 it was
carried to Chicago for the World’s Fair, and in many cities throughout
which it was carried was greeted with special demonstrations.

IBERTY BELL formerly hung in the dome of Independence Hall,The Journal History of the Declaration of
Independence

Saturday, June 8, 1776. ‘Resolved, That the resolutions respect-
ing independency be referred to a committee of the whole Congress.’

The Congress then resolved itself into a committee of the whole, and
after some time the president resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison re-
ported that the Committee have taken into consideration the matter to
them referred, directed him to move for leave to sit again on Monday.

Resolved, That the Congress will, on Monday next, at 10 o'clock,
resolve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their farther
consideration the resolutions referred to them.

Monday, June 10, 1776. Agreeable to order, the Congress resolved
itself into a committee of the whole to take into their farther considera-
tion the resolutions to them referred; and, after some time spent thereon,
the president resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the com-
mittee have had under consideration the matters referred to them, and
have come to a resolution thereon, which they directed him to report.

The Resolution agreed to in committee of the whole Congress being
read:

Resolved, That the consideration of the first resolution be postponed to Monday,
the first day of July next; and in the meanwhile, that no time be lost in case the Congress
agree thereto, that a committee be appointed to prepare a declaration to the effect of the
said first resolution, which is in these words: ‘“That these United Colonies are, and of right
ought to be, free and Independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the
British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great

Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.”

Tuesday, June 11, 1776. “Resolved, That the Committee for pre-
paring the declaration consist of five. The members chosen: Mr. Jefferson,
Mr. John Adams, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Sherman, and Mr. R. R. Livingston.

Tuesday, June 25, 1776. A declaration of the deputies of Pennsyl-
vania, met in provincial conference, was laid before Congress and read,
expressing their willingness to concur in a vote of Congress, declaring the
United Colonies free and independent States.

Friday, June 28, 1776. “Francis Hopkinson, one of the delegates
from New Jersey, attended and produced the credentials of their appoint-
ment,” containing the following instructions:

If you shall judge it necessary or expedient for this purpose, we empower you to join
in declaring the United Colonies independent of Great Britain, entering into a confedera-

tion for union and common defense, etc.

Monday, July 1, 1776. “‘A resolution of the convention of Maryland,
passed the 28th of June, was laid before Congress and read,” containing
the following instructions to their deputies in Congress: ““That the deputies
of said colony or any three or more of them, be empowered to concur withCARPENTERS’ HALL, PHILADELPHIA, MEETING-PLACE
OF FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.

the meeting place of the First Continental Congress. On Monday,
September 5, 1775, fifty-four delegates, from twelve colonies, assembled
here. It was a congregation of men, viewed in every important aspect,

(Gee aertice HALL, Philadelphia, near by Independence Hall, was

such as the world had never seen. Among its members were Washington,
Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Payton Randolph. From this
Congress emanated the resolutions and measures which led to the exist-
ence of the present national government. Here was that liberty conceived
which had its birth in Independence Hall.

The venerable building was erected in 1724 by the Carpenters’ Com-
pany, a society of carpenters and architects. It is a brick structure, with
steps leading to it and surmounted by a little cupola at the head of a court
running south from Chestnut Street between Third and Fourth. After
the first Congress removed from the building it was occupied at different
times by various bodies representing the Province of Pennsylvania. Dur-
ing the Revolution it was used as a hospital for American soldiers. It has
been occupied by the Philadelphia Library, the land office of the United
States, and the Bank of Philadelphia. It has been restored to its original
appearance, and its walls are hung with mementoes of olden times.the other United Colonies, or a majority of them, in declaring the United
Colonies free and independent States, in forming such further compact
and confederation between them,” etc.
The order of the day being read:—
Resolved, That this Congress will resolve itself into a committee of the whole to take

into consideration the resolution respecting independence.
That the Declaration be referred to said committee.

The Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole. After some
time the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the
committee had come to a resolution, which they desired him to report,
and to move for leave to sit again.

The resolution agreed to by the committee of the whole being read,
the determination thereof was, at the request of a colony, postponed
until to-morrow.

Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, resolve itself into a
committee of the whole to take into consideration the Declaration respect-
ing independence.

Tuesday, July 2, 1776. The Congress resumed the consideration of
the resolution reported from the committee of the whole, which was agreed
to, as follows:

RESOLVED, THAT THESE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT
OUGHT TO BE, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; THAT THEY ARE AB-
SOLVED FROM ALL ALLEGIANCE TO THE BRITISH CROWN, AND THAT ALL
POLITICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THEM AND THE STATE OF GREAT
BRITAIN IS, AND OUGHT TO BE, TOTALLY DISSOLVED.

Agreeable to the order of the day the Congress resolved itself into a
committee of the whole: and after some time the President resumed the
chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have had under
consideration the Declaration to them referred, but not having had time
to go through the same, desired him to move for leave to sit again.

Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into a committee
of the whole to take into their farther consideration the declaration respecting independence.

Wednesday, July 3, 1776. Agreeable to the order of the day the
Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole to take into their
farther consideration the Declaration and after some time the President
resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee, not
yet having gone through it, desired leave to sit again.

Resolved, That the Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into a committee
of the whole to take into their farther consideration the Declaration of Independence.

Thursday, July 4, 1776. Agreeable to the order of the day the
Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole to take into their
farther consideration the Declaration, and after some time the President
resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had
agreed to a declaration, which they desired him to report.JEFFERSON WRITING THE DECLARATION.

EFFERSON’S admitted mastery of the pen secured him the election

as Chairman of the Committee to draft the Declaration. An able

State paper was demanded, and Jefferson was the person for the task,
particularly so, as Bancroft has aptly said, “from the sympathetic char-
acter of his nature, by which he was able with instinctive perception to
read the soul of the nation, and having collected in himself its best thoughts
and noblest feelings, to give them out in clear and bold words, mixed with
so little of himself that his country, as it went along with him, found nothing
but what it recognized as its own.” He wrote, “from the fullness of his
mind, without consulting one book.”THE COMMITTEE DISCUSSING THE DRAFT OF THE DECLARA-
TION PREPARED BY JEFFERSON.

N June 11th, 1776, Congress resolved that the Committee for pre-
paring a Declaration of Independence consist of five persons. The
members were chosen, as usual, by ballot, and stood in the following

order: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman,
and Robert R. Livingston. The Committee unanimously pressed Mr.
Jefferson to undertake the draft. He did so, but before submitting the
paper to the full committee, communicated it separately to Dr. Franklin
and Mr. Adams, requesting their corrections, which were two or three
only and merely verbal. The report was then laid before the entire Com-
mittee, which made no amendments; and on the 28th June, it was pre-
sented in Congress by its author. It was immediately read, and ordered
to lie on the table.HPT

 

 

  
  
  
  
 

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THE BELLMAN INFORMED OF THE PASSAGE OF
THE DECLARATION.

T was two o'clock in the afternoon when the final decision was an-
nounced by Secretary Thompson to the assembled Congress in Independ-
ence Hall. It was a moment of solemn interest; when the secretary

sat down, a deep silence pervaded that august assembly. Thousands of
anxious citizens had gathered in the streets of Philadelphia, for it was
known that the final decision was to be made on that day. From the
hour when Congress convened in the morning, the old bellman had been
in the steeple. He placed a boy at the door below to give him notice when
the announcement should be made. As hour succeeded hour, the gray-
beard shook his head, and said, ““They will never do it! they will never do it!”
Suddenly a loud shout came up from below, and there stood the blue-
eyed boy clapping his hands and shouting, “‘Ring! ring!’’ Grasping the
iron tongue of the old bell, backward and forward he hurled it a hundred
times, its loud voice proclaiming “Liberty throughout all the land, unto
all the inhabitants thereof.”ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE PASSAGE OF THE DECLARATION.

 

 

 

   

; Qe
READING OF THE DECLARATION AT THE
STATE HOUSE, BOSTON.

ie <PUBLIC READING OF THE DECLARATION
AT PHILADELPHIA.

HE first celebration of the Signing of the Declaration was on August 8,
1776, in the State House Grounds, Philadelphia, where every eye
could gaze upon the bell that proclaimed Liberty throughout the

world. The Committee of Safety went in a body to the State House yard,
where, in the presence of a great concourse of people, the Declaration of
Independence was read by John Nixon. The reading was heard distinctly
from many of the residences of the neighborhood. “The bells rang all
day and almost all night,” says John Adams in a letter to his wife, ‘“‘and
even the chimers chimed away,” alluding to the chimes of Christ Church,
the congregation of which were suspected of lukewarmness to the Revolu-
tionary cause. There were bonfires, illuminations, and other great demon-
strations of joy upon the unanimity and agreement of the Declaration.

Congress held its sessions during all these memorable proceedings, in
a room on the first floor of the eastern end of the central building of the
State House, thenceforth forever known as Independence Hall.

The Declaration was read to a vast assemblage collected in and around
the State House, in Boston, by Colonel Crafts at noon, on the 17th of
July, when the last paragraph escaped his lips, a loud huzza shook the old
“Cradle of Liberty.’’ It was echoed from without; and soon the batteries
on Fort Hill, Dorchester and Nantasket boomed forth their cannon ac-
clamations in thirteen rounds. A banquet followed, and bonfires and il-
luminations made glad the city of the Puritans.Ra tee |
Teal eed aay 4
t apt Fb

READING THE DECLARATION AT THE HEAD OF
THE ARMY IN NEW YORK.

EW YORK received the news of the adoption of the Declaration on
the 9th, and on the evening of that day, at the same hour on which
Nassau Hall at Princeton was illuminated and Independence pro-

claimed, at six o'clock in the evening, all the troops of the city were assem-
bled on the Common and formed in a hollow square. Presently Washing-
ton and his staff rode into the center, and the immortal words were read.
They were received with enthusiastic demonstrations of delight.

iTEARING DOWN.THE STATUE OF GEORGE III.

received with enthusiastic demonstrations of delight, and amid the

ringing of bells and jubilant shouts, the multitude, impelled by the
new-born spirit of Independence, rushed in a body to the City Hall, and tear-
ing the picture of George III from its frame, rent it in pieces and trampled
it under foot. Proceeding thence to the Bowling Green, they hurled from
its pedestal the statue of the royal tyrant which they had set up in a fit
of ill-judged enthusiasm a few years before, and dragged it in triumph
through the streets of the city. The statue later was demolished, the
lead to be run into bulle s ‘‘to assimilate with the brains of the adversary.”’
The statue of Pitt escaped desecration upon this occasion; yet the people
had lost much of their reverence for their former idol, and the statue had
already received considerable mutilation from their hands.

As some of the soldiers were implicated in this popular effervescence,
Washington the next morning, in his general orders, denounced the pro-
ceedings as having the effect of a riot, and strictly forbade such irregularities
in the future.

Y ‘HE reading of the Declaration of Independence on the Common wasr

 

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READING THE DECLARATION THROUGHOUT THE
COLONIES.

N the 5th of July, Congress ordered that copies of the Declaration
be sent to the Assemblies, Conventions, and Councils of Safety,
and to the Commanding officers of the Continental troops, that
it be proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head of the Army.
The welcome extended to the Declaration was enthusiastic in nearly every
part of the country. The formal proclamation was made a holiday occa-
sion at every point of public assemblage. The people gathered as on gala-

days and great shouts of joy rang out from villages and towns as the Declara-
tion was read to the inhabitants by the officers.tant THE
naa! PPRGERERS ORDERS!

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

JOSIAH BARTLETT.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

OSIAH BARTLETT was born in Amesbury, Mass., in Nov. 1729, the son
of Stephen Bartlett. He received a medical education, and during the
prevalence of the Angina Maligna at Kingston in 1754, his successful

antiseptic practice in the use of the Peruvian bark established his fame.
Being appointed a delegate to the Continental Congress, his name was
first called as representing the most easterly province on the vote of the
Declaration of Independence, and he boldly answered in the affirmative.
In 1777, as medical agent, he accompanied Stark to Bennington. After
his withdrawal from Congress, he was appointed Chief Justice of the Court
of Common Pleas; later, he became a Justice of the Superior Court and
finally Chief Justice.

He was elected the first Governor of New Hampshire under the new
form of government. Of the medical society, established by his efforts
in 1791, he was the president. The duties of his various offices were faith-
fully discharged. He was a good physician, devoting most of his time to
his profession. His patriotism induced him to make great sacrifices for the
public good. By the force of his talents, without much education, he
rose to his various high offices. His mind was discriminating, his judgment
sound, and in all his dealings he was scrupulously just. In his last years
his health was impaired, and after the loss of his wife, his spirits were

greatly depressed. He died suddenly May 19, 1795.WILLIAM WHIPPLE.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

ILLIAM WHIPPLE, JR., was born in Kittery, Maine (New Hamp-
shire), Jan. 14, 1730, son of William Whipple. His father re-
moved from Ipswich to Kittery, and followed the sea. William, Jr.,

subsequently made several voyages to the West Indies on merchant vessels,
amassing some fortune. In 1759, he established a business partnership
with his brother Joseph in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He early espoused
the cause of the Colonies and soon became a leader among the opposition
to British authority. He was elected a member of the Provincial Congress
of New Hampshire, and was chosen by that body, one of the committee
of safety. In January, 1776, he was chosen a delegate to the Continental
Congress, and was among those who, on the fourth of July of that year,
voted for the Declaration of Independence. Upon his retiring from Congress,
he was appointed a Brigadier-General of Militia, and was active in the
campaign against Burgoyne. He also was a member of Sullivan’s expedi-
tion against the British on Rhode Island. He declined his appointment
as commissioner of the Board of Admiralty. He was appointed in 1782
by Robert Morris financial agent in New Hampshire, but resigned soon
after the appointment. He was president of the board appointed to settle
a land dispute between Pennsylvania and Connecticut, concerning the
Wyoming domain. Subsequently, he was appointed State Superintendent
of Finance, Judge of the Superior Court, and held many other offices until

his death, which occurred in Portsmouth, N. H., November 28, 1785.LU

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

MATTHEW THORNTON.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

ATTHEW THORNTON was born in Ireland, in 1714; received

an academic education in the schools of Worcester, Mass.;

studied medicine and surgery under Doctor Grout, and engaged
in the practice of his profession at Londonderry, N. H.; was a surgeon
in the expedition against Cape Breton in 1745; was a colonel of militia,
and held the office of Justice of the Peace, was first president of the Pro-
vincial Convention which convened in 1775; signed an address to the people
of the colony urging resistance to the Crown in June, 1775; was elected
speaker of the General Assembly January 5, 1776; was appointed on Septem-
ber 15, 1776, by the House of Representatives for one year as a Delegate
in Congress, and took his seat in November of that year, four months
after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, but he immediately
declared in favor of it and was allowed to sign. Benjamin Rush, James
Wilson, George Ross, George Clymer, and George Taylor, like Thornton,
were not present in Congress on July 4, 1776, when the Declaration of
Independence was ratified; indeed, they had not even been chosen Dele-
gates at that date. Mr. Thornton was appointed Chief Justice of the Court
of Common Pleas in 1776, and on January 10, same year, was appointed
Judge of the Superior Court of New Hampshire; was elected to Congress
December 24, 1776; removed to Exeter in 1779, and in 1780 retired to a
farm on the banks of the Merrimac. He died in Newburyport, Mass.,
June 24, 1803.JOHN HANCOCK.

MASSACHUSETTS.

OHN HANCOCK was born near Quincy, Massachusetts, 12 Jan., 1737.
He was the son of Rev. John Hancock of Braintree, after whose death
he was educated by his uncle, a wealthy merchant of Boston, in
whose counting room he was placed; and at his uncle’s death, he inherited
his large fortune and extensive business. The seizure of his ship ““Liberty”’
for evading the laws of trade occasioned a riot, the citizens of Boston becom-
ing enraged at the conduct of the custom-house officers, who barely escaped
with their lives. This occurrence increased the popularity of Hancock.

As a member of the Provincial Legislature, he warmly opposed the
measures of the British Ministry, and, together with Samuel Adams, was
exempted from pardon in Governor Gage’s proclamation, 12 June 1775.
He delivered an oration commemorating the Boston Massacre, fearlessly
and powerfully reprobating the conduct of the soldiery, exceeding in its
eloquence the expectations of every one. He gave additional umbrage to
the government by declining the appointment of Councillor. Chosen
president of the Provincial Congress in 1774, he was sent to the General
Continental Congress at Philadelphia in 1775, of which body he was presi-
dent until 1777, being the first to sign the Declaration of Independence.
He possessed a fine address and great impartiality and made a good pre-
siding officer. After his return to Massachusetts, he was elected Governor
a number of times and served in many important public capacities. He

died 8 October, 1793.SAMUEL ADAMS.

MASSACHUSETTS.

AMUEL ADAMS was born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 27, 1722. Unsuccess-
ful as a merchant, he became eminent as a writer. His able writings
in opposition to the administration of Shirley procured him public

esteem and confidence. He was a member of a political club which origi-
nated important measures, and fomented hostility to the Stamp Act and
the other oppressive measures of the British Parliament. For ten years he
was a representative. Courageous and ardent, he was yet prudent, and
knew how to bend the passions of others to his purpose. After the Boston
Massacre, he was chairman of the committee that demanded of Governor
Hutchinson the removal of the troops. He was one of the earliest and most
zealous advocates of independence, which he had avowed as early as 1769,
and which he wished to have declared immediately after the battle of
Lexington. He was one of those who matured the plan of a genera! congress,
and was an active member from September 5, 1774, to 1781, rendering
most important services to his country. He was a member of the conven-
tion which adopted the Federal Constitution, though objecting to some of
its provisions. As a speaker, he was pure, concise, logical and impressive.
Jefferson attributed to him a greater share than to any other member of
Congress in advising and directing its measures in the Northern War.JOHN ADAMS.

MASSACHUSETTS.

OHN ADAMS, born October 19, 1735, at Braintree, on the south shore
of Boston Harbor. He began the practice of law in Suffolk County
in 1758; was the author in a town meeting of the notable Stamp Act

resolutions; removed to Boston in 1768, and two years later was chosen a
representative to the General Court; was one of five delegates from Massa-
chusetts to the Congress in Philadelphia in 1774, and on his return home
was elected a member for Braintree of the Provincial Congress, then in
session; was a member of the Continental Congress in 1775; was appointed
Chief Justice of the State in 1776, and resigned the office in 1777; was
one of the leading and most strenuous upholders of the Declaration of
Independence, as reported by Jefferson during the three days’ debate
preceding its adoption; was appointed a commissioner to France, and
sailed for his post in the frigate Boston February 12, 1778, and arrived
there April 8, following; soon after his return was appointed by Congress
minister plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain of peace
and commerce; was appointed in 1780 by Congress commissioner to
negotiate a loan in Holland, and in the same year was appointed minister
to that country with special commission to sign the articles of armed
neutrality; in 1788 returned home and was elected to the Continental
Congress; was elected Vice-President in 1789, and reelected in 1792; suc-
ceeded Washington as President in 1796; was member of the Convention in
1820 to revise the constitution of his State; died at Braintree, July 4, 1826.ROBERT TREAT PAINE.

MASSACHUSETTS.

OBERT TREAT PAINE was born in Boston, Mass., in 1731. His
R father was a clergyman, and his mother, the daughter of the Rev. Mr.

Treat, of Barnstable County. Graduating from Harvard College, he
taught school for a time. He then made a voyage to Europe, and upon
his return he prepared himself for the ministry. Relinquishing theology,
and after studying law with Mr. Pratt, he commenced law practice in
Boston, but after a short residence there, he removed to Taunton, where
he became a powerful opponent and rival of the celebrated Timothy Ruggles.
He early espoused the popular cause, and attended the Provincial Con-
vention as a delegate from Taunton. He was chairman of the committee of
vigilance in Taunton in 1773, and during the same and following year was
elected a member of the Provincial Assembly.

Mr. Paine was an advocate for a Continental Congress, and while a
member of the assembly, was elected a delegate to the General Congress.
He was deputized by this Congress, with two others, to visit the army of
General Schuyler at the North for the purpose of observation, which com-
mission was performed with entire satisfaction. In December, 1775, he
was again elected to the General Congress, where he was very active,
and on the 4th of July, the following year, he voted for the Declaration of
Independence, and was one of its signers. After his retirement from the
General Congress, he held many important offices in his State, the last one
being Judge of the Supreme Court. He died in 1814, at the age of 84 years.ELBRIDGE GERRY.

MASSACHUSETTS.

LBRIDGE GERRY, born at Marblehead, Mass., July 17, 1744,
was a graduate of Harvard University, and having acquired by
mercantile pursuits a competency, he took an early and active part

in the Revolutionary struggle. In 1772 he represented his native town
in the State Legislature, and, although one of the youngest members of that
body, took a principal part in the debates.

Gerry was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776, where he con-
tinued with few intermissions for nine years. He was appointed one of
a committee to visit Washington at Valley Forge. Up to the time of the
organization of the treasury board in 1780, he was generally chairman of
the committee of the Treasury, and in the latter part of 1779, was one of
the delegates to Philadelphia for the purpose of devising some correction
for the bad condition of the currency.

Upon his retirement from Congress, he was chosen a delegate to the
convention which met at Philadelphia in 1787 to frame the Constitution
of the United States, and was one of those who refused to affix their signa-
tures to the instrument adopted. In 1797 he was sent on a special mission
to France, accompanied by General Pinckney and Mr. Marshall, with the
object of preserving peace. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor
of his State on several occasions, but was elected for two terms. He was
elected Vice-President of the United States in 1812. He died suddenly
on his way to the Capitol as President of the Senate, November 23, 1814.UAPERREEE RE EA DOG

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

STEPHEN HOPKINS.

RHODE ISLAND.

TEPHEN HOPKINS was born at Scituate, R. I]., March 7, 1707.
He was self-taught, and bred a farmer. Removing to Providence,
he engaged in mercantile business, and in surveying. His first public
ofhce was that of Justice of the Peace. He became an active member of
the Rhode Island Legislature, and was Speaker of the Assembly for nine
years. Upon his retirement from that position, he became Chief Justice of
the Court of Common Pleas, and later, of the Supreme Court. Mr. Hopkins
was a delegate to the Colonial Convention at Albany in 1754, and one of
the committee who drew up a plan of union. He was elected Governor of
Rhode Island for a number of terms. He was a member of the First Con-
tinental Congress and remained a member of that body until 1778. He
had been from the beginning a staunch opponent of the oppressive measures
of Parliament. While a member of the Rhode Island Legislature, he was
chairman of a committee to draft instructions to the general assembly on
the Stamp Act, the resolutions which were reported and passed, were sub-
stantially the same as those carried by Patrick Henry in the Virginia
House of Burgesses. A clear and convincing speaker, he used his influence
in Congress in favor of decisive measures. He was one of the committee
that drafted the Articles of Confederation. Hopkins was a superior mathe-
matician; and for many years Chancellor of Brown University. Not-
withstanding his defective early education, his knowledge of literature,
science and political economy was extensive. He died July 13, 1785.WIEEVAM) BEER RY

RHODE ISLAND.

ILLIAM BEE RY was born at Newport, Re Je: December 22, 1727.

He graduated from Harvard University, and became a merchant

in Newport. He was a naval officer of the colony and one of
the incorporators of Rhode Island College, and clerk of the general assem-
bly. He became a lawyer in 1770, was a member of the Committee of
Safety, of the Committee of Investigation, of the Committee of Military
Defences, and of a committee to bear a memorial to Washington at Cam-
bridge. On the death of Governor Samuel Ward, a delegate of Congress,
he was chosen to fill the vacancy, and took his seat May 14th, 1776.

He affixed his name to the Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776,
and he often spoke of the signing of the Declaration. He spoke of it as
an event which many regarded with awe, perhaps with uncertainty, but
none with fear. ‘‘I was determined,”’ he used to say, “‘to see how they
all looked, as they signed what might be their death warrant.”

Ellery remained in Congress until 1781, was re-elected and served a
second term. He was a member of the Marine Committee, and subsequently
of the Board of Admiralty. On leaving Congress at the end of 1775, he
found his home burned by British soldiers, his treasures destroyed, and
his native town, Newport, in ruins. In April, 1786, he was elected by
Congress, Loan Commissioner for the State of Rhode Island, and sub-
sequently was appointed by President Washington, Collector of the United
States Customs at Newport. He retained this office till his death in 1820.ROGER SHERMAN

CONNECTICUT.

OGER SHERMAN was born at Newton, Mass., on April 19, 1721.
R In early life he was a shoemaker and after the death of his father
he supported his mother and several younger children by his indus-
try, at the same time employing all his leisure time in acquiring knowledge,
especially of mathematics. In 1743 he joined an elder brother in keeping
a small store in New Milford, Conn., and the next year was appointed
County Surveyor of lands. Meanwhile he studied law and was admitted
to the Bar in 1754. He was elected to the Connecticut Assembly
several times and in 1759 became a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas.
Removing to New Haven in 1761, he became a Judge of the same court
there, holding the office until 1789.

In 1774 he was chosen a delegate to the first Continental Congress.
He continued in Congress until his death, at which time he was in the
United States Senate. Judge Sherman was one of the Committee appointed
to draft the Declaration of Independence. From 1784 until his death, he
was Mayor of New Haven, and was chiefly instrumental in securing the
ratification of the National Constitution by Connecticut. He was one of
the most useful men of his time. Jefferson declared that he ‘‘never said

a foolish thing in his life.’” He died in New Haven, Conn., July 23, 1793.SAMUEL HUNTINGTON.

CONNECTICUT.

AMUEL HUNTINGTON was born at Windham, Conn., July 3, 1731,
and was a descendant of one of the Puritan settlers of Saybrook and Nor-
wich. His father, a farmer and clothier, gave three sons a liberal educa-

tion, but kept Samuel at home to work on the farm and learn the cooper’s
trade. The young man gave his leisure time to study, and when he was
twenty-two borrowed some law books, and set his face toward profes-
sional life. After a brief season of practice in Windham, he settled in
Norwich in 1758, and here his success was rapid and steady. In 1765 he
was appointed Royal Attorney for the province. He held this office for
nine years, and then became a Judge of the Superior Court. In 1784 he was
promoted to the office of Chief Justice. His political career began in 1764,
and eleven years later, he entered the Governor's Council. Though an
officer of the King, he was an outspoken friend of liberty, and on October
2nd, 1775, was elected to the Continental Congress, and voted for the
Declaration, July 4, 1776. He was President of Congress for two years.
On the occasion of his retirement, which was due to increasing infirmity,
Congress passed a vote of thanks in testimony of appreciation of his con-
duct in the chair and in execution of public business. In 1785 he was
elected Lieutenant-Governor and the following year succeeded Matthew
Griswold in the Governor’s chair, which office he held by successive re-
elections until his death in 1796.HPEATONHOEAOCNDOOTOOEYOED

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

WILLIAM WILLIAMS.

CONNECTICUT.

ILLIAM WILLIAMS was born at Lebanon, Conn., April 18,
1731. He graduated at Harvard in 1747, after which he studied
theology a year under his father.

In 1755, the war between France and England having been renewed,
Williams took an active part in all the skirmishes near Lake George. Upon
his return to Lebanon, he became a merchant, and while thus engaged
was elected Town Clerk, serving from 1756 until 1801. In 1780 he was
elected to the Upper House of the State Assembly, of which he subsequently
became Clerk and Speaker, and served for twenty-four years. Except
when in Congress, he was seldom absent during the ninety sessions of his
membership.

He became Colonel of the Twelfth Regiment of Militia in 1773, but
resigned his commission to accept a seat in the Continental Congress, and
was one of the signers of the Declaration. When Continental paper money
was refused by soldiers in payment for military service, Col. Williams
exchanged it for $2,000 in specie, for which he was never reimbursed, the
paper currency having never been redeemed by Congress.

Appointed councillor in 1780, he held the office over twenty-four years,
and during that period was elected Judge of the County and Probate
Courts of Windham, serving forty years. In 1787-88, Judge Williams
was a member of the Connecticut Convention that ratified the Constitu-

tion of the United States. He died at Lebanon, August 2, 1811.PHILIP LIVINGSTON.

NEW YORK.

HILIP LIVINGSTON was born in Albany, N. Y., January 15, 1716.

He graduated from Yale, and became a prominent merchant_in

the City of New York where he was alderman from 1754-58. The
next year he became a member of the Provincial Assembly, in which he
was one of the Committee of Correspondence with the colonial agent in
England, Edmund Burke.

He labored to promote the agricultural and commercial interests of
the colony, and in 1764 uttered a firm, but respectful protest against
taxation by England without consent or representation. He was a member
of the first Congress and held a seat in that body until his death, at York,
Pennsylvania, where their session was being held, while the British had
possession of Philadelphia. Mr. Livingston was associated with Lee and
Jay in the preparation of two state papers put forth by the first Congress
and was very active on the most important committees.

Soon after the signing of the Declaration he was made a member of the
Board of the Treasury and in 1777 was placed upon the Committee of the
Marine and also elected to the New York Legislature with additional
power to frame a new constitution for the State. He patriotically sold
part of his property to sustain the public credit just before his death. He
assisted in founding the Chamber of Commerce and in establishing King’s

College, now Columbia. He died at York in 1778.FRANCIS LEWIS.
NEW YORK

RANCIS LEWIS was born at Llandoff, Wales, in 1713. He studied

at Westminster, began business in London, emigrated to America and

after two years in Philadelphia, established himself in New York,
whence he traveled to all parts of the globe, meeting with many adven-
tures, and acquiring a sufficient fortune. His brief military experience, as
an aide to General Mercer in the French War, led to his capture at Fort
Oswego, and deportation to Canada, and thence to France, and somewhat
later to his possession of a large tract of land. He was a member of the
Stamp Act Congress in 1765, and one of the earliest and most generous
of the Sons of Liberty. The earlier years of the Revolution were fatal to
his property, which was mainly within the British lines; his house at
Whitestone, L. I., was burned, and his wife imprisoned in New York,
whence Washington, at the order of Congress, procured her release. Mean-
time, he was a member of that body, to which he was elected in 1775. He
was in Congress until 1779, and in that year became a commissioner of the
Board of Admiralty. A true patriot, he bore cheerfully the loss of his
wealth, and long survived the period of the war and the confederation.
He died in New York in his 91st year, December 30, 1803, leaving a son,
Morgan Lewis, who became Chief Justice and Governor of the State, and a

Major-General in the War of 1812.LEWIS MORRIS.

NEW YORK.

EWIS MORRIS was born at Morrisania, Westchester County, N. Y.,
in 1726. He graduated from Yale in 1746, and then entered on
the care of an estate at his native place, where he became a farmer.

When the order for quartering British troops was given in 1767 he was
vigorously in opposition to the measure.

In 1775, he became a delegate to Congress and served on the Committee
of Ways and Means to supply the Colonies with ammunition and arms.
The same year he went to Pittsburg to negotiate for the friendship of the
Indians and on July 4, 1776, voted for and signed the Declaration, in con-
sequence of which his large property was devastated by the English Army,
and his family driven into exile, from which they only returned on the
evacuation of New York in 1783. In 1777 he relinquished his seat in
Congress and was elected to the Legislature of his State, where he displayed
undaunted spirit and untiring zeal. While in the militia, which he assisted
in organizing and equipping, he rose to the rank of Major-General.

he latter part of his life, like its beginning, was spent upon his fine

estate at Morrisania, where he died January 22, 1798, in the seventy-
second year of his age.RICHARD STOCKTON.

NEW JERSEY.

graduated at the College of New Jersey; admitted to the Bar, and

soon became eminent in his profession, and very popular asa citizen.
He was a member of the Council, later Judge of the Supreme Court of New
Jersey, and was elected to Congress in 1776, in time to participate in the
debates on the subject of independence. He signed the Declaration and
cordially supported the measures of the Continental Congress, in which he
was active and influential. He was sent on a mission to the Northern
Army, and soon after his return, in November, 1776, a party of Loyalists
captured him. He was cast into prison and was so ill-treated that when he
was exchanged, his health was so shattered that he never recovered. The
British destroyed his library when they occupied Princeton at the close
of 1776, and devastated his estate in the suburbs of Princeton, which he
called ‘“‘Morven.”” The portraits of the signer and his wife were pierced
with bayonets, and the only books in his library which were saved were
the Bible and ““Young’s Night Thoughts.’’ He died on his estate, February

R erect STOCKTON was born near Princeton, N. J., Oct. 1,1730;JOHN WITHERSPOON.

NEW JERSEY

OHN WITHERSPOON was born in Gifford, Scotland, February 5, 1722.
Educated at the University of Edinburgh, he was licensed to preach at
twenty-one. When the Young Pretender landed in England, Witherspoon

marched at the head of a corps of militia to join him. He was taken prisoner
at Falkirk, and remained in Donne Castle until the battle of Culloden.
While settled at Paisley, he was called in 1767 to the Presidency of the
College of New Jersey at Princeton, his reputation as a scholar being widely
known, and was inaugurated in 1768. At the beginning of the Revolution
the college was for a time broken up, when President Witherspoon assisted
in the patriotic political movements. He also assisted in framing a State
Constitution for New Jersey and went as a delegate to Congress in time to
advocate and sign the Declaration. From 1776 to 1783, he was a punctual
attendant of Congress, serving faithfully on important committees. He was
a member of the Secret Committee and of the Board of War. In Congress
he opposed the repeated issues of paper money and he wrote and published
much on the topics of the times. In 1783 he went to England to collect
funds for the college. He died near Princeton, N. J., September 5, 1794.FRANCIS HOPKINSON.

NEW JERSEY.

RANCIS HOPKINSON was born in Philadelphia in 1737. His father

was an Englishman, and a friend of Benjamin Franklin. Francis

was the first scholar entered at the University of Pennsylvania and
was graduated with the first class. He read law with Benjamin Chew and
was admitted to the Bar. His republican principles caused his removal
from a lucrative office in New Jersey. He was a member of Congress in
1776—and was distinguished during the Revolution by his political and
satirical writings. His best known is “The Battle of the Kegs.’’ He was
Judge of Admiralty for ten years and United States District Judge from
1790 until his death. He died in Philadelphia, May 9, 1791.

In January, 1778, while the channel of the Delaware River was nearly
free of ice, some Whigs at Bordentown, N. J., sent floating down the stream
some torpedoes in the form of kegs filled with powder, and so arranged with
machinery that on rubbing against an object they would explode. It was
hoped that some of the torpedoes might touch a British war vessel, explode
and sink her. One of them touching a piece of floating ice in front of the
city, blew up and created intense alarm. For twenty-four hours afterwards
not a thing was seen floating on the bosom of the river without being fired
at by musket or cannon. The event greatly amused the Americans, and
Hopkinson wrote the satirical poem ‘““The Battle of the Kegs.”JOHN HART.
NEW JERSEY.
OHN HART was born in Hopewell Township, N. J., in 1708. He was
a farmer, without military ambition, and took no active part in the
French Wars. He served in the Provincial Legislature and was
the promoter of laws for the improvement of roads, the founding of schools
and the administration of justice. He was known in the community as
“Honest John Hart.’ In 1765, on the passage of the Stamp Act, he was the
first to recognize the tyrannical character of that measure, and assisted in
the selection of delegates to the Congress that was held in New York in
October of that year. He served in the Congresses of 1774 and 1775, and
>n 1776 was elected with four others to fill the vacancies caused by the
resignation of the New Jersey delegation who were unwilling to assume the
responsibility imposed by Lee’s Resolution of Independence. John Hart,
the signer of the Declaration, is frequently confounded with John de Hart,
one of the number that resigned. In 1777-8 he was chosen Chairman of
the New Jersey Council of Safety, and when that State was invaded by
the British, his stock and farm were destroyed, his family forced to flee and
every effort was made to capture the aged patriot. He lived in the forest
and suffered privation and distress, including the death of his wife, until
the battle of Trenton and Princeton in December, 1777, secured the evacua-
tion of the greater part of New Jersey. He then returned to his farm and
passed the rest of his life in agricultural pursuits. He died in 1780.ABRAHAM CLARK.

NEW JERSEY.

BRAHAM CLARK was born at Elizabethtown, N. J., February 15,
A 1726. Brought up on a farm and allowed his own way, he became
a surveyor and real estate agent, and did much office business in the

way of deeds and mortgages. Though never admitted to the Bar, Clark
mastered the rudiments of law, became a general adviser and was called
“the poor man’s counselor.’”” Among his offices under the King were those
of Sheriff of Essex County and Clerk of the New Jersey Assembly. A
warm and inflexible patriot, he was on the Committee of Safety, and in
June, 1776, went to Congress where he sat until 1778, and from 1780 until
the end of the war. He was an active member of the New Jersey Legisla-
ture, and of such great repute at home that his neighbors supposed him to
be the author of all that was done there, whether he approved of it or not.
He attended the Annapolis Convention of 1786, was elected to that which
framed the United States Constitution, although he is said to have been ill
at the time. He was again a member of the Continental Congress during
its last two sessions, a commissioner to settle the accounts of his State with
the new Federal Government in 1789, and a member of the second and third
Congresses. Smarting under the memory of the old oppressions he intro-
duced, in 1794, a resolution to suspend all relations with England until
every article of the Treaty of 1783 should be carried out; this was passed
in the House, but narrowly defeated in the Senate. He died of sunstroke
at Rahway, N J., in 1794.ROBERT MORRIS.
PENNSYLVANIA.

OBERT MORRIS was born at Liverpool, England, 20 Jan. 1733.

At thirteen years of age, he came with his father to Philadelphia;

entered the counting-house of Charles Willing, and, later, became a
partner in the business. He was prominent in opposition to the Stamp
Act, and, in signing the Non-Importation Act, the house of Willing and
Morris made a great sacrifice. As a member of the Ways and Means Com-
mittee of the Congress of 1776, his personal credit was exerted to the utmost,
especially at the close of 1776, when the term of the service of the troops
had expired. He again performed a similar service in aid of General Greene’s
prosecution of the Southern Campaign in 1780 and raised $1,400,000 to
enable Washington to proceed in the expedition which resulted in the cap-
ture of Cornwallis at Yorktown. He founded the Bank of North America,
and during the latter period of the Revolution was superintendent of
finance, pledging his personal credit whenever his official resources were
inadequate. He became a member of the Legislature of Pennsylvania and
of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution, and also a
United States Senator. He was offered the post of Secretary of the Treasury,
but declined, and named Alexander Hamilton for that office. In his old
age he embarked in vast land speculations, which proved ruinous to his
fortunes; and he passed the latter years of his life in prison for debt. He

died 7th May, 1806.BENJAMIN RUSH.

PENNSYLVANIA.

ENJAMIN RUSH was born near Philadelphia, Dec. 24, 1745, and was
descended from one of Cromwell’s officers, who came to America. He
studied medicine in Edinburgh, London and Paris, became one of the

most eminent physicians of his time, and filled professional chairs. He
was early and actively interested in the cause of liberty, wrote much for the
press, and in the Pennsylvania Provincial Conference moved to urge
Congress to a separation. In June, 1776, he was sent to Congress to fill a
vacancy. Rush was a surgeon to the Pennsylvania Navy in 1775-76, and
for the Military Hospitals, for which services he would take no pay. In
1787 he was a member of the Pennsylvania Convention which ratified the
United States Constitution and framed one for the State.

In December, 1789, his chair was exchanged for that of the theory and
practice of medicine previously held by Dr. John Morgan, who had founded
the Medical School. Certain additions were made in the Department and
the college was merged in the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Rush held
the post while he lived. During the prevalence of yellow fever in Phila-
delphia, only Dr. Rush treated it successfully. He saved the lives of at
least 6,000 people in Philadelphia, and he is said to have treated 100 patients
in one day. His writings are numerous and valuable. He died in Phila-

delphia in 1813.BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

PENNSYLVANIA.

ENJAMIN FRANKLIN was born in Boston, Mass., Jan. 17, 1706:

was the son of a tallow chandler; acquired his education principally in

the printing office; landed in Philadelphia seventeen years of age, a
friendless and practically a runaway apprentice. He entered a printing
office there, and within a few years founded the Philadelphia “Gazette”
and became world renowned as the publisher of ‘‘Poor Richard’s Almanac.”’
He assisted in the establishing of many philanthropic and educational
enterprises of great local importance. He spent many years in the
diplomatic service of the colonies. He made a journey to England in 1757
with a petition to the King praying that the Penn proprietary estates be
taxed for the defense of the province, and two years later appeared again
at the Court of England imploring the repeal of the Stamp Act. He served
on many of the important committees of the Congress of 1776 and was
one of the five who drew up the Declaration of Independence. The Congress
sent him to France to secure her aid and sympathy in our Revolutionary
struggle, his fame as a scientist and thinker having preceded him there.
He accomplished his mission with great success. He negotiated and signed
the definite treaty of peace with the mother country November 30, 1782.
He returned to his country in 1785 at the age of seventy-nine years. He

died in Philadelphia, April 17, 1790.PPTULHOAPUAEROAVUEESUOPO OUST OSE OROEOTOOROOE ODED

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

JOHN MORTON.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Swedish ancestry. His father died before his birth, but he was cared for

by his step-father, and was fairly educated. He acquired a knowl-
edge of the law, was long in the Assembly and its speaker from 1772-1775.
Soon after his entrance into political life he attended the Stamp Act Con-
gress in 1765 in New York. He was High Sheriff of the county (1776-70),
and in his later years President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and a
Judge of the Supreme Court, as well as a member of the Continental Con-
gress from its beginning in 1774. As to the question of separation from
Great Britain, opinions in the Province differed greatly and in 1776 its
delegation was divided on this subject. Taking his seat late in July, Morton
showed high and disinterested courage in giving his casting vote for the
Declaration, thus committing his province to the Revolution, and offending
a number of his friends, who were Loyalists or timid Conservatives. This
estrangement weighed upon his mind in his last hours and he thought it
necessary to send them a message averring that the action which they
blamed was “‘the most glorious service I ever rendered my country.”
He helped to frame the plan of confederation, but did not live to see it
adopted, dying of a fever at his birthplace near Philadelphia in April, 1777.

J ses MORTON was born in Ridley Township, -Pa., in 1724; was ofGEORGE CLYMER.

PENNSYLVANIA

EORGE CLYMER was born in Philadelphia in 1739; was an active
patriot during the War for Independence, and a member of the
Council of Safety. In July, 1775, he was made joint Treasurer of

Pennsylvania with Mr. Hillegas; and when in December, 1776, Congress fled
to Baltimore, Clymer was one of the Commissioners left in Philadelphia to
attend to the public interests. He was appointed Commissioner to treat
with the Indians at Fort Pitt, and, later, assisted in organizing the Bank
of North America. At the close of the war he made his residence at Prince-
ton, N. J., and in 1784 was a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature.
He was a member of the Convention that framed the National Constitu-
tion, and was a member of the first Congress under it. After serving as
Collector of the Excise duties in 1791, which led to the. Whisky Insurrection,
and after serving on a commi’sich ‘to treat ‘ith Southern Indians, Mr.
Clymer, after concluding a treaty, withdrew from public life. He was one
of the founders of the Pennsylvania Agricultuva) Sotiety; the Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts, and the Pennsylveria Bank:”. He died in Morris-
ville, Pa., January 23, 1813.JAMES SMITH.

PENNSYLVANIA.

AMES SMITH was born in Ireland at an unknown date, probably not
later than 1720. His father, a farmer, emigrated to this country.
The son was sent to the College of Philadelphia, and became a lawyer.

Settling at York, Pa., where most of his active life was spent, he rose to
prominence, started and operated an iron mill in the vicinity, was for a
time the only member of the bar in that town, and became locally noted
as awit. Asa patriot, he was active and prominent at an early date, having
the credit of raising the first company in the province for the defence of
liberty, and afterward gained the title of colonel. He was one of the dele-
gates from the various counties who met in 1774 to discuss non-importa-~
tion and the calling of a Congress. He took part in the Pennsylvania
conventions and conferences which prepared the way for independence,
and with Dr. Rush and Thomas McKean, framed the resolutions looking
to that end, in opposition to those who strove to maintain the connection
with Great Britain. Sent to the Continental Congress in July, 1776, he
afhxed his signature to: the. .Declaratien, and kept his seat for two years
and four months. ‘He.was. subsequently:asmember of the Legislature of
his State, a Judge of ihe: Court ‘of ‘Appeals, ‘a Brigadier-General of Militia,
and was appointed an advocaté far his Statedn the dispute as to the Wyoming

lands. He urged the-adoption-of*the Rederal Constitution, and died at
York, July 11, 1806.GEORGE TAYLOR.

PENNSYLVANIA.

EORGE TAYLOR was born in Ireland, in 1716, son of a clergyman,
and received a liberal education under the tuition of his father and
other tutors; began the study of medicine, and emigrated to America

in 1736: when he arrived in Philadelphia he was wholly without means,
and was bound to an iron manufacturer at Durham, Pa., whom he served
as a clerk for a number of years; upon the death of his employer he assumed
charge of the business for the estate and conducted it with success. He
was elected to the Provincial Assembly which met at Philadelphia October
15, 1764, and reelected successively till 1770, and at all times took a leading
part in the proceedings of that body; was elected County Judge and Colonel
of Militia; his business not proving profitable in the new field, he relocated
at Durham, and was elected to the Provincial Assembly in 1775, and was
placed on the Committees of Safety, on Grants of the Crown, Military
Preparations, and a special committee created to draw up instructions for
delegates to the Continental Congress, which were against absolute separa-
tion, and five of the Pennsylvania delegates refused to vote for the resolu-
tion favoring independence; the Provincial Assembly revoked the instruc-
tions in June, 1776, and elected new delegates favorable to independence,
George Taylor being one of the five; he took his seat in Congress the day
of his election, and promptly signed the Declaration of Independence,
with the other delegates, August 2. He retired from Congress in 1777.
He died February 23, 1781.TT) " ATT Hie
PEULTEEUATEYTANEOOEAVOREAOAERVOONEOOPESSOOEEROOEESEOOA ESOL

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

JAMES WILSON.

PENNSYLVANIA.

studied successively at Glasgow, St. Andrew's and Edinburgh; then
emigrated to America where he was employed as a tutor in the college
and academy; a few months afterwards he commenced the study of law
in the office of John Dickinson, and after his admission to the bar, practiced
successfully at Reading, then at Carlisle, then at Annapolis, and then re-
turned to Philadelphia where he continued to reside during the rest of his
life. Upon the opening of the controversy with Great Britain, he wrote
and published his sentiments with great freedom and boldness. He was a
member of the conventions held in 1774 and 1775 and took his seat in
Congress, May 10, 1775 and voted in favor of the Declaration of Independ-
ence in opposition to the majority of his colleagues from Pennsylvania.
He was a member of subsequent Congresses, and was Advocate-General of
France until 1783, when the French sent him a present of 10,000 livres..
e was a member of the convention which framed the Constitution of the
United States; was one of the committee who reported the draft, and in
the State convention was efficient in procuring its adoption. He was
subsequently a member of the convention which changed the constitution
of Pennsylvania, and was one of the committee to make the draft. In
1789 he was appointed a Judge of the United States Supreme Court. He
died at Edenton, N. C., August 28, 1798.

J saci WILSON was born near St. Andrew’s, Scotland, 1742. HeGEORGE ROSS.

PENNSYLVANIA

EORGE, ROSS was born at Newcastle, Del., in 1730. _He was the

son of an Episcopal minister, who was originally a Presbyterian,

and emigrated to this country from Scotland about 1703, and was
for a time chaplain to the Governors of Pennsylvania. The subject of this
sketch studied law in Philadelphia and began practice at Lancaster, Pa.,
in 1751, soon taking a high place at the bar. He was a member of the
Pennsylvania Assembly, 1768-70, and prepared a Declaration of Rights
after the dissolution of the Proprietary government. He was a delegate to
the Ccntinental Congress, 1774-1777; he was the last man of the Pennsyl-
vania Delegation to sign the Declaration, and ably contributed to the
defense of the Colonies against the British. Ross prepared the reply to
the message of Governor Penn who sought to restrain the province from
acting against England. In 1777 he resigned on account of illness, refusing
a valuable present from his constituents, giving as his reason that he had
done no more than his duty. Later he acted as a commissioner to treat with
the Indians whom he befriended and protected. He became a Judge of
the Court of Admiralty only three months before his death at Lancaster,
in July, 1779. He was the author of a report urging vigorous action in the
prosecution of the defense of Philadelphia.TTT T

MTT TTT TTT MTT
ATUL AOL OTAVOVAVETOSEVEVEAEV EPA OGAAPOONOOLOIOE ELLE

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

CAESAR RODNEY.

DELAWARE.

AESAR RODNEY was born at Dover, Del., Oct. 7, 1728. He was
C sheriff of Kent for several years, captain of militia, a Justice of the
Peace and Judge of the lower courts. He superintended the printing

of Delaware currency in 1759, and served many terms in the Assembly.
He was sent as a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress in New York and
when the act was repealed he was appointed by the Legislature of Delaware
to frame an address of thanks to the King. In 1772, he was appointed
a commissioner to erect a State House and other public buildings at Dover.
He was chairman of the Committee of Safety of Delaware and a delegate
to the Continental Congress from 1774-1784; and appointed to makea
statement of the rights and grievances of the colonists. He was appointed
colonel of militia in May, 1775, joined Washington the next year at Morris-
town, N. J., but returned to Delaware in 1777. Rodney was chosen Judge
of the Admiralty the same year, having refused the appointment of judge
of the newly organized court of Delaware. He collected troops to prevent
the British from joining their fleet and in September, 1777, was appointed
Major-General of militia. He was elected a delegate to the Continental
Congress that met at Philadelphia, Pa., July 2nd, 1778, but did not take
his seat, having that year been elected president of ‘‘Delaware State,” in

which capacity he served till 1782. He died of cancer June 26, 1784.GEORGE READ.

DELAWARE.

EORGE READ was born in Cecil County, Maryland, Sept. 18, 1733.

His father, John Read, came from Ireland early in the 18th century

and settled in Cecil County where, with six others, he founded and
laid out Charlestown. George attended school at Chester and New London;
he studied law with John Moland of Philadelphia, Pa., and entered upon
its practice at Newcastle, Delaware, in 1754. He was the first Attorney-
General for Delaware, 1763-75; a member of the General Assembly,
1765-1767; a delegate from Delaware to the Continental Congress, 1774—
1777 and president of the convention that framed the first constitution
of the State of Delaware, in September, 1776. He voted against the adop-
tion of the Declaration of Independence, but finally signed the instrument
and was one of its firm supporters. He declined the presidency of the
State in 1776, and was elected its vice-president, becoming acting-president
upon the capture of President John McKinley, in October, 1777, and
serving until March of the next year. In 1782 he was appointed Justice
of the Court of Appeals in admiralty cases; he was a delegate to the com-
mercial convention held at Annapolis, Md., president of the Delaware
deputies to the United States Constitutional Convention, held at Phila-
delphia, and a signer of the instrument. He was elected United States
Senator from Delaware, 1789-93; but resigned in 1793 to take his seat as
Chief Justice of the State of Delaware, having been appointed by Governor
Clayton. He died in Newcastle, Delaware, in 1798.THOMAS McKEAN.

DELAWARE.

HOMAS McKEAN was born March 19, 1734, Chester County, Pa.
He went to school at Newcastle, Del., where he made his home for
many years. Admitted to the bar in 1755, and to practice in the
Supreme Court two years later, he became Deputy Attorney-General in
the County of Sussex, Delaware. In the General Congress at New York,
in 1765, he, with Lynch and Otis, framed the address to the British House
of Commons. He was a member of the Continental Congress of 1774, and
was annually re-elected until February 1783, being the only man who was,
without intermission, a member during the whole period of the War. He
was particularly active and useful in -promoting the Declaration of In-
dependence which he signed; and a few days after that event, marched
with a battalion to Perth Amboy, N. J., to support Washington. He re-
turned to Delaware to prepare a constitution for that State which he drew
up in the course of a night, and which was unanimously adopted the next
day by the Assembly. At that period, as he relates, he was “hunted like
a fox by the enemy;” he was compelled to move his family five times in
a few months; and at length placed them in a little log-house on the banks
of the Susquehanna, but they were soon obliged to leave this retreat on
account of the Indians. He was a member of the convention that framed
the Constitution of Pennsylvania and Governor of that State nine years.
He was highly esteemed for integrity, impartiality, and learning.SAMUEL CHASE.

MARYLAND.

AMUEL CHASE was born in Somerset County, Maryland, April 17,
1741. After his admission to the bar, he began practice at Annapolis,
and soon rose to distinction. He was a member of the Colonial Legis-

lature for twenty years; was a strong opposer of the Stamp Act; a member
of the Committee of Correspondence, and a delegate to the Continental
Congress from 1774 to 1779. He was a fellow commissioner with Franklin
and Carroll to seek an alliance with the Canadians, and was efficient in
changing the sentiments of Maryland in favor of independence, so as to
authorize him and his colleagues to vote for the Declaration which he
signed. From 1791 to 1796 he was*Chief Justice of his State, and a warm
supporter of the Administrations of Washington and Adams. In the ses-
sions of Congress of 1804, it was determined to impeach Judge Chase, then
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was an
ardent Federalist and warmly attached to the principles of Washington’s
Administration. At the instance of John Randolph, of Virginia, Demo-
cratic leader of the House of Representatives, he was impeached for his
conduct during the trial of Callender and Fries, solely upon political grounds.
Having been summoned by the Senate to appear for trial, he did so. His
case excited much sympathy and indignation. His age, his Revolutionary
services, and his pure judicial character, all pleaded in his favor, and not
in vain, for he was acquitted. He died June 19, 1811.WILLIAM PACA.

MARYLAND.

ILLIAM PACA was born in Wyehall, Md., in 1740, the descendant
of a wealthy planter on the east shore of Maryland, in which state
the family had resided for several generations. He was graduated

at Philadelphia College in 1759, entered the Middle Temple, London, as a
student in 1762, and was admitted to the Bar two years later. He opposed
the operation of the Stamp Act in 1765 and every succeeding measure of
the British government that asserted its right to tax the colonies without
their consent. He was a member of the State Legislature from 1771 to
1774 and was active in his opposition to the royal government. He was
a member of the Committee of Correspondence in 1774, a delegate to
Congress from 1774-1779 and signed the Declaration of Independence.
Paca was embarrassed in the earlier part of his career by the opposition
of his constituents to a separation from Great Britain, and it was not until
June, 1776, that the Maryland convention withdrew their restrictions upon
the votes of their delegates in Congress. On the adoption of the Con-
stitution of Maryland he was made State Senator. He was Chief Judge
of the Superior Court of that State from 1778 to 1780 and then became
Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals in prize and admiralty cases. He was
Governor of Maryland from 1782 to 1786, a delegate to the State Con-
vention that ratified the United States Constitution in 1788 and was
United States District Judge from 1789 till his death in 1799.THOMAS STONE.

MARYLAND.

HOMAS STONE was born in Charles County, Md., in 1743. He

daily rode ten miles to school to acquire a classical education and

borrowed money to enable him to study law at Annapolis. In 1770
he began to practice in Frederick, and two years later moved to Charles
County, purchasing a farm near Port Tobacco. He early espoused the
cause of his country in the disputes with the British government, and was
elected to the Continental Congress in 1774. The Maryland delegates,
notwithstanding their instructions in favor of reconciliation, voted for the
resolution declaring the authority of the crown had ceased. Late in June
these instructions were recalled leaving them free to vote for the Declara-
tion. Although he bore no active parts in the debates of Congress he served
on committees that were entrusted with important matters. Of the Com-
mittee on Confederation, appointed in 1776, he was the only member from
his province. Being re-elected to Congress in February he labored in this
committee till the Articles of Confederation were finally agreed to by vote.
Stone, declining a re-election to Congress, entered the Maryland Senate,
where he could be more useful to the patriotic cause. In 1783 he was again
re-elected to Congress and in the session of 1784, he served on most of the
important committees. He declined re-election and devoted himself thence-
forth to his duties in the State Senate in which he opposed a proposition to
establish paper currency. After the death of his wife he abandoned his
large legal practice, became melancholy, and died in 1787.CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON.

MARYLAND.

HARLES CARROLL, of Carrollton, was born at Annapolis, Md.,
September 20, 1737. His family were wealthy Roman Catholics,
the first appearing in America at the close of the seventeenth century.

He studied law in France and London; returned to America in 1764, and
became a writer on the side of the liberties of the people. He inherited a
vast estate, and was considered one of the richest men in the colonies.
Early in 1776, Mr. Carroll was one of the committee to visit Canada to per-
suade the Canadians to join the other colonies in resistance to the measures
of Parliament. His colleagues were Dr. Franklin and Samuel Chase. The
mission was fruitless, and when in June, the committee returned to Phila-
delphia, it found the subject of independence under consideration in Con-
gress. Carroll and Chase induced Maryland to change its attitude. Car-
roll was the last survivor of that band of fifty-six patriots who signed the
Declaration of Independence. Mr. Carroll served his State in its Assembly,
in the National Congress, and in other responsible offices, with fidelity and
ability. At the age of over ninety years, he laid the corner-stone of the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, attended by an imposing civil procession.
He was accustomed to sign his name “‘of Carrollton” to preventconfusion,

as there was another Charles Carroll. He died in Baltimore, Md., Nov.14, 1832.THOMAS JEFFERSON.

VIRGINIA.

HOMAS JEFFERSON was born at Shadwell (afterwards called
Monticello), Virginia, April 2, 1743. He studied law under Judge
Wythe, and after admission to the Bar was elected a member of

the House of Burgesses, and while a member with Patrick Henry devised the
celebrated Committee of Correspondence. He took his seat in Congress
June 21, 1775, and was placed upon the most important committees;
drew up the reply of Congress to Lerd North's proposal, and assisted Dick-
inson in preparing in behalf of the Colonies a declaration of the cause of
taking up arms. He was made chairman of the committee appointed to
draw up a Declaration of Independence, the result of his work there being
well known. He retired from Congress in October, 1776, to take part in
the deliberations of the Virginia Assembly, where he succeeded in having
repealed many of the old Virginia laws and a system established in con-
formity with his views of the functions of government. He served as
governor two years, and soon after his retirement his estate was laid waste
and he and his family narrowly escaped capture. Upon Washington’s inau-
guration as President he was appointed Secretary of State, and became a
strong opponent of the financial measures proposed by Alexander Hamilton.
He was Vice-President under the Adams’ administration and was elected
President in 1808, serving two terms, during which time the Louisiana
Purchase was made. He died July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the
adoption of the Declaration.BENJAMIN HARRISON.

VIRGINIA.

ENJAMIN HARRISON was born at Berkley, Charles County, Va.,
about 1740. Asa member of the House of Burgesses in 1764, he served
on the committee that prepared the memorials to the King, the

Lords and the Commons, but opposed, with many other prominent men, the
Stamp Act Resolutions of Patrick Henry as impolitic. He was chosen one
of the Committee of Correspondence, which united the colonies against
Great Britain, and was appointed one of the delegates to Congress, and was
four times re-elected to a seat in that body. On 10 June, 1776, as Chair-
man of the Committee of the Whole of Congress, he introduced the reso-
lution that had been offered three days before by Richard Henry Lee,
declaring the independence of the American colonies, and on the 4th of July,
he reported the Declaration of Independence, of which he was one of the
signers. On his return from Congress he became a member of the Virginia
House of Delegates under the new constitution, was chosen speaker, and
filled that office until 1781, where he was twice elected Governor of the
Commonwealth. As a delegate to the Virginia Convention of 1788 he op-
posed the ratification of the Federal Constitution, taking the ground with
Patrick Henry, James Monroe and others, that it was a national and not
a federal government, although when the instrument was adopted, he gave
it his hearty support. In person, Benjamin Harrison was large and fleshy;
in spite of the gout, his good humor was unfailing. His third and youngest
son, William Henry, became the ninth President of the United States.THOMAS NELSON, JR.

VIRGINIA.

HOMAS NELSON was born at Yorktown, Va., December 26, W338:

He was educated at Cambridge, England, and, returning home,

when not yet twenty-one years of age, was elected to the House of
Burgesses. He was a member of the popular convention at Williamsburg
in 1774 and 1775; he was conspicuous in the Virginia convention which,
in 1776, framed a State Constitution. He was then a member of the Conti-
nental Congress in which he voted for and signed the Declaration of Inde-
pendence. The marauding expedition of Matthews in 1779 caused him to
organize the militia to repel it; and a call for a loan of $2,000,000 having
been made by the State, Nelson raised the larger portions of it on his
personal property. His patriotic sacrifices so impaired his ample fortune
that he suffered pecuniary embarrassments in the later years of his life.
A part of the year 178] he was Governor of the State. Commanding the
militia at the siege of Yorktown, he directed the artillery to bombard his
own fine stone house, standing within the British lines, the supposed head-
quarters of Cornwallis. After the surrender, General Nelson passed the
rest of his days in retirement in impaired health. He died at Yorktown,
Virginia, January 4, 1789, so poor that his remaining possessions were sold
to pay his debts. The statue of Nelson is one of the six composing the
Washington monument at Richmond.TUAEAELOTOLOHOTES TOT OROLOLE

 

 

 

 

 

 

FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE.

VIRGINIA.

land County, Virginia, October 14, 1734, fourth son of Thomas Lee,

for many years president of the Virginia Council, and at the time of
his death, Governor. The family was ancient in England, and illustrious
in American History for several generations through many of its members.
His great grandfather, Richard Lee, came to Virginia as a Royalist; his
father, a man of almost prophetic foresight, attempted the exploration of
the Ohio Valley; four of his five brothers, Thomas L., Richard Henry, William
and Arthur Lee won eminence in the public service. ‘“‘Light-Horse Harry”
Lee was his cousin. He was carefully educated by a private tutor, inherited
a sufficient fortune, and sat in the House of Burgesses. After his marriage
he lived in Richmond County on the Rappahannock. As a member of
Congress, 1775-79, he was little on the floor, but much in committees, and
a steadfast friend and supporter of General Washington. Besides signing
the Declaration, he bore a part in framing the Articles of Confederation
and earned the gratitude of New England by maintaining that peace should
be made with the mother country, only on a basis of her concession of
American rights in the fisheries of Newfoundland as well as the opening of
the Mississippi. He had little ambition and was content with the easy life
of a country squire, and was noted for affability, gayety and wit. He died
on his estate of Monocan in Richmond, Virginia, April 3, 1797.

Prise ce LIGHTFOOT LEE was born at Stratford House, Westmore-CARTER BRAXTON.

VIRGINIA.

He graduated at William and Mary College, and at the age of nine-

teen, married Judith Robinson. When she died, two years later, he
went to England where he remained till 1760. In 1765, he took his seat in
the House of Burgesses and was present when Patrick Henry presented
his resolutions on the Stamp Act. Stirred by the fiery eloquence of Henry,
he supported them unhesitatingly. He was a member of the Virginia
Convention in 1769, and, when it was suddenly dissolved by Lord Bote-
tourt, signed the non-importation agreement. Braxton was chosen as a
delegate to Congress in 1775 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Peyton Randolph, and as such voted for and signed the Declaration. He
was in Congress only one session, Virginia having voted to reduce the num-
ber of delegates from seven to five. He resumed his seat in the Virginia
Legislature and held it until 1786, when he was appointed a member of
the Council of State and continued as such until 1791. After an interval
of two years he was again elected to the Executive Council and served until
his death. He became largely engaged in commerce, but during the Revolu-
tion his ships were captured, and his last years embittered by financial
troubles. He died in Richmond, Virginia, in 1797.

(Ci ara BRAXTON was born at Newington, Virginia, in 1736.WILLIAM HOOPER.

NORTH CAROLINA.

ILLIAM HOOPER was born in Boston, Mass., June 28, 1742.

He studied under the celebrated John Lovell, who prepared him

for college. Graduated from Harvard in 1760, he studied law

under James Otis and seven years later he settled in practice at Wilmington,
Hooper took an active part with the government against the ““Regu-
lators’” who were defeated at Alamance in 1771. He represented the
Wilmington district in the House of Commons in 1773; was one of the five
projectors of a Provisional Congress which met at New Bern in 1774 and
represented the State of North Carolina in the Continental Congress,
1774-1777. He was speaker of the Hillsborough and Halifax, N. C. con-
ventions in 1776, and wrote an eloquent address to the British Parliament.
He signed the Declaration, served on important committees, and resigned
his seat in Congress in order to earn money to support his family. He
was forced to leave Wilmington upon the occupation of the city by the
British, but returned after the evacuation and removed the following year
to Hillsborough. He was a Federal judge in the New York and Massa-
chusetts boundary commission dispute in 1786 and retired from public

life the next year. He died in Hillsborough, North Carolina, Oct. 14, 1790.JOSEPH HEWES.

NORTH CAROLINA.

OSEPH HEWES was born at Kingston, Somerset Co., N. J., in 1730.
In 1763 he removed to Edenton, N. C., and in that same year was
chosen to the State Senate. He was chosen a delegate to the General

Congress at Philadelphia. He aided in preparation of the report on the
statement of the rights of the colonists in general; favored non-importation,
although the measure was detrimental to his business, and in other ways,
was a most useful member. The Society of Friends held a general con-
vention at which the proceedings of Congress were denounced, and Hewes
thereupon withdrew from that religious body. When the vote was taken
on the question of adopting the resolution in favor of independence, Hewes,
contrary to instructions, cast a negative ballot. Finally, a delegate proved
by communications from the various colonies that popular sentiment was
strongly in favor of the measure, whereupon Mr. Hewes “‘started suddenly
upright and lifting up both his hands to Heaven, as if he had been in a
trance, cried out, ‘It is done and I will abide by it.’”’ He was re-elected
to Congress a number of times and died while a member in 1779. Mr.
Hewes was a man of prepossessing appearance and of great delicacy and
refinement and was fond of society. He was buried in Christ Church, in
Philadelphia, his funeral being attended by General Washington, the
members of Congress, and many other persons of distinction.PUTUEUES PATA EAEOVOROCOELOTOROGEOOEOSEAU CO ELEE

 

 

 

 

 

 

JOHN PENN.

NORTH CAROLINA.

OHN PENN was born in Carolina County, Virginia, in 1741. Owing
to a singular neglect on the part of his parents, who could well afford
to pay the expenses of his tuition, at the age of eighteen, when his

father died, he had only been instructed for a few years at a country school,
and was largely self-educated. He studied law with his relative, Edmund
Pendleton, was admitted to the bar in 1762 and displayed great ability and
eloquence in practice. Having moved to Greenville County, N. C., his
nearest relatives having removed there a short time before, he soon became
distinguished in his profession and in September, 1775, was chosen to the
Continental Congress to supply a vacancy. He signed the Declaration
of Independence in 1776 and was re-elected in 1777 and in 1779. When
Cornwallis invaded North Carolina, Mr. Penn was placed in charge of
the public affairs of that State, given almost dictatorial powers, and he
discharged the duties of his trust withcredit. In March, 1784, he was ap-
pointed Receiver of Taxes for North Carolina which office he resigned the
following April. His reason for so doing was principally owing to the fact
that the State, while eagerly maintaining the cause of independence by
resolutions, refused to furnish the means by which it could be secured.
Mr. Penn afterward resumed the station of a private citizen, and being
possessed of sufficient property, was employed in discharging his private
duties with benevolence during the remainder of his life. He died in North

Carolina, in 1788.EDWARD RUTLEDGE.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

DWARD RUTLEDGE was born at Charleston, South Carolina,
November 23, 1749, and read law.in the office of his brother John,
and completed his legal studies in England where he was entered at

the Temple. Upon his return home, he commenced practice, and was ob-
taining distinction, when he was chosen to the First Congress at Phila-
delphia. He continued a member until 1777, taking an active part in the
debates. He was made a member of the first Board of War, and was one
of the committee to confer with Lord Howe, one of the British commis-
sioners. He was again appointed to Congress in 1779, but was prevented
by indisposition from taking his seat. His native state having become
the theatre of war, Mr. Rutledge commanded a company of artillery,
which succeeded in dislodging a party of regular troops from Port Royal
Island. He was made a prisoner in 1780 at Charleston, and suffered a
year’s confinement at St. Augustine, befere he was exchanged. He resided
near Philadelphia, until the evacuation of Charleston. He then returned
home, and resumed the practice of his profession. In the legislature of his
state he drew up the act for the abolition of the rights of primogeniture;
he was opposed to the further increase of African slavery in the South, and
was an untiring advocate of the Federal Constitution. He was subsequently
colonel of a regiment of artillery, and supplied the place of General Pinckney
in the Senate in 1794. He was elected governor, and declined a seat on

the bench of the United States Supreme Court. He died January 23, 1800.THOMAS HEYWARD, JR.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

He was carefully educated at home, read law in an office at
Charleston, went to London for further studies, which he pursued
diligently in the Temple, and spent some time in a tour of Europe. Re-
turning to this country much impressed and offended by the prevalent
British contempt for colonists, he began practice and gained eminence
as an advocate of freedom. He was a member of the first Assembly that
was exempt from Royal influence and of the first Committee of Safety
in his province. Sent to Congress in 1775, he affixed his name to the Declara-
tion and kept his seat until 1778. After this he served his state, both on
the bench and in the field, received a wound at Beaufort, and as judge of
the South Carolina Court sentenced certain Tories to death while Charles-
ton was invested by the British army. He took part in the defense of
the city and on its fall in 1780 was carried with his friends to St. Augustine.
Returning after a year’s imprisonment, he found his land had been ravaged
and his slaves taken away. He exercised his office as Judge till 1799, and
in 1790 helped frame the Constitution of his State. His last years were
spent on his paternal estate. He died March 6, 1809.

ics HEYWARD, JR., was born in St. Luke’s parish, S. C., in
1746.THOMAS LYNCH, JR.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

He was sent, at the age of twelve, to England where he was educated

at Eton College and Cambridge University, and studied law in the
Temple, London, but returned home in 1772 before completing his course,
having a distaste for the legal profession. He devoted himself to culti-
vating a plantation on North Santee River, which his father conveyed to
him, and took part in the public discussions of colonial grievances. On
the organization of the first regiment of South Carolina provincials in 1775
he was commissioned as captain, and while raising his company in North
Carolina, contracted swamp fever. His connection with the regiment was
severed soon afterward by his unanimous election by the Provincial Assem-
bly, to be his father’s successor in the Continental Congress, his father
having been stricken with paralysis. On his arrival in Philadelphia he
took his seat in the Congress of 1776, and notwithstanding his own poor
health, impressed that body with his earnestness and eloquence. One of
his last public acts was to affix his signature to the Declaration. In the
fall, his ill health compelled him to return to the South. His health con-
tinued to decline, and, as a last hope he embarked about the close of 1779
for St. Eustatius. The vessel in which he sailed was seen for the last time
when a few days out at sea, and was probably lost in a tempest.

[Beas LYNCH, JR., was born in Prince George Parish, S. C., in 1749.ARTHUR MIDDLETON.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

1742. The family was one of great wealth and prominence. Arthur

was sent to England where he attended the Harrow School, West-
minster, and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1765, after his return, he
was elected to the Colonial Assembly and continued to represent his parish
for many years. In 1775 he was an active member of the Council of Safety
and of the South Carolina Congress, urging vigorous measures and helping
to prepare and report a constitution for the State. The next year he was
sent to Congress, in place of his father, and signed the Declaration. While
in Philadelphia in 1776-77 he and John Hancock did much to overcome
sectional jealousies. Returning home the next year he declined the govern-
orship, because the constitution adopted that year did not meet with
his approval. He took a prominent part in the defence of Charleston, and
on its fall was sent to St. Augustine, Florida, and kept a prisoner with the
other leading patriots. His estates were ravaged and his income much
diminished by the casualties of war. On his exchange he sailed to Phila.
delphia, and was again in Congress from 1781-83. He wrote a few political
tracts, signed, “Andrew Marvell,” and after the war was in the State Senate,
where he strove to reconcile opposing elements. He died in his forty-sixth
year at his home on the Ashley River in 1788.

A RTHUR MIDDLETON was born on the Ashley, S. C., June 26,BUTTON GWINNETT.

GEORGIA.

UTTON GWINNETT was born in England about 1732. He received

a good education and after engaging in mercantile pursuits in Bristol

emigrated to Charleston, S. C., and then removed to Savannah, Ga.,
where in 1765 he was established as a general trader. In 1770, he purchased
a plantation on St. Catherine’s Island, Ga., and gave his attention to
agriculture. Previous to 1775 Mr. Gwinnett had not taken an active part
in politics, but the subsequent enthusiasm with which he maintained the
colonial rights early attracted attention. At the meeting of the Provincial
Assembly held in Savannah in 1776, he was appointed a representative in
Congress, signed the Declaration, and in the fall was re-elected for the
ensuing year. In February, 1777, he was appointed a member of the State
Government and is said to have furnished the basis for the Constitution
that was finally adopted. In March 1777 Mr. Gwinnett was appointed
to the presidency of the Provincial Council and in May was an unsuccessful
candidate for Governor of the State. During the Revolution Gwinnett’s
property was totally destroyed. He was also an unsuccessful candidate
for Brigadier-General of the Continental Brigade to be levied in Georgia.
General Lachlan McIntosh was successful and Gwinnett regarded him as
an enemy ever afterward. Various circumstances intensified his animosity,
a duel was fought, from the result of which Gwinnett died.LYMAN HALL.

GEORGIA.

from Yale in 1747, became a physician and removed to Dorchester,

South Carolina, and later to Sunbury, Georgia, where he secured a
large practise. He was zealous and influential in promoting the Revolu-
tion, being a member of the Provincial Congresses of 1774 and 1775 in
Savannah, Georgia. He was elected in 1775 a delegate to the Continental
Congress by the people of St. John’s Parish, and as the colony of Georgia
had not then identified its fortunes with the Revolutionary movement, he
was admitted as a delegate from the parish and not from the colony.
July 6, 1775, the Colonial Congress adopted a resolution to join the sister
colonies and Dr. Hall was elected delegate from the colony to the
Continental Congress, when he had the distinction of being one of the
signers of the Declaration and served until 1780. He went North with his
family when the British took possession of Georgia. Returning in 1782, he
was elected Governor of Georgia in January of the following year; but after
serving one year he retired to private life and removed to Burke County.
Dr. Hall was a gentleman of courage and an ardent champion of religion

and education. He died in Burke County, Georgia, October 19, 1790.

pe HALL was born in Connecticut in 1731. He graduatedGEORGE WALTON.

GEORGIA.

EORGE WALTON was born in Frederick County, Virginia, in 1740.

He was apprenticed to a carpenter and self-educated, using pine-

knots to read by at night, when his employer would not allow him
candles. When his apprenticeship ended he moved to Georgia and read
law with Henry Young. He became an ardent advocate of the Revolution,
and was secretary of the Provincial Congress held at Tondies Tavern,
Savannah, Georgia, in 1774. He was also a member of the Council of
Safety. The Provincial Congress that assembled at Savannah in 1776
appointed him one of the five delegates from Georgia to the Continental
Congress. Walton continued a delegate to that body till 1781. In 1778
he became a colonel of the militia, was taken by the British and remained
a prisoner till 1779. That year he was elected (but did not serve) to the
Convention that framed the Constitution of the United States. Walton
was elected Governor in 1789; he was made a member of the Supreme
Court in 1793 and a United States Senator in 1795. He was twice elected
to the Georgia Legislature, was a United States commissioner to make a
treaty in Tennessee with the Cherokee Indians. Walton was a brave and
able man and was overwhelmed with public honors. His many and exalted
distinctions were the more remarkable, in view of his limited education.

He died at Augusta, Georgia, February 2, 1804.CHARLES THOMPSON, SECRETARY.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Derry, Ireland, November 29, 1729. On his way to this country

in company with his father and three brothers, the father died at sea,
and the three boys were thrown upon their own resources with what aid
an older brother, who had preceded them to America, could give them.
Charles found a benefactor in Dr. Allison at New London, Pa., from whom
he received instruction at his seminary. Later, young Thompson wrote
articles on various subjects, principally respecting the Indians, which were
printed in Franklin’s papers, attracting the attention of that discriminating
man and other prominent citizens of Philadelphia, and his efforts won for
him their friendship. The interest he took in the welfare of the Indians
led the Delawares to adopt him into their tribe. The people had such con-
fidence in his ability and integrity that he exercised great influence in pro-
moting the sentiment of independence. John Adams referred to him as the
“Sam Adams of Philadelphia, the life of the cause of liberty.” He was
selected in September, 1774, as Secretary of the First Continental Congress,
without any effort on his part. He continued in this position until 1789,
when he retired to private life. He kept extensive notes of the debates and
proceedings in the Congress, which he destroyed lest their publication give
unnecessary pain to the descendants of some of the members.

(C'des. THOMPSON was born of Irish parentage in CountyThe Declaration of Independence

 

HEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for
one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected
them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth,

the separate and equal station to which the laws of Nature and Nature’s
God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires
that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that
among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure
these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just
powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of
government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people
to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its founda-
tion on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as to them
shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, in-
deed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed
for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to
right themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the
same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it
is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide
new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance
of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to
alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having
in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States.
To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world:

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for
the public good.

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob-
tained; and when so suspended he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of
people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in
the legislature—a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomforta-
ble, and distant from the repository of the public records, for the sole pur-
pose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time after such dissolutionto cause others to
be elected: whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have
returned to the people at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in
the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and
convulsions within.

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass
others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new
appropriations of lands.

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent
to laws for establishing judiciary powers.

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their
offices and the amount of payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the
consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to
the civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our
Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their
acts of pretended legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

For protecting them by a mock trial from punishment for any murders
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States:

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world:

For imposing taxes on us without our consent:

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury:

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences:

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province,
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries,
so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the
same absolute rule into these colonies:

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our government:

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection,
and waging war against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and
destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, with
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbar-
ous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes,
and conditions.

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only
by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act
which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed
to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the
ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would
inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have
been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore,
acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them,
as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in
General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority
of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent
States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and
that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is,
and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent States,
they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab-
lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States
may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance
on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other

our lives. our fortunes, and our sacred honor.The Heroes of the Revolution

Illustrated Story of Their Lives

 

 

Life of George Washington
As Told in Pictures

 

 

HE ancestry of George Wash-
aT ington begins with John Wash-

ington of Tuwhitfield, Lan-
cashire, who lived probably in the
middle of the Fifteenth Century. The
grandson, Lawrence Washington of
Sulgrave, is the first of the line of
whom we have any definite infor-
mation. He obtained from King
Henry VIII a grant of the Manor
of Sulgrave and was Mayor for

many years.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A street in Sulgrave, England.

 

 

   

tad

vei mm - = J

The Washington Manor House, Sulgrave, the home of
Lawrence Washington, ancestor of George Washington
he house was built in 1538 and is still standing.Bor es Caan Oe Oe
ST. LEONARD’S CHURCH, Aston-le-Walls; in this
church Lawrence Washington, grandson of Lawrence Wash-
ington of Sulgrave, married Margaret Butler, of royal
ancestry and thus brought royal blood into the Washington

 
    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ALTAR ST. LEONARD'S CHURCH: before this altar
stood Lawrence Washington and Margaret Butler when
married 3 August, 1588.

 

 

 

 

a 2

The Butler Manor House,

 

Aston-le- Walls.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

N inheritor of the blood which flowed and still flows in most of the royal dynasties of Europe,
heir through his ancestry to the forceful men who, for good or evil, were the conquerors, the
monarchs, the autocrats, of the Old World, it remained for George Washington to use all

this accumulated capacity for dominance and for conquest for the sole and glorious purpose 0

freeing his country from the rule of tyrants and establishing her, the Queen of Liberty, among

the great nations of the earth.”AWRENCE WASHINGTON
died 13 December, 1616, and
was buried in the Church of
the Blessed Virgin at Brington,
where a memorial stone tablet may
still be seen, recording his death,
and emblazoning the Washington
Coat-Armor with the Arms of his
wife, Margaret Butler, impaled.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AWRENCE WASHINGTON,
L son of Lawrence and Margaret

(Butler) Washington, after
graduation from Brasenose College,
Oxford, became rector of Purleigh
Church. When the Civil War broke
out between the King and Parlia-
ment, he remained loyal to the King,
and accordingly was rejected from
his rectorship by order of the Parlia-
ment. The two sons of Reverend
Lawrence Washington, John and
Lawrence, emigrated to America, and
thus begins the line here.

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

HE residence of the Washington Family on the Rappahannock was owned by Augustine
Washington previous to his marriage with Mary Ball, the mother of George. It stood
nearly opposite to the City of Fredericksburg, in Stafford County, Virginia. The dwelling

was modest yet it ranked among the best of Virginia farmhouses. The house was destroyed
before the Revolution. Upon its site is a slab with the simple inscription, ‘Here, the 22 Febru-
ary, 1732, George Washington was born.” fASHINGTON’S INTERVIEW WITH HIS MOTHER. Early in youth, Washington desired
to enter the British navy, but his mother recoiled from the thought, for she could not endure
the idea of surrendering him at fourteen to such a rough life and its temptations. The earnest

pleadings of the boy and the assurance of friends that the step would result in great advantage to him,
caused her to give a reluctant consent. Later she withdrew her permission and he was thus saved for a
nobler career.

 

\ X YASHINGTON set out from
Mount Vernon on his first
surveying expedition at six-

teen years of age. He kept a journal

of his proceedings and adventures,
which is still preserved. He passed
over the Shenandoah Valley into the
wilderness, and his nights were
passed in the shelter of trees and
rocks. He made an excursion to see
the warm springs, now Hot Springs,
Bath County, Virginia, famous for
its waters. Washington continued
in the business as a surveyor for
three years. On one of his expedi-
tions, he carved the initials of his
name at the Natural Bridge, which

for a long time was the highest in-

 

scription at the place.Early portrait of Mary Ball who married Augustine Wash-
ington, the father of George.

 

ARY PHILIPSE was the fasci-
nating and accomplished
daughter of Frederick Philipse,

who owned an immense lande
estate on the Hudson. It is said that
Washington proposed to her but his
suit was denied. She afterward mar-
ried Roger Morris.

 

 

 

 

ASHINGTON at the age of fifteen went to live
at Mount Vernon with his brother Lawrence,
whose wife was the daughter of Lord Fairfax,

one of the most ancient and distinguished families of
the British aristocracy. Lord Fairfax was an accom-
plished and bold sportsman. Washington was highly
esteemed by him, and was found to be as fearless in the
saddle as Lord Fairfax himself. Together they enjoyed
the chase in the woods which abounded in bear, panther,

buffalo, and deer.Washington Introduced to the Heiress Mary Philipse During his Journey to Boston.

  

: ; Philipse Manor House at Yonkers, N. Y. Home of Frederick Philipse,
Lawrence W ashington, half-brother of George, Father of Mary.
owned Mount Vernon.

 

N one of Washington’s survey-
ing expeditions, when accom-
panied by Lord Fairfax, he

was surprised by the appearance of
some thirty Indians who came from
a battle with the scalp of the enemy
asa trophy. Washington and Fair-
fax gave the savages a part of their
liquor which put them in the humor
of dancing, and the surveyors had
the spectacle of a war dance.

 

 

slLl

 

 

ton married Martha Dandridge Custis, widow

of Daniel Parke Custis. The wedding took
place at the little church near the White House, the
home of Mrs. Custis, and was attended by Governor
Fauquier and all the gentry from the neighborhood.
The event was of great social importance, for both
the bride and the groom were persons of excellent
family and large fortunes. After the ceremony, the
newly-wedded couple drove to Mount Vernon in
their coach and four, bright with the Washington
colors of red and white and attended by a troop of
friends, “for a Virginia wedding was not a brief
ceremonial, but a prolonged festivity.”

O* the 6th of January, 1759, George Washing-

 

 

 

 
  

is

 
  

Pohick Church, Virginia, where Washington Wor-
shipped.

 

 

 
 
 
  
   
   
    
    

 

x Portrait of Martha Dandridge Custis, at

ime of Her Marriage to Washington.

 

 

one Washington regularly at-

tended for many years. It
was distant six miles from Mount
Vernon and it was he who selected
the location for the church. As a
young man he was an active mem-
ber of the vestry, and when the lo-
cation of the church was under con-
sideration and dispute, he surveyed
and made a map of the parish and
showed where it should be erected.

‘lee Pohick Church was theLAWLESS vagabond annoyed Wash-

ington by crossing the river from the

Maryland shore in a canoe and shooting
ducks and game in the vicinity of Mount
Vernon. He had been warned off repeatedly,
but answered in an insulting manner. One
day Washington heard the report of a gun,
and he mounted his horse, dashed through
the bushes toward him, rode into the water,
drew the fellow’s canoe toward the shore,
snatched his gun, and ruined it by bending
the barrel over his knee, and then inflicted a
severe chastisement upon the poacher.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Colonel Samuel Washington of ‘‘Harewood,”
Jefferson County, Virginia, brother of George
Washington.

   

 

 

 

 

 

Colonel John Augustine Washington, full
brother of George Washington.

 

 

 

 

John Parke and Martha Parke Custis, children
of Martha Dandridge Custis at the time of her
marriage to George Washington.LIZABETH, or “Betty,”
was the only one of
Washington's sisters

who grew to woman-
hood She married Fielding
Lewis. She was said to have
been strikingly like her brother
in appearance.

 

 

icksburg, Va., stands “Kenmore.” It was the

home of Colonel Fielding Lewis who married
Betty Washington, 7th May, 1750. When America
was in the throes of her great struggle, General
Washington sought his sister’s fireside for a council
of war or a breath of home. This beautiful old ~
home also has sheltered many other great men, as
Jefferson, Lafayette and other companions.

[i a secluded spot in the historic town of Freder-

 

 

 

 

 

Washington as Colonel of a Virginia Colonial

Regiment.

 

served with anxiety and alarm the en-
croachment of the French on the Western
frontier. He summoned George Washington,
then not yet 20 years of age, to his presence
and commissioned him to carry a letter to the

Cae DINWIDDIE of Virginia ob-

French Commander.across as necessity demanded.

 

 

 

ASHINGTON left Williamsburg, Virginia, October 31,

1753, on a commission from Governor Dinwiddie to the
French Commandant. He was accompanied by a
French interpreter and Indian interpreter when he started on
that journey of five hundred miles through the wilderness.
They endured the hardships incident to a dreary wilderness and
the rigors of the winter. The streams of the valleys were swollen,
and they crossed them upon frail rafts, or they waded or swam

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WASHINGTON
age 22 years

 

 

HE return journey was marked with greater perils and hardships than the first. On one
occasion they worked a whole day in constructing a frail raft and attempted to cross the
swift current of the Alleghany, then filled with drifting ice. Their raft was destroyed among

the ice, and the travelers, drenched in the river, were cast upon

a desert island, where they lay

upon the snow all night. In the morning the ice over the channel was sufficiently strong to bear them.PON the arrival of

Washington and

Gist at Monongahe-
la, on their return, they
learned that the Indian
Queen, Aliquippa, had ex-
pressed dissatisfaction at
their failure to call upon
her on their way to the
French post. They went
to her camp, where Wash-
ington obtained her for-
giveness by an apology
for his inattention and
the present of a watch,
coat and a bottle of rum.
“The latter,” he says,
“was thought much the
better of the two.”

 

 

 

 

 

N Washington’s re-
O turn journey with

Gist, he met an
Indian, and asked him to
guide them to the near-
est way to the Forks of
the Alleghany. He
seemed willing and took
Washington’s pack, de-
sired to carry his gun
and grew churlish when
Washington refused to
give it to him. The
Indian turned about,
pointed his gun and
fired, but hurt neither
Washington nor Gist.

 

 

 

 

frontier threatened

the town of Win-
chester, Virginia, and the
inhabitants were greatly
alarmed for their safety.
In the extremity of their
terror, they turned to
Colonel Washington as
their chief hope. The
women surrounded him,
holding up their children,
and implored him, with
tears and cries, to save
them from savages.
Washington came to their
rescue.

lie Indians on the

 

 

 

PdASHING-
TON’S FIRST
WIG IWOVRVE.
Upon Washington’s re-
turn from the French
Commander, it was de-
cided to begin opera-
tions at once without
aid from England or
the other colonies to
drive the French out of
the disputed territory.
Washington advanced
into the wilderness
only a month when he
encountered a party of
French. An attack
was made which lasted
fifteen minutes. The
French surrendered.

 

 

   
 

 

 

 

 

 

IGHTCOUNCIL
N Avi EO Reals

NEGESSiIgeye
One morning Washing-
ton and his men were
attacked by Indians
and French. Early in
the evening the French
requested a parley. An
officer returned with
articles of capitulation
written in French. A
candle was brought
and held close to the
paper. The rain fell in
torrents and it was
difficult to keep the
light from being extin-
guished.

 

 

 

RAYERS IN
CAMP. At the
time Washington

erected Fort Necessity,
he introduced prayers
in his camp upon the
advice of his friend
William Fairfax. It
was an impressive sight
to see the troops in
their red uniforms com-
ing together at the
drum’s beat, with the
Indians in their strange
costumes and with
painted faces to hear
the solemn words of
devotion. As there was
no chaplain, Washing-
ton read the prayers.EINERAIE = EDe
WARD BRAD-
DOCK, in command

of an expedition against

Fort Duquesne, com-
menced his march from

Will’s Creek (Cumberland,
Md.), June 10, 1755, with
two thousand regulars and
provincials. He made
forced marches with twelve

hundred men, leaving

Dunbar to follow with the

remainder and the wagon

train. The army made a

splendid appearance, ad-

vancing as if on parade.

 

    

 

 

 

Braddock’s Battlefield, scene of Braddock’s defeat
1755

July

10,

—ten miles from Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburg).

    

 

Major General Edward Braddock.
Died July 13, 1755.

 

 

 

RADDOCK’S army
was marching in fan-
cied security, when

on the 9th of July, it was
assailed by volleys of bul-
lets and clouds of arrows.
The suddenness of the at-
tack, and the war-whoops
of the Indians, never be-
fore heard by the British
regulars, disconcerted
them and they fell into
great confusion. Braddock
took the front of the fight
to encourage his men and
for more than two hours
the battle raged fiercely.RADDOCK, being

mortally wounded,

died three days later,
during the night. The
burial took place before
dawn. The chaplain had
been wounded, and
Washington read the
funeral service at the
grave. All was done in
sadness and without os-
tentation, all signs of the
grave being obliterated,
lest the Indians should
discover and desecrate it.
A stone marks the spot in
the forest fifty miles from

Cumberland, Md.

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

LL of Braddock’s
aides were disabled
except Washington,

who, unhurt, distributed

the general’s orders. Brad-
dock had five horses shot
under him and finally
fell, mortally wounded —
then the army broke and
fled. Washington rallied
the few provincial troops,
carried with him the dying
general, and covered the
retreat. It is said that

Braddock was shot in the

back by a provincial who

was angered because he
was not allowed to fight
from behind trees.

 

 

 

ASHINGTON, with some other gentlemen, was iIn-
terested in a project to drain the Dismal Swamp.
aT;

The attempt was abandoned as impracticable.

‘oO-

daya canal passes through the swamp, thus bearing
Washington.

witness to the wisdom and forecast of

 

 

 

 

  

 

Carlyle House, Alexandria, Va. Brad-

dock held conference with Governors

ereAISING FLAG AT FORT DU-
QUESNE. In 1758, an expedition
against Fort Duquesne was planned

by General Forbes. He was assisted by

Colonel Washington, who becoming im-
patient at the delay of General Forbes,
pushed forward with the advance guard.
Upon the approach of the Virginians, the
French guardians of the fort set fire to it,

and fled down the Ohio. Washington
marched in and planted the British flag

on the smoking ruins.

 

 

 

Fort Duquesne, changed to Fort Pitt by English.

 

Patrick Henry, whose celebrated
speech closing with “Give me
Liberty or give me Death,”
kindled the flame which started

the Revolution.

  

 

 

 

 

sd

  

L

\ X JASHINGTON set out upon the journey from Mt. Vernon
to Philadelphia to attend the first Continental Congress

on the 3lst, August, 1775. He was accompanied by

Patrick Henry and Edmund Pendleton. They journeyed on horse,

and received a great ovation everywhere, from the inhabitants of

the towns through which they passed.

 

   

101N June 15, 1775, in Continental Con-
gress, then assembled in Carpenters’
Hall, Philadelphia, John Adams moved
that they adopt the army then in Boston, and,
representing New England, declared that the
head of that army should be their distin-
guished colleague from Virginia, who there-
upon left the room. The proposition pre-
vailed, and two days later, on motion of Mr.
Johnson of Maryland, they formally chose
George Washington to command what was
henceforth to be known as the Continental

 

  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 

Army. Upon receiving his commission,
Washington, on June 21, started from Phila-

delphia for Boston.

 

 

 

 

 

   
 
      

hel’ tla. 2
bi SAYA

WASHINGTON STOPPING AT AN INN ON
HIS WAY TO CAMBRIDGE. The Commander-
in-Chief left Philadelphia the 21st of June, 1775.
Everywhere he was greeted with enthusiasm as
he journeyed to Cambridge.

 

 

 
   
 
 

  

 
   
 

ot STK Lee,
PIOUS ae

ae a

  

=

Wy
t
f

 

Washington Receiving His Commission.

 

 

WASHINGTON ELM, CAMBRIDGE. A

tablet on this tree tells its story. “Under this

tree Washington took the Command of the
American Army July 3, 1775.”T nine o'clock of the morning of the 3rd of July, the troops were drawn up in order on the
Common to receive the Commander-in-Chief. After making a few remarks, Washington
drew his sword and formally took command of the Continental Army in the presence of

a multitude of people who were assembled there.

 

 

 

 

 

a letter to Congress concerning the poor con-
ng of Franklin, Lynch, and
Washington, a

PON assuming command, Washington sent pres
dition of the army. Congress appointed a committee consisti L
Harrison, who visited the camp at Cambridge. After a conference with

scheme for raising an army was agreed upon.

aT the camp in Cambridge, a quarrel arose be-
x tween the troops from Marblehead, chiefly

fishermen and sailors, and a large party of
Virginia riflemen who were dressed in their half-
Indian equipments and hunting garbs. Snowballs
began to fly, and soon a thousand blows were being
exchanged, when Washington made his appearance.
He sprang from his horse, rushed into the crowd,
seized the tall riflemen and shook them, as he
rebuked them, and put an end to the tumult.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Craig House, Washington’s Headquarters, Cambridge.

Washington at the Time He Became
Commander-in-Chief.who was determined to take possession of Boston.

 

  
    
   

ORD HOWE EVACUATING BOSTON. —The situation of Lord Howe in March, 1776,
was extremely critical. The fleet and army were in peril of an attack from Washington,
Howe called a council of officers on the
7th of March, when it was decided to save the army by evacuating the town. All prepared fora
speedy departure, and the loyalists crowded the ships with merchandise and household
and private property of every kind. The few patriots in Boston feared that Howe would fire
the city on leaving, in revenge for his disappointed ambition, and a delegation of prominent
citizens communicated with the British Commander. Howe agreed, if Washington would allow
him to evacuate quietly, to spare the town. Previous to the evacuation there was great confusion.
Howe issued orders to seize all clothing and dry goods not in possession of Loyalists and to destroy
what they could not carry with them. The soldiers pillaged and wantonly destroyed. They acted
more like demons than men, and had they not feared the Americans,
fered all the horrors of sack and pillage. The troops paraded to march to the vessels on the 15th
of March, but an easterly breeze sprang up and they were detained until Sunday, the 17th of
March, when the British and all the Tories left Boston.

effects

the town would have suf-

 

 

 

 
 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ISLAND.—On the

27th of August,
1776, the British landed
on the southwest shore
of Long Island, and ad-
vanced against the
Americans. The patri-
ots held out bravely for
a while, but gradually
lost ground when at-
tacked from the rear.
They waited hopelessly
for another assault, but
while the British de-
layed attacking and were
waiting the arrival of a
fleet under Sir Henry
Clinton, the American
Army escaped.

Bistan OF LONGMajor General John
Sullivan, one of Amer-
ican Generals at Bat-

 

Sir Henry Clinton, Brit-
ish Commander who

Landed in New York

  

tle of Long Island, who with Large Fleet after
relieved Greene when Matcor General Put Defeat of Americans on
Taken IIl. ee ne Ne ae Long Island.

 

 

Commanders at Battle

 

 

 

 

Long Island.

 

 

 

 

   

 

FTER the defeat of the Army in the engagement on Long Island, Washington withdrew his
troops to Brooklyn Heights, and there began to fortify his position until an opportunity

: presented itself for a safe retreat. A dense fog having arisen on the Brooklyn side, on the
night of the 29th August, Washington quietly gathered boats, and embarked his whole army and
crossed successfully to New York. It was a masterly retreat. In the face of a strong enemy
lying within gun shot, with a hostile fleet close at hand, he put 9,000 men into boats, ferried them
across a broad stream swept by strong tides and currents and left behind only a few heavy guns.

Washington in the saddle and on foot for forty-eight hours watched over everything, and was the
last to leave.ATTLE OF HAR-

LEM. — After the

retreat from Long
Island, Washington
moved his army to
the Harlem Plains
above New York City.
When Howe occupied
New York he sent an
advance guard under
Colonel Leslie to attack
Washington at Harlem
Plains. The Americans
under Putnam and
sreene pushed the Brit-
ish back to the rocky
heights where a severe
conflict ensued. and the
British retreated.

 

 

 

 

      

 

Washineton Retreating through the Jerseys

   
   
   
   
 

ays.

 

 

 

N advance guard

of fifty British sol-

diers landed at
Kip’s Bay (foot of Thir-
ty-fourth Street, New
York). The American
brigades, panic stricken,
fled in confusion. Wash-
ington, hearing cannon-
ading, leaped into the
saddle and approached
Kip’s Bay in time to
meet the frightened fu-
gitives. He threw his
hat to the ground, drew
his sword, spurred his
horse toward the enemy.
The troops could not be
rallied.

 

 

Pursued by Cornwallis’ Army for Twelve

sN the night of De-
cember 25th, 1776,
Washington decided

to cross the Delaware and
attack the British at Tren-
ton. After dusk, Wash-
ington and his army em~
barked in boats. All night
long the men battled with
the ice, the current, and
the tempest. Washington
and his staff crossed before
midnight. He stood hour
after hour on the dreary
eastern shore of the Dela-
ware and watched with in-
tense anxiety the perilous
movement of the artillery.

 

 

 

 

 

T three o'clock in the

morning, Washington’s

army had crossed the
Delaware, and at four, the
whole army was ready to
march. They reached Trenton
undiscovered, until they came
up to the pickets on the out-
skirts of the village. The firing
at their approach awakened
Colonel Rall and his officers.
There was a sharp conflict
which lasted thirty - five
minutes.Surrender of Colonel Rall to General Washington at the Battle of Trenton.

 

forcements to drive Washington out of

Trenton, Washington makes a night
march to Princeton where he meets a detach-
ment of Cornwallis’ army. A severe battle
ensued in which the Americans were victorious.
When Cornwallis arrived at Princeton, he found
the victors had made a hasty retreat and were
beyond pursuit.

| | Wire Cornwallis was waiting for rein-

 

 

 

 

ENERAL HUGH MER-

CER, a native of Scotland,

came to America in 1747.
He was wounded in the French
and Indian War, and became
Colonel of a Virginia regiment
when the War for Independence
began. He was made a brigadier
general by Congress at the re-
quest of Washington. He ac-
companied his Commander-in-
Chief in the retreat through
New Jersey, led the column of
attack on Trenton, and sug-
gested that daring night march
to Princeton. In the battle that
ensued he was mortally
wounded.

 

Washington, at the Battle of Princeton, Riding in the
Front of the Army, Cheering the Men on

 

 

 

 

| Gen.Birmingham Meeting-House, near Chad’s Ford; to
i Lafayette was Carried when Wounded.

 

 

 

 

 
 
   
  
    
     
    

 

WASHINGTON, LAFAYETTE AND

STEUBEN. Two champions of the

Patriot Cause. One from France, the
other from Prussia.

 

 

 

General Howe was advancing to Phila-

delphia from the head of Chesapeake
Bay, marched from Philadelphia to meet him.
He took up a strong position east of Brandy-
wine Creek with 11,000 troops to oppose
Howe with 18,000 British. The contest
raged fiercely during the entireday. At night,
the shattered and defeated battalions of
patriots retreated to Chester, and the follow-
ing day to Philadelphia. Many brave men
were killed or disabled during this battle.
The Patriots lost twelve hundred men and
the British eight hundred.

WN Beets when he learned that

 

  
  

 

 

FoOYOHI

Battle of Brandywine Fought September 11th, 1777, the British Victorious.

 

   

110ASHINGTON, Greene
W and Lafayette were re-
connoitering when a
severe storm drove the party
to take shelter in a farm house.
Night came on, dark and
stormy. Greene and Lafayette,
being alarmed for their safety,
urged Washington to depart,
but he insisted upon remaining
all night under the farmer's
roof. Afterwards he acknowl-
edged his imprudence.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ATTLE OF GERMANT OWN .—General Howe, after
the capture of Philadelphia, detached a part of his
forces to reduce the American forts blockading the

Delaware River below the city. Washington planned the
capture of the weakened army and advanced with Generals
Greene and Sullivan. The British made a desperate
stand in the Chew House, which finally turned the tide of
battle of Germantown in their favor. Until this point was
reached, the Continental Army, under Gen. Washington,
had driven the British before it; but once lodged in this
old Colonial mansion, neither the army nor its cannon
could dislodge them, and here the Americans were held in
check. Then reinforcements for the British came from
Philadelphia, and thus gained the day.

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

Major General Nathaniel Greene.E yas Sree a ne LIT

 

MESSENGER WITH WASH-
INGTON. General Howe sent
a messenger, Colonel Patterson,
with a note addressed to George
Washington, Esq. Washington re-
fused to receive any message ad-
dressed in that manner, and he in-
sisted that the note be addressed
to George Washington, Com-
mander-in-Chief of the American
Army. After some explanation on
the part of the messenger, Wash-
ington, however, received the
message from General Howe.

[ MEsSENGE. OF HOWE’S

 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
 

Baron Steuben.

 

Baron Steuben Drilling the Troops at Valley Forge.

 

   

112Washington Imploring Divine Aid at Valley Forge for the Success of the Patriot
ause.

 

 

 

 

 

The winter at Valley Forge was ‘an epic of slow

suffering silently borne, of patient heroism

and of a very bright and triumphant outcome,

when the gray days, the long nights and the biting
frost fled together.”

 

 

 

 

 

AKING THE OATH AT VALLEY
FORGE. Washington was directed by
resolution of Congress to administer the

oath of allegiance to the officers of the army
before leaving Valley Forge. The Oath was
administered to several at a time, each officer
placing his hand upon the Bible. The Oath
was printed on a slip of paper, with blanks,
on which were the name and rank of the
officer with his signature at the bottom.N the midst of frost and
snow, disease and desti-
tution, Washington estab-
lished his headquarters dur-
ing the winter of 1777-78 at
Valley Forge. His own resi-
dence was at the house of
Mr. Isaac Potts, a Quaker
preacher. It is a substantial
stone dwelling, and from the
window of his small room
Washington could look out
upon a large portion of his
camp. In the deep east
window are preserved the
cavity and the trap door
arranged by the Commander-
in-Chief for his papers.

 

 

T Valley Forge, the
American cause was
at its lowest point.

The suffering was intense.
Hunger and nakedness
assailed them. The men
were days without meat,
and the horses died for
want of forage. There
were so few horses in
camp, that the men in
many instances cheerfully
yoked themselves to vehi-
cles of their own construc-
tion for the carrying of
wood and provisions, and
others performed the duty
of pack horses, and carried
heavy burdens of fuel
upon their backs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

ASHINGTON

A NED vAC-
FAYETTE AT

WIN LILIZNC JF OIRGIEc
Near to the headquar-
ters of General Wash-
ington were those of
Greene, Steuben, and
Lafayette, and _ other
cers of rank. The
headquarters were:
“small barracks,’ wrote
Lafayette to his wife,
“which are scarcely more
cheerful than dungeons.”
Lafayette was engaged
in various important ser-
vices. He was devoted
to his beloved Com-
mander-in-Chief. Both
Washington and he
shared in the hardships
and in the _ inconve-
niences of every soldier.General Charles Lee.

 

 

 

ASHINGTON

determined to

strike a sudden
blow upon the British
Army during its move-
ment from Philadelphia
to New York. General
Charles Lee was ordered
to make the first attack.
His troops were to be
ready to press forward
at the shortest notice.
All the night of June
27, 1778, the men biv-
ouacked in the open field
on their arms,” horses
in harness; everything
ready for immediate ac-
tion.West Peve ere its ae Ww hich were Eee atid built (5
by Kosciusko, a nobleman from Poland who rendered great service

in the American cause. haddeus Kosciusko.

 

 

great patriotism
and a desire to serve
his country better,
asked for and _ ob-
tained the command of
the important post of
West Point and its
dependencies in the
Hudson Highlands.
He arranged with
Major André to sur-
render that post into
the hands of a British
force which Sir Henry
Clinton might send up
the Hudson River.

Benedict Arnold Major John André.

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fecal
Arnold supplied André with papers el aneroey Ee the ee coadiuon of West Point.
These he requested him to place between his stockings and feet, and in the event of
fe) accident, to destroy them. a

 

 

 

116The '76 Stone House

LS)

NN

me ON
HEN the note was brought to Arnold
telling of the capture of André, he ab-
ruptly left the breakfast table, followed

 

, Tappan.

 

 

ENEDICT ARNOLD fixed his head-
quarters in the Robinson House in
the fall of 1780, when he was in com-

mand of West Point. From this seclusion,
he carried on his secret correspondence
with Major André and consummated his
plans to betray his country into the hands
of the English. Arnold and André held a
personal meeting below Stony Point in the
bushes during the night and at dawn they
went to the Smith House where the plans
were completed. André, while awaiting
trial and execution was confined in a
mansion known as “the ’76 Stone House.”

 

   

 

 

which to surrender West

Point when the Command-
er-in-Chief was a considerable
distance away. Washington re-
turned sooner than expected.
He sent his aids Hamilton and
McHenry in advance, who were

A RNOLD selected a day on

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  

 

 
  

 

 

by his wife into another room. To her he told
what had happened. She fainted. After Ar-
nold’s departure, both Hamilton and Washington
tried in vain to console her.

 

dining with Arnold when the
note was_ brought.we trust.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RNOLD and wife
A were dining with

Washington's aides
when a note was brought
to him advising him of the
capture of André and the
discovery of his treason.
Nothing remained but
flight. Arnold rushed
from the house, flung him-
self into his barge and
under a pretence of a flag
of truce was rowed to the
“Vulture.”

The treason of Arnold
was a_ severe blow to
Washington, and gave
him deep concern for he
did not know the extent
of the treason or what
other generals might be
involved.

 

 

 

OHN ANDRE
was an artist
of some note.
He amused him-
self during his
confinement by
making sketches
of himself and
incidents relating

to his capture.

 

 

 

 

John Paulding, One of the Captors of
André.

 

 

 

Portrait André, Painted by Him-
self.pe

 

 

 

 

 

 

N the morning of the 23rd of September, André approached Tarrytown. He was stopped by
three militiamen, who asked his name and destination. He told them he was a British
officer on an important errand, and asked them not to detain him. He showed a pass from

General Arnold. Unable to understand why a British officer should have a: pass from Arnold,
they ordered him searched, and papers, indicating his mission, were found in his stockings, next

 
  
 
 
   
 

 

to his feet. He was declared a spy and sent to the nearest military post.

=

 

 

 

 

 

André, after careful deliberation, reported that he should be considered as a spy and should

suffer death. Washington approved the findings of the court. André requested General Wash-
h of a soldier, but it could not be granted

ington in a letter to permit him to be shot — to die the death of J ‘ 4
by the customs of war. On the morning fixed for the execution, André ate his breakfast, dresse 1,
placed his hat on the table and cheerfully said, “I am ready at any moment to wait on you.

: | ‘HE court of inquiry appointed by General Washington to determine the guilt of Major John4 . . . .
NDRE. walked from the stone house between two officers with dignity, and politely bowed
to several gentlemen among the generals who were present on- horseback.

le recoiled

when he saw the gallows, saying, “I am reconciled to my death but I detest the method.”
His last words were, “‘I pray you to bear me witness that I met my fate like a brave man.” His
execution took place at 12 o’clock noon on the 2nd of October, 1780.

 

 

  
 
 
  

 

 

 

  
   
   

Major-General John
Stark, member of the
Court of Inquiry, Ap-
pointed to pass on

André’s Conduct.

 

 

Alexander Hamilton, one
of Washington’s Aides,
who Interceded with the
General in André’s be-

half but to no avail.

 

 

 

 

WAR. — Benedict Arnold received for his
treachery a sum of money, and was made
an officer in the British Army. He was
universally execrated in his own country and
shunned and despised in England.

A RNOLD IN ENGLAND AFTER THEinstructions to evacuate New York. Later in the month, he notified Washington, who

conferred with Governor Clinton and made arrangements to enter and take possession of
the city. On the 25th of November, the American troops under General Knox, who had come
down from West Point and encamped at Harlem, marched to Bowery Lane, and halted at the pres-
ent junction of Third Avenue and the Bowery, and there remained until the British troops left
their posts at one o'clock, and General Knox, at the head of the troops, took formal possession
of the city amid the acclamations of thousands and the roar of artillery.

O* the 17th of October, 1783, Sir Guy Carleton, who had succeeded General Clinton, received

 

 

 

ota ies m7 EBORAH SAMPSON, a _ young
} Sear Si D girl, desired to offer her services to
B Se th her country, and she presented
herself as a recruit, and enrolled under
the name of Robert Shirtliffe. She per-
formed the duties and endured the
fatigue of military life until she was
wounded in an engagement. After her
health was restored, her commanding
officer ordered her to carry a letter to
General Washington. When she pre-
sented herself, the Commander-in-Chief
noted her extreme agitation, and kindly
endeavored to reassure her. After he
had read the letter, he said not a word,
but handed her a discharge from the
service, a note with a few words of good
advice and a sum of money sufficient to
bear expense to a place where she might
find a home. Later, she married, an
when Washington was President, she
received a letter of invitation to the seat
of government.

 

 

 

 

——__——

ASHINGTON AND HARRY BIRCH

WV —Enoch Crosby, known as the fic-
titious ‘Harry Birch” engaged in the
“secret service’ of his country in the Autumn
of 1776, and reported frequently to the
Commander-in-Chief of the movement and
plans of the Tories and British. At that
period secret enemies were more to be feared
than open foes, and Crosby mingled freely
among them. On one of his excursions, he
solicited lodgings for a night at the house
of a woman who proved to be a Tory, and
from her he learned that a company of
Loyalists were forming in the neighborhood
to march to New York and join the British.
He agreed to enlist with them, and obtaining
the unbounded confidence of the captain, he
became familiar with all their plans. As a
result of this, the Americans surrounded the
houses of the Tories and made them prisoners.

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

HILE Washington was in the Hudson Valley, in 1783, he made his
headquarters at the ““Hansbrouck House” in Newburg. Mrs.
Washington was with her husband while here. The house is

owned by the State of New York and contains many Revolutionary relics.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

  

Headquarters of the Na Jersey brigade of Washington's
781.

ae pe Gate, four miles south of Newburg, is the house army at Pompton, N. J., during the winter of 81
es omas Ellison, which was the eadquarters of Many of the soldiers lived in rude huts, built upon the
eneral Knox. Washington attended a dance here. hills that surround the village.Washington, in 1797, James
Sharpless, artist.

Washington, Mrs. Patience
Lovell Wright, artist

   

 

 

ASHINGTON RECON-
NOITERING NEW
YORK FROM THE OP-

POSITE SHORE OF THE HUD-

SON.—Washington and Rocham-

beau, attended by numerous officers

and a corps of engineers, recon-
noitered the works in the northern
part of Manhattan Island as far as
the Sound. On the 15th of August,
1781, the two generals, accompanied
by others, inspected the whole
length of Manhattan Island from
the heights on the Jersey shore of
the Hudson and as he viewed the
half ruined city of New York in the
distance, he decided he would con-
quer her captors in another latitude.

Washington ordered extensive en-

campments to deceive Sir Henry

Clinton, who anticipated a siege of

New York. Then he marched his

army to meet Cornwallis at York-

town, to the chagrin of Clinton.

 

  

 

 

  

 

“Washington before Yorktown.’’ The artist, Peale, repre-
sents the Commander rebuking a subordinate for perilous
neglect of duty.e i iy = «

ai =>

 

 

 

 

 

“It struck me no man could be better
formed for command,” said an Englis
writer of Washington.

 

 

 

or

The Moore House, Yorktown, Washington’s Headquarters
where the Capitulation was Signed.

 

  

Washington Firing the First Gun at the Siege of Yorktown, Oct. 9, 1781.

 

 

 

    
  

 

 

 

The old Nelson House at Yorktown, the
home of Thomas Nelson, one of the signers
of the Declaration of Independence, was
Cornwallis’ headquarters. Nelson directed
that his own home be fired upon to dislodge

the British.

 

Count Rochambeau, a

Frenchman, who assisted

the Americans at York-
own,Major General Benjamin Lincoln, who

  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
 

a>

<a ; " : een 2-5" i LBP. Sl

 
   

HE surrender of the British troops at Yorktown took place late on the afternoon
of October 19, 1781. A vast number of people, gathered equal in number to
the troops to be humiliated. Washington and Rochambeau were at the head of

their troops on horse.

 

ORNWALLIS, it is said,
feigned illness, and did
not appear but sent his

sword by General O'Hara to
act as his representative.
That officer led the van-
guished troops out of their
intrenchments with their col-
ors cased and marched them
between two columns of the
allied forces. When he ar-
rived at their head, he ap-
proached Washington to hand
him the Earl’s sword, but the
Commander-in-Chief directed
him to General Lincoln as his
representative.

 

 

 

 

received Cornwallis’ swor< 2 one
Lord Cornwallis, Defeated British
ommander at Yorktown.

 

 

 

 

  

 

Brig. Gen. James Clinton, one of

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

: * Washington's Generals, Yorktown.
Count de Grasse, a Frenchman, Se

who Assisted Americans at York-

town.arms, and then received from O'Hara the sword of Cornwallis, which was politely returned

( ENERAL LINCOLN led the vanquished army to the place chosen for the surrender of their

to him to be restored to the Earl. The surrender of the colors of the defeated army took
place. Twenty-eight British captains, each with a flag in a case, were drawn up in line, opposite
to them, at a distance of six paces, twenty-eight American sergeants were drawn up in line to
receive the colors. The troops then laid down their arms.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ington sent one of his aides to

Philadelphia to announce the tidings
to Congress. The messenger entered Phila-
delphia at midnight on the 23rd of October,
1781. The watchmen throughout the city
proclaimed, “Cornwallis is taken.”” Lights
began to appear in the houses and the streets
were soon thronged with men and women
eager to hear the details.

Wie Cornwallis surrendered, Wash-

 

 

 

N the midst of great rejoicing over the
surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown,
ashington’s heart was made sad by
domestic affliction. His step-son, John
Parke Custis, who had followed him to the
field as his aide-de-camp, was taken ill
before the close of the siege of Yorktown.
He was anxious to participate in the
pleasures of the victory and remained in
camp until the surrender. The malady
grew more serious. Washington hastened
to his bedside. Washington was much
grieved, for he had reared him since his
earliest childhood and had watched his

success with pride.RAUNCES’ TAVERN, corner of Pearl and
Broad streets, New York, was purchased in
1768 by Samuel Fraunces, known to history

as “Black Sam,” and the steward of President
Washington’s household after his inauguration.
This old mansion, around which some of the most
interesting reminiscences of our Revolutionary
history are connected, still remains. This building
was Washington’s quarters on the evacuation of
the city by the British troops. Here Governor
Clinton gave a public dinner to the officers of the
army during the afternoon of the day of the
evacuation, and in the Long Room, Washington
took leave of his officers at the close of the Revolu-
tion.

 

 

his journey

Whitehall Street

O' the 4th of December, 1783,

Washington was prepared for

At Fraunces’ Tavern, he met the
officers still remaining in the service,
and bade them an effectionate fare-
well. Upon leaving
Washington embarked in a hand-
some barge which was waiting at

Turning, he waved his hat to the
tearful crowd of friends and specta-
tors assembled on the wharf for a
last glimpse of the revered leader.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

and honorable.’

 

in-Chief entered the room where they were all waiting, took a glass of wine in his hand and
said, “With a heart full of love and gratitude, | now take leave of you. I most dexouly
wish your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been g enous
He then drank the wine, and continued, ‘‘I cannot come to each of you to take
my leave, but shall be obliged to you if each will come and take me by the hand.

, ‘HE last meeting of Washington and his generals was an impressive one. The Commander-Portrait Washington Painted by Gilbert Stuart
and Presented to the Town of Boston in 1806.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

ASHINGTON, accompanied by his wife, arrived at Annapolis, Md., on the 19th of Decem-

ber. On the following day he informed Congress of his desire to resign his commission

_ as Commander-in-Chief of the Army. It was resolved that this should be done at a public
audience. Washington entered and was led to a chair by Secretary Thompson, from which the
Commander-in-Chief arose and with great dignity and much feeling delivered a speech. He
then handed his commission, which he had received in June, 1775, to the President.Signing the Constitution of the United States, George Washington Presiding at the Convention.

 

 

 

 

HE Convention of 1787 met at Phila-
delphia, on the 14th of May, 1787,
and adjourned from day to day until

sufficient delegates were present for organ-
ization. It began its work on the 25th of
May and met in the Chamber where the
Declaration of Independence was signed.
George Washington, a delegate from
Virginia, was elected President.

 

 
  
    
   
 

 

 

  

Alexander Hamilton, one of the Leaders in the James Madison, one of the Framers of the
Convention of 1787 which Framed the Con- Constitution, afterwards President of United
stitution. States.EORGE WASHINGTON was notified at noon of the 4th of April, 1789, that he had been
elected the first President. Before assuming the most exalted civil duties that can be
delegated to man in the United States, he made a journey to Fredericksburg, Virginia, the

residence of his mother, to bid her, what both of them considered, and what proved to be, a final
adieu. She was then about four score years of age and suffering from an acute illness. The meet-
ing was tender and their parting touching.

Washington told her that the people had been pleased to elect him to the chief magistracy of
the United States, and he had come to bid her an affectionate farewell, and was assuring her he
would return to her as quickly as possible, when she interrupted him and told him her great age
warned her that she would not be long in this world, but she added, “‘Go, George, fulfill the high
destiny which Heaven appears to have intended you for. Go, my son, and may that Heaven’s
and a mother’s blessing be with you always!”ASHINGTON started on his journey from Mount Vernon to New York (the then seat
of the Federal Government) to be inaugurated the first President of the United States.
All the way to the city of New York, the journey was a continual ovation. At every large
town and village he was hailed with the most joyous acclamation. At Grey’s Ferry over the
Schuylkill, triumphal arches were reared, and from one of these as Washington passed under it,
Angelica Peale (a little daughter of the painter, Charles Willson Peale) who was concealed in the
foliage, let down a civic crown upon his head, while the multitude filled the air with loud huzzas.

 

 

 

 

 

ASHINGTON was accompanied in his journey from Mount Vernon to New York, in 1789,
by Secretary Thomson and Colonel Humphreys. He desired to proceed as a private
citizen, but his wishes were thwarted by the enthusiasm and love of his countrymen.

As he approached Trenton, a great crowd of people came to welcome him, and upon the bridge
over which he had fled before the troops of Cornwallis (1776), a triumphal arch made by the women
of New Jersey was placed with mementos of his triumph, and with the words The Defender
of the Mothers will be the Protector of ‘the Daughters.”N the 23rd of April, Washington was met at Elizabethtown by a committee from both
Houses of Congress. A splendid barge, manned by thirteen pilots in white uniform, had
been fitted up to convey the President-elect to New York. As the barge approached the

city, the harbor was filled with a large number of boats. Washington was welcomed by a salute

of great guns on the Battery and the shipping, and was received at the ferry steps by Governor

George Clinton with the civil officers of the state and city and a vast concourse of citizens. A

detachment of city militia, formed under a salute of cannon, escorted the President-elect to a

house in Franklin Square, which had been fitted up for him. Governor Clinton entertained at

dinner for him, and the evening closed with a brilliant display of fireworks.

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wall Street, as it appeared at the time of Washington’s
nauguration.The oath was administered slowly and distinctly

plied solemnly, “I swear, so help me God!”’ and he

 

  
   
   
    
 
  
 
  

Chancellor of State, Robert
Livingston, who ad-
ministered the Oath of
Office to Washington on the
morning of the 30th of
April, 1789.

and Washington, with his hand on the Bible, re- Sees
reverently bowed and kissed the book. os

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

   

 

T half after twelve, Washington entered his carriage, accompanied by his aide-de-camp and
his private secretary. He proceeded to Federal Hall, escorted by a large number of the
military heads of departments, members of Congress, foreign ministers, and distinguished

citizens and strangers. :
When near the Federal Hall, Washington and his attendants alighted from their carriages
and were conducted by a marshal to the Senate chamber, at the door of which the President was
received by Vice-President Adams (who had been inaugurated some time before) and conducted
to his seat. In the presence of both houses of Congress thus assembled, the Vice-President in-
formed Washington that the Senate and House of Representatives were ready to attend him to
take the oath of office required by the Constitution. Then he was led to the outside gallery at the
front of the hall in full view of the vast multitude in the street, who greeted him with shouts.#

Preparations for Washington’s Reception at Gray’s Ferry, April
(Sketch from Columbian Magazine, May, 1789.)

 

 

 

20, 1789.

 

 

Chair Used by

Washington

at the Inaugu-
ration.

 

 

 

 

 

Bible on Which

Washington

Took the Oath
of Office

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Desk in Federal Hall
Used by Washington
as President.

(Now in Governor’s Room,

City Hall, New York.)

 

 

 

 

 
 
  
  
 

Washington’s Writing
Table. Used in Federal
Hall.

(Now in Governor’s Room,

City Hall, New York.)RESIDENT WASHINGTON chose for his Cabinet the fol-
lowing: Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State; Alexander
Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Knox, Secretary

of War and Navy; Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General ; and
Samuel Osgood, Postmaster General.

 

 

 

The Residence of President Washington in Tie Macomb House on Broadway, Residence of
York, in 1789, Franklin Square. President Washington, in 1790.

CapeWilliams’ Tavern, Marlborough, Mass.
places of Washington on hi
irst year of his Presidency.

 

 

 

 

Williams’ Brookfield, Conn.— Washington was

also Lafayette.

Tavern,
entertained here;

 

RESIDENT WASHINGTON adopted
P the custom of the King and parliament

of Great Britain and delivered in person
his message on the opening of Congress to
both Houses in joint session. This custom
was later abandoned. On January 8, 1790,
at eleven o'clock in the morning, he drove to
Federal Hall in Wall Street, in a coach drawn
by six horses, preceded by his military aides,
and followed by the Chief Justice of the
United States and the Secretaries of the
Treasury and War Departments. At the

outer door of Congress Hall, he was met by

the doorkeepers of the Senate and House

and conducted to the door of the Senate

Chamber and from thence to the chair,

through the Senate on the right and the
ouse on the left.

 

 

 

  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   

is New England tour during the

 

 

One of the stopping

 

 

 

 

 

N 1776, when the British forces
| came, the city was fired, Trinity

Church was burned with all its
records, but St. Paul’s Chapel was
saved. Here, during the occupa-
tion of the British, Lord Howe, the
English Commander, and many of
his soldiers, attended services, and
after the evacuation of the British,
Washington and his army took their
places in the church, and on the day
that Washington was inaugurated
as first President of the United
States, he went to the chapel and
sat in his pew, over which are the
coat-of-arms of New York.Major General Henry Knox, one of Washington's
beloved officers whom he chose Secretary of War

and Navy.

 

 

lic, arrived at Charleston, S. C., April 9, 1783. He accepted public attention before he pre-

sented his credentials to the President of the United States, and fitted out two privateers
to prey upon British commerce. Genet presented his credentials in person to President Wash-
ington (April 19, 1783). He felt his own littleness as a mere political enthusiast when he stood
before the representative of true democracy in America. He withdrew from the audience
abashed and subdued. © His diplomatic tareer was very offensive and the French Government
recalled him at the request of our Government.

rattan Charles Genet, sent to the United States as the representative of the French Repub-

 

 

 

 

    
 

lar. « whet
PUL

  

: Sie aes

 

(1790) it was necessary to obtain a suitable place for the residence of the President of the

United States and for the public offices. The house used for headquarters by Lord Howe
had been purchased by Robert Morris, the well-known patriot-financier of the Revolution, who
had rebuilt and repaired the mansion. Mr. Morris cheerfully gave up the use of the mansion to
President Washington, who occupied it during both terms of office. Washington gave his first
levee on Friday, the 25th of December, 1790, which was pronounced “‘the most delightful occasion
of the kind ever known in the country.”

Fars the removal of the seat of the Federal Government from New York to Philadelphiais seated by a table on which is spread the plan of the “Capital City,” and his arm rests

on the shoulder of his adopted son. Mrs. Washington sits opposite, and points with her
hand to the chart. By her side is Nellie Custis; and Billy Lee, the well-known colored servant,
is just entering a door at the back.

WY eins FAMILY GROUP: PAINTED BY SAVAGE. Washington in Uniform

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Martha Washington at the Time of Her Rendence Mary Ball Washington, Mother of General
in New York. Washington. She died in August, 1789.ASHINGTON was exposed to a severe storm
on the 13th of December, 1799, and he paid
no attention to the first indications of hoarse-

ness. Before morning a severe attack of membranous
croup developed, which greatly alarmed Mrs. Wash-
ington. She called the family physician, Dr. Craik,
and during the day two other physicians were sum-
moned, but his condition grew worse and defied all
medical skill, and before midnight, December 14th, he
expired. At the time of his decease, Mrs. Washington
was sitting near the foot of the bed, Dr. Craik and the
Secretary, Mr. Lear, were at the side of the bed; the
general’s bodyguard, Christopher, who had been stand-
ing all day, stood near the bedside, and the faithful
nurse of the family was in the room near the door.

 

 

 

 

ENRY LEE, “Light-horse
Harry” of the Revolution,
was born of distinguished

parents in Virginia in 1756. He
was in Congress (1786) and won
distinction as an orator by his elo-
quence in advocating the adoption
of the Constitution at the Virginia
Convention. At the time of Wash-
ington’s death Congress selected
him to deliver the funeral oration
at Philadelphia. Upon this occa-
sion he uttered the famous phrase,
“First in war, first in peace, first in
the hearts of his countrymen.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Washington’s Tomb, Mt. Vernon.Painted by St. Memin. Jefferson said

this picture is the most accurate render-

ing of the features of Washington ever
given,

 

 

Painted by Giilager.

Washington’ sat or \

this in Boston, Nov.
3, 1789.

 

 

 

    

     

 

 

 

Painted by Stuart
sometime after his
Athenaeum Portrait,
portraying Washington
somewhat younger.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Painted by Gilbert
Stuart at the Request
of Mrs. Washington,
but Retained by him
and Copies made and
Disposed of. riginal
Sold to Boston Athe-
naeum in 1831.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Painted by Savage: Washington sat for

this Dec. 21, 1789, for the University of

Cambridge.Full-length portrait painted by Gilbert
Stuart at the request of the Marquis of
Lansdowne.

 

Miniature by Robert-

son, painted on slab of
Loss of Wash-

ington’s teeth appar-
ent.

 

 

 

 

Grotesque painting by
Campbell. /ashing-
ton said it “gave him
a sufficient portion of
terror.”

 

 

 

 

REMBRANDT
PEALE

Upon seeing this
portrait, Lafayette
exclaimed, “This is
the Washington I
new.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Painted by Charles W. Peale. Orderly
holding horse’s head at right, an
Nassau Hall in background.Miniature by Field,
worn by Mrs. Wash-
ington in a locket.

 

Statue by J. Q. A.
Ward, Newburyport,
Mass.

Painting by Birch made while
Washington was engaged on his
papers in his Cabinet.

Painted by James P.

Executed by Canova for State
orth Carolina.

    

     

 

eale for Claypoole whom Wash-
ington chose to publish his Farewell Address.

be

 

Executed by Greenough. Fac-
ing Capitol at Washington.

Miniature on

ivory,

painted by Peticolas in
1796.

 

Statue by Sir Francis
Chantry, Hall of State
H

ouse, Boston.

 

Miniature on ivory, painted by
Labatut at request of Washington
and given to Charles C. Pinckney.“Shadow portrait” of Mrs.
Washington, made by
Eleanor Parke Custis,
granddaughter of Mrs.
Washington.

Executed by Rush, Inde- j

pendence Hall, Philadel-
phia. LL
One of the Pictures Painted by
Stuart for Copying on Pitchers;
many of these ‘Washington
Pitchers” are extant.

 

Bust executed by Ech-
stein from life for Mrs.

Philadelphia. Madison.

Profile likeness made in
1795 by Samuel Folwell, at

    
 
      
      
     
  
 
  
    
  
 
  
 
 
        

‘Shadow portrait’” of Gen.
Washington, made by
Eleanor Parke Custis.

 

First statue erected to

Washington, Richmond,

Virginia Executed by
oudon.

 

Profile in India ink made
by Louterburg from sketch

at Christ Church, Phila.Statue

mew, Druid Hill Park,

Baltimore.

 
 

 

       

    

 

by Bartholo-

   
 

posite

Hall, Philadelphia,

Statue by Henry Kirk Brown, Union Square,
New York.

ak

bis

 

Washington National Monumen iE
Washington, D. C., Begun in 1858
and finished in 1885.

Washington Monument, Baltimore:

Designed by Robert Mills.Benjamin Franklin

Illustrated Story of his Life as Told by Excerps
from his Autobiography; Portraits and Other Views

 

 

 

 

 

 

HE notes of one of my uncles (who had the same
kind of curiosity in collecting family anecdotes
once put into my hands, furnished me with sev-

eral particulars relating to our ancestors. From these
notes | learned that the family had lived in the same
village, Ecton, in Northamptonshire, for three hundred
years, and how much longer he knew not, ona freehold
of about thirty acres, aided by the smith’s business,
which had continued in the family till his time, the
eldest son being always bred to that business, a custom
which he and my father followed as to their eldest sons.

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

WAS put to the grammar-school at eight years of age, my

father intending to devote me, as the tithe of his sons, to the

service of the Church. My early readiness in learning to read
which must have been very early, as I do not remember when
I could not read), and the opinion of all his friends, that I should
certainly make a good scholar, encouraged him in this purpose of
his. My uncle Benjamin, too, approved of it, and proposed to
give me all his short-hand volumes of sermons, I suppose as a
stock to set up with, if I would Jearn his character. I continued,
however, at the grammar- school not quite one year, though in
that time I had risen gradually from the mic idle of the class of
that year to be the head of it, and farther was removed into the
next cl iss above it, in order to go with that into the third at the

£

end of the year

 

 

 

    
   
    

 

  
 
 
 
  
 
 
   
  
 
  
   

 

know oan of his

Franklins father) per-
son and character. He had
an excellent constitution of
body, was of middle stature,
but well set, and very strong;
he was ingenious, could draw
prettily, was skilled a little in
music, and had a clear, pleas-
ing voice, so that when he
played psalm tunes on his
violin and sung withal, as he
sometimes did in an evening
after the business of the day
was over, it was extremely

| THINK you may like to

    
     
   
   
   
     
   
      
     
 
   
 

agreeable to hear.ROM a child I was fond cf reading, and all the
little money that came into my hands was ever
laid out in books. Pleased with the “‘Pilgrim’s

Progress,” my first collection was of John Bunyan’s

works in separate little volumes.

My time for these exercises and for reading was
at night, after work or before it began in the
morning, or on Sundays, when I contrived to be
in the printing-house alone, evading as much as
I could the common attendance on public worship
which my father used to exact of me when I was
under his care, and which indeed [| still thought
a duty, though I could not, as it seemed to me,
afford time to practise it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

PROPOSED to my brother, that

if he would give me, weekly, half

the money he paid for my board,
I would board myself. He instantly
agreed to it, and I presently found
that I could save half what he paid
me. This was an additional fund
for buying books. But I had
another advantage in it. My
brother and the rest going from the
printing-house to their meals, I re-
mained there alone, and, despatch-
ing presently my light repast, which
often was no more than a bisket or
a slice of bread, a handful of raisins,
or a tart from the pastry-cook’s, and
a glass of water, had the rest of the
time, till their return, for study, in
which I made the greater progress,
from greater clearness of head.

 

 

 

E had some ingenious men
among his friends, who amus'd
themselves by writing little

pieces for this paper. I was excited
to try my hand among them; but,
being still a boy, and suspecting that
my brother would object to printing
any thing of mine in his paper if he
knew it to be mine, I contrived to
disguise my hand, and, writing an
anonymous paper, I put it in at
night, under the door of the print-
ing-house. It was found in the
morning, and communicated to his
writing friends when they call’d in
as usual. They read it, commented
on it in my hearing, and I| had the
exquisite pleasure of finding it met
with their approbation.now siding with my brother, I was sensible that,
if I attempted to go openly, means would be
used to prevent me. My friend Collins, therefore,
undertook to manage a little for me. He agreed
with the captain of a New York sloop for my pas-
sage, under the notion of my being a young acquaint-
ance of his that had got a naughty girl with child,
whose friends would compel me to marry her, and
therefore I could not appear or come away publicly.
So I sold some of my books to raise a little money,
was taken on board privately, and as we had a fair
wind, in three days I found myself in New York,
near 300 miles from home, a boy of but 17, without
the least recommendation to or knowledge of, any
person in the place, and with very little money in
my pocket.
offer’d my service to the printer in the place,

old Mr. William Bradford, who had been the first

| DETERMIN’D on the point, but my father

 

Y brother was passionate,

and had often beaten

me, which I took ex-
tremely ami and, thinking
my apprenticeship very tedi-
ous, I was continually wishing
for some opportunity of short-
ening it, which at length offered
in a manner unexpected.

At length a fresh difference
arising between my brother
and me, I took upon me to
assert my freedom, presuming
that he would not venture to
produce the new indentures.

t was not fair in me to take
this advantage, and this |
therefore reckon one of the
first errata of my life; but the
unfairness of it weighed little
with me, when under the im-
pressions of resentment for the
blows his passion too often
urged him to bestow upon me.

 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
   

 

 

 

 

 

printer in Pennsylvania.

 

 

 

 

    
   
   
   
   
 

 

E could give me no employ-
H ment, having little to do, and
help enough already; but
says he: ‘My son at Philadelphia
has lately lost his principal hand,
Aquila Rose, by death; if you go
thither, I believe he may employ
you.” Philadelphia was 100 miles
farther; I set out, however, in a
boat for Amboy, leaving my chest
and things to follow me round by
sea.
In crossing the bay, we met with
a squall that tore our rotten sails
to pieces, prevented our getting into
the Kill and drove us upon Long
Island. In our way, a drunken
Dutchman, who was a passenger
too, fell overboard; when he was
sinking, I reached through the
water to his shock pate, and drew
him up, so that we got him in again.
His ducking sobered him a little,
and he went to sleep, taking first
out of his pocket a book.and by noon a good deal tired; so I stopt at a poor inn, where
staid all night, beginning now to wish that I had never left home.

asked me, I was suspected to be some runaway servant, and in
danger of being taken up on that suspicion. However, I pro-
ceeded the next day, and got in the evening to an inn, within
eight or ten miles of Burlington, kept by one Dr. Brown.

  

PROCEEDED on my journey on foot, having fifty miles to
Burlington, where I was told I should find boats that would
carry me the rest of the way to Philadelphia.

It rained very hard all the day; I was thoroughly soak’d,

I cut so miserable a figure, too, that I found, by the questions

 

 

 

 

 

RETURNED to an old woman

in the town, of whom I had

bought gingerbread to eat on
the water, and I ask’d her advice.
She invited me to lodge at her
house till a passage by water
should offer; and being tired with
my foot travelling, | accepted the
invitation. She understanding |
was a printer, would have had me
stay at that town and follow my
business, being ignorant of the
stock necessary to begin with.
She was very hospitable, gave me
a dinner of ox-cheek with great
good will, accepting only of a pot
of ale in return; and [| thought
myself fixed till Tuesday should
come. However, walking in the
evening by the side of the river,
a boat came by, which I found was
going towards Philadelphia, with
several people in her. They took
me in.

 

 

 

 

E gave me, according-
ly, three great puffy
rolls. I was surpriz’d

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
    
 
   
   
   
   
    
 
   
   
       
     
    
   
       
   
    

at the quantity, but took it,
and, having no room in my
pockets, walk’d off with a
roll under each arm, and
eating the other. Thus I
went up Market-street as
far as Fourth-street, passing
by the door of Mr. Read,
my future wife's father;
when she, standing at the
door, saw me, and thought
I made, as I certainly did,
a most awkward, ridiculous
appearance. Then | turned
and went down Chestnut-
street and part of Walnut-
street, eating my roll all the
way, and, coming round,
found myself again at
Market-street wharf, near
the boat I came in, to which
I went for a draught of the
river water; and, being
filled with one of myrolls,
gave the other two to a
woman and her child.HUS refreshed, I walked again up the street,
which by this time had many clean-dressed
people in it, who were all walking the same

way. I joined them, and thereby was led into the

great meeting-house of the Quakers near the
market. I sat down among them, and, after look-
ing round awhile and hearing nothing said, being
very drowsy thro’ la bor and want of rest the pre-
ceding night, I fell fast asleep, and continued so
till the meeting broke up, when one was kind
enough to rouse me. This was, therefore, the first
house I was in, or slept in, in Philadelphia.
Walking down again toward the river, and look-
ing in the faces of people, I met a young Quaker
man, whose countenance I liked, and, accosting
him, requested he would tell me where a stranger
could get lodging. :

 

 

 

 

Bradford, the printer's. |
whom I

to PI niladelphia be fore me.

there was another printer in
haps, might employ me; _if

should be welcome to lodge

business should offer.

we found him, “Neighbor,”
Bradford,

a young man of your business.
haps you may want such a one.

posing- stick i al my hand to see

nothing for me to do.

 

HEN I made myself as tidy as I
could, and went to Andrew

found

in the shop the old man his father,
had seen in New York, and
who, traveling on horseback, had got
He intro-
duced me to his son, who received me
civilly, gave me a breakfast, but told
me he did not at present wanta hand,
being lately supplied with one, but

town,

lately set up, one Keimer, who, per-

not, |
at his

house, and he would give me a little
work to do now and Te till fuller

The old gentleman said he would go
with me to the new printer, and when

says

“‘T have brought to see you

Per-

¢_ kle

asked mea fe >W questions, put a com-

how I

worked, and then said he would em-
ploy me soon, though he had just then

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
  
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

in the first vessel, with the governor's letter
recommending me to my father.

About the end of April, 1724, a little vessel
offer'd for Boston. We ee on a shoal in
going down the bay, and sprung a leak; we had
were oblig’d to

Yi it was concluded I| should return to Boston

a blustering time at sea, an
pump almost continually, at which I took my
turn. We arriv’d safe, however, at Boston in
about a fortnight. My unexpected appearance
surpriz’d the family; all were, however, very
glad to see me, and made me welcome, except
my brother. I went to see him at his printing-
house. I was better dress’d than ever while in
his service, having a genteel new suit from head
to foot, a watch, and my pockets lin’d with near
five pounds sterling in silver. He receiv’'d me
not very frankly, look’d me all over, and turn’d

to his work again.OUNG man, I am concern’d for thee, as thou

has no friend with thee, and seems not to know

much of the world, or of the snares youth is
expos’d to; depend upon it, those are very bad women;
I can see it in all their actions; and if thee art not upon
thy guard, they will draw thee into some danger;
they are strangers to thee, and I advise thee, in a
friendly concern for thy welfare, to have no acquaint-
ance with them.”’ As I seem’d at first not to think so
ill of them as she did, she mentioned some things she
had observ’d and heard that had escap’d my notice,
but now convinc’d me she was right. I thank’d her
for her kind advice, and promis’d to follow it.

 

 

 

 

NGE, in a boat on the Delaware with some other young
men, he ref fused to row in his turn. aul will be TOW ‘d
home,” says he. “We will not row you, : says Ik,“ Ntore

must, or stay all night on the water, says he, “Just _as you
please.” The others said: “Let us row: what signifies it?”’
But my mind being soured with his other conduct, I continu d
to refuse. So he swore he would make me row, or throw me
overboard; and coming along, stepping on the thwarts, toward
me, when he came up and struck at me, | clapped my hand
under his crutch, and rising, pitched him head-foremost into
the river. I knew he was a good swimmer, and so was under
little concern about him. How ever, seeing him at last eae
ning to tire, we lifted him in.

 

 

 

 

Wa it “é

myself. Give me an inventory of the things necessary

to be had from E Deland: and I will send for ‘them. You
shall repay me when you are able; I am resolv'd to have a good
printer here, and I am sure you must succeed.” This was
spoken with such an appearance et cordiality, that I had not
the least doubt of his meaning w hat he said. I had hitherto
kept the proposition of my sctting up, a secret in Philadelphia,
and J still kept it. Had it been known that I depended on the
governor, probably some friend that knew him better would
have advis’'d me not to rely on him, as | afterwards heard it
as his known character to be liberal of promises which he never
meant to keep. Yet, unsolicited as he was by me, how could
I think his generous offers insincere? I believ’d him one of the
best men in the wor

\ ND since he will not set you up, I (Keith) will do it

 

 

 

 

 

ing this time to Miss Read

had a great respect and affec-
tion for her, and had some reason
to believe she had the same for me;
but, as I was about to take a long
voyage, and we were both very
young, only a little above eighteen,
it was thought most prudent by
her mother to prevent our going
too far at present, as a marriage,
if it was to take place, would be
more convenient after my return,
when I should be, as I expected,
set up in my business. Perhaps,
too, she thought my expectations
not so well founded as I imagined.

| HAD made some courtship dur-Y chief acquaintances at this time
were Charles Osborne, Joseph Wat-
son, and James Ralph, all lovers of
reading. Osborne was sensible, candid, frank;

sincere and affectionate to his friends; but, _]
in literary matters, too fond of criticising.

Ralph was ingenious, genteel in his manners,
and extremely eloquent; I think I never knew

 

 

 

 

a prettier talker. Both of them great ad- [ Set]
mirers of poetry and, began to try their hands

in little pieces. Many pleasant walks we four AVING taken leave of my friends,
had together on Sundays into the woods, near and interchangd some promises

with Miss Read, I left Phila-
delphia in the ship, which anchor’d at
Newcastle. The governor was there;
but when I went to his lodging, the
secretary came to me from him with the
civillest message in the world, that he
could not then see me, being engaged
in business of the utmost importance,
but should send the letters to me on
board, wish’d me heartily a good voy-
age and a speedy return, etc. I re-
turned on board a little puzzled, but
still not doubting. I forgot, by de-
grees, my engagements with Miss
Read, to whom I never wrote more
than one letter, and that was to let her
know I was not likely soon to return.
This was another of the great errata of
my life, which I should wish to correct
if I were to live it over again.

pea |

Schuylkill, where we read to one another.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HILE I lodg’d
WV in Little Brit-
ain, I made an
acquaintance with one
Wilcox, a bookseller,
whose shop was at the
next door. He had an
immense collection of
second - hand _ books.
We agreed that, on
certain terms, I might
take, read, and return
any of his books.

recommendatory to a number

of his friends, besides the let-
ter of credit to furnish me with
the necessary money. When I
call’d to take my leave and re-
ceive the letters, his secretary,
Dr. Bard, came out to me and
said the governor was extremely
busy in writing, but would be
down at Newcastle before the
ship, and there the letters would
be delivered to me.

| WAS to take with me lettersCARRIED up-and-down-stairs a large
form of types in each hand, when others
carried but one in both hands. They
wondered to see, from this and several in-
stances, that the “Water- American,” as
they called me, was “stronger” than

themselves, who drank “‘strong’’ beer!

 

Y lodging in Little Britain being too
M remote, | found another in Duke-street,

opposite to the Romish Chapel. It
was two pair of stairs backwards, at an
Italian warehouse. A widow lady kept the
house; an elderly woman; had been bred a
Protestant, being a clergyman’s daughter,
but was converted to the Catholic religion by
her husband, whose memory she much
revered.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

N a garret of her house there lived «

maiden lady of seventy, in the et

retired manner, of whom my landlady
gave me this account: that she was a
Roman Catholic, had been sent abroad
when young, and lodg’d in a nunnery with
an intent of becoming a nun.

   

 

 

wv length a trifle snapt our connections;

for, a great noise happening near the

court-house, I put my head out of the
window to see what was the matter. Keimer,
being in the street, look’d up. and saw me,
call’d out to me in a loud voice and angry
tone to mind my business, adding some re-
proachful words, that nettled me the more
for their publicity, for all the neighbors were
lcoking out on the same occasion.EIMER, on a prospect of being em-
ploy’ d to print some paper money in
New Jersey, which would require cuts
and various types that I only could supply,
and apprehending Bradford might engage
me and get the jobb from him, sent me a very
civil message, so | return’d, and we went on
more smoothly than for some time before.
The Ney Jersey jobb was obtain’d, I con-

copper-plate press for it, the first

that a been seen in the country; I cut
several ornaments and checks for the bills.
We went together to Burlington, where |
executed the whole to satisfaction; and he
received so large a sum for the work as to be
enabled thereby to keep his head much longer
above water.

 

 

genious acquaintance into a club

of mutual improvement which
we called the ‘Junto;’ we met
on Friday evenings. The rules that
I drew up required that every
member in his turn should produce
one or more queries on any point
a Morals, Politics, or Natural

Philosophy to be discuss’d by the
company; and once in _ three
months produce and read an essay
of his own writing, on any subject
he pleased. Our debates were to
be under the direction ofa president,
and to be conducted in the sincere
spirit of inquiry after truth, without
fondness for dispute or desire of
victory; and, to prevent warmth,
all expressions of positiveness in
opinions or direct contradiction
were after some time made contra-
band and prohibited under small
pec uniary pena Ities.

The first members were Joseph
Breintnal, a copyer of deeds for
the scriveners, a good-naturd,
friendly, middle-ag’d man, a great
lover of poetry, reading all he could

| HAD form’d most of my in-

meet with.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

E had scarce opened our letters
and put our press in order before

George House, an acquaintance

of mine, brought a countryman to us,
whom he had met in the street inquiring

or a printer. All our cash was now

erpended in the variety of particulars
we had been obliged to procure, and
this countryman’s five shillings, being
our first-fruits, and coming so season-
ably, gave me more pleasure than any
crown I have since earned; and the
gratitude I felt towards House has

made me often more ready than per-

haps I should otherwise have been to
assist young beginners.debt I was under for the printing-house.
In order to secure my credit and char-
acter as a tradesman, I| took care not only
to be in “reality” industrious and frugal,
but to avoid all appearances to the contrary.
I drest plainly; I was seen at no places of
idle diversion. I never went out a fishing
or shooting; a book, indeed, sometimes de-
bauch’d me from my work, but that was
seldom, snug, and gave no scandal, and to
show that I was not above my business, I
sometimes brought home the paper I
pure has'd at the stores thro’ the streets on a
wheelbarrow.

| BEGAN now gradually to pay off the

 

 

 

 

the singular number, though our part-

nership still continued; the reason
may be that, in fact, the whole manage-
ment of the business lay upom me.
Meredith was no compositor, a poor press-
man, and seldom sober. My friends la-
mented my connection with him, but I was
to make the best of it.

Our first papers made a quite different
appearance from any before.

| PERCEIVE that I am apt to speak in

 

 

 

 

 

PITI’D poor Miss Read’s unfortunate situation,
who was generally dejected, seldom cheerful, and
avoided company. I considered my giddiness and
inconsistency when in London as in a great degree
the cause of her unhappiness, tho’ the ‘mother was
good enough to think the fault more her own than
mine, as she had prevented our marrying before |
went thither, and persuaded the other mz atch in my

Our mutual affection was revived, but there

were now great objections to our union. The match
was indeed looked upon as invalid, a preceding wife
being said to be living in England.

 

 

 

 

 

N this little fund we began.

The books were imported;

the library was opened one

day in the week for lending to the
subscribers, on their promissory
notes to pay double the value if
not duly returned. The institu-
tion soon manifested its utility,
was imitated by other towns,
and in other provinces.E have an English proverb that says:

“He that would thrive, must ask his

wife.” It was lucky for me that I had
one as much dispos’d to industry and frugality
as myself. She assisted me cheerfully in my busi-
ness, folding and stitching pamphlets, tending
shop, purchasing old linen rags for the paper-
makers, etc., etc. We kept no idle servants, our
table was plain and simple, our furniture of the
cheapest. For instance, my breakfast was a long
time bread and milk (no tea), and I ate it out of a
twopenny earthen porringer, witha pewter spoon.
But mark how luxury will enter families, and
make a progress, in spite of principle.

 

 

 

bowl, with a spoon of silver!
They had been bought for me w ithout
my knowledge by my wife, and had
cost her the enormous sum of three-
and-twenty shillings, for which she
had no other excuse or apology to
make, but that she thought her hus-
band deserv’d a silver spoon and a
China bowl as well as any of his
neighbors. This was the first ap-
pearance of China in our house.

EING call’d one morning to
sreakfast, I found it in a China

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ND like him who, having a garden to weed,
AN does not attempt to eradicate all the bad

herbs at once, which would exceed his
reach and his strength, I] determined to give a
week’s strict attention to each of the virtues
successively. Thus, in the first week, my great
guard was to avoid every the least offence against
“Temperance,” leaving the other virtues to thei
ordinary chance, only marking every evening the
faults of the day, but works on one of the beds
at a time, and, having accomplish’d the first,
proceeds to a second, so I should have, I hoped,
the encouraging pleasure of seeing progress.

 

 

 

 

 

 

MADE s¢0 little progress in amend-

ment, and had such frequent re-

lapses that I was almost ready to
give up the attempt, and content my-
self with a faulty character in that
respect, like the man who, in buying
an ax of a smith, my neighbour, de-
sired to have the whole of its surface
as bright as the edge. The smith
consented to grind it bright for him
if he would turn the wheel; he turn’d
while the smith press'd the broad
face of the ax hard which made the
turning of it very fatiguing.HAD begun in 1732 to
| study languages; I soon

made myself so much a
master of the French as to
be able to read the books
with ease. then under-
took the Italian. An ac-
quaintance, who was also
learning it, usd often to
tempt me to play chess with
him. Finding this took up too
much of the time I had to
spare for study, I at length
refusd to play any more
unless on this condition,
that the victor in every
game should have a right to
impose a task, either in
parts of the grammar to be
got by heart, or in transla-
tions, etc., which tasks the
vanquish’d was to perform,

 

  

HE not only sent me as clear a state as she could

find of the transactions past, but continued to
account with the greatest regularity and exactness
every quarter afterwards, and managed the business
with such success that she not only brought up rep-
utably a family of children, but, at the expiration of
the term was able to purchase of me the printing-
house, and establish her son in it.

I mention this affair chiefly for the sake of recom-
mending that branch of education for our young
females, as likely to be of more use to them and their
children, in case of widowhood, than either music or
dancing, by preserving them from losses by imposi-
tion of crafty men and enabling them to continue,
perhaps, a profitable mercantile house, with estab-
lish’d correspondence till a son is grown up.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

pe _returning, I call’d at
ee hh Newport to see my
a a brother, then settled
A there with his printing-

house. Our former differ-
ences were forgotten, and
our meeting was very cor-
dial and affectionate. He
was fast declining in health,
and requested of me that,
x in case of his death, which
aS he apprehended not far
distant, I would take home
his son, then but ten years
of age, and bring him up to
the printing business. This
I accordingly perform’d,
sending him a few years to
school before [ took him
into the office. His mother
carried on the business till
he was grown up, when { as-
sisted him with an assort-
ment of new types.

 
  
  

IPEN 1739 arrived among us from
Ireland the Reverend Mr. White-
field, who had made himself re-

markable there as an_ itinerant
preacher. He was at first permitted
to preach in some of our churches;
but the clergy, taking a dislike to
him, soon refus’d him their pulpits,
and he was oblig’d to preach in the
fields. The multitudes of all sects
and denominations that attended
his sermons were enormous.

 

 

YOUNG gentleman who had likewise some

friends in the House, and wished to succeed

me as their clerk, acquainted me that it was
decided to displace me at the next election; and he,
therefore, in good will, advised me to resign, as more
consistent with my honor than being turned out.
My answer to him was that I had read or heard of
some public man who made it a rule never to ask
for an office, and never to refuse one when offered
to him. “I approve,” says I, ‘‘of his rule, and will
practise it with a small addition; I shall never ‘ask,’
never ‘refuse,’ nor ever ‘resign’ an office.”

 

 

 

 

FTER a few more bumpers he
A advanc’d to ten; and at length
he very good-naturedly con-
ceded eighteen. They were fine
cannon, eighteen-pounders, with
their carriages which we soon trans-
ported and mounted on our battery
where the associators kept a nightly
guard while the war lasted, and
among the rest I regularly took my
urn of duty there as a common
soldier.

 

 

the commissioners walk’d out to see what was
the matter. We found they had made a great
bonfire in the middle of the square; they were all
drunk, men and women, quarreling and fighting.
Their dark-colour’d bodies half naked, seen only

[° the evening, hearing a great noise among them,

light of the bonfire, running after and
beating one another with fire-brands, accompanied
by their horrid yellings, form’d a scene the most
resembling our ideas of hell.

by the gloomyFOUND at my door in Craven-

street, one morning, a poor woman

sweeping my pavement with a birch
broom; she appeared very pale and
feeble, as just come out of a fit of sick-
ness. I ask’d who employ’d her to
sweep there; she said: “Nobody; but
I am very poor and in distress.

 

 

HIS guard being disordered, the general
hurried the troops up to their assistance,
which was done in great confusion thro’
waggons, baggage, and cattle; and presently
the fire came upon their flank; the officers,
being on horseback, were more easily dis-
tinguish’d, pick’d out as marks and fell very
fast and the soldiers were crowded together in
a huddle, having or hearing no orders and stand-
ing to be shot at till two thirds of them were
killed, and then, being seiz’d with a panick, the

whole fled with precipitation.

The waggoners took each a horse out of his
team and scamper’d; their example was im-
mediately followed by others, so that all the
waggons, provisions, artillery and stores were
left tothe enemy. The general, being wounded,
was brought off with difficulty.

 

 

 

 

HESE. twenty parcels, well
pack’d, were placed on as

 

 

N conversation with him one day, he was giving me
some account of his intended progress. Having be-
fore revolv’d in my mind the long line his army must

make in their march by a very narrow road to be cut for
them thro’ the woods and bushes, and also what I had
read of a former defeat of fifteen hundred French who
invaded the Iroquois country I had conceiv’d some
doubts and some fears for the event of the campaign.

   

many horses, each parcel,
with the horse, being intended
as a present for one officer. They
were very thankfully receiv’d
and the kindness acknowledg’d
by letters to me from the colo-
nels of both regiments, in the
most grateful terms. The gen-
eral, too, was highly satisfied.Bes

 

 

 

 

the officers of my regiment took it into their heads that it would be proper for them to

[) the off this short time of my colonelship, being about to set out on a journey to Virginia,

escort me out of town as far as the Lower Ferry. Just as I was getting on horse-back they
came to my door, between thirty and forty, mounted, and all in their uniforms. I had not been
previously acquainted with the project, or I should have prevented it, being naturally averse to
the assuming of state on any occasion; and I was a good deal chagrin’d as I could not avoid their
accompanying me. They drew their swords and rode with them naked all the way.

 

 

 

E. said much to me, also, of the
H proprietors good disposition to-

wards the province and of the ad-
vantage it might be to us all, and to me
in particular, if the opposition that had
been so long continu’d to his measures
was dropt, and harmony restor d be-
tween him and the people; in effecting
which, it was thought no one could be
more serviceable than myself; and I
might depend on adequate acknowl-
edgements and recompenses, etc., etc.
The drinkers, finding we did not re-
turn immediately to the table, sent us
a decanter of Madeira which the
Governor made liberal use of, and be-
came more profuse of his promises.

 

 

 

and all his army on board, bound to

Louisburg, with intent to besiege and
take that fortress; all the paquet-boats in
company ordered to attend the General’s
ship ready to receive his dispatches when
they should be ready. We were out five
days before we got a letter with leave to
part and then our ship quitted the fleet and
steered for England. The other two
paquets he still detained, carried them with
him to Halifax where he stayed some time
to exercise the men in sham attacks upon
sham forts.

A T length the fleet sail’d, the Generalto send a petition to the King and

choose Franklin as a special messen-
ger to present the petition. A cavalcade
of three hundred people from Philadel-
phia accompanied bim to Chester and a
greatcompany assembled upon thewharf,
when the vessel was about to sail, to take
leave of their distinguished countryman
and wish him a prosperous voyage. The
crowd thus assembled saluted Franklin
with acclamations and cheers, as the boat
was to convey him to the vessel slowly
moved away from the shore.

, ‘HE General Assembly determined

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

a great interest in its prosperity.
and build a new church in another place.
the mother church; but Franklin favored
effect from the one they apprehended.

parent stock in countenance.

 

r SHE church with which Franklin was connected

was of the Episcopal denomination, and he took

It was pro-

posed by certain members to forma sort of colony,

A portion

of the people opposed this plan as tending to weaken

it, thinking

that in the end the measure would have a contrary
He compared
it to the swarming of bees, by which, he said, the com-
fert and prosperity of the old hive was increased, and
a new and flourishing colony established to keep the

 

 

 

 

 

 

OON after Franklin’s return from Eng-
land, he turned his attention to the
condition of the post-office, for he still

held the office of postmaster for the colonies.
He concluded to make a tour of inspection
with reference to this business in all the
colonies north of Philadelphia. He took
his daughter with him on this journey,
although it was likely to be a very long and
fatiguing one. He traveled in a wagon, ac-
companied by a saddle horse. His daughter
rode on this horse for a considerable part
of the journey.

 

 

highly.

out the whole learned world.

 

HE great philosopher’s attention was attracted at this
time in some degree to the effect of dress upon his own
personal appearance, for on making a visit to Paris,

which he did toward the close of 1767, he says that the
French tailor and perruquier so transformed him as to make
nim appear twenty years younger than he really was.

_ Franklin received a great deal of attention while he was
in Paris, and he seems to have enjoyed his visit there very
The most distinguished men in the walks of litera-
ture and science sought his society, for they all knew well
his reputation as a philosopher; and many of them had read
his writings and had repeated the experiments which he had
made, and which had awakened so deep an interest through-
Franklin received too, many
marks of honor from the public men of France —especially
from those who were connected with the government. :OR a time the Americans refused to use any British commodities, in order that the people of
England might see that by the persisting of the government in their determination to tax

the colonies, they would lose a very valuable trade. Franklin joined in this effort, insomuch
that for a long time he would not make purchases in England of any article to send home to his
family. At length, the difficulty was in some measure compromised. One of the most obnoxious
acts of Parliament for taxing America was repealed, and then for the first time Franklin pur-

chased and sent home to his wife and

aughter quite a trunk full of dresses—silks, satins, and

brocade—with gloves, and bottles of lavender water, and other such niceties to fill the corners.
He told her, in the letter which he sent with the trunk, that, as the Stamp Act was repealed, he

was now willing that she should have a new gown.

 

 

 

T one time Franklin called
eX to pay his respects to Lord
Hillsborough on a day

when his lordship was holding a
levee, and when there were a
number of carriages at the door.
Franklin’s coachman drove up,
alighted, and was opening the car-
riage for Franklin to dismount,
when the porter came out, and in
a most supercilious and surly
manner rebuked the coachman
for opening the door of the car-
riage before he had inquired
whether hislordship wasat home;
and then turning to Franklin he
said, “‘My lord is not at home.”

 

 

 

 

HILE Franklin was in England at-
tempting to adjust the difficulties
which had sprung up between the

colonies and the mother country, a tragical
affair occurred in Boston, generally known
in America as the Boston Massacre. A
dispute arose between the boys of Boston
and a citizen, the British officer deemed it
his duty to order the troops to fire upon a
crowd of people that were assembled to
taunt and threaten them, and pelt them
with ice and snow. In the firing three
men were killed outright and two more
were mortally wounded.RANKLIN was quite celebrated for his
F skill in playing chess, and at one time he
was informed that a certain lady of high
rank desired to play chess with him, thinking
that she could beat him. He of course acced-
ed to this request and played several games
with her. The Lady was a sister of Lord
Howe. It turned out in the end that this
plan of playing chess was only a manoeu-
vere to open the way for Franklin’s visit-
ing at Mrs. Howe’s House, in order that
Lord Howe himself might have the appor-
tunity of conferring with him on American
affairs without attracting attention.

  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

FTER the lapse of about a
A year, the progress of the
Americans in making good
their defense against the armies of
the mother country was so decided
that it began to appear very prob-
able that the independence of the
country would be maintained, and
the French government deemed
that it would be safe for them to
enter into treaties of commerce and
friendship with the new state. This
was accordingly done in February,
1778, though it necessarily involved
the consequence of a war with Eng-
land.
When these treaties were at
length signed, Franklin and the two
other commissioners were formally
presented at court, where they were
received by the French monarch as
the acknowledged representatives
of an independent and sovereign
power, now for the first time taking
her place among the nations of the
earth. This was an event in the life
of Franklin of the highest interest
and importance, since the open
negotiations of the American govern-
ment by France made the success of
the country, in the effort to achieve
its dependence, almost certain.

 

 

 

 

 

 

T is a curious illustration of the manner in which the
tastes and habits of early life come back in old age, that
Franklin was accustomed at this time, for recreation, to

amuse himself with a little printing office, which he caused
to be arranged at his lodgings—on a small scale it is true—
but sufficiently complete to enable him to live his youth
over again, as it were, in bringing back old associations and
thoughts to his mind by giving himself up to his ancient
occupations. The things that he printed in this little office
were all trifles, as he called them, and were only intended for
the amusement of his friends; but the work of producing
them gave him great pleasure.

Franklin, on his return home, landed at the Market street
wharf, where crowds of people were assembled, who received
him with loud acclamations, and accompanied him through
the streets, with cheers and rejoicings, to his door.appeared before various legislative bodies and upheld the rights of the Colonies, and

upon one occasion was scandalously insulted. Had the English ministry heeded the
counsels of this wise man, the war would have been averted, and America would have
been held tighter than ever to the Empire.

PE Serer BEFORE THE LORDS IN COUNCIL, 1774. While in England Franklin

 

 

 

 

 

RANKLIN’S RECEPTION AT THE COURT OF FRANCE, 1778. In October, 1777,
Franklin sailed for France to help negotiate the treaty which was to have such mo-
mentous consequences. His reputation had preceded him. All the greatest men and

women-of France were proud to know him. His witticisms passed from mouth to mouth.
His wise sayings were taught in schools. Portraits of him appeared everywhere. Through
is influence, the King agreed to recognize the independence of America.

 

   

163axe

ie 3 s Ags
Franklin and Richard Oswald Discussing the
Treaty of Peace at Paris.

 

 

of further prolonging the struggle with the

Colonies, sent Richard Oswald over to Paris
to begin negotiations for peace with Franklin.
Franklin was then in Paris, and had written to
Shelburne, the British Minister, expressing a
genuine desire for peace. Congress had put the
peace negotiations into the hands of Commis-
sioners Franklin, Jay, Adams and Laurens. Jay
was in Spain, Adams was at the Hague, and
Laurens was just out of the Tower, having been
captured on the high seas. Franklin was the
leader in the negotiations, but the draft was pre-
pared by John Jay. The English commissioners
were Richard Oswald and Henry Strachey. Many
times the negotiations were on the point of
rupture. There was much talking, proposing and
counter-proposing. Finally the terms were agreed
upon and the treaty was signed, November 30,
1782, in which the independence of the Colonies
was acknowledged, and thus the great struggle
was brought to a close.

y | ‘HE British Ministry realizing the hopelessnessEntrance to Little Britain, London, where
Franklin lived in 1726. He went to Lon-
don at this time to purchase an outfit for
Franklin was born January 6, 1706, in Boston. The house a printing establishment in Philadelphia.
stood on Milk Street. It was destroyed by fire in e was disappointed, however.

December, 1810.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Old Quaker Meeting-House in Philadelphia where Franklin

went to sleep upon his first arrival there from Boston.

This building stood on the southwest corner of Second and
Market Streets.

 

 

 

worked when

boy in Boston. He
was an apprentice in
the printing-office of his
brother, and it was after
a quarrel with him that
Franklin ran away to
New York, and finally rz Z 3
reached Philadelphia. Franklin’s Residence in London in 1760.
He came to London at this time as the
representative of the Colonial Govern-
ment of Pennsylvania to adjust its diff-
Press at Which Franklin Worked culties with the Penn Heirs. He also
newatts Bone once London; represented some of the other Colonies.

RINTING- PRESS
P at which Franklin

 

 

 

 

 

Lan or, ates 3Dih

1~—)-

ee

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RANKLIN occupied a pew in Christ’s
Church, Philadelphia, although he was
no member of any church organization.

He was buried in the ground adjacent to
this church, and his funeral services were
held there. This church stands on Second
Street above Market Street. Other great
patriots of the Revolution are also interred
here or under the floor of the church.

 

 

 

 

 

T was in the spring
of 1752 that Franklin
thought of trying the
experiment with a kite;
and it was during one of
the June thunder - storms
of that year, that the im-
mortal kite was flown.
He made his kite of a
large silk handkerchief,
and fastened to the top of
the perpendicular stick a
piece of sharpened iron-
wire. He stole away,
upon the approach of a
storm, into the commons
not far from his own house,
near a spot where there
was an old cow-shed. His
son accompanied him.
The kite was raised in
time for the coming gust,
the string being hempen,
except the part held in the
hand, which was silk.

 

 

 

T eleven o'clock, April 7, 1790, Franklin
died, aged eighty-four years and two
months. Four days later his body

was borne to the tomb and laid by the
side of his wife. Philadelphia followed
him to his last resting-place. Congress
ordained a month of mourning for him.
France honored his memory by wearing
mourning for three days, and over the
world came a hush when the news was
carried, “Franklin is dead.’”’ The graves
of Franklin and his wife are marked by a
flat stone. The large upright stone is in
memory of John Read, Mrs. Franklin’s
father, and the smaller one in memory of
Franklin’s son, Francis, who died in
infancy.One of the Best Likenesses of Franklin,
Engraved in Paris about | 0 by Car-
montelle.

 

Bust. Sculptor, Houdon. Owned
by Metropolitan Museum of Art.

 

 

 

Owned

Sculptor, Houdon.
by American Philosophical Society.

Bust.

   

af
oe. 3 ‘ee
Painted by Duplessis in 1783 and Pre-
sented by Franklin to a Friend an
eighbor at Passy, France.

T is said: “Surely if a man’s
fame is to be measured by
the number of his portraits

at home and abroad, Frank-
lin was by far the most fam-
ous American of his period,
as, indeed, there can be no
doubt he was. His likeness
is to be found in oils, and
crayons, on canvas, on paper,
on ivory, on porcelain, and
in pottery, and on pitchers
and teacups.”

 

 

 

Sculptor, Ceracchi.

Bust.

 

Bust owned by Royal Society,
E 5

nglan

 

Owned by the
Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington,
IDL,

Painted by Duplessis.Miniature by Janinet.

 

Miniature after Thouron. Owned by Metro-
politan Museum of Art.

Medallion after Nini.

Metropolitan

HEN Frank-
Jin lived in
Paris his
likeness was every-
where, in painting,
in sculpture, and in
engraving, until it
was said by a gossip
of the day
found at the hearth
of the poor and in
the boudoir of the
beautiful.”

   

Y tie

Museum of

 

From Miniature.
Artist Unknown

   

 
 

Painted by Charles Wilson Pealein Philadelphia
when Franklin was eighty-one years of age.

   

ea

Artist Unknown.

Miniature.

Owned by
t.

Ar

 

Painted by Duplessis and Obtained in Paris by
ames Monroe, when United States Minister.Franklin ‘“‘The Politician.” Painted by Painted in London when Franklin was twenty
Stephen Elmer in 1782. and presented to his brother, John Franklin,

of Newport, Rhode Island.

 

 

 

 

 

@

(.

)

°
3
>
‘

=

“2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

      

 

 

 

 

 

: i ai id Martin in London when
oe Lek SE ete t rT ae ensues Reine nya pee Rbowe ey years old.
ished in :Painted by Paplessa ore Owned by the
os

 

Bust.

 

Sculptor, Houdon.
y Boston Athenaeum.

From Miniature. Artist
nown

 

MATS by Thouron. Owned
by the Government of France.

 

From Miniature. Artist

Painted by Thomas Gainsborough at time
of Signing of the Treaty of Peace.

 
 

       

Painted by Duplessis at Parisin 1778. Owned
by Mutual Assurance Society, Philadelphia.

 

From Miniature. Artist Unknown.

 

Painted by Greuze and were to Richard

eaeld and known as an “Ambassador Por-

trait Owned by Boston Public Library.Painted by Unknown Artist.

 

“Fur-cap” Franklin Painted by
Charles N. Cochin in 1777

foes

Painted by Charles Wilson Peale and

Owned by Historical Society of Pennsyl-
vania.

 

 

 

  

From Miniature. Artist

     

  

“Red Coat” Portrait. Painted by Bari-
colo. Owned by Royal Society of Lon-
aon

    
 
   
        

 

From Miniature. Artist Un-
known

 

Miniature after Cochin.

From Miniature. Artist Un-

nown.

   

 

nts Frank-

a6 = Painted by Baricolo. Represe
From Mina rarece Artist Un- RURW casing Gray Sule Owned bs
ae as National Portrait Gallery, London.Painted by Rembrandt Peale with the Nat-
ural Bridge as a background in acknowledg-
ment of Jefferson’s opening up the natural re-
sources of Virginia in his “Notes on Virginia.”

 

 

 

 

Painted by James Sharpless.
Owned by the City of Philadelphia
and now in Old State House.

   

 

 

 

 

 

Life of [homas

Jefferson

 

 

As Told in Pictures

 

 

 

 

  

 

Painted by Bass Otis in 1816

and privately owned.

 

 

 

 

 

Painted by Rembrandt Peale in
1803 and now owned by the New
York Historical Society.Earliest Known Portrait of Jefferson.
Painted by Mather Brown in London
in 1786 for Jefferson himself.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Painted by Gilbert Stuart. There are
many Stuart portraits in existence, an
are the most widely known of Jefferson.

 

 

 

 

 

Painted by Gilbert Stuart.

 

 

 

    

Painted by Thomas Sully in 1830 at the

request of the Corps of Engineers U.S. A.,

because Jefferson approved the Act of Con-
gress creating a Military Academy.

 

. _ c Pr : a
Martha Jefferson, daughter of Thomas Jeffer-

son, who was idolized by her father, was a very
accomplished woman, speaking several lan-
guages, being a fine musician, and possessing
a highly cultivated mind. She married Thomas
Mann Randolph at Monticello, home of her
father. She was the mother of eleven children.
She accompanied her father when he was
appointed minister to France, and was his
constant companion.William es Mary College,

Reverend James Blair.

 

 

 

 

named in honor of two sove-
reigns, is the oldest college in America.
A list of the alumni of early days

reads like a roll of the continental congress and the first con-
stitutional convention.

 

 

Its first president was

 

 

 

 

Jefferson eae Martha Skelton, the ee
daughter of John Wayles, a lawyer of large prac-
tice who owned a large estate, at whose home
“The Pines’ the ceremony took place on New

Year’s Day, 1772. She died in 1782.

 

 

 

 

  

     

A) WOLY BIBL
| ~
|

OLD CAPITOL BUILDING AT WILLIAMS-

BURG. Williamsburg was founded in 1632, be-

came the seat of government of the colony of

Virginia in 1698, when the state-house and the jail

at Jamestown were burned. The building was de-
stroyed in 1832

 

The ( ‘Old Coane. FHousenet at Williamsburg, Sick

stands in the center of the town, a small but well
proportioned structure, still used for judicial pur-
poses. Here Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry,
John Marshall, and other famous lawyers of that
time, tried their cases. To-day it seems an hum-
ble theatre for their talents.saddle to a carriage.

N 1800 Jefferson was elected President of the United
States. He was inaugurated the following March.
The story of his going into the Capital on horseback
unattended, and hitching his horse to the ‘‘palisades”’
while he was taking the oath of office as President, is
said to be a pleasant fiction only. Nevertheless, he
owned many magnificent horses of which he was very
proud, and was a fearless rider, always preferring the

While President he rode daily for

 

 

 

 

two hours in the neighborhood of Washington.

 

 

 

Jefferson’s Polygraph in the Library of the
niversity of Virginia.

 

M

 

 

Albemarle County of Virginia.

ONTICELLO, the home of Jefferson, is situated on the apex of a mountain in the beautiful
Jefferson was devoted to his home and spent many years anda
considerable sum for that day in building it. It was the Mecca for the culture of America and of
Europe. Lafayette, Kosciusko, the de Riedesels, Washington, Monroe, Madison, were among the guests.versity of Virginia the greatest

achievement of his life. The in-
stitution was the dream of his youth.
His desire was accomplished after a
long struggle and the exercise of re-
markable patience and perseverance.
He drew most of the sketches for
the buildings. The corner-stone was

laid on October 6, 1817

Jirersiey ot considered the Uni-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Virginia, and also the prison for that

State. In his autobiography he says
that one of his “‘passions’” was architecture.
In addition to Monticello, he designed the
residences of several of his neighbors, and
his skill is seen in several of the symmetrical
mansions, built in the colonial period of
Virginia. The Capitol at Richmond was
built after the removal of the seat of govern-
ment from Williamsburg.

J Miecinia planned the Capitol of

 

 

 

   

Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury,

and he obtained the credit of being
one of the best financiers of the age.
He was a-tower of strength in the
Jefferson administration. He was
born in Geneva, Switzerland, in
1761, a man of a distinguished family.

I 1801 Jefferson appointed Albert

 

 

 

 

Oe HOUSE, JEFFERSON'S
ME. Owing to the shifting
scenes of important military opera-
tions, the seat of government of the United
States had no fixed abiding place for many
years. The early seat of government was
the place where the Continental Congress
found it safe and convenient to hold its
sessions, and any chosen place was subject
to change on sudden notice. The cities that
had the honor of thus being the seat of
government were: Philadelphia, Baltimore,
Lancaster, Pa., York, Pa., Princeton,
Annapolis, Trenton, and New York. The
seat of government was permanently
settled in the City of Washington, D. C., in
the summer of 1800 he corner-stone of
the White House was laid in 1792, and the
building was first apscupied by President
Adams, who held rst New Year's re-
ception in it on Slsnuary 1, 1801.as Told

Life of Alexander Hamilton

in Pictures

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Portrait of Hamilton by John Trumbull. Age
45 years.

 

 

AMILTON selected a tract of land for
and Tenth Avenues, and which extends
extended to the Hudson River.

“The Grange”

 

The
was a merry one for within its hospitabl
with whom Hamilton had so much to do during his official life.
Mrs. Hamilton was forced by necessity to dispose of her home.
thirteen trees representing the thirteen original states.

his home which to-day is bounded by St. Nicholas
from 14Ist to 145th Street, New York, but formerly
home was known as “The Grange.” Life at
e walls were many distinguished people
After the duel of Hamilton,
Here Hamilton also plantedAlexander Hamilton was born at
Nevis, an island in the West Indics.
As soon as he learned his letters he de-
voted himself to study until he was ten
years old, when ke entered the count-
ing-house of Nichclas Cruger at <t.
Croix. Hamilton’s career began here.

 

 

 

 

Home of General Philip Schuyler at

Albany, N. Y. Hamilton, with his
wife and family, spent many happy
ays here.

 

 

 

 

   
 

Hamilton at
years entered the American army of
the Revolution as Captain of Artillery.
Washington invited him to become his
aide-de-camp. He also was Washing-
ton’s secretary, and his relation with
the commander-in-chief was very inti-

 

   

v

 

 

The adoption of the Federal Constitution July 23,
was celebrated in New York City on a sc

1789,

ale of great magni-

tude. One of the features of the celebration was a remarkable
parade, in which procession was a man-of-ship with Hamil-

ton’s name emblazoned upon each side of it.

To Hamilton

was given much of the credit for the adoption of the
Constitution.

 

 

 

   

  

      
    

the age of nineteen

mate and affectionate.

 

General Philip Schuyler, one
of the distinguished generals
of the Revolution. Hamilton
married his daughter Elizabeth.

 

Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
lived to the age of 95, and
retained all her faculties to
a remarkable degree.Burr, then Vice-Presi-

dent of the United
States, met in a duel July
11, 1804, in which General
Hamilton received a mortal
wound. From early man-
hood the two brilliant men
had been rivals. The enmity
grew until a letter con-
taining a statement that
General Hamilton had char-
acterized Colonel Burr as a
dangerous man was pub-
lished in a newspaper. This
led to a long correspondence
which finally ended in a
challenge from Burr.

HBers then and Aaron

   
 

 

 

 

Portrait of Alexander Hamilton
painted by Sharpless.

 
 
  
 

Portrait of Aaron Burr painted by

ilbert Stuart.

 

 

 

 

 

Pistols used by Hamilton and Burr in the duel.

 

 

 

 

HE. duel was fought at seven o'clock in
aR the morning on a grassy ledge above the

Hudson River, at Weehawken, opposite
New York City. The principals had chosen
pistols as weapons. Standing ten paces
apart they waited the signal to fire. Burr
took deliberate aim, but Hamilton’s was, a
random shot. Hamilton fell wounded in the
side. He was taken back to New York City
where he died the next day. The death of
General Hamilton aroused the public to a
sense of the enormity of the practise of duel-
ing. The national conscience was touched
and from that date no man in the United
States has fought a duel without losing the
esteem of his countrymen.Portrait of Hamilton, Painted by John Trum-
bull in 1792 and Owned by the Chamber of

Commerce of New York.

   

 

 

 

“ MERICAN history presents no more
A striking character than Alexander Ham-
ilton, who was born in the West Indies,
January 11, 1757. As a boy he showed “his
genius for affairs and letters,’’ and his friends
furnished the funds for his education at
King’s College (now Columbia University).
During the Revolution, he participated in the
battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton,
Princeton and Yorktown. He was lieutenant-
colonel and aide-de-camp on the staff of
Washington, and he took an active part in his
chief's battles, assisted in planning campaigns
and in devising means for the support of the
army. Hewas but twenty-four years of age at
the close of the war, and he began the practice
of law in New York, where he attained high
rank in his profession. e was one of the
signers of the Constitution of the United
States, and overcame the opposition of the
State of New York to its adoption by his
essays in “The Federalist.” Washington ap-
pointed him as the first Secretary of the
Treasury and with a master hand he organ-
ized the Treasury Department; provided
for a sound national taxation; authorized
methods for the establishing of a National
Bank and a mint; secured the purchase of
West Point by the Government, and ad-
vocated strict neutrality on the part of the
Amerizan Government toward foreign powers.

 

 

AMILTON was buried in the church-
yard of Old Trinity, within a few
hundred yards of the first house he

occupied when he came to New York and
of Federal Hall. While the graves cf Eliza-
beth Hamilton andhimself arereallylocated
in the very heart of the commercial center
of the United States, everyone who hurries
up the great street that extends from the
venerable church to the East River, can, if
he chooses, easily see the Hamilton monu-
ment.

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Writing Desk Belonging to Hamilton.Painted by John S. Copley, 1783. Owned by Harvard
Uni t

niversity

| be |

 

 

 

 

John Ad

Vice-President of U.S.,
President of U.S., 1797-1801

Member Continental

during the Revolution

Portraits of

   
     
           
 

alys
1789-97

Congress

 

 

 

 

 

Mrs. John Adams, Painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1804.

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

Mrs. John Adams (Abigail Smith), age 21, to
whom John Adams was married at the age of 20

Painted by Blyt

 

 

John Adams, as_ Minister at the Hague,
1782-5... Painted by Winstanley.Painted by S. F. B. Morse in 1816. Painted by Gilbert Stuart, 1823.

       
    
 

 

From “Declaration of Independ- Painted by Trumbull; Owned by Oil Miniature by Trumbull;
ence” painted by Trumbull. Harvard University. Owned by Yale University.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Painted by Gilbert Stuart, 1798.

Unfinished Portrait by Gilbert Stuart, 1826.~ S = He :
Bors.

Fn >
: Se

 

 

 

T the Corner of Independ-
ence and Franklin Avenue,
Quincy, Massachusetts,

two time-stained houses stand
close together, restored and
maintained as sacred memorials.
The older and smaller house is
the birthplace of John Adams,
and the other, the birthplace of
John Quincy Adams, sixth Presi-
dent of the United States. The
latter is now a museum of his-
toric relics.

 

 

 

 

HE Richmond Hill House,
New York, was occupied
by General Washington

as his headquarters in 1776,
and during the occupation of
the city by the British, it was
the residence of Sir Guy Carl-
ton, and many other distin-
guished noblemen. In 1788, it
was the home of Vice-President
Adams, and afterwards fell
into the possession of Aaron
Burr, who entertained here
lavishly. After his duel with
Hamilton he gave up the house
and left the city.

 

 

 

 

 

=

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Quincy Adams, Son of John Adams
and Sixth President of United States.

 

 

 

John Adams, only President having Son
Subsequently Elected President.Portrait by Unknown Artist. Owned privately

in England.

 

 

       

Portraits of

John Jay

One of the Commissioners who Signed
Treaty of Peace. First Chief Justice
U. S. Supreme Court.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

John Jay as Chief
Supreme Court.

Owned by Met

Justice of the United States
Painted by Gilbert Stuart.
ropolitan Museum of Art.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

Mrs. John Jay (Born Sarah Van Brugh
Livingston).

AES

Painted by John Trumbull in 1804; now in
the Governor’s Room, City Hall, New York.Portrait of Patrick Henry painted
by Thomas Sully.

 

 

 

 

 

EWS of the passage of the Stamp

Act reached America in May,
1765. On the 29th of May,
Patrick Henry, who had just been
elected to the Virginia Assembly, intro-
duced a set of resolutions stating that
Virginia could be lawfully taxed only
by her own Assembly, that taxation by
Parliament was illegal, unconstitutional
and unjust, that the Virginians are not
bound to obey such laws and that any
person who spoke in favor of that shall
be deemed an enemy of Virginia. Many
of the members of the Assembly con-
sidered these resolutions criminal, and
as Henry said, “Caesar had his Brutus,
Charles I his Cromwell, and George
III —cries of ‘““Treason, Treason,”’ were
heard on all sides,—‘“‘may profit by
theiz example,’”’ continued Henry. “I
this be treason make the most of it.”
The resolutions were adopted, however,
by a committee, but when the com-
mittee reported them the next day, they
were amended by the Assembly, the
“treasonable’” parts being struck out.The Aylett portrait of Patrick
enry.

 

 

 

 

L = Caz ~
Patrick Henry’s Desk and the Chair in Which He Died.

 

 

; rae Bee ee a 1 ey Si tee as ee ee
The career of Patrick Henry began in the old Patrick Henry had a number of homes. His
Hanover Court House. It was here that last home was at ‘‘Salisbury,”’ an estate thirteen
young Patrick Henry, shy and faltering, got miles west of Richmond. The house stood on a
up to make his first great speech the first of finely wooded farm of 1,600 acres, and here

December, 1763, in the Parson’s cause. Patrick Henry entertained ona lavish scale.

 

 

ATRICK HENRY of Han-
over County, Virginia, en-
tered into business at the

age of 15, but was not successful,
and after six weeks’ study took
up the profession of law, but
didn’t prosper init. It was not
until he tried the celebrated Par-
son’s case in the court-house of
Hanover County, that his fame as
an orator was established. Henry
became a member of the Virginia
House of Burgesses, and was re-
garded a leader of the Colony.
One of his oratorical efforts he
closed with the well-known  sen-
tence: “‘Give me Liberty or Give
me Death.’’ He was a member
of the Continental Congress, was
elected Governor of the State of
Virginia, and was a member of
the State Convention which rati-
fied the National Constitution
but was very much opposed to

its adoption. Hedied in 1799.

 

 

 

A plot fifty feet square, on the estate
of Red Hill, contains two oblong slabs
of marble, marking the graves of Patrick

Henry and his wife (2).% &
Ba ao ae: oe J

Marquis de Lafayette at the Time of his Last Visit
to America.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE was born in Auvergne, France, of a noble family. Asa boy, he
was page to Queen Marie Antoinette, and he was a mere youth when the outbreak of the
American Revolution excited the sympathy of many high-spirited Frenchmen, Lafayette

among others. He equipped a ship at his own expense and sailed for America, April, 1777, with
the disapproval of the French Government. He joined Washington, passed the winter at Valley
He was present at the battle of Monmouth and was

wounded there, and served in the Rhode Island campaign. He returned to France, enlisted the

Forge, and was appointed major-general.
support of his sovereigns and returned in time to sit on the board of judges against André. In
1781, he commanded in Virginia against Arnold, and won distinction by his conduct of affairs
against the able British general, Cornwallis, before his surrender at Yorktown. He returned to
France, revisited America in 1784 and 1825, and was received with the utmost enthusiasm.

 

[ zlwounded in the bat-
tle of Brandywine. In
the midst of a fierce attack
Lafayette leaped from his
horse, sword in hand, to
rally the yielding patriots,
ut was wounde ya
musket ball and fell. His
aide helped him ona horse.
e escaped to the rear
where he met a surgeon
who bandaged the wound
slightly, and he rode to
Chester. His wound was
dressed and he was taken
to Philadelphia. He
joined the army after two
months.

|e eunaca in was

 

 

 

ONGRESS
C appointed
SilasDeane
as commissioner
and political
agent of the
United States
to the French
Court, to culti-
vate friendly re-
lations. Lafay-
ette, when he
learned of the
purpose of
Deane’s visit to
France, sought
an introduction.
is introduc-
tion was given
by Baron de
Kalb.

 

 

AFAYETTE was in-
formed that the credit
of the Continental

Congress was so low that
it could not furnish him
a transport. The young
enthusiast replied, ‘““Then
ill purchase one my-
He bought and
secretly freighted a vessel
called “The Victory,”
which carried him across
the Atlantic. As he was
about to sail the women of
Paris applauded his hero-
ism, and the people ex-
tolled him for his enthusi-
asm for a good cause.Lafayette at the Close of the
evolution.

 

 

AFAYETTE
joined his
friends and

family in Paris
in the winter of
1779 after a serv-
ice of two years in
America. Marie
Antoinette re-
ceived him at Ver-
sailles and eagerly
sought informa-
tion concerning
America from his
lips. His fame
made him the ad-
mired of Court so-
ciety, as well as of
the populace of
the French capi-
tol.

 

 

 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

 

 

 

 

T the battle of York-
town the engineers
reported that the

British redoubts were sufh-
ciently damaged to make
an attack upon them prac-
ticable. Washington deter-
mined to carry them by
assault. -The capture of
one of the redoubts was
assigned to Lafayette. La-
fayette’s men, who had
rushed forward, were soon
within the redoubt and
had taken prisoners its
defenders without firing
a single shot.

 

 

 

HE campaign in Vir-

ginia being ended and

the season well ad-
vanced, it was not likely
that active military opera-
tions would be undertaken
during the remainder of the
year. Lafayette, therefore,
obtained permission of
General Washington to go
to Philadelphia and to pre-
sent himself to Congress
with the request that he
might be granted a leave
of absence to spend the
following winter in France.
The request was granted
by Congress.

 

 

 

 

Sea eaPortrait of Lafayette, Painted by S. F. B.
Morse; now in the Governor’s Room, City Hall,

New York.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Upon the request of Congress Lafayette again visited the United States in 1824, arriving in New York
August 15. He travelled through the states and returned to New York July 4, 1825. The whole journey
was a triumphal progress, everywhere he was received with extraordinary honors and the festivities
and celebrations of that year had no precedent in the annals of the country. His sixty-eighth birthday
was celebrated at the White House, where a farewell speech was pronounced by President Adams.

 

 
   

 

 

  

190Cunningham Destroying Hale’s_ Letters,
which He Desired to Send to His Brother and
Sister before His Execution.

dae

Z wee

pyaiad

   

 

Beekman Green House, where Nathan
Hale was Confined prior to his Execution.

 

 

APTAIN NATHAN HALE, a graduate
of Yale and a schoolmaster until the
Battle of Lexington prompted him to

enter the American Army, disguised as a
Dutch schoolmaster volunteered to penetrate
the British lines to obtain information of the
enemy’s position when Washington asked for
a volunteer. After the retreat from Long
Island, the British did not follow up the
American forces. Hale succeeded in entering
the lines and obtaining the information de-
sired. On his return home, he was appre-
hended, seized and searched for concealed
papers, which were found. He was taken
before Lord Howe, Commander of the
British Army, who with the proofs before
him immediately issued an order for Hale’s
execution.

 

 

 

 
    

School-House, at

Union Grammar

New
London, Conn., where Nathan Hale Taught
chool.

 

Beekman House; Headquarters of Lord
Howe at the Time of Execution of Nathan
ale.FTER the order was is-

sued for Hale’s execu-
tion, the prisoner was
guarded that night in the
Beekman green house. He
wrote two letters, one to his
sister, and one to his sweet-
heart, but they were de-
stroyed by Provost-Mar-
shall Cunningham. He was
treated with extreme cruelty;
he was not even permitted to
see a clergyman, or have a
Bible. His death was a calm
and heroic one, and his last
words were, “I only regret
that I have but one life to
lose for my country.”

 

 

 

 

ame ese 5

 

Statue of Nathan Hale,
City Hall Park, New York.

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 

 

 

Nathan Hale’s Camp Basket
—Original in collection of
Connecticut Historical So-

ciety.

 

   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  

 

ON
The Hale Monument, Co-

ventry, Conn.

 

 

 

 

was passed a resolution declaring that

the salvation and the liberty of North
America depended upon the agreement of the
olonies to stop all importations from, and
exportations to, Great Britain, until Parlia-
ment repealed the obnoxious Port Bill. Paul
Revere was sent to New York and Phila-
delphia to invoke sympathy and co-operation.
A large number of copies of the Act, with
heavy black lines around it, was given him to
be scattered throughout the country, in cities
and villages. As he passed from place to
place, the entire country was inflamed and
sympathy for Boston awakened.

A T a meeting held in Faneuil Hall, thereALDERMAN LIBRARY

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