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CAMPI PHLEGREL

OBSERVATIONS ON THE VOLCANOS OF THE TWO SICILIES

 

As They have been communicated to the Royal Society
of London

BY

SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON
K. B. 1:. R. s.

HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY’S ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY, AND PLENIPOTENTIARY,
AT THE COURT OF NAPLES
To which , in Qtder to convey the mofl precife idea of each remark , a new and
accurate (Map is annexed, with 54 Plates illuminated from Drawings taken
and colour’d after Nature , under the infpeéfion of the Author ,
by the Editor Mr. Peter Fabris.

NAPLES MDCCLXX VI.

OBSERVATIONS SUR LES VOLCANS DES DEUX SICILES
Telles gu’ellee‘aizt ete’ commmziqueés :2 la Sociere' Royale’
de Londres

PAR LE

CHEVALIER HAMILTON

CHEVflLIER DE L’ORDRE DU BflIN, ENVOFE’ EXTRAORDINAIRE ET PLENIPOB
TENTIAIRE DE SA MAJESTE' BRITANNIQUE A‘ LA COUR DE NAPLES,
ET MEMBRE DE L14 SOCIETE' ROTALE DE LONDRES

Auxquellcs pour dunner mze ide’e plus precife de c/mgue Ola/er'vation , 072 a ajouté we Cam?
azauvelle (9’ tre’s exafle {wee 54 plant/yes enlumine’ey' d’apre’y lax Deflez‘m fairs
(9f Caloriés fur It! nature me‘me, [om l’Infibeflion de 1’ fluteur,
[2M 1’ Editew 1e Sieur Pierre F/Ibrix.

NflPLES MDGCLXXVI.

 
 

 

 

 

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References to Plate I.

N. I. OLCANO, one ofthe LIPARI Islands

evidently railed by a volcanick
explofion; it is nearly in the {late of the
SOLFATERRA (fee P.XXV. ) but more aétive,
as it threw out prodigious quantity of ashes

and pumice fiones about three years ago.

N. 2. An Island called CASTEL-A-MARE
compoled of columns of BASALTE . It is near
JACCI at the foot of Mount ETNA in Sicily,
and was part of a great lava that ran from
that volcano into the lea. (fee the Author’s
letter to 8?. John PRINGLE)

3. ISLAND OF PANAREA one of the Lipari
Islands , and of Volcanick origin , as they
all are .

4. SALINE another of the Lipari Islands:
' 5. FELICURA one of the Lipari Islands.

6. LIPARI the largefl and bell peopled of
thefe Islands, which is eighteen miles in cir—
cumference . The number of inhabitants on
the Lipari islands are rekon’d to be about
16000. The Liparotes are remarkably robufl:
and well made , and are efieem’d brave and
the belt failors of HIS SICILIAN MAJESTY’S
Dominions . This Island Produces fine gra-
Pes, and figs, and a molt excellent malmle
wine is made here. (flee P. XXXVII.)

Explieution ele lee Plagu‘be I.

N.I. OLCANO , une des Iles de Lipari
forme’e fizrement par une exploflan
volcanique : Elle q} dens l’e’mt a‘ peu-pre’s de
[(2 SOLFATERRA , (11. P. XXV.) muis plus
afli’ve , (glen; jette' um: quantite’ prodigieufe de
ceu'rlres, (9" de pierres ponces il y a trois ens.

N.2. Isle uppelle'e CASTEL-A-MARE, (9“ gm"
efi compose’e de colormes de BASALTE . Elle efl
pre’s de JACCI au pied du Mont ETNA en Sl-
cile , (9“ fuifoit puttie d’ une granule lame qui
caulzz de ee volcan dens lzz mer . (wyez‘ la let-
”? de ,l’Auteur rm Chevalier PRINGLE)

3. ISLE DE PANAREA, une des z‘les de Li-
purl, (3° 01’ origine wicanigue comm: elles I:
[but routes.

4. SALINE, une eutre des lies de Liperi.
5. FELICURA, une des film de Lipari.

LIPARI [:2 plus gmnde (9° lu mieux peupZEc
de ces lles ('9’ qui a disc-bull milles de circuit.
Le umbre des bebiluns des lles de Lipari mon-
te, (2 cc qu’ on die, 1% I6ooo. Les Liparotes
flmt tre’s robufies (9° [sien bum, Ils font eflz-
més pour étre les me’z‘lleurs meriniers (’9’ les plus
courageux des Eters de SA MAJESTE‘ SICILuzN-
NE. Cetre lle prodult des figues, (9’ dc: realms
exeellents , (9" on 9/ fair un ruin dc mal'vwfle

delirieux. (1107a. Plane/3e XXXVIL)

 
 
 

 

 

 
      

 

 

 

 

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TO S IR JOHN PRINGLE
Prefident of the Royal Society

of London .

Naples May the £19: 1776.

SIR.

INCE my return to this country , in
January 1773 , Ihave continued
with affiduity my obfervations upon
Mount Vefuvius, and the many an-

cient Volcanick productions in this Neigh—
borhood.

Every fresh remark confirms me in the
op1n10n, which I have already communi-

cated to the Royal Society , and which has

been honor ’d with a place 111tl1e Philofo-
phical tranfafiions.

If the circuit I have defcribed , can be
fairly proved to 0W0 its very exifience to
Volcanick explofions, at various , and 1n
fome parts at very remote periods, and be
not meerly a country torn to pieces by
fubterraneous fires, as has been hitherto the
generally received opinion, Iflatter myfelf;
I shall have open’d a new field for obfera
vation on this curious fubjeé’r.

There is no doubt, but that the Neigh=~
borhood of an aélive Volcano , mufi fufi‘er
from time to time the mofi dire calamities,
the natural attendants of earthquakes, and
eruptions, Whole cities, with their inha-
bitants , are either buried under shOWeis
of pumice fiones and ashes , or overWl hel—
med by riveis of liquid fire , otheis again
are {wept off in an infiant, by torrents
of hot water ifluing from the mouth or the
fame Volcano, of which, in the very little

we know of the Hifiory of Mount Vefu—
vius and ETNA, ( the prefent afiive Vol-
canos of thefe Kingdoms ) there are many
examples, and the ruins of Herculaneum ,

Pompeii, Stabia , and Catania relate their
{ad catafirophes in the molt pathetick terms.
Buth to confidcr fuch partial misfortunes,
on the great {cale of nature, it was no mo—
re than the chance or ill fate of thefe ci—
ties

AU CHEVR. PRINGLE
Prefldmt d0 10 5002010 R0y010
d0 L011dr0s.

N01210: 10 1110111101 M01 1776.

MONSIEUR .

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111011 110 f011'010r 1773,10: cont/-

nué 01101 0f 1111110 mes 101110191101:

[111 10 Mont chuve , (9 10: 1210-
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*EEC 4 )3?“

ti de ce: Villa? de s’é‘rre trou've’es' dun: In li-
gne d’ une de ces grander operations , danr _le
but emit furement pour le men, (9’ pour l’rn-
terer der generation; future; (It).

ties to have flood in the line of one ofit’s
operations; intended perhaps for fome W1-
fe purpofe, and the benefit, of future genes

rations n . ..

The <Caimpagna felix, that delic10us and
fertile Spot , Mifenum , Baia , Puzzuoli ,
the delight of {0 many Emperors, and Ro-
man Chiefs, whofe beauties have been ce—
bebrated by f0 many Poets; I?aulil1po ,
Whofe charming {cones infpired Virgll’s mu-
fe, and the delightfull fituation of Naples
it felf, all have been produced ,. and OWe
the beauty , and variety of their fcenery
to fuch a feeming defirué’tion .

I { eak with greater confidence, fince I
have had the pleafure of accompanying
Monfieur de Saufl'ure , Profefl‘or of natural
Hifiory at Geneva, and shewing him ever.
ry one of my obfervations , on the {pots
themfelves , when that Learned Philofo—
pher, whofe modefly, talents , and great
experience are {0 well known, agreed per-—

fefily
(a) Monfieur de Saufl'ure after having given proofs of
the formation of calcarious rocks from a depofition of lea
shells ( in a letter he wrote me lately on the fubjea of
the foil of many parts of Italy ) makes this reflexion ,
which I relate in his own words. ,, There is a conllant
confumption of air and water which abandoning their
fluid form, change into folids , for , fays he, the {Lib
flame of corals and shells is a calcarious earth , and
modern chymilts have proved , that calcarious earths
' and Bones, contain more than half their weight of the.
fe two elements: this water and this air thus combined
can not get free,but by the the decompolition of the ho-
dies, into which they have enter’d. Now calcarious {to-
nes do not decompofe of themfelves , the imprelfion
,, of the air may feparate them , water may carry them
,, off, or combine them with‘other bodies , and by that
,, means occafion them to take a thoufand and a thou‘
,, thoufand different forms , but (till they can not decom~
,, pole them. Acids indeed may fet free the fixed air ,
,, that is contained in calcarious earth, but can not fepe-
rate the water, which is united with it: fire alone is
capable of operating that decompofition , and of letting
free at the fame time both the water, and the air con-
,, fined in that earth, and it mull be a very violent fire,
,, carried even to the point of vitrification,for if it only
reduced it to lime, that lime wou’d by degrees repump
,, from the atmofphere thofe elements , which it had been
robbed of. May not this be one. of the ufes of fubterra.
,, neous fires? may they not be deliined to break the too
,, flrong union , which marine animals efiablish between
,, the earth, and the elements of water and air , and by
,, this means give back to nature thefe two fluids,without
,, which our globe wou’d become a barren defert? Is it
,, for this great end, that Volcanos have been {0 multi-
,, plied, and feem to run fueceflively over the wole Sur-
,, face of the globe? I do not know even if the Volca-
,, nos wou’d l'uffice to efiablish a perfea compenfation ,
,, and I am rather led to think , that the waters of our
,, globe have long fuffer’d , and continue to fuffer a con-
,” Rant diminution.

u

5

u

E

3

Lu Cnmpum'e ( Cumpnniu felice ), ce pa’z’s

delicieux (9‘ fertile , Mifene, Bu'ie , Purzua-
li , [6‘5 deliver dc rant d’ Empereurr (3° Ge-
nernux Ramninr, (9" dont let benute’r 0m“ été
celebréer pur runt de Paé‘tes ,’ Puufllipe dont
Icy fce'ne: c/Jurmunres infpirérenr lu mufe de
Virgile ,- ln fuperlae firunrion de Naples méme;
tout celu a ere’ produir, (9’ doir fa benure’ (9'
ln 'vurieré de fer fires (2 de pureilles deflru-
Elions uppurenter.

j,

]e pnrle u'vec plus de confiunce depuis que
ui eu le plni/ir if ncmmpugner Monfieur de

Snuflure Profefleur u" Hi oire nuturelle :2 Ge-
ne'v'e, (7’ dc lui montrer routes mes remurgue:
fur ler lieux mé’mer; Ce Sgnwnnt P/Jilofop/Je ,
dont ln mode/lie, les talent, (’9‘ lu grunde ex-
perience font fl [aim connuer, fut pnrfnitement

d)

accord n'uec may fur l’ opinion (19 l’ origine
Vol.
(21) Mon/ieur ale Satiflure uprér nvoir donne‘ tles Frau-vex de

la formntion ale: roe/Jar: calcuirer par 1:; depo/ition .der coquillage:
mnrim (dum- une lettre qu’ il m’ eeri'vit dermerement fur l:
Sal (le pluleur: parties de l’Im/ie) fnit cette reflean‘, que
je repete en propres termer. ,, I1 [9 fair une confommutwn con-

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tinuelle , (9‘ con/iderable tl’ enu , (9' (1, air qui abnndonnent
leur forms fluide pour fa changer en folides.‘ Car In marit-
re u’e: carnux, (9‘ coquilluges, e/l une terre calmire, 0 1w;
fcn'vex, Monfieur, que let Cir/mi/lex madame: ant demantré
que le: ferret, (T ]L’A' pierrer calmirer contz’ennent plus que lg
mailié d3 leurs Paid: de ces deux Element . Cette en”, 0'
wt air uin/i combinér m- peu‘oent f8 (/égager qua par la de-
campafitian (let corps, dun: lesquel: i/I font entrt’r . Or la
pierre ext/mire rte fe derompofl: point d‘e/le me‘me: let inju-
re: de l’nir per/vent [lien 14 divifer, les enux Ferment l’en.
trainer, In diffoudre, In me‘ler £17166 d’autrer corps , (9‘ lui
fnire ninfi revetir mil/e (9‘ mil/e former difl'ereme: , mni:
elle: m: pcuvent point In decompofer. Les aside: pen-vent 5
la verité degnger l’nir fixe , qua cantient la terre culmire ,
mui: ils ne peu'ueut point en feparer l’euu qui lui efi unie.
Le feu feul efl capable d’ operer cette decompofition , (9’ d:
degnger 1) la fair, 1’ can , (’9' l'air emprifonne’r dam cette
rerre; il faut me‘me un feu trér violent, (9' qui aille jnf-
que: :2 la vitrification , cur :’ [I re fnifoit qua In reduire
en c/mux , el/e repomperoit pen :2 pm dam l’ntmofpbere 15:
Element: dam elle uurait ezé privée . Set-air :2 In un tie:
uf/rgcr derfeux fouterraim? feroient ils dejlinét z? rompre l’
union trap forte , que les animuztx marinr émblzflent entre
la terre, (9' let Element: :16 Farm , (9‘ tie l’nir, 0‘ d ren-
u're uin/ifi ln nature cer deux fluids: fam‘ lexquel: nétre glo.
be deviemlroit flerile (9‘ defer; ? e/l ce pour cette grand:
fin, que lo: Vulcan)" om: éte“ [i fort multipliér, (V'qu’ilrfem-
nlent pnrcourir fucceflivement tour: In furfnce du Clone? je
ne foul: méme pus [i let Vale/m: fufiifent pour e‘mblir une
compenfution purfnite; (3' je juis pluftér porzé ti eroire que
lo: euux de notre Clo/7e (mt fizuflerr depui: let term [es Plus re.
culer , 67‘ fimflrent encore nujourrlbui une diminution conti-
nuelle .

 

 
25H 5 H516

{efily with me in Opinion, as to the Vol-
canick origin of the part of this country
that I have defcribed, and will, I hope,
one day enrich the publick , with further
remarks on this fubjeé’t , which , in fuch
able hands, can not fail of becoming tru-
ly interef’ring, and infinitive.

It is to be lamented , that thofe who
have wrote molt, on the fubjeé’t of Natu—
ral Hifiory , have feldom been themfelves
the obfervers , and have too readily taken
for granted fillems, which other ingenious
and learned men, have perhaps formed in
their clofets , with as little foundation of
{elf experience: the more fuch fyfiems may
have been treated with ingenuity, the mo-
re have they ferved to mislead, and hea
error upon error. Accurate and faithfull
obfervations on the operations of nature ,
related with fimplicity and truth , are not
to be met with often , and fuch only ha-
ve I had the honor of laying before the
Refpeaable Society, at the head of which,
you, Sir, are {0 worthily placed.

But being fiill fenfible of the great dif—
ficulty of conveying a true idea of the
curious country I have defcribed , by words
alone, particularly to thofe, who have not
had an opportunity of vifiting this part of'
Italy 5 foon after my return hither from
ENGLAND, I employed Mr. Peter Fa-
bris , a molt ingenious and able artif’t ,
a native of GREAT BRITAIN , to take
Drawings of every interefling fpot, defcri~
bed in my letters, in which each lira»
tum is reprefented in its proper colours 5
The exteriour, and interiour forms of Mount
VESUVIUS , the SOLFATERRA, and
of every other ancient VOLCANO in the
neighbourhood of NAPLES , are reprefen—
ted faithfully in thefe Drawings , as are
likewife the different fpecimens of Volca«
nick matter , fuch as lava’s , Tufa’s , pu-
mice flones, ashes , fulphurs, falts &c., of
which the whole country Ihave defcribed,
is evidently compofed .

M“. Fabris having compleated this col—
Iefiion under my eye , and by my dire-
ction, with the utmofi fidelity, andlmay
add likewife With as much talle as exact—
nefs , Iwas defirous , that the publick might
profit of what Was at firfl , intended 0n—

1,,

Velmnz'que He retre panic ele ee Pu'z': don:
j’ui pm‘le’ , (9’ j’ efibere gu’ ll 'veudm bienté‘t
enrie/Jir le public de fey renznrquer fur ce
Sujer, gui en de [l nubile: mains ne peut Que
devenie enzyme/2t infleufllf (’5' intereflmzt.

Il efl [i regrettee , gue ceux gui ant eerie
le plus~ fur le fujet de l’bi/leire neturelle, ne
fe folent per eux mime livre’r flux alafervationy,
(9“ ayenr trap lege'rement edeple’ lee fy/lemes ,
gue d’eur‘rer hammer ingenieux (fffuvunty out
peurétre farmer dun: leurs enélnets, avec nufli
peu (1’ experience que de fmzclement' . Plur ees
fifiémé’! ant ete’ ingenieufemenr prefente’r, plus-
ilr ant fee’vi cl e’loz'gner du 'vwzi, {'9' u‘ enmf-a
fer erreu'r fur eweur. Des remurques fide’ley ('9'
exnélerfur let opemtienr de 1/; nature, (’3’ mp-
pen‘e’es nvec 'veriIe’ (5’ ji772plle'ité , ne fe ren-
cenfrent glue Mrement, (9’ cc ne font gue des
remurguer de eerie e/peee que j’ ué eu l’laonneur
de eemmuniquer (2 la Seeiete’ wfiwéluele, (1‘ In
file de luquelle new mom trouvéx, Monfieur,
fl dignement place .

Melt canvaz‘neu de In dzficulte , gu’ ily a de
donner par de finzpler paroles, une ide’e 'U'rez'e
du Pe'z'r eueieux gue j’ 4i deceit , perriculiere—
ment (1‘ eeux gul n7 072;“ point eu l) econ/ion de
'uifiter eerie purlle de l’Imlie, peu epre’y men
velour u” .A‘NGLETERRE, j’ (12‘ empleye’ le Slew
Pierre Fabrir, nutif de la GRANDE BRETAGNE,
(Jeri/3e We} ingenieux (3“ des plus nubile; , n‘ ful-
re der de/fez'nr de dengue endreit intere unt ,
dent ll (fl purle’ deny mer lettuce, (Te/um [cf-
guels e/Jugue cone/1e e/l reprefentee deny fes pre-
pres L‘aulem‘r . Lnfornze interleure (5" exterleure
du Men; VEJ‘UVE , de ln .S'OLFATERRA, (3° de mus
let nurrer nnelens VoLCANs deny le ”volfinuge de
NAPLES , eff fidelemenr reprefente‘e deny ees def—
felnr, uufli blen Que lee different: éc/mntlllens
des matieres Velmnz'guey , eenune lé’J‘ lime; ,
lee tufes , les piewer peneer, les eendrey, lat
foufres , lesfels (3°C. , JVIurz'e’res dent cfi‘ew’dem— <
men! compafe’ tout le pet's, que [171' Waite” .

Mon/ieur Faerie aytznt mmpletie’ fem me;
yeux (9° mn diree'llon eerie mlleflien n'cee la
plus gwmde fidelite’ , (LN/epeurmls incline ejau-
tee (wee numnr de gout {we (1’ exuéllt'urle, j’ui
feu/Mite’, que le public put prefirer de ee que
je n’ ewel: a" nlvord imagine gee pour mu pm—

1)]‘6

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

awne ’ ,

1y for my private fatisfaé’tion, and that the
ingenious artifl hinifelf, might at the fame
time reap a moderate and conflant benefit
from his labours, particularly as he is un-

. fortunately in a declining flate of health;

in a word Iencouraged, and enabled Mr .
Fabris to undertake the Publication Of
an edition of my letters to the ROYAL
SOCIETY on the fabjefl of Volcanos, .ac-
companying the fame with Plates , imita-
ring the original drawings above mention’d,
and which, to his honour as well as that
of the able artifls of this country, employ’d
in this laborious work , are executed with
fuch delicacy and perfefiion, as fcarcely to
be difiinguished from the original drawings
themfelves .

Such is the work , that I have now
the honour of prefenting through your chan—
nel, to the Royal Society , to whom, as
Properly belonging, it is humbly dedicated.

By the help ofthe Drawings in this new
edition of my communications to your So—
ciety , and which f0 clearly point out the
Volcanick origin of this country , it is to
be hoped , that further difcoveries of the fa—
me nature may be made, and that fubter—
raneous fires will be allowed, to have had
a greater share in the formation of moun-
tains , Islands , and even great tracots ofland,
than has hitherto been fufpefled.

Aware of the danger of fyflems , I ha-
Ve kept clear of them, and have confined
my {elf to the limple narrative of what I
have remarked niylelf , and the truth of
which may be eafily afcertained , by vili-
ting the curious {pots I have pointed out
in the general map.

Such as have attributed the formation of
all Mountains , to the operation of water
alone , are certainly not founded in their {y-
flem , and perhaps the fame may be as
truly applied, to thofe who have infifled,
that every Mountain has been formed by
explofion from fubterraneous fires.

Monlieur Buflbn , in his Theory of the
Earth , feems to have adopted the former
of thefe fyflems, and has treated fubterra-
neous fires with f0 little refpeéi , as to
have allowed them only the power of rai-
ling little hills here and there , imagining
the feat of inch fires to be very fuperficial.

The

pre fatisflé’iion, (9" one tet ortifle ingenieax
pat lai mdme en mdme temr retirer defer tra-
’name, an bencfice modere' moi; durable,fur tout
afiuel/ement que fa fanté cji‘ extremement af-
foiblie , en un mot j’ ai encourage’ Monjieur
Fabrit, (9‘ [iii ai fourni [es moyens d’ entre-
prendre one 720M'L‘Ellé‘ Edition de me: lettres :5
la SOCIETE’ RorALE far le fujet des Volcany,
aruec der Plane/yer d l’ imitation des defleins
originaux dont je 'viens de parlor. je doir di-
re a‘ [on 17012710147, (9" a‘ eelni des Mailer arti-
fler de ce pair ci employés d cet oa'orage 11e-
niole, one cesplanc/Jey font execute’ei' avec une
telle delicatefle, (9" one telle perfeflion, qa’il
efl difiicile de diflinguer {es copies der origi-Z

name mehnes .

Tel efl l’ou-vrage , gue j’ ai afluellement l’lJon-
new, Monfiem', de prefenter par 'votre canal ii
la Societe‘ Royale, {2 laguelle il efl bumblement
dedie’ comme lui appartenant de droit.

Par le moyen do; defleim , dam cette nou-
welle edition de me; oofer'oations communique’er
d 'votre Societé , (9” gui demontrent fi Claire-
ment 1’ origine Volcaniqae do (3e Pair , on doit
efperer 9“, il fe fora bien d) autre: ale/conver-
ter de la mdme eflzece , (9“ gu’ on troaroera ,
que [es feux fouterrains ont plus contri/mé {2
la formation do: Montagnes , do; 1716.9, (‘3’,
mdme do; efpaces de terre tree confiderabler ,‘
gu’ on ne l’a'ooit pen/é jufqu’ r2 prefent .

Convainou do danger der fyfldmes je m’ en
fair ecarté , me bornant aux jimplet relation:
d0 oe que 7" ai remarqué moi mdme , (9' on peat
a" aflurer facilement de la 'oerité, en rw'jitant
lc’r endroits [er play curieux, gaej’ai indigue’s
dam la carte genera/e.

Ceux qui ont attribm.‘ la formation de toutes
les Montagnes a 1’ operation de l’ we feule ,
ne font furement pas fondés dam leurfyfleme;
(9' on pourra peuté’tre en dire autant de L‘eux qui
'veulent que route: [or Montagnes ayent e'te’forg
méer par 1’ explo/ion des feux fouterrainr.

Monfienr de Baffin dans fa t/Jeorie de la
terre paroit avoir adopté le premier de oer fy—
flemes , (9’ a traite’ [es femc foaterrainr a'vec
fi pen de refpefi , qa’ il ne lear accorde fim-
plement que lepon'uoir d’e‘le'ver des petits Mon-
ticaley par ci par la’ , s’ imaginant que le fie—
ge do res femc n’ cfi que tre’s fuperfieiel . Le

7 foyer

 

 
ebEC 7 fish.

The furnafe of the Volcano is ever in his
opinion towards the top., or not lower
than the middle of a primitive Mountain.
Had this great Philofophei‘ ( whofe {upe-
rior merit is univerfally aIIOWed ) been in—
formed , that Mount Vesuvrus rifing
3639; feet above the level of the {ea , and
whole bafis extends about thirty miles in
circumference , and Mount ETNA rifing
no lefs than 10036 feet above the fame
level, with a bafis about 180 miles in Cir—
cumference , Were as evidently formed by a
{cries of eruptions or Volcanick explofions,
in the long courfe of revolvingages , as
the Monte Nuovo near Puzzoli Was by
one only, in the very short {pace of 48
hours; with fuch. information , I fay, he
wou’d certainly have treated the fubjefi of
Volcanos very differently .,

Every day feems to produce, fresh difcove-
ries of ancient Volcanos , and it can now
be no longer doubted , but that wherever
Bafaltic columns, of the nature of the Giants
Caufeway in Ireland are found, there have
Volcanos eXilled ,‘for they are meerly LAVA.

Near the lake Bolfena, between Rome,
and Radicoflani , ( which lake is furely
the crater of an ancient Volcano ) I 0b—

ferved a lava , that afleéled the shape of.

cubical columns, tho’ not f0 regular and
articulate , as thofe of the Giants Caufe-
Way (it), There is a lava of much the fame:

natu-

(a) Monfieur Latapie a French Gentleman , a good‘na-
turalilt and a very exact obferver , havmg lately examined
with attention the Bafaltes of Bolfena ,. has been fo good
as to favour me with the following extraEt of his Journal,
which relates particularly to them. ,, The whole range of
,, mountains from Monte fiafcone to Bolfena, are compofed
,, of Volcanick earths and {tones in dilferent forms, arranged
,, in {tram horizontal in the Valleys , and oblique in the
mountains . The molt curious of thefe Volcanick matters
are the Bafaltes, which are more fenfibly metwith about
a mile from Bolfena. It isa colleé’tion offtones half vi-
trified , of a great hardnefs, of a dark grey colour,and
forming pentagonal Prifms, molt of which are regular,
generally joined together like the cells in a bee. hive; but
often detached: They are covered With a whitish- crul’t of
two or. three inches thicknefs, which feems to me to
have been, either the effect of the air at the moment of
,, the cooling of this cryltalizedlavamr the work of time.
,, Their pofition is not perpendicular like thatcf molt of
,, the fine Bafaltes of. Sr. Tibery near Pefenasin Langue-
,, doc ; but oblique at 45 degrees generally on the fide of
,, the lake, and riling one behind the other like an amphi-
, theatre. Great part of them have been thrown down,and
,, are difpeiled on all fides, even to the edge ofthe lake.
2: The bottom of the lake is evidently compofed ofthe fa-
” me materials as the Balaltes.0ne may Judge of that $1},
' e

foyer du Volcun fl, trou've toujourx , felon lui,‘
nu centre , on very le fommet cles Montugnes
primitives: Si ce grand P/Jilofop/Je ( dont le
merite fuperieur e/l univerfellement reconnu )
eut e'té informé, que le Mont VESUVE gui He'-
le've de 3659f pied; uu drflur du niveuu cle
In mer , (9’ dont lu [mfe s’ e'tend fur pre’s
dc trente mzlles de circanfizrence , (9° one 1:
Mont ETNA qui ne s’ e'leve pus mains que de
10,036 pieds uu dcflur du mé‘me ni'ueuu Il’UC’L“
une bofe d’en'uiron 180 miller de circuit, fua
rent former nufli evidcmrnent par une fuite d”
eruptionr, on d’ explo/ions Volcuniuues de plu-
fieurr jie’cler , que le Monte Nuow prey de
Puzzole le fut par une feule eruption donr le
tre’s court efpuce de 48 lJeures :. f6 croiy qu’
u'uec de fenz/alnlrler connoifluncer il nuroit fure—
ment trnite’ le fujet des Volcune d7 une munic-
re tre’r diflerente .

C/Joque jour puroit produire de nouvelles de-
cou-vertes fur les uncienr Volcuns, (9‘17 72’}! it
plus de doute gue pur' tout ou l’on trouve des
Colonnes lanfultigues de l’ efize’ce de teller de la
clruufle’e der Germs en Irlunde , ltt' il y (1 cu
der Volcuns, cnr elles font entie’rement dc LAVE .

Pm du Luc de Bolfenct entre Rome , (9'
Rndicofizni (lac gui fut furenzent le crater d’un
ctncien Vulcan ) j’ ui remnrgue’ une lu've qui
imitoit lu fortne des colonnes pentagoner, quai—
gu’ elles ne fojent point fl reg‘rtliérer, (9’ on 2
172m urticule’er, gue' le font celler ole lit c/Jnuf-
fe’e ole: Genny (a) . Il y n une love u‘ peupre’r

de

(a) Manfieur Lntupt'e , Gentilhomme Frnnpoir , [Ion Natura-
llfle (9' trey exact ahfer‘vnteur , nynnt clernierernent exnmine’
awe attention lEJ' Bufulte: de Bolfenu u on lu bunte’ de me
communiquer l’extrait fui‘vunt I/e fim journal , qui en trait:
pnrticulierement . ,, Taute' In Montague depuz's Monte fiafcone
,, jufqu’ a} Bolfenn, n’efl qu’une fuite de terre: (’3‘ dc pierre:
,, Volcum'quer [our diverfe: former , runge‘er en tram/hes [Jar-
,, rizontnle: dun: les viz/lees, (9‘ oblique: fur [es Monrugner.
,, Lu pertie In plus curieufe de cur matters: Volcanique: font
,, les Buflzlm’ qu'on rencantre plus fen/fulement «2 un mil/e dc
,, Bolfinu ; c’efl un uflErnoluge» ole pierres a. {Zeno} vitrifie’er ,
,, cl’une dureie’ extreme, ul’ un gr}:~ fonce‘ , @' formant de:
,,‘ Prlfmes pentagones lu plupurt ujfer regulz'err ,, ordinuirement
,, lie’r enflemnle comrne ales cellular d’abet‘lles, maisflmwent di-
,, Inc/yes. II: firm: converts (Vane croute Mane/nitric de deux
,, on trolr ligner cl’e’pnzflhur, laquelle me pnro/t un eflret de [’11. '
w flion cle l’uir, [an dons le moment du refroia'zfllament cle
,, cette lave criflullifée , foit par la fuite 5195 fiecles > L6!”
,, pofitian n’ efl [ms Perpendiculnire cornme celle de la plupurt
,, o'er beam: analter de III/leg prér o’e Pefenas en Lungue/lac,
”i moi: oblique: d 45 degre’r ge’ne’rulement du cote-"(1n Inc ,
',, (9‘ en J’e’levunt ley unr clerriere let uutrer en nmpbithcdtt‘c.
,, Une gruna'e part/e ont ete’ renverfe: (9‘ font difperféx ole
,, tom mar jufgucr fur les bowl: du lac. Le fond de ce In:
,, Bfl fenfiolement dc ln meme mutie‘re que 16’5” [mfultesr on.
,, pent en juger par le flzlle que [es enux agitee: par le vent

,,/9f.y

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

e§E(8)§¢§e

nature , that has ran into the fea from
Mount VESUVIUS , between RESINA and
TORRE del GREC‘OI but an anCient
current of lava , that ran into the fea from
Mount ETNA , at IACCI near CATA-
NIA , now formes an island , entirely
compofed of dif’ciné’t columns of Bafalte in
every direétion, perpendicular , horizontal,
and inclining , like thofe of Staffa , deferr-
bed by M’. Pennant in his Voyage to
the Hebrides . We hear of the like di-
fcoveries in Auvergne , in the States of Ve-
nice, and many other parts: in short upon
enquiry, Volcanos will be found to have
been much more frequent in every part of
the World, than has been hitherto imagi«
ned .

The ancient Romans do not feem to ha-
ve taken the leaft notice , that the very
foil , on which their capital was built ,
abounds with evident {igns of Volcanick
explofions: there are there alfo as evident
tokens of the operations of water, marine
shells aboundig in many parts of, and near
that famous city .

Having mention’d this latter obfervation
to my friend Monfieur de Sauflhre , and
that I regretted, that I had not had time
to examine further into the foil of Rome,
he was f0 good as to promife to fend me
his remarks there on, and having fulfilled
that promife in the molt fatisfactory man-
ner, I have here the pleafure of tranfcri—
bing part of a very interelting letter upon
the fubjeé’c of the foil of Italy, which he
was {0 good as to write to me lately from
Geneva, and which relates particularly to
that of Rome , and it’s Neigbourhood.

,, The Campagna of Rome is fcatter’d
,, over with fragments of lava, and whe-
,, reever the earth is open , one difcovers
,, the Gram of Volcanick cinders and ten-
,, der Tufa, of which the bottom of that
,, plain is compofed.

,, You know, Sir, that the famous Ca-
,, tacombs of Rome, are hollow’d in afort
,, of Puzzolane earth, of a brown violet

, ,,colour
the fand that the waters agitated by the wind have thrown
far up on the shore . It is black , shining , mixed with
,, ieporl , and finall grains of the fame nature with the Ba:
,, a res. ‘ i

\-

'J

de la mé’me efireée qui a boule’ du Mont Ve u-
we dam la mer entre RESINA (9' TORRE del
Gcho ; (9“. un ancien fleuve de lave qui a cou-
le’ du Mont ETNA dam la mer, d jaccz pre’s
de CATANE , forme afluellement unfol compofd
totalement de colonner di/linfier de Bafalte ,'
place’er dam tous les fem verticales , horizon—
taler, ou inclinee’r, comme teller de Siafla de-‘
trite; par Monfleur Pennant, dam [on voyage
aux Helzrider. Noui~ entendonr parlor des rm?-
mer decouz‘ertes en fluvergne, dam l?! Etats
de Venife, (9“ dam plufieurs autrer endroits ;
enfin plus on oofervera, plus on trouz'era que
[(35 Volcanr ont eté aoondanti‘ dons toutes les
parties du Monde , beaucoup plus qu’ an ne
1’ avoit imagine jufqu’ d prefent.

Les ancient Romain: , :2 re gu’ il paroit ,
n’ont pas fair la moindre attention que le fil
nrérne fur lequel leur capitale etoit lodtie ,
fourmfloit quantite de marques evidenter d’ ex-
plojiony Volcanz'ques . ll 31 en a d’aufll peu e'-
quivogues der operations de l7 eau , des coguil—
lager de mer fe trouvant en abondance, dans
plujieurs partéer de cette fameufe 'ville (9’ de
fan vol/image .

Ayant fair mention de cette derniere remar-
que :2 mon amt Monfieur de Sauflure, (9“ luy
ayant en meme tem: temoigné mon regret de 72’
a'voz'r p1} examiner a fond le fol de Rome, ll
out la bonte’ de me promettre de m’ envoyer
fer remarquer la’ deflus , (9’ ayant du deputy
accompli fa promefle de la manlere la plus fa-
tisfaifante, je tranfcrirai ici avec plaifir quel-
quer endroit: d’ une lettre tre’r intereflanre, qu’
il a en la bonte’ de m’ e’crire dérnierement de
Gene've fur le fol de l’Italie, (9° particulz'ere-
ment fur celui de Rome , (9“ de fey environs;

,, La Plaine de Rome efl parfeme’e de mor-
,, ceaux de la'ue , (9“ par tout ou la terre efl
,, ou’uerte , on appergoit der rout/oer de cendres
,, Volcaniques, (9" de Tufa tendre , dont efi
,, compofe’ le fond de cette plaine.

,, Vous fgavéx, Monfieur, que les fameufis
,, Catacomb“ de Rome, font routes creufe’es dans
,, une efpece de Pouz‘z‘olane d’ an lzrun violet,

parn
,, lettent ajfez loin fur le riwge. Il ejt noir, brillant, me‘lé

,, ole fcborl , (9' o peril: grain: de la me‘me nature que les
,, bafaltes.

 

 
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colour; mixed with criflals of fchorl of
the form of garnets , the fame as thofe
in the partridge eyed lava’s of Naples.
,, This Puzzolane ferves for the fame
purpofes as that of Ba'i‘a- and mull ne—
ceffarily be of a Volcanick origin.The-
re have neverthlefs been found in this
fame Puzzolane the bones of Whales , and
of other foreign bodies , which feem to
have been depofited there by the fea.

,, This obfervation is not the only one
that proves , that this famous City ,
which has undergone f0 many political
revolutions , ref’ts upon a Soil , which
long before its foundation, had experien-
ced the greatef’t phyfical revolutions .
The Hill call’d Monte Mario, and which
was a part of ancient Rome , has pro-
bably for its bafis the firata of Volca-
nick matter, which conftitute the bottom
of all the Neighbouring plains, yet this
is almofl entirely compofed of beds of
fand , rounded pebbles , and banks of
shells evidenly marine , and lafily co-
ver’d over with a flratum of Volcanick
Cinders; thefe Cinders are of a dark grey,
colour , and there are white fpots in
them, which are pumice flones foftened,
and calcined in a manner , by being ex-
pofed to the air ., I believe I am the
firf’c that have remarked this flratum
of cinders It is however very vifible
and manifefi, whereever it has not been
diflurbed by fome accident or other .
Thefe Cinders prove , that after that
Volcanos , of unafcertainable antiquity ,,
had thrown out the Puzzolane , which
conflitute the bottom of the Campagna
of Rome , and that after the fea had
formed hills upon thefe plains by hea-
ping up fand, pebbles, and shells , new
Volcanos burft forth, of which however
no memory remains, but whofe Cinders
cover over the hills formed by the fea.
,, Here is an other obfervation of the
fame kind , the knowledge of which I
owe to your countryman Mr. Byres to
whom you was f0 good as to recommend
me , and who fludies at Rome With
equal fuccefs the antiquities of nature
and of art . .

,, Four miles from Rome near a Rum

,, call’d

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perfeme’e de cri/laux de Sc/Jorl en forme de
grenates , les memes que l’ on 'voii dans les
la'ves a‘ yeux de perdrz’x .
,, Gene Pouzrolane ferr aux mé‘mes ufages
gue eelle de Baia , (9 do}; certainemenr
fan origine a des Volcans . On a cependanf
trouwé dans cette meme Pouzzaolane des of—
fements de Balez'ne , (9” d’autres corps erran-
gers qui parozflent avoir e'te’ depofe’s par la
Mer. ,
,, Cette obfer’oafion n’ efl pas la feule qui
prou've , que eerie Ville fameufe qui a fulai
de fl grandes revolutions poliriques repofe
fur an fol , gui long terns a'uant fa fonda—
lion avail eprou'vel les plus granules revolu-
tions Ploy/laws. La Colline gui porte le nom
de Monte Mario, (9’ gal fazfoit partie de
l’ ancienne Rome, a 'vr'aifemblablement pour
bafe les com/res de marieres Volcanigues
gui coa/lituent le fond de routes les plaines
eirc'on'voi/ines . Cependanr le corps méme de
eerie rollzne e/l prefgue enrierement compo/e
de llfs de falzle, de eaz'lloux roule’s, (‘3' de
lzancs de coquz'llages evidemment marins .'
Enfin le rout efl reeou'uert a” une coue/Je de
eendres Volcaniques: eerie cendre efl d’ une
couleur gri/e obfeure, (9’ l’ on y 7102;“ a’es
tac/Jes Mane/res qui font o’es plerres poncer
ramollies, (9' comme calcine’es par les inju—
res de l) air . fe erois lire le premier qui
m obfer’ué eerie mus/ye o'e eendres. Elle Lfi
pourtant Ire’s viflble , (9’ tre’s reeonozflalrle
par tour ou elle n’a pas e‘té deplace’e par
guelques accidents. Ces eendres prouvenr gu’
aprés gue des Voleans d’ une antiquire’ lnaf-
fignable eurenz‘ jette’ les Pouzgplanes gui con-
flituent le fond de la Campagne de Rome ;
(9° gu’ apre’s que la mer eut formé des col-
lines fur ces Campagnes en )1 amoncelant
des falzles, des eailloux, (9° des coguillages,
alors ll s’ouvrit des nou'veaux Voleaas, dour
il ne rejle pourtam“ aucune memoire ; mais
dour les L‘endres recou'urirent les collines for-
me’es par la mer.
,, Voicz' une autre obfer’vatir/n du mc’me gen~
re , dent ]e dais la eonolflance a‘ Mon/ieur
Byres 'vorre compatriore , auguel mus ave’s
eu, Monfieur , la bom‘é de me recommander,
(9’ gui etudie a‘ Rome avec un egal fuseés
les antiquire’s de la nature (3‘ cellos de
l’ art .
,, A guatre milles de Rome pre’s de la mafu-
B .

a) 7“?

 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
   
 
 
  
 
  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   
  

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4;“ 10 we

call’d TORRE DEL QUINTO is a hill cut
perpendicularly, at the foot of which is

, the great Road from Rome to Loreto .

The Tyber runs about a hundred paces
from thence, in a bed which is about
eight or ten feet lower than the Road.
The lower part of this hill to about the
heigth offeven feet anda half above the
Road, is entirely compofed of yellow {and
and rounded pebbles . Over thefe pebbles Is
a firatum of about fixteen feet thick ofa
tender light grey Tufa , mixed witk black
pumice flones. This Tufa is cover’d a-
gain with a firatum of rounded pebbles,
like thofe of which the bottom of the
hill is compofed , & is about two feet
and a half thick . Lafily over this {ira-
tum, the whole of the upper part of the
hill which rifes flill about fourfcore feet
higherj is nothing but a Tufa, or ten-
der Peperino of a blackish grey , mixed
with pumice flones. I had the curiofity
to climb to the top of this hill ', and
there I found the ruins of a Building ,
whole inofaick pavement afcertain’d it’s
antiquity, and of courfe that ofthe hill
itfelf. It wou’d certainly have been ve—
ry interefling to have foun’d in the lo-
Wer firata fome monument , that cou’d
point out the time in which they we—
re formed . It is Well known that this
Tufa is produced by fire; that thofe
pebbles have been rounded by water ,
and that this hill then has been formed
by the alternate operations of fire and
water: but who will tell us , when ,
and at what intervals? It is plain alfo,
that thofe pebbles have been depofited
by a gentle and uniform motion , for
all thofe that are flatten’d lie in an ho-
rizontal fituation , each flratum has whe-
reever one can follow it, the fame thick-
nefs and a direélion nearly horizontal.
One may alfo conjeélure , that the wa-
ters have made a long flay in this pla—
ce, as they have had time to detach
and wear offlthe Angles of fragments of
the Tufa which are found in the fame
rounded shape , and mixed with the peb-
bles: But thefe obfervations fix no pre—
cife date, and give us only vague ideas
of a molt remote antiquity.

a.) OVid,S

9‘)

'3)

3)
9)
3

u

3

u

57

u
u

re qu’ on opelle TORRE DEL ,QUINTO efl Ime
eolline coupe’e 1% pic on pied de loquelle
pofle lo grende Route de Rome 11‘ Lorene;
Le Tiore eonle :2 cent par de lo', dons on
lit gm. efl de loult {2‘ (line pied; _le_[7”5 9’”
le grand c'lremriz . Lo pertie rnferzeure de
eette eolline jufques {2 lo lieutenrne [apt
piedr {’9’ demi nudefl'ns do c/Jermn ? efi
toutecompofée de fable joene (9“ de, eozlloux
roele’y. Ser ces coilloox dlune cone/re epoz'f—
/e de feize pied; n” on Tnfo tendre d, an
grir blonc/rtltre rrzélé de pierrer ponces noz-
res . Ce T ofo efl Vec‘ou'uert d’ on bone de
coillonx roules , femblobler (2 eeux dont le
be: de lo eolllne e/l compo/é , ('3' l’épozfleur de
ee bone efl de demo pied; (9" demi . Enfin
pordeflm ee bane route lo pnrtie foperieure
de lo c‘olline , out n encore pre’r de quotre
'virzgt pied; de [routeur , n’ efi‘ metre e/Jofe
qu’un Tnfo on Peperino tendre, d’ on gris
nolr melé de plerrer pence; . felts lo eu-
rioflte' de grimper nude/fur de lo collrne ,,
(’3’ f}! decom’rir les ruines d’ on Brltimenr,
dont le pnvé en moforque eon/lotoit l’ enti-
quite (9" per confeguent L'elle de toute le
colline. Il eut ete’ fen: doute lntereflont de
trou'uer dens les couches inferienres , guel—
gees monuments qei indignojfent les temr
dons lefguelr elles ant eté depo/ees ; Mei:
L" eff ee 91/ il 72’ e/l guerer probable gee
l’ on trou'ue jemoir . 072 [edit lzlen gee ee
Tufrz eflun produit de fen, one ces ceillonx
ont ete’ errand}; par les eoex , (9" 914’ (tin/i
eette Colline a ere produite por l’oe‘lion ol-
ternoti'oe do fen, (9° de l’erm ,' mots gel nous
dire quend (9‘ o‘ quel intervnlle .9 0n voit
encore que cer eoilloux roules ont eté depo-
fés por un mounement dome Z9" uniforme ,
cor tour cenx gel font opplottis font dons
une fituotion lrorz'z‘ontole; cbogue bone a
pertout on l, on pent le fuivre , t2 pen pres
lo mé’me epoifleur , (9' one direéi‘ion o‘ pen
pre’s boriiontole . 0n pent nufli conjeflurer
one let eeux ont fort on long fejour dons
cette ploce, pnz]que elles ont eu le temr de
detoe/Jer (9° d’ orrondir der fragments de
Tnfn,que l’on tron’ue permi les eeilloox ran-‘-
16:": Meir ces obfervotionr ne fixent oueune
dare precife , (9° ne font gee nom donner
der idées neguer 61’ one nntlgulte’ tre’s re-
cule’e.

,, Le

 

  
a?“ II Hit

,, Ovid’s Tomb is Cut in the Tufa of
this fame hill.The Ancients who knew
,, that Vaults cut into. this fort of Rome ,
,, were dry and lafiing , loved to lace
,, their tombs therein. They had likewife
,, hollow’d Grotto’s or fubterraneous habita-
,, tions, near the Building which was on
,, the top of the hill , M‘. Bytes and I
,, went into them , but found nothing re-
,, markable , except great circular channels,
,, thro’ which the vault received the light
,, from the top of the hill. “

It wou’d far exceed the bounds I have
prefcribed myfelf , were I to mention my
ideas , relative to the formation of many
Islands and traéls of land, the defcription
of which I have met with in the courfe
of my reading, and whofe Volcanick ori—
gin feems to be evidently pointed out .

I can not help thinking , that upon a clofc
examination, many Islands at a great di-
flance from continents, wou’d be foun’d to
have been raifed by explofions from fubter—
raneous fires. Where that vitrified matter
call’d lava is found , there Volcanos have
furely exifled , but by my oblervations in
thefe kingdoms,Iam convinced, that this
kind of Volcanick production is very rare,
in comparifon of many other mixtures
and combinations of different matters pro-
duced by fubterraneous fires , without any
degree of vitrifaélion , and a proper at-
tention to this remark may perhaps lead
to great difcoveries.

Monfieur de la Condamine fays , that
he cou’d never difcover any fubflzance like
lava in America , tho’ he was encamped
months together on the Volcanos of Peru,
Particularly on Pitchincha, Cotopaxi, and
Chimboraco , on which he only faw the
marks of calcination without liquefaction.
You will fee, Sir, by examining the pla-
tes of this book ,' how very rare except on.
Mount Vefuvius and Etna , lava is to be
met with in the traé’t of ground , which
I have defcribed, and all of which is molt
aflhredly Volcanick .

Nature, tho’ infinitely varied, is never-
thelefs uniform in each feparate operation.
By having then, ifI may be allowed the
expreflion , anatomized f0 confiderable a
tract of land , and given the molt exaé‘t

re-

9
u

,, Le Tomoeau dy Ovide cfl creufl‘ dans le
,, Tufa de cette mé'me tolline. Les .Aneiens qui
,, eonoifl'oient la dure'e e'ternelle , (3’ la ficc‘z‘té
,, des 'voutes Que l’on creufe dam rette pierre,
,, fl facile d’ailleurr a‘ travailler, aimoient’a‘ y
,, placer leurs tombeaux. 0n a'voit aufli creu/i?
,, der eat/er , ou des babitationr fouterrainer
,, aupre’r du bzltiment qui étoit au fommet de
,, la eolline ; nour ydefeendimey JVIonjieur By-
,, re; (9“ may , mais nour n’y trouvames rien
,, de remargualile que des‘ grands foufpireaux
,, de forme circulaire , par lefquels cey caves
tiroient leur jour du lyaut de la Montagne.
je paflerois de loin les limiter gue je me
fuiy preferit, f1 fe difof; mes ide’es relatives d
la formation de plu/ieurr Irley (‘7 langues de
terre, dont l’ origine Volcanigue paroit e'tre e-
widemment demon/free.

u
v

]e fuir porte’ a‘ croire que par der obfer—
'vationr fui’uier , on trourveroit que plufieurs fol;
(l une trey grande diflance dey continents, ont
eté former par explofionr des feux fouter—
rains. Par tout ou fe trou'ue cette matit’re 'vi—
trifie’e apelle’e la've , la’ il 3/ a eu farement der
Voleanr .' mair par les obferwations que f ai
faites dam~ le Royaume de Naples, fe fair
con'vaincu que eette efpeee deprodué—lion Volca-
nigue e/l tre’r rare, on comparaiflan de plufieurs
autrer mé'langes (7' combinaifonr de difierenter
amtierer produite: par letfeuxfouterrainr, fans
le moindre degré de vitrification , (9" peute‘tre
qu’ on fera de tre’s grander de’eou’oertes , en
donnant une attention fafifante a‘ eette remarque.

Mon/ieur de la Condamine, dit , gu’ il n’a
jamaiy p12 deeouvrir aueune matiere telle que
la lave en Amerigue , quoigu’ il ait campé
pendant der mois entiery for 16! Volcans du Pe-
rou, partieulierement fur Pile/Jinc/Ja, Cotopaxi,
(9’ Claimborago , fur lefquelr il ne trouva que
der marques de calcination fan: liquefaflion.
Vour 'verre’r, Monfieur en examinant les plan-
clues de cet Ouvrage , comb/en il e/l rare d3
trouver der la'ves , excepte’ fur le Mont Ve-
fu've (9’ l’ Etna, dam l’ éfjiaee de terre que
j’ai de’erire, guoique le tout foit furement Vol-
eamgue .

La nature guoique infiniment 'varie’e , (fl
neanmoinr uniforme dam c/Jacune de fee opera~
tionr fepare’es. .Ayant done 3" il m’ cfl [JCVWZlA‘
de m’ expliquer ain/i , anatomifé un efimee de
terrein fi confideralzle , ('5’ donné les plus exa-

fies

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

~>§EC 12 Ht?“

repref'entation of each minute part of which
it is compofed, and proved ,_ as I think ,
beyond a doubt, the Volcamck origin of
the whole, I can but flatter myfelrfi, that
fuch hints as I have given,may bermpro-
ved and lead to further difcoveries of the

fame nature , and lend much afliflance to.-r

wards the forming a better Theory of the
Earth than has hitherto appeared.

No one , I may venture to affirm , has
ever follow’d up their remarks on one {ub-
jeé’t with greater afliduity , and confiancy,
than I have in the courfe of above ten years
refidence at Naples . I have vifitedegain
and again from the melt elevated pomts of
each Mountain, down to the deepefi holv
lows that have been made , either by na:
ture or art , and can only repeat What I
have already declared in my former letter,
that every elevation in the country I ha-
ve defcribed, as of Volcanick origin , is
vifibly at this day , either a compleat co-
ne with a crater as compleat, ora portion
of one , the materials of which they are
compofed, being exaé’rely fimilar, either to
thofe of the Cone of Vefuvius , or the
Monte~nuovo near Puzzoli ; but the Dra-
wings that accompany this edition of my
letters, will shew at one glance more than

volumes cou’dr pollibly defcribe .

Here you will fee , Sir, each Cone , each
crater , and by the feé’tions of them , the very
firata of which they are compofed; nay even
the fpecimens of the materials that compote
thofe flrata. I adopt heartily the motto of
our Society NULLIUS IN VERBA. Let thofe
who have the opportunity, examine with
attention the curious fpots which are now
exactly pointed out to them, and fuch as have
not that opportunity , may fafely trufi to the
repr‘efentations of them, wich are executed
with uncommon fidelity and precifion. The
truth of my afl'ertions will then appear in
the clearefi light.

As I have given ample explanations to
each Plate, and have therein thrown fuch
reflections, as have occurred to me on the
fubjeéls they reprefent , I need not detain
you longer. I flatter myfelf at leafl by the-

fe

Hes reprefentzztz'ons des parties me’mes les mains
fmppontes dent il cfl tompofe’ ; ayunt “£0;
prou'vé fons repllgue, comme ]e le trots , [on
origine Volcttnz'gue, ce fem wet on plmflr m:
fini que ] upprendmi gue les Idem que f oz
repundues ont eté pouflées plus lom , qu’ elles
ont conduit a des det‘ouvertes plus confldemlzles
fur ce fujet , (9’ gu’ ellos n’ ont pus peu con-
trilue’ :2 un meilleur developpemeot de lo t/aeo-
uie de lo Terre.

Perfonne , fe puis le dire lonudimment , n’a
jumois pout/ul'vi fes obfer'vutions fur un fujet’
u'vec plus 61’ ufllu’uité (3“ de canflnnce que fe
l’uz' fuit pendant plus de clix onne'es de mo re-
fldenc‘e d Naples . f oi ’ZJll , (3° new? tous les
end'roits dent je porle , depuis lo pointe la
plus e'lwe’e de claugue Montogne jufqu’ u‘fu Im-
fe lo plus oceefllole , foit por lo nature , on
For l’ort ; (9“ ]e ne puis que repeter ce que

V f at declare dons mo lettre precedente , que

c/Joque elevation dons le pols que ]’ oi deceit
comme d’ origine Voleonique , fe trou’ue 'w'fl-
blement a prefent , ou un Co‘ne tomplet o'vec
fon crater regulier, ou un cone trongue portion
(1’ un Co‘ne porfuit , (9" que les motieres dont
ils font compofés font exoc‘lement femljlobes tl
teller dont efl compo/é le Co”ne du Ve live ,
ou ll cellos du Monte Nuo'vo pue’s de Puzzo-
1e ; les de/feins qui accompugnent eette edition
de mes lettres indigueuont plus de elm/es d’un
feul coup d’gcz'l, gue ne fcuuroient lefoz're ties
'volumes entiers .

C'efl lei, Monfieur , que 'vous 'vewe’s elm-
gue Cone , clouque Crater, foit dons fu forme
notuuelle , folt dons fes feflions, (tin/i que les
[aunts mé’mes gui les compofent ; nous venue’s
bien plus, les éc/mntz'llons des motieres qui com—
po ent ces tout/Jay memes . f odopte de tout
mon cwur lo devi/e de ndtre Societe’ NULLIUS‘
1N VERBA . Ceux qui en ont l’ oven/ion peu'oent
ufluellement laten examiner les endroits eurieux
qui leu‘r font eonlement indiqués , (9" ceux
gut ne l’ ont pus , peuvent uvoir une pleine

. confinnee uux ueprefentotions der lieux me‘mes,

lefguelles ont eteI executées truer une fidelite’
(9' une preciflon peu communes ; olors lo veri—
te de mes ufleutions poroitro c‘loiuement.

] oi uccompugne’ c/Jogue plum/9e d’umples expli-
eotz'ons, (’3‘ ]’y oi njoute’ les reflections que les
fujets gu’elle ueprefentent m’ont fuit noitre, ulnfl
je ne 'vous entuetiendmi pus plus long tents
fur ee fujet. f ujouteroi feulement une reflex—

x2072:

 

 
‘>§E(13)'§‘§*

{e exaé’c reprefentations of (0 many beauti-
fullfcenes, all of which have been undoub-
tedly produced by the explofions of Volca—
nos, that this tremendous operation of na-
ture will now be confider’d in a CREATIVE
rather than a DESTRUCTIVE light.

I am happy in having this opportunity
of affuring you, Sir, that Iam with 3. ve-
ry fincere regard, & efleem.

Your mofl obedient
and mofl humble fervant

WILLIAM HAMILTON .

scion: c’cfi, que fai lieu de me flutter, 9‘55
d’rtpre’: les reprefenrations fidéler 616 mm defer?—
ner vburmam‘e: routes produirer par des expla-
fiom Vole/Hugues, cen‘e operation [1' terrible de
In nature few; darenu'vant regards? pluftu‘é
comma CREATRICE gue comme DESTRUCTIVE .

6° efl a’vcv bien du pluifir ‘que fe faifir
certe cam/i072 de 'vour qflurer, Monfieurfiue Je
fuir a'vec i’c'flz'me 1/; plus profande (9“ [er fen.
rimmr les plus dijiitzguéx .

Vorre trés kuméle
(9‘ tre’r obe'zflunt Serviteur

WILLIAM HAMILTON 3

 
 

 

 

~>§E(14)§t}«

eaeaaeaaaaaaaaaaa
OBSERVATIONS
ON

MOUNT VESUVIUS, &c.‘
mmmmmmmmmmmanmmeflmmmmmmmmm£232
L E T. T E R I.

To the Right Honourable the Earl of Mom
TON , Prefident of the Royal Socrety.

Naples, June to, 1766:

M Y L o R D ,
AS I have attended particularly to the

various changes of Mount Vefuvius,
from the 17th of November 1764, the day
of my arrival at this Capital; Iflatter my«
felf, that my obfervations will not be unac—
ceptable to your Lordship , efpecially as
this Volcano has lately made a very con-
fiderable eruption . I shall confine myfelf
merely to the many extraordinary appea-
rances that have come under my own in-
fpeétion , and leave their explanation to
the more learned in Natural Philofophy.
During the firfl: twelvemonth of my being
here , I did not perceive any remarkable
alteration in the mountain; but I obferved,
the fmoke from the Volcano was much
more confiderable in bad weather than when
it was fair (a); and I often heard ( even
at Naples , fix miles from Vefuvius ) in
bad weather,the inward explofions of the
moun-

(3) Having refleE’ced {ince upon this circumflance, I ra-
‘ther believe that the weigth of the atmofphere in bad wea-
ther , preventing the free diffipation of the fmoke , and
collefiing it over the crater , gives it the appearance of
being more confiderable; whereas in fine weather the {mo-
ke is difperfed foon after its emiflion. It is, however , the
common-received opinion at Naples ( and from my own
obfervation is, I believe, well founded ), that when Ve-
fuvius grumbles , bad weather is at hand. The fea of the
Bay of Naples , being particularly agitated and fwelling fome
hours before the arrival of a fiorm , may very probably
force itfelf into crevices, leading to the bowels of the Vol.
cano , and, by caufing a new fermentation, produce thofe
cxplofions and grumblings,

OBSERVATIONS
s U R

LE MONT VESUVE, ow.
mmmmmmanananmanmmanmanamflmwmm9399mman

LE,TTRE I.

A Mllord Comte de MORTON Prefidenf de la
Societe’ Royale.

De Naples ce IO Juin 1766.

MrLORD:

’Ai donné une attention particuliére aux dz:
'vers changemens du Mont Vefu've deput's le

17 Novembre 1764 ,jour de mon arri'Ue’e dans
tette Capltale , ainfi , Mylord , je me flatte que
mes obfervvatz'ons pourront 'Uous e'tre agre’alzles,‘
d’ autant plus gue te Volcan afaz't dernierement
une eruption tre’s ton/ideralzle . je me bornerai
[implement aux farts les plus extraordinaire:
que fat ooferve’s moi meme, (9‘ quant a leur
explication ]e la lazflerai aux Sga'vants Natura-

lifles .

Pendant la premie’re anne’e de mon Sejour a
Naples, fe ne me fair point apperpu d’ autun
claungement con/ideralzle dans la Montague, mats
f at remargué que la fume’e du Volcan e'toit
beaucoup plus abondante guand il faifott mau-
vais tems (a) , (3' qu’ alors f entenu’ois plus fre-
quemment les explofions interieures de la mon-

tagne ( meme a Naples, a fix milles du Ve-
free.

(a) .Aj/ant reflecbl depuis fur cette cireonflante je crois pluf.
to‘t que le pola’s a’e l’atrnofizlae‘re quand 1e temr efl mauvais,
empe’c/mnt la diflipatian libre de la fztmée, (9' l’ aoeumulant
audefl'us alu crater , la {alt paroitre plus eonfiu’erable, au lieu que
quand 1'! fair oeau, la fume’e efl diflipe'e 41’ More! apre’s flm
emrflion. C’eflpnurtant l’opinion generalemept recue a Naples,
( (9‘ felon mes remarques ]e la crois bier; fonde’e) que quand
le Vefu've mugit, le mauvais tems s’approcbe. La met de la
Baie de Naples etant fingulierement agite’e , (9’ fe gonflant
guelques beures a'vant l’ arrive’e :1, un orage , peur trér pra-
lzablement entrer par farce a’ans des crevajfis qul conduz'fent
aux entrailler du Volcan, (9‘ en y caufant une nouvelle fer-
mentation , pr‘ou’uire tes explofians (9' ca: mugiflements .

 

 
i>§€< Is His

mountain . When I have been at the top

of Mount Vefuvius in fair Weather, I ha-'

ve fometimes found f0 little fmoke , that
Ihave been able to fee far down the mouth
of the Volcano ; the fides of which Were
incrulled with {alts and mineral ofvarious
colors, white , green , deep and pale yel-
low . * The finoke that ill'ued from the mouth
of the Volcano in bad weather was Whi-
te , very moilt , and not near {0 oflenfive
as the fulphureous {teams from various cracks
on the fides of the mountain.

Towards the month of September lafl ,‘
I perceived the fmoke to be more confide—
rable , and to continue even in fair wea~
ther 5 and in October I perceived {ometi-
mes a puff of black fmoke shoot up a con-
fiderable height in the midl’c of the white,
which lymptom of an approaching eruption
grew more frequent daily ; and lbon after,
thefe pulls of linoke appeared in the night
tinged like clouds with the letting fun.

About the beginning of November , I
went up the mountain: it was then cove-
red with {now ; and I perceived a little
hillock of fulphur had been thrown up ,
fince my lal’r vilit there, within about for-
ty yards of the mouth of the Volcano; it
was near fix feet high , and a light blue
flame illued conllantly from its top. As I
was examining this phenomenon, I heard
a violent report ; and law a column of
black fmoke , followed by areddish flame,
shoot up with violence from the mouth of
the Volcano; and prefently fell a shower
of llonesa one of which, falling near me,
made me retire with fome precipitation ,
and alfo rendered me more cautious of ap-
proaching too near , in my fubfequent jour-
nies to Vefuvius.

From November to the 28th of March,
the date of the beginning ofthis eruption,
the fmoke increafed, and was mixed with
ashes, which fell , and did great damage to
the vineyards in the neighbourhood of the
mountain (4). A few days before the eru-

ption

(a) Thefe ashes dellroy the leaves and fruit , and are
greatly detrimental to vegetation for a year or two; but
are certainly of great fervice to the land in general , and

are among the princxpal caufes of that very great fertility
which is remarkable in the neighbourhood of Volcano’s .

fu've ) quund ]’ ni e‘te‘ nu fammet clu Mont
Vefu've le tems e’tunt nu beau , f at trouvé
quelques fois fl peu de fume’e , que fui p171 'uaz'r
afle’s profondement dnns In [your/re du Valrnn ,
dont les cu‘tes etoient incrufle’es de fels, (9" de
mineruux de diver/es couleurs , Mane/res, 'ver-

tes, juunes fonce'es , (9° jnunes pales . * Ln fume’e * PI.
qui fartoit de la [tour/re du Volcnn duns le XLIV-

mum/(12s tems etait blunt/3e, 'tre’s laumz'de , (9“
benucaup mains nuifilrle Que les ex/mlaz'fons
fulpliureufes qui fortoierzt de plufieurs fentes
fur les flnncs de la mantugne.

Vers le mots ale Septembre derrzier fe me
furs upergu que la: fume’e e'toit plus con/idem-
ble , (9’ qu’ elle continuoit meme avec le [mm terns,
(9’ nu mois d, Ofiobre Je remurquui quelques
fats une boufie‘e de fume‘e noire gut. s’e'lnnjcoz't
(l une tré’s grrtnde lyuuteur puff/mt nu \-trn'vers
de la fume’e blunt/3e, fymptome d’ un eruption
prov/Mine gui de’vint plus frequent de jour en
jour , (9’ bientot npre’s res boufi’e’es de fu-
me’e pnraifloient lzt nuit teirztes comme le font
les nudges uu faleil tour/aunt .

Vers le commencement de No'vemnre ] e manmi
le Ve/u've ; il etoit ulors couvert de nez'ge, (3‘
fr: m’nppergus qu’un petit Manticule de faufi
fre s' etait formé depuis lu derniere fais qua
Je l’rt'vois 71131 n‘ guurnnte pas de la bouc/ae du‘
Vulcan, il n'vait pre’s de fix pied: de lmuteur,
(Tune fizlmecl’ un bleu cluirfortoit carzfiumment
de fan fommet . Pendent qne ]’ etois r2 exu~
miner re pbenaméne , ]’ entendis une explofion
wiolente , (9“ ]e 7123‘ une calonne de fumc‘e noi—
re, fuivie d’ une flzlme rougerttre s’élnncer rt—
vec violence de la bout/re du Volcnn, (Teren-
trfi‘t upre’s une greAle de pierres , une tie/quel-
les tamlmnt trés pres de moy', m’ oblz'gen (16
me retirer n'uec precipitation", (9° me rendit
414/]; plus circonfpeél dun: mes caurfes fuiwn-
tes nu Ve u'ue .

Depuis le mois de Novembre jufgu’nu 28 de
Mnrs (date du camé‘ncement de cette eruptzon)
ltt fume’e s’ nugmentrt (’9’ fut clmrgée de Iren-
dres gut cnuferent un grand damage nux Vzgnes

a A n n )
ezrcmworfines (a). Quelques [Olfl‘f nvnnt leru-
ptian [e 'w's ce gue Pline le jeune dzt nu”;

avair

(a) Les cemlres detruiflmt les feuilles ('9' Is: fruits-,0flmt
tre‘s nuifibles 1314 vegetation pour me on deux unne’es, mm’s en
general elles font certainement d’ une trés grunde utilite’ a ll!
terre , (3‘ deviennent une (les cuufes principals: ale [4 grand:

fertilité , gui efl tre‘s finfi/zle dans le 'vaifinage des Volcens.

 
 

 

 

3%“ 163%

ption Ifaw (what Pliny the younger men-
tions having feen, before that eruption‘of
Vefuvius which proved fatal to his uncle)
the black fmoke take the form of a Pine-
tree . The fmoke , that appeared black in
the day-time , for near two months before
the eruption, had the appearance offlame
in the night.

On Good Friday , the 28th of March,
at 7 o'clock at night , the lava began to
boil over the mouth of the Volcano , at
firll in one flream; and foon after, divid—
ing itfelf into two, it took its courfe to-
wards Portici. It was Preceded by a v10-
lent explofion, which caufed a partial earth-
quake in the neighbourhood of the moun-
tain; and a shower of red hot {tones and
cinders Were thrown up to a confiderable
height. Immediately upon fight of the la-
va , I left Naples , with a party of _my
countrymen, whom I found as impatient
as myfelf to fatisfy their curiofity in exa—
mining fo curious an operation of nature.
I paffed the whole night upon the moun-
tain 5 and obferved that , though the red
hot {tones were thrown up in much greater
number and to a more confiderable height
than before the appearance of the lava, yet
the report was much lefs confiderable than
fome days before the eruption . The lava
ran near a mile in an hour’s time , when
the two branches joined in a hollow on the
tide of the mountain, without proceeding
farther . I approached the mouth of the Vol—
cano, as near as I could with prudence;
the lava had the appearance of a river of
red hot and liquid metal, fuch as we fee
in the glafs—houfes, on which were large
floating Cinders, half lighted , and rolling
one over another with great precipitation
down the fide of the mountain , forming
a molt beautiful and uncommon cafcade .
The color of the fire was much paler and

'more bright the firfl night than the fubfe—

quent nights , when it became of 'a deep
red , probably owing to its having been
more impregnated with fulphur at firfl than

afterwards . In the day—time , unlefs you

are quite clofe, the lava has no appearan-
ce of fire; but a thick white fmoke marks
its courfe.

The 29th, the mountain was very quiet,
and

ovoir 'vu, mount l’ eruption du Ve we [5 fu-
tule :2 fan onele , lo fumée noire prendre lo
forme d’ un Pin . Pre’s de deux moi: mount ’
l’ eruption , cette fume’e gui poroifloit noire
ou grand jour, reflemlyloz’t {2 de lo flame pen-
dunt lo nuit .

Le Vendredz' Saint 28 do More (2 fept loeu-
res du Soir lu love comenpu d deoorder lo bou-
eoe du Vole-on; elle formo d’ olzord un fleu’ve,
(9° puir fe feporont en deuoc purtier prit [o rou-
te 'vers Porticz' . Elle fut precedée d’une gron‘
de exploflon qui cuufu un tremblement de ter-
re loeul (9° fen/idle donr le 'voijinuge de lo
montogne; en me‘me temr une grdle de pierres
(9° de cendrer emlarofe’es furent lonee’es d une
lynuteur con/ideruole . Auflitdt que ]e 71!} la
lune, fe quittui Naples en eompugnz'e de quel-
guer um de mer computriotes qui fe trou'verent
uu t o'vlder que moi de futirfulre leur curiofi-
té , en exominunt de pre’: une fl flngulie’re o—
peration de lo nuture . Nous poflomer toute lo
nuit fur lo montogne, (9’ J’ y remurouoi, gue
quoigue les pierrer enflnmméer fuflent/ettées en
plur‘ gronde ooondunce, (yd une bouteur beou-
coup plus eon/iderulzle gu’ u'vunt lo fortie de lo
love , le bruit des explofionr etoit moinr fort
qu’ il ne l’ etoit quelques jours ovunt l’ eruption.
Lu love fit pre’r of un mille de c/Jemin dun:
l’ efpoce d’une beure jufgu’ o‘ ce gue ler deux
fleu've: fe reunirent dons un creux du Cote’ de
lo montugne fun: puffer plus ovont. Je m’up-
procooi de lo bout/ye du Voleon , outunt que
lo prudence me le permettoit , (9’ ]e '0}: que
In love T oval! l’oppurenee d’un fleu'ue de me-
tol rouge (9° fluide , tel que nous le 'voyons
dun: let werrerier: oudeflhr nngeot'ent de graf-
fer cendrer d demi enflomme’er qué en fe pre—
ez'pitunt ler uner fur les uutres le long des
fiuncs de lo montogne , formoient une eufcude
oufli fuperlve que fingulie’re. Lo couleur dufeu
purozfloz't oeuueoup plu: pdle guoique plus wine
In premiere foire’e gue ler fuivontes , lorfqu’
elle deraint enfin d’un rouge fonce’, peute‘tre pur-
cegue la lune e'toit dons le commencement plus~ e/Jor
ge’e de motie’res fulp/oure’er . En plez'njour mé'me
d—moins gu’ on ne 5" opproebe de bien pre’r, lo
love ne donne oueun flgne de feu , moi; feu-
lement une fumée e'poifle (‘7‘ blune/rdtre morgue
fu route.

Le ’29 lo montogne e‘toit tre’: tronguille ,

(3’ lo

 

 
~§E< 17m?

and the lava did not continue. The goth,
it began to flow again in the fame dire—
flion, whill’t the mouth of the Volcano
threw up every minute a girandole of red
hot {tones , to an immenfe height . The
31ft , I paged the night upon the moun-=
tain: the lava was not f0 confiderable as
the firfl night, but the red hot flones Wen
re perfeétly tranfparent , fome of which,
I dare fay of a ton weight , mounted at
lealt two hundred feet perpendicular , and
fell in, or near the mouth ofa little moun-
tain , that was now formed by the quan-
tity of ashes and fiones , within the great
mouth of the Volcano , and which made
the approach much fafer than it had been
forne days before , when the mouth was
near half a mile in circumference, and the
{tones took every direé’tion . Mr. Hervey ,
brother to the Earl of Briflol , was very
much wounded in the arm fome days be:-
fore the eruption, having approached too
near , and two English gentlemen with
him were alfo hurt. It is impoflible to de—
fcribe the beautiful appearance ofthefe gi-
randoles of red hot Hones , far furpaf—
fing the molt afl’onishing artificial tire-
Work

From the grit of March to the 9th of
April, the lava continued on the fame fide
of the mountain , in two , three , and f0»
metimes four branches, without delcending»
much' lower than the firl’c night. I remar—
ked a kind of intermifiion in the fever of
the mountain (.4) , which feemed to return
with violence every other night . On the
10th of April , at nigh-t , the lava difap—
peared on the fide of the mountain towards
Naples, and broke out with much more
violence on the fide next the Torre dell’fln-
nunvintn. *

I paf-

(a) In the fiibfequent eruptions of Vefuviusflhave con.
flantly‘remarked fomething of the fame nature , as appears
in my account of the great eruption of1767. Ihave found
the fame remark in» many accounts of former eruptions of
Veluvius: in the very curious one of the formation of a
new mountain near Puzzole , in 1538 , ( as may be feen
in my letter to Dr. Mary , Get. 16 I770, ) the fame
obfervation is made. This phenomenon is well worthy of
a curious inquiry , Which- might give fome light into the
theory of the earth, of which, I believe, we are very i.
gnorant .

(9’ la lave refit: dc conler. Le 30 elle recamen~
gn prennnr la méme direélian [lllllj‘ le meline temp:
que lit hour/3e dn Valwn jetrair tz‘ (lingual in-
flanr mze girnndale (le nmtie’rer enflnmmc’es ll
une lazinreur immenfe. Le 31 fe prflni la nuit
fur lit manragne, lg: lave n’ eroir pm- 4141}? con—
jidernble que la premiere foire’e ; mnir let pier-
res embrnféer etoient pnrfniremenr Wan/paren-
ter . ,Qnelgues nner qne f ai jnge’ du paid: 51’
environ 2000 livrey furenr jette’e: nu mains n‘
dame cent pied; de lmntenr perpendiculnire ,
(9“ retain/Jerri” dnns ln [your/re , on du mains
trér pm de [4 hour/ac rl1 unpcrir inonticnlc gui
5’ émir formé par Ill gnanrité tie: cendrer (9’
d9: pierrer, dang: l’inl‘erieur de la granule hou-
c/Je du Vulcan , c'e gri en renrloit l) npproc/Je
[rim moinr bnz‘nrdenje qu’ elle 725 l’ nvoir eté
quelqney jonrs nupnrzzvnnt , lozfgne la ham/1e
nvoit 1?sz d’ an demi mille d6 circuit, (Tyne
er pierres panvnicnt s’ élnncer dun; tanrcs les
dircéiiom . .Mwy’ieur Hervey fire (iii Comte de
Briflolfnr blefli‘ dnngereufinnent an 12er; qnelguer
jaws izvnnr l’eruprian, pour s’ c‘tre npprnc/Je'
(l0 trap pm de la bout/Jr dn Volmn, (9“ demo
,Angloir defn compagnie nnfli innit legéremenr.

0n ne fffluroit [ire/enter {l [imagination an tnblenn _

du fuperbe fireflncle qua non; ofirraienr oer gi-
rmzrloler de pierres emhrnféey , gni furpnfloient
de lczzucoup le fen d’arrifice lcplzir fnrprennnt.

Depuis lc 3I cle Mary jnfgu’nu 9d’Avril,
la lnve continua de conler dn me‘me mite, de la
manrr/gne, en deux , fVOiX , (9" quelques fair
quarre flenver , fnm pnnrtnnt é'trc defcendne
benmoup plm hilt qn’ elle nc l’ avail: fair la
premiere jbirr‘e. ]’ ni rcmnrqne’ une efpece (l,
intermittence [l la fievre de la montagne (a) ,
fievre qui femlilair rcdaublcr avec violence (1.
Fri: an? fairée (le repay. Le fair dn 10 Avril
lzz lave difpm'nr dn coté de la montagne vers
Naples, nyr/nt fair nne eruption {17166 [nen plnr

*

Pl.
de violence du coté de In Torre dell’ Annun- XII &

ziata . *

D It:

(21) Dans le! eruption: fubfeqacnte; ]’ ai touiom‘: ”marque;
le me‘me phenornc’ne, camme il paroit rims 19 detail, quef'ar
donne’ de [a grands eruption de 1767. f ai trouvé la me‘mo
obfeyvatian dam pin/ism: relation: a’er eruptions precedemexdn
Vefnve, dam In relation m": cnrienfe de la formation d’ una
nouvelle montagne en 13g8 pre’r ale Ponzqole (comma onpcut
voir :1an ma lettre an Dollenr Mary, dn I6 d’OElolire 1770)
la méme remarqne [e trouve; ce phenomene ejl’ tre’r digne tl’
zine recherche cxnc'le qui ponrroit bier; dormer quelijne lnmiere
fur la tliearie a’e larerre , en qua} il rm paroit gm now [am-
me: fort ignorantt.

XIII.

 
 
   
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  

 

 

 

 

4:“ 18 my

I pafl‘ed the whoIe day and the night of
the 12th upon the mounta_1n,and followed
the courfe of the lava to its very fource:
it burl’t outof the fide of the mountain ,
within about half a mile of the mouth'of
the Volcano , like a torrent, attended .Wltll
violent explofions, which threw_ up infla-
med matter to a confiderable height', the
adjacent ground quivering like the timbers
of a water—mill; the heat of the lava was
f0 great , as not to {uffer me to approach
nearer than within ten feet of the liream,
and of fuch a confiflency ( though it ap-
peared liquid as water) as almolt to refill
the impreflion of a long Puck, Wltll which
I made the experiment; large flones thrown
on it with all my force did not fink,but,
making/a slight impreflion, floated on the
furface, and were carried out of fight in
a short time; for, notwithflanding the con-
fiflency of the lava, it ran with. amazing
velocity, I am fure, the firlt mile With a
rapidity equal to that 'of the river Severn,
at the pafl‘age near Briflol . The fiream at
its fource was about ten feet wide , but
foon extended itfelf, and divided into three
branches, {0 that thefe rivers offire, com-
municating their heat to the Cinders offor—
mer lavas , between one branch and the
other , had the appearance at night of a
continued sheet offire, four miles in length,
and in fome parts near two in breadth .
Your Lordship may imagine the glorious
appearance of this uncommon fcene , fuch
as palles all defcriptlon.

The lava, after having run pure for a-
bout a hundred yards , began to collect
Cinders, {tones , &c.; and afcum was for-
med on its furface , which in the day-ti—
me had the appearance of the river Tha—
mes, as I have feen it after a hard frofl:
and great fall of fnow , when beginning
to thaw, carrying down vafl mailer; of
{now and ice . In two places the liquid
lava totally difappeared, and ran in a fub-
terraneous paflage for fome paces 5 then ca—
me out again pure, having left the {cum
behind . In this manner it advanced to the
cultivated parts of the mountain 5 and I
law it , the fame night of the 12th , un—

mer-

fe paflai toate la journe’e (9‘ la nait du
12 far la montagne , (9' ]e cotoyai la la'oe
jufqaex dfa foarce mdme. Elle fortit daflanc
de la montagne a un demi nulle d pea prés
de la grande [mac/2e da Volcan , defcendit
comme an torrent accompagne’e d’ explofiom
wiolentes qai jetterent le: matieres enflam—
me’er d une laaatear conflderalile , (9’ la terre
'uoi/ine trembloit comme la claarpente d’an mou-
lin d eaa. La claalear de la la've étoit trap
forte pour me permettre de m’ approc/Jer plus
91/ a‘ disc pied: da fleave, (5' elle etoit dune
conflflence telle , ( qaoiqa’ elle parut liquide
comme de 1’ can ) qn’ elle poa'voit prefqae re-
fi/ler :2 l’impreflion d’an long lidton gui fer-
noit d mon experience, de grander pierres jet-
te’es de toute maforce ne 5’ y enfongoient point,
mais apre’s y avoir fait une legére impreflion,
elle: nageoient fur la furface , (9' difparoif—
foient bientdt d ma 'uae' , car malgre’ fa te-
nacité la lave coaloit a’vec ane rapidité e‘to-
nante, (’9' telle one fe fair perfuade’ gue pen-
dant le premier mille la 'vitefle de ce coarant
égaloit cello de la rivie’re de Severne pre’r de
Briflol . Le fleu've d fa foarge avoit dpeu pre’:
10 pied: de largeur,mais lzientdt cette largeur
angmenta, (9‘ le courant fe di'vifa en trois bran-
diet, de forte que cer rivieres de fen commu-
niqaant lear clraleur aux cendres der la'vespre-
ce’dentes, entre ane branelae (9‘ l’ aatre , pro-
daifoient toater enfemlyle pendant la nait l’ima-
ge d’ one forface enflamme’e de gaattre miller
de longaear (9' de pres de deax miller de lar-
geur en quelqaer endroitr. Vow 110m figurere’s,
Mylord , le coup d’aeil faperbe de cette fce’n:
[ingaliere , dent on ne jgaaroit donner une de-
fcription.

La la'oe apre’r a'voir coulé fans Melange en-
'viron cent pa: , commenga d ramafler des cen-
dres , des pierrer (9%., (9’ ane create fe fowna
fur fa furfage laguelle pendant le jour reflem-
lyloit :2 la Tami/"e, telle are ]e l’ai 'vue apre’:
one forte gele’e, accompagne’e de [aeaucoup de
neiges grand le degel a commence , (9° qae le
flea'oe emporte do; monceaax de neige: (’9’ de
glagons. En deax endroits la la've liquide di—
fparut totalement, (9' coala quelquer par dam
an canal fouterrain , pair elle reflortit toute
pare , 3’ y etant deponille’e de fer fcories; c’efl
ainfi, qu’ elle a'oancoit 'vers les parties culti-
ve’e: de la montagne, (9‘ ]e la 'vi: la mé'me
foire’e da 12 detraire impitoyalzlement ‘les 'vi-
goes

 

  
e?“ 19 We

mercifully deflroy a poor man’s vineyard ,
and furround his cottage . The lava- at
the fartheft extremity from its fource, did
not appear liquid , but like a heap of red
hot coals , forming a wall in fome places
ten or twelve feet high , which rolling from
the top foon formed another wall , and
foon , advancing slowly , not more than
about thirty feet in an hour (a).

The mouth of the Volcano has not thrown-
up any large fiones fince the fecond eru-
ption of lava on the 10th of April 5 but
has thrown up quantities of {mall ashes
and pumice flones, that have greatly da-
maged the neighbouring vineyards. I have
been feveral times at the mountain fince
the 12th; but, as the eruption was in its
greatefi vigour at that time , I have vena
tured t0 dWell on , and I fear tire your
Lordship with , the oblhrvations of that day.

In my laft vifit to Mount Velhvius,the
3d of June , 1 {till found that the lava

C011-

(a) I am convinced , that it might be very prafticable
to divert the courfe of a lava when in this Rate, by pre-
paring a new bed for it, as is praEtifed with rivers . I
was mentioning this idea at Catania in Sicily , when I
was allured, that it had been done with fuccefs during the
great eruption of Etna , in 1669; that the lava was dire»
Sting its courie towards the walls of Catania, and advan-
cing slowly like the abovementioned, when they prepared
a channel for it round the walls of the town , and turned
it into the [ca ; that a l‘uccefiion of men , covered with-
sheep-skins wetted , were employed. to. cut through the
tough flanks of the lava, till they made a pallage for that
in the centre ( which was in perfect fulion ) to difgorge
'itfelf into the channel prepared for it . A book I have
Iince met with, gives the fame account of this curious o-

peration; it is intituled , Relatime rlel nuo'uo incendio fatter

do Morzgiéella I669 Me mu, Giufeppe Bifzxgrzi, 1-670. His
Sicilian Majel’ty’s Palace at Portici , and the valuable col-
leEtion of antiquities that have been recovered from beneath
the deltruélive lavas of Veluvius , are in imminent danger
of being overwhelmed again by the next that shall take
its courfe that way; whereas, by taking a level, cutting.
away and raifing ground , as occafion might require , the
Palace and Mufeum would, in all probability, be inlhred,
at leal‘t againf‘: one eruption ; and indeed , I once took.
the liberty of communicating this idea to the King of Na.
pies, who leemed to approve of it.

In Connor’s Dillertationes Medico Phyficz , printed at
Oxford in 1695 , there is a very good account of an e-
ruption of Mount Vefuvius which happened in the month
of April 1694.. The following pafTage in this account shews
the polfibility of altering the direction ofa current of lava.

”Hie mineralis torrens in tanta copia defluxit, quod Pro-
” rex huius Regni, conduétis duobus hominum millibus ,
,, ampliflimam fofihm excavari curaverit , qua liquatam ma-
” teriam in fuo alveo totam recepit & divertit.

goes if we pumre Poyfim opre’: mu entouré
fir Cob/me . Lu love 4‘ l’ endroir le plus eloi-
gné do [u fource ue porofloir pus liquide: el-
le re/femlzloit (i on omo: do clJorlaom urdem
gui formoienr un mur de disc 4‘ douze pied: de
louuteur on certain: ‘eudroirs , leguel en rou-
limt de lo portre fuperreure, formoit fuccefli'vec
mom“ un outre mur ; c’ efl oinfl que la lune
o‘vonpoit , moi; fl lenrement gue fu more/9e
n’ emit guorer gue de rreore pied: dons l’eflpm
re d’ une loeure (:1).

Lo lzouc/Je du Volcim n’dpus jetté desgrof-
fer pierres depuis lo feconde eruption do love
du 10 Avril , moir elle o jetté une guonrire’
do petites cendres (9" de pierres poorer gui out
éeoui‘oup erzdomugé let Wigner "Mi/inc: ; f oi
en? «2 lo monrogne plufzeurs for: depur: le dou-
19; (9’ comme l’ eruption e‘toir olors dour fa
plus gronde force , f oi laurordé d’infifler fur
cc point quoigue ]’ (lye peur, Mylord, de 'vous
ovoir fatigue par mer ola/er'uoriom de eerie jour-
ne’e .

L073 de ma derniere oourfl: ou Mont Ve u—'
are le 3 (15 juin , ]’ oi treuvé Que lo love

$0717
3

(a) fe fuis perfuude”, qu’il“ firoit trek pofl'ilyle zle o'e'tourner
la lu'ue ole fan courr qutmd elle efl dun: 62; flat, en lui pre-
puront un nau'veuu lit eomme celu fe protique aux rivierer .
je parlois un jour de cette illee i2. Cut/me en Sicile, quant on
m’ [lg-Mfr! de l’a-uoir deju mile en oeuvre (’9‘ over fucce’s ,pen-
dim: la granite eruption ale l’Etna so 1669 , larfque la lav:
dirigearzt fa courfe were let murr de cette Ville s’avanpait tau:
doucement ecmme relle dent ]e 'viem de parlor; ils luipreparerent
un lit uutour des mumilles de la Ville 6'? la detournerent 11ers
la mer J'des gem cou'uerts de peuux de moutan maul/leer quifle
furcedoient, furent employer xi percer le: flours Vermeer de la lu've
jufqu’ :2 re qu’ il: euflhnt prutique" un pujfage fufifunt pour
que celle du milieu ( qui etoit dun: un e‘mt defu/ion parfoi-
2e ) p12: fe de‘gorger dim; le ermul qui lui e’toir prepare’ . f
oi trou've‘ depuir 1m livre qui rapporre :leme'me cette operation
eurieufe, il a pour titre Relazione del nuovo incendio fat-
to da Mongibello 1669 Meflina Giufeppe Bifagni I670 .
Le Polar} ole fa Majefle’ fieilienne ti Partici , (9" le reeuei‘l
precieux dc: untiquitdr qui ont ete" relire‘er do dejfou: let love:
dejlruflive: du Vefu’ve font en danger imminent d’etre englou-
ties ile nou-ueau par la premiere love qui dirigeru fl1 courfe
de ce cote" l2, uu-lieu qu’ en premmt le nit/mu , (9' coupon:
le terrein ou l, elevont filer) l’ occurrence , le Palm: 0' le
Muflaum pourroient Eire prooirblement en furelé , du-momr con-
xre une eruption; f’ai pr}: une fois la liberte’ de communiquer
cette ide’e ii fa Majeflé le Ro/ de Naples qui m’u pom rup-
prou'per.

Dun: let Diflirmztions du Doflcur Connor imprime‘e: ii Ox.
ford err I695, il y a une Relation exuéle d' une eruption ulu
Mont Vefu've dim: le moi: d’ufif'uril 1694., 0‘ le pofl‘ogefui-
van: de cette Relation fair voir la poflilrilite‘ de de’toumer le
court du courunt de In love .

”Hie minerali: torrent in farm: cupid defluxit,quod Prarex
,, huju: Regni , candufli: dualus bominum millibus , ampli/fzmom
,, fojfum excuuzri cur/merit , qua liquutom morerium in fun al-
,, vea mum recap]: (‘2‘ divertit.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

4;; c > at?

continued; but the rivers were becomeri-
vulets , and had loft much ofthelr rapidi-
ty. The quantity of matter thrown out by
this eruption is greater than that of the left
in the year 1760; but the damage to the
cultivated lands is not {0 confiderable , 0-
Wing to its having fpread itfelf much mo—

re, and its fource being at leafi three miw'

les higher up . This eruption feems now
to have exhaufled itfelf; and I expect in a
few days to fee Vefuvius refiored to its
former tranquillity.

Mount Etna in Sicily broke out the 27th
of April; and made a lava , in two bran-
ches , at leaf’c fix miles in length , and a
mile in breadth 5 and according to the
defcription given me by Mr. Wilbraham ,
( who was there, after having feen with
me part of the eruption of Mount Vefu-
vius ) refembles it in every refpeét, except
that Mount Etna , at the place from whence
the lava flowed ( which was twelve mi-
les from the mouth of the Volcano), threw
up a fountain of liquid inflamed matter to
a confiderable height; which , I am told,
Mount Vefuvius has done in former erup«
tions .

I beg pardon for having taken up f0
much of your time; and yet I flatter my-
{elfl that my defcription , which I allure
your Lordship is not exaggerated, will haa
ve afforded you fome amufement . I have
the honour to be,

M r L o R D ,
Your Lordship’s
Mofi obedient
and mofi humble fervant,
WILLIAM HAMILTON .

Naples February 3 , I767.

SINCE the account of the eruption of
Mount Vefuvius , wich I had the honour
of givmg to your Lordship , in my letter
of the 10th of June lafi 5 I have only to
add, that the lava continued till about the

end

continuoit encore; moi: que jet fleu'ver e’toient
denenur des fimpler ruifleaux , (9° a'uoient per-
du beaucoup de leur rapidité . Lu quantite’ de
matiere jette’e par cette eruption efl plus confi—
deraole que ne l’étoit oelle de l’unne’e 1760;
mais les terre: cultive’es 12’ out pus tant fouf-
fert, In love s’e’tant etendue d’ avantage , (9°
fa fourte e’tant au moins de troir miller plus
elevée. Cette eruption paroit afluellement epui-
fee, (9‘ ]e m’ attend: a revoir le Vefuwe en-
tierem-ent tranquille en peu de jour: .

Le Mont Etna en Sicile afait une eruption
le 27 d'Avril (9° il en efi forti une lave on
deux [wane/oer defix miller de longueur au mains,
(9' d’ environ un mille de largeur . Selon le:
details are or, en a donnér Mon/ieur VVilbra-
17am ( qui Y étoit, apre’s a'voir eté aufli temoin
twee moi d’une partie ole F eruption du Ve u've
dont ]e 'vienr de parler), les particularite’: de
ces 'deuoc eruptions fe refl'emblent , excepte’ que
le Mont Etna jettoit une fontaine de matie’rer
liquider Z9“ enflamméer a‘ une loauteur confldera~
lzle de l’ enclroit ou la la'ue efl fortie, c’efl a
dire a douze miller de la [roucne du Volcan,
p/Jenome’ne qu’ on m’aflure e'tre arrive au Ve u-
we dam guelquer unes :le fer premiere: eruptions.

fe 'vour demande pardon, IVIylord, de 'vous
avoir entretenu fi long term ; cependant fe me
flatte que ma defcription (quijfepuir 'vous l"
aflurer, n’ eff point exagerée) 'vour aura proor
cure quelque amufement.

]’ ai l’ [yonneur d’ etre
M rLORD;
Votre trey bumble
(9’ tre’r ooe'zfl‘ant Serviteur
WILLIAM HAMILTON.

.l‘ Naples 1e 3 Fevrier 1767.

DEPUIS la Relation de l’ eruption du Mont
Vefuve, gue far eu l’loonneur, Mlord , de
wous decrire , dam mu lettre du 10 juin de
, I l , '
l annee pafre’e, ]e 12’ at plus an {2 710m in—
former que la lave it continue jufques per: la

fin

 
an 2: we

end of November; without doing any great
damage, having taken its courfe over an-
cient lavas. Since the cellation of this e-
ruption, I have examined the crater, and
the crack on the fide of the mountain to—
Wards Torre dell’ Annunciotu, about a hun-
dred yards from the crater from whence
this lava ifihed: and I found therein fome
very curious {alts and fulphursga fpecimen
of each fort I have put into bottles my—
{elf7 even upon the mountain , that they
might not lofe any of their force 3. and
have fent them in a box direé’red to your
Lordship, as you will fee by: the bill of
lading: I am fure , you will have‘aplea—
fure in feeing them analyzed (o). * I have
alfo packed in the fame box) fome lava-
and cinders of the hall eruption 5 there is
one piece in particular very curious? having
the exact appearance of a cable petrified . I
shall be very happy if thefe trifles should-
afl‘ord your Lordship a moment’s amul‘ementa

It is very extraordinary , that I cannot
find, that any chemifl here has ever been»
at the trouble of analyzing the produétions.
of Vefuvius.

The deep yellow, or orange-color fairs;
of which there are”two bottles, I fetched
out of the very crater of the mountain ,
in a crevice that was indeed. very hot. It:
feems to me to be pOWerful , as it turns,
filver black in an inl‘rant,but has no effect
upon gold. If your Lordship pleafes 7,I will
fend you by another opportunity fpecimens
of the fulphurs and {alts ofthe Solfaterra,*
which feem to be very different from thefes

Within thefe three days, the fire has
appeared again on the top of Vefuvius ,
and earthquakes have beerrfelt in the neigh“
bourhood of the mountain. I was there on
Saturday with my nephew Lord Greville;
we heard molt dreadful inward grumblings,
rattling of {tones and hifling; and were 0-
bliged to leave the crater very foon , on
account of the em‘ifiion offiones . The black
fmoak arofe, as before the lafl: eruption g,
and I faw every fymptom of anew erup-
tion , of which I shall not fail to give your
Lordship an exaé’t account.

LET- .

(a) The late Lord Morton was pleafed to give thefe
fpecimens to Dr. Morris, who has made feveral chemical
experiments on them , the refult of which will be commu-
nicated to the Royal Society.

fin de Nonemlre film fnire éeuucoup de row-
ge uyttnt coule’ principnlement fur d’ (lm‘iennee
ln'ver. Depuis que cette eruption a ccflé ., j’ni
examine le crater , (5‘ la cre'vtzfle du coté de
l/l montogne 'ver: Torre dell’ .Annuneiiztn, d’ou
In love 67% fortie , (9’ qui e/l (2 cent pox the
crater iné’ine , f 3! (ti trouvé do: [Elf (3° o'er
foufres tre’r curieux , f oi mix dim: der bou-
teiller der e‘c/mntillon: de c/mgue ejpece fur
lu montugne me‘me , ofin qu’ il: ne perdi ent
rien de leur force . ]e 7.10m let envoye , My-
lord , dons une trifle ti 'vé‘tre udrefle , camme
'vous 'verrer par la lettre defoflure, G’jefuis
per/node” , gue 'vous uure’r du ploiflr d lee 'z/oir
nnolyfe’r (fl) . *f’ ni mis uufl; dons ltt mé’me artif-
fe dc: moreezzux de limes @‘der cendres de la
derniere eruption . 11 y u un morceuu tre’s cu-
rieux qui reprefente exufiement un cable petri-
fié, (2" f e ferui c/Jnrmé , Mylord ,fi cer-lzugntelles
peu'vent nous nmufer un inflnnt a

C’ efl ofl'e’s fingulier que fe ne puifle decou—
'vrir qu’ nucun C/innifte de ce puif—ci fe foit
jomuiy donne’ lit peine defuire l’nnulyfe des pro-
dutlions du Ve u've .

f oi tiré les fels d’un juune fonee’ ou rou—
leur d’ orange dont il 3’ u deux bouteille: , d’
une crevufle tre’s cboude dons le 0thth meme
do [It montogne. Ils me poroiflent tre's puiflunts,
cor ils noirciflent l’ urgent dons un inflnnt ,
mnir ils ne produifent uucun eflet fur l’or. Si
'vous me le permette’s, Mylordeuuroi l’lron—
neur de 'Uour envoyer par une outre occufioiz
les felt, (9’ let foufres de lit Solfnterrn, * gui
me paroifllant d’ une efpe’ce lien tliflerente .

Depuis trois fours le feu it commence t2 puroi-
Ire fur le fonzmet de lo’ montugne du Ve/u've,
(9’ des trembleinens de terre [6 font fuit fentir
uu voijintzge de lo monttzgne . I’ y oi e'te'f/mzme-
di pn/fe’ truer man neveu Mylord Greville, nous
entendimes des mugi/femens interieurs gui Mlle?”
uflreux, der fiflementy , (9" le bruit tier pier~
rer 914i s’entree/Jocquoient, (9' nous fumes obliges de
quitter bienté't le crater [2 c‘ttufe des pierres qu'
il lungoit . LIZ fume’e noire r’e’levoit comme u'vunt
lo derniere eruption, (91] ’ui mi tour ler fymptomer
d’une eruption nou'uelle, dent Je ne monguerui
pus , Mylord , ole 'vaus dunner une relation exofie.

E LET-

(a) Felt Wlortl Morton dunno res ecnuntillan: uu Doéi’eur

Marti; qui en a fair 1’ unuljfe (’9‘ dait dormer 1e refultnt do
fer re‘murquer cbymiques :3 la Societd Rajah .

* Pl.
XLIV.

* PI.
LIII.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

~>§E( 213%“

anthehtéifiéifiéfiréhehe§é§lé§l$é§ié§$é§eé§i
L E T T E R H.

To the Right Honourable the Earl of Mon-a
TON , Prefident of the Royal Somety.

Naples, December 29, 1767.

MY LORD,

HE favourable reception which my

account oflafl year’s eruption of Mount
Vefuvius met with from your Lordship;
the approbation which the Royal Socrety
Was pleafed to shew , by havmg'ordered
the fame to be printed in their Philofophi—
cal Tranfaélions, and your Lordship’s com-
mands in your letter of the 3d inflant. ,
encourage me to trouble you With a plain
narrative of What came immediately under
my obfervation, during the late violent e-
ruption , which began Oé’tober 19, 1767,
and is reckoned to be the twenty-feventh
fince that, which , in the time of Titus,
deflroyed Herculaneum and Pompeii.

The eruption of 1766 continued in fo-
me degree till the 10th of December , a-
bout nine months in all (a); yet in that
{pace of time the mountain did not call
up a third of the quantity of lava, which
it difgorged in only {even days , the term
of this laf’c eruption. On the 15th of De-

~cember, lafl year , within the ancient cra-

ter of Mount Vefuvius, and about twenty
feet deep, there was a crufl , which for-
med a plain, not unlike the Solfaterra in

mi-

(3) From what I have feen and read of eruptions of Ve-
fuvius and Etna, I am convinced that Volcanos lie dor.
mant for feveral years , nay even for centuries , as proba«
bly was the cafe of Vefuvius before its eruption in the
reign of Titus , and certainly was fo before that of the
year 1631 . When I arrived at Naples in 1764.,Vefuvius
was quiet , very feldom fmoak was vifible on its top; in
the year 1766, it feemed to take fire,and has never fincc
been three months without either throwing up red hot
flones , or difgorging fireams of lava, nor has its crater
been ever free from fmoak. At Naples, when a lava ap<
pears, and not till then, it is flyled an eruption; whe-
reas I look upon the five nominal eruptions I have been
wrtnefs to , from March 1766 to May 1771 ,as,in efi‘eé’r,
but one continued eruption.

L E T T R E II.

A Mylord Comte de MORTON Prefidene
de la Saciete’ Royale.

.2! Naples 1: 29. name" 1767.

MrLozw .

’ Accue’il favorable 'que 'vous a'oe’: fair a
ma relation de l’ eruption du Vefuve de
l’anne’e iderniere, l’ approbation dont la Societé
Royale a hien 720qu l’ bonarer en ordonnant

gu’ elle fut inferée dam fer tranfaélionr Pailo-

‘ fop/Jiguer, (9' no: exhortations que f ai repues

dam 'vo‘tre lettre du 3 de ce moir, m’ encou-
ragent, Mylord,z2 oceuper encore guelguer um
de 'vos inflantr d’ une flmple narration de me:
olzferruationr pendant la derniere (9' violente
eruption du Ve uve‘, gui commenpa le 19 0&0-
lzre 1767, (9’ que l’an compte la 27’"9 depuis
celle qui du tems de Titus, deflruifit Hercula—
neum (9' Pompeii.

L’ eruption de 1766 ac eefl‘a totalement qué
le IO Deeemlzre apre’s a'voir dure’ neufmoir (a):
Cepena’ant dam tout cet efpace de temr , la mort-
tagne n’ avoit point encore jetté le tier: de la
guantite’ do love, qu’elle a'vomi enfept jours
feulement gu’ a dure’ la derniere éruption..Au
I3 de Decembre de l’ anne’e pafle’e, au dedam‘
de l’ ancien crater du Mont Vefu've, (9’ en'ui-
ron i2 ruingt piedr de profondeur , il T await
une eroute, qua formoit une plume , laguelle
reflembloit a la Solfaterra en miniature ,' au
mi-
. (a) Par tout ce que J" ai mi @‘ 1a relativement aux e.‘
rapt/om du Vefu'ue @’ de l’ Etna, fe fuir perfuadé que les
Vulcan: reflent tranquil/er plufieurr anne‘es, me‘me pendant a'e:
fietle: antlers; ee fem la‘ 19 ca: du Veftme a'vant fon eruption
fimr la Regne ale Titur, (9' tre': certainement avant eel/e d:
Fannie 1631 . Quanal Je fuir arrive a2 Naples en 1764. la
Vefuve était tranquille, rarement la fume’e fe montroit fur fan
Emmet. L’annee I766 il paroiflbit J’e‘tre enflammé’ , (9' n?
jamai: été trait moi: depui: fam- jetter de: pierre: embrafe’e: ,
on fan: vamir ale: fleuves ale lave, (9' for; Crater n"? jamai:
été depuir eette epaque totalement deuarajfe‘ ale fun/tee. of Na-
pier l’an appelle une eruption quand la la've fe mantra, (9‘ jar-
mai: avant . Quant a moi Je regarde [er cinq pretenduer erup—
ttom dent f ai été remain , depui: le moi; de Mar: 1766
jufqu’ an moi: de May 1771 , romme la continuation d’ we
[Eula (9: meme eruption .

 
>>IJ§C 23 )éfie

miniature; in the midfl of this plain Was
a little mountain, whofe top did not rife
{b high as the rim of the ancient crater.*
I went into this plain , and up the little
mountain, which was perforated and [er-
ved as the principal chimney to the Vol-
cano. When I threw down large {tones ,
I could hear that they met with many ob-
flrué’tions in their way , and could count
a hundred moderately before they reached
the bottom .

Vefuvius was quiet till March. I767 ,'
when it began to throw up {tones from
time to time; in April, the throws Were
more frequent , and at night fire was vifi—
ble on the top of the mountain 5 or more
properly {peaking the fmoak, which hung
over the crater , was tinged by the refle-
é’tion of the fire within the Volcano. The-
fe repeated throws of Cinders , ashes , and
pumice {tones , increafed the little moun-
tain [0 much, that in May its top was vi—
fible above the rim of the ancient crater .
The 7th of Auguft , there iflhed a {mall
fiream of lava from a breach in the fide
of this little mountain , which gradually
filled the valley between it and the ancient
crater 5 f0 that the 12th of September ,
the lava overflowed the ancient crater, and
took its courfe dOWn the fides of the great
mountain; by this time, the throws were-
much more frequent, and the red hot flo-
nes went to high as to take up ten fe-
conds in their fall . Padre Torre, a great ob—
ferver of Mount Vefuvius, fays they went
up above a thoufand feet.

The 15th of Oélober, the height of the
little mountain , ( formed in about eight
months )was meafured by Don Andrea
Pigonati, a very ingenious young man in
his Sicilian Majeflzy’s fervice, who allured
me that its height was 185 French feet.

From my Villa, fituated between Her-
culaneum and Pompeii,‘near the Convent
of the Calmaldolefe,* I had watched the
growing of this little mountain , and by
taking drawings of it from time to time,
I could perceive its increal‘e molt minute-
ly. I make no doubt but that the whole
of Mount Vefuvius has been formed in the
fame manner ; and as thefe obfervations
feem to me to account for the various ir-

regu«

milieu de cette pluiue :7 T uvoit uu mouticule
dont le fommet ne 5’ elevoit pus fl lmut que

les baud: de l’uncien cuuter.*]e defreudis dons * P1,
cette pluine , 6" ]e grimpui fuu le mouticule IX.

qui etoit perforé (9' fez/wit de cbemiue’e prin-
cipule au Volcun . Lorfgue j’y jettoi: degrof-
fer piewer f entendois gu’ elles uec’ontuoient
plufleurr ab/lucles dour leuur tie/center , (9’ ]e
pou'vois uz'femeut compteu cent ricochet: o'wmt
qu’ elles urrivuflent uu fimd .

. Le Vefu've fut tuu72quille jufqu2 uu moi: 51’
.Avril Que les pieruer uugmeuteueut, (9° lu nuit le
feu etoit vifible du fommet de lo montugne ,
ou pour purler plus couueflement , lufume’e fu-
jpeudue fur le cruteu etoit teiute pur lu rever-
beration du feu de l’inteuieuu du Vole/m . Les
eruptions continuelles de conduct, de poufl'ieue,
(9’ de pierrer ponces uugmeuteueut [i fart le
petit monticule gu’ uu moi: de May fa poiute
pumiflhit bars du bard de l’zmcien crater. Le
7 d) flout uu petit fleu've o'e love fortit d’u-
ne crevufle qui s’ emit fuite fur le fltmc du
moutlcule , ('3‘ peu t peu le 'Uullou entire le
monticule (9’ l’ oucien water 5’ en trout/u
uemplz' en forte gue le 12 de Septemoue lo lu—
ave deoordu l’um‘ieu crater, (’3‘ deft‘eudz't le long
der flum‘s de lo gumzde montague ; olors les
emifliom fuuent beuucoup plus frequenter , (9‘
[6’5 piewes embrufe’er ulloient d uue telle bau-
teur que leuus defceutes duroieut l’ efimce ole
disc fecondey. Le pere o’e lu Toweguuml olfeu—
'vuteur du mont Vefu'v'e , (lit que les piewes
s’ elevoient u‘ plus de mille pied: de buuteuu.

Le 15 d’ Oéi’olre Don Judreu Pigmmti In-
gem'euu tre’s lyubile uu feuvice de fu Mujefle’
Sicilietme uyunt pr}; lo mefuue du monticule
foume’ dons l’ eflmce de buit moi: environ, le
trau'vu, d ce qu’il m’u dit, de lo buuteuu d6
18; pied: o'e Frume.

De mu Mai/072 de mmpugne fitue’e eutue Her-
culuue (9° Pompeii pre’s du Convent des Cu-

mulrlules,* fol fuit o'er olvfl’Wflfiam f1” 1:61? * P1-
grundlfl'ement de ce moutlcule, (9' comme ] en XI-

pueuuoir des defleim de temr eu tems, ]’ ui pfi
obferver les plus petitr uccroiflemem u'vec la
plus guuude exufiitude . ]e M doute nulleiuem“
que le Mont Ve u'ue meme n’ flll‘ e'te‘ eutzeue—
ment forme’ de lo méme muniere, @comme zl
me pulpit, que ce: objerwtiom peu'vent reudre

com-

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4:)“ 24 H3?“

regular flrata, which are met With In the
neichbourhood of Volcanos , I have ventured
p h" . f a.
to inclofe, for your Lords ips in pe. ion a:
a copy of the above-mentioned drawrngs .
The lava continued to run over “the an-
cient crater in finall fireams, fometimes on
one tide and fometimes on another, till
the 18th of OE’tober, when I took parti—
cular notice that the-re was not the leal’c
lava to be feeii, owmg , I imagine ,to its
being employed in forcrng its way to-
wards the place where it burfl out the fol—
lowing day. As I had , contrary to the
opinion of molt prople here , foretold the
approaching eruption (a) , and had obfer—
Ved a great fermentation in the mountain,
after the heavy rains which fell the 13th
and 14th of October; I was not furprized
on the 19th followmg, at feven of the
clock in the morning,to perceive from my
Villa every fymptom of the eruption being
jul’t at hand. From the top of the little
mountain ifFaed a thick black fmoak, {0
thick that it feemed to have difficulty in
forcing its way out; cloud after cloud
mounted with a hally fpiral motion , and
every minute a volley of great {tones we-
re shot up to an immenfe height in the
midfi of thefe clouds 5 by degrees the
fmoak took the exact sha e of a hu e i—
. P g P,
tie-tree, fuch as Pliny the younger defcri-
bed in his letter to Tacitus, where he gi-
ves an account of the fatal eruption in
which his uncle perished ([7) 7 This column
0
, (a) It is certain, that , by confiant attention to the
fmoak that iffues from the crater, a very good guefs may
be given as to the degree of fermentation within the Vol<
cano . By this alone I foretold * the two lal’t eruptions ,
and by another very fimple obfervation , I pointed out,
fome time before, the very fpot from whence the lava
has ilTued. When the cone of Vefuvius was covered with
fnow, I had remarked a fpot on which it would not lie:
concluding very naturally that this was the weakell part
of the cone , .and that the heat from within prevented the
{now front lying; it was as natural to imagine that the
lava, feeking a vent, would force this pallage lower than
another; and fo indeedit came to pals.
* " See Letter I.
, (b) Thefe are his Words.- ,‘ Nubes ) incertum Prom}
,, intuentibus ex quo monte Vefuvium fuifle poftea cooni.
tufn Ell ) oriebatur, cujus fimilitudinem 8(formam3mn
alia mags-arbor, quam pinus exprcllerit . Nam longif‘.
,, fimo veluti trunco elata in altum, quibufdam ramis dif.
fundebatur, credo quia recenti fpiritu eveE’ta , dein fe.
nefcente eo deflituta , aut etiam pondere fuo viéta , in
) latlflldlnem evanefcebat: candida interdum ,interdum for-

» dida & maculofa ‘ .
’ - .’ . rout terrain ci 1‘ _
Plin. lib. v1. 613.16. a P neremve uftulerat ,,

9

u
u».

’

Ilu
a-

V (legré de fermentation ale l' inrerienr tlu Vulcan .

compte de: diflerenres rout/re: irregulierer qui
[e trou'uenr dun; le mifinege der V 01‘7"“ a] 4‘
crl4 , Mylard , que ] e pou'uois mertrefour Iva: yeuicc
une copie des dejfeins dentfe 'vzenr depurler.
Lu luve continuu de oouler fur l’nncrencru-
ter (’9' en petit: ruijleuux , MW” ‘1’ W 00";
tunmt d’ un uutre jufqu’ an 18 d’ Oflebre que
je remnrquui qu’un 72’ en 'veyoit plus le mom-
dre figne, [on ufiian fe bornunt ulors, ee,me
femble, rl fe fruyer un clmnin jufques d len-
droit d’ on elle fortir le lendemnin . f u'vrns
predit une eruption procbnine ( mulgré l’ opi-
nion cunrruire de prefque tour let laubimnr de
ce pair-Ci ) (9‘ f n'vais remurqué une grunde
fermentation dnnr lu monrugne (n) uprer le:
3W,“ player du 13 , (3’ I4. d’Oé‘lohre; uinfi
fe ne fur point etunne1 d, nppercevair n'e mu
mui/on rle cumpugne le 19 router ler firmpmmes
de l’erupriun qui emit fur le point de fe ful-
re . Du fommet du monticule forfeit une fumée
noire (9‘ ji epnijfe, qu’elle pnraifloit ne fortir
qu’ u'uec dijficulre’ ; on voyoit les nudges s’e'le-
ever let unr fur les (ZMW'CS en mauvement fini-
rul 6" rnpide, (9‘ i2 tour memenrr de grafle:
pierres lunce’es (l une leuuteur tre’r confident-
ble nu milieu de cer nuuget ; pen :2 pen
lu fume’e prir ln farme exuc‘le d’ un grand
urlrre de Pin , telle gue l' [l decrire Pli—
ne le jeune dun; fu lerrre r2 Tucire , on
il danne ln relutian de l’ eruption qui fut
fl finale :2 fun uncle (e) . Cen‘e eolanne
de fume’e nuire uprer s‘ eltre eleve’e d u-
ne [inureur extraordinaire fui'vit ln dire-
Ez‘ion du ’vent , é)” fur porree jufqu’ :2 Cu—
prée
(a) II efl trey 'eertuin qu’ en (lonmmt une intention cantinuel-
le of la firme’e qui fort (in crater, an pent juger tre’r bier: du
Jvec certs
remnrque fen/e f’ui predit ler u’eux dernierer eruptions , 0‘ par
une uutre remnrque tru‘: fimple ]’ ai indique‘ quelque rem:
aupara-uunt l’ endroit me‘me d’ou tle'uait fartir la lu'ue. Qnund
le cone u'u Vefu've etait convert u’e neige , j" n'vei: remurqué
1m enu’roit an elle difpnroiflbit bientot , ]’ en camlu: natural-
lement que cet enu’roit n’e'voiz étre le plus foible , (9‘ que In
clJuleur y fnifunt fondre la neige, Il etair nuturel d’imuginer

que la lave therebnnt un pulflzge , perferoit Pluftat cet endroit
la que tour autre , comme celu efl arrive.

* Voyer Lettre I.

(b) En 'vaici lespuroles: ”Nether (incertum proenl intuenti‘
”,, 1114: ex qua Monte Vefuvium fuifl'e pig/lea cagnitum ejl) orie-
” butur , cuju: fimilituu’lnem , 6' formnm non uliu magi: aruar,
,, qunm Pmu: exprejferit. Nam langifl'imo veluti trunco elntu in
,, ultum , quibnfdum rumis difl'undebatur , credo grin recenti fpi-
” rim ereflu,dein fenefeente ea deflitntn , nut etium pondere fm
,, with: in lutitua’inem e-uunefcebut: candida interdum , interdum
,, fowlitln, 0 muculofu, prout rerrum cinerem'ue fuflulemt.
Plin. lib. vi. ep. 16. ”

* Pl;

 
~>§EC 23 me

of black fmoak, after having mounted an
extraordinary height, bent with the wind
towards Caprea, and aéiually reached over
that island, which is not lefs than twenty.
eight miles from Vefuvius .

I warned my family, not to be alar-
med, asI expeéled‘ there would be an
earthquake at the moment of the lava’s
burl’ting out, but before eight of the clock
in the morning I perceived that the moun-
tain had opened a mouth, without noife,
about a hundred yards IOWer than the an—
cient crater, on the fide towards the Mon-

te di Somma , and Iplainly perceived,by‘ '

a white fmoak which always accompa-
nies the lava, that it had forced its way
out: as foon as it had vent, the fmoak
no longer came out with that violence
from the top. As I imagined that there
would be no danger in approaching the
mountain when the lava had vent, I went
up immediately , accompanied by one pea—
fant only. I pafi‘ed the hermitage , * and
proceeded far in the valley between the
_ mountain of Somma and that of Vefuvius,
which is called .fltria dz' Cnvnlla . I was
making my obfervations upon the lava,
which had already, from the {pot where
it firfi broke out , reached the valley,
when on a fudden , about “noon , I heard‘
a violent noife within the mountain , and
at about a quarter of a mile 05 the pla-
ce where I flood, the mountain fplit and
with much noife , from this new mouth
a fountain of liquid fire shot up many feet
high , and then like a torrent, rolled on
direfily towards us . The earth shook at
the fame time that a volley of pumice fio»
nes fell thick upon us; in an inflant
clouds of black fmoak and ashes caufed
almofi a total darknefs; the explofions
from the top of the mountain were much
louder than any thunder I ever heard,and
the fmell of the fulphur was very offenfi-
ve. My guide alarmed took to his heels;
and Inuit confefs that I was not at my
eafe. I followed clofe , and we ran near
three miles without flopping; as the earth
continued to shake under our feet, I was
apprehenfive of the opening of a fresh
mouth, which might have cut off our re—
treat. I alfo feared that the violent explo-

fions

pro’e qui e/i a environ 28 mille: du Ve-
fuve. - ’

f overtly tautes lo: perfonno: qui etoiont
obo’s may. do n’e‘tro point ollormée: quoiquo f
nttendiflo un tromblemont do torre nu moment
do I’ eruption de In love ; mnis nvnnt buit
beuros tlu motin ]e m’ nppergur que lo love
.3 etoit ouvort une boucbo fans auoun bruit :2
environ cont pus nu doflour do 1’ nncien crater
du cote do lo Montogne do Sommn, (S‘j’nvoi;
prevfi cloirement co pbo’noméne par une fume’e
blunt/Jo gui oc‘compugne toujourr In love: nu”?—
tdt one In nvo fut on liberto’ , lo fumo’e no
fortit plus uvec tnnt do violence du jammot do
In mantngno . Camme fo m’imoginois gu’il n’y
uuroit point do rifque ll npproobor do la mon—
tngne depuir l’omiflion do lo love, f ollnifur
lo obnmp pour l’ examiner nocompugne’ d’un foul
Poifun. ]o pnflni l’bormitoge , * (S‘f ollni fart
nvont dons co vnllon gui efl entre loo monta—
gnes do Samoa (‘5‘ du Vefuvo gu’ on appel-
lo l’Atrio di Cavallo. jo foifois mes remor—
gues fur In love qui de l’ ondrait ou olle s’ o-
toit fnit uno auvorturo otait dejo porvenuo juf-
qu’ nu Vollan , lorfguo tout {l coup very midi
f ontendir un bruit violent dons l’intorieur de
lo montngne, (9' :2 un quart do millo do l’on-
droit au nous etions , lo montngne s’ouvrit n—
veo bonucaup do bruit, (9’ do fa nouvello bou-
cbe fortit une fontnine do fou liguido gui s’e—
levn n‘ plufiours pied: do bouteur (9' roulu on-
fuito direftomont very nour cammo un torrent .
Lo torro trombloit (9‘ on mé’mo toms nous fit-
me: eouvortr d’ une grdle do pierror poncos .
Dans un infinnt dos nudges do fumvo noiro ,
(9' do condror couforont une abfcurité pro/qua
totnle , lo: exploflans du bout do ln montngne
otaient beouaoup plus fartor, gue lo tannerre lo
plus violent que f n'z‘o jnmuiy entondu , (9”. l,
odour du foufro etoit tro’r forte . Mon guide
ullnrme’ prit lo purti ole s’enfuir, (9’ may, fo
1’ ovou'o, ]o n’ otoir pus fort a man oifo: ]e
lo fuivis do prey , (9" nous courrumes environ
trois miller fans nous nrré'tor , porcequo com-
me lo terre trombloit toujour: four nor piedr,
[e craignois out 1’ ouverture d’une boucbo nou-
velle no out un obfloolo invincible :2 no‘tre ro-
truito , jo crnr‘gnoir oufli quo loo oxplofions vio-

lontes no detncboflont quolguos roe/om do In
F Mane

* Pl.
VII.

in. 7.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4;“ 26 )ifit

lions would detach of the roks of the moun—
tain of Somma, * under which .we were
obliged to pafs 5 befides,’ the pumrce-fiones,
falling upon us like hail, were of fuch a
fize as to caufe a difagreable fenfation
upon the part where they fell . Alter ha-
ving taken breath , as the earth firll trem-
bled greatly , I thought it molt prudent
to leave the mountain , and return to my

~ Villa , where I found my family in a great

alarm, at the continual and violent explo-
fions of the Volcano, which shook our
houfe to its very foundation, the. doors
and windows {winging upon their hinges.
About two of the clock in the afternoon
another lava forced its way out‘ of the fa-
me place from whence came the lava lafl:
year , (0 that the conflagration was [con
as great on this fide of the mountain , as
on the other which I had jull left.

The noife and fmell of fulphur increa-
fing, we removed from our Villa to Na—
ples; and I thought proper , as I paH‘ed
by Portiei , to inform the Court of what
I had feen; and humbly offered it as my
opinion, that his Sicilian Majef’ty should
leave the neighbourhood of the threaten-
ing mountain. However, the Court did
not leave Portici till about twelve of the
clock, when the lava was very near. I
obferved in my Way to Naples , which
was in lefs than two hours after I had
left the mountain, that the lava had aé’tual-
ly covered three miles of the very road
through which We had retreated. It is
aflonishing that it should have run (0 fall;
as I have fince feen, that the river of la-
va, in the Attic di Cavallo, was fixty
and feventy .feet deep, and in fome places
near two miles broad . When his Sicilian

, Majelly quitted Portici , the noife was

greatly increafed , and the concuflion of
the air from the explofions, was f0 vio-
lent, that, in the King’s palace, doors
and windows were forced open; and even
one door there, which was locked , was
neverthelefs burfi open . At'Naples, the
fame night , many windows and doors flew
open; m my houfe, which is not on the
fide of the town next Vefuvius , I tried the
experiment of unbolring my windows (a),

_ when
(a) The Windows at Naples open like folding-doors.

Montague de Somma ,*four laguelle il nour fal-

loit alvfolument pafler , outre cela ler 1’59”“ X“

ponces qui tomlzoient fur nous comme la grele,
etoient de grandeur ,2 nous caufer derfenfations
trey defagréables. Aprér avoir reflnré "72,. peu,
(9° le tremblement de terre eontznunnt toujourr,
fe jugeai qu’ il etoit prudent ale quitter la
montagne, (9‘ de me retirer e/oe’r may , ou fe
trouvai tout le Monde fort allarme’ a‘caufe des
explofionr 'uiolentes du Volean gui faifoienr
trembler la Maifon jufqu’ :2 [er fondementr ,
(3' en e'oraloient ler potter (9" le: fene’tres .
Very deux lyeures apre’s midi une autre la've s’ou-
'vrit un paflage clans le méme endroit par ou
etoit fortie In love de l’anne’e paflee, de forte
que l’ emerafement fut biento’t aufli conflclerable
dam cette par-tie de la montagne gu' il l’etoit
dam eelle que fe 'venoi: de quitter.

Le bruit (3" l’ odour de foufre augmentant
toujours, nous quittamer notre Maifon de Cam-
pagne pour nour rendre zl Naples ; jejugeai a
propos en paflant par Portiei d’ informer la
Cour do ee que je 'L'enoir de 'voir, 6"]e con-
feillai :2 Sa sze/lé Sieilienne de quitter le
voi/inage de eette montagne menagante. Cepen-
dant la Cour ne fortit de Portiei que 'vers
minuit , lorfgue la lave en etait deja fort
pm . Pendant que f alloi: rl Naples , c’efl r2
dire un peu moinr de deux beurer apre’r mon
depart de la montagne,]e remarguai gue la la-

. we omit deja eou'vert trait miller du meAme clie-

min par lequel nous nous etiom retires. Il efl
etonnont gu’ elle nit p171 couler ji 'vite , car
f ai 7112 depuir que la ri'viere do love dons
l’ Atria cli Ca'vallo etoit de foixante a‘foixan-
te (9' dix pied: de profondeur , (9‘ dnnr quel-
guer parties d’ une largeur d’en'viron deux miller.
Quand/le Roy quitta Portiei , le bruit etoit
deja augumenté confiderablement , (9° la per;
cuflion de 1’ air par les explo/ionr etoit telle-
ment 'violente que non feulement der porter (9’
o'er fené’trer dons le Palais du Roy en furent
totalement enfonce’er, mnis mdme encore une por-
te que l’ on a'voit laien ferme’e a‘ clef. La mé’me
nuit plufieurr porter (3° fenetrer n‘ Naples s’ou'vri—
rent aufli rl’eller mémes, (3‘ quoigue ma Maifon ne
fair point fitue’e clu cote de la Ville 11ers le Ve u—
119, ]e fir l’ experience 61' dter ler verroux de
mer fenetrer (a) (9’ elle: s’ ou'vrirent entiere—

men:

(a) Le: fenetrer a Naples .s’ owvrent comme des Porter :2
doubles entrant .

 
9?“ 27 ) ifis

when they flew Widen upon every explo—
fion of the mountain . Befides thefe explo-
fions, which Were very frequent, there
Was a continued fubterraneous and violent
rumbling noife , which lafied this night
about five hours . I have imagined, that
this extraordinary noife might be owing
- to the lava in the bowels of the mountain
having met with a depofition of rain wa—
ter; and that the conflict between the fi-
re and the Water may, in fome meafure,
account for {0 extraordinary a crackling
and hifling noife . Padre Torre Who has
wrote [0 much and {0 Well upon the {ub-
jel’t of Mount Vefuvius, is alfo of my opi-
nion . And indeed it is natural to imagi-
ne , that there may be rain-water lodged
in many of the caverns of the mountains;
as in the great eruption of Mount Ve-
fuvius in 1631, it is well attelted, that
feveral towns, among which Portici and
Torre del Greco, Were defiroyed by a
torrent of boiling water having burf’c out
of the mountain with the lava , by which
thoufands of lives were loft . About four
years ago , Mount Etna in Sicily threw
up hot water alfo during an eruption.

The confufion at Naples this night can-
not be defcribed; his Sicilian Majefiy’s ha-
fly retreat from Portici added to the alarm;
all the churches were opened and filled;
the fireets were thronged with proceflions
of faints: Ishall avoid entering upon a de-
fcription of the various ceremonies that we-
re performed in this Capital, to quell the
fury of the turbulent mountain.

Tuefday the 20th, it was impoflible to
judge of the {ituation of Vefuvius, on ac—
count of the fmoak and ashes which co-
vered it entirely , and fpread over Naples
alfo, the fun appearing as through a thick
London fog or a fmoaked glafs; {mall
ashes fell all this day at Naples. The la—
vas on both fides of the mountain ran vio-
lently ; but there was little or no noile
till about nine o’clock at night , when the
fame uncommon rumbling began again ,
accompanied with explofions as before,
which lalled about four hours: it feemed
as if the mountain would fplit in pieces;
and indeed , it opened this night almoft
from the top to the bottom. The annexed

plans

meat a‘ cbaq‘ue explofion de la m‘ontagne . 0,4-
tre 6e: explo/ions qui etoient tre’r freguentes ,
i1 3/ a'voit on bruit foord footerrain (9" via—
lent qoi dura eette nuitdpeopres ring bearer.
f ai imagine que ce bruit fingulier pou'uoit a-

, 'voir are caofé par la lave qui aura rencontré

queluue depot d’ eau de pluye dam 1e: entraib-
[es de la montagne,(9" que le combat entre 1e
feo (’3' 1’ can poorroit en quelque fagon rendre
compte des fiflement: (9‘ de ces bruit; extraordi-
nairer. Le Pere de la Torre goi a taut (9’ ji
bien eorit for 1e Mont Vefove penfe comme
may , (9’ i1 efl en effet tree naturel d’imaginer gue
1e; eaux der player/efoient logées dam plufieors
der ea'verner de la montagne ,.bomme dam 1a
grande eruption do Vefo've do 1’ année I630 ,
i1 efl bien atteflé que plofleurs 'vi11es, entre au-
trer Portici (9' Torre de1 Greco , furent de—
truites par on torrent (1’ eao bouillante quifor-
tit de la montagne a'ueo 1a lane, (9' fit perir
gue1ques mi11ierr do performer. I1 3/ a environ
goatre ant que le Mont Etna en Sicile jet-
ta aofl? de 1’ eau cbaode pendant on ero-
pn‘on .

0n ne feaoroit donner one ide’e‘ de la con-
fo/ion de oette unit :2 Naples. Le retraitepre-
eipite’e do Roy aogmenta 1’ alarme ; toutes 1e:
eglifer forent converter (9" remp1ies de Meade,
on ne 'voyoit qoe der proecflions danr 1e: roer;
mair paflom for 1a defcription- des ceremonies
diflerenter qui fe firent dam cette Capitale pour
appaifer 1a foreor de la montagne.

Le mardi 20 11 fat impoflible de joger do

1’ etat do Vefo'oe d caofe der cendre: (9" de la
fomée qui 1e coo'vroient entierement , (9' qoi
s’etendirent for Naples mdme , 1e folei1 ayant
1a mé’me‘apparence que quand on 1e wait 11
traver: on broo'z’llard epai: d Londrer, 0o ao
travers d’ on moreeau de 'verre noirci de fo-
me’e. Les cendrer tomberent a‘ Naples" toute 1a
journe’e. Les 1a'ver de: deux cdtér de la mon-
tagne eoulerent awe force ; maix jufquc’s 72ers
1e: neuf beores do fair 11 y eut pea de bruit;
alors 1e mé'me mogiflement extraordinaire reco—
menga aecompagne’ d’ explofions comme aopara—
want, (9‘ ce bruit dora pres de quatre bearer:
i1 fembloit que la montagne alloit e’tremife en
piece: , (’9‘ en eflet e11e s’ ou'vrit fire/glue] do
taut

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

”PM 28 Ni“

Plans Were taken upon the {pot _at this ti-
me, when the lavas were at their height;
and I do noth think them exaggerated. *
The Parifian Barometer was, as yeflerday,
at 279 , and Fahrrenheit’s Thermometer at
70 degrees ; whereas .for fome days pre—
ceding the eruption, it had been at 65
and 66 . During the confufion ofthis night,
the prifoners in the public jail attempted
to efcape, having wounded the jaller,‘ but
Were prevented by the Troops . The mob
alfo fet fire to the Cardinal Archbishop’s
gate , becaufe he refufed to bring out the
telicks of Saint Januarius .

Wednefday 21ft, was more quiet than
the preceding days , though the lavas ran
briskly. Portici was once in fome danger,
had not the lava taken a difFerent courfe
when it was only a mile and a half from
it; and towards night the lava «slacke—
ned. '

Thurfday 22d , about ten of the clock
in the morning, the fame thundering noi-
fe began again , but with more violence
than the Preceding days; the oldeft men
declared they had never heard the like;
and indeed it was very alarming: we
were in expeé’tation every moment of lo-
me dire calamity . The ashes or rather
{mall Cinders, showered down f0 fall, that
the people in the fireets were obliged to
ufe umbrellas or flap their hats 5 thefe
ashes being very offenfive to the eyes . The
tops of the houfes and the balconies, we-
re covered above an inch thick with the-
fe Cinders (a). Ships at fea, twenty lea-

gues

(a) In feveral accounts of former eruptions ofVefuvius ,

I have found mention of the ashes falling at a much grea-
ter diltance; that, in the year 472 and 4.73 , they had
reached Confiantinople: Dio fays, that during the eruption
of Vefuvius in the time of Titus —- ,, tantus fuit pulvis
,, ur ab co 10:0 in Africam Sc Syriam 8c JEgyptum pe.
,, netraverit. ,, A book printed at Lecce , in the king-
dom of Naples, in Mocxxxn , and intituled , Difcorfo
fopra l'arigine de'fuorbi genoti dal Monte Vefuvio di Gio:
.Franufco Sonata Spinola Galateo, fays, that the 16th of
December , 1631 , the very day of the great eruption of
Vefuvius (though perfeE’dy calm) , it rained ashes at Lee-
ce, which is nine days journey from the mountain: that
the day was darkened by them , and that they covei’ed
the ground three inches deep ; that ashes of a different
quality fell at Bari the fame day; and that at both thefe
places the inhabitants were very greatly alarmed , not being
able to conceive the occafion of fuch aphaanomenon . .An-
tonio Bulifon, in his account of the fame eruption, fays,
that

bout en bus. Le: clefl'c’im 9“ f “b r/JWWW
de 'vour 9,111,0er on? e'té pris dunr ce moment
for le lieu mé’me , grand la lune etozr dons
[,1le grunde force, (9’ ]e ne let eroir point
exagere’r. *Hier le Burometre de PM“ “on“ d
' \
279 6" le Tbermometre des Farrenbeir a 70
v - )
degrés , uu-lieu que guelques [ours u'vrinr l e-
ruption il await e‘lé a‘ 6 5 (3’ 66. Pendant la
confufion de eerie nuit , lesprifonniers dam ler
prifonr publiguer, uyanr blefle’ leur Geolier fflA-
cberent de s’evader, moi: l’.urri've’e der Trou-
pe: ler en empé’cbu. Lu Populate ole fan co‘te'
mit feu :2 lo Porte du Cardinal Arabeve’que
pureequ’il refufoir de luifler fortir ler reliques
de Saint funnier.

Le Mercredy 2t , fut play tranquille que
lo; journéer preréa’enter, moi: [6’5 loves coulo-
ient touiours a'uec 'vi'wzcite’ . Portici eur ulors
un infirm! de crife, car In love n’en emit
eloigne’e gue d’un mille (9‘ demi, muis beureu—
femenr elle cbongeu de direflion , (9’ very la
nuit elle fe rallenrir.

Le feudi 22 ever; ler dix bearer du mu;
tin le meme bruit borrible recommenga, moi:
awe beaucoup plus de violence que dun: les
journe’er preeédenfer ; les gens les plus ages
out dit qu’ilr n’uwient jumois entendu de bruit“
pureil , (‘7’ il emit ree'llement eflruyunr .- nous
artendionr ti cbuque moment guelgue accident
finiflre. Ler cendrer pleu'voientii Naples en ji
gr‘unde abundance , que ler gens {l pied dun:
ler rues furent obligér de fe fervir de Pure-
pluye, ou de dcfaire leur cbapeuu , car car
cendrer fuifoienr beuucoup de mul aux yeux .
Ler wits des Mai/om (9‘ les bulconr fu-
renr couvertr rle oer eendres de l’ epaifleur de
plus d’une ligne. (a) De: Vuifl'enux en mer ii

wing!

(a) Dan: plufieurr relation: de: eruptionr anterieures a’u Ve-
fu'ue J’ai trouve‘ one let cendrer on; ere porte’e: :2 Mile di/lan-
ce beaucoup plus confiderable, qu’ en l’année 4.72 (’9‘ 473 el-
les arriverent meme jufqu’ ii Cofluntinople . Dion afliire que
pendant l" eruption do Vefu've firm le Regne de Titus tantus
fult pulms, ur ab co loco in Africam & Syriam & lEgy-
ptum penetraverit: Uri livre publie’ a Lecee dour le Royau-
me u’e Naples en MDcxxxlt (9' intitule‘ Difcorfo fopra 1'
orrgme de’ fuochi gettati dal Monte Vefuvio di GiozFran-
cefco Sorrata Spinola Galateo, dit, que le 16 do Decembre
I631 le jour meme de la grande eruption du Vefu'ue ( quai-
que le term fut parfaitement calme ) , [er eendre: defcendoient
ramme une plays ii Lecce qui efl an iii/lame a’e neufjourne’er
de la Montague , que lo Ciel etoit obfcurci, 04% la terre en
fut convene ole l’épaijfiur do troi: ligner;que u’e: cendrer d’u-
ne autre qualité tomberent ii Bari le meme jour, @‘gue a’am‘
ce: deux endroit: ler babimnt: furent tre’: alarme‘r, ne faebant
12 quai attribuer la cauje d’un tel pbénome’ne. .flntoine Buli-
fon dun: fa relation do In mime eruption , (lit one In cendrer

tom:

* Pl.
VI.

 
'9?“ 29 )is’e

gues from Naples; Were alfo covered with
them, to the great afionishment of the fai-
lors. In the midfl of thefe horrors , the
Mob growing tumultuous and impatient,
obliged the Cardinal to bring out the Head
of Saint Januarius, and go with it in pro-
cellion to the Ponte Maddalena, at the ex—
tremity of Naples, towards Vefuvius; and
it is Well attelled here, that the erup—
tion ceafed the moment the Saint came
in fight of the mountain ; the noife cea—
fed about that time , after having lafied
five hours , as it had done the preceding
days .

Friday 23d, the lavas {till ran, and the
mountain continued to throw up quantities
of {tones from its crater; there was no noi-
fe hear’d at Naples this day, and but little
ashes fell there.

Saturday 24th, the lava ceafed running;
the extent of the lava , from the {pot ,
where I law it break out, to its extremifl
ty where it furrounded the chapel of Saint
Vito, is above fix miles . In the Atrio di
Cavallo, and in a deep valley that lies
between Vefuvius and the hermitage , * the-
lava is in fome places near two miles broad,
and in molt places from fixty to feventy
feet deep; the lava ran down a hollow
way, called Folla Grande , * made by the
currents of rain water; it is not lefs than

two hundred feet deep , and a hundred ‘

broad; yet the lava in one place has fil-
led it up . I could» not have believed that
f0

that the ashes fell, and lay feveral inches deep at Ariana»
in Puglia; and I have been filmed, by many perfons of
credit at Naples , that they have been lenfible of the fall
of ashes, during an eruption , at above two hundred mi-
les dillance from Vefuvius . The Abbate Giulio Cel‘are Bra-
cini, in his account of the eruption ofVefuvius, in 1631,
lays, that the height of the column of fmoak and ashes ,
taken from Naples by a quadrant , was upwards of thirty
miles. Though fuch uncertain calculations demand but lit-
tle attention; yet, by what I have leen , I am convin-
ced , that in great eruptions the ashes are fent up to lo
great a height as to meet with extraordinary currents of
air, which is the molt probable way of accounting for
their having been carried to lo great dillance in a few
hours. In a book, intituled , Snlvntori: Vuronix Vefuvinni
incendii Libri trey: Neupoli , MDXXXIV . I found a very
poetical defeription of the ashes that lay in the neighbou-
rood of Vefiivius, after the eruption of 1631 , in depth,
from twenty to a hundred palms : ,, Quare , ,, lays this
author, ,, multi patrio in folo requirunt patriam , 8: vi}:
,, ibi fe credant vivere ubi certo fciant fefe natos , adeo
,, totam loci fpeciem tempeltas vertit. ,,

'vingt lieuac de Naples en furent nufli converts,
an grnnd etonnemenf dey Mutelots . All. milieu
de ces circan/lnnces nlnrmnnte: ln Populate de—
wenunt lumulrueufe (9’ imputienre obliged le
Cardinal d’expofer le Chef de 5’. funnier, (9‘
de le conduire en Proceflion nu Pont de la Mng‘
dclnine qui e/i a l’exrrernite’ de anles 77ers le
Vefuve, (3’ il efl bien ntteflé ici Que l’ erup-
tion s’nrrem nu mé'me infinnt que le Saint 4r-
ri'vn r2 ln we" de la mantngne: ce qu’ il 9! (2
de fur 1." eff que le bruit cefl‘n 77ers ce rem:
ln’ npre’s n'veir dure’ cinq lyeurer comme les'
jour: precedens.

Le Vendredi 2 3 l6! lfl’UES continuerenr dc
hauler, (9' In montagne jetm tau/'auri~ quantite'
de pierres de fan crater , mnis on n’ entendit
point de bruit ce jeur ln’ :3 Naples , (7 il Y
tamlu tré: pen de cendres .

Le Snmedi 24 la lune cefln de coulergfon
'elendue depuir l’ endroit d’au ]e l’ ni ml for-
rir , jufgu’ {l fan extremit‘e' ou elle en'velapn
In Cbnpelle {19 S. Vito, efi (l pen pre’s de fix
miller . Duns l’Atrio di anzllo , (‘7’ dim: la
'vnlle’e profonde qui eflenlre le Vefu've (9’1’ 13er-

mitnge*, ln lune n dflflf guelques endroits pre’: * M
de deux miller de lnrgeur, (3’ prefquepnr tout XXXIII.

fan epnrfleur eji de foixnnle (l faixum‘e (9‘ dix

pied; . Ln ln’ve tombn (inns un cbemin creux,

nppellé Fofliz Grunde*qui n e'ré formé pnr der * P1,
torrens d’ enux du pluye; (9° guaiqu’ il 72’ nit XXXIX.

pus mains de 200 pied: de profandeur , (9'
too pied: de lnrgeur, in lane 1’ n cependnnt
camblé dnns un endroir. ]e n’ uurai: jnmnir cru

3

914

tomberent i? Jrinno dam la Ponllle, (9‘ qua lu terre en fur
convene de l’ e‘pnifleur ale plufieurr lignes . Quelqnex gens di-
gnes tie foi m’ont nflnré nufl? qu’ i'lr ant été temain: de la-
c/Jute u'cs cenu’re: pendant une eruption i2 une diflnnce de plus
de deux cent miller du Vefu've . L’ane’ Giulio Cefnre Brati-
ni dim; fa relation de l’ eruption du Vefu've en I631 , n’ir ,
que la bunteur de la Colanne d2 fume’e , (9‘ de cendre: prife
ale Naples par [9 quart de cmle, etoit an tie/xi de 30 miller.
Quoique ale: calculi fi incertnins meritent pen d’nttcntion , fr:
[nix neanmoins con'vninfu , pnrceque ]’ ni remarqu me; me‘.
me, qua dun: der granule: eruptions lg: cmdre: .r element 12
une bnuteur tel/e qu’ellcs peuvent rencontrer de: conmnn d’m’r
extraordinairer gn'i expliquent nflre’x lien ls: longs Ira/.92; , qu’
alley ant fails en fi pen [1’ benre: . Dam 1m lwr‘e gm 4 pour
titre Salvatoris Veronis Vefuviani incendj libri tres Neapo-
li MDXXXIV . J’ 41' rrouvé nne defcriptian tre’: paetique ales
cendres qui cauvrirent In terre nu voifinage du Vefu've depuis
20 jufqn’u Ioo pulmet ale prafondeur .' ,, Quure ,, dit l’autenr,
,, multi patrio in folo requirunt Patrium @‘nix iéi fe credpnt
,, vvi'vere ubi certo fciant fefe flutes, adea 217mm loci fpemr»
,, tempefln: 'uertr’t. ,,

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

~>§E( 3° )3?

f0 great a quantity of matter could have
been thrown out in {'0 short a time, If I
had not fince examined the whole courfe of
the lava myfelf. This great compaé’t body
will certainly retain fome heat many mon-
ths (u) ; at this time , much rain haying
fallen for fome days pafl,the lava fmoaks,
as if it ran afresh: and about ten days.a-
go , wen I was up the mountain With
Lord Stormont , we thruft flicks into the
crevices of the lava , which took fire
immediately : But to proceed with my
journal . .

The 24th, Veluvius continued to throw
up flones as on the preceding days : during
the whole of this eruption, it had differed
in this circumf’tance from the eruption of
1766 , when no {tones were thrown out
of the crater from the moment the lava
ran freely.

Sunday 25th, {mall ashes fell all daV at
Naples; they iffued from the crater of the
Volcano , and formed a vaf’t column , as
black as the mountain itfelf , fo that the
shadow of it was marked out on the fur-
face of the fea; continual flashes of forked
or zig-zag lightning shot from this black
column, the thunder of which was heard
in the neighbourhood of the mountain , but
not at Naples: there were no clouds in the
sky at this time , except thofe of fmoak
iffuing from the crater of Vefuvius. I was
much pleated with this phaenomenon ,
which I had not feen before in that per-
fection (b) .

Mon:

(a) This conjeé’cure has proved true; for , even in the
month of April 177]: , I again thrult flicks into Tome cre-
v1ces of this lava, and they immediately took fire . On
MountEtna , in 1769 , I obferved the lava that had
been difgorged in 1766, fmoak in many parts.

(b) In all’ accounts of great eruptions of Mount Etna
and .Mount Vefuvius, I have found mention of this fort
of lightning . Pliny the younger , in his fecond letter to
Tac1tus upon the eruption of Vefuvius in the time of Ti—
tus, lays, that a black and horrible cloud covered them
at Milenum ( which is above fifteen miles from the Vol-
cano ), and that flashes of zig-zag fire, like lightninn ,

ut fironger, burlt from it; thefe are his words: ,,.Ab t’al-
,, tero latere nubcs atra & horrenda ignei fpiritus tortis
,, Vibratil‘gue difcurlibus rupta , in longas flammarum fissu-
,, {as dehrl‘cehat; fulgoribus i112 Scfimiles & maiores eranii.”
This was evxdently the fame eleé’trical fire,and with which
I am convinced that the fmoak of all Volcanos is pregnant.
In feveral accounts of the great eruption of Vduvius in
1631., mention is made of damage done by the lightninc
that 11?qu from the column of fmoak . Bulifon, in parti:

cular ,

gu’ une fl granule quunriré de mutiere ,uit pi}
[e repundre en ji peu de temr ,_ fl ]e 12 mm:
moi mé’me exumine’ le courr entier de In love.
Certe gronde mufle ji compufie confervern fu-
rement de lo clruleur plufieur: moi: encore (a).
Comme ilulreuueoup plu oer jaws-{la lune fu-
me ofiuellemenr, comme fl elle etozt en fufion,
(9' lorfque nous monrumes fur le Vefu've, My-
lord Stormond (9' moi il y u dix jourr , leg
[Hiram que nous enfongumer dun: In love pri-
rent feu fur le chomp : moi: continuon: norre
journal .

Le 2);. le Vefune jetto dey pierres‘ comme il
u'voit fuit lee jourr precedents , circonflnnce qui
produit une dijference enrre cette eruption (9'
celle de 1766, on il 11’ y eur point de pierres
luncéer bars du Crater , deg le moment que
la lune coulu.

Le Dimunclze 2 5 des cendrer fine: tomberent‘
ii Naples route In journe’e ; elle: fortoienr du
Crater du Volcun, (9" formoienr une 'vofle Co-
lonne uufli noire que lo montagne me‘me , (3'
dont l’ombre emit truce’e fur lo Surface do la
mer . Der écluirs fourclaus (9' en WE‘VE s’e—
clouppoient a tour momens de cetre Colonne oli-
fcure, (9' etoient uccompugne’r d’ un tonerre qui
s’entendoit dun: le woi/inuge de lo montugne ,
moi: non pus [l Naples . Duns ce moment lei
il 12’ y uvoir d’ uutres nudges gue ceux de lo
fume’e qui fortoient du Crater du Vefuroe , (9'
re leenoméne que ]e n’ u'uois pus encore 7112

ufli purfuiremenr me fir bencoup deplnifir (Ia) .
Le

(a) Cette conjeflure .r’efl reulife’e.‘ cur me‘me encore nu moi:
d’flvril I771 J’tzi enfoncé dent baton: dun: ler crevnfle: de
cette lave , (9' le feu y prit d’uuord . Sur la Mont Etna en
1769 ]’ ui remarqué que In love qui avoit coule en 1766
fumoit encore en plufieurs endroitx.

(b) Dun: toutes les relation: de: grander eruption: ole l’Eh
m: (7‘ du Vefu'ue , il efl parle‘ de cette efpece d’ ecluir fulmi.
nunt. Pline le jeune dun: f4 flaconde lettre a Tneite fur l’e.
ruption du Vefu-ue [our Titus , dit ‘, qu’ un nuuge noir (9'
horrible le: couvrit :3 Mifene ( qui efl i3 pl": de 15 miller
u'u Volcun ) 0‘ qu’ il en flirroit du feu ferpentant comme do:
ecluir: , moi: u'vec plus ole force , 'Uoici fer proprer paroles:
,, All ultero latere nuke: am: (9’ borrena’a ignei fpiritur, tor-
,, tir, vibratifque difcmjibu: rupta in longes- flummarum fi-
,, gurus debifcebat; fulgorilm: illie 0' fimiles (9' mujorer e-
,, rant. ,, C’etoit evidemment le meme feu éleflrique , dour
]e fui: perfundé que la fume’e dc tour les Volmm efl imprev
gne’e. Dan: plufleur: relation: de In grande eruption en 1631,
il ejl purl! de: ravage; fair: par les eclairs qui fortirent ole
la colonne de fume‘e, Bulifon en partieulier dit, qu’ nu wi/i-
nuge du Vulcan: do: perfonne: furent tuée: ale In me‘me forum

on

 
9%“ 3I )ié‘

Monday 26th , the fmoak continued ,
but not fo thick , neither Were there any
flashes of the mountain lightning . As no
lava has appeared after this column of black
fmoak, which mull have been occafioned
by fome inward operation of fire ; I am
apt to think, that the lava, which should
naturally have followed this fymptom ,
has broke its way into fome deeper ca-
vern , where it is filently breeding fu—
ture mifchief ; and I shall be much mi—
fiaken 'if it does not break out a flaw
months hence.

Tuefday 27th , no more black fmoak ,
nor any figns of eruption .

Thus , my Lord, I have had the honor
of giving your Lordship a faithful narrati-
ve of my obfervations during this eruption,
which is univerfally allowed to have been
the molt violent of this century ; and I
shall be happy, if it should meet with your
approbation, and that of the Royal Socie-
ty, if your Lordship should think it wor—
thy of being communicated to fo refpef’ta—
ble a body.

I have juf’c fent a prefent to the British
Mufeum of a complete collection of every
fort of matter produced by Mount Vefu—
vius, which I have been collefling with
fome pains for thefe three years palt;
and it will be a great fatisfaélion to
me , if, by the means of this colle-
élion , fome of my countrymen , learned
in natural hillory , may be enabled to
make fome ufeful difcoveries relative to
Volcanos .

I have alfo accompanied that colleEtion
with a view of a current of lava from
Mount Vefuvius; it is painted with tranll-~
parent colours , and , when lighted up with
lamps behind it, gives amuch better idea

of

cular, lays, that, in the neighbourhood of the Volcano ,
people were {truck dead in the fame manner as ifby light-
ning, without having their cloaths finged. Pliny mentions
a like inflance, which SllCWS that the ancients had obfer-
ved this phamomenon; for he lays , that at Pompeii, the
day being fair,Marcus Herennius was {truck dead by light-
ning. Thefe are his Words ;,, In Catilianis prodigiis ,Pom-
,, peiano ex municipio M. Herennius Decurio firena die,
,, fulmine iétus ell . ,, Plin. Hill. Nat. lib. II. cap. L1.
The learned and ingenious Father Beccaria, at Turin, all
fured me, that he had been greatly pleafed with my ob-
fervations on this fpecies of lightning , as coinciding perv
feétly with feveral of his elefirical experiments.

Le Lundi 26 [/1 fume’e continua , moi; mains
épnzfle, (9“ no fut point necompugne’e d’ ec'luirs
Volcnniguer. Comme la lrrue ne pnrut point :2
lo fuite de cette colonne de fume’e mire ., qui
doit awoir e'té produite par quelque operation
du feu interieur,]e fuix porté n‘ croire gue la
lune qui nuroit du noturellement la fuivre ,
fe fern froye’ un clremin 72ers quelgue Coverne
plus profonde , ou elle prepare en filence le;
mulbeurs t2 venir, (9' ]e ferni bien trompe' fi
elle ne rep/trait pas d’ ici ti quelguer moi: .

Le Mardy 27 :7 n’T eut point de fume’e
mire, ni aucun figne d’ eruption.

Voile, Mylord, une relation fidele de mes
obfer'vetiom pendent cette eruption gui pnfle
generulement pour u'voir e'te’ In plus violente de
ce Siecle-ci, (9" ]e m’ eflimeroi beureux fi elle
peut meriter votre approbation (9‘ celle dc In
Societe’ Roynle, fuppofe’ que nous locroye’: dz-
gne tl'etre communigue’e d an corps uufli refpe-

fluble .

fe 'vien; de fizire prefint nu Mufeum Bri-
tnnnique d’ une colleflion complete de toutes les
eflJe'ces de mutiére produite par -le Mont. Men-
'00. ]e n, oi epnrgné depuis trots on: 121 foznr
ni foriguer pour me la procurer , (9’ ]e ferni
urnplement recompenfé fl f npprendy quepnr le
moyen de cette colleflion quelque: um de me:
compotriotes [groom‘s en lai/loire nnturelle on):
fnit quelguer decou'verte: utiles relutivement aux,
Volc‘nnr.

foi fluff; orcompngne’ cette colleEfion d’ un
tableau reprefentnnt un courront de lu'ue dn
Mont Vefu've; il efi peint en couleurs trofpn—
renter, (9‘ quund il eflr eclnire’ par derriere rt—
wec un finmbenu, il peut donner une ide’e plus

jufle
qu’ all“ auroient pu l’ém per la foua’re, pm: qua lem lur-
[zits en fallen: brule’s. Pline fuit mention dun exemple ppm!
‘1“; From}? 414:: [es unciens umient remnrqne’ ce Pbenomene ,
car il dit qu’ a Pompeii , dam- Mn [Jenn jonr', Marcus He-
rennius fut fmppé ol’un coup de faudre, 'v'otpt fer paroler,,.In
,, Cutiliam': prodigii: Pompeiana px mumcrpm M Hprenmn:
,, Decurloj fereno die , fulmine zplu: efl. ,, le. Hxfl. Nay.
lib. II. cap. LI . Le Amount 6?. mgemeux Pere Bacteria m ft
nfl‘nré’ ti Turin que me: obfer'vnt'mm fur cettf efpece d eclmr
Ini umient fuit beuucoup de plat/fr , purtegu eller fe rapertem
purfaitement one: plufieur: de fer experiences elefinques.

 
 

9%“ 32 W?

of Vefuvius , than is poffible to be given jufle du Vefuve 9m ne [wait 19 faire mute
by any other fort of painting. I have the Wire efpece de peinrwe.
honor to be. .

M Y L o R D , f m' l’ harmew d’ étre

Your Lordship’s M YLORD ,

Mofi obedient Varre he‘s bumble

and mofi humble fervant, (’5‘ tre’: obeiflant Ser'w'teur

WILLIAM HAMILTON . WILLIAM HAMILTON.

 

 

 

 

’P

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

km

 

 

 
439M 33 Hit

L E T T E R‘ 111.

To MATTHEW Marv, D. M. Secretary to
the Royal SOCIETY.

Villa Angelica, near Mount Vefuvius,‘
Oflober 4, 1768.

SIR,

I H A v a but very lately received your
lafl obliging letter of the 3th of July,
with the volume of Philofophical Tranfau
é’tions . ,

I mutt beg of you to exprefs my fatif-
faétion at the notice which the Royal So-
ciety hath been pleafed to take of my ac—
counts of the two lafi eruptions of Mount
Vefuvius. Since I have been at my Villa
here, I have enquired of the Inhabitants
of the mountain, after what they had feen
during the lafl eruption. In my letter to
Lord Morton , I mentioned nothing but
What came immediately under my own ob—
fervation : but as all the peafants here a-
gree in their account of the terrible thun-
_ der and lightning, which lafied almoft the
a whole time of the eruption, upon the moun-
tain only; I think ita circumfiance worth
attending to . Befides the lightning which
perfeétly refembled the common forked light—
ning , there Were many meteors , like what
are vulgarly called falling fiurs. A peafant,
in my neighbourhood loll eight hogs , by
the ashes falling into the trough with their
food: they grew giddy, and died ina few
hours. The laft day of the eruption , the
ashes , which fell abundantly upon the moun-
tain, were as white almol’c as fnow (a);
and the old people here afl‘ure me, that it is

a fure

(a) In fome accounts of an eruption ofVefuvius in 1660,

I find mention made of ashes which fell in the shape of

croers , and were looked upon as highly miraculous ; but
in one book upon this fubjeét , intituled , .Atlmnufii Kir.

cljeri Soc. fef. De prodigiefis crucibm, (9’6. Roma? , MDCLXI,‘

a very philofophical account is given of this phatnomenon;
he fays , that, in I660, from the 16th of Augufl to the
15th of Oétober , Vefuvius caft up ashes , impregnated
with nitrous, faline, an bituminous fulphur , which upon
linen garments took the form of cmffes, probably direétcd
by the crofs-threads in the linen , and therefore thatftiie

a ('S

L E T T R E III.

A MONSIEUR MArr M'. D. Seoretoire de lo!
SOCIETE Royole.

Villa Jngelica préx du Mont Vefu'ue
lo 4. d’Oflolzre I768.

MONSIEUR .

CE n’e/t, que depuis peu; que j’ui regu m”-
tre dernzere lettre [i oblige/lute du 3 d:
juillet, u'vec le rvolume der Trunfuftionr P/ri—
lofop/Jiques .
je 'vous prit de wouloir lien temoigrzer d In
Societe’ Royule lo futirfuflion que fol eue de
l' uccueil favorable , dont elle 4 him 'voulu
bonnorer mes relation: des deux dernierer erup-
tions du Mont Ve uve . Depuir que fe furs tl
mu Moi/0n de Cumpugne , f oi interroge’ lee
' . , . .
Halutuntr de lo Montague fur ce gu rl moment
an} pendant lo der~722ere eruption ., Duns mu
lettre d Mylord Morton, ]e n’uifuit mention
gue de ce qui 5’ efl prefente’ immediutement :2
me: obfervntions; moi: oomme tour lee Purfuns
icl font d’ accord dun: leur: relations fur les-
ecluirs (9' tannerres épauvuntulzler, gut durerent
, .
prefque tout le tem: del eruption @feulement
fur lu montugne ; il me'femlzle que 0’ oft une
circonfltmce gui merite attention . Outre 163 e-
oluirs qui rmlemlaloz‘ent uux eelairr ordinaires,
il y omit plufleurr Mete’orer comme ceux
gu’ on uppelle 'vulgoirement e'toile: toml/unte: .
Un Pu'zfun de mon 'voifinzzge perdit [ix cue/Jon:
. , . ,
pur ler cendrer gut s etozent melee; twee leur
nourriture, ils eurent des etourdrflements , (9’
moururent en peu d’ beures . Ler cendres gut
tomberent en abundance lo derniere journe’e de
1’ eruption e'toient prefque oufli [dumber que de
la: neige (a), let Vie'z'llurdr m’ont nflure’, que
H c’efi
(a) Dom quelque: relation: d’ We eruption du Vefwae l’an-
née 1660 , on fair mention de certainer cendre: qm touring-
rent en forme de croix, (’7‘ furent regarde'es'cornme tre‘: 7711741:
culoufox ,- moi: dam un [lure fur ceASu/et mmule‘ Athanafi:
Hircheri Soc. Jef. De prodigiofis crucihus , &c. Roma’ MDCLXI
il y o une explication tre’: p/Jilo/op/rlque do re Ebenomc‘ne ;
il dit, que l’anno‘e I660 depui: le 16 d’aioufl jufgu’au I;
d’ Oflolzre le Vefu’ue jetto ole: cendre: lmpregne‘e: d’ un foufre
nitreux , bitumineux, (9‘ folin , lefquellet on tom/rant fur ler
vetement: do toile prirent la forme de troix , probablement (3

cuufe dc l’interfeflion dc: fil: du linge , 0 que por cme riff.
on

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

efiEC 34 )ifi"

a fure fymptom of the eruption .being at
an end. Thefe circumfiances , being well
attefled, I thought Worth relating . '
It would require many years clofe appli—
cation, to give a proper ”and trUl‘YIPhllO-
{ophical account of the Volcanos in the
neighbourhood of Naples ;_ but ‘ I am {ure
fuch a hiflory might be given , {upported
by demonflcration, as would deflroy every
fyllem hitherto given upon this fubyeé‘t. We
have here an opportunity of feetng Volca—
nos in all their dates . I have been this
fummer in the island of Ifchia; it 18 about
eighteen miles round, and .its_whole bafis
is lava . The great mountain in it , near
as high as Vefuvius, formerly called Epo-
meus, and now San Nicola , I am con-
vinced, was thrown up by degrees 5 and
I have no doubt in my own mind , but
that the island itfelf rofe out of the fea in
the fame manner as {ome of the Azores .
I am f the fame opinion with refpeé’t to
Mount *Vefuvius, and all the high grounds
near Naples ; as \having not yet few in
any one place , what can be called virgin
earth. I had the pleafure of feeing a well
funk a few days ago near my Villa ,
which is , as you know , at the foot of
Vefuvius , and clofe by the fea-fide . At
twenty-five feet below the level of the fea,
they came to a firatum of lava, and God
knows how much deeper they might have
fiill found other lavas. The foil all round
the mountain which is [0 fertile , confills
of flratas of lavas , ashes , pumice , and
now-and-then a thin l’cratum of good ear-
th , which good earth is produced by the
furface mouldering, and the rotting of the
roots of plants , vines , &c. This is plain-
ly to be feen at Pompeii, where they are
now digging into the ruins of that ancient
City; the houfes are covered about ten or
fifteen feet, with pumice and fragments of
lava, fome of which weigh three pounds,
( which lafl circumflance I mention , to
shew that in a great eruption , Vefuviug
has thrown flones of this weight five mi-

les (a), which is its dillance from Pom-

Cl].

{alts did not shoot into {och a shape when they fell iipon
garments of woolen; a very particular defcription of thefc
crolles may be found in page 38 , of the abovementioned book.
(a) I have fince found in this firatum of erupted matter
at

‘- t -

e" efl nn [igne certain de la fin d nne eruption,
. I . / .

(9‘ eer carton/lancer ayant e’te [”9” ”rte/l9“ a

' I
]e le: ai can rlzgnes d’e’tre rapporteer.

Il feroit impoflilvle de donner nne relation
exafie, (9‘ vraiment p/Jilofop/qune des Valeans
dn Voifinage de Naples , fans en {VI/017‘ fazt n-
ne étnde partienliere @‘fnia’ie pendant plnfienrs
année: ; mair ]e fnis perfnade’ , qn’ on pour-
noit en donner nne Iii/loire bien demontree, gni
detrniroit tonter les fiflemes an’ on a pnblie’s
jnfqn’ d prefent fnr ee Snjet . f ai fejonrné
l’éte’ dernie'r dam l’ Ifle d’Ifc/aia, dent le cir-
cnit eft d’ environ disc knit miller, (‘1‘ dont la
bafe entiere efl de la've , (9’ ]e fnir perfnadé
qne fa plnr grande montagne qni efl prefgne
anfli éle've’e qne le Vefn'ue, (9" qn’on appelloit
antrefoi: Epomens afinellement 5“. Nicolas, a
dte’ élevée par degre’r . fe ne donte pas one
1’ Isle méme ne foit anfli fortie dn fond de la
met de la mé’me fafon qne qnelqner nnes des
Isles .Azprer . je penfe de me‘me fnr le Mont
Vefn've, (9‘ tontes les bantenrs pre’s de Naples,
n, ayant encore 'un nnlle part nne terre gn’ on
pnzfle appeller 'vierge . f ai en le plaifir de 'uoir
crenfer an pair: il y a quelqner jonrr pre’s de
ma maifon de Campagne, qni efl,eomme 'vons
le ffa've’r , fitne’e anx pieds dn Vefn've @prés
de la met. .14 25 pied: an-deflonr dn niveau
de la men an a reneontré nne cone/2e de lane,
(9" Dien fgait a‘ gnelle profona'enr ilr 'anroient
pd en tron'uer d’ antres. Le Sol fi fertile ales
environ: de la montagne 72’efl eompofé qne de
cone/yes de laves , de eendrer , (3' de pierrer
pence: , (9' de tems d ant-re of nne cone/9e min-
ce de bonne tent-e, laqnelle ae'te’ prodnite par
la fnrfaee gni a e'té amollie' par la ponrritnre
der ravines , tier planter , (9‘ des vigner (92;,
eamme on le 'uoit di/linfiement a‘ Pompeii, on on
fonille afinelle’ment let rnines de eette aneienne
Ville; lee maifom font converter de IO d I;
pied: de pierrer ponces , (9“ de fragments de
lave , qnelqner nner defqnelles pe'fent lanit livrey,
(circanflance qne fe raporte pone mantrer gne
le Vefn've a jette’ des piewer de eette grandenr
pendant nne 'violente eruption jnfqn’ d cine mil-
ler (a) de diflance, qni e/l celle efi’eé‘livement
dc Pompeii en ligne droite). Snr eette cone/ye
de pierrer (James, on de rapilli, eomme onles

710771-
fon let fel: ne‘ prirent point eette form: quand ils taméeremfnr
ale: 'uetement: ole [dine .' on ponrra tron'uer nne defiription tres exa-
fle de ces craix ala38m5 page dn li'vre dontfe'viens de parler.

(a) fad tron'ue‘ depni: dam tette eanebe de matiére jette’e
r3 Pom.

 

 
9?“ 35 )lfie

peii , in a direct line )gupon this firatum
of pumice , or rupilli , as they call them
here , is a firatum of excellent mould a-
bout two feet thick , on which grow lar—
ge trees, and excellent grapes . "‘ We ha-
ve then the Solfaterra, which was certain-
ly a Volcano, and has ceafed erupting ,
for want of metallic particles , and over—
abounding with fulphur. You may trace
its lavas into the fea. We have the Lago
d’Averno and the Lago d’ Agnano , both
of which were formerly Volcanos; and
Aflroni, which fiill retains its form more
than any of thefe . Its crater IS walled
round, and his Sicilian Majefly takes the
diverfion of Boar-hunting in this Volcano;
We have then that curious mountain , cal-
led Monte Nuovo , near Puzzoli, which
rofe in one night out of the Lucrine
Lake; it is about a hundred and fifty feet
high, and three miles round . I do not
think it more extraordinary, that Mount
Vefuvms, in many ages , should rife abo-
ve two thoufand feet; when this mountain,
as is well attefled , rofe in one night, no
longer ago: than the year 1538 . I have a
projefi , next fpring , of palling fome days
at Puzzoli, and of diffeéling this mountain,
taking its meafures, and making drawings
of its flratas; for, I perceive , it is c0m~
pofed of firatas like Mount Vefuviu‘s, but
without lavas . As this mountain is fo un-
doubtedly formed intirely from a plain, I
should think my project may give light in-
to the formation of many other mountains,
that are at prefent thought to have been
original, and are certainly not f0, if their
firata correfpond With thofe of the Monte“

i. Nuc-
at Pompeii, {tones weighing eight pounds.‘ but many ac-
counts of the great eruption of Vefuvius, particularly that
of Antonio Bulifon , mention that a {lone like a bomb
was thrown from the crater of Vefuvius in 1631 ,and fell
upon the Marquis of Lauro’s houfe at Nola , which it fet
on fire . As Nola is twelve miles from Vefuvius, this cir-
cumfiance feems rather extraordinary: however, Ihave feen
fiones of an enormous fize shot up to a very great height
by Mount Vefuvius. In May 177: , havmg afiop watch
in my hand , I obfervcd that one of thefe ones was ele-
ven feconds falling from its greatefi height , into the cra—
ter from whence it had been ejected . In 1767 , a folid'
{lone , meafuring twelve feet in height , and_forty-five in
circumference, was thrown a quarter of a mlle from the
crater; the eruption of 1767, though by much the molt
violent of this century , was , comparatively to tlwfe of
the year 79 and 1631 , very mild.

nomme ici, eff une eoucloe do ferre excellent?
de l’ epoifleur d’ environ deux pied: , fur lo-
guelle il 3/ u do: gray orlzres, (’9’ do trés bonr

ruifins * . 0n pout ujouter ici lu Solfnterm , gui * 1’1-
u 0% furemont un vVolmn , muis gui ne foit XLL

plus d) eruptions por lo furalaondonce dufoufre
(9‘ le dejfflzur de particular metalliques . 0n
pout fuivre lo: truce: defer loves jufquos dons
In mer . Nous owns le loo d’A'verne (’3‘ le
loo d’ Agnimo, gui ant e'te’ unciennement o'er
Volcano , (9° Aflruni gui con/er've encore fa
forme Vol'conigue plus one tour lei~ outret. Son
crater cjl entourre’ d’une muroille , (3‘ fa Mu-
jeflé Sicilienne proud I’ omufement de lo clonfle
aux Songliers dum- ce Volcmz . Nous muons enco-
re pre’s de Puzgole eerie montogne curieufe (1p-
pelle’e lo monrogne nou'velle, qui s’ elem; dons
une nuit du lac Lucrin , (‘7' qui ejl d’en'viron cent—
cinguonte pied; d’ lauuteur, (9‘ de trois miller
ole circuit . 11 no me puroir pa: plus extraor-
dinaire , que le Mont Vefu've pendont plufieur:
fiecles fe foit ele've’ (2 plus de deux miller pied:~
de lonureur , lorfqu’ il‘ e/l loors de doure que
cette man-rogue s’ ele'wz dons une unit on fun-
née 1538 . f oi forme’ lo projer do pofler quel-
gues jour: d Puzzole le primrems proc/Min ,
d’ y foire lo dzfl'eé—lion do cam mont‘ogne , d’y
prenu're fir dimenjions , (9° de fuire defigner
for L‘ouc/Jes, our je me fuir nppergu qu’ elle e]?
compofle de couches comme le Mont Vefu've,‘
moi: fum- luver . Cetre monmgne s’etunr indu-
lzimblemenr eleve’e du fond if one plain: , fe
fuix perfunde’, one man projet pourroit dormer
der lumierer fur In formation de plufieur: nu-
irer monmgney, quifont regurde’er (toluellemenr
comma primitives, guoiqu’ elles ne lefoient fu—
remenr pus , [i leurs couc/oes rejfemlzlent il cel-
los de lo montugne nouvelle . fe defirerois de

fuz-

2 Pompeii, dos plows: qui pe/oient jufqu’ii Imit limes, moi:
plu/ieur: relation: de lo granola eruptions du Vefuw, particu-
lierement, cells (1’ Jntoine Bull/ion, font mention il’unepierre
qui fut jette‘e comma une bomber du Critter do Vefuve l’unne’c
1631 , tomou fur lo Muiflm o’u Marqui: o’e Laura u‘ Nola
(9' y mft le feu. Circuit/lame qui para}: un peu extraordinai-
re, Nola emu: ii douze mil/es du Va uve . Cependanr f oi
1m o'er pierre: il’ um: grflndgur enarme jette’e: ii uno bouteur
prodigieufla par le Mont Venue . .Au moi; do May I77I a-
foot une Montre i3 feconder dons mo main , ]’ oi remurqué’
qu’ une de ces pierre: amply/oi: ooze firomles d rotomber do
fa plus grander elevation jufque dans le crater d’ou elle omit
été jette‘e. En 1769 was pierre folide ile douze pied: do Imu-
teur ('9' de 45 pied: ole oirconference fut jetlr’e ii an quart
ile mil/e du crater . Quoique l’ eruption de 1767 nit été lo
plus violente furement ole re fiecle, cepemlunt elle daft a'voir
éte' tm‘ doucs énmt compurée r2 celle de l’unne’e 79 (9' I63 I-

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

efifl 3.6 )fiée

Nuovo. I should be glad to know whe-
ther you think this projeft of mine Will
be ufeful; and, if you do , the refult of
my obfervations may be the fubjefi of ano~
ther letter (a) .

I cannot have a greater pleafure than
to employ my leifure hours in what may
be of fome little ufe to Mankind; and my
lot has carried me into a country , which
affords an ample field for obfervation. U-

pon the whole, if I was to efiablishafy- ‘

Item , it would be , that Mountains are pro-
dated by Volcano; , and not Volcano: by Moun-
tains . -

I fear I have tired you; but the fubjeé’t
of Volcanos is {o favourite aone with me,
that it has led me on I know not how:
I shall only add , that Vefuvius is quiet
at prefent , though very hot at the top, whe-
re there is a depofition‘ of boiling fulphur.
The lava that ran in the Foffa Grande du-
ring the lal’c eruption, and} is at leafi two
hundred feet thick , is not [yet cool 5 a flick,
put into its crevices, takes fire immediate-
ly. On the fides of the crevices are fine
cryfialline falts: as they are the pure falts,
which exhale from the lava that has no
' communication with the interiour of the
mountain , they may perhaps indicate the
compofition of the lava. '

I have done. Let me only thank you
for the kind offers and expreflions in your
letter , and for the care you have had in
fetting of? my prefent to the Mufeum to
the belt advantage; of which I have been
told from many quarters: I am, with the
molt perfeél efleem.

SIR,
Your mof’c obedient
humble fervant

WILLIAM HAMILTON .

. LETé
(a) See Letter V. in this colleaion.‘

fgavoir fl nous croye’s one man project} Pugfl‘g
étre utile , pareegu’ aim le refultat de me:
obferruatz'ony fer'vira peute‘tre dc fujet a une
autre lettre .

fe ne fi'aurois avoir de plaiflr plus. fenfible
que celui of employer me; beures de lot/fr a re
gui pourroit étre de quelque utilité generale ,
(9' mon fort m’ a place dans un pair qui en ofi’re
un ebamp 'vafle. .Au refle fl je dermis e'tablr'r
un fy/leme, ce feroit, que les montagnes font '
produites par les Volcans, & non les Vol-
cans par les montagnes.

]e crains , Monfieur, de ne rvous a'voz'r en-
nuye’, mais les Volcans qui font mon Sujetfa-
vori , m’ont entrainé aife‘ment au-dela‘ de man
but , f ajouterai feulement que le Vefuve efi
afluellement tranquille , quoique brulant a fa
bouebe on 2'! y a un depo‘t de foufre bouillant.
La lave gui a'voit coulé‘ dans la Fqfla Grande
pendant la dernr'ere eruption, (S’qui a aumoins
zoo pied: d’epaifl'eur n’ eff point encore ref/oi-
die , (’3‘ un baton inferé dam fer erevaflbs y
prend feu fur 1e cbamp. Sur les eote’s de ces
fentes 2'! y a des fel: cryflallins tre’: beaux ,
(9’ eomme ee font les fels purs des exbalaifon:
de la la'oe gui n’ a point ole communication
now I’ interieur de la montagne , il: pourront
peuté‘tre indiquer la compofitton de cette lave.

fe finir en "your remereiant de 'vos ofires
graeieufer, der termer obligeants de 'vo"tre let-
tre , (9“ de la peine que 'vous a've’z bien mu—
lu prendre en plafant mon prefent au Mufeum
de la maniere la plu: avantageufe comme ]e
l’ apprends de clifirerentex performer ] e [air a-
vec l’ eflime la Flu: parfaite.

MONsanR,
Votre tre'r bumble
(9‘ tre’s obe'zflant Serviteur

WILLIAM HAMILTON .

y . LET—
, (a) Veye‘s Lem-e V. dc cone :olleflian . ’

 
etc 37 He

L E T T E. R IV.

To MATTHEW MATY , M.D. Secretary to
the Royal SOCIETY.

An account ofa Journey to MOUNT ETNA.

,, Artificis natures ingens opus afpice, nulla
,, Tu tanta humanls rebus fpeE’tacula cernes. ,,
P. CORNELII SEVERI Efinm

Naples, 06L. I7 , 1769.

SIR,

NCOURAGED by the afl'urances you give

me, in your lal’t obl‘igin-g letter of
the 15 of June, that any new communi-
cation upon the fubjeét of Volcanos would
be received with fatisfaétion by the Royal
Society; I venture to fend you the follo—
wing account of my late obfervations upon
Mount Etna , which you are at liberty to
lay before our refpeé’table Society , should
you think it wort its notice. *

After having examined with much atten~
tion the operations of Mount Vefuvius , du-
ring the five years that I have had the ho-
nour of refid‘ing as his Majefly’s Mini'ller
at this Court , and after having carefully
remarked the nature of the foil for fifteen
miles round this Capital; I am , in my own
mind, well convinced [that the whole of
,it has been formed by explofion. Many of
the craters, from wence this matter has 1f-
fued , are {lill vifible; fuch as the Solfater—
ra near Puzzoli , * the lake of Agnano 7
and near this lake a mountain compoied
of burnt matter, that has avery large cra-
ter furrounded with a wall, to inclofe the
wild boats and deer , that are kept there
for the diverfion of his Sicilian Majefly;
it is called Aflrunia * the Monte Nuovo,
thrown up from the bottom of the Lucri—
ne lake (a) in the year 1338 , which has
likewife its crater , and the lake of Aver-
no. * The islands :of Nifida * and Proci-
cla * are entirely compofed of burnt mat—
ter; the island oflfchia "‘ is likewife com-

pofed ‘

(a) It is in the common received opinion , that this
mountain rofe from the bottom of the Lucrine lake . I
had

L E T T R E IV.

A MONSIEUR MATr Secret/lire de la
SOCIETE Royale .

Relation d’un 'voyage uu MONT ETNA .

,, virtifici: natura,a ingem opus afpice, ”Mlltt
,, Tu tanta [Jumanis rebus fpeflacula cernes
P. CORNELII SEVERI IEtnaJ

.1 Naple: le 17 d’Oflobre 176g. '

MONSIEUR.

ENCOURAGE par le: aflurances que 'vous a've'x
la Iaonté de me dormer ( dam 'vo‘tre der-
niere lettre du guinge de juin ) que de nou—
veller obfer'uations fur les Volcnm feroient a-
gre‘alales it la Societe' Royale , je me fuiy de-
termine’ rl 'vous en'voyer In relation de teller
gue f ai faites dernierement fur le Mont Et-
na, ('9’ 710m alter le maitre de les prefenter rl
cette refiei‘lalzle Societé, ji 'vous les croye’: [ill-1
gney de cet I’Jonneur . * ‘3 Pl.
.Apre’s avoir examine? 1650173771190”! du Mont XXXVIS
Vefuve avec beaucoup d’ attention pendant les
cinq anne’es de ma refidence eomme Mini/ire du
Roy a la Cour de Naples, (’9‘ apre’s anoir re-
marqué a'vec beautoup de foin la nature du Sol
:2 15 miller autour de cette Capitalsz ; Je me
fuis convaincu que la totalité du terrain de ce
circuit a e'tel formé par exploflon. Plufieurs dear
Crater: par ou cette matie’re ejt fortie , font
ac‘luellement 'vi/ible: tel: que la Solfaterrapre’s
de Puzzole, * le lac d’ Agnano , (9' pm de * P1.
to lac une montagne appelle’e Aflruni" compo- XXV-
fe’e de matierer bruléet avec un trer grand XVIII“
crater environné .d’une muraillel ,, ou font en— XVlI.
ferme’s de: fanglzerr (9“ des dams pour le dz-
vertiflement de fa Majeflé Sicilienne, le Mon-
te Nuo'vo qui fortit du fond du lac Luc'rin (a)
l’ anne’e 1538 (9“ gui con/ewe aufli encore fon
crater (9" le luv 51’ fl’uerne . Lé’J‘ ixles d6 * P1-
NUid/i * (9“ de Proc‘ida * font entierement com- XXIX-
pofées de matie’res brule’es. L’ isle d’ Ife/Jia * gig;
aft an t compofe’e de lave , de pierres ponce: XXX. '
(9’ d’autrer matie’re: brule’er , (9“ il 3/ a dam
cette isle plufieurx craters 'vi/ibles, de l’un def-
I quels
(a) L’ opiniou generalement repue efl , ue rem montagne

s’e/ew u'u fond du Lac Lucrin. je 11’ mm: paint encore cer-
A _, , - .. 7 , n

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

9?“ 38 )3‘?‘

poled of lava, pumice, and burnt matter;
and there are in that island feveral Vifible
craters , from one of which, no longer a-
go than the year 1303 , there lfldued. a la-
va, which ran into the {ea , and {18 [fill
in the‘fame barren {late as the modern Ia-
vas ofVefuvius. After having, I fay,been
accuflomed to thefe obfervations , I. was
Well prepared to vifit the molt anc1ent ,
and perhaps the molt confiderable _ Volca-
no that exifis 5‘ and I had the fatisfaéhon
of being thoroughly convinced ,there , of
the formation of very confiderable moun-
tains by meer explofion , having feen ma-
ny fuch on the fides of Etna , as W111 be
related hereafter . ‘

On the 24th of June lafi, in the after-
noon , I left Catania, a Town fituated at
the foot of Mount Etna, or, as it is now
called , Mon-Gibello , in company with the
Duke S.Demetrio, Lord Fortrofe, and the
Canonico Recupero, an ingenious priefi of
Catania, who is the only perfon there that
is acquainted with the mountain: he is a-
ctually employed in writing its natural hi-
fiory; but , I fear , will not be able to
compafs {0 great and ufeful an undertaking,
for want of proper encouragement.

We paired through the inferior difiri€t
of the mountain called by its inhabitants
La Regione Piemontefe . It is Well wate-
red, exceedingly fertile , and abounding
with vines and other fruit trees , where the
lava, or, as it is called there, the fciuru,
has had time to {often , and gather foil
fufficient for vegetation , which , I am con—
vinced from many obfervations , unlefs all
filled by art, does not come to pafs for
many ages (:1) , perhaps a thoufand years

i or
had not feen the very curious and particular account ofits
formation ( which account is in my next letter ) when I
wrote this, and was therefore in the fame error.

(a) This mull depend greatly upon the quality of the
lavas ; fome have been in a more perfeét Rate of vitrifi-

cation than others , and are confequently lefs liable to the .

imprefiions of time. I have often oblerved on Mount Ve-
fuv1us , when I have been clofe to the mouth from when-
ce 2 lava was difgorging itlelf, that the quality of it va-
ried greatly from time to time: I have feen it as fluid and
coherent as glafs when in fufion; and I have feen it fari-
naclous, the particles feparating as they forced their way
out , )uft like meal coming from under the grindftones. A
fiream of lava of this fort, being lefs compaa' , and con-
taining more earthy. particles , would certainly be much
fooner fit {or vegetatlon , than one compofed of the more
perfect Vitrified matter .

quels ’UEVI l’ unne’e 1303‘ fortit une lfl've qui
coulu jufques dons lu mer, Gum refle encore
dun: le mé'me e‘tut de flerilzre’ que les luves
modernes du Vefu’ue . De femblubles obfer'oarions,
m’ erunt devenues fumilie’res, fe crus Pouvoir
u-vec fucce’s 'w'firer le Volcun le plus unoien ,
(9“ peure‘tre le plus conflderuble' qui exifle d
prefent, (V f ui eu lu furisfufiion d’ é’tre en-
tierement perfuudé de lo formurion des monta-
gnes les plus confideruoles pur lo fimple explo-
fion , upre’s en u'voir encore obfer've’ plufleurs
de certe efiaece fur les flloncs de l’Emu , com-
me ]e le dirui dons lu fuite .

v

Le 24 juin 1769 uprés midi , fe quirrui
Cut/me 'ville fitue’e uu pied du Mont Emu on
Mon Gioello, qui efl fan nom moderne , u'oec
16 Due S’.Demetrio , Mylord Fortrofe , (9‘ le
Cbunoine Recupera , loomme d’ efprit (9’ lefeul
de cette Ville qui connoifle bien l’Etnu, dour
il écrit u‘ pro/em“ l lei/loire nuturelle ,‘entrepri-
fe importum‘e (9’ utile, que fe doure gu’ilpuijl'
fe jumuis terminer fuute des encouragement: “e.
cefluires .

Nous troverfumes le diflriEl inferieur de lu
montagne uppellée pur fer habit/ms , In Re-
gione Piemontefe , il efl oien urrofe , tre’s
fertile , (‘3‘ uliondimt en 'vignes (3° urlzresfruii
tiers, purtout ou la lime , gu’ on uppelle ici
fciara, u eu le tents de s’umollir (9“ de for—
mer un fol fufi‘ifunr pour lo vegetation, ce qui
ne peut—é’rre que l’efler de plufieurs fiecles (u),
comme pur exemple, de mille omze’es ou duvun—
rage, comme ]e of en fuis commingu por plu-
jieurs obfer'ourions, {l moins gue l’ or: ne bil-

IE

to relation puriiculiére, 0' trés curieujé , qui fe trou-ue dun:
mu lettre fui'uunte , quund j’ai errit cette lettre, (9‘ par can.
fequent J’erois ulors dans le me‘me erreur .

(a) Cette circonflunce doit neceflizirement dependre ole l4 qua-
lite oles loves; quelques unes uuront are u’un: un etut «1e 1;;-
trification plus purfuite qua il’ :uutres , 6' par confequent eller
feront detruites mains rapidement. ]’ oi fliuvent remurqué fur
le Mont Vefu-ue , quunu’ fa me zrou'vois a cot! d’ une boucbe
zl’ ou In love fortalt , que lo quulité de cette lave vurioit de
moments i uuzres. ]e l’ oi 'vué' uufli fluia'e (9' uufl'i liquids
quo le verre en fu/ion ('9' fe l’izi vue farineufie, les puriicules
[e fepurant uu moment de leur fortie, telles {“5 l4 furine lorf-
qu’ elle flirt ole ale/four les meules.‘ un fleum ole lave de cetre
efpeoe e‘nmt mains campufle , (9‘ contenunt plus u’e purlicules
terreufes, feroit furement lieuucaup plus propre i la vegetation,
yu’une luv: compofe‘e d’une mutiere plus purfuitemem 'vitrifie'e.

 

 
939$ ( 39 ) if?

or more; the circuit of this lower Region,
forming the bafis of the great Volcano, is
upwards ofonehundred Italian miles . The
vines of Etna are kept low, quite the re—
verfe of thofe on the borders of Vefuvius;
and they produce a flronger wine, but not
in {0 great abundance . The Piemontefe di-
firiét is covered with Towns, Villages , Mo—
nafleries , &c. and is well peopled , not-
withfianding the danger offuch a. lituation.
Catania, fo often deflroyed by eruptions
of Etna , and totally overthrown by an earth-
quake towards the end of the lafl centu-
ry (a), has been rebuilt within the-{e fif-
ty years , and is now a confiderable TOWn,
with at leaf’t thirty-five thoufand inhabi-
tants . I do not Wonder at the teeming fe‘
curity with which thefe parts are inhabi-
ted, having been {0 long witnefs to the
fame near Mount Vefuvius. The operations
of Nature are slow : great eruptions do not
frequently happen; each Hatters himfelf it
will not happen in his time , or , if it
should , that the lava will {pare his grounds;
and indeed the great fertility in the neigh—
bourhoods of Volcanos tempts people to in-
habit them.

In about four hours of gradual afcent ,
We arrived at a little Convent of Benedi-
éline monks, called St. Nicolo dell’ Are—
na , * about thirteen miles from Cat-ania,
and Within a mile of the Volcano from
whence ifTued the lafl very great eruption
in the year 1669; acircumfiantial account
of which was fent to our court by Lord
Winchelléa, who happened to be then at
Catania in his way home , from his Em-
bafly at Conflantinople. His Lordship’s ac-
count is curious, and was printed in Lon-
don foon after; I law a copy of it at Pa-
lermo , in the library of the Prince Torre-
muzzo (l) . We slept in the Benedifiines

Con-

(a) This earthquake happened in the year 1693 , and
defiroyed forty-nine towns and villages , nine hundred
and twenty-two churches , colleges , and convents; and
near one hundred thoufand perfons were buried in their
mm.

(b) It is intituled ,, A true and exaé't relation of the
,, late prodigious earthquake and eruption of Mount Etna,
,, or Monte Gibello ; as it came in a letter written to
,, is Majelly from Naples, by the Right Honourable the
,, Earl, of Winchelfea , his Majelty‘s late Emballadonat
,, Confiantinople , who , in his return from thence , vifi-

”ting

re cer efiér. Lo circonference ole Eerie, Region
inferieure qui forme lo loo/e du grand Volcizn,
a plus de cent milles d’IIolie. Les Vignes de
l’Etnn font entrerenues fort oofles ce gui eff
precifemenr le controire de ce qu’ on fair fur
les co'tes du Vefu’ue , (9’ elles produifent un
'vin plus fort , muis non pus en fl grunde "u-
bondunce. Le diflriél Piemontois molgre' le don-
ger de fr jituotion efl tre’s peuplé, il efl cou—
‘vert do Villes, de Villages, (9" de Mona/fora.
Corrine fl fouvent detruire por les eruptions de
l’Etno, totalemenr ren'uerfe’e par un tremble-
ment de terre (u) very lo fin du dernier Sie-
cle, a ete’ relultie , (9“ eff rlpr'efenr une Ville
confiderable , ou l’ on sample uumoins trente
ring mille balitonrs . ]e n’ oi point e‘to’ Nona
ne' de lo furere’ o'vee luguelle cos endroits lrl
font White’s upre’s ovoir e'té’fl long—temps remain
de lo me‘me feourite’ pre’s du Mont Vefurve .
Les operations de lo nature font lenres ; des
grander eruptions ne fe mien: gue ruremonr ,
(9° clmcun j}: flé'te, gu’ il 72’ en orriveru au-
cune de jon terns, ou fi elle orri've gue lo lo-
we eporgnero fon terrein , moi: lo plus griznde
(9‘ la plus forte roifon pourquoi les 'voi/lnuges
dos Volcuns font [1' lmbire’s, c’ e/f leur grunde

fertilite’ .
flprés uvoir monte’ douceinent environ quo-
tre loeures , nous urrivumes uu peril“ Cou'uent
de 5". Nicolas de l’ofrenu, qui off 3 peu pre’s
(l treize milles de Gimme, (9’ :2 un mille du
Volcrm d’ou fortir lu derniere grunde eruption
de 1669, dour le Comte de VVinc/oelfeu gui fe
trouvo olors ii Corona ou retour de fan Arn-
Zyuflode de Coflontinople , donno une rela—
tion tre’s c‘irconfium‘ie’e (9’ Ire’s curieufe fl lo
Cour qui fut bientot opre’s imprime’e i2 Lon-
dres (’9‘ don: ]’ iii an? une copie i2 Palerme
dons lrz Billiotegue du Prince Torremuzfqz (l2).
Nous prfflumes lo nuit' du 24 dons le Cou-
went des Benedifiins , (9° nous employumes
le morin d’ opre’s r2 examiner les rowgcs 7W.-
7.101:

(3) Ce tremlzlemem do terre urrivu en I 693 , 59‘ detrrifit
49 Villes, on Villages, 92,2. Eglifgy, Colleges-(9‘ Couvents,
(9‘ pre‘: dc cent mille ames perirent four les rumes do: Edi-

res .

f (b) Elle a pour titre ,, Relation mzmole (fa-rash du der-
,, nier tremolement de terre pradigieux, (9‘ de l’ eruption dn
,, Mont Etna on Man Gibel/o d’upre‘s lzz lettre écrite do No-
,, ples ii fa Majefle’ par le Comte de I/Vincoelsen dernier flin-
,, baflildeur do fa Mujefle’ r) Cofiantinople , leguel remnant de
,, cone Copimle 6' off/mt obordé i3 Corona en J‘icile , fut
,, remain oeulnire de ce [pellet/e afi'reux ; 4w: um: nurrat;on

a: P m

 
u

u

nu
how

u

 

 

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9?“ 4° )K“
ruoz'r foil: certe terrible eruption fur Ie ricloe
poi: Promontory. Lu low form dam one Vi—

convent the night of the 24th., and paf—
{ed the next morning in 'obfervmg the ra-

vage

ting Catania in the island of Sicily, was an eye-Witneis
of that dreadful {peé‘tacle ; together With a more part1-
cular narrative of the fame , as it is colleéted out of
the feveral relations fent from Catania ; published by
authority , Printed by T. Neweomb , in the Savoy ,
1669. ,, ' . _

,, I accepted, fays the author, p. 38, the invitation of
the Bishop of Catania, to flay a day With him , that
{o I might be the better able to inform Your Mayelty
of that extraordinary fire, which comes from Mount Qi-
bello , fifteen miles diitant from that City , which , for Its
horridnefs in the afpeE’t, for the vait quantity thereof
(for it is fifteen miles in length ,and feven in breadth),
for its moni’trous devallation and quick progrefs,may be
termed an inundation of fire, a flood of fire , cinders ,
and burning (tones, burning with that rage as to ad—
vance into the fea fix hundred yards, and that to a mi-
le in breadth , which I faw ; and that which did aug-
ment my admiration was, to ice in the {ca this matter
like ragged rocks, burning in four fathoms water, two
fathoms higher than the feat itfelf , fome parts liquid,
and throwing off not with great violence , the {tones
about it , which , like a crui’c of a vait bignefs , and
red hot, fell into the fear every moment in fome place
or other, caufing a great and horrible noife , finoak ,
and hifling in the fea; and that more and more coming
after it, making a firm foundation in the {ea itfelf . I'
flayed there from nine a clock on Saturday morning, to

,. feven next morning; ,, ( this mult have been towards
the middle or latter end of April; ) ,, and this mountain

of fire and fiones with cinders had advanced into the
fea twenty yards at leafi: in feveral places; in the mid.

, dle of this fire , which burnt in the [ca , it hath formed

like to a river , with its banks on each fide very {teep
and craggy, and in this channel moves the greateii quantity
ofthis fire, which is the molt liquid, with homes of the
fame compofition , and cinders all red hot , fwimming upon
the fire of a great magnitude ; from this a river of fire
doth proceed under the great mafs of the Hones , which
are generally three fathoms high all over the country
were it burns, and in other places much more . There
are fecret conduits or rivulets of this liquid matter ,
which communicates fire and heat into all parts more
or lefs , and melts the fiones and cinders by fits in tho-
fe placesiwhere it toucheth them, over and over again;
where it meets with roks or houfes of the fame matter
( as many are ), they melt and go away with the fi-
re; .where they find other compofitions, they turn them
to llme or ashes ( as I am informed ) . The compofi-
tion of this fire, (tones, and cinders, are fiilphur , ni-
tre, quickfilver, fal ammoniac, lead , iron , brats , and
all other metals. It moves not regularly, nor confiant‘
1y down hill * ; in fome places it hath made the val-

,, lies,

"‘ Having heard the fame remark with refpec’t to the lavas of Ve-

Iuvius, I determined, during an eruption of that Volcano, to watch
the progrei’s of a current of lava , and I was foon enabled to com-
prehend this ieeming phenomenon; though it is, I fear , very difii.
cult to explain. Certain it is , that the lavas , whim in their mofi
fluid flare , follow always the law of other fluids; but when at

a

 

 

great diilance from their fource , and confequently incumbered

', with fcoria: and cinders, the air likewife having rendered their out-
ward coat tough, they will fometimes ( as I have feen ) be forced
up a short aicent, the fresh matter pushing forward that which went
before it, and the exterior parts of the lava aé‘ting always as condu.

it

01‘s

”
3’
5)

mu
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u

gm

plus particulr'ere de In meme eruption receuillie de Plufieuy;
autre: relation: envoye‘er de Cutune , pubIre‘e: pur autorité
(9' imprime‘e: par T. Newcomlz duns Ie .S‘u'uoy en 1669.

,, J’ui urcepté , dit I’Auteur, page 38, I’invitatlon ale 1‘
E'veque do puffer une jourm’e u'uec Iui, ufin ’étre en em
de dunner 3 thre Mujefle’ une relation de: plus exuéler de
ce feu extraordinaire qui vient du Mont Giuello, d 15 mil-
Icr do certe Ville, dour In true fuit IJorreur , In quantité
rIe motierer efl immenfe ( car II a 15 miller dc Iongueur,
(9' fept de Iargeur ) (9' qui pur fa dew/lotion terrible,@‘

, In meg} de fie: progre’: pourrot't érre nommé une inondu-

tion, un deluge de [en , de cendrer, (Vole pierrer enflam-
mee: , [zrulant owe me teIIe violence , ce que f oi 1%
de me: propre: yeux, qu’ {I 3’ 41147154 de la Iongueur de
fix cent verger dun! la mer fur un mIIIe de Iqrgeur . Ce
qui augmentu man admiration fut de voir certe mutie’re dun:
Ia mer comme det roe/yer: rubotteux (9' brulnntr four qun-
trey brag}: d’euu , (9‘ eleve’e d In lmuteur de deux orujfer
uudejfu: de In mer mé'me. Don: quelque: endroitr Ie fen e-
toit liquids, 0‘ detacbait fun: neoucaup dc violence Ie: pier-
rer qui I’en-uironnoient, Iefquelle: comme d9: croute: enormer
touter rouge: (’9‘ brqunter, tomboient ti cbuquo influnt duru-
Iu mer cd (9‘ Id, fuifunt un limit barrio/e , deuucoup de
fumée, @‘ un fifflemcnt dun: In mer jufqu’ :2 ce que fl:
fuccednnt continue/lament, cllerfmfiient Mn fundement we: ferme
@‘ foIide dam- Iu mer mime. f}! refla'i depuz': Ie fume-
di d neuf locurer du mrztin jufqu’ an Iendemm'n d fept Ioeu-
re: ( ce doir ovoir an! very Ie milieu , ou la fin du moi:
d’ ./f~uril ) (9' cette mantagne de feu ,‘ plerre: , Z9“ cendre:
.r’ emit u'vuncé’e dun; In mer r2 zo toifes aumoins en plu—
ficur: endroz'tr. du mIIieu de ce feu qui brquIt don: In
mar, iI r’etoit formé comme une ri‘viere‘u'uec fer bards e-
fcurpe’: (9' roboteux do clmque and; c’ eff dam ce canal
que couIe In plus grunde quuntite‘ de ce fen qui e/l Ie plus
quuide , (9‘ fur lequeI flottent dc grojfer pierre: de Id
méme compofltion , (9‘ dc: cendre: rouge: (9' ardente: . II

I u do: conduit: fecretr ou des ruifl‘mux de certs mu-

tlere liquids qui communiquent Ieur ebuleur pIu: au moin: pur
tour, ('9‘ fondent 0 refondenr Ie: pierre: ('9' I51 cendre: qu’
eIIes rencontrent . Lorfqua {It rencontrent dc: roc/Jefl, on
do: Mnr'fonr outier ( comme Ie font un grand nomure ) II;
fe fondant mm In meme mutiere, (9' font emporté: par Ie
feu . Lorfqu’ ll: trou'uent d’uutre: motierer compofier , ( a
co qu’ on me dit ) iIr Ie: redmfent en cendrer, an en clmux.
Lu compofition de ce fen , de cer pierrer , 0' de cer cen-
dre: , ejl de foufre , de nitre , de mercure , de SeI .Ammorziuc,
de plomb , do for , de bronze , 0' de route: firmer de memua‘.
Son mou'vement n’e/l pd: regulz'er , (’9‘ ll ne fuz't pd: tau/our:
lei" pone/Jam * en quelque: part: {I a felt do: montagner d’un
Vol/on , 0‘ quelquer monrqgner , quz' n’croient put him E’Ie've‘er,

,, font

* , . . A
J or rntcndu {rare In meme yemorque par rapport our laws du

Vejuve, c’cfl ce qui m’ a dendé de veil/er for Ie progre': d’ un cour-
{ant 4': love pendant une eruption de ce Volcun, (9‘ J’ui bientot éte’ m
star/do campy-endu- se pbenome’ne, quoiqu’ il 1 air peutétre de la dijfi-
rulte pour moz r2 l’expliquer . II ejl trér certain que la: lave: pendant
qu’ Cllfd‘ font dun: I’ eta: dc fluidizé, fuivent IE: Ioix de ton: Int rm-
;re: fluzdet, moi: qunnd slle: font eloignée: d: Ieur [ounce (9' new]:
fuzrement emburuflée: dc frorie: , (9' d: cendre: , (9' I’ air ,ayunt uufli
endurcz Ieu‘r‘ firifrzce, eIIer font quelquer fair , corhme J9 I’ai mi [277‘-
can‘t/Is monter 147: pm, In muriérq nowyel/e pouflimr cell: qm' In; pre-
cedolr‘, (9‘ If: pantie; cxterieurt: de [4 law agijfunt comma de: ton-

du-

 

 
en 4: iae

vage made by the abovementioned terrible
eruption , over the rich country of the Pie-
montefe . The lava burfl out of a vineyard
Within a mile of St. Nicolo, and, by fre~
quent explofions of flones and ashes, railed
there a mountain , which , as near as I
can judge, having afcended it, is not lefs
than half a mile perpendicular in height ,
and is certainly at leafi three miles in cir-
cumference at its bafis. The lava that ran
from it , and on which there are as yet
no figns of vegetation, is fourteen miles in
length, and in many parts fix in breadth;

1t

,, lies hills , and the hills that. are- not high arenow val-
,, lies. When it was night , I went upon two Towers ,
in divers places; and could plainly fee at ten miles di-
,, fiance, as we judged, the fire to begin to run from the
,, mountain in a three-l; line , the flame to afcend as high
and as big as one of the greatell: lleeples in your Ma-
jeliy’s kingdoms, and to throw up great {lanes into the
,, air; I could difcern the river of fire to defcend‘ the
,, mountain. of a terrible fiery or red colour , and flones
,, of a paler red to lwim thereon, and to be lome asbig
,, as an ordinary table . We could fee this fire to move
,, in feveral other places , and all the country covered with
,, fire , alcending. with great flames ‘f , in many places ,
,, fmoaking like to a violent furnace of iron melted,ma-
,, king; a mile with the great pieces that fell , efpecially
,, thofe which fell into the lea . A Cavalier of. Malta ,
,, who lives there, and attended me, told me , that the
,, river was as liquid where it illues out“ of the mountain,
,, as water, and cameout like a torrent with great vio-
,, lence, and is five or fix fathoms deep , and as broad ,
,, and that no fiones fink therein . I allure your Majelly,
,, no~ pen can exprels how terrible it is , nor can all the
,, art and indullry of the world quench or divert that
,, which is burning in the country : In forty days time ,
,, it hath deliroyed the habitations of 7.7 , ooo perfons;
,, made two hills of one , IOOO paces high apiece, audio:
,, ne is four miles in compals; of 20., 000., perfons, which
,, inhabit Catania,‘ 3000 did only remain; all their goods
,, are carried away, the cannons of brafs are removed out
,, of the calile, fome great bells taken down, the City.ga.
tes walled up next the fire , and Preparations made ma.
,, baiidbii the City .,

a
u

u»:
as:

u
\—

,, That night which I lay there , it rained ashes all over
',, the city, and ten miles at lea it troubled my eyes . This
,, fire in its progrefs met with a lake of four miles in com~
, pals ;, and it was not only fatisfied to fill it up ,1 though
,, it was four fathoms deep, but hath made of it a mounc
,, tain . ,,

0

flats ( or pipes, if I may be allowed the exprellion -)’, for the inte.
:ior parts, that have retained their fluidity by not having been expo.
fed to the air .

l“ The flames Lord Winchelfea mentions , were certainly produced
by the lava having met wit trees in its way ; or perhaps his Lordf-
hip may have miflaken the white fmoak which conflantly rifes from
a lava ( and in the night is tinged by the rel-lemon of the red hot
man“ )) fl)! flame, of which indeed it has greatly the appearance
at a diflance. I have oblerved upon Mount Vefuvius. that, foon at".
let a lava. has borne down and burned a tree , a bright flame illness
from its_fntfa,ce 5. otherwife I have never {can any flame attending
an eruption»

gne cl un mllle de 5'. Nicolas, (9“ par des- ex‘
plofiom fre’guentcr dc pierrey, (9° dc ccndrer y
elevu uue mantugue que ]e jugc de lo buuteur
(1’ un mllle , (9‘ dc trois miller au-molm' de
circanference d fu bufe . Lu lave gui m for-
tir (9' fur luguelle ll 72’ y u encore uucun fin
gne dc vegetarian , u quutorzc miller dc longueur,
(3‘ dum plufieurs endroits fix dc lurgeur. Elle
vim? ju/qu’ u‘ Cunme , dctrui/lt une purric de
for murs, enfevcllt un Amphlrc’utrc, urz aguc—
duc, (’9' pluficurs (mire: manumcm dc fan r112-
clcrmc grandeur qui uvoicm‘ jufquei~ lrzl rc/iflé
aux injures clu mm ; (9’ fit dun: lu mar un

trujct

',, font alluellement devenue: dc: Vullons. Quartz! la nuit vim,

‘,, Je monml fur deux Tour: en diflrererzter fituutlonr , (9' Je

., vi: diflinflement a la all/lance d’ environ cllx miller en li-
,, gne drafts le feu fortir de la moutugne , lcs flummes 5’ e~
,, lever t2 une lmuteur plus grunde qu’ uucun cloclzer d’eglifl:
,, dc: Royuumes dc thre Mujeflé, (9‘ lancer en meme rem:
,, dam l' air 48 grolre: plerres. J'c m’appcr‘pus, qua la rivie-
,, re dc fcu, qui defcemlait de la montugne etoit d’une couleur
,, rouge aéflcure, 0‘ quc ales pierres d’un rouge plus pzile m1-
,, geolent uu-deflus, u‘ant quelque: uncs etolcut grander comma
,, une tullle ordinalrc. Nous virus-r ce fcu couler en plufleurs‘
,, endroltr, tout le pair stair couvcrt dc feu @deflammer 'l‘.
,, Lu montagne fumoit en plufieurs enu'rolts, comma un gram!
,, faurneuu d9 fer en fu/ion ; lcs morceuux qui taméalcm fit].
,, foient beaucoup de bruit, purricullcremcnt ceux gui tomboicm;
,, dam la mer. Un C/Jevulier dc Mulls bubitunt dc Cur/me
,, qui m’accampagnolt me dlt , que lorfque la rivlere dc fcu
,, fortnit ole la montugne-, elle stall liquiale comme l’euu , qu’
,, elle [e precipitolt comme un torrent uvcc lrcuucoup dc violence;
,, (9‘ qu’ elle etait d’ We profondcur de cinq a fix tolfe: ,
,, @‘d’une lurgeur r2 peu pref: egule, 29‘ que les pierre: jette’er
,, deflus nc s’enfonpoiwt pus. Jo puis ujfurer Vo‘rre Mujcflé,
,, que la plume ne peut exprlmer l’lrorreur dc cettefcene.Tout
,, l’urt, @‘tnute l’lndu/lrle clu genrebumain ne fiuuroient eteiu-
dre, ou detourrrer le {cu qul brule dam cc pals-cl . Eu qua-
runte jaurs dc rem: il a detruit [er bubituciom ole 7.7 miller
per/annex. D'une Montague 1'! en u fdlt zleux , cbucunc :le
millc pus u’e huuteur, 0' une de ce: Montague: peut uvoir
quatrcmille: de circonfermce . De 2.0000 purfonncs , qui bub/'-
roiem Cumuc , il 71’ en 9/} rcfle’ que- 3000 . Tau: leur:
cfl'et: ant ére’ cutrulne’r , les cunons de bronze out éte‘ trunfpor-
re: lJorr du chateau ,- lcs grander clothe: out éte’ abbrmues,
let grands: parte: de la Ville du cdte’ du feu mure’cs , 0‘
on a fail touts: ler preparations pour abundanuer la Ville.
,, Lu nuit , quc fa; pujfc‘c lu’ , ll pleuvoit dc: cendre: fur
, route la Ville , (9‘ :2 dlx miller dc di/lunce cu mer e/les me
, falfolent mul quxjreux. Lefeu dun; for; prggyé; yum: ren-
,, contré un lac dc quutre miller dc circult,ue jé conteutu par
,, fimplemcnt de le remplir,quoigu’il cut gram-e tallies dc Profou-
,, dcur, muis m fit une Montague.

to boqu
2333o3o.u.

u‘q'

dufleurr, ( rm dc: tuyuux, 4’ il m’efl permit ‘lf l’efpliyuer um]? )uu»
panic: interleures, qui n’ ayrmt point érc’ expafeer a lmr, our menu
[cur fluidiié . ‘ .

1’ Le: flammer dam purl: Mylard l/Vzm‘bcl/Z’a etou’flt furemenr l’ sf.
fr: de: lave: qm' aurorlr rmmmré dc: affirm, dam leur pafl'gge ; nu
peum‘m aura-fill pri: la fumée Huncbe gm :Elcve tau/our; dim: [we
( ('9' gm" 9]! Ieime la nuit par la reflefiron de la mutter: en fir/hm )
your de 14 flumm: , x} [49142]]: 2115 refleméle bauucaup d: lam . ]’ at
remurqué jur le Mont Vefuve qua quelquer inflam- vpré: zu’ mic luv:
avail! alarm G“ empam‘ un more , um flamme ‘Dl’b’t’ form; dc fofur-
fut: , mail je n’ ui rcmurquc’ d’ uutrc: flomme: .

K

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9%“ 42 )é‘i‘“

it reached Catania, and deflroyed part of
its walls , buried an amphitheatre , an aque-
duct , and many other monuments of its
ancient grandeur , which till then had re-
filled the hand of time, and ran a confi-
derable length into the fea, f0 as to have
once formed a beautiful and fafe harbour;
but it was foon after filled up by a fresh
torrent of the fame inflamed matter: acir—
cumfiance the Catanians lament to this day,
as they are without a port . There has been
no fuch eruption fince , though there are
figns of many more terrible that have
preceded it .

For two or three miles round the moun-
tain raifed by this eruption , all is barren
and covered with ashes ; this ground , as
well as the mountain itfelf , will in time
certainly be as fertile as many other moun—
tains in its neighbourhood , that have been
likewife formed by explofion. If the dates
of thefe explofions could be afcertained, it
would be very curious, and mark the pro-
grefs of time with refpeé’t to the return of
vegetation . As the mountains raifed by them
are in different flates; thofe which I ima-
gine to be the molt modern are covered
with ashes only; others of an older date,
with fmall plants and herbs; and the melt
ancient, with the largefi timber—trees I e-
ver faw : but I believe the latter are fo
very ancient, as to be far out of the reach
of hif’tory. At the foot of the mountain,
raifed by the eruption of the year 1669 ,
there is-a hole, through which , by means
of a rope, we defcended into feveral fub-
terraneous caverns, branching out and ex—
tending much farther and deeper than we
chofe to venture; the coldsthere being ex—
cellive, and a violent wind frequently ex-
tinguishing fome of our torches. Thefe ca-
verns undoubtedly contained the lava that
iffued forth, and extended, as I faid befo-
re, quite to Catania. There are many of
thefe fubterraneous cavities known on o—
ther parts of Etna; fuch as that called by
the peafants la Baracca Vecchia , another
la Spelonca della Palomba ( from the wild
pigeonsbuilding their nefls therein ), and
the cavern Thalia , mentioned by Boccac—
C10: Some of them are made ufe of as ma~
gazmes for fnowg the whole island of Si-

cily

trajet afle’r confideralzle ponr )1 forrner d’ abord
nn Port fnr (9° bean , mars onz brentot apre’:
fnt comole’ par nn nonvean torrent de la me”-
me matie’re enflamme’e, circon/lante oni afflige
encore anjonrd/ani 1e: habitanr de Catane , on;
n’ont point do Port. 11 n’ y a pas en depniy
d’ernption anfli conflderable, mars l’on volt les
figner certainr deplnfienrr eruption: anterzenre:
our ont été plnr terriole: .

A denx on trot} miller anx envz'ronr tie
la montagne e'levée par cette ernption , tont
efl incnlte ('5’ convert de cendrer : mair aver
1e terns ce terrein (9" eette montagne , feront
anfli fertiler one plnfienrr antrergde fan voifl-
nage oni ont anfll e'te’ forme’er par ties explo-
fions. Si 1’ on ponvoit favoir aveocertz‘tnde 1e:
dates de ces explofions, elles feroient tre’s en-
rienfey, (9' an en tireroit der oonfeonencerponr
fixer 1e terns neecflaire pour le retonr de la
vegetation. Selon 1’ etat difi‘erent a’es monta-
gnes e'leve’er par der eruptions , teller one fe
prefnme é'tre les plnr nonveller font converter
de eendrer fenlement, (1’ antres d’ nne date pre—
eedente 1e font de petites planter 6‘ d, heroes,
(9’ ler plnr aneienner font converter des plnr
grandr arlzrer one f m vnr. fe croir one la
formation de ces dernierer e/l d’nne date trap
anrienne , ponr e‘tre :2 portée 'de l’ Hzfloire .
fln pied de la montagne e'levée par l’ernption
do 1’ anne’e 1669 :1 y a nne fofle par laonel—
le an moyen d’nne eorde, nonr rz'efc‘endimes dans
dijferenter caverner fonterrainer oni fe rami-
fioient (9' s’ etendoient tre’r loin, tellement one
none 72’ lmzordames par de nony yenfoncer, 1e
froid d’ aillenrr y e'tant exccfllf , (9“ an vent
violent etelgnant freonemment onelon’ nn denos
flambeanx. 11 y a apparenee, one ce; caverner
contenoient la lave oni [e fit jonr (9' 5’ e'te’n-
elzt, comme Je vienr de le dire , jnfon’a‘ Ca—
tane. 0n connoit plnflenrr de ces cavite’r fanf-
rerrainer dam of antres parties de 1’ Etna, telle
one eelle one let Pat/ans nomment la Baracca
Veto/21a, nne antre, la Spelonca della Palom-
ba (parceone 1e: pigeons fanvager y font lenrr
nia’s) (9’ la caverne Thalia dont parle Borea—
ge: Qgtelones nner font des magazinr ponr la
nézge, tonte la Sicile, (9‘ l’Isle de‘Malta, ti-

Vflfll’

 
 

an 43 use

cily and Malta being fupplied with this
effential article ( in a hot climate ) from
Mount Etna. Many more would be found,
I dare fay , if fearched for , particularly
near and under the craters from whence great.
lavas have iffued , as the immenfe quanti-
ties of fuch matter we fee above ground,
mull neceffarily fuppofe very great hollows
underneath .

After having paded the morning of the
25th in thefe obfervations , we proceeded
through the fecond or middle Region of
Etna, called la Selvofa , t/Je woody , than
which nothing can be more beautiful. On
every fide are mountains , 0r fragments of
mountains, that have been thrown up by
various ancient explolions 5 there are fome
near as high as Mount Vefuvius ; one in
Particular ( as the Canon our guide allu-
red me , having meafiired it) is little leis
than one mile in perpendicular height, and
five in Circumference at its bafis . They a-
re all more or lefs covered ,' even within
their craters, as Well as the rich vallies
between them, with the largeft oak, chef:
nut, and firr trees I ever {aw any whe—
re; and indeed it is from hence chiefly,
that his Sicilian Majefi’s clockyards are {up—-
plied with timber . As this part of Etna
was famous for its timber in the time of
the Tyrants of Syracufa , and as it requi—
res the great length of time I have alrea—
dy mentioned before the matter is fit for
vegetation, we may Conceive the great a-
ge of this refpeélablc Volcano. The chef:-
nut—trees predominated in the parts through
which we paired, and, though of a very
greet fize, are not to be compared to {'0‘
me on another part of the Regione Selvoa
{a , called Carpinetto. I have been told by
our guide, who had meafurecl’ the largelt
there, called La Cafiagna di cento Caval~
li, that it is upwards oftwenty-eight Nea—
politan canes in circumference. Now as a
Neapolitan cane is two yards and half a
quarter English meafure, you may judge,
Sir , of the immenfe fize of this famous
tree (a). It is hollow from age , but the—

re

(a) I have heard fince , from fome of our countrymen
Who have meafured this tree, that its dimenfions are 2-
finally

ront du Mont Etna eette produfiion efl'entiellc
dons nn climot c/mud. ]e erois girl on en de-
convriroit him (1’ outres encore, [i on les‘ c/oer-
c/ooit, purtienlierement pre’s (9' un-dcflous du
center (1’ on des grundes laws font forties ;
cor l’ immenfe gnuntité' de mntiere que l' on
'ooit nn-deflus du Sol , fnppofe necefloirement des
grands wuides nu—deflous.

.flpre's n'voir pnfle’ le motin du 2 5 d fnire
ces olzfervntions , nous troverfnmes lo feeonde
Region , ou la Region du milieu de l’Etnn op-
pellée In Selvofn, une o'es plus belles c/oofes de
ce genre. De c/Jngue cdté , il y n des montognes
on des fragments de montngnes e’le'vees par dif-
ferentes explofions uneiennes , il y en n quel-
ques nnes prefqne dufli bontes Que le Vefuve ,
une furtour ( comme nous l’nflurn no'tre guide
le C/mnoine gui l’n'uoit mefnrée ) o pres d’un
mille de lJnuteur, @‘cing milles de L‘irL‘oiferen-
are d fit [to/e. Elles font toutes , (tin/i one let
rie/Jes 'vullees gui les feporent , plus on mains
convertes, mé'me dons leurs trnters, de c/oénes,
des c/Juttzigniers , (‘7’ de fnpins plus grands one cenx
one ftti our nilleurs, (9“ e’efi de l/z' principa—
lenzent gu’ on tire les oois de eonflruflion pour
l’ nfoge des Chuntiers dn Roy de Naples. Cette
pnrtie de l’ Etnn emit dejn eeléore par/es bois
du terns des Tyruns de Sirneufe , 6’ devnnt
neccfloirement, eomme ]e l’ui dejn dit, s’ecou-
ler oien des fie’eles entre l’ eruption (9’ le mo-
ment on In line pent é’tre propre d In vegeta—
tion, nous pou'vons de ld nous former nne ide’e
du grand nge de ce refpefinole Vole/m . Les
ebntnigniers etoient l’efpeee d’nrlvres lo plus com—
mune dons les endroits one nous troverfomes,
(9“ quoique tre’s grands, on ne fnuroit les com-
pnrer truer quelgues nns d’ nne outre purtie de
lo Region Selim/n nppellée Cnrpinetto. f’ni en-
tendu dire pnr plufieurs perfonnes, (9‘ particu-
lierement pnr ndtre C/Junoine, qui omefure’ le
plus grand eontnignier de ce ennton nppé’lle' le
C lantnignier de Cent C/oe'vnnx, qu’il 4 plus de wing;
louit ennnes Nopolimines de eireonfi’r‘é’me, ( I49
pieds, (9° 4 pouces), lu ennne Nrtpolitnine e-
tnnt de 64 pence; de France, 'vons ponrre’s,
Monfienr juger de lo toille immenfe de eet nrbre
fdmeux (it) . Il efi ereux, meis il 3; en a un 12

cdté

(a) fad entendn depui: de qnelque nns de me: Companio-
tos qui on: mefnre cet Mere que {es dimenfions mien: efi'cfiz.
mment

 
 

 

 

 

 

eh“ 44 )i‘i“

re is another near it almofi as largeand
found . As it would have required aneur-
ney of two days to have vifited this ex-
traordinary Tree , and the weather being
already very hot , I did not fee it . It. is
amazing to me, that trees should flourish
in fo shallow a foil; for they cannot. .pe;
netrate deep without meeting With a rock
of lava; and indeed great part of the roots
of the large trees we paffed by, are. above
ground and have acquired, by the imprefi
fion of the air, a bark like that of their
branches. In this part of the mountain ,
are the finef’c horned cattle in Sicily ; we
remarked in general, that the horns of the
Sicilian cattle are near twice the fize of
any we had ever feen; the cattle themfel-
yes are of the common fize. We pafl'ed by
the lava of the lal’c eruption in the year
1766 , which'has deflroyed above {our m1-
les fquare of the beautiful wood abovemen-
tioned . The mountain railed by this erup-
tion abounds with fulphur and falts, exact-
ly refembling thofe of Vefuvius, fpecimens
of which I fent fome time ago to the la-
te Lord Morton.

In about five hours from the time We
had left the Convent of St. Nicolo dell’A—
rena , we arrived at the borders of the third
Region, called la Netta, or Scoperta, clean
or uncovered, where we found avery sharp
air indeed, [0 that in the fame day , the
four feafons of the year were fenfibly felt
by us on this montain ; exceflive fummer
heats in the Piemontefe,fpring and autumn
temperature in the middle , and extreme
cold of winter in the upper Region . I could
perceive, as Whe approached the latter, a.
gradual decreafe of vegetation, and from
large timber trees We came to the {mall
shrubs and plants of the northern climates:
I obferved quantities of juniper and tanzey;
our guide told us, that later in the feafon
there are numberlefs curious plants here ,
and that in fome parts there are rhubarb

and

finally as abovementioned ; but that they could perceive
{ome figns of four items having grown together , and formed
one Tree. N. B. Monfieur de Saufl'ure Profeflor of natural
Hillary ,at Geneva meafuredthis Tree accurately in 1773 and
found its diameter to be [at 6feet from the root] 48 fren-
ch feet ,and the fmaller diameter from whence the branches-
fprung 34. feet.

can qui e/lfuin (3‘ prefque uufli gros ’i ]e n’allois
point voir ces zirbres porcequ il ouroitfullu eno-
ployer deux jours i2 ce voyage, (9" qu zlfuifozr
trap c/Jizud . Il efl eronnunt que des urbre-s puif.
fent fleurir dons un terrein fi peu profond ,
cur ils ue peuvent penetrer lieuucoup funs trou-
ver un roe/oer de love, lu plufpnrf de: ruci—
nes des grands urbrer de ce cé’te’ lu' font fur
terre, (9' par l’impreflion de l’ air out ucqui:
une ecorce pureille {l eelle de leurs branches .
Duns cerre purrie de lo monrogne fe trouvent
les plus beuux befliuux de lo Sicile , nous
uvonr remurqué qu’ en general les oornes des
Bwufs de la Sieile font une fois uufl? grundes
que cellos des befliuux que l’ on voir uilleurs.
.Au refle les unimuux font de lo tuille ordi-
nuire. Nous puflumes pres de la derniere e—
ruption de l’ unnée I766 qui detruifir plus de
quurre miller en quuré olu beau leis donrfui pur-
lé. Lu monrugne e'leve'e pur eerie eruption 'u-
Izonde en foufre (9‘ en fels, exul‘lement [emolu-
lzles a ceux du Vefuve, (9“ dont f oi envoyé
des ecbuntillons nu feu Lord Morton il y u
guelque terns .

Environ cingu heures opre’s que nous eumes
guirte’ le Couvenr de ‘5‘. Nicolas de l’Arenu, nous
urrivumes uux confins de la troifieme Region up.
pelle’e lu Nemz, ou Seoperm nette ou decou-
verte l’ air 31 eroir ll lu verite’ exceflivement
froid; de forte que dons lu me’me journe’e nous
eprouvumes fur cetre monrugne les efi’m des
quutre fuifons de l’unne’e ; lu c/ruleur excefive de
l’ e'té dons lu Region Piemontoife , l’uir tempe-
re’ du prin-temps , (3’ de l’ Automne dun; lo
Region du milieu , (9' le froiul extreme de l’Hy-
ver dons celle d’ en-lauut. A mefure gue nous
nous opproc/rions de lo derniere, je remurguui,
que lo vegeturion diminuoir pur degre’s, depuis
les plus grands urlzre} jufgu’ uux plus petits
urbrifleuux, (’9‘ nux pluntes des climurs Septen-
trionuux . f’ obfervui quantiré de gene’vre, (9’
de tumurin, @rzdtre guide nous dit, que [or/:-
que la fuifon e/l plus ovonge’e , on y wait an

nom—

vement telles: muis que l’on pan-unit upperce'voir des marques do
quarre trones qui giant pris rucine enfemllle formoient un feul More.
Monfieur do Suuflure Prafefl'imr de l' Hifloire nuturelle (3 Ge-
ne’ve, ayant mefuré cet More en 1773 , trouvu que [2m din.
metre a fix pieds ole la rucine etoit de 48 pieds de France ,
(9‘ flm plus peril diumetre au-deflous des brunt/2e: de 48.

 

 

 

 
 

93?“ 4s Nile

and faffi‘on in plenty . In Carrera’s Hiflo-
ry of Catania , there is a lift of all the
plants and herbs of Etna , in alphabetical
order.

Night coming on , we here pitched a
tent , and made a good fire , which was
very necefl'ary, for without it , and very
Warm cloathing , We should furely have
perished with cold; and at one of the clock
in the morning of the 26th , we purfued
our journey towards the great crater. We
paired over vallies of {now that never melts,
except there is an eruption of lava from
the upper crater, which fcarcely ever hap—
pens; the great eruptions are ufually from
the middle Region , the inflamed matter fin-
ding ( as I fuppofe ) its paflage through
fome Weak part, long before it can rife
to the exceflive height of the upper Re-
gion, the great mouth on the fummit only
ferving as a common chimney to the Vol--
cano. In many places the {now is covered
with a bed of ashes , thrown out of the
crater, and the fun melting it in {ome parts
makes this ground treacherous; but as we
had with us, befides our guide, a peafant
well accufiomed to thefe vallies, we arri»
ved fafe at the foot of the little mountain:
of ashes that crovvns Etna, about an hour
before the rifing of the fun. This moun-
tain is fituated in a gently inclining plain,
of about nine miles in circumference ; it is
about a quarter of a mile perpendicular in
height, very fieep, but not quite f0 {’teep
as Vefuvius; it has been thrown up within
thefe twenty-five or thirty years , as many
people at Catania have told me they re-
membered when there was only a large
chafm or crater, in the midfi of the abo-
vementioned‘ plain. Till now , the afcent
had been f0 gradual (for the top of Etna
is not lefs than thirty miles from Catania,
from whence the afcent begins ) as not to
have been the leafi fatiguinggand if it had
not been for the {now , we might have
rode upon our mules to the very foot of
the little mountain , higher than which the
Canon our guide had never been : but as
I {aw that this little mountain was com-
pofed in the fame manner as the top of
Vefuvius , which , notwithfianding the {moak

iffuing

nombre infini de planter curieufer (9° que dnnr
quelques endroitr on trou've de In rhubnrbe, (9'
du fnfrnn en noondnnee . Dnns I’Ioifloire d:
Cntnne pnr Cnrrern iI )1 n une Ii e de route:
Ier plnnter de I’Etnn pnr ordre nlpbnnetique.
Comme In nuit npprocnoit nour nous mi-
mes~ ici I? convert four une tente (9' fime: un
grnnd feu , ce qui etoit trey neccflnire, cnr fnm‘
feu, (9° entitles comme nous etionr, nous euf-
flons peri infnllinlement de froid . Le 26 n
une IJeure npre'y minuit nous pourfui'vimesno'tre
'vo'inge 've’rs Ie grnnd ernter . Nous pnflnmer
fur der neiger qui remplifl'ent der 'vnllé'er pro-
fonder , (9* qui ne fondent jnmnir d moinr qu’
il 72’ y couIe nu—dcflus quelques In'ver de In lieu-
cIye du grnnd crnter, ce qui nrri've tre’s rnre-
ment, Ies grnnder eruption; 'vennnt ordinnire«
ment de In moyenne Region, (9' ceIn pnrceque
In mntie’re enflnmme’e (d ce qu’il me femlale)
trouvnnt d fe fnire jour dnnr quelquer pnrtier
foibles , Iang-temps n'vnnt gu’ eIIe puzfle r’éIe-
Iver d In Ionuteur exeejjive de In Region fupea-
rieure ; In grnnde [your/1e du fommet ne fert
que de c/reminée commune nu Volenn.Dnnr plu-
fleurr endroitr In neige e/I cou'verte (1’ un lit
de eendrer jette’er du crnter, b’lefoleil Infan-
dnnt dnnr quelques pnrties en rend In furfnre
dnngereufe: mnir comme nous n'vionr n'vec nous
independnmment de rzdtre guide un pn'zfnn him
nu fnit de oer 'unIIe’er, nous nrri'vnmer fnnr
nccident nu pied do In petite montngne de cen-
drer , qui couronne I’Etnn , environ une IJeure
n'vnnt Ie Ie'ver du foleil . Cette montngne (fl
fltue’e fur une plnine d’unepente d’en'viron neuf
miller de cireonference, elle n’n guerer qu’un
gunrt de mille de Ionuteur perpendiculnire, tre’r
efcnrpe’e, mnis non cependnnt pnr nutnnt que Ie
Vefu've ; eIIe n 6% formée depuir trente nnr, (3’
plufieurr perfonner de Cntnne m’ont dit, qu’elle:
fefouvenoient de n’n'voir 'Uli qu’un Inrge ernter
dnnr Ie milieu de cette plnine . fufqu’ :2 pre-
fent In montée n'voit e'té nfl'e’r douee pour n’d—
tre pnr fntigunnte _; cnr le fommet de I’ Etna
e/I (l trente mille de Cntnne (d’ou I’on nomen-
ce a manter ) 6“ [471: In neige ’nou: nurion:
pu nller fur nor muletr jufnu’ nu pied de In
petite montngne, plus Ianut gue Ie Cbnnoine no”-
tre guide 21’ n'voit jnmnir e'te’ . Comme ] e 711':
que cette petite montngne etoit femlilnnle d In
cimedu Vefu'oe qui efi folide (9“ ferme, quai-
que In fumée forte de tour Ier pore: , je ne
fir nucune dificulte’ d’ nller nu Ianut du crater
' ' L (3‘ me:

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

e?“ 46 )X‘

ifruing from every pore, is folid and firm,
I made no fcruple of going up to. the ed-
e of the crater; and my companions fol-
lowed. The fieep afcent , the keennefs of
the air, the vapours of the fulphur', .and
the violence of the wind , which obliged
us feveral times to throw ourfelves flat u-
pon our faces to avoid being overturned
by it , made this latter part of our expe-
dition rather inconvenient and difagreable.
Our guide, by way of comfort, aflhredus,
thfi there was generally much more Wind
in the upper Region than at this time.
Soon after We had feated ourfelves on
the higheft point of Etna , the fun arofe ,
and difplayed a fcene that indeed paffes
all defcription. The horizon lighting up
b degrees, we difcovered the greatef’c part
of Calabria, and the {ea on the other fide
of it; the Phare of Meflina , the Lipari
Islands; * Stromboli with is fmoaking top,
though at above feventy miles diflance ,
feemed to be juf’r under our feet: We law
the whole island of Sicily, its Rivers, Towns,
Harbours, &c. as if we had been looking
on a map . The island of Malta is low
ground, and there was a hazinefs in that
part of the horizon, {0 that We could not
difcern it, our guide afl'ured us , he had
feen it diflinflly at other times , which I
can believe , as in other parts of the hori-
zon that Were not hazy , we law to a
much greater diflance 5 befides , we had a
clear view of Etna’s top from our ship,as
we Were going into the mouth of the har-
bour of Malta fome weeks before; in short,
as I have fince meafured on a good chart,
we took in at one View acircle of above
nine hundred English miles . The pyrami«
dal shadow of the mountain reached acrofs
the Whole island , and far into the fea on
the other fide. I counted from hence forthy-
four little mountains (little I call them in
comparifon of their mother Etna , though
they would appear great any where elfe)
1n the middle Region on the Catania fide,
and many others on the other fide of the
mountain, all of a conical form, and each
hav1ng_its crater; many with timber trees
flourishing, both within and Without their
craters. The points ofthofe mountains that

I imagine to be the molt ancient are blun—

ted,

Ln monre’e
dune , lo 'vi'onsité de l’ uir, les nnpeurs du [cu—-
fre, (9° lo violence du went out nous oblzgen
plus d’une fois de nous jetter le wfuge contra

(9° mes compugnons me fuswrent‘ .

tewe cminte (1’ en é'tre ren'verfe’s , uendirenr
cetre demiere pantie de ndtue expedition tre’s
defugreuble . Pour nous confoler né‘tue guide
nous uflum qu’ il y omit oudinnirement beau-
coup plus du 'vent dons lo lynute Region de l’
Emu , gu’ il 12’ en foifoit pour lors .

Bientdt 4pm que nous nous fumes nflis fur la
plus boure poinre de l’Ernu, lefoleilfe levn , (3'
nous eumes dewnr les yeux une feedne brillimte
nu-deld de route defcuiption. La Harifon 3’ e-
clnirunt par degrés, nous decou'vuimes lo plus
gunnde pnm‘ie de lo Colubue 6’ ln mer de l’uu-
tre cdte‘,le lere de Mefline, (9“ les Isles ole
Lipnri. *Sruomlaoli n'vec fon fommetfumunt( quai-
gue eloigné de plus de 70 milles ) fembloit
dire preeifemenr fous nos pieds ; nous 'vimes
l’ Isle entiere de lo Sicile , fes Ri'viei‘es , fes
Villes, [es Hn'vues (9's. comme fl nous onions
uegnrde’ uue mute de Geogmp/oie. L’Isle de Mol—
re ejl une terre bofle: moi: ily n'voit une telle
brume'de ce co‘relil de l’Houi-zpn, que nous ne
primes lo him win ; notue guide nous nfluuu
qu' il l’ n'voir mm d’ uutres fois tre’s di/linfle-
mem‘, (9’ ]e le crois, pouceque dons d’ outres
parties de l’ ban/an qui n’ etoienr pus embru-
mess , nous 'vimes ii une plus gmnde diflunee;
d’ uilleuus quelques femuines oupnwz'vnm‘ en en-
trant dons le louvre de Molte , nous u'vions en
de ndtre voiflenux une 'vue tre’s diflinfle du
fommet de l’Emn: enfin comme je l’oi mefure’
depuis fur une bonne mute, nous pou'vions 'voir
dons un inflnnt une circonferenoe de plus de
900 milles . L’ ombre pyromidnle de lo mon-
tngne Mover/oil toure l’ Isle, (9’ s’ etendoit
fort uvnnr dons lu'mer. ]e comptui de lo’ 44

,petztes montngnes dons lo moyenne Region du

cdté de Gimme , (9° plufleurs nutres du cdte‘
oppofe’, routes d’ une forme eonigue , cbucune
uyont un critter , donr plufieurs eroient cou—
verrs de grands Mines uu—deduns, (9‘ ou-deloors;
f oppelle ces monMgnes petites en tompnmi—
fon du.Mont Emu dam“ elles ne font, qu’une
emanation ; cur pnu tout oilleurs elles pumi-
troient gmndes. Les, pointes de ces montognes
que J’eflime étreles plus anciennes font emouf—

fees,

 

* Pl. V
XXXVII.

 
a?“ 47 )* ii?-

tcd, and the craters of courfe more exten—-
five and lefs deep than thofe of the moun—
rains formed by explofions of a later date,
and which preferve their pyramidal form
entire. Some have been {0 far mouldered
down by time , as to have no other ap-
pearance of a crater than a fort ofdimple-
or hollow on their rounded tops , others
with only half or a third part of their co-
ne {landing ; the parts that are wanting
having mouldered down, or perhaps been
detached from them by earthquakes, which.
are here very frequent . All, however have-
been evidently railed by explofion 5 and I
believe, upon examination , many of the.
whimfical shapes of mountains in other
parts of the world would prove to have.
been occafioned by the fame natural ope—
rations . I obferved that thefe mountains
were generally in lines or ridges; they ha:
ve mofiiy a frafiure on one fide,thefame
as in- the little mountains railed by explo—
lion on the fides of Vefiivius , of which
there are eight or nine ., This frafl'ure is
occafioned by the lava, forcing its way
out, which operation I have defcribed in
my account of the lafl eruption of Vel’uu-
vius . Whenever I shall meet with a mounc
tain , in any part of the world , whole
form is regularly conical, with a hollow
crater on its top and one fide. broken , I
shall be apt to decide fuch a mountain
having been formed by an eruption; as both
on Etna ad Vefuvius the mountains formed"
by explofion are without exception accor-
ding to this defcription . But to. return to:
my narrative.

After having feaf’ted our eyes with the
glorious profpeé’t above-mentioned ( for
which, as Spartian tells us , the Emperor
Adrian was at the trouble of afcending Et-
na ), We looked into the great crater ,,
which, as near as we could judge , is an
bout two miles and a half in circumferen—
ce; we did not think it fate to go round?
and meafure it , as fome parts feemed to:
be very tender ground . The infide of the-
crater, which is incruf’ced‘ with {alts and“
fulphurs like that of Vefuvius , is in the
form of an inverted hollow cone, and its
depth nearly anfwers to: the height of the
little mountain that mourns the great: Vol-

eano

fe’ey , (9' lee crater: par con/equent plus eten—i
dust , (9' moinr profond; gue ceux ole: monta-
gnex forme'er par der explofions plus re'center ,
gut confer’vent en enticr leur forme pyramida—
le ; quelgues uner ont e’te’ [i c/Jangées par ler
tempt gu’ elles n’ont d’ autre apparence- d’ an
crater, qu’ une forte de creux clans leur fom—
met arrondi; d’ autrer ont feulement one deu-
zienze , ou troljieme partie de leur cone qui.
fuoflfle , ler parties gul manquent ayant peat-
é'tre e'té detac/Je'es par ler treinblemenstr tkter-
re tre’s frequentr clan-s cette contre'e: router ce-
pendant ont e'te' evidemment eleve’es par der ex-
plofiom, (9’ ]e crolr que le refultat deer plus
exafles olrfer'uationr fur ce point feroit gue plu-v
flours former finguliere: de montagnes dam cl’
autres parties du Monde font due: a de fem-
Halves operations de In nature. f‘obferval gue
ces montagnes etoient generalement range/es en
ligne ou en clJainer , gu’ elles ont ordinaire-
ment une fraflure fur un co‘te’ , de meme que
les petites montagner elevée: par exploflon pre’s
du Vefu'ue,ou l’on en 'voit louit ou neuf. Cette
frac‘i‘ure efl occafionne’e par lee lave; qui s’ou~
'vrent par force an paflagre. ]' ai decrit cette
operation de la nature dam ma relation- de la
derniere eruption du Vefune, (9‘ toutes let fois
que fe 'verral une montagne d’ une forme re-
gulle’rement conique ,. once an crater fur lefom—
met 0’ an cé‘té rompu', fe jugerai, qu’ ell:
a e‘te' forme'e par une eruption Volcanigue, par—
reque fur l’ Etna (‘3‘ le Vefu'oe lee montagnes
forme’er par exploflons, font toutes fan: excep-
tion, conformer (l cette' defoription : malt fe
review a ma relation .

w

flpre": anoir raflaflé nor yeux du flieoclacle
admirable don-t ]e vlenr de parler ( (9" pour
l'eguel comme nous le d'it Spartien, l’Empereur
fldrlen fe donna la peine de granlr le [Wont
Etna ) nous regardames dam le grand crater,
gut, autant que. ]e puts en juger, await deux
miller (9" demi de Clrconferem‘e . Nous ne
crumes pas gu’ ll 3: out d‘e la furete’ a‘en faire
le tour, (’9‘ :2 le mefurer parcegue dam quel-
guer parties la Surface, noutparolfloit trc'r foi-
lvle. L’ interleur du crater dont la croute of}
de [cl (9' de foufre comme celui du Vefu’ve ,
a la forme d’ an cvlne creux renverfe‘, (‘3’ fr:
profondeur reponcl a pea—pres a‘ la lJauteur de
la petite montagne gui couron-ne le grand Vol-
can ,

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

~>I=EC 48 Hit

Cano. The fmoak, ifl'uing abundantly from
the fides and bottom , prevented our feeing
quite down; but the wind clearing away
the fmoak from time to time, I law this
inverted cone contrafled almoft to a pomt,
and , from repeated obfervations , I dare
fay, that in all Vo‘lcanos , the depth of
the craters will be found to correfpond near-
ly to the height of the conical mountains
of cinders which uf'ually crown them 2 in
short, I look upon the craters as afort of
fufpended funnels, under which are vaf’c
caverns .and abyKes . The formation of fuch
conical mountains with their craters are
eafily accounted for, by the fallof the Pro-
nes , Cinders , and ashes , emitted at the
time of an eruption.

The fmoak of Etna , though very ful-
phureous, did not appear to me fo fetid
and difagreeable as that of Vefuvius ; but
our guide told me , that its quality varies,
as I know that of Vefuvius does , accor-
ding to the quality of the matter then in
motion within. The air was {0 very pure
and keen in the whole upper Region of
Etna, and particularly in the molt eleva-
ted parts of it, that we hada difliculty in
refpiration , and that , independent of the
fulphureous vapour . I brought two baro-
meters and a thermometer with me from
Naples, intending to have left one' with
a perfon at the foot of the mountain ,
Whilfl we made our obfervation with the

. other , at fun—rifing on the fummit -, but

one barometer was unluckily fpoilt at fea,
and I could find no one expert enough at
Catania to repair it: what is extraordina-
ry , I do not recolleé’c having feen a ba-
rometer in any part of Sicily. At the foot
of Etna, the 24th , when we made our
firfl' obfervation , the quickfilver flood at
27 degrees 4 lines; and the 26th , at the
molt elevated point of the Volcano, it was
at 18 degrees IO lines. The thermometer,
on the firft obfervation at the foot of the
mountain was at 84 degrees , and on the
fecond at the crater at 56 (o). The wea-
ther had not changed in any refpeé’c , and
was equally fine and clear, the 24th and
26th

(a) No great firefs should be laid upon thefe obferva-

trons, as the many inconveniences we laboured under, and
the

can. Lu fumée qui fortoit ebondumment der Co'-
te’r (9‘ du fond , nous empe’clro de 'voir jufqu’
on our, moi; le went I’ e‘cortont de. tempr Ien
temps , fe 'vir ce co’ne ren'ver/el fe retrecir,
prefgue jufqu’ dn’etre plus qu’ no point ; d’a-
pre’r oer obfer'votious repete’es, J’ofe dire, qua
dons tour les Volconr lu profondeur der croterr
fe troupe correfpondre de tre’s pre’s d In loun-
teur de lo montogne conique de eendrer, don:
il font ordinoirement couronnér . j'e regorde
tour res croterr comme une forte d’ entonnoirr
fufpendur four lefquelr ilyo des 'vnjles co'ver-
ner , (9" obimes. 0n pent oifement rendre com-
pte de la formation de oer montogner coniguer
over leurr cruterr, por lo tloute des pierrer (9’
der cendres jettéer pendant une eruption .

Lofume’e de l’Etno guoique fulfureufe ne me
purut pus fl fetide, (9' fi defogreolyle guecelle
du Vefu’oe, moi: no'tre guide me dit, gue ce-
ln 'vorioit felon lo quulité de lo motiére in-
terieure qui fe trou've olors en mauvement ,
(9’ en efiret f oi remorgue’ qu’ il en e/l de
méme ou Ve u'ue . L’ air etoit ji pur , (T [i
'vif don; lo [mute Region de l’Etno, ('9’ pur-
ticulie’rement don: le: parties ler plus éle'oées,
que nous onion; de lo difliculté d refpirer ,
(9‘ celo independemment de lo 'vopeur fulplou-
reufe. f 4720i; opporte’ o'vec moi de Naples
deux Burometrer, (9 un Tbermometre, dons l’_
intention d’ en loifler un nu pied de lo mon-
togne pendant que nous ourions foit nor obfi‘r—
notions one: l’ outre fur le fommet on lever
du Soleil: moir mol/Jeureufement un de ces in-
flruments s’ etont gote’ en 'voyuge , je ne pus
trou'ver perfonne d Cot/me pour le roccomoder,
(3‘ ce qui efl bien plus extraordinaire , c' eff
que Je ne me roppelle pus d’ u'voir an? un Bo-
rometre en quel lieu que ce foit de lo Sicile .
Le 24 nous fimer né‘tre premiere obfervotion
nu pied de l’ Etna , le mercure etoit d 27
degrér 4 lignes . Le 26 d lo portie lo
plus e'leve’e ,du Volcon il etoit d 18 degre’r
IO ligner . Le Tbermométre nu pied de lo
montogne etoit (i la premiere olzfer'vntion d 84
degre’r , (9‘ o‘ lo feconde fur le croter d 56 ,
(9’ le tems n’o'voit point c/Jonge’ oyont e'té ego-
lement beau (9" cloir le 24 (3° le 26 du
moi: (o) . Noux trou'vomes de lo difliculte’ d

nous

(a) On no doit point 5’ arreter beautoup fur ce: obfer-uatianr,
car le: mconvemens qua non: rencontrion: i let faire , ('9‘ 1:

pm

 
eliéC 49 Hit

26th. We found it diflicult to manage our
Barometer in the extreme cold and high
wind on the rep of Etna 5 but , from the
1110?: exaé’t obfervations.we could make in
our circumfiances , the refult was as abo-
vementioned . The Canon affurecl me,that
the perpendicular height of Mount Etna is

fomething more than three Italian miles , '

and I verily believe it is [0.

After having paired at leafi three hours
on the crater , we defcended , and went
to a rifing ground , about a mile difiant
from the upper mountain we had jufl; left,
and law there fome remains of the foundam
tion of an ancient Building; it is of brick,
and feems to. have been ornamented with
white marble , many fragments of which
are fcattered. about. It is called the Philofo-»
pher’s Tower , and. is laid to have been
inhabited by Ein'pedocles . As the ancients
ufed to facrifice to the Celefiial Gods on
the top of Etna (a) , it may very well be
the ruin of a Temple. that {Exiled for that.
purpofe . From hence we went a little fun
ther over the inclined plain abovementio-
ned, and law the evident marks of a dread—
ful torrent of hot water, that came out
of the great crater at the time ofan'erup-
tion of lava in the year 1733 , and upon
which phenomenon the Canonico Recupew
to, our guide, has published a dill'ertation.
Luckily this torrent did. not take its coup...

fe'

the little praaice we had in fuch ni’ce operations , muff.
neceflarily have rendered them very inaccurate . TheCanon-
Recupero, who was our guide , attended Meir. Glover ,
Fullerton, and Brydone, up Mount Etna in June 1770.
The latter is a very ingenious and accurate obferver, and
has taken the height of many of the highefl mountains in
the Alps. His obfervations,~ as the Canon informed me,
were as follows: At the top of the mountain the quickfil-
ver in the Thermometer was 9 degrees below freezing point,
when. at the foot of the little mountain that crowns the
Volcano the Barometer flood at 20° 4?, half. way up this
little mountain it was at 19° 6'; but the wind was too
violent for them to attempt any more obfervations . The
Barometer and Thermometer were of Faren‘heit’s. MnBry.
done remarked, as he went up in the night, that he could
difiinguish the {tars in the milky waywithwonderfulclear-
nefs , and that the cold was much more intenfe than he
had ever felt upon» the higheft mountains of the Alps.

(3) This pallage, in Cornelius Severus’s Poem upon Et~
na, feems to confirm my opinion:
,, Placantefque etiam czlefiia numina thure
,, Summo cerne jugo, vel qua liberrimus Etna
,, Improfpeaus hiat; tantarum femina rerum
,, Si nihil irritet flammas, fiupeatque profundumq,‘

v

nous fer'vir de né’tre Barometre fur le [owner
de l'Emn ii cuufi du froid exceflif, (3“ de l1;
'violence du vent, muir felon ler obfer'vntions
105‘ plus exufier que- ndtre firuntian flour per-
mit de fnire, le refulmr fut camme fe wiens
de le dire . Le Clam/line m’avoir nfluré, que lu
buuteur perpendiculnire du Mont Etna furpzzf-
foil troir miller d’Imlie, (’9' ]e rroir qu’il u
rnifon.

Apre’r u'voir pnfle’ nu moinr trois neures fur
la crater, nour defcendimer pour nllcr fur un
terrein eleve’, eloigné d’ environ un mille de
In montagne fuperieure gue [nous 'venionr de
quitter. Nous y trouvnmes guelquer reflex tier
fondemem d’ un Bntiment untigue, gui font de
origues, (9" qui paroiflent nvoir e'té ornér do
mnrnre blunc, donr il refle quelgue frngincnrr
gn-(‘f—lii . Lion appelle cer endroit ln Tour
du P/Jilafoplre, purcequ’ on pretend qu’Empedo-
le l’ n bubite’e. Comma les nncienr fucrifioienr
(tux Dieux Cele/fer fur le/omnzer de l’Ernn (4)
il [9 pourrait bien que re: ruiner fufli’nt ler
reflex d’un Temple dont ils fe fervoient pour
cer eflrecer de fncrifices. Nous nllnmes enfuire
un peu plur loin fur ln pluine incline’e donr
I6 wiem de pnrler , (9’ nous 'vimes ler truce:
(1’ un torrent épou’vnnmble rl’enu Clo/rude guifor—
tit du grnnd crater (V036 une eruption de ln'ue
en I7 35. Le Clo/Inning Recupero , no‘rre guide a
public’ uue difleriiztion fur cc p/Jenome’ne. Heu—
reufement ce torrent ne prit pus fu route every
ler lieux nubile: de lo montagne ; cur un ac-

cident‘

peu de pmé‘iique que nous u'viom' en‘ der apemiiom fi delica-
ter, devoient neceflizirement 1e: rendre peu rambler . Le me‘me
Clanoine Recupera accompagnu Msflieur: Glover, Fullerton (3‘
Brydane a? In naucbe ale l’Etmi nu moi: dc juin 1770 , (9'1:
dernier de cer Meflieurr obfer-uateur tre’: ingenieux 0‘ tré:
emf? ayunr mefuré’ In [muteur de quelquer mm- de: plus Imu-
ter mantagner ties caliper, mici fer alrfer'untiom , felon ce que
J’ui apprir. ofu fimmet de la montugne le mercure 1m T1727-
mometre fut ii 9 degre’: au-defl'bur de la ligne de 112 glut: ,
en me‘me tems qu’ uu pied de la montdgne il 5’ elevoit 12 76.
.A'u pied a’u monticule qui couronne le Volt/m, le Barometre e-
tait a 20° 4-? 29‘ 3-moitié cbemin rle llz' var: le fizmmet, xl
emit 12 19° 6', moi: ilr ne purenr faire [l‘num’r abferwnanr
a cuufe de la violence clu vent . Le Buyomrtre (9‘ le Ther-
mometre etaient ale Farenbelt . Mr. Brydorre remnant 6’” mon-
mm 1’ Emu 'vers le fair , qu’ i1 diffinguait let mule: de 1‘.‘
wye luflée d’une clarete’ admimole , (9' 9f” {9 fund! 9’0“
benucaup plus [mm/e , qu’ il ne l’uwrt 111mm: tmwve furl“
plus nauter montagnes der .A’lpe: - '

(3) Ce pnflizge du Paé'me d'e‘Camezlle Severe fur le Mont
Emu puroit canfirmer man opinion: . .
Placuntefgue etium axle/lid nurmmi tlJure
Summo cerne jugu, vel gm? liberrimur Etna
Imprafpeflur 11in: ; mnmrum femina rerum
.S‘i niln'l irritet flumrmu, flupeatque profundum . ,,

J!
n
3)

3)

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

%(w>%

Te over the inhabited parts of the moun-
tain; asalike accident on Mount Vefuvrus
in 1631 {wept away fome Towns and VII-
lages in its neighbourhood, 'w1th thoufands
of their inhabitants . The common received
opinion is, that thefe eruptions of water
proceed from the Volcanos havmg a com—
munication with the fea; but I rather be-
lieve them to proceed merely from idepoliq
tions of rain water in fome of the inward
cavities of them . We likewife {aw from
hence the whole courfe of an ancient lava,
the molt confiderable as to its extent ofa-
11y known here ; it ran into the fea near
Taormina , which is not lefs than thlrty
miles from the crater whence it ifiued, and
is in many parts fifteen miles in breadth .
'As the lavas of Etna are very commonly
fifteen and twenty miles in length, fix or
feven in breadth, and fifty feet or more In
depth; you may judge, Sir, of the prodi-
gious quantities of matter emitted inagreat
eruption of this mountain, and of the valt
cavities there mull necefl‘arily be within its
bowels. The mofl extenfive lavas ofVefu-
vius do not exceed {even miles in length .
The operations of nature on the one moun—
tain and the other are certainly the fame;
but on Mount Etna , all are upon a great
fcale. As to the naturejnd quality oftheir
lavas , they are much the fame 5 butI think
thofe of Etna rather blacker, and in gene-
1111 more porous, than thofe of Vefuvius.
In the parts of Etna that we Went over,
I law no firatas of pumice fiones , which
are frequent near Vefuvius, and cover the
ancient City of Pompeii 5 but our guide
told us, that there are fuch in other parts
of the mountain. I {aw fome firatas of
what is called here tufa; * it is the fame
that covers Herculanum, and that compo-
{es-mofi of the high grounds about Naples;
1t 15 upon examination, amixture offmall
pumice flones, ashes, and fragments of 1a-
va, which is by time hardened into afort
of {tone (a). In short, I found , with re-
fpeél to the matter erupted , nothing on
Mount Etna that Vefuvius does not produ-
ce; and there certainly is a much greater

va-

(a), A better account of the formation of tufa will be
feen in the next letter.

   

cident pareil fur le Mont Vefiwe en 16 3.1
emporta quelgues Villas (9‘ Villages tle fan 710;:
fluage avec des milliers de leurs babzrans . L
opinion commune (fl que. ces “Wilma”! 61’ eau
proce’deur d’ une communication du Vulcan 47;“-
la mer ,' Je les crois plufto‘t occ'afiannees [im-
plement par des depots d’ eau. ’de plule. dim;
guelgues uues de Ieurs coucawtes mterzeures.
Nous 'Uimes de cet endroir le cours ermer d’ u-
no ancieime la've, la plus confiderable par fon
erendue de routes celles qu’ on commit, laquelle
entra dans la mer pre’s de Taormina gui oil a
30 milles du crater (1’ cu elle'fortit. Cette la-
ve a dam quelgues parties 15 milles de lar-
gear . Les la'ves de l’ Ema our communemenr
15 (9‘ 20 miller de longueur, 6 no 7 de lar—
geur, (9’ so pied: ou plus deprofandeur:ain-
fl, Monfleur, juge’s de la quantite’ prodigieufe
de mariére fortie de cette montagne clans les
eruptions, (9‘ des vafles cavités qu’ il doir y
a'ooir au-dedans. La lave la plus étendue du Ve-
fu've n’ excede pas plus de 7 miller en longueur.
Les operations de la nature fur l’une, (9’ l’au—
tre montagne [out fimlilabes ; mais celles du
Mont Ema four fur une plus graade echelle .
Les qualirés de leur la'ves font les mé’me5mais
Je crois celles de l’ Etna plus noires , (9‘ en
general plus poreufes gue celles du Ve uve .
Dans les parties de l’ Erna gue nous tra'verfa-
mes, ]e no 71}: aucun de ces lirs de pierres
ponces gui font [i frequents pres du Ve/‘u've ,
(9‘ qui cou'vrmt Fancienne Ville de Pompeii ,
mais no‘tre guide nous dit , gu’ il y en a des
femblabes clans d’ autres parties de la monta-
gue. Je 'vis quelques couches de ce qu’ a Na-

ples on appelle tufa , *gui cou'vre Herculanum, " Pl.
(9' gui compo/e une granule partie des Ierres XLH‘
éle'vées au-pre's de Naples , (9‘ apre’s l’ a'voir XL '

examine ]’ ai jugé. que 0’ e/l un me‘laizge de pe<
tires pierres ponces, de cendres, ('9' de fragmeus
cle lave gui s’efl endurcie avec le rems , an
point do former une forte de pierre (a) . E78
1472 mot Je ne trou'vai fur le Mont Ema (pour
ce gui regarde les matiéres Volcanigues ) rien
que le chu've ire produife , (9‘ il e/i certain
qu’ il y a uue plus grande variete’ dam- les
marieres brule’es (9° les laves de certe deraiere
montagne. Toutes les deux abandem‘ en pyrites
(9‘ en cryflallifatious , ou pluftot e72 vitrifica-
. tions.
(a) Is dormerai une ide‘e plus jufle de ce tufa dim: la let-
¢re fliivante.
/

 
9?“ SI )élée

variety in the erupted matter and lavas of
the latter, than of the former;both abound
with pyrites and cryflallizations, or rather
vitrifications. The fea shore at the foot of
Etna, indeed , abounds with amber , of
which there is none found at the foot 'of‘
Vefuvius. At prefent there isamuch grea-
ter quantity of fulphur and falts on the
top of Vefuvius than on that of Etna; but
this circumfiance varies according to the
degree of fermentation within; and our gui-
de affured me,he had féen greater quanti—
ties on Etna at other times . In our way
back to Catania , the Canon shewed me a
little hill, covered with vines, which be-
longed to the Jefuits , and, as is well at-
tefied, was undermined by the lava in the
year 1669 , and tranfported half a mile
from the Place where it ftood,without ha—
ving damaged the vines .

In great eruptions of Etna,the fame fort
of lightning , as defcribed in my account
of the lafi eruption of Vefuvius , has been
frequently feen to iffue from the finoak of“
» its great crater. The Ancients took notice
of the fame phenomenon; for Seneca (lib.
ii. Nat. Quaefl. ) fays, __ ,, Etna aliquan-
,, do multo igne abundavit, ingentem Vim
.,, arena: urentis effudit , involutns ell dies
,, pulvere, populofque fubita nox terruit,
,, illo tempore uiunt plurimu fuijfe tonitruu (3’
,, fulminn. ,,

Till the year 252 of Chrif’c , the Cl’u‘O-v
nological accounts of the eruptions ofEtna
are very imperfeé’t . I find , by the dates
of the eruptions of that Mountain , that
it is as irregular and uncertain in its 0-
perations as Vefuvius (o). The lafl eruption
was in 1766.

On our return from Mefiina to Naples;
We Were becalmed three days in the midfl
of the Lipari islands, by which we had

an

(a) The dates of the eruptions of Mount Etna ,[ recor-
ded by hifiory, are as follows: Before the Cluiftian aara
four, in the years 3315. 3538. 3554. 3843. After Chrifl,
twenty-{even have been recorded, 1175. 1285.1321J3z3.
1329. 1408. 1530. 1536. 1537. 1540. 1545.1545. 1554..
1556. 1566. 1579. 1614. 1634. 1636. 164316691682.
1689. 1692. 1747. 1755. 1766.

The dates of the eruptions of Vel'uvius are as follows.‘
After Chili—~79. 203. 472.. 512. 685. 993. 1036. 1043.
1043. 1048. 1136. 1506. (1538, the eruption’at Puzzo—
le. 1631. 1660. 1682.. 1694. 1701. 1704. 1717.. 1717.
1730.1737. 1751. 1754.17601 1766. 1767.1770. 1771.

tions I Sur le ri'ooge de lo rm 2m“ pied do
1’ Etnn on Home quontire’ d’ umbre, ce qu’ an
ne trou've pus nu pied du Ve u've . .A prefent
51 y n une plus grunde quontite’ de foufre (3“
de fel: fur le fommet du Vefu've gue fur ce-
lui de l’ Etnn ; muis cette circonjlunce 'vnrie
fuivnnt le degré de fermentution du dedrmr ,‘
(9' no‘tre guide 711’ oflurn , que dons d’ uutres
temps il en u'voit 'vii duwuntnge fur l’Etnn.
Lorfque nous re'vinmes d Cntnne le Connoine
nous fit 'voir un montioule cou'vert de vignes
appurtenant uutrer fair uux Jefuites, qui fut (i
re qu’on dit mine' par In [new en 1669 (3’
trunfporté ti un demi mille du lieu ou il etoit
uupurnzznnt, fun: one ler vignes en fuflent en-
domngée: . '

Duns de: forte: eruptions de l’ Etnn, on u

fan-vent 'vi’i fortir du milieu de lo fumée que
'vomifl'oit le grand crater , des eclnirs (9° ties
zig—zog de feu, tels gue ]e les ni decritr dune
mu relation de in derniere eruption du Ve u'oe.
Les .Ancienr u'voieizt remurgué le mime p/Jeno—
mine; cur Sene’que ( lilo. II. Nut. ,Qurejl. )dit,
3, Etna uliqunndo multo igne obnndnvit, in-
” gentem 'vim arena: urentis ejfudit , involutu:
9, gfl din pulvere, populo/que fubitn nox ter-
,, ruit , illo tempore aiunt plurima fuifle
tonitrua & fulmina. ,,
Jufqu’ r2 l’unne’e 2 52 de l’Ere Claretienne l’
bifloire Cloronologigue der eruptions de l’ Etnu
of} tree impnrfaite. Muir je trou've pnr les du-
tes des eruptions de ce Volcun, que cette monr
tngne efl uufli irregulie’re dnns fer operations
que le Ve mm. (a) Lu derniere eruption de l’Et-
no fut en 1766 .

En retourmmt de Mefline 2 Naples nous
eumes un culme de trois jourr nu milieu tier
Isle; de Lipnri , f eus pnr ln' occuflon de

re ‘

U
u

(a) Ler date: a'e: eruptions du Mont Ema dent 1’ [Ii/lair?
purle fimt le: fui’vnntes . .xfmm 1‘ Ere Cbretienne. quatre ,
[mm m 3525. 3538. 3454. 3843. {’3' 27 eruption: aprér
J. C. févoir en 1175. 1285. 1321.1313. 1329. 1408. 1530.
1536. 1537. 1540. 1545. 1554. 1556. 1566.1579. 1614.
1634. 1636. 1643. 1669. 1682. 1689. 1692.1702.1747.
1755. 1766.

Le: J'ui'uunte: font lei“ (lute: ole: eruption: 1114 Vefuve , a-
pres ]. C. 79. 7.03. 4.72. 512. 685. 993. 1036. 1043.
1048. 1136. 1506. ( 1538 , eruption a Pozgoali) 1631.
1660. 1682. 1694. 1701. 1704.. 1712. 1717.173o.1737.
1751. 1754. 1760. 1766. 1767. 1770. 1771.

 
 

 

 

   

 

 

 

\ 9:61; 52 )3‘?‘

an opportunity. of feeing that they have all$
been evidently formed by explolion (a).
One of them , called Vulcano, is 1n the fame
flate as the Solfaterra . * Stromboli rsia
Volcano exifiing inall its force , and. it!
its form of courfe, is the melt pyramidal
of all the Lipari islands; We {aw 1t throw
up red hot [tones from its crater frequent—
ly, and fome {mall fireams of lava iffued
from its fide , and ran into the lea .
This Volcano differs from Etna and Vefu—
vius , by its continually emitting fire, and
feldom any lava; notwrthflandrng its_con-
tinual explolions , this island IS inhabited,
on one fide , by about an hundred families.

Thefe, as well as I can recollect , are
all the obfervations that I made with re-
fpeét to Volcanos, in my late curious tour
of Sicily ; and I shall be very happy should
the communication of them afford you,or
any of our countrymen (lovers of Natural
Hifiory ) fatisfafiion or entertainment . I am
yvithgreat regard and efieem ,

SIR,
Your molt obedient
humble fervant

WILLIAM HAMILTON .

LET-

(a) Pliny ,‘ in his account of theft: islands , in the 1x
chapter of the third book of his Natural Hillory , feems
to confirm this opinion.

,, Lipara cum civium Romanorum oppido, diE’ca aLipa—
'5, ro rege , qui fucceflit IEolo, antes. Melogonis vel Meli-
,, ganis vocitata , abelt x11 millia pair. ab Italia ,ipfa cir-
,, cuitu paulo minori. Inter hanc 8c Siciliam altera , antea
, Therafia appellata, nunc Hiera ; qui facra Vulcano ell
,, colle in ea noé’tumas evomente fiammas . Tertia Stron:
,, gyle , a Lipara millia pafluum ad exortum folis vergens,
. in qua regnavit Eolus, qua: a Lipara liquidiore flam-
,, ma tantum dilfert: e cujus fumo ecquinam flaturi fint
,, venti , 1n triduum Praedicerc incolae traduntur' unde ven-
,, tos JEolo paruiffe exifiimatum. Quarta Tidyriie, minor
,, quam Iflpara. Quinta Ericufa; fexta Phoenicufa; pabu.
,, lo proxrmarum rehfia. NOVISSIMA , cademque Mini-
,, ma , Evonymos. ,,

u

reconoitre evidemment qu’ elle: our route: e‘.
' . * . a
te’ forme’es par explojwn (a) , celle W on
A
appelle Vulcano ejl dam le meme em: We

 

*, P1. I.

la Solfatewa . *Strombali eflszolcan exiflam“ * Pl.
dam route: fa force, (9‘ par mnfequem dam XXXVII,

la forme la plus pyramidale defourex ces Islet;
mus mime: freguemmenr des plerre: routes en
feu lancées de [on crater , (9’ quelgues; lfl’vey
qui format alu cé‘re’ de la manlagne allozem“ fe
rendre :2 la mer; ce Vulcan dzfl’e’re de l’ Ema
(9’ du Vefu've en ce gu’il jetre canfinuellement
du feu, (9“ raremenr de la lave; malg're’ ces
coatinuelles explofiom certe Isle efl/aabite’e d’ua
C(lfé d’ environ cent famille: .

Voila, Monfieur , autam“ gue ma memoire
a 121’) me le foumir toutes les olfer'vatiam que
f 41' faites relativemeat aux Vulcan: dam man
demier voyage de Sicile qui puifrem‘ me paraitre
intereflanres 6‘ ]e m’ e/limerai beureux, 1 mile
lefiure peur 'vou: amufer , (9’ ceux de 7205 Cam-
patriotes qui culti'vear l’ Hijlaire Naturelle .
fe fui: a'uec l’ eflime la plus profonde .

MONSIEUR ,
Value m8" bumble
(9‘ He's obe'ifl'ant See'w'teuu

WILLIAM HAMILTON .

LET-

(a) Pline au clapim 9 ale fan mifz‘eme lime ale 1’ Hifloire

Naturalle, quand ll Maire de les Isler paroit confirmer cem o-
pmum .
,, Lipam cum civium Ramanorum oppiala , difla a Lipara
rege , qui fuccefl'it E010 , antea Melogoni: vel Meliganis
'vacitatzx, abejl XII millia pal)". ab Italia, ipfa circuitu pau.
lo minori. Inter ham (9‘ Siciliam altera, antea Them/It:
appellata, mane Hiem; 1m. famz Vulcana efl , colle in ea
nofiumas ewmente flamma: . Tertia Strangyle , a Lipam
millia pajfuum ad exartum fill: vergem' , in qua regna'vit
,, Ealm, quit a Lipam liquidiare fiamma tantum difl'ert : e
cujur fumo eequinam flaturi [int venti,in tridunm pmdicere
incalte tuaduntur; uncle 'vemto: E010 paruijfe exiflimatum .
Quarta Dia’yme , minor quam Lipara. Quinta Ericufa ; fex.
ta Pbaenieufa ; pabula praximarum eelifia. NOVISSIMrl ,
eademque Minima , Evan/mar . ,,

Uuuuuu
vvvwvu

ouuuu
uuuuq
efifl 53 We

aaenanaenaaaaneaa
L E T T E R v.

To MATHEW Mary; M. D. Secretary to
the Royal SOCIETY . ’

REMARKS upon the NATURE of the Sort;
of Nantes, and its Neighbourhood .

2', Mille miracula movet faciemque mutat locis , & defept
,, montes , fubrigit plana, vall‘es extuberat novas in pro-.
,, fundo infulas eregit. ,,

SENEGA , De Term-monk

Naples, 061. I6 , 1770.

SIR, ‘

Cconnme to your defirc; I Iofe‘no

Z S time in fending you fuch further re«
marks as I have been making with fome
diligence for fix years pail: , in the com-—
pals of twenty miles or more , round this
Capital. By accompanying thefe remarks
with a. map of the country I defcribe,
and with the fpeeimens of different matters
that compofe the molt remarkable {pot of
it , I do no doubt ibut that I shall con—
yince you , as I‘y’am» myfelf convinced , that
the Whole circuit ( f0 far as I have exa—
mined ) within the boundaries marked in
the map, is wholly and totally theprodu-
fiion of fubterraneous fires, and that mofi
Probably the fea- formerly reached the moun-
tains that lie behind Capua and Caferta ,
and are a continuation of the Appenines a
If I may be allowed to compare {mall things
with great, I imagine the fubterraneous fi-
res to have Worked in this country, under
the bottom of the flea as Moles in a field,
throwing up here and there ahilloek, and
that the matter thrown out of fome ofthe-
fe hillocks, formed into fettled Volcanos ,
filling up the {pace between one and the
other, has compared this part of the con-
tinent, and many of the Islands adjoining."a
From the obfervations I have made upon
Mount Etna, Vefuvius,’ and its neighbour-
hood , I dare fay , that ., after a careful
examination, mofl: mountains ,, that are or
7 ' i have

anaaaneeaaaeaaeae
LETTREV.

.A Manfiew MATHIEU MATr M. D. Seeretaire
de la SOCIETE' Royale.

REMARQUES fur la NATURE dn SOL de Names
(9‘ de fer Environs.

,; Mille miracula mavet faciemqm mntat lotir, e'9‘alefert man.
,, m, fnbrigit plana, valley warm: now:, in profima’o
,, infala: eregit. ,,

SENECA, De Terra-morn.,

of Naples le 16 Ofloére I770.

MONSIEUR .

I ]’ en crois 'va‘tre impatience je ne pawl:
par man temp: a was enwyer, comme ]e

le fair depuir fix any, unefnite d’obfer’uations

far les environs de cette Capitale a la difian-
ce d’ environ 20 miller on d’ a'uantage. ]’ ac-
cornpagne oer obferwations d’ nne carte' du pair,
que je decris, (S'des echantillons des difleren-
ter matie'res gni eompofent ce pair : ainfi fene
donte point que {vous ne foyer convaincu , com-
me moi, gee tout le terrein anquel j’ai borne
mes remarques, (9" dont le circuit efl marque
dam ma earte, ne foit totalement zine produ-
flion de feux fouterrain; , (9° qn’ il ne foit
aujfi tre’s probaéle, one la mer a [aaigne’ le pied
de L‘er mantagnes fitnéer derrie’re Capone (9’
Caferte, (9° qui font une continuation des .fi'p—
pemzins . S’ il m’ etoit permit de comparer dc
petite: c/aofer aux grander , fe dirois que me
fence fouterrains ont‘travaille' dans ce pair ,
for: le fein de la mer meme, comme lea Tau-
per travaillent dam lea c/aampr, en foule'vant
al-(T—la’ de petits monticnler, (9’ que la matié—
re foule'vée de quelgnes on: de res monticule;
forme’r dam dc: Vole/Ins deja etalilis, remplif-
ant l, efpace gm. ‘7} 6'72”" 51435, {t compofe’ cer—
te partie dn continent (3° pla/ieur: de: Ifles
voiflner . ’l‘

D’ aprés lei otfervatiom exafiey que ]’ a:
fairer fur le Mont Etna, le Vefu've , (9" fer
environs , j’ofe dire , que la plupart dermon-
tagnes qui font on ont été des Vulcan: , doi-

rvent

* Pl.

XXVII &
- XXVIH.

 
 

 

 

 

~>§E( 54 we

have been Volcanos; Would be found to vent fans doute leur ext/lenee cl ales feux fou—'
owe their exiflence to {ubterraneous fire ; terrains, quoique cette aflertzon fort dzreflement
the direé’t reverfe of what I ‘find the com- oppofe’e a 2’ opinion regue fW “51’0”” -
monly received opinion. _ ' .,

Nature , though varied , {is certainly in La Nature quoique nariee, e/l generalemenit
general uniform in her operations ; and I umforme a'ans fey operations: atnfl Je ne faurms:
cannot conceive that two fuch confiderable conce'voir comment der Volcanr aufli con/fiderabler,
Volcanos as Etna and Vefuvius,should ha- que l’ Etna (9' le Veg/We; “Mam” ”é forme’s
ve been formed otherwife than every other difi'eremment que les autres Volcam les plus
confiderable Volcano of the’known world. remarquables du monde connu. je ne [ms MS
I do not wonder that Io little progrefs has ‘ furprir gu’ on ait fair fi pea de progrés dflm‘
been made in the improvement of Natural l’Hi/loire Naturelle,@‘fingulie’rement dons cet—
Hiflory , and particularly in that branch te [wane/re qui» regarde la Tbeorie de la Terre:
of it which regards the Theory of Earth. La Natuie tr'a'vaille lentement, (9‘ il efl diffi-
Nature afis slowly, it is diflicult to catch cile de la premlre fur le fait . Ceux qua ant
her in the fa&. Thofe who have made this fait de cet objet le but de leur: travauac n’ont
fubjeé’t their fiudy , have without foruple, pas craint d’ emlzrafler a la fois l’Hi/lotre Na—
undertaken at once, to write the Natural turelle de toute une province, on mé‘me d’ an
Hifiory of a whole provinte, or of an en- continent tout entier , fans faire rcflexion que
tire continent; not reflefling, that the lon— la plus longue rate d’ an loomme efl encore un
gefi life of man fcarcely aflbrds him time tems lien court pour l’ Hijtoire exaéle clu plus;
to give a perfeé’t one of the fmallefiinfeé’r. petit infefle.

I am fenfible of what I undertake in je fair , Monfieur ,‘ cl 91ml f5 7”, engaé
glvmg you 3 Sir, even avery imperfeé’t aC< ge en entreprenant de 'uous donner des de-
count of the nature of the foil of a little tails, me‘me trés imparfaitr , fur la nature du
more than twenty miles round Naples: yet Sol gm" s’etend jufqu’ a vingt miller de Na-
1 flatter myfelf that my remarks , fuch as A pler , (9° mé‘me d’ avantage : mai: ]’ ofe \
they are, may be of fame ufe to any one me flatter gue mes remarque: teller quel-
hereafter,who may have leifure and incli— ler font, pourront é'tre de guelgue ufage , c3
nation to follow them up . The kingdom ceux gui auront le loifir (9‘ la 'uolonte’ de [e
of the Two Sicilmertainly the fai- livrer au mé'me genre d’ obfer’vationr. Le Ro-
ref’c field for obfervations of this kind , of yaume deg dam Siciles oflre ‘2 cer egard [a
any in. the whole world; here are Volca~ c/Jamp le plus inte’reflant gui foit dons 1’ am}
nos exrfhng in their full force , fome on very. C’ efl la’ qu’ on 'voit des Volcam exijlans
their decline, and others totally extinct. dam- toute leur force , quelques unc fur leur

_ . declin , (9’ d’ autres totalement e‘teintr .

To begin Wltl’l. fome degree of order ; Pour commencer aver quelque ordre , ce qui
lWthll is really difficult in the variety of m laifle par d’é’tre dificile,au milieu de l’ex—
matter that occurs to my mind, I will firfl trcme 'varieni des matieres qui s’ oflrent a‘ man
mention. the bafis on which I found all efprit , fexpoferai d’alzord la bafe fur laguel—
my conjefiures_ It is the nature of the foil le ]e fonde toutes me: conjeflures : cette 54/:
that covers the alltlent Townsof Hercule: aft (1’ abort! In nature du Sol qui cou'vre les

| Siciilexiioingorfirgi‘mih, and the lntél‘lOl‘ and ancienner l/ille: deHerculaneum (9‘ de l’ompeii,
Puzzole *With the For??? mfufltlamfg £533}: enfuzte la forme mterteure , (37° exterieure dc *

't . , {d I ma eria s_o W 1C In nou'velle montagne pre’r de Puzzple, * a'uec PL
1 15 compo C -: t cannot be demed, that le oenre dey matierer dent elleejlcompofée. 0n XXVI'
Herculaneum and Pompeii flood once abo— mom» my H c [4 m (9‘ p "XXVH'
ve ground; though now theeformer is in ’ P ' ’ a We ‘ W a mu , amp?“
no part lefs tha { ,f a _ n arent ete autrefotr fur la .furface. du terrem,

n “my eet a and 1n {0- quozgue aéluellement la premiere fort dam fa

me parts one hundred and tWelve feet, be- moindre ‘ ’
profondeur a 70 pied: ur cette meme
low the prefent furface of the earth; and fur/ace, (9' quelgmfoiy jufqu’ {2/ I20 piedr ,'

the latter IS burled tenor twelve feet deep, (9» gue la feconde foit aufli enfe'uelie d 10 on
mo- ’ ‘ ~'~
a In

       

 

 
e§§< 35 )ifie

more or lefs. As we know from the very
accurate account given by Pliny theyoun-
ger to Tacitus, and from the accounts of
other contemporary Authors , that thefe
Towns were buried by an eruption of Mount
Vefuvius in the time of Titus; it mull be
allowed , that whatever matter lies between
thefe Cities and the prefent furface of the
earth over them, mull have been produced
fince the year 79 of the Chriflian aera', the
date of that formidable eruption. ‘

Pompeii , which is fituated at a much
greater dif’cance from the Volcano than Her—
culaneum , has felt the efl‘eéts of a fingle-
eruption only; it is covered with white
pumice lion-es , mixed with fragments of
lava and burnt matter , large and [mall : "
the pumice is very light ;. butI have found
fome of the fragments of lava and Cinders
there weighing eight pounds . I have of-
ten wondered, that fuch Weighty bodies
could have been carried to fuch a dillance-
( for Pompeii cannot be lefs than five mi—
les in a flrait line , from the mouth of
Vefuvius ). Every obfervation confirms the
fall of this horrid shower over the unfor-
tunate city of Pompeii, and that few of
its inhabitants had dared to venture out of
their houfes; for in many of thofe which
have been already cleared , skeletons have
been found, fome with gold rings , ear-
rings, and bracelets . I have been prefem‘
at the difcovery offeveral human skeletons
myfelf 5 and under a vaulted arch , about
two years ago, at Pompeii, I law the bo-
nes of a man and a horfe taken up, with
the fragments of the horfe‘is furniture, which
had been ornamented with falfe gems fet
in bronze . The skulls of fome of the ske-
letons found in the fireets, had been evi—
dently fractured by the fall of the {tones .
His Sicilian Majeft’ys excavations are con-—
fined to this fpot at prefent; and the cu-
rious in antiquity may expeé't hereafter
from fo rich a mine , ample matter for
their difi'ertations. but I will confine my-
felf to fuch obfervations only as relate to
my prefent fubj'eé} .

Over the flratum of pumice and burnt
matter that cover Pompeii, there is afira-
turn of good mould , of the thicknefs of
about two feet and more in fome parts ,

m

12 pied;~ de profondeur plus: an mains .' Nous
favons por les detail: tre’s exofi: gue Pline
le jeune n donne‘s o‘ Tocite , (9" par les rel/z,-
tions dey outres Auteurs contemporoinr, queces
deux Ville: furent enfevelies par une eruption
du Mont Vefuve f0”! l’Empire de Titus: oin—
fl il e/l loors de doute gue route eette matiére
qui fe trou'ue entre la; Villes dont fe porle ,
(9“ lo furfoce du terrein gui les cou'vre , doit
ovoir e‘té produite depuis l’ on- 79 de l-Ere
Claretienne , épogue de cette formidoole eruption.

Pompeii gui eft fituéerl une tliflonce du Vol-
eun oeoucoup plus confirlerulale, 9W? celle d’Her- ”
coloneum n’o eprou’ue’ que les efi'etr if unefeu—
le eruption: elle e/l oouverte de pierrer ponces
méle‘e; de fragment ole loves (9“ do motiere

orule’e de grandeur; inegoles, * (9’ les poncer font “ Pl.
mnis ]' oi trou've" qua/guts uns XLI-

I ’
trey legerey :
de ces fragment de love (9' de cendrer , qui

\

pefoient jufqu’ n louit li'vres ; non fun; é'tre

froppé d’ admiration ole 'voir one do: corps nu]:-

[i pefnns nient e'te’ tronfporte’s dons l’oiril une
oufli grnnde [Ii/lance: cor Pompeii Lfl nu-moin:
eloigne’e de ting miller en ligne droite de lo
boucoe du Vefu'z/e . Cheque oofer'vntion efl une
nouvelle preuve de cette pluye foudoine , ('9’
epouvontolile qui tomon fur l’ infortune‘e- Ville
de Pompeii, ('9’ de l’ impoflioilite' ou fe trou-
werent lac booituns de fortir de leurs moi/ans:
Cor dour plufieur: ide celles gui ont e’té debld—
yéer jufgu’ it prefent , on n trou'vé' des foule-
lettes , guelques uns (met des onnenuoc , des-
pendons d’ oreilles, (9' des brooelety a” or. foi
e’te’ prefent tl lo detou'verte o’e plufieurs [gue-
lettes loumoins, (9’ il y o environ deux on: gue
[6 Wis 42 Pompeii four une you”, lot or fun
bomme, (9‘ of un coevnl qui 'venoient d’ é’tre
detou'verts, oinfi que des pieces de lrnrnoi: gut
etoient ornées de pierres foufles monte’er en
bronze . Le; crénes de quelgues uns de to; [gue-
lettes trou've's dons les rues ovooient e'te’ evidemment
briféer pur lo cloute o'er pierre: . Les exm'vntions
ordonne’er par fit Mojeflé Sicilienne fe bornent‘
ofiuellement o‘ ce lieul feul, (We: nmoteurr de
l’ontiquité doi'uent ottendre deformais d’une mine
nufli ricbe, d’nmpler nzotieres pour leur: dzfliar-
totiony ; pour moi je me borneroi aux feules
obfer'votionr qui ont rapport (l mon objefi.

Sur lo coucoe de pierre; ponces ('5‘ d’autres
motieres brulées oui couvrent Pompeii , il fe trou-
'z/e une caucbe do home terre dont l’ epuzfleur
ejt d’ environ deux pieds, (9‘ quelgue fair d’a-

12472-

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

em s6 )36?‘

in which vines flourish; except in form
particular fpots of this vineyard , where they
are {ubjeé’t to be blafled by a foul vapour,
or mofete, as it is called here , that rifes
from beneath the burnt matter . The abo-
vementioned shoWer of pumice {tones , ac-
cording to my obfervations , extended be—
yond Cafiel-a—mare ( near which fpot the
' ancient Town of Stabia alfo lies buried un-
der them ), and covered a tract of coun-
try not lefs than thirty miles in circumfe-
rence . It was at Stabia that Pliny the el—
der loft his life, and this shower ofpumi-
ce {tones is Well defcribed in the younger
Pliny’s letter. Little of the matter that has
iffued from Vefuvius fince that time , has
reached thefe parts : but I mull obferve ,
that the pavement ofthe‘ fireets of Pompeii
is of lava; nay , under the foundation of
the Town, there isa deep flratum of lava
and burnt matter . * Thefe circumfiances,
with many others that Will be.related he—
reafter , prove beyond a doubt, that the—
re have been eruptions ofVefuvius previous
‘to that of the year 79 , which is the firfl
recorded by hiflory.

The growth of {oil by time is eafily ac-
counted for, and who , that has vifited ruins
of ancient Edifices , has not often Teen 3.
flourifhing shrub, in a good foil, upon the
top of an old wall? I have remarked ma—
ny fuch on the molt confiderable ruins at
Rome and elfewhere . But from the [oil
which has grown over the barren pumice
that cover Pompeii, I Was enabled to ma-
ke a curious obfervation. Upon examining
the cuts and hollow ways made by currents
of water in the neighbourhood of Vefuvius
and of other Volcanos , I had remarked
that there lay frequently a flratum of rich
{oil , of more or lefs depth , between the
matter produced by the explofion of‘fuccee-
ding eruptions (a); * and I Was naturally
led to think, that fuch a firatum had grown
in the fame manner as the one abovemen-

' ‘tioned

(a) TheAbate Giulio Cefare BracciniV defcribes very
elegantly, in his account of the eruption lof Vefuvius in
1631 , his having made an obfervation of the like nature
a—his words are ( after having particularized the different
.firam of erupted matter lying one over another ),——-,, Pa‘
,, rendo appunto che la natura ci abbia voluto lafciare fcrit.

,, t? in quelta terra tutti gli incendii memorabili racconta-
,, t1 dagli autori , “

'vuntoge; Les Wigner y vieuuent tre’: lien ex-
cepte’ dens certain: endroits, ou elle: [our fu—
jettes d é'tre brule’es pur der'vupeur-r zywzfibles
uppelle’er mofete dun: le puts , quz s elevent
deflous lu mutle’re lzrule’e. Cette pluye’de ,pmw.
res ponces, felon ce que ]’ uz obfer've, sewn.-
dit jufqu’ ou—delu’ de Cuflel—u-mure , eufi'velzt
5mm um‘ienne Ville fituée pres de celle dent
fe 'vlem de purler , (9' cou'urit uue'e’tendue fie
pair qui n’u pus moim de trente rmllep de ctr-
cult. Ce fut (2 Stable que Pline l’rmczen per—
dlt lo ’we , (9’ cette pluye de pierrer poncer
efl tre’s [vim decrite dons lu lettre de_ Pllne le
jeune. Depuis ce tems lu’ peu de mutte’res du
Ve u've font pur'uenues jufguer dunner contour:
J‘e dois cependuut obfer'oer que le pu'vé der
rue; de Pompeii e/l de lu've , (9' que four ler
fondemem de la Ville mé'me il y u une coucbe
proforzde de love (9’ demutiérer brule’es ;* res
ooferwtiom jointes d teller dont Jepurleruz
dons lu fulte , prou'vent invinciblement qu’ il
y u eu der eruptions du Vefuve bien unterieu—
re: :2 celles de l'mme’e 79 , qui efl lo premie~
re dont f Hzfioire uit fuit mention.

Il efl uz'fe‘ de reudre ruz'fon de lo formation
du terrein propre u‘ la culture . Celui gut It
'vlfité ler ruiuey der unciem Edzfces , n’u-t—il
pus 'ou fou'vent 1m urbrz'fleuu verd {9’ fleuri
dam un ban terrain, fur le bout (1’ un 'vieux
mur .3 fen a} remurgue’ plufieurs fur les ruiner
ler plus cmz/iderulvley de Rome (9‘ oilleurs .
Mel: le terrein qui s’e/lforme’ uu-deflur de ces-
pom‘er arides qui cou'vrent Pompeii, m’ont don:
né lieu de fuire une olyfer’vution curleufe . E79
exuminunt les entoille’s , (9“ let tbemim creux
forme': per le: couruns d’ euu dons le 'voijinuge
du Vefuve (9' de: uutrer Volcum, f at remor-
gue gu’ il fe trou've frequemmeut une coue/Je
d’ excellente terre plus ou moim ~profonde, eu-
tre les mutie’res produz'ter per l’explojionde dif—
ferentes eruptions gut fe font fuceede’es (a)? (9'
f ui pen/é noturellement qu’ une telle tout/re
uvoit e'té produite de lo meme muniere gue

eelle

(a) L’ .4565 Giulia Cefure Brucclni decrit tre’s 'elegammeut
dum- fa defeription de l’ eruption du Vefu'ue de I631 eme ob-
fer'vation ole lu me‘me nature qu’ il fit . ufpre‘r umir decrit
partitulierementv 1e: difi'erentes eauclje: de la matiere produlte
par l’eruption, (9‘ qui font les uner furlé: autres,il dit :,,p:z-
,, rendo uppunto, cbe In nature ci ubbiu voluto lajciure firltto
,, m qua/la term tutti gl’ incendii memoralvili ruccantati dugli
,, Autori. ‘

 

* Pl. ‘
Liv.

* Pl.
XV 236
XXXIX.

 
>';§< 57 We

tioned over the pumice of Pompeii.Whe-
re the firatum of good {oil Was thick , it
was evident to me that many years had
elapfed between one eruption and that which
fucceeded it. I do not pretend to fay, that
a jufi eflimate can be formed of the great
age of Volcanos from this obfervationgbut
tome fort of calculation might be made :
for infiance, should an explofion of pumi—
ce cover again the fpot under which Pom-
peii is buried , the firatum of rich foil a-
bovementioned would certainly lie between
two beds of pumice 5 and if a like acci-
dent had happened a thoufand years ago,
the flratum of rich foil would as certainly
have wanted» much of its prefent thicknefs,
as the rotting of vegetables , manure, &c.
is ever increafing a cultivated foil . When
never I find then a fucceflion of different
flrata of pumice and burnt matter, like that
which covers Pompeii, intermixed with
flrata of rich foil, of greater or lefs depth,
I hope I may be allowed reafonably to
conclude, that the whole has been the pro-
dué’tion Of a long feries of eruptions , oc-
cafioned by fubterraneous fire. By the flu:
and Weight of the pumice, and fragments
of burnt erupted matter in thefe flrata, it
is eafy to trace them up to their fource ,,
which I have done more than once in the
neighbourhood of Puzzoli , where explo—
fions have been frequent .. The gradual de—
creafe in the fize and quantity of the eru-'
pted matter in the firatum abovementioned',
from Pompeii to Calile-a-Mare , is very
vifible: at Pompeii , as I faid before , I
have found them of eight pounds weight,
when at Cafile—a-Mare the largefl do not
Weigh an ounce .

The matter which covers the ancient
Town of Herculaneum is not the produce
of one eruption only; for there are evident
marks that the matter of fix eruptions has
taken its courfe over that which lies im-
mediately above the town , and was the
caufe of its deflrufiion L Thefe flrata are
either of lava or burnt matter, with veins
of good foil betWeen them. The firatum
of erupted matter that immediately covers
the town, and with which the theatre an;

mo

celle qui fe trou've fur les pence: de Pompeii.
Pnr tout, ou cette couc/Je de [ion terrein e/i
epnifle , il in’ u puru evident , qu’ il s’e‘toit
coulé un grnnd nomnre d’ nnne’er entre une e—
ruption , (9° celle q‘ui lui u fuccedé . je ne
pretend; pur dire pour celu qu’ on puifle e'tnl-
lir d’ nprés cette obfer'vution un cnlcul exnfl
fur l’nntiquité’ cler Vole/ms ,- moi; feulement
que ce cnlcul peut uller jufgu’ :2 un certain
terme, pnr exemple , fl une nouvelle explofion
de pierrer poncer cou'oroit derec/Jef le lieu fur
leguel Pompeii efl enfeveli , cette couc/Je (1’ ex—
cellent terrein, dont j’ui ale/'4 purlé, je trou-l
'veroit trér certainement entre deux lits de pier—
res ponces ,' (3° fl un tel p/Jenome’ne etoit urri—
we’ il 3/ u mille unr, cctte cauclye de lion ter—
rein n’nuroit pus u‘ beuucoup pre’s une epoiflhur
nufli t‘on/iderulile , purceque lu deflrufiion dc:
'vege’tnux (’9' In culture uugmentent continuel—
lenient lit couclie de terrein propre :2 é‘tre cul-
ti've’ , uinfi donc défque ]e trou've une fuite
alternative de difl'erenter couches de pierres pon—
cer ('9‘ de mutiere brulc’e femblube ii celle qui
couvre Pompeii, mé‘le’e avec une couc/Je a” un
fol trey ric/Je,d’une epnifleur tnntdt plus, tun-
tdt moinr confldernlzle , il me [emble gue je
puir en conclure rnifonnublement, que l’ enfem-
[ale u e'te' lu produflion d’ une nomlareufe fuite
d’ eruptions occu/ionnéer par ties feuxfouterrninr.
Pnr le volume (9° lu pefunteur der poncer, (9’
dc: fragment ale mntie’re lirule’e,eflet der erup—
tiom dons cer couc/Jes , il eff uife’ de les fui—
'vre en remontunt jufgu’n‘ leur fource ; ce Que
fui fnit plus a" une fois dun; le 'voifinnge dc
Puzzole on let explajionr ont e’te’freguenter . Ln
diminution gruduelle dons ln quuntité , (9" le
'volume de cer mntiérer dnns l?! com/yer dont
f ui purle’ , depuir Pompeii jufgu’ {l Cuflel—n-
mure efl tre’s fenfllzle ; en nyunt trou’vé de liuit
li'vrer pefuntiiPompeii, pendant Zu’tl Cnflel—u—
mure ler plus grundes nepefent pus une once .
Ln mutiére gui courore l’uncienne Ville d’Her—
culimeum n'e/l par le produit cl’unefeule eruption.-
il y n der marque: evidentes que la mntie’re ole
fix eruptions n prir fon COM/‘3‘ fur celle gui efl
immediatement uu—defluy do In Ville, @qui oc-
cnflonn fu deflruflion . Cer couches font 60771—
pofe’er ou de luve, ou de mutie’re brule'e,u'vec
des fillonr do 5012 terrein dun: leurr inter'vuller.
Ln tout/7e de mntie’re produite pur eruption ,
qui cou'ore immediutement la Ville, (9° dont le

Tbe'utre (9" in plupurt des muifonrfont remplier,
O n’Lj/t

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- 9?“
molt of the houfes were filled ,' is not of
that foul vitrified matter called lava , but
of a fort of foil: {lone , compofed ofpurni-
ce, ashes, and burnt matter. It is exaélly
of the fame nature with what is called he-
re the Naples {lone 5 the Italians. difiinguish
it by the name of tufn , and it is in ge-
neral ufe for Building. Its colour is ufuaL
ly that of our free {lone , but fometimes
tinged with grey , green , and yellow 5 and
the fragments of lava and Pumice fiones
with which it ever abounds , are {emeti-
mes large , and fometimes fmall: it varies
likewife in its degree of folidity. *

The chief article in the compofition of
mfn feems to me to be , that fine burnt
material, which is called puzzglnne, whofe
binding quality and utility by way of ce-i
ment are mentioned by Vitruvius (a), and
which is to be met with only in counties

t at

(a) Thefe are his Words, book II. chap. vi.

,, De Pulvere Puteolano .
,, Ell etiam genus pulveris , quod efficit naturaliter res-
admirandas . Nafcitur in regionibus Ba‘ianis , 8c in agris
municipiorum , qua: {Lint circa Vefuvium montem,quod
commixtum cum calce 8: cannento non modo caeteris az-
,, dificiis praflat firmitates , fed etiam moles , quz con-
firuuntur in marl, fub aqua folidefcuut. Hoe autern fie-
ri hac ratione videtur , quod fub his montibus Se tetra
ferventes funt fontes crebri , qui non effent , {1 non in
,, imo haberent, aut de fulfure, aut alumine , aut bitumi-
,, Ile ardentes maximos ignes: igitur penitus ignis, &flam-
,, m2 vapor per intervenia permanens & ardens, efficit
,, levei‘n eam terrain: ' ‘ , ‘ afcitur tophus , eXu-
gens ell 8: fine liquore . Ergo cum tres res confimili
ratione, ignis vehementia formats in unam pervenerint
mixtionem, rcpente recepto quuore una cohzrefcunt , &
celeriter humore duratae folidantur , neque eas flufius ,’
neque vis aqua potel’c diffolvere . ,,
About Ba'i‘a, Puzzoli, and Naples, we have an oppor-
tunity of remarking the truth of thefe lalt Words. Several
of the piers of the ancient Harbour of Puzzoli , vulgarly
called Caligula’s Bridge,* and which are compofed of brick
joined with this fort of cement, are {till {landing in the
Tea, though much expofed to the waves; and upon every
part of the shore you find large mailes of brick-walls roun-
ded andpolished by friction in the fea, the brick and mor-
tar making one body, and appearing like a variegated flo-
ne. Large pieces of old walls are likewife often cut out
into fquare pieces , and made ufe of in modern buildings
infiead of (lone. ‘
. Soon af-tCr the firfl qiiotati0i1,'Pliny lays: ,, Si ergo in
M his locis aquarum ferventes inveniuntur fontes, & in
,, montibus excavatis calidi vapores, ipfaque loca ab anti-
,, quiz; memorantur pervagantes in agris habuilfe ardores
,, Videtur elle certum ab ignis vehementia ex toPho terra:
,, que, quemadmodum in fornacibus St a calce , ita ex his
,, ereptum elle liquorem . Igitui‘y dilfimilibus, &difparibus
,, rebus correptis, & in unam potcltatem collatis , calida
,, humoris Jeyunitas aqua repente fatiata , communibus cor-
,, poribus latenti calore confervefcit, 8c vehementei- efficit
ea cone, celeritcrque una foliditatis percipere virtutem . ,,

u
u

 

 

53>§3

n’ eff per mm marie’re groflieremenr 'vitrzfig’e,
nppelle’e ln've , mnis unefarte de pierre rendre,
campafe’e de punter, rile cendres, (9’ (le maize-
re [vrule'e . Elle efl exaflementi rle ln mé’menn-
rare gue celle gn’ an nppelle 10: Pierre de Na—
ples ; Les Italiens In di/lingnenf par le nom
de tufa, (9’ ll: s’en fervent ordmnzrement pour
brltir. Sn canleur en general efl celle de né‘tre
Free-Stone, meis qrelgue fair iez'nte de gr}; ,
de nerd , (9“ de jmme ; les pence: dent elle (1.
bonde , font quelgue—fois grander , (9’ quelgue
fair petites. Elle wrie nufli en dureté . 5‘

Ce qn’ il y a de plus remnrgunlale dam In com-
pofirion du tufa, me pnraz'r étre certe belle mnn'e’re
lzrule’e nppelle’e puzzolane don: leg parties fe
lien: fi pnrfnétement, (5“ font [i Miles, emplo-
yéer comme ciment; qualite’: recannnes par Vi-
trn've (n), (‘7’ qui ne pen'vent fe rencantrer que

dam

(a) Vaici ler parole: dc cct auteur liv.II.clmp.v1.
,, De Pnl'uere Pineal/ma.

,, Efl etiam genus pal-verb- , quad eflicic natnrnliter res
,, admirandas . Nnflitur in Regionibur Bajani: , (9‘ in a-
,, gri: mimici'pinrum , quit [ant circa Vefu'vi'urn Mentem ,
,, quad cammixmm cum culce 0' coemento non mode utterly
,, a’dificiz's pug/lat firming“ , fed etiam male: , gun can.
,, flrunntnr in m4”. , [Mb aqua filin’efiunt . Hoc nutem fieri
,, 54c rationc ville-tar , near! [”5 11;; mantibm' , ('9' .ter'm fer.
,, ventc: firnt fame: crebrt', gm. 710” eflent ’ fi non m min bd-
6ercnt, nut ale fulfure, ant alumine,dW bztnmme nrdente:
,, maxima: ignex: iglmr penitu: ignlf s e’y-fldmma: ”WWI,"
” interwnirz permanent , d7 ardent, eflicit levem eam terram,
,, (’9‘ 1'6" qm‘ nafcimr topém , cxugens e/l , 0' fine liquore :
,, Ergo mm tres- re: con/imz'li ratiane , igni: vebementin for.
,, mate in mmm pervenerint mixtionem, repente recepto liqua.
,, re and caénre/Eunt , (9' celerz'ter bumore dumb: flzliddnmr ,
,, mane ea: ‘fllrflm, neque vi: £1un note/l diflbl'ucre.

aim: environ: ale Bald , dc Puzzole , (9’ de Naples nan:
moon: [8! more": ale remnrqner In verité’ ale ce: a'ernr'eres pa—
roles. La plupart dei— pierrer de l, anclen Port de Puzzple ,
'vnlimr'rement appelle‘ Pant dc Caligula, 6“ qm' flint campafee':
tie Brigitte: * fainter ave: cette efpece ale ciment, firb/t‘fient toll.-
jtmr: clan: la mer quolque tre': expafc’er B l’afllon ales flats ;
(9’ fur toute: le: parties cln rivnge, an trauma degmndes maf.
fe: zz'e murr a'e briques nrrondies (9' puller par le frottement
de la mer, l5: [zrigues @‘le merrier ne feflznt qn’nn feul corps,
(9' refl'emnlzmt pi de: pierre: var/Jet. De grandee piece: d’nn-
cx'eni- mnr: [lint [bu-vent canpe’e: en quarre’, ('9‘ on let employe
(Ian: le: edifices madame: air-lien ale pierrcs.

Pen npn’: [4 premiere citation Pline die: ,, J'z' ergo in bi:
loci: aquamm laments: invem'unmr fontes, (9‘ in montibus
excavati: calidi 'vnparer, ipfaqne laca ab antiqui: memorana
tur peruagnnte: in agrir bnbmfl'e drrlorer , 'videtur eff: cer-
rmn a5 igm': mebementii ex topba terraque , quemndmodum
in fornacibn: ('7' it cake, in: ex bi: ereptnm effe llqnnrem.
Igitur dimmilibm, (9' difpnribns rebui- correpti: , ('9' in Ma
7mm pote/latem coll/nix , calidn bumori: jeiunitai' aqua re-
pente fail/mt, communinm— corporibn: latenti calore canferve-
., flit. 69‘ vebemenrsr efficit en coire celeriterque mm fol/di-
, mm perupcre virtntcm .

uuvuuuu'
vow.---

v

u

* PL
XVL
XLH.&
XLV.

xxvi
that have been fubjeE’r to fubterraneous fi-
res . It is, I believe , a fort of lime pre-
pared by nature . This , mixed with wa-
ter, great or fmall pumice flones, fragments
of lava, and burnt matter, may naturally
be fuppofed to harden into a Prone of this
kind (:2) 5 and , as water frequently attends
eruptions of fire , as will be feen in the
accounts I shall give of the formation of
the new mountain near Puzzoli, I am con-
vinced the firfl matter that iffued from Ve-
fuvius, and covered Herculaneum , was in
the flare of liquid mud . A circumflance
flrongly favouring my opinion is , that ,
about two years ago , I faw the head of
an antique flatue dug out of this matter
within the theatre of Herculaneum the
impreflion of its face remains to this day
in the tofo , and might ferve as a mould
for a call: in plaifler of Paris , being as
perfeé’t as any mould I ever faw. As much
may be inferred from the exaé’t refemblan—
ce of this matter , or tufo , which imme-
diately covers Herculaneum, to all the to-
for of which the high grounds of Naples
and its neighbourhood are compofed. I de-
tached a piece of it flicking to , and in~
corporated with the painted flucco of the
infide of the theatre of Herculaneum, and
shall fend it for your infpeéiion (o) . * It
is very different , as yo will fee,fromthe
vitrified matter called lava , by which it
has been generally thought that Hercula-
neum was defiroyed. The village of Refi-
na and fome villas fland at prefent above
this infortunate Town. *

To account for the very great difference
of the matters that cover Herculaneum and
Pompeii, I have often thought that , in the

erup~

(a) Scipione Falcone; a very good obferver, in his Di.

fiorfo nature/e delle mafia, ed efetti del Vefn-w'o , fays, that
he faw , after the eruption of Vel‘uvius in 1631 ( which
was attended With hot water ) , the mud harden almoft
to a {tone in a few days; his words are thcfe —- ,, fatta
,, dura a modo di calcina e di pietra non altrimenti di
,, cenere, perche dopo alcuni giorni vi ci e caminato‘ per
,, fopra 6 f1 e conofciuta duriflima , che ci vogliono 1i
,, picconi per romperla . ,, This account, with other cir-
cumflances mentioned in this letter , make it highly pro-
hable,that all the tufas in the neighbourhood of Vefuvius
have been formed by a like operation .
(b) This piece is now in the Mufeum of the Royal So-
ciety , together with than? other fpecimens, mentioned in
. this letter.

53% 59 His

dons le'r poi: qui ont e‘te’ tron/tiller par ties
feux fouterroim. C’ eff , je croir une efpece
de Clo/tux pm‘pore’e par In nature; melee over:
de l’enn, de grander on petites pierresponcer,
der frogmenr o'e love (9’ do motie’re [Jrole’e .
0n pent croire qu’elle fe durcit en formant u-
ne telle pierre (d) , (9’ comma l’eon accompa-
gne fregnemment ler eruption: do fen , comme
on le 'verro dons ler details on f entreroi fur
la formation de lo nonvelle montogne (tux en—
'virons de Pozzole , je fuir oon'voinm one In
premiere motie’re our" fortit do Vefu'ue (9’ con-
vrit Herculzmeum , etoit dons l’etifi‘t d’mz limon
liquida. Un foit extremement fowrolile {l man
opinion efl lo decou'verte de lo té'te d’une fid-
tue antique on’ on (I deterre’e dons le T/Je'otre
d’Herculztnenm; l’impreflion des traits du 'vi-
fage fuofifle encore oujourd/mi dons le tufa,<'§f
ponrroit femir de moule poor der Plotres de Paris,
enznt on”; pnrfnite qu’ oncun do: moules gue

f (lie jam/lit wit. 072 pent tirer lo méme con—~

olufion de lo porfoite reflembltmce de cette mo-
tiere, on de ce tufa qui comm: Hercnlonenm
a'vec tous les- tufas dont let terreins profontls
do Naples (9° de fer environ: font compofe’r .
]’ oi detocoé nn morceon de ce tufa over 1m
outre qui y o'voit été applique , (9' 5’ y etoit
incorpore’ : c’efl on fragment de fine peint, de l"
interieur do T/Je’ntre d’Herculonenm, @‘je 'vour
l’ ezwerroi, Monfleur , your one ”you: puifliezl
l’ exmm'ner (It) .'* I!“ 1ng He’s difihrent, comma
'vous 'verrez, de cette motiere 'vitrifie’e oppelle’e
lime, qui felon l’ opinion generole n detrnit
Hercnloneum. Le Village de Refine , (’5' quel—
qnes moifons de compogne font ofinellement 1m-
ti: fur cette Ville infortnne’e.

Pour rendre roifon de cette extreme dzflerence
entre les motie’res qni cou'vrent Herculnneum , (9'

cellesfous lefquelles Pompeii ell enfi’velie, f oi
fou-

(a) .S‘cipione Falcon: tré: 6M olifirvttteur don: fon Di-
fcorfo naturale delle caufe, ed efi‘etti del Vefuvio, dit gu'
il a 7m aprér l’ eruption do Vefiwe en I637 ( [none/[e ftlt
arcompognie d’eau clvoua'e ) 1e limon fe durcit‘ [”9quth an o'e-
gré do: pierro: on pm zle jonrr.Voici fes paroles ,, fotm (1n-
,, m a modo di calcimz , e di piemz , non oltrimenti di tene-
,, re, perclie dope alcuni giorni 'w' tié 547‘7771;fifl!0 1791’ fliprd,
,, e [1' e canofcitttlz durifl'imn, cog ci vogl'x'ono li picconi per
,, romperla ,, to detail joint aux outrer rtpporte‘s dons cette
lettre, rend tre’: proooole, 7’43 tour let tufas don; le 'voi/irm-
ge dn Vefu'ue ont ete’ format par une operation fembloble.

(5) Ce Marceau e/l mointenant dam le Mnfinm de la 5'04
ciete‘ Royal: , one: [zeoZoup d’ outre: dent Je fair mention
don: cette lettre.

* P1.
XLV.

* Pl.
VII.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

dig-C 60 H537“

eruption of 79 , the mountain mull have
been open in more than one place. A pal-
fage in Plin’ys letter to Tacrtus “feems to
fay as much: ,, Interim e Vefuvro monte
,, pluribus locislatiflimae flammae, atque 1n—
,, cendia relucebant , quorum fulgor & cla—
,, ritas tenebras noé’ris pellebat : ,, fo that
very probably the matter that covers Pom-
peii proceeded from a mouth , or crater ,
much nearer to it than is the great mouth
of the Volcano , from whence came the
matter that covers Herculaneum. This mat-
ter might neverthelefs be faid to have pro-
ceeded from Vefuvius, juf’t as the eruption
in the year 1760, * which was quite in-
dependent of the great crater ( being four
miles from it ), is properly called an e-
ruption of Vefuvius.

In the beginning of eruptions, Volcanos
frequently throw up water mixed with the
ashes. Vefuvius did {0 in the eruption of
1631 , according to the tefiimony ofmany
contemporary writers. The fame circum—
fiance happened in 1669 , according to the
accouht of Ignazio Sorrentino , who , by
his Hiflory of Mount Vefuvius, printed at
Naples in 1734, has shewn himfelf to ha-
ve been a very accurate obferver of the phea-
nomena of the Volcano , for many years
that he lived at Torre del Greco,fituated
at the foot of ngnning ofthe
formation of the new mountain,near Puz-
zoli , water was mixed with the ashes
thrown up, as will be (em in two very
curious and particular accounts of the for-
mation of that mountain , which I shall
have the pleafure of communicating to you
prefently; and in 1753 , Etna threw upa
quantity of water in the beginning of a
eruption , as is mentioned in the letter I
fent you lafl year upon the fubjeé’t of that
magnificent Volcano (a). Ulloa likewife
mentions this circumfiance of water atten-
ding the eruptions of Volcanos in Ameri-
ca. Whenever therefore I find atufa com-
pofed exactly like that which immediately
covers Herculaneum, and undoubtedly pro-
ceeded from Vefuvius , I conclude fuch a
tufa to have been produced by water mi?
gang With the erupted matter at the time

of

(a) Letter IV.

 

fouvent pen/é que dan: l’eruptt'on de,79 la monta-
gne doit s’ é'tre ouverte en plat d-un endrozt.
Un paflage de la lettre de Plnze le jeune a Taur—
te female l’ indiquer :‘ ,, Interim a Vefumo
,, Monte pluriour' lorry latzfllmce flammaa ,
,, atgue incendia relucebant ., quorum fulgor
,, (9“ Clarita: tenelvrar nofirs pelleoat-B, de:
forte qu’il e/l tre’r probable one la mattere qua
eo'vre Pompeii, fortit d’ une bone/re, on d an
Crater beaucoup plus vol/in de cette Vglle one
no l’e/l la grande boar/2e rlu Volcan dou war
In matiére qui cou'vre Herculaneum. Cependant
I’ one (9' l’autre matie’re doivent pafler egale-
.ment pour une produé‘lron du Vefu've precifement,
comme l’eruption o'e 1760*qui fut entierement
independante du grand Crater, dont elle e'toz't
elolgne’e de quatre miller , (9° qu’ on appelle
pourtant a jufle titre une eruption du Ve u've.
Dflflf le commencement de: eruptions les Vol-
canr 'vomiflent freguemment de l’ eau melee a‘
wee des cendres, C" efl ee gal arrl'va danr l’e—
ruption du Vefuve de I631 ,d’apre’s le temoi—
gauge de plujieurs eori’oainr contemporainr. Le
mime fait fe pro/onto aruee lee memes elreon-
[lancer en 16695 felon le rapport d’ Ignazjo
Sorrentino, dont l’ Hi/loire du Mont Ve u've
imprime’e r2 Naples en 1734 deoe’le un obfer—
'vateur tre’s exac‘l o’er p/aenome’ner de ce Volean.
Il e’toit etalrli a) Torre del Greco fitué aaprér
du Vefu’ve, aint ll e'toit tre's aparte’e ole faire
dc banner obfervatlom . Au commencement de la
formation de la nou'velle montagne pres de Puzzole,
l’eaufut laneee aver ler cendres, comme 'vour le
verrez clans deux deflriptio'nr pat'tic'uliéres (3’ tre’r
curieufer de la formation de cette montagne , de-
fcrz'ptions que fe 'Uai: 'Uour communiquer clans
la fulte de cette lettre. En I755 . L’Etnafit
fortir rle fan fein une certaine Quantite' d’ eau
dér le commencement de l’ eruption, comme fe
l’az' remarqué da‘m la lettre quefe 'vous eerie/i:
l'annee dernie’re, Monfieur , au fujet de ce
fuperoe Volean (a). Ulloa n’a pas oublié non
plus cette me'me cirtonflance, quel’ eau accom-
pagne les eruption! der Volcanr en flmerique .
Toutes les foir done , que je troupe un tufa
e.xaélemeitt compo/é comme celui out cou'vre im-
mediatement Herculaneum , (9‘ out of} un pro-
duit du Vefuve, comme il n’e/l pas {ramble 0"
en douter, f en conclur gu’ un parez'l tufa 4
éfé produit par 1’ eau melee avec‘ la matiére a'e
l’erup»
(a) Lettre IV.

* P1.
XII.
 

an 6: ue

of an explofion occafioned by fubterraneous
fire; and this obfervation, I believe, will
be of more ufe than any other , in poin-
ting out thofe parts of the prefent Terra
Ferma, that have been formed by explofion.
I am convinced, it has often happened that
{ubterraneous fires and exhalations , after
having been pent up and confined for fo-
me time, and been the caufe of earthqua-
kes , have forced their pail‘age , and in ven-
ting themfelves formed mountains of the
matter that confined them, as you will fee
was the cafe-near Puzzoli in theyear 1338.,
and by evident figns has been {0 before ,
in many parts of the neighbourhood of
Puzzoli , without creating a regular Vol—
cano. The materials offuch mountains will
have but little appearance of having been
Produced by fire , to any one unaccuflomed
to make obfervations upon the different na-
ture of Volcanos.

If it were aIIOWed to make a compari~
{on between the earth and a human body,
one might confider a country replete with
combufiibles occafioning explofions (which
is furely the cafe here) to be like a body
full of humours. When» thefe humours con—
centre in one part, and form a great tu-
mour out of which they are difcharged free-
ly , the body is lefs agitated; but when ,
by any accident, the humours are checked,
and do not find free paffage' through their
ufual channel, the body is agitated , and
tumours appearin other parts of that body;
but foon after thethumours return again to
their former channel. In a fimilar manner
one may conceive Vefuvius to be the pre-
fent great channel, through which nature
difcharges fome ofthe foul humours ofthe
earth : when thefe humours are checked by
any accident or floppage in this channel
for any confiderable time, earthquakes will
be frequent in its neighbourhood , and ex-
Plofions may be apprehended even at fome
diflance from it. This was the cafe in the
year I538 , Vefuvius having been quiet-for
near 400 years . There was no eruption
frOm its great crater, from the year 1139
to the great eruption of 1631 , and the
top of the mountain began to lofe all figns
of fire. As it is not foreign to my Purpo-

6)

l’ eruption dam le Min: of one explofion eaafe’e
par ler feux fonterraim . Cette obfervation , fe—
lon moi, fera d’un nfage plus etendn qne toate
autre dam l’ indication do: partier de cette
T erre Ferme afluelle, quz' e/l le prodm't ties
explo/ionr. fe fair carry/linen qu’il e/l formant
arrive one [65‘ feux, (1’? let ex/Jalaifons one In
terre recéle dam fey entrailler , aprés a'voir e'te’
renferméer (3“ emprifonnéer pendant quelcjue
tems, (9’ avoir e'te’ la eaufe der tremblemens‘
de terre, ont enfin force le paflage, (3° danr
le temr de leur evaporation ant prodnit der
montagne: a'vec cer mémey matie’re: par lef-
gaeller elles etaient retenuer, comme was 'ver-
rear, que le car arriva prey de Pnz‘zole en I 338,
(9' doit e'tre arri'vé en plnfieurs autrer endroits
do 7ne”rne 'voifinage d’ apre’r let figner eertainr,
fans qae pour eela 1! en fort refnlte’ an Vole/in
regnlier. Les matiére: defemolabes montagnes an-
noncent pen qu’eller doi'vent leur naiflance aufea,
aux yenx de cenx quifont pen aecoutnme’y a‘ faire
dey obfer'uationrfor la dl/ferente nature der V oleanr.

5’ il etoit permit de faire one camparaifon
entre la terre, (9‘ le corp; domain , on poor-
roit confiderer an pair rempli de ces matie’rer
samba/links 914i cre’ent lei- explofionr, ( (9’ tel
4} le car de ce pair-ti ) comme an tarp; rem—
1211' de manvaifes humours. Lorfqae cer lanmearr
fe caneentrent dam gnelqae partie on eller
ferment une grflnderrtumr‘ ,rrmair d’ on elles
Puzfl‘ent s’ evacuer librement, le corps e/l main:
travaillé ; mair lorfqne par an contour; de cir-
confiances , les bnmenrx font arré’te’er , (9’ ne
peu'vent tron'ver paflage dam leur canal ordi-
naire, le corps efl agité, (9‘ gnoique If! to-
mews fe foient promene’es dam diflerenter par—
tier du corp: , eller ne tardent pas a‘ re'venir
dans lenr premier canal. Tel on pent conce'voir
le Ve/ave: c’efl-a—dire, comme un grand canal
aflnel , aa-tra'ver: daquel In nature evaeue ler
manvaijer bnmeurr de la terre : lorfqoe vet
bnmear: font arrete’es par guelque obflrac‘lion ,'
on quelgae autre accident arrive an canal, (9'
gal dare on certain rem: , les tremblemens de
terre feront fregueny dans fan wotflnageb’ l’an
devra en apprehender ler explofionr , mé‘me d
nne certaine all/lance. Ce fut la‘ ce gut arri'va
en 1538 apre’r 400 ans de tranquillite’ de In
part do Ve u'ue . Il n’y a'voit point d’ eruption
qm' partit do grand crater depm'r l’anne’e 1139
jufqn’ a‘ la grand eruption de I631 , (9’ le
fommet de la montagne await commence (3 lat]-

fer

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

~>§EC 62 Hit

fe, and will ferve to shew how greatly
they are miflaken , Who place the feat of
the fire in the centre, or towards the top,
of a Volcano ; I will give you a curious
defcription of the Rate of the crater ofVe—
{uvius,after having been free from eruption
492 years, as related by Bracrm, who de-
fcended into it not long before the eruption
of 1631 : ,, The crater was five miles in
circumference, and about a thoufand pa-
ces deep; its fides Were covered with
brush wood , and at the bottom there
was a plain on which cattle grazed. In
the woody parts , Boats frequently har-
boured ; in the midl’c ofthe plain , within
the crater , was a narrow pallage , through
which , by a winding path , you could
defcend about a mile amongf’c rocks and
fiones, till you came to another more
fpacious plain covered with ashes : in this
9, plain were three little pools, placed in
, a triangular form, one towards the Eafi,
,, of hot water, corrolive and bitter be-
.” yond meafure; another towards the Well,
, of water falter than that ofthe feagthe
, third of hot water , that had no parti-
,, cular tafle. ,,

93
a)
7)
:7
:7
a)
a:
a)
9
5

uu

D

u

u

Us!

The great increafe—eti the cone of Ve~
fuvius , from that time to this , naturally
induces one to conclude , that the whole
of the cone was rail'ed in the like manner;
and that the part of Vefuvius, called Som-
ma, which is now confidered as a difiinfl:
mountain from it , was compofed in the
fame manner . This may plainly be percei-
ved , by examining its interior and exterior
form, and the firata oflava and burnt mat-
ter of which it is compofed . * The An-
cients, in defcribing Vefuvius, never men-
tion two mountains. Strabo, Dio , Vitru—
vius , all agree, that Vefuvius, in their ti-
me , shewed figns of having formerly erup-
ted (a) , and the firfl compares the crater

‘ on

(a) Strabo , in his fifth book of Geography, faysznsm
-,, pea-haze loca fitus. eft Veluvius mons agris cinaus opti.
,, trust dempto vemce, qul magna fill parte planus , to-
” tus fierilis ef’t, adfpeau cinereus , cavernafque oflendens
,, lifiularum plenas & lapidum colore fuliginofo, utpote ab
” igm exeforum , nt conJefiuram facere pofsit ifla loca

” q'uondam. arfille, _& crateras ignishabuiflc, dcinde matc-
,, rxa defictente reflmé’ta fuille . ,,

Dio-

fer difparoitre tau: [ignes dafeu . Il n’efl par
etranger 3 man fujet" (9' ll ell me’me utile
de prouver , a quel paint fe font trompés ceux
qui placent le jiege principal du fea au cen-
tre, ou 'verr le fammet d’un Vale-an .- amfij’e
'vour donnerai une deferiptian carieufe de letat,
au étoit le grand crater du Vefu've , aprér a-
wair éte’ exempt d’eruptians 492 am. ] e pren-
drai paur guide Braeini qai y defeendit pea de
tern: avant l’ eruption de 1631 . ,, Le crater
a'vait 5 miller de cirronferenee (9’ environ
mille par, de prafandeur: Set co‘te‘r etaient
convert: d’ ararifleaux, (9’ le fond était une
plaine oa paifl'oit le betail . Les endroits tau.
'uerts de bait etoient ordinairement peuple’r
de fangliers: aa milieu de la plaine qui far-
moit le fond du crater, e'toit an pafla‘ge e-
trait au-travert duguel par un fentier tar-
taeax‘ was pau’uiez defcena're environ un
mille fur a'es roe/yer: @“der pierres , ju/qu' a
ce que 'vous 'vous trau'viés danr une autre plai-
ne plus fpatieufe (9' cou’verte de cendrer : dans
cette plaine dtaient trair petite e'tangr placer de
maniere qu’ilr farmaient an triangle; an 7167‘:
le le'vant dant l’ eau e'toit C/Jfludc’, earraji've,
(‘7' amére outre mefure; l’autre 'verr le cau-
c/Jant d’ une eau plus amére que celle de
la mer: La traifieme e'tait ane eaa c/Jaude
gui n’a'voit aacun gout particulier . ,,

Le grand accraiflement du cone du Ve/uf've de—
pui: ae tame-la jufqu’ a re jaur , fait tirer
mtwellement cette eoneLufian , que l enfemlale
du Cane s’efl ele'vé d’une maniere e'gale , 6"
gue la partie du Vefuve appelle'e Samma qu’an
confidere maintenant carmne une montagne qui
en e/l difliafle, a été compo/6e de la mé‘me
maniere: 011 l’ apperpoit clairement en exami-
nant fa farme interieure (9’ exterieure, (3‘ let
tout/Jar de lave (9" de matie’re brule’e dant
elle cjl campafe’e. * Les Ancient en faifant la de- *
firiptian du Vefu've, ne parlent janyair de deux
montagnes . Straban , Dion , Vitruve, touts con-

3')
3
7
9)
37

vu

7)
3)
31
'n
9)
37

XV.

XXXV.

viennent fur ce paint , que le Vefave de leur XXXIX-

term, temoignait par de certain: indiees ga’ il
a'vort autre fair brulé (a), ('3‘ le premier com-
pare
(a) Straaon dun: le premier livre de [a Geograpbie dit J
',, Supra bat laca [has e/l Vefu-uiu: mans, agri: cinfiur opti-
,, mirr'a’empto vertiee , qui magna fui parte planar , tom:
,', flEWllJ‘ efl, adfpeflu einereu: , cavernafque o/lendenrfiflula-
,, rum plena: ('7' lapx'dam calare fuliginofl) , utpate ab igm'
,, exefaram , at can/column; facere poflit i/la laca quandam ar-
,, filfe', (9' craterar igni: baauife , deinde materia deficit-me
,, reflméla fmfl'e. ,,
Dion

 
 

an 63 we

on its top to an amphitheatre . The moun-
tain now called Somma was , I believe ,
that which the Ancients called Vefuvius :
its outfide form is conical 3 its infide , in-
flead of an amphitheatre , is now like a
great Theatre. I fuppofe the eruption in
Pliny’s time to have thrown down that
part of the cone next the tea , which would
naturally have left it in its prefent {late ;
and that the conical mountain, or exifiing
Vefuvius, * has been nailed by the fuccee—
ding eruptions : all my obfervations confirm
this opinion. I have feen ancient lavas in
the plain on the other fide of Somma ,
which could never have proceeded from
the prefent Vefuvius. * Serao a celebrated
phyfician now living at Naples , in the
introduction of his account of the eruption
of Vefuvius in 1737 { in which account
many of the phenomena of the Volcano
are recorded and very well accounted for),
fays, that at the Convent of Dominican
Fryars, called the Madonna dell’Arco,fo—
me years ago , in linking a well , at a
hundred feet depth, a lava was difcovered',
and foon after another 5 [0 that , in lefs
than three hundred feet depth , the lavas
of four eruptions were found . From the
fituation of this Convent, (fee the Map,)
it is clear beyond a doubt, that thefe la—
vas proceeded from the mountain called Som-
ma, as they are quite out of the reach of
the exifiing Volcano.

From there circumflances, and from re—
peated obfervations I have made in the
neighbourhood of Vefuvius, I am fu-re that
no virgin foil is to be found there , and
that all is compofed of different firata of
erupted matter, even to a great depth be-
low the level of the fea . In short, I ha-

ve

Diodorus Siculus , in his fourth book, defcribing the va-
yage of Hercules into Italy, lays: ,, Phlegrzus quoque cam.
,, pus is locus appellatur a colle nimirum, qui Etna: in-
,, liar Siculaz magnam vim ignis erué’tabat; nunc Vefuvius
,, nominatur , multa inflammationis priftinae vefligia refer.
' ,, vans . ,, And Vitruvius , in the chapter of the. fecond
book, fays: ,, Non minus etiam memoratur anthuitus cre-
,, ville ardores 84 abundafi‘e fub Vefuvio monte & inde evo-
,, muiife circa agros flammas. ,, Tacitus, mentioning the
eruption of Vefuvius in the regin of Titus, feems to hint
likewife at former eruptions, in thefe words: ,, Jam vero
,, novis eladibus, vel poll longam faeculorum repetitis af-

,, fliétae , haufiae aut abrutz fecundifsima Campaniz cm 3:
,, urbs incendns valtata. ,,

pare le fiammet du crater a uni Amphitheatre;
Je fuis perfuadé que la montagne gu’ on ap-
pelle Maintenaut Somma e'toz't celle que les .An-
cieus appelloient Ve u'w'us . Sa fame exterieu-
are efl conigue, (5' [on interieur , au-lieu (1’ €-
tre uzz Amphitheatre , refl'emlale maintenant a
un grand T/Je’atre . ]e croir que l’ eruption a’u
tems o'e Pline a aboattu cette partie du cone
'ooi/ine de la mer , qui l’ auroit naturellement
laifie dam fan ancien e'tat , (9‘ que la mon—

tagne L‘onigue ou le Vefu’ve * aBuel s’efl elevé 3‘ PL

par les eruptions juccefli'oes ; routes mes all/er-
vatiom confirment cette opinion . f at 'vu d’tm-
ciemzes la'ves fur la plaine de l’autre cue du
Somma , lefguelles ne peu'vent jamais a'uoir e'té
une produfiion du Vefu’ve afluel . * Serao ce-
lebre medecin etabli fl Naples, dam l’ introdu—
Klimt de fa de/cription de l’ eruption du Ve u-
we en I7 37, de/criptz'on ou la plufpart o'er p/Je-
no‘mene’s du Volcan [on reprefente’s (9“ tre’s {Jim
expligués ), dit gue dam le Cou'uent des Do-
miniquaim appellé la Madonna dell .Arco, on
den‘ou’vrit uue lave il 3/ a quelq-ues amte'er m
creufaut uu puitr jufgu’ a‘ cent piedr de pro-
fondeur ; que biento‘t apre’r on trou'vzz une fe-
conde la've , ezzfuite uue t'r‘oifieme , enfin une
quatrieme a mains de trois ceizs pied: de pro-
fondeur: ce qui indique quatre eruptions . Par-
la fltuatz'on de ce Cou'veyzt, (voyez la carte ge-
uewzle), il 51} bowie doute que oer limes pro-
venoient de la montagne appelle’e Somma, par—
cegu’ elles font loom de la porte’e du Volcan a-
fluellement ext/taut.

D) aprés lot detail: gue Je wiem de (Ionizer,
(T ler obferruatz'ous, glue fat repetées dam le
woiflnage du Ve uve , fe fuis flit qu’ on me
[await y trou've'r un fol merge, (5” qu’ il eff
tout compo/é do different“ couc/Jes de matiéres
produites par des eruptions, méme ,2 uue gran-
,de profondeur au—dcflom du niveau de la mer.

E72-

Dian dc Sicilei a'am' fim IV lime decfivant l'e voyage
d’Hercule en Italie alit: ,, Pblegmus quogfle campus 13' 115W:
,, appellatur a 50119 nimirum , qui )Ezme inflar Sicula- ma-
,, gnam vim igm's eruflabat ,- nunc VEvaiMI naminatur,mul-
,, m inflammationir priflim ve/ligia refer'vans . ,, Vityu‘ue
dam" [on cbapitre du fecond lime dit: ,, Non minus et‘
,, lam memoramr antiguz'tu: creviffe ardares, @‘abundafle fab
,, Vefuvio meme, (9‘ inde evomuifle circa ogre: fiammar . ,,
Tacite faiflmt mention ale l’ eruption du Vefu've four le regne
do Titus, female fappofer également d’ancienne: eruptions . ,,
,, Jam 'vero nevi: cladibm', ml [70]? longam faculomm repe-
,, this affliélre, baufla aut abrutie fecundiflima Campania om
,, 0' was immdii: eat/late.

XXXIH.

* Pl.
XV.

 
 

 

 

 

an 64 we

ve not any doubt in my own mind , but
that this Volcano took its rife from the
bottom .of the fea; and as the whole plain
between Vefuvius and the mountains be—
hind Caferta , which is the befhpart of
the Campagna Felice, is C under its good

foil ) compofed of burnt matter, I imagi- '

ne the {ea to have washed the feet oftho—
{e mountains, until the fubterraneous fires
began to operate, at a period certainly of
a molt remote antiquity. . _
The foil of the Campagna Feliceus ve-
ry fertile; I law the earth opened in ma-
ny places 121?: year in the midfl of that
plain, when they were feeking for mate-
rials to mend the road from Naples to Ca-
ferta. The firatum of good foil was in ge-
neral four or five feet thick ; under which
was a deep firatum of cinders , pumice ,
fragments of lava, and fuch burnt matter
as abounds near Vefuvius and all Volca-

nOS (a). The mountains at the back ofCa-I
ferta are moflly of a fort of lime-{lone , r

and very different from thofe formed by fi-
re, though Signor Van Vitelli , the cele—
brated Architect , has afl'ured me, that , in
the cutting of the famous Aqueduct of Ca-
ferta through thefe mountains , he met with
fome foil, that had been evidently formed
by fubterraneous hm high grounds,
which extend from Caflel-a-Mare to the point
of Minerva towards the island of Caprea,
and from the promontory that divides the
bay of Naples from that of Salerno, are of
lime-fione. The plain of Sorrento , that
is bounded by thefe high grounds , begin-
ning at the village of Vico , and ending
at that of Mafl'a , is wholly ' compofed of
the fame fort oftafa as that about Naples,
except that the cinders or pumice flones
V I _

(a) In the month of January 1776 the Author lawns.

Ewell fun]: at Caferta near the Marquis Paderno’s Houfe :
:t was 123 feet deep , the [tram were in the follo-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

wing order . feet
Rich vegetable earth.—— —»—————« 8
Vegetable earth mixed with Volcanick ashes. --——- 8
A brown and hard Tufa with large pumice . 2.7
A more tender Tufa compofed of Volcanick mat-

ter yery much burnt, of the colour of a cinder 30
Fine Volcanick ashes ofythe fame colour as the lira-

turn of tufa over them . - I-— -— 5°

Under which was the water.

This circumfiance confirmed the Author in his opinion
as to the Volcanick origin of the whole plain called the
Campagna Felice .

En n fe no doure En arcane maniere,‘ 9W cg
Volran 11’ air pris fa naiflance do fond do lg
mer , (<7 comma route la plazne entre le Vefu-
we (9' ler montagnes‘derriere Caferte, laguclle
forme la meilleure partie de la Compare/re, cji
four an fol fertile (9' compo/é de marzere bra-
le’e, ]e fair porre’ a croiro, que la mer a la-

‘ Ive” le pied de oer montagne: jufqa’ (l ce one

let“ feux footerraim ayenr continence d’ operer a
an certain periode de term gm remonte certai—
nement a la play baare antiguite’.

Le fol de la Campanio e/l trey fe’rtile.]’ai
'va la terre oa'verte en plafieurs endroits l’ an-
née derniere an milieu de com plaine , lorfqa’
on o/Jerc/Jo'z'r des mareriaux pour re’mblir le
grand c/Jomin de Napler'rl Calorie. La coa-
c/Je de ban terrein e'loir on general de l’epaif-
feur‘ de 4 on 5 pieds, an—dgfom dtoit ane coa-
o/Je profona'e de cendrey, do poncer , de frag-
menr de lane, (’3’ de cette marie’re orale’e qai
abonde prés du Vefnve (9" do tom lee Vol-
cam (a) . Les montagnes derrie're Caferrefont
la phi/part compo/Fey a” one eflzece de pierre cal-
caire, tre’s dijferenre do cellos forme’er par le
fen . Cependant Monfiear Van-Vitelli celeore Ar-
c/Jitefle m, a afluré qu’en faifant creafer les fon—
demen: da fameax Agaedae de Coferre art-tra-
'vers de res montagney, il a rcncontre’ quelquer
rerreins qui ont été evidemment forme’s par an
fen foarerrain . Toate oerre portion de terre:
elevt‘er qais’erend depuis Caflel~a-Mare jafqu’
a‘ la poinre de Minerva 72ers l’Irle de Capri,
(‘7 depais le Cap qai di'vife la hag/e do Naples
de celle a'e Salerno, ejl do pierre calcaire. La
plaine de Sorrento qui o/l termine’e par oer col-
lines en commerzganf, au Village de Vico (9' fi-
nifl'anr a celai de Mafia, ofl entierement com—
pofe’e de la mime efpece de tufa qae celai do:
environs de Naples, excepte’ que les cendrer,
on les pierres poncex qui y font mele’es , font

d’un

(3) via moir ale funnier I776 l’ Jamar a we oreafi'r 1m

[mitt ti Cajerte pre’r de la maifon du Marquis Paderno , 1'1
wool! 123 piedr a’e profomleur , 0 ler coaraer eroient

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

door 1’ ordre fui'vant. —————-—————————-— pied:
Terrein ricbe {’9' vegetable. ————————--—————— 8
Terrein vegetable mele’ de cendrer Volcaniques. 8
Un Tufa firm (9' dur mele‘ do grofle: pierre: power. 27
Un Tufa tendre compo/é de marie‘rex Volcaniques [Jim

miter et de la couleur de oendre . —— 30
Cendre: Volcaniqae: Ire: fine: or de la me‘me coulear

de la combo do Tufa qui lex oeuvre —— so

50a: lefquelle: on trou'ua l’eau .

Cette oirconflance canfirma l’ufuteur door 1’ opinion on il a.
fair grant a l’origine Volcanique de tome la plaine appellc’:
Campagna Felice. .

 

 
“I?“ 65 Hie

intermixed in it are larger than in the Na-
ples tufo. I conceive then that there has
been an explofion in this fpot from the
a bottom of the fea. This plain, as I have
remarked to be- the cafe with all foils pro-
duced by fubterraneous fire , is extremely
fertile; whilfl the ground about it, being
of another nature, is not {0 t The island
of Caprea 'does not shew any figns of ha-
ving been formed by fubterraneous firegbut
is of the fame nature as the high grounds
lafl mentioned , from which it has been
probably detached by earthquakes , or the
violence of the waves. Rovigliano, an if;
land or rather a rock, in the bay of Ca-
fiel-a—Mare, is likewife- of lime-Hone, and
feems to have belonged to the original moun=
tains in its neighbourhood: in lime ofthe—
fe mountains there are alfo petrified fish and
foflil shells , which I never have found in
the mountains which. I fuppofe to, have been
formed by explofion; (u). *

You have now , Sir , before you the na-
ture of the foil from Caprea to» Naples .
The foil on which this great Metropolis
k fiands has been evidently produced» by an
plofions , * fome of which feem to have
been upon the very {pot on which» this Ci»
ty is built; all the high grounds round
Naples , Paufilipo, Puzzoli , Ba'i'a , Mife-
num , the islands of Procida and Ifchia ,
appear to have been raifed by explofionflF
You can trace fiill in many ofthele heights
the conical shape that was naturally given
them at firfl, and even the craters out o§
which the matter ilrued, * though, to. be
fure , others of thefe heights have fuffered
fuch changes by the hand of time , that

on can only conjeé’ture that they were rai—
fed in the like manner, by their compofi-
tion being exafily the fame as that oftho-
{e mountains which flill' retain their coni-
cal form and craters entire .. A Tufn exa-
é’tly refembling the fpecimen I took froliln

t e

(a) Bracini , in his account of the eruption of I63! ;
fays, that he found many forts of Tea shells on Vefuvius
after that eruption; and P. Ignatio, in his account of the
fame eruption, lays , that he and his companions picked
up many shells likewife at that time upon the mountain:
this circumflance would induce one to believe , rthat the
water thrown out of Vefuvius , during that formidable e~_
ruption , came from the {ca ,

of un 'volume plus t‘onjidernole que celui du
Tufa de Naples. f en conelur qu’il 9! our une
explofion dons ce lieu ne’e du fern de la mer .
Cetre pluine e/l extrememenr fertile, re gui ur-
ri've, oomme ]e l, ni deju remurque’ , {l tourfol
produir par des feux fourerrniny , pendant que
le terrain quz‘ l’ environne (9° guz' e/l (1’ one
ourre nature, 72’ a]? pus de lo mehne ferrilz'ré.
L’ Isle de Capri ne donne uueun figne d’nvoir
e‘ré formée par des feux fourerrniny 5 mnir elle
efl de lo me‘me nature que les collines ele've’er,
dont f oi deju pnrle’ , (9° dent elle a problem
lylement e'te’ demo/Joe pnr des tremblemens de
terre , en lo violence des vaguer. Rovigliano,
5'le ou pluté’r roe/oer dons la bnie de Cnflel—
a-Mure efl nufli de pierre culcuire , (9’ paran-
4'00}? opponent; aux montugnes de fan voifinrp
ge. Duns quelques une: de oer montagnes on
wait der pozfl'om Petrifié; , (9‘ do: coquillnger
fofliles que je n'ai jumuir reneom‘re’s dons les
montugner one foi die n'voir e’z‘é forméer per
day explofionr (n). *

Vour cannaz’fl‘ez mointenonr , Monfi'eur , lu
nature du fol depuis Capri jufqu’ ll Nupler .
Le fol fur lequel n e'té [We cen‘e grunde Cn-
pirnle u e're’ produir evidemment par do: ex-
plofions, * donr quelgues uner [emblem nvoir
eoeé/lé fur le lieu mé‘me ou‘ elle eff ; Tous les
lieux dleve’s de: environs de Naples , Pflfifi—
lippe, Puzzole, Eu'ie, (’9' Mfene , les Isles
ole Provider (’9‘ d” Ifcbz‘u, pnroifl'enr nvoir ore
eleve’s par de: explofiom .*Vour obfer'vez. tou-
jours olnm lo plufpnrt de oer lonureurr lo for-
me conique gui leur n e‘re’ donne’e dun: leprirz-
cipe , (9° méme les craters per on In mutie’re
efl fortie . * ,Quelgues unes de ces lmuteurr
onr eprou'vé de fl grand: chungemen: par le
lop: the term , qu’ eller permen‘ent feulement
de conjeflurer qu’ elles furenr ele'oées de lo
meme moniere, leur compo/Mon e'mnr prevife-
menr lu m€me que celle de ces monrngnes qui
ont tau/ours confer’vé leur forme coniguo (9'
leurs crnrers . Un Tufa purfuitemenr frmblflble
nu morceuu gue f oi prir dons l’ interieur ll“

T176511

(a) Brucini dam fim Hf/loire de l’ eruption do 1631 all»
434’ il 4 trou'vé plu/leur: efpéees dc coquilles marines fur le
Vefu've apre’s cene eruption ; ('7‘ le P. Ignuzz'o don: fl; rela-
tion de la me'me eruption, dir, que lui o ceux qui l'uccam.
pugnoient , rumufferem aujfi dun: ce tern: ln’ pin/fem: caquilles
for In montngne. Cette circonflunee conduit & croire que l’eau
lance‘e o'u Ve um pendant cme formidable eruption venoit do
In my.

* Pl.
XLII.

LV.
XLVIl.

* PI. Ill.
& .IV.

* Pl.
XVII.
XXVIII.
8: xxxr.

/

 
 

 

 

 

~>§E( 66 )5?

the infide of the Theatre of'Herculaneum, *
layers of pumice intermixed with layers of
good foil , jufl like thofe over Pompeii, and
lavas like thofe of Vefuvius , compol‘e the
whole foil of the country that remains t0
be defcribed .

The famous Grotto anciently cut through
the mountain of Paufilipo , to make a road
from Naples to Puzzoli , gives you an op-
portunity of feeing that the whole of that
mountain is Tafa. * The firfl evrdent cra—
ter you meet with, after you have paired
the Grotto of Paufilipo , is now the lake
of Agnano; * a fmall remain of the {ub-
terraneous fire ( which muff probably ha-
ve made the bafon for the lake , and rai-
fed the high grounds which form a fort of
Amphitheatre round it)ferves to heat rooms,
which the Neapolitans make great ufe of
in fummer, for carrying of diverfe difor—
ders by a flrong perfpiration . This place
is. called the Sudatorio di San Germano 5
near the prefent Bagnios, which are but
poor little hovels, there are the ruins of
a magnificent ancient Bath . About an hun-
dred paces from hence is the Grotto del
Cane; I shall only mention , as a further
proof of the probability that the lake of
Agnano was a Volcano , that vapours of
a pernicious quality , as‘rthat in the Grot-
to del Cane , afiz‘fi'equemly met with in
the neighbourhood of Etna. and Vefuvius ,
particularly at the time of , before , and
after great eruptions. The noxious vapour
having continued in the fame force confiant.
ly {0 many ages , as it has done in the
Grotto del Cane ( fOr Pliny mentions this
Grotto (a) ), is indeed a circumflance in
which it differs from the vapours near Ve.
fuvius and Etna, which are not conflant.
The cone forming the outlide of this fup-
pofed Volcano is flill perfeé’t in many parts.

Oppofite to the Grotto del Cane , and
immediately joining to the lake , rifes the

moun—

(a) In book xi. c. 93. he obferves , that about Sinuefla
and Puteoli: ,, Spiracnla vocant — alii claroneas ferobes
,, mortiferum fpiritum exhalantes . ,, And Seneca , Nat:
,, Quacll. lib..v1. cap. 28. ,, Pluribus Italia’ locis per quar-
dam. foramina peflilens exhalatur vapor , quem non ho-
mini-dupere'l, non fem tutum eff. Aves quoque {i in i1.
,, lum melderint, antequam coelo meliore leniantur,in ipfo

,, volatu cadunt, livenrque corpora , 8: non aliter quam
,, per Vim eltlaz fauces tument. ,,

3)
J,

T/oea'trc d’ Hercalanam,\* der fragment de pon- * Pl.

cer méler avec des parties de bonne terre , toat— XLV.
d-fait femblabler a‘ ceax qai fe troa'vent far 3614111

Pompeii (9° der lanes femblabcr dcelles da Ve-
fa'ue , compofent tout le fol da pair qaz me
refle d decrire . .

La fameafe Grotto coapée aatrefais aa—trawrs
de la montagne de Paafilippe , pour film: an
grand cam de Naplet dPazzoli, 'voar fow—
nit le moyen de 'voir qae toat l, interwar de
cette montagne n’ eff qae Tufa. * Le premier * Pl.
crater evident qae voa: rencontre’r apre’s avoir XVI.
pajfe’ la Grotte dePaa/ilippe efl maintenant le
lac d’ Agnano . * Un refle leger de feax foa- * Pl.
terrain: qai doi'vent problablcment avoir formé XVIII-
le <grand Izaflin da lac , (’9’ clear? let collines
qai forment toat aatoar an cfpece d’flmploitlie’a-
tre , fer: d ec/Jaafler do: c/Jamlzre; dant ler
Napolitain: font grand afage en éte’ pour la
gaerifon de diverfer maladies par le moyen d’
ane forte tranfpiration . Ce liea efl appellé il
Sadatorio di St.German0: (l6: Etafes de Saint
Germain ) aapre’s des Bain: afiaels gai ne
font qae de petites cloaamiérer , font let rai-
nes de magnifiqaer Baim antigaes. A cent pa:
de ld ejf la Grotte da C/Jien . ]c 72’ en parle
qae comme d’ane prcave noa'oelle de probabili-
te' one le Lac d’Agnano a e‘té an Volcan; car
let 'vapcary pcrnicieafer de la Grotte da Claim
font lcs mémes qae celles qa’on troa'oefreqaem-
ment‘dan: le 'voifinage dc l’Etna (9’ da cha've,
farm“; danr le rem; qai prc'ce’de on qai fait im-
mediatement let grander eraptions. Ce: 'uapear:
invi/ibles ayant continaé conflamment dans lear-
méme degre’ de force pendant tant de fiecle:
dans la Gratre da C/Jien ( car Pline en fair
mention (a) ) diflerent pa‘r lal fenfiolement d’
avec le: 'vapears da 'voifinagé’tda Vefa'ue (9‘
de l’ Etna , gai ne font pas con/lantey. Le co-
ne aai forme l’ exteriear de ce lieu éle’ue’ qae
Jc crois a'voir éte’ an Volcan, cjt encore parfait
danr plafiears de fer parties.

Vir—zi—‘oir de la Grotte da Claim; , ('9‘ :2 la
faite da lac immediafement , .r’elcve la monta-

gas

(a) Il obferve lime x1. 5. 93. qa’aax environ: dc Sinaef-
fe ('9' dz Pagzoli : ,, Spiracala vacant . . . . alii claraneas
,, [cranes mortifiram fpiriium ear/minutes. ,, Senequc natqaa’jl.
lié. vi. c. 28. ,, Pluriaa: Italiie loci: per grandam foramina
,, peflilens exhalatur vapor qaem nan lJomini dacere, non fem
,, tutam ejl. flue: qaoqae [2' in illam inciderint , antequam

,, caela meliore lem'antur , in ipfo 'volam cadant, limmqae cor-
,, Para, (9' mm aliter qaam per 'vim elifa fame: tument_. ,,

 

 
»EE( 67 We

mountain called Aflruni , * which , having,
as I imagine , been thrown up by an ex-
plofion of a much later date , retains the
conical shape and every fymptom of a Vol-
cano in much greater perfection than that
I have been defcribing . The crater of A-
firuni is furrounded with a wall, to con«
fine Boats and Deer ( this Volcano having
been for many years converted to aRoyal
Chace ). * It may be about fix miles or
more in circumferenc. : in the plain at the
bottom of the crater are two lakes; and in
{ome books there is mention made ofa hot
fpring,‘which I never have been able to
find . There are many huge rocks of lava
within the crater of Afiruni , and fome I
have met. with alfo in that of Agnano 5,

the cones of both thefe fuppofed Vol'canos

are compofed of’Tufn and flrata of loofe
pumice, fragments of lava and other burnt
matter , exafily refembling the flrata of
Vefuvius . Bartholomeus Fatius , who wrote-
of the aflions of King Alphonfo the Firft
( before the new mountain had been for-
med near Puzzoli ) , conjectured that Afiru-
ni had been a Volcano . Thefe are his words:
,, Locus Neapoli quatuor millia paffuum‘
,, proximus , quem vulgo Lil’crones vocant,
,, nos unum e Phlegraais Campis ab ardore'
,, nuncupandum putamus . ,, There is no
entrance into the crater of either Aflruni
or Agnano, except one , evidently made:
by art, * and they both e—xaé‘tly correfpond
with Strabo’s defcription of Avernus ; the
fame may be faid of the Solfaterra and the
Monte Gauro, or Barbara as it is fometi-
mes called , which I shall defcribe pre-
fently".

Near Aflruni and towards the [ca rifes
the Solfaterra , "‘ which not only retains
its cone and crater, but much of its former
heat . In the plain Within the crater , *
fmoak ifl'ues from many parts, as alfo from
its fides; here by means of {tones and ti-
les heaped over the crevices through which
the fmoak paflhs, they collect in an auk-
Ward manner ‘what they call nte nmmonin-
t0 ; and from the [and of the plain they
extraE’t fulphur and alum. * This {pot well
attended to , might certainly produce a good
revenue, whereas I doubt if they have hit-
herto ever cleared zoo Layear by it.The

_, hol<

gne nppeIIe’e Aflruni * guz' n’ n'innt éte’
]e I’ imngine, eompofe’e gue pnr une exploflon
[renueoup plus re’cente , con/er’zze In forme co-
nique, C9“ tout ee qui nppnrtient (2 un Volcnn,
n‘ un plus grnnd degré de perfeflion, gue tous
ceux que ]’ ni-decrits. Le crnter d’ .Aflruni
efl en'vironne‘ d’ une murniIIe pour y enfermer
der Snnglier: (y den éé'ter fnu'ves , ce Volenn
nynnt e'te' converti en Pnrt pour In c/nnfle du
Roi depuiy plufieurx nnné‘es.* II n environ fix
mile: on d’ n'unntnge de circonferenee: dens In
plnine qui cfl nufond du crnter iI y n demo
Ines ; guelgues Iivre: font nufli mention d’une
fource eonude, mnis je n’ni jnmni: puIn trou-

,* PI.

XIX.

* PI.
XX.

'ver. II y n de vnfler roe/yer: de In've dnnr Ie'

crater d’ .A/Iruni, (9" f en ni nufli trou've' dnns
eelui’ d’ Agnnno . Les cones de ces deux Volcnns
( Que du mains ]e crois tel; ) * font compo-
fe’s de Tufa, de couches. depierrer pence: pen
nd/Jé'rente: les uney nux nutres, de frngmem de
In've , (9° d’ nutres mntiéres brulées exnéie-
ment femhlnbles r2 ceIIes du Ve u'ce . Bnrt/JeIemi
Fntius gui n ecrit I’ Hifloire du Roi Alp/Jon—
fe I. n'vnnt Que In montngne nou-veIIe(Monte
Nuo'vo ) eut e'te' forme’e pres de Puzzp-Ie, eon-
jefture qu’ Aflruni n‘ e’te’ un Volcnn . Voici fes
pnroler: ,, Locus NenpoIi quntuor miIIin pnf—
,, fuurn proximur, guem 'ongo Liflroner 'vocnnt,
,, nos unum e” PnIegraeis cnmpix nbnrdore nun—
,, cupnndum putt/mus. ,, II n’yn gu’ une feuIe
entre’e dnm Ie ernter foit d’flflruni , foit dbl-
gnnno, encore efl iI evident gu’ eIIe efl I’ on—
wrnge de 1' art , * toutes les deux. repondent
exnftement d In defiription qua Strnbon n fni-
re de l’ Averne: on peut dire In mé‘me ebofe
ole In Solfnterrn (5° du Mont Gnuro, ou Bnr—
bnro ninfi qu’ on l’nppeIIe guelguefois,dont fe
wnis nfiuellement dunner In defcription .

Pre’s d’ .A/Iruni (9° were In mer s’ eIe'oe In
SoIfnterrn, * gui non feuIement neonfer'véfon
tone (3' fan ernter , mnis encore lyenneoup de
fn c/JnIeur primitive . Dnns In pInine gui efl
nu-de dnm du crnter, * In fume’e fart de plu-
fieurr endroits ninfi que de fer pnrois. Ln’ pnr
Ie moyen des pierres (9‘ der tuiles gu’ ils n-
moncelent fur des ere'vnfl'e: nu-rrnvers de/queI-
let pnfle In fumée, ily reeueiIIent d’une mnnie-
re qui temoigne peu d’intelligente , ce qu’ iIs
appellant fel ammoniac , Z9“ du fnz’zle de In
plnine iIs retirent Ie foufre (9' I’nlun. * Si 1’
ndmini/Irntion de ce lieu étoit bien entendue ,
iI produirait certninement un grnnd revenu ,lnu—

zeu

* Pl.
XIX.

* Pl.
XXIII. 8:
XXIV.

* Pl.
XXV.

*Pl.LIII.

 
 

 

 

 

 

92H 68 )Sfie

hollow found produced by throwing ahea-
vy Prone on the plain of the crater of the
Solfaterra {eems to indicate, that it Isfup‘
ported by a fort of arched natural vault“;
and one is induced to think that there. IS
a pool of water beneath this vault (which
boils by the heat of afubterraneous tire fiill
deeper), by the very morfi fleam that if—
fues from the cracks in the plain. of the
Solfaterra, which, like that of bmling wa-
ter, runs off a {word or knife , prefented
to it , in great drops. On the outfide,and
at the foot of the cone of the Solfaterra ,
towards the lake of Agnano, water rushes
out of the rocks [0 hot , as to raife the
quickfilver in Fahrenheit’s Thermometer to
the degree of boiling water (a), a faé’t of
which I was myfelf an eye-witnefs . This
place, well worthy the obfervation of the
curious , has been taken little notice of;
it is called the Pifciarelli. * The common
people of Naples have great faith in the
efficacy of this water; and make much ufe
of it in all cutaneous difordres, as Well as
for another diforder that prevails here . It
feems to be impregnated chiefly with ful—
phur and alum. When you approach your
ear to the rocks of the Pifeiarelli , from
‘whence this water ouzes, you__hear a'hor—
rid boiling noifgflfiilfihw to proceed
from the huge cauldron, that may be {up—
pofed to be under the plain of the Solfa-
tetra. On the other tide of the Solfaterraz
:next the {ca , there is a rock , Wich has
communicated with the (ea, till part of it
was cut away to make the road to Puzzo-
li; this was Undoubtedly aconfiderable la-
va, that ran from the Solfaterra when it
Was an aflive Volcano . Under this rock
of lava , which is more than feventy feet
high , there is a firatum of pumice and
ashes . This ancient lava is about a quar-
ter of a mile broad; you met with it ab-
ruptly before you come in fight of Puzzo-
1i, and it finishes as abruptly within about
an hundred paces of the Town. * I have
often

(a) I have remarked} that ', after a great fall of rain ,
the degree of heat in this water is much leis, which will
account for what the Padre Torre fays ( in his book, en.
titulcd , Hiflaire (9‘ lenomenes du Vefuw ) , that, when

he tried it in company with Monfieur de la Condamine ,
the degree of heat , upon Reammur’s Thermometer , was 68w

lieu que je doute [i l’ an en retire 1'14qu (2
prefent deux cent li'ores flerling par an .’ La
profondeur du [on one prodmt la claute d (4729
pierre pefante fur la plume du crater de la
Solfaterra, femble indiquer qu elle efl foute-
nue par une efpece de 'uoute naturelle d plu:
fleurs arceaux, (9’ il efl naturel de penfer qu
au-deflous de cette 'voute il y a un lac gut bout
par la c/aaleur d’ an feu fouterram beaueoup
plus pro/and, tant il for! do 'vapeurs bumides
des fentes de la plaine, lefquelles comme eel-
les de l’ eau bouillante, coulent d grojfes gou-
tes le long if une epe’e on d’ un couteau gu’ on
y prefente . Au pied de la furface znterzeure
du cone de la Solfaterre 'vers le Lac dflgna—
no , il eoule des rockers une tau fi claaude
qu’elle fufiit pour éle'ver le mercure du T ber—
mométre -de Farren/Jeit an degré de l’eau bouil~
lante (a) , fait, dont f ai éte’ temoin oculaire.
Ce lieu tre’s digne de l'obfer'uation des curieux,
a été cependant fort peu examine’: on l’appel—
le Pifciarelli . * Le has peuple de Naples 4
une granule confiance clans l’ eflitucité de cette
eau , (9“ en fair grand ufage dans toutes les
maladies cutanées , ainfi que dans une autre
maladie qui domine dans ce climat—ei. .Il femg
Izle qu’ elle foit principalement mineralzfée par
le foufre (9' l’ alun . Lorfqu’ on met l’oreil-
le pre’s des rot/96V: des Pifciarelli d’ou fortent

0e: max, on entend un bo‘u‘z'llonnement e/fraa.

yaizt , fembhzble d celui qui fortiroit d’ une
profonde clmudie’re, qu’ on peut imaginer four
In plaine de la Solfaterra. De l'autre cdte’ de
la Solfaterra on 'voit un roe/oer qui communi—
quoit autrefois avec la mer dont il e/l moi—-
[in ; mais qui a e'té coupe’ en partie pour fai—
re le grand elaemin gui conduit (2 Puzz‘ole . C’
etoit induoitablement une la'ue con/iderable qui
coula de la Solfaterra lorfqu’ elle etoit encore
un Volton dans toute fan afiivite’ . Sous ce ro-
c/Jer de la'ue gui efl elevé de plus de 70 pieds,'
il y a une tout/7e de pierres ponces (9' de cen-
dres. Cette ancienne lat/e efl large d’ environ

un quart de mille: On In rencontre tout-d—coup "

n'vant de wir Puzzole , (9’ elle finit brufguement
d environ cent pas de la Ville . *J’ai fou'oent pen-

, X
f" XXIV.

_ (a) J’ai remarqué qu’ upre‘s des pluyes abundant“ , le de-
gré de coaleur de cette eau ejt beaueoup moindre , :e qm' fe
rapporte avec ce que dit 15 P. dellu Torre dons {on Hifioi-
re & Phamomenes du Vefuve , gue lorfqu’ il examind can:
can a'vec Mon/ieur de la Condumine , le (legré ale coaleur nu
Tbsrmumé’tre de Reammur étoit 68.

fP1§xXII

l
i
XIII. 8; ‘
l

* Pl.

 
rim 6'9 ) ié’e

often thought that many quarries of fione,
upon examination , would be found to owe
their origin to the fame caufe, though ti-
me may have eEaced all figns of the Vol-
cano from whence they proceeded. Exce t
this rock, which is evidently lava and full
of vitrifications like that of Vefuvius , all
the rocks upon the cant ofBa’ia are of Tufu.

I have obferved in the lava of Vefuvius
and Etna , as in this , that the bottom as
well as the furface of it , was rough and
Porous, like .the cinders or fcoria: from an
iron foundery; and that for about a foot
from the furface and from the bottom , they
.were not near f0 folid and compafi asto—
Wards the centre; which mull undoubtedly
Proceed from the impreflion of the air u—
pon the vitrified matter whilll in fufion.*
I mention this circumflance, as it may fer-
ve to point out true lavas with more cer-
tainty. The ancient name of the Solfater~
ra was , Forum Vulcan-i 5 a flrong proof' of
its origin from fubterraneous fire. The de-
gree of heat, that the Solfaterra has pre-
ferved for {0 many ages , feems to have
calcined the {tones upon its cone, and in its
crater , as they are» very white, and crum—

ble eafily in the hottefl parts. *

y We come next to the New Mountain near

Puzzoli , which, being of {0 very late a
formation , preferves its conical shape en-
tire , and produces as yet but a very slen-
der vegetation . * It has a crater almof’c as
deep as the cone is high, which may be
near a quarter of a mile perpendicular ,
and is in- shape a regular inverted cone.*
At the bafis of this new mountain ( which
is more than three miles in circumference),
the {and upon the tea shore, and even that
which is washed by the feaitfelf, is burn-
ing hot for above the {pace of an hundred
yards; if you take up a handful of the {and
below water , you- are obliged to get rid
of it directly , on account of its intenfe
heat.

I had been long very defirous of meet-
ing with a good account of the formation
of this new mountain , becaufe' ,7 proving
this mountain to have been raifed by mere
explofion in a plain , would prove at the
fame time , that all the neighbouring moun—

tams

fe’ gu’ on pourroit npre’s un mur 'exnm'en , uc—
corder In meme origine a plufieurr mnfler de
pierre, guoigue le terns y nit eflucé tour les
flgner der Volcnns qui les ant produites.Exce-
pte’ ce rocloer gui efi evidemment une love, (9‘
pleine de vitrificntion: femblnliles r2 celles du
Vefuve, tous les roe/levy de lo cote de Bum
ne font que ‘de Tufa . '

f :15 obferve’ dons In love du Vefuve (5‘ de

l’Etnn, comme don; celle-ci Que le fond C?

In furfuee font rude: (9° remplir de pores ,
comme le lnitier on let [caries d’une forge,(9’
gu’ (2 ln diflnnee d’ environ unpied de In fur-
foee (’9’ du fond, lu motiére n’ efl pus zlbeouo
coup pre’r nufli folide (5° nufli compofle one
very le centre: Ce qui vient induloitublement
de l nflion de l’ nir fur In mntie’re vitrifie’e
lorfqu’ elle efl en fufion. * je n’ni pnr voulu
puffer [our [llenee oette circonflnnee , pnrcequ’
elle pent fervir {l determiner ln vrnie lnve um

vec plus de certitude . L’ nneien nom de lo Sol-.

forerm etoit Forum Vulcani : forte preuve do
[an origine due d un feu fouterrnin . Le degré
de clouleur gue In Solfoter-ru n confervé pen»
dent tnnt de fiecle; , femole nvoir cnleine’ lei»-
pierrer (l l’ extremite’ do [on alne (9" dons [on
Crnter , our elles font trey Hum/yes , (‘7 de—
viennent uifement frinliler dons ler endroitr les
plus e/Juudr. * /
Nous voici mointennnt (2 la Neuvelle Monte-
gne pres de Puzzole. Elle efi d’ une formntion
fl recente ., qu" elle canferve en entier fn for—
me conique , (9’ one In ve'ge’tntion y e/l trey

foible. * Son critter efi prefque uujfi profond *

que le cone efl elevé , c’ eff-il-dire d’ environ
un qunrt de mille prir verticulement , (9' fu
fame prefente e/l celle d’un cone renverfe’ re—

gulier.*.A lo bufe de cette montngne nouvelle *

dont ln circumference efl d’ environ trois miller,
le fable fur le bard de la mer C9” mé‘me tou—
te lo pn‘rtie du rivnge bnigne‘e per lo mer ,
efl d’une clanleur brulunte fur un efpnee d’en-
viron cent pus. Si vous prenez une poigne’e de
ee fable nu-defl'ous del’ eou, vou: e'tes oblige de
le jetter promptement tent fn c/Jnleur efl ex-
ceflive.

f ui defire’ long-term de trouver une Izonne
Hifloire de lo formution de cette montugne
nouvelle, purce—gu’ en prouvunt gue cette monta—
gne n e’té e'leve’e par une fimple exploflon dons
une pluine, ]e prouveroi: gue router [6’3 mon-
tngner voifiner gui font campu/e’es des. mé‘me:

R nub

* Pl-Ll.

*Pl.Lnr.

Pl.
XXVI.

Pl.
XXVII .

 
 

 

 

   

 

 

 

~>§EC 7° )5?

tains, which are compofed of the fame ma-
terials, and have exaétly or in part the fa-
me form, Were raifed in the like manner;
and that the feat of fire, the caulk of the-
fe explofions lies deep ; which I have C-
very reafon to think .

Fortunately , I lately found two very\
good accounts of the phenomena that atten-

ded the explofion, which formed the New
Mountain , Published a few months after the
event. As I think them very curious and
greatly to my purpofe, and as they are ra-
re, I will give you aliteral translation of
fuch extracts as relate to the formation of
the Monte Nuovo. They are bound in o-
ne volume (a).

The Title of the firfl: is,Dell’ Intendio di
Pozzuolo , Marco Antonio delli Falconi all’Il—
luflriflima Signora Marcbefa della Padula nel
MDXXXVIII.

At the head of the fecond is , Ragiona—
mento del Terremoto del Nuovo Monte, dell’
.Aprimento di Term in Pozzuolo nell Anna
1338, e della frgnificazione d’ efli Per Pietro
Giacomo do Toledo , and at the end of the
book, Stampata in Nap. per Giovanni Sulz‘t-
linen .Alemano, o’ 22 di Gennaro 1539, con
grazia , e privilegio.

,, Firfl then ( fays Marco Antonio delli
,, Falconi, will I relate {imply and exaé’r—
,, ly the. operations of nature, of which I
,, was either myfelf an eye-witnefs, or as
,, they were related to me by thofe who
,, had been witneffes of them. It is now
, two years that there have been frequent
, Earthquakes at Pozzuolo , at Naples , and
5, the neighbouring parts; on the day and
3, 1n the night before the appearance of this
, eruption , above twenty shocks great and
,, fmall were felt at the abovementioned
,, places . The eruption made its appearan-
,, ce the 29th of September 1538,the feafi
,, of St. Michael the angel ; it was on a
,, Sunday, about an hour in the night ;
,, and, as I have been informed, they be—
,, gan to fee on that fpot , between the
,, hot baths or fweating rooms and Tri-
,, pergoh, flames of fire , which firfl ma-‘

9) dc

; (a) This very fearce volume has been ref td '
William Hamilton to the British MufeutriD . lilifMday 51?

U»;

u

materiaux (9' gui ant , ou totalement ou en
partie la mé'meforme, ont e'te’ eleve’er de la ma-
me maniere, (9‘ que le fiege du fe‘u, caufe de
cer explojiom, e/l d une grande profondeur ,
ce que je dais pen/er par router forte: de
raifons.

Heureufement ]’ ai trou've' depuis peu deux
relations fort banner deep/oeizome’tzes qui accom-
pagnerent l’ explofion qui forma la montagne
nouvelle . Ce; deux relations furent publie’er peu
de moi: apre’s l’eruption, (3‘ comme ] e le: juge tre’r
curieufer (9‘ tre’r utiler a‘ man deflein, (9° que
d’ ailleurs elle: font rarer , ]e was donnerai
ici une tradufiion litterale do: morteaux qui
ont rapport :2 la formation du Monte Nuo'vo .
Ce: deux relations font relie’es en un feul Vo-
lume (a).

Le Titre du premier aft: Dell’incendio di
Pozzuolo, Marco Antonio delli Paleoni all’
Illuflriflima Signora Marchefa della Padu-
la nel MDXXXVIII.

./1u frontifpice de la feconde relation on lit:
Ragionamento del Terremoto del Nuovo
Monte, dell’ aprimento di tetra in Pozzuo-
lo nell’ anno I 538 , e della fignificazione di
efli Per Pietro Giacomo da Toledo, (9' d
la, fin du li'vre , fiampara in Napoli per Gio-
vanni Sulztbach Alemano a’ 22 di Gennaro
1539 con grazia e privilegio.

‘,, .Ain/i don’t , ( dit Marco Antonio delli
Falconi) [e Ivour racconterai [implement (9‘
' exaé‘iement lex operations de la nature def-_
quelles‘ J’ai éte’ moi meme temoin oculaire,
ou dont ]’ oi entendu 16’! recitr par teux
gui les ont 'vue's. Il y a afiuellement deux
any qu’ il yeut der frequent tremblemenr de
terre d Puzzple,a‘ Naples, (9° dam ler en-
droits 'voi/ins . Le jour (’9’ la nuit a'vant
qu’ il y eut aucun figne d’eruption, on fen-
tit dam let lieux dont ]e 'vienr de parler
,, plus de 20 tremblemenr fort: (9' aflez, longs.
L’ eruption fe fit le 29 Septembre 1338 ,
,, féte de St. Mic/Eel Archange: t’etoit un di-
manc/ae , d une laeure do nuit ou en'viron .
,, f ai oui dire qu’ on 'vit au mé’me lieu dc
,, l’ eruption , entre les Bain: cbaudr ou etuver,
,, (9“ T ripergoli , ale: flamme: de feu qu’ on
,, appergut d’ abort! au-defl'ur ties Baim (9“ qui
,, apre’r‘ s’ étre e'tendus 'vers Tripergoli, fe fi-

93 9“"

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(a) 9‘9 Volume m3: rare a été prefenté par ‘Monfieur I:
Chevalier Hamilton on Mufeum Britannique .
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de their appearance at the baths , then
extended towards Tripergoli, and fixing
in the little valley that lies between the
Monte Barbaro * and the hillock called
del Pericolo ( which was the road to
the lake of Avernus and the baths ),in
a short time the fire increafed to fucha
degree, that it burlt open the earth in
this place, and threw up to great a
quantity of ashes and pumice fiones mi-
xed with water , as covered the whole
country; and in Naples a shower of the-
fe ashes and water fell great part of the
night . The next morning , which was
Monday , and‘the lalt of the month ,
the poor inhabitants of Pozzuolo, flruck
with fo horrible a light , qu‘itted their
habitations, covered with that muddy
and black shower , which continued in
that country the whole day , flying death,
but with faces painted with its colours;
fome with their children in theis arms,
fome with facks full of their goods;ot-=
hers leading an afs , loaded with their
frightened family , towards Naples; ot-
hers carrying quantities of birds of va-
rious forts, that had fallen dead at the
time the eruption began 5 others again
with fish which they had found , and
Were to be met with in plenty upon
the shore , the fea having been at that
time confiderably dried up . Don Petro
di Toledo , Vice—Roy of the kingdom ,
with many gentlemen , Went to fee fo
wonderful an appearance 5 I alfo , ha—
ving met with the mofl honourable and
incomparable gentleman , Signor Fabrizio
Moramaldo , on the road, went and faw
the eruption and the many wonderful
effeéls of it. The fea towards Ba'i'a had
retired a confiderable way; though , from
the quantity of ashes and broken pumice
{tones thrown up by the eruption , it
appeared almofl totally dry. Ifaw like-
wife two fprings in thofe lately-difco-
vered ruins, one before the houfe that
was the Queen’s, of hot and falt water;
the other of fresh and cold water , on
the shore , about 250 paces nearer to the
eruption: fome fay, that , {till nearer to
the fpot where the eruption happened ,
a fiream of fresh water iffued forth like
,, a lit-

7I His

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xerent dam- la petite 'vallée entre le Monte

Barbaro * @‘le monticule appellé del Peri— * Pl.
colo ( ce gui e'toit la route au lac d’Aver— XXVIH'

ne (3’ aux Baim ) . En peu de tem: le
feu :’ accri’a't d un tel degré one In terre s’
ou'vrit dam cet endroit , (9“ 'vomit une fi
<grande quantite’ de cendres (9' de pierrer
poncer mé'lees a'vec de l’ cau, gu’ elle cou-
vrit tout le pair, (9" qu’ il tomba :2 Na-
ples pendant une grande partie de la nuit
une pluye abondante de ce: cendres accom-
pagne‘er de beacoup d’ eau . »Le lendemain
Lundi gui eltoit la fin du moi: , les pau-
'vres lmlzitam de Puzzole epou'vante'r par des
p/renomé‘ner aufli terrible; , quitterent leurs
habitation; cou'vertes de cette pluye noire
(5' limoneufe, qui continua tout le long du
jour dam ces cantons , (9‘ prirent la fuite
pour eviter la mort qui e'toit peinte fur
leur: 'vifages . Les ans a'vec leurs en—
fans entre les bras , d’ autres charges de
facr pleins de leurr efi’ets, d, autrer condui-
fant un dne qui portoit leur famille trem-
blante du cdte de Naples . 0n en 'voyoit
gui portoient une grande guantité’ d’ oifiaux
de diver/es 'efpecer , que l’eruption avoitfait
perir ,de’s fan commencement , (9' d’ autrer
charges de poifl'ons gu’ ils :avoient trou've’r,
(9' dont on pouvoit fe pourmir en aban—
dance for le rivage, parce—gue la mer Icy
a'voit laifle’ {l fec un efpace de tem: con—
fiderable . Don Pedro di Toledo Vice-Roi
du Royaume de Naples fvint a'vec plufieurs
performer, pour 'vair an fizefiacle gufl’i mer-
'veilleux . f y 'vinr aufli, ('3' ]e mi; cette
eruption 69‘ fee eflets fl digner d' admira—
tion , me trou'vant alors avec l’ honorable
(9" incomparable Signor Fabrizio Moramaldo
que J’a'vois reneontre’ fur le grand ,c/Jemin.
La mer s’e'toit retiree du cdte’ de Baia en
abandonant un terrein confiderable , (’3‘ le
ri'vage parozfl'oit pre’fque entierement d [86‘
par la quantite’ de cendres @depierrerpon-
ce: orifée: (9“ lance’es par l’ eruption . je
'vis aufli deux fourcer dam oer ruines nou-
vellement decouvertec, l’une au—devant de la
maifon qui e'toit celle de la Reine d’ une
eau c/aaude (9’ fale’e , l’ autre d’ une eau
fans~ fa'veur (9’ froide fur le rivage le plus
'voifln de l’ eruption td’ environ .250 pa: ;
quelgue: um difent one play pre’s encore du
lieu ou l’ eruption fe fit 9 il fortit an cou—

,, rant

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

)3

 

arc 72 we . ' .

a little river. Turning towards the pla~
cc of the eruption , you law mountains
of fmoak , part ofwhich was very black
and part very white , rife up toa great
height ; and in the midfi of the fmoak,
at times, deep~coloured flames burfl for-
th with huge {tones and ashes, and you
heard a noife like the difcharge of a num-
ber of great artillery. It appeared to me
as if Typheus and Enceladus from Ifchra
and Etna. with innumerable Giants , or
thofe from the Campi Phlegrei (which,
according to the opinions of fome , we-
re fituated in this neighbourhood), we-
re come to wage war again with Jupi—
ter. The natural hif’rorians may perhaps
reafonably fay , that the wife Poets meant
no more by Giants , than exhalations ,
shut up in the bowels of the earth,
which , not finding a free paffage, open
one by their own force and impulfe ,
and form mountains, as thofe which oc—
cafioned this eruption have been feen to
do; and methought Ifaw thofe torrents

. of burning fmoak that Pindar defcribes

in an eruption of Etna , now called
Mon Gibello in Sicily; in imitation of
which , as fome fay, Virgil wrote the.
fe lines:

,, Ipfe fed horrificis juxta tonat Etna ruinis, &c.

,, After the {tones and ashes with clouds
of thick fmoak had been fent up , by
the impulfe of the fire and windy exha-
lation ( as you fee in a great cauldron
that boils ), into the middle Region of
the. air, overcome by their own natural
weight, when from dif’tance' the flrength
they had received from impulfe was fpent,
rejected likewife by the cold and unfriend-
ly region , you {aw them fall thick ,
and by degrees , the condenfed fmoak
clear away , raining ashes with water
and {tones of different fizes , according
to the diflance from the place: then
by degrees , with the fame noife and
fmoak, it threw out {tones and ashes a—
gain, and {'0' on by fits . This conti—
nued two days and nights , when the

,,fmoak

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rant (1’ eau deuce (9’ fraic/oe qui re/femlzloi:
a one petite riviere . En fe rnurnanr we”
le lieu de l’ eruption , on 'voyoza der anon”-
gnes de fume’e , don: une parne e'toat tre’;
noire (9‘ l’ autre tre’s Hana/2e , s’elever 2
(me grande bauteur; (9‘ du milieu de Inf“.
me’e , il form}! de term en .tems der flam-
me: profandemenr colore’e: qua accompagnorent
de grander pierrer (9’ der cendrer, (9' was
entendie’s un eruir fimblable d celui de; de-
clrarger d’ une nombreufe arrillerie. Il fem-
Ialoit qua T yp/oe'e (9’ Eneelade fufli’nt rue-
nus d’ Ifc/oia (9" de l’Etna, a'vee une orrne’e
innomlzrable de Ge’anr: ou Men ceux der
C/Jamps P/alegréens ( qui felon 1’ opinion de
quelguer Auteurs eroient dans ce 'voifinage)
pour faire de nouveau la guerre a‘ fupiter.
Ler bifloriens de In nature peuvent repen—
danr dire ave: raifon , que le: [ages d’en—
tre les Poe'ter n’ on! enrendu par lerGeants
que eer exbalaifom enferme’es dant ler en-
traille: de la rerre, lchueller ne trou'vant
point de pafl'age libre , r’ en women: an par
leur propre force (5' impulflon 12aturelle,€’9'
ferment de: montagner, comme l’ont fair ces
'vapeurr qui ont produit l’ eruption dent je
parle . Il me fembloir 'vair ce: torrenr de
fumée brulante que decrit Pindare en parlant
d’ une eruption de l’ Erna , afiuellement nom-
me Mon-Gibello en Sicile . C’ efl d [imita-
tion de ce Poe‘te que Virgile, comme unfair,
a ecrzr ces 12ers:

, ijé [Ed Izorrificir juxta taunt Ema minis, (9's.

9

,, Apre’: gue ler pierres , (9' [er cendre:
a’vec des nuages d’ epaifle fumée Veurent are
lanca’es dam la moyenne Region de l’ air
par 1’ impulfion du feu (9’ tier vapeurs fem-
Mable; au 'vent , ( some on le 'voit dam
un grand c/Jaudron qui bouts) abbattues par
leur propre paid: lorfqu’ elles eurent d rai-
fon de la diflance ou eller fe trouverent ,
perdu la force regue par l’ impulfion. (9" re-
paufle’er aufli par le froid d’une Region 974;
le'ur am ennemie ; 'vour ler eujfie's true: a-
lorr tomber plus epar'fler (9° la fume’e can-
denfe’e s’ eclaircir en repandant une pluye~
d’eau (9° de pierres de dijfi’renr volumes/e-
lon leur diflance du lieu de leur origine.
Vous 'voyie’r toujours des pierres (9' der cen-
'dres lam'e'er avec le méme bruit (9‘ la me”-
me fumée, mar: graduellemenr, (9’ pour ainji
,, dire

 
3)

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a?“ 73 )Eé’e

fmoak and force of the fire began to
abate . The fourth day , which was Thurf—
day, at 22 o’clock, there was f0 great
an eruption , that , as I was in the
Gulph of Puzzoli , coming from Ifchia,
and not far from Mifenum, * I {aw
in a short time many columns of fmoak
shoot up, with the molt terrible noife
I ever heard, and bending over the fea,
came near our boat, which was four
miles or more from the place of their
birth, and the quantity of ashes, fiones,
and fmoak, feemed as if they would co-
ver the whole earth and {ea . Stones
great and fmall, and ashes more or lefs,
according to the impulfe of the fire and

exhalations , began to fall , {0 that a great

part of this Country was covered with
ashes; and many that have feen it, fay
they reached the vale of Diana,and fo-
me parts of Calabria , which are more
than 150 miles from Puzzoli. The Fri—
day and Saturday nothing but a little

.fmoak appeared 5 f0 that many taking

courage, went upon the {pot , and fay
that with the {tones and ashes thrown
up, a mountain has been formed in that
valley , not lefs than three miles in cir—
cumference , and almofl as high as the
Monte Barbaro which is near it, cove—
ring the Canettaria , the cafile of Tri-
pergoli , all thofe Buildings and the grea—
tel’c part of the Baths that were about
them; extending South towards the lea,
North as far as the lake of Avernus ,
Well to the Sudatory, and joining Eaf’c
to the foot of the Monte Barbaro 5 f0
that this place has changed its form and
face in fuch a manner as not to be
known again: a thing almofi incredible
to thofe who have 'not feen it , that in
fo short a time fo confiderable a moun—
tain could have been formed.On its fum-
mit there is a mouth in the form of a
cup, which may be a quarter of a mi—
le in circumference, though fome fay it
is as large as our market—place at Na-v
ples , * from which there illues a con-
fiant fmoak; and though I have feen it
only at a diflance, it appears very great.
The Sunday following , which was the
6th of Oé‘tober, many people going fto

ee

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dire par acce’s L Cela continua deux jour:
(9’ deux nutty, jufqu’ ,2 cc gu’ enfin la fu—
me’e (9‘ la force du fen commencerent a
s’afloiblir . Le quatrieme jour qui e'toit le
jeudi, (l 22 laeures, 51 3; cut unefi grande
eruption, qu’ e'tant alorr dans le Golp/Je de
Puzzole pre’; cle Mifene * en 'venant d’ If-
c/yia, ]e roi: dam un ejpace de tems‘ fort
court, plu/ieurs colonize: de fume’e lancées a-
race le plus terrible bruit gue f are jamais
entendu, s’ etena’re fur la mer (9" wenir
tout pres de ndtre barque, on} 12’ e‘toit gue—
res alorr qu’ a quatre miller du lieu d’ on
elles naifl'oient. La quantite’ de cendres, de
pierres (9‘ de fume’e e’toz't telle, gu’il fem-
laloit‘ gue la terre (3" la mer dujfent en
e‘tre cou'verter . Le: pierrer grander ou pe-
tites, (9‘ les cendrer plus ou moz'ns abandon-
tes felon la force de l’ lmpulflon du feu (9'
dc; wapeurr, comrv'encerent done (2 tomber [i
dri’l que la plus granule partie de ce pair-
ci fut cou'vert de cendrex, (9‘ one felon le
rapport de plu’fieurs performer qui ont e'té te—
moinr oculaires du fait‘, les cena'res volerent
jufquey dam la valle’e de Diana , (9’ dam
quelques parties de la Calaore qui font a
plus de 150 miller de Puzzole. Le 'vendre-
all (9’ le famedi fuivam il ne parut one
peu do fumée, de forte que plujieurs de've-
nus plur courageux oferent venir jufgues
fur le lieu meme, (9' dirent que lo: pierrer
(5' let cendres vomies par l’ eruption dam
cette 'valle’e,a'voient forme’ une montagne gui
n’ a'voit pas mains de .trois miller de circon-
ference, (5” dont la lJauteur e'galoit prefque
celle du Monte Barlaaro qui en e/l 'vorfin ,
en cou'vrant la Canettaria , le Chateau de
Tripergoli , a'vec tous les Batimens (9“ la
plus grande partie der Balm qui e'toient aux
environs . Elle s’ e'tendoit au furl 'vers la
mer , au Nord jufqu’ an lac d’ Aver/2e, d
l’Oue/lju/qu’ aux Etu’ues ,{9‘ du cé’te de l’Efl
elle 'venoit joindre le pied du Monte Bar-
baro : ainfi ce lieu avoit tollement cbange’ dc
figure, qu’ on ne peut plur le reconnoitre ,'
(9’ il parolt prefgu’ incroyable a ceux qui
ne l’ ont pas 'vu, gu’ une montagne ait pu
f9 former dam un fl court efpace de tems.
A fan fommet efl une [mac/re en forme de
coupe, qui peut a'voir un guart de mille de
circonfi’rence, quoique felon guelgue: um ell:

,, foit aufl? large que la place du mare/ye de
l S

,, m?-

* PI.
XXVI.

 
 

 

 

 

 

*fiE C 74 ) ii‘”

,, fee this phenomenon , and fome having
afcended half the mountain , others mo-
re , about 22 o’clock there happened f0
fudden and horrid an eruption, With f0
great a fmoak, that many ofthefe peo-
ple were fiifled , fome of Wthh could
never be found . I have been told, that
the number of the dead or loft amoun-
ted to twenty-four . From that time to
this, nothing remarkable happened ; .lt
feems as if the eruption returned perio-
dically, like the ague or gout. I belie-
ve henceforward it will not have fuch
force, though the eruption of the Sun-
day was accompanied with showers of
ashes and water which fell at Naples,
and Were feen to extend :as far as the
mountain of Somma, called Vefuvius by
the Ancients ; and as I have often re-
marked the clouds of fmoak proceeding
from the eruption, moved in a direct li-
ne towards that mountain , as if thefe
places had a correfpondence and conne-
é’tion one with the other . In the night,
many beams and columns of fire were
feen to proceed from this eruption ,
and Tome like flashes of lightning (a) .
We have then' many circumflances for
,, our obfervation , the earthquake: , the
,, eruption , the drying up of the (ca, the
,, quantity of dead fish and birds , the birth
,1, of fprings , the shower of ashes with
,, water and without water , the innume-
,, rable trees in that whole country,as far
,, as the Grotto of Lucullus , torn from
, their roots , thrown down, and covered
,, with ashes , that it gave one pain to
,, fee them: and as all thefe efl'eé’cs were
,, produced by the fame caufe that produ-
,, ces earthquakes 5 let us firf’t enquire how
,, earthquakes are produced , and from then-
,, ce we may eafily comprehend the cau-
,, {e of the abovementioned events.,, Then
follows a. differtation on earthquakes,land
fome curious conjeflures relative to the
phenomena which attended this eruption ,
clearly and well expreffed, confidering, as
the author himfelf apologizes, that at that

time

:a
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(a) Here again we have an example of _thc cleEtrical
fire attending a great eruption.

37
3)

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es

la

nd'tre Ville de Naples . * De cette bout/re * P1.
ll fort eontinuellement de la fume’e, (9“ quoi- XXVII,

que je no late 'vue que d’une certaine diflan-
ce', elle puroit tre’s confideruble. Le dimen-
c/Je fui'vunt qui e'toit le fix d’ 0mm, plu-
fieurs perfonnes étunt ulle'es 'voir de plus pre’s
ce p/Jenome’ne, (5’ quelques um e'tunt tie/can-
dus jufqu’ :2 la moitié de la montagne (9‘
d’ uutres plus loin encore , tout-ti—coup 'vers
les 22 beures il arrive one eruption fl in-
attendue, (9‘ fi ‘ttfl‘reufe twee une fl grunde
quantité de fume’e, que plufieurs de c'es mul-
lreureux furent fufloque’s (’3‘ d’ uutres difpn-
rurent de forte qu’ on ne put trou'ver leurs
corps. 0n m’u oflure’ que le nombre de ces
perfonnes mortes ou perdues ulloit jufqu’ it
'vingt quutre. Depuis ce tems lu’ il n’ eff
rien arrive de remarguuble . Il femlrle que
eette eruption all; fee periodes, comme Infie.’
rure au la goute'. fe erois pourtunt que d’
or-en—u'vnnt elle ne montreru plus ltt méme
force, quoigue l’ eruption du Dimtmc/Je nit
e’te‘ uceompagnée d’ une pluye de tendres (9'
d’ can qui s’ etendit jufqu’ ll Naples , (9"
mime , (1‘ re qu’ on u cru, jufqu’o‘lu mon-
tttgne de Somme que les .Aneiens uppelloient
Vefu’vius . Les nudges qui formoient cette
fumee proventmt de l’ eruption, fe dirlgea-
lent direflement 'vers c‘ette montttgne , uinfl
que ]e l’ ui remurqué plus d’une fois;eom—
me 1 res deux points de no‘tre territoire u-
voient quelque correfpondence (9’ quelgue
connexion entre eux. Pendant lu nuit,plu—
fleurs rayon: , (9‘ colonnes de feu pururent
accompugner eette eruption, (9‘ reflembloient
quelgues fois d des ecluirs (o). Nous u‘vons
done plu/reurs plienome’nes pour no‘tre obfer—
'vution, les Tremblemens de terre, l’erup—
tion , le de/fe’c/Jement des bards de la mer,
lu quantité des paifl'ons (Vales oifeuux morts,
la nurfl'unce des fourees , ltt pluye de cen—
dres u'vec ou fans euu , cette prodigieufe
quentite’ d’ nrlrres qui ornoient tout ce puts
jufqu’ d lu grotte de Lucullus detruits juf-
qu’ t2 leurs rueines , renverfés (9" couverts
ele cendres , trifles objeft’s :2 confiderer: Et
comme tous ces efiets ont e'té produits per la
mé’me cuufe, que eelle des tremblemens de terre

27 exa-

(a). Nous swans ici un neutral exemple du feu eleflrigue 3
[uxte (1’ me grand: eruption.

 
an 75 )éie

time the Italian language had been little
employed on fuch fubjeéis.

The account of the formation of the
Monte Nuovo by Pietro Giacomo di To-
ledo, is given in a Dialogue between the
feigned perfonages of Peregrino and Svef—
fano; the former of which fays: ,, It is
,, now two years that this province of
,, Campagna has been afflié’red with earth-
,, .quakes, the country about Puzzoli much
,, more f0 than any other parts ; but the
,, 27th and the 28th of the month ofSep-
,, tember laf’c , the earthquakes did not cea-
,, {e day or night in the abovementioned
,, City of Puzzoli 5 that plain which lies
,, between the lake of Averno , the Mon-
,, te Barbaro and the fee. , was railed a
,, little , and many cracks were made in
it, from fome Of which ifl'ued water;
,, and at the fame time the (ca , which
,, was very near the plain, dried up about
,, two hundred paces, fo that the fish we—
,, re left on the {and , a prey to the in-
,, habitants of Puzzoli . At lafl, on the
29th of the faid month , about two hours
in the night, the earth opened near the
lake , and difcovered a horrid mouth ,
,, from which were vomited furiously ,
,, fmoak, fire, fiones , and mud compofed
,, of ashes ; making at the time of its 0-
,, pening a noife like very loud thunder:
the fire that ifl'ued from this mouth ,
went towards the Walls of the unfortu-
nate City; the fmoak was partly black
and partly white; the black was dar-
ker than darknefs itfelf , and the white
,, was like the whitefl cotton: thefe fmoaks
rifing in the air,feemed as if they would
,, touch the vault of heaven 5 the flones
,, that followed Were , by the devouring
,, flames , converted to pumice , the fize
,, of which ( of fome I fay ) were mpch

,, ar-

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,, 8964771510715 comment [6 forment let tremblements
,, de terre ; ce qui nourfera comprendre aifemcm-
,, la caufe delves plrenome’ney deja rapporteur.”
Vient enfuite une diflertation fur les Tremlale—
mem ole terre, (9‘ quelquer conjefiures curieu-
fer relative: aux plrenome’nex qui accompogne—
rent cette eruption, trey clairement (‘7' trér bien
expofées , fi on eonjidere avec l’ Auteur gui
a cru devoir faire fon Apologia a‘ re! egard ,
gue‘ dam ce temr la’ la langue Italienne n’ a-
voit e'te’ que tre’s peu employee [l traiter de tels
fujets.

La relation de la formation de Monte Nuo—
vo par Pietro Giacomo di Toledo e/l en forme
de Dialogue entre Peregrino (9‘ Sutflimo per-
fonnages feintr . Le premier dit: ,, 11 y a a-
,, fluellement deux any, one cette Province de
,, Campaniea e'ték afflige’e ale Tremolements de
,, terre, (9" la partie o’er environ: de Purga-
, le beaucoup plus encore one toutes les autres;
,, mair le 27 (9‘ le 28 du moi; de Septembre
, dernier, let tremblemens de terre fe firent '
,, fentir nuit (9' jour continuellement dam la
Ville de Puzzole: cette plaine quife trouve
, entre le lac d’ Averne , Monte Barbara (57‘
,, la mer , 5’ eleva un peu , (9' plujieury cre-.
,, vafle: 5' y formérent , au-traver: defoueller
,, l’ eau trouva un pafl'age . En mé’me tem; la
,, mer qui e'toit trey voifine de la plaine fut
,, dcjfeclre'e l’ efpace d’ environ 200 pa: , tel-
,, lement que les poiflons reflerent fur le fa-
,, ole en proye aux babitanr de Puzzole. En-
,, fin le 29 do me‘me mois verr deux lr‘eures
,, de nuit ou environ, la terre s’ ouvrit pre’s
,, du Lac (f prefenta une bout/ye e'pouvanta-
,, lale, qui vomit avee furie de la fume’e,
,, du fen , des pierres, (’9‘ un efpece de limon
,, forme’ de cendrer, en fozfant don: le terns
,, me‘me o’e l’explofian un bruit femblalyleace-
,, lui of un tonnerre violent: lefeu qui fortoit
,, de cette bout/he , dirigea fa mare/re very ler
,, murs de cette Ville infortune’e. La fume’e
etoit en partie noire (9‘ en partie Mane/re.
,, La premiere etoit plus obfcure one lee tene—
,, ores memes, (9’ la jec‘onde etoit aufli Han-
clJe que le plus beau coton . La fume’e, qui
5’ elevoit en 1’ air femlrloit vouloir atteindre
,, ju/qu’ ti la voute cele/le.‘Le: pierrer qui la
,, fuivoient , etoient converties en ponees par
ler flammer devoranter , (9’ la grandeur de
,, quelques uner furpafloit cello [1’ un owuf .
,, Ger pierres apre’: 5’ étre eleve’er a pea-pre’r

77 / “1/“

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~>§E C ’76 33316

larger than an ox. The fiones Went a-
bout as high as acrofs—bow can carry ,
and then fell down, fometimes on the
edge , and fometimes into the mouth it-
felf. It is very true that many of them
in going up could not be feen , on ac—
count of the dark fmoak ; but when
they returned from the fmoaky heat ,
they shewed plainly where they had
been, by their flrong fmell offend ful-
phur , jufl like {tones that have been
thrown out of a mortar, and have paf—
fed through the fmoak of inflamed gun-
powder. The mud was of the colour of
ashes, and at firll very liquid, then by
degrees lefs {o 5 and in fuch quantities ,
that in leis than twelve hours, With the
help of the abovementioned Hones , a

mountain was raifed of a thoufand pa- '

ces in height . Not only Pozzuolo and
the neighbouring country was full of
this mud, but the City of Naples alfo ,
the beauty of whole palaces were, ina
great meafure, fpoiled by it . The ashes
were carried as far as Calabria by the
force of the winds , burning up in their
pafl‘age the grafs and high trees , many
of which were borne down by the Wei-
ght of them . An infinity of birds alfo,
and numberlefs animals of various kinds,
covered with this fulphureous mud, ga-
ve themfelves up a prey to man. Now
this eruption laf’ted two nights and tWO
days without intermiflion, though it is
true, not always with the fame force ,
but more or lefs : when it was at its
greatef’t height, even at Naples you heard
a noife or thundering like heavy artille—
ry. when two armies are engaged . The
third day the eruption ceafed , f0 that the
mountain made its appearance uncove-
red, to the no {mall aflonishment of e-
very one Who law it . On this day ,
when I went up with many people to
the top of this mountain; I {aw down
into its mouth , which was a round con—
cavity of about a quarter of a mile in
circumference, in the middle of which
the {tones that had fallen were boiling
up , jufl as in a great cauldron of wa—
ter that boils on the fire . The fourth

day it began to throw up again, and the ,

93 3'

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jufqua a la portee d’ une aroaléte, retomoo-
ient en fuite quelquefoir fur le bord , (9'
quelguefois dam la laouclae meme. Il efl 'vraz'
gue la plufpart ne pouruoient étre apperfuey
dam leur elevation, tant la fume’e e'toz't e-
paifl‘e , moi: lorfque retomuant ellesfortoient
du fein de cette fume’e brulante , elles te-
moignoient afl'ez, le lieu de leur fe’jour par
une odour de foufre aufli forte que fetide,
precife’ment comme ces pierres qui ont e'té
lance’er d’ une piece d’ artillerie, (9‘ qui ont
paflé au—tra'vers d’une fume’e de poudreaca-
non enflamme’e. Le limon e'toit d’unecouleur
cendrée , (9' fa liquidite’ d’aboral tre’r confi-
derable diminua fuccefli'uement . 5a quantité
fut telle , qu’ en moim de douze lyeurer a-
wee le fecourr ole: pierres dont f ai parle’,
on ”oil I’ elever une montagne de mille pas
de lJauteur. Non feulement Puzzple , (9’ le
pair 'voifin fut rempli de ce limon ; moi:
encore la Ville de Naples~ , qui 'vit degra—
der en grande partie par ce fléau la beau-
té de fer Palair. Les cendrerfurent parties
ju/gu’ en Calabre par la force do: vent: ,
brulant dam leur paffage ler planter , (9'
le: plus grands arlrrer , (’9' en ren'verfant
une grande partie par leur paid: . Un nom-
lzre infini d’oifeaux (9’ cl’animeaux de diver-
fer efpe’cer , eouverts de eette cendre ful-
p/Jureufe , fe li'vrerent eux memes entre les‘
maim- der bummer. Cette eruption dura deux
joury (9’ deux nuits fan: intervalle, :2 la
'verite' avec une rviolence tanto‘t plu: <granule,
(9° tanto‘t moindre . Lor/gu’ elle c’toit dans
la plus grande force, on entendoit mé’me rl‘
Naples un bruit ou pluto‘t un tonnerre fem-
Izlalale a‘ celui d’une vigoureufe artillerie clan:
le moment ou un combat commence entre
deux arme’er . Le troi/ieme jour l’ eruption
cefl'a, de forte que la montagne parut alors
parfaitement dec‘ouverte , au grand etonne-
ment de tous ler fpeflateurr . Ce [our la’fe
'vim a'vec plu/ieurs performer jufqu’ au fom-
met de cette montagne , (9' ]e regardai dam
la hour/9e gui e'toit une concavite’ circulaire
d’en'viron un guart de mille de circonferen—
ce , au milieu delaguelle bouilloient les
pierrer qui y etoient retomlze’er , comme fair
I’ eau dam un grand c/aaudron gu’ on a mi:
fur le feu. Le guatrieme jour l’ eruption re—
commenga, (9’ le feptieme plus 'vi'vement en-
core; mair toujours aver main: de video-

re

 
~>§EC 77 D

g, {ev‘enth'much more , but {till with lefs
,, violence than the firft night; it was at
9, this time that many people who were
'3, unfortunately on the mountain, were ei-
,, ther fuddenly covered with ashes , {mo-
thered with fmoak, or knocked down
by flones , burnt by the flame,and left
dead on the fpot . The fmoak continues
to this day (a) , and you often fee in
the night—time fire in the midft of it .
Finally, to complete the Hifiory ofthis,
new and unforefeen event‘, in many
parts of the new-made mountain , ful-
,, phur begins to be generated . ,, Giaco-
mo di Toledo ,.towards the end of his dif-
fertation upon the phaanomena attending
this eruption , fays , that the lake of A-
vernus had a communication with the feet,
before the time of the eruption; and that
he apprehended that the air of Puzzoli
might come to be afieéled in fummer ti—
me, by the vapours from the flagnated
waters of the lake; which is aé’tually the
cafe .

You have, Sir, from thefe accounts,an
infiance of a mountain of a confiderable
height and dimenfions , formed in a plain
by mere explofion , in the {pace of forty-
eight hours. The earthquakes having been
fenfibly felt at a great diflance from the
{pot where the opening was made, proves
clearly that the fubterraneous fire was at
a great depth below the furface of the plain;
it is as clear that thofe earthquakes and
the explofion , proceeded from the fame cau—
fe, the former having ceafed upon the ap-
pearance of the latter . Does not this cir—
cumfiance evidently contradié’t the fyflem
of M. Buffon, and of all the Natural Hi-
Ilorians , who have placed the feat of the
fire of Volcanos towards the center or
near the fummit of the mountains, which
they fuppofe to furnish the matter emitted?
Did the matter which proceeds from a Vol—
cano in an eruption come from {o inconfi-

de-

(a) The cup or crater on the top of the new moun-
tain is now covered with shrubs , * but I difcovered at
the bottom of it in the year 1770, amidfi the bushes ,
a fmall hole, which exhales a confiant hot and damp va-
pour, juf’t fuch as proceeds from boiling water, and with
as little fmell; the drops of this {team hang upon the neigha
bouring bushes.

‘3?
, ee ,gue la premiere nnit J Ce fat alorr que
,, plu/ieurs per/annex , qai fe troa'verent mal-
,, laenreufement far la montagne fnrent fabite-
,, ment converter de eendrex, on etouflées par
,, la fumée , on aflommées par les pierrer on
,, brule'e: par ler flames (9’ morter fur le lieu
,, meme . La fume’e continue encore aujonrd-
,, hni (a), (9° 'L’ous voyez fourvent pendant la
nuit du fen an milieu de fer touroillonr, enfin
,, pour donner completement l’ Hifloire de ce
,, phenoméne fl nouveau (3’ fl inoui , f ajon-
,, terai que dam plafieurs endroits de eette mon-
,, tagne noa'velle, le foufre commenced/effl-
,, mer ,,. Giacomo di Toledo 'ver: la fin de,

9

fa Diflertation fur les phenome’ner relatifr ii

eette eruption dit, que le lae d’fl'verne a‘voit
une communication avec la mer afvant le tems
de l’ eruption, (9’ qn’ il eraint gue l’ air de
Pnz‘z‘ole ne foit infefié dot—enca'vant don: le

tem; des claalenrs par let exhalaifonr des eaax—

a name: du lac ee ni e le ca: afluel dn
l gl : 9
oca .

Cer detailr, Monfienr, 'vour element In pren-
ve d’une montagne eonfideraole dam fa liau-
Ieur (9' fer autres dimenjionr, formée dam a-
ne plaine par une [imple explo/ion dam l’efpa—
are de 48 bearer . Let tremblen-em de terre:
s’ etant fait fentir fortement a we grande di—
flanee dn lien on [e firent lo: ontvertnres,prou-
'vent clairement one le fen fouterrain etoit 12

nne grande profondeur au—deflonr de la fnrface

de la plaine . Il ejl egalement elair one easy

tremhlemens de terre, (9‘ l’ explofion provena—
ient de la mé’me caufe , lerpremiers ayant eef-,
fé lorfqne eelle—ei commenga . Ce fait ne eon-
tredit—il pas evidemment le fyflé’me de Mr. de
Buflon ,‘ (9’ de tonr' les Naturalijles gni out
plaee’ le fiege du fen (let Volcanr 'vers le cen-
tre ou pre’r dn fommet a'er montagnes , gu’ ilr-
fuppofent a'voir fonrni les matie'res lanee’e: dam
105 eruptions. Si eer matie’rer naifl'oient d’ une
profondenr anjfi pen conjideralile que vex mef—
fieurs l’imaginent , “la partie de la montagne

T fitne’e

(2) Le Crater an fimmet ale Monte Nno'vo efl maintenant
convert d’ar/zrifleanx: * maix l’ arme’e 1770 Je decou’vri: an
fund an petit tron parmi [es 1;";an d’ on il fortoit conti-
unelle’ment nne vapeur claua’e (9‘ linmide, preexfement fembla1
file a wile a'e l’ eau avail/ante (9' a'vec aufli pen (1’ oa’enr ,
(3' [63‘ gantex de cette vapeur penaloient fur ton: ler butflhm‘
gni l’en’uirannaient.

* P1.
XXVII.

 
 

 

 

 

 

afiEC 78 We

derable a depth as they imagine, that part
of the mountain lituated above their {up-
pof'ed feat of the fire, mutt necefl'arily be
defiroyed or diflipated in a very short ti—
me: on the contrary , an eruption ufually
adds to the height and bulk ofa Volcano,*
and who that has had an opportunity of
making obfervations on Volcanos, does not
know, that the matter they have emitted
for many ages , in lavas , ashes , linoak ,
&c. could it be colleé’ted together, would
more than fuflice to form three fuch moun—
tains as the fimple cone or mountain of'
the exifling Volcano? With refpeét to Ve-
fuvius, this could be plainly proved; and
I refer to my letter upon the fubjeé’t of
Etna , to shew the quantity of matter thrown
up in one fingle eruption, by that terrible
Volcano . Another “proof that the real
feat of the fire ofVolcanos lies even great-
ly below the general level of the Country
whence the mountain fprings is, that was
it only at an inconliderable depth below
the bafis of the mountain, the quantity of
matter thrown up would foon leave {0 great
a void immediately under it, that the moun-
tain itfelf mutt undoubtedly fink and difap-
Pear after a few eruptions. .

In the above accounts of the formation
of the new mountain , we are told that
the matter firfl thrown up, was mud com-
pofed of water and ashes, mixed with pu-
mice fio'nes and other burnt matter: on the
Road leading from Puzzoli to Cuma , part
of the cone of this mountain has been cut
away, to widen the road . I have there
feen that its Compofition is a Tufn inter—
mixed with pumice , fome of which are
really of the fize of an ox , as mentioned
in Toledo’s account, and exaétly of the {3.
me nature as the Tufn of which every 0-
ther high ground in its neighbourhood is
compofed; fimilar alfo to that which co-
Vers Herculaneum. * According to the a.

bow: accounts , after the muddy showeri

ceafed, it rained dry ashes: this circum-
fiance will account for the flrata of loofe
pumice and ashes, that are generally upon
the ,furface of all the Tufur in this coun-
try, and which were mof’t probably thrown
up in the fame manner. * At the firft o-
pening of the earth, in the plain near Puz-

zoli,

fltue’e uu—deflm de ee gu’ il: pretendent étre le
flege du feu , feroit neceflnirement detruite, on
diflipée en tre’s peu de term: nu contrnire,une
eruption njoute ordinzzirement d le bnuteur (9‘
d In mufle d’un Volmn : * Et quel ejl celm‘
gui u e'té dun: le en: de faire dc: ohfer'vutionr
fur ler Voleunr , qui ne fee/3e que la mntie’re
qu’ ilr ont repnndne pendant tent de fle’cler ,
en ln'vet, eendres , fume’ey (9’6. ll elle étoit
ruflemble’e dun: un mé’me lieu, feroit plus one
fuflifunte pour farmer troir montugner dent eun-
eune egnleroit [9 tone fimple ou lit montngne
d1 unVolenn exiflnnt? reletivement nu Ve u-
've , ln preu've en feroit facile, (’9’ fe me eon—
tente de renwyer at me lettre fur le fujet du
Mont Etnn pour dunner une ide’e de la gunn-
tité de mutiere ‘lnnee’e dun: une feule eruption
pnr ce terrible Volenn . Une nutre pren've 9""
le liege du fen d’un Volenn exi/le n’e benucoup
au—deflou: du ni'uenu genernl du pair on Hele-
've ln montngne , (5’ one 5’ il ne fe trou'voit
qu’ d une profoizdeur peu eon/idernlyle nu—dcfl‘ous
de ln bnfe de In montngne , In gunntite’ dc
mutie’re lnnee’e lnifleroit bientdt immedintement'
au-dcflou: un fl grand 'vuide, que In montngne
elle meme 3’ éerouleroit neetflnirement, (9' di-_
fpnrditroit upre’: quelguer eruptions.

Per [95' relution: que f (11' repportées de la
formation de la nouvelle mentngne , nous fu-
710m que ln mntiére qui fut d’ nbord lunee’e ,
etoit une cflaece de limon compo/é d’ enu, (9‘
de eendrer mele’er de pierres ponces, (9‘ of un-
tres mntie’rer brfile’er . En nllnnt de Puzzoled
Cumer , on 'voit une partie du cone de eette
montngne qui a e'té coupée pour elnrgir lu rou-
te. j’ui 'vu dim: cet endroit ld one In oom—
pofition efl un Tufa mé‘le’ deponeer,dont quel-
one: une: font réellement de ln grandeur d’un
batuf , eomme il efl rupporté dnnr In relation
de Toledo, (9' preeifement de ln mé’me nature
que le Tufa dont efi compo/é c/Jngue terrein
e‘leve’ du 'voiflnege C‘I’fembluble d’uilleuryd ce-

* Pl. H.

lui qui cou'vre Hereulnneurn. *Selon lee me‘mer * p1,
relations npre’: que lo pluye de cendrer en pd— XLII. &
te liquide eut eefle , il tom/7n benueoup de cen- XLV'

dres fee/yes. Cette eireonflunee fert :2 expliquer

let L‘ouc/Jerde ponees deyunier (3‘ les cendres

gui font genernleinent fur la furfnee de tom
le: Tufas dune ee pair—c5 , (fi‘qui furent pro-

bablement jettéer de lo mé'me mnniere. *Ler * P1-

0147267"

‘ deux relntienr di/ent, gue lors de 1;; Premiere XL

 
i>§E C 79 > 5%

zoli , both accounts fay , that fprings of
water burfl forth; this water, mixing with
the ashes, certainly occafioned the muddy
shower, when the fprings were exhaufled,
there mull naturally have enfued ashower
of dry ashes and pumice,of which We ha~
ve been likewife affured . I own , I was
greatly pleafed at being in this manner e-
nabled to account f0 well for the forma—
tion of thefe Tufo flones,and the veins of
dry and loofe burnt matter above‘them ,
of which the foil of almol’t the whole Coun»
try I am defcribing is compofed; andI do
not know that any one has ever attended
to this circumf’tance , though I find that
many authors who have defcribed this
country , have fufpefied that Parts of it
Were formed by explofion. Wherever then
this fort of Tufa is found, there is certain—
ly good authority to fufpeét its having been
formed in the fame manner as the Tufa of
this new mountain; for, as I faid before,
Nature is generally uniform in all her o~
perations.

It is commonly imagined that the New
Mountain rofe out» of the Lucrine lake ,
which was del’croyed by it; but in the a-
bove account, no mention is made of the
Lucrine lake; it may be fuppofed then ,
that the famous dam which Strabo and
many other ancient authors mention to ha~
ve feparated that lake from the fea , had
been ruined by time or accident, and that
the lake became a part of the fea before
the explofion of 1538. ‘

If the above-defcribed eruption was ter-
rible, that which formed the Monte Bar-
baro ( or Gauro, as it was formerly cal-
led ), * mufi have been dreadful indeed .
It joins immediaJely to the new mountain,
which in shape and compofition it exactly
refembles, but it is at leafl three times as
confiderable. Its crater cannot be lefs than
fix miles in circumference; the plain with-
in the crater, one of the molt fertile fpots
I ever faw, is about four miles in circum-
ference: there is no entrance to this plain,
but one on the Ball fide of the mountain,
made evidently by art; in this feé’tionhyou

ave

ouve’rture de la terre dam la plaine pre’; dg
Puzz‘ole, il fortit des fources d’ eau: cette eau
mele’e aver les cendres , produiflt certainement
la pluye en forme de ptlte liquide. Lorfgue les
fourcer furent épui/éfl, il ne dut plus tomoer
snaturellement ou’ une pluye ole cendrer fe’c/ge;
(9‘ de pierrer pence; , comme le fair arri'm;
rL‘ellement, ainfi que laflurent ler relatiom. ]’
avoue que c’ efl a'veo un plaifir extreme 7‘49
J’ai enfin decouvert 'le moyen ti’expliguer auf-
fl bien la formation deter Tufas pierreux, (9‘
de oer 'veines de matie’re lzrule’e,fécloe (9‘ defu-
nz'e dam fer petites parties, gui fe trau've au-
deflous des Tufas, (9' dont le fol den pre’fque
tout le poi: que fe deeris e/l compofe’ : fe
ne foe/ye pas que qui ce foit ait jamais fait
oer import/inter obfer’uotions , guoique plufleur:
fluteurs qui ont publié tier defer/prions de ce
pair-ti aient foupconné que quelques unes dey
parties ont été forme’et par explofion . Par
tout done oufe trouvera cette efpece de Tufa,
re fera tau/ours une raifon fufl‘ifante pour eon-
jeflurer qu’ il a e'té compo/é de la mé’me ma-
niere que le Tufa de Monte Nuo’uo: oartom-
me ]e l’ ai deja clit plus (1’ une fois , la na—
ture efi generale, (9' fuit une mare/re unifor—
me dam routes fer operations .

0n croit communément gue la nou'velle mon-
tagne s'ele'va du fond de lac Lucrin , dont
elle» produiflt la deflrufiion; mais dam let re-
lation; citéer il 12’ eft fait aucune mention du
lac Lucrin. 0n peut done fuppofer, gue eette
Eolufefameufe qui felon le rapport de Stralion,
(9' de plufieurs autrer Ancient feparoit le lac
d’avee la mer, a e'té detruite par le laps du
temr ou par quelgue accident , (9° que le lac
vs'e‘toit deja reuni d la mer meant I’ explofion
de 1538.

Si 1’ eruption dont ]' ai expofe’ les detail
fut terrible, celle gui forma le Monte Barba-
ro ( ou Gauro, comme on l’appelloit ancienne—
ment ) * doit aufli arooir e'te’ des plus~ efl’ra—

* Pl.

yantes. Cette montagne gui. efl immediatemeut XXVIH.

unie a Monte Nu0'vo , lui reflemlzle parfaite—
ment, quant a la forme (9' a) la campofition ,-
mais elle efl au-moim troiy fair plm~ Iconfirle-
rable , (S‘fon Crater ne peut guere: a'voir mozur
de fix miller de oirconference . La plame dam
l’interieur du crater , (9’ qui efl un der en-
droits les plus fertile: gue f aie jamair 7114:,
a environ 4 miller de tour. Il n’y a qu’ we
feule entree dam eette plaine , C9“ tourne’e a

l’ orient

 
 

9%“ 80 D. it?

have an. opportunity offeeing that the mat—
ter of which the mountain is compofed ls
exafily fimilar to that of the Monte Nuo—
'VQ . It was this mountain that produced
as fome authors have fuppofed ) the ce-
lebrated Falernian wine of the Ancients.

\

llorient ale ‘la montagne , encore aft il evident
qu’ elle e/l l’ ouvrage de l’ art. Les fefligm
qu’ on y a faites, fourniflent un mayen facile
d’ obferrver que la matie’re dont cette monta-
gne efl compofée, e/t exaftement femhlable (2-
celle de Monte Nuovo . C’ etoit cette monta-
gne gui , f; l’on en croit quelques auteurs, pro-
duzfoit ce 'vin de Falerne ji celearé par la;
Anciens.

* Came: gui pafle pour avoir éte’ la plus* P1,
ancienne Ville d’Italie , e'toit batie fur an e‘.~ XXVIII.
minence qui eflfemblaalement compo/tie de Tufa, n. 7-
(9' il efl naturel de croire que c’ e/t unefeElion
de cone forme’e par une tre’s ancienne explo/ion.

* Cuma; allowed to have been the molt
ancient City of Italy, was built on an e-
minence , which is likewife compofed of
Tafa, and may be naturally fuppofed ale-
flion of the cone formed byavery ancient
explolion. .

* The lake of Avernus fills the bottom
of the crater of a mountain , undoubtedly
Produced by explofion, and'whofe interior
and exterior form , as Well as the matter
of'which it is compofed, exactly refemble
the Monte Barbaro and Monte Nuovo. At
the part ofthe bafis ofthis mountain which
is washed by the fea of the bay ofPuzzo-
1i, the [and is {till very hot, though con—
fiantly Washed by the Waves ; * and into

 

* Le lac d’A'verne remplit le fond du crater * Pl.
cl’ une montagne produite induliitaalement par XXIX.
une explofion, (’5’ dont la forme interieure ('9’
exterieure , ainfi que la matie’re dont elle e/i
compo/ée, reflemble exafiement an Monte Bar-

Iiaro ou an Monte Nuo'uo. Vers le co’te' de la
bafe de cette montagne, qui efl arrofe’e par la
mer de la Baye de Puzzole, *le fable Lfl tou- * P1.
jours trés cloaud , quoiaue continuellement aai- XXVI.
gne’ des flots. flu-de-dans tlu cone de la mon- 11. 7'

 

 

 

 

the cone of the mountain , near this hot
fand, a narrow pafl‘age of about 100 paces
in length is cut, and leads to a fountain
of boiling water, which , though brackish,
boils fish and flesh without giving shem
any bad tafle or quality , as I have expe—
rienced more than once. This place is cal-
led Nero’s bath , and is {fill made ufe of
for a fudatory, as it was by the Ancients;
the {team that rifes from the hot fountain
abovementioned , confined in the narrow
fubterraneous paffage, foon produces avio-
lent perfpiration upon the patient who fits
therein. This bath is reckoned a great {pe-

cifick in that dif’temper which is fuppofed.

to have made its appearance at Naples be-
fore it fpread its contagion over the other
parts of Europe.

Virgil and other Ancient Authors, fay,
that birds could not fly with fafetv over
the lake of Avernus, but that they fell the—
rein; a_circumfiance favouring my opinion,
that this was once the mouth of a {Volca-
no. The vapour of the fulphur and other
minerals muff undoubtedly have been mo-
re pOWerful, the nearer we go back to the

' time

tagne pre’s de ce fable ecloaufie , an a taille’
un paflage e’troit a" environ cent pas de lon-
gueur, qui conduit a‘ une fontaine d’eau bouil-
lanle, laguelle guoiqa’ un peu faumac/oe donne
au poifl‘on (9‘ fl la clJair le degré de CHI/072
neceflaire fans leur communiguer autun mauvais
gout ni aucune mauvaife qualité, coinine f en
ai fait l’ experience plus d’ une fois . Ce lieu
s’ appelle le Bains de Neron (‘3' l' on ’sen fert
toujours comme d’ etu've ti l’imitation des An-
ciens. La 'vapeur gui .s’clle've de cette fontai—
ne T/aerrnale, dont f ai- deja parlé , referre'e
clans un Ira/flagefizuterrain fort etroit , produit
lvienté’t une tranfiiiration violente dans le malade
quiy efl aflis . Ce Bain efl reconnu pour un grand
fpecijique centre cette maladie contagieufe gui
felon la tradition fe fit fentir d Naples , a-
'vant de fe repandre clans toutes les autrespar—
ties de l’Europe .

Virgile (9“ les Auteur; anciens difent gue les
oifeaux ne pouvoient 'voler impunement fur le
lac d’ Averne; mais qu’ ils y tomlaoient fur le
champ. Cette circonflance efl ,trc‘s favorable a
man opinion, que ce fut autrefois la bouc/Je
d’ an Vulcan . Les vapeurs de foufre (9" d’ au-
tres minerauxont e'te fans doute plu’s fortes,
6" plus energigues, qu‘ elles fe font plus rayo-~

, PTO‘

\

 
an 81 me

time of the explolion of the Volcano, and
I am convinced that there are {till fome
remains of thofe vapours upon this lake ,
as I have obferved there are very feldom
any water-fowl upon it ; and that when
they do go there, it is but for a short ti—
me; Whilfi all the other lakes in the neigh-
bourhood are conflantly covered with them,
in the Winter feafon . Upon Mount Vefu-
vius, in the year i766,during an eruption,
when the air was impregnated with no—
xious vapours, I have myfelf picked up dead
birds frequently .

* The caflle of Bath flands upon acon—
fiderable eminence , compofed of the ufual
Tufa and flrata of pumice and ashesgfrom
which I concluded I should find fome re-
mains ofthe craters from whence the mat-
ter iHued: accordingly, having afcended the
hill, I foon difcovered two very vifible
craters , jul’t behind the callle.

* The lake called the Mare-morto was
alfo , molt probably, the crater, from when-
ce iHued the materials which formed the
Promontory of Milenum , * and the high
grounds around this lake . Under the ruins
of an ancient Building , near the point of
Mifenum, in a vault, there is a vapour ,
or Mofeta , exactly fimilar in its effefis to
that of the Grotto del Cane , as I have
often experienced. ‘ i

The form of the little island ofNilida*
sheWS plainly its origin (a) . It is half a
hollow cone of a Volcano cut perpendi—
cularly; the half crater forms a little har-
bour called the Porto Pavone; * I fuppo—
fe the other half of the cone to have been
detached into the {ea by earthquakes , or
perhaps by the violence of the waves , as
the part that is wanting is the fide next
to the open fea.

* The fertile and pleafant island ofPro-
cida shews alfo molt evident figns of its
production by explofion , the nature of its
foil being direfily fimilar to that of Ba‘i'a
and Puzzoli, this island feems really , as

was

(a) The noxius vapours which Lucan mentions to have
prevailed at Nifida, favour my opinion as to its origin:

,,——-Tali fpiramine Nefis
,, Emittit fiygium nebulofis aéra faxis. ,,
Lucan. lib. Vi.

pmc/ae’et do tern: de fexploflon du Volcan ;Q’9‘
je fuit con'vaincu , qu’ il y a'voit alort quel-
guet reflet de cet 'vapeurt fur le Lac , ayant
obfer'vé qu’ aujourd/Jui méme il e/l tre’t rare
(1’ y 'voir dei~ oifeaux aguatiguet , (3’ que lorfqu’
ilt y 'oiennent, ce n’ efl que pour trét-peu de
tenit; pendant 9W tout let outret Lacs du 710i-
flnage en font oonflamment couvertt dam la
faifon d, loi'ver. En I766 lort de l’ eruption
du Vefu've, (9 dant le remit gue l’air e'toit im-
pregné de rvapeurt nuijz‘lalet, ]’ ai trou’vé fre-
quemment fur cette montagne det oifeaux mortt.

* Le c/Jateau de Ba'ia e/t fur une eminence * PI.
conflderalzle, compo/e’e de c'e Tufa ordinaire, (9‘ XVII-
de tout/Jet de cendret (9‘ de pierre poncet , n. 7'
d’ ou ]’ ai conclu qu’ il me feroit poflible de
trouver guelouet refiet det craters par ou la
matie’re efl fortie: Etant monté fur l’ eminen-
ce fe decou'vrit biento‘t deux craters trét 'vifi-
blet, precifement derrie’re le chateau.

* Le La‘c appelle Mare-morto , e’toit aufli * Pl.
felon toutet let probabilitét le crater d’ou for- XVII-
tirent let matie’ret qui formerent le promontoi- n. 6‘
re de Mifene, * (9° toutet let elevations det * PI-
environt du Lac. Sour let ruinet d’un flncien XVII“
Bdtiment pre’t de la pointe de Mi ene, il y a n. 5'
une 'vapeur ou Mofeta concentre’e dant une 'vou-
te, (’9’ dont let effett font exafiement [embla-
blet d ceux de la Grotte du C/Jien , ainfi que
f en ai fauvent fair l’ experience.

La forme de la petite ile de Ni/ida*dec'éle* P1-
ou'uertement on origine (a). C'efl le demi—co- XVH'
ne creux [1’ un Vulcan coupe’ perpendiculairement n. 9'
(91a moitie’ du crater forme un petit Port,ap-
pellc’e Porto Pavone.*]e croit que l’autre moi- * Pl.
tie’ du cone aura e'té emporte’e dant la merpar XXII-
rlet tremblement de terre , ou peut-dtre par la
'violence det flott, ear cette partie qui manque

efl' du cdtd de la 'va/ie mer .

* Procida cette lle fertile (9’ agre'aole , * Pl.
montre aufli let L'araé'teret let plut evident de XVH- 11-

fa produc‘iion due a‘ one explofion , la nature §X§<§IIPL
de fon fol e'tant evidemment femlrlable d celle n '

du fol de Baia (3‘ de Puzzole. Cette 41efem- ' 3'
V He

(9.) Let vapeurt fi nui/z'lrlet qui au rapport (Ie Lucain re.
gnoient a Ni/ida, font m9: favorable: a ce que ]e mee do
l’origine de cette tle .

,, — Tali fpiramine Ne it
,-, Emittit fljgium nebula/it ae'ra faxit.
Luca», lib. 'ui.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4?“ 82 N5?

Was imagined by the Ancients; to have been
detached from the neighbouring island of
Ifchia.

There is no fpot, I believe, that 'could
afford a more ample field for curious ob—
fervations than the island of Ifchia , cal—
led jEnaria‘, Inarime , and Pithecufa, by the
ancients. "‘ I have vifited it three times;
and this fummer paired three weeks there,
during which time I examined with at-
tention every part of it. Ifchia is eighteen
miles in circumference : the whole of its
foil is the fame as that near Vefuvius, Na-
ples, and Puzzoli . There are numberlefs
fprings, hot, warm, and cold (a), difper-
fed over the Whole island , the waters of
which are impregnated with minerals of va-
rious forts; {0 that , if you give credit to
the inhabitants of the country , there is no
diforder but what finds its remedy here .
In the hot months ( the feafon for making
me of thefe baths ), thofe who have oc-
cafion for them flock hither from Naples .
A charitable inflitution {ends and maintains
three hundred poor patients at the baths
of Gurgitelli every feafon . By whatI could
learn of thefe poor patients , thofe baths
‘ have really done wonders , in cafes atten-
ded with obflinate tumours , and in con-
traE’tions of the tendons and mufcles. The
patient begins by bathing, and then is bu-
ried in the hot fand near the {ea . In ma-
ny parts of the island, the {and is burning
hot , even under water . The land on fo-
me parts of the shore is almofl entirely
compofed of particles of iron ore; at leaf’c
they are attraé’ted by the load—{lone , as I
have experienced . * Near that part of the
island called Lacco, there is aRock ofan
ancient lava , forming a {mall cavern , which
is shut up with a door; this cavern is ma-
de ufe of to cool liquors and fruit, which
it does in a short time as eflhé’tually as ice.
Before the door was opened , I felt the
cold to my legs very fenfibly ; but when
it was opened, the cold rushed out {0 as
to give me pain; and within the Grotto
__1t was intolerable. I was not fenfible of

wind

(3) Giulio Cefare Capaceio , in his account of this is-

land, lays, that there are eleven fprings of cold water ,
and thirty-five of hot and‘mineral waters.

 

Iilc re'e’llement, ainfl que lee Ancienr l’imagino.
ient, a'vair e'té detae/Je’e de l, zle d Ife/Jia qua
en efl 'wi/ine.

Il n’ y a paint (1’ endrort a man gre’ , qui
puifle fournir un c/Jamp plus 'vafle a‘u’e curren-

‘ . ' I"! d’I -/' 11a
fer cafe/variant que 1 e Lara appe e Par
les Anciens flz‘naria, Inarrme (’9' Pfilfl’c‘uftl, *
I’y ai fait troi: voyager, (’5‘ l e'te dernier ]’
yai pafl? trait femaines, pendant lefquelle; ]’
ai examine aver attention fer differentes par.
ties. Ifc/Jia a environ I8 miller de cireonferen-
ee . San fol en general aft femlalable a’ celui
der environs du chuve , de Naples , (‘7 de

 

* Pl.
XXX.
XXXI. &
XXXII.

Puzzole . Il y a un nombre infini de fourcer'

Izrulanter, c/Jauder , (9" fraider (a) difber/e’es
dam toute l’ fle , (9" dont let eaux font im-
pregnée: de mineraux de diver/er efpéces ; de
forte que fl l’ an en croyoit les babitans du
pais,il n’y a paint— de maladie a laguelle les
eaux ne faurniflent un remede . Dan; le tem:
des c/Jaleurs ( qui efl la faifan 0151 I’m fait ufa-
ge de eer Bains) on 3! went en faule de Na-
ples. Un étalili/fement lacmmralile pour l’lJuma-
nité 3/ fair payer (9' y entretient 300 pau'vres
malader aux Bain: de Gurgitella e72 elJague fai-
fon. f ai apprir de ees malader gue eer Bains
ant tre’y re’ellement apere’ des cure: merveilleu—
fer obfline’er, (9“ dam [6f eontrafiions der mu—
fcles (9’ dc; tend/ms. Le malade commence par
le: Bains , en fuite on le plange dam le fa-
lile c/Jaud prér de la mer . Dans plufieurs en-
draits de l’lle le fable efl a" une elaaleur m-
lante, mé’me four l’eau. Dan: certaines parties
de 1’ file, le fable efl prefqu’ entierement com-
pcfé de partieuler de miner de fer , du-moim
cer particule: font eller attiree; par 1’ aimaut
a" apre’s man experience . * Pre’s de cette par-
tie de l’ ile appelle’e Laeca il 3/ a un Roe/yer
d’aneienne lave formant une petite eavernefer—
me'e d’une parte. Cette caverne fert a‘ rafrai-
c/Jir ler liqueurs (9“ le fruit, ee qu’ elle fait
en trér peu de temr aufli fartement gue la
glare . .A'vtmt glue la porte fut ou’verte, jefen-
ti: aux jambes un fraid trey 'vif; mair lorf-
qu’ elle le fut, le froid fe fit fentir a'vee tant
de farce gu’ il me eau/a de la douleur , (9“

dam la caverne il e'toit intolerable. Je ne me

fuir par appergu que ce froid fut accompagné
de

’(a) Giulio Cefare Capaecr'o (Ian: fa relation ale cette ile ,
dxt , qu’ ll .r’ J/ Home onze fources d’eaux froia’e: 0' 35 4’
eaux c/mmle: (9‘ minerale: .

* Pl.
XXXIL
t§EC 8

wind attending this cold ; though upon
Mount Etna. and Mount Vefuvius , where
there are caverns of this kind, the cold is
evidently occalioned by a fubterraneous wind:
The Natives call luch places Ventarole. May
not the quantity of nitre , with which all
thefeiplaces abound, account in fome mea-
fure for fuch extreme cold? My thermome-
ter was unluckily broken, or I would ha-
ve informed you of the exaél degree of the
cold in this Ventarola of Ifchia, Which is
by much the flrongell in its effects I ever
felt . The ancient lavas of Ifchia shew ,
that the eruptions there have been very
formidable; and Hiflory informs us , that
its firll inhabitants were driven out of the
island by the frequency and the violence
of them. There are fome ofthefe Ancient
lavas not lefs than two hundred feet in
in depth . * The mountain of St. Nicola,
on which there is at prefent a Convent
of Hermits , was , called by the Ancients
Epomeus; it is as high , if not higher ,
than Vefuvius , and appears to me to be
a {eclion of the cone of the ancient and
Principal Volcano of the island , its com—
pofition being all Tufa or lava. The cells
of the Convent abovementioned are cut out
of the mountain itfelf, and there you fee
plainly that its compofition no way differs
from the matter that covers Herculaneum,
and forms the Monte Nuovo. There is no
fign of a crater on the top of this moun—
tain, which rifes almofl to a {harp point:
time and other accidents , may be reafo-
nably fuppofed to have worn away this
diflinélive mark of its having been formed
by explofion, as I have feen to be the cafe
in other mountains , formed evidently by
explofion, on the flanks of Etna and’Ve-
luvius . Strabo in his 5th book, upon the
fubjeél of this island , quotes Timaus , as
having faid, that a little before his time,
a mountain in the middle of Pithecufa, cal-
led Epomeus, was shook by an earthqua-
ke and vomited flames.

There are many other tiling grounds in
this island, that, from the nature of their
compofition , mufl'lead one to think the
fame as to their origin . Near the village
of Calliglione, there is a mountain formed
furely‘by an explolion of amuch later da—

te,

3 Date

de vent , quoique fur le Mont Etna (9' le
Mont Vefu've, ou il y a ales caverne: de cette
efpece , le froid felt evidemment produit par
un 'vent fouterrain .' Les, gens du pair appel-
lent re: endroits les Ventarole . La grande quan-
tité de nitre dont tons res endroltr la' abondent
'12’expliqueroit elle pas jufqu’ a un certain point
la razfon d’un froz'a’ aufl; exce if? Si ‘mon T/Jerrno-
metre ne 1’ e'toit pas mal/Jeureufement brifé , Je
Ivous aurolr exac‘lement informe’ du degre’ defi‘oid
des Ventarole d’Ifc/Jia, clan! ler efl'etr font les
plus forts gue f are jamair eprou‘ve’r . Les
anciennw lanes d’ va/Jia prou'vent que les e-’-
ruptions 3/ ant e'te’ tre’s formidable: , (3“ l’Hi—
flotre nous apprend que les premiers Habit/ms
de l lle en furent cbafle’s par la frequence (9‘
la violence de ces eruptions . Il y a une de
res anciennes lave; qui n’a pas mains de deux

cent pieds de profondeur . * La montagne de * Pl.
St. Nicola: fur laquelle efl a prefent un Cou- XXX-

vent d’ Hermite; ('9‘ que les Anciens appelloient
Epomeur, cfl aufli baute que le Vefuve , fi
elle ne l’e/zl cl’ a’vantage , (9“ me paroét é'tre
une feflion du cone du Volcan principal (9’ le
plus ancien de l’fle , fa ,compojltion n’ etant
abfolument gue dc Tufa ou de la la've . Les
eellules du Cou'vent font taille’er dans la men;
tagne meme, 6" c’e/l la' gu’ on 'voit elaz'rement
que fa compofitz’on ne dlflEre en rlen de la ma-
tz'ére gut oeuvre Herculaneum , (l? qul form:
Monte Nuowo. Il n’y a point de flgne de cra-
ter fur le fornmet de la montagne qui s’ele'ue
en formant une polnte fort algae; mais le tems
(9“ (liver: accidenr peu'vent avoir detruit cette
marque diffinflive cle fa formation due' tl une
eaplofion , conune on doit le fuppofer avecrai-
[on . f’az' nu ‘gue la mé‘me c/Jofe cfl arri've’e (l
d’ autre: montagnes evidemment produites par
des explojz‘ons , fe 'veux dire fur les flam‘s de
l’ Etna (3’ du Ve u've. Strabon parlant de ret—
te lle dam fan c‘inguieme livre cite Tumour ,
comme racontant, gue peu de terns a'vant lui
une montagne appelle’e Epomeur fltue’e au cen—
tre de Pyt/Jecufa avoit e'té elzranle’e par un
trembleme’nt de terre (9‘ 'vomzfloit ales flames.

Il )1 a plufieurs elevation: dam cette lle qui
par la nature der matie’res dont eller font oom-
pofe’er font penfer qu’ elle: 'viennent de la me”-
me origine. Pre’r du village de Ca/liglione on
'volt une montagne formée furement par une
exp/aflon de plus fraiflre date ,: puifqu’ elle a

; ‘ mn-

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“$3M 84 Hi“

te, having preferved its conical form and
crater entire, and producing as yet but a
fiender vegetationf“ there is no account, ho-
Wever, of the date of this eruption . Nea-
rer the town of Ifchia , which is on the
{ea shore, at a place called Le Cremate, *
there is a crater, from which, in the year
130! or 1302, a lava ran quite into the
Tea; there is not the leafl vegetation on
this lava, but it is nearly in the fame {late
as the modern lavas of Vefuvius. Pontano,
Maranti, and D. Francefco Lombardi, ha-
ve recorded this eruption 5 the latter of
whom fays , that it lalled two months; that
many men and beafls were killed by_ the
explofion; and that a number of the inha-
bitans were obliged to feek for refuge at
Naples and in the neighbouring islands .
In fhort,according to my idea,the island
of Ifchia mull have taken‘its rife from the
bottom of the fea, and been increafed to
its prefent fize by divers later explolions .
This is not extraordinary , when Hillory
tells us ) and from my own obfervation I
have reafon to believe that the Lipari Is-
lands * were formed in the like manner .
There has been no eruption in Ifchia fince
that jull mentioned , but earthquakes are
very frequent there ; two years ago, as I
was told , they had a very confiderable shock
of an earthquake in this island .

Father Goree’s account of the formation
of the new island in the Archipelago ( {i-
tuated between the two islands called Kam-
meni , and near that ofSantorini) of which
he was an eye-witnefs , firongly‘ confirms
the probability of the conjectures I ventu-
re to lend you , relative to the formation
of thofe islands and that part of the con-
tinent above defcribed : it feems likewife
to confirm the accounts given by Strabo ,
Pliny, juttin, and other Ancient Authors,
of many islands in the Archipelago , for-
merly called the Ciclades , having fprung
up from the bottom of the fea (a) in the

like

(a) By having remarked, that all the implements offlo-
nc brought by MelEBanks and Solander from the new-difco-
vered islands in the Sout-Seas, are evidently of fuch a na-

ture as are only produced by Volcanostand as thefe gent-
lemen have allured me , that no other kind of {tone is to

be met with in the islands; I am induced to rink , that:

thefe islands ( at fo great a difiance from any continent)
may have likewxfe been pufhed up from the bottom of the
fea by like cxplofions.

confer'ué fa forme tonique; (9‘ [on crater en
entier 7 (9“ gu’ elle ne produit encore out trey
foiblement des vegetaux. * Il n’ya eependnm
aucune memoire de la date de eette eruption
Pre’s de la Ville d’ I/e/Jia qui e/l fur le bard
de la mer, e/l un lieu appelle Le Cremate,*
ou l’on 'voit un crater d, ou eoula en 1301
on 130-2 une lave jufqu’ a la mer . 0n ne 'L'oit
pas fury eette la've la plus lege’re marque de
vegetation, (’3’ elle efl tl-peu-pres clans le mé’me
e'tat que les lat/es modernes du Vefuve . Pon-
tano, Maranti, (9’ D.Franeefeo Lombardi out
rappelle' eette eruption. Le dernier dit gu’ el-
le dura deux mois ; que plufieurs perfonnes (9’
plufieurs animaux perirent par cette explofion,
('9‘ qu’ un grand nomore tl’ babitans furent o-
bliges de fe refugier a Naples (9’ dans les i'é
les 'voijines. Enfin a” apre’s mes idées l’ ile d’
Ifc/Jia doit a'voir pris fa naiflimee du fond de
la mer, (9’ ne 5’ é‘tre accrue jufqu’a‘ fa gran-
deur afluelle gue par diver/es explofions pofle—
rieures. Ce n’efl done pas une e/Joje extraor-
dinaire ( (9" mes obfervations m’ obligent ll le
sroire ) ee gue raconte l’ Hzfloire de la
formation toute fi'mblaele ties piles de Lipari.*
ll 72’ y a point eu d, eruption d Ife/Jia depuis
celle dent fe 'Uiens tle parlor, mais les trem-
blemens de terre 3/ font iris frequens . f (ti
oui dire que eette z‘le fut e'oranle’e ily a deux
ans par un tremelement de terre des plus eon-
fideraoles.

Le P. Gore’e a publié une relation de la
maniére dont fe forma dam l’flre/Jipel une ile
nou'velle fltue’e entre les deux lles appelle’es
Kammeni 6" pre’s de eelle de Santorini. Cette
pr‘oduflion dont il fut temoin oeulaire, augmen-
te prodigieufement la prolaabilité des eon/eetures
dent ]’ ai o/é 'vous faire part fur la formation
des iles (9’ de cette portion du continent de Naples.
Le P. Gore’e paroit auj]; confirmer ee que rac-
eontent Stralmn, Pline , fuflin , (T d’ autres
.Anciens Auteurs (le plufieurs lles de l’flre/Jipel
autrefois appellc‘es Cyclades, qu’elles font for—
ties a'u fond de la mer de la mé'me reanié-
re (a). Selon Pline, dans la quatrieme annc‘e

de la

(a) vfz‘ant remarque’ que tous les meueles de pierre que Maf-
fieurs Bank! (9‘ Saluntler apporterent ties Islet dernieremenfi
detouvertes dam [es mers du Sud , etoient entie’rement tie lti
me‘me nature que celles qui rte font produites que par ties Vol.
cans , (9‘ ct: Meflieurs m’ giant affure’ que l’on n’ }/ trou'uoit
nutune autre forte a’e pierre , fe fuis porte’"z} eroire que ees If—

Ies ( d une fl grande diflante d’aueune Terre ) peu’vem 15““
ne’er du fond tie la mer par de femelaltles explo/ious.

* Pl.
. XXXII.
r1. 6.

* PLV
XXX.
n. 3.

* Pl. I.

 
9‘9“ 85 >356

like manner. According to Pliny , in the
4th year of the cxxxvth Olympiad , 237
years before the Chrifiian Era, the island
of Theta ( now Santorini ) and Therefia
were formed by explofion; and 130 years
later the island Hiera ( now called the
Great Kammeni) rofe up . Strabo defcribes
the birth of this island in thefe words:
,, In the middle fpace between Thera and
,, Theraliafilames burf’t out of the fee. for
,, four days, which, by degrees, throwing
,, up great maffes , as if they had been
,, raifed by machines , they formed an is—
,, land of twelve fladia in circuit. ,, And
Juflin fays of the fame island . ,, Eodem
,, ‘anno inter infulas Theramenem & The-
,, refiam medio utriufque ripae & maris fpa-
,, tio , terraz motus‘ fuit: in quo, cum ad—
,, miratione navigantium , repente ex pro-
,, fundo cum calidis aquis Infula emerfit.,,

Pliny mentions alfo the formation of
Afpronifi , or the White Island , by explo-
fion, in the time of Vefpafian. It is known,
likeWife , that in the year 1628 , one of
the islands of the Azores, near the island
of St. Michael, rofe up from the bottom
of the fea , which was in that place 160
fathoms deep; and that this island,which
was railed in fifteen days, is three leagues
long , a league and a half broad , and ri-
fes three hundred and fixty feet above wa-
ter.

Father Goree, in his account of the for—
mation of the new island in the Archipe-
lago , mentions two difiiné’t matters that
entered into the compolition of this island,
the one black, the other white . Afpronifi,
Probably from its very name , is compofed
of the white matter, which if, upon exa-
mination it proves to be a Tofo , as I
flrongly fufpeé’c , I should think myfelf fiill
more grounded in my conjeélures; though
I mull confefs, as it is, I have fcarcelya
doubt left with refpeé’t to the country I
have been defcribing, having been thrown
up in a long feries of ages by various ex-
plofions from fubterraneous fire . Surely the-
re are at Prefent many exifling Volcanos
in the known world; and the memory of
many others have been handed down to us
by hillory. May there not therefore have
been many others , of fuch ancient dates

as

de lo I ggienie olympz'ode ( 237 on; own:
I’ Ere C/rretienne ) l’ é‘le de T/Jero mointenont'
oppelle’e Sontorini (3’ celle de T/Jerofio forent
forme’es par explofion ; (9’ 131 on; oprer l’ile
d’Hiero (mointenont le grand Kornnierzi)r’elevrt
de lo me‘me moniere. Voici comment Strobon
decrit lo nozflonce de cette lle .- ,, Ao milieu
,, de l’efimce qoi efl entre les z‘le: de T/rero , (9‘
,, Toerofio , il fortit do fond de lo mer des-
,, flame: pendant 4 joorr , lefgoelles oyont e-
” le'vé foccejfi'vement des grander mofler goi
,, poroijfoienr comme lom'e’es par des moi/Jitter,
,, formerent one i'le de 12 finder de circuit. ,,
joflin dit de lo meme ile. ,., Eodem none in-
, ter infolor T/Jeromenem (9” T/Jerejiom , me-
,, die otriofqoe ripe: (9" moris footie , terror:
,, motor foit: in goo, com odmirotione no’vi—
, gontiom, repente ex profondo com colidir o-
,, gois Infolo emerfit . ,,

u

u

Pline foit oofli mention de In formation d’
Afpronifi , 0o lle Blane/3e qoife fit per one
explo/ion do tems de Vefpofien . 0n foit oofl;
qoe l’ onne’e 1628 one des iles Azores , voi-
fine de l’ ile de St. Miclael s’ ele'vn do fond
de la mer, qoi don; cet endroit o 160 bro/-
fer de fond : cette i'le qoi fot formée en 15
joors, o troir lie'oes de—long , one lieo’e (9'
demie de large , (9° r’ele've de 366 pieds rm-
dcflos de l’ mu .

Le P. Gore’e dons fit relation de lo forma-
tion d’ one é’le noovelle don: l’ Archipel, foit
mention de deox motie’res di/linéles goi entre—
rent don: lo compofition de cette ile , I’ one
mire, (3° l’ootre [done/7e. .Afproni/i (dont le
nom all fit?” doote tire’ de fo cooleor)efl compo-
fe’e d’ one motiére blrmc/Je: Si cette motiérefe
troo'voit é‘tre on Tufa comme ] e le crois tre’: 'vroi-
fembloble , ceferoit on noo'ueoo fondement o‘ mes
conjefiorer, lefqoelles, ]e l’o'vooe , me poi/oi];
fent fi fort opproc/Jer de lo 'uerite’, go’ il me
femble qo’ on ne peot goerer dooter d prefent
qoe ler poi; qoe ]’ oi decrity, ne foient dds
d diverfes exploflom, prodoites par des feox
footerroins dons one longoe foite de fiecler.Il
n’ efl pox dooteooc qo’ il 72’ y oit ofloellemerzt
plojieors Volcons exiflonr dons le monde conno,
(Tle memoire if one groode qoontite’ d’ ootrer
mm a e'té tronfmife For 1' Hifloire . Ne peot
il 1m y en weir eo on [zien 121m grondnam-

X Ere

 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
   
  
 
 
 
    

 

 

 

 

 

$5( 86 )3‘?‘

as to be out of the reach of biliary (a)?

Such wonderful operations of Nature are
'certainly intended by all-wise Provrdence
for fome great purpofe. They are not con—
fined to any one part of the Globe , for
there are Volcanos exif’cing in the four quar-
ters of it . We fee the great fertility of
the foil thrown up by explofion , in part
of the country I have defcribed, which on
that account was called by the Ancrents
Campania Felix. The fame circumflance IS
evident in Sicily , jufily efleemed one of
the melt fertile fpots in the world , and
the Granary of Italy. May not fubterraneous
fire be confidered as the great plough ( if
I may be allowed the exprellion ) which
Nature makes ufe of to turn up the bowels
of the earth, and afford us fresh fields to
work upon , whilfl we are exhaufling tho-
fe we are actually in pofl'eflion of, by the
frequent crops we draw from them? Would
it not be found, upon enquiry, that many
precious minerals mull have remained far
out of our reach, had it not been for fuch
operations of Nature? It is evidently {0 in
this country . But fuch great enquiries would
lead me far indeed. I will only add are—
fleélion, which my own little experience
in this branch of Natural Hif’tory furnishes
me with. It is, that we are apt to judge
of the great operations of Nature on too
confined a plan. When firft Icame to Na-
ples , my whole attention , with refpei’t
to Natural Hiflory, was confined to Mount
Vefuvius , and the wonderful phainomena
attending a burning mountain : but, in pro-
portion as I began to perceive the evident
marks of the fame operation having been
carried on in the different parts above-de-
fcribed , and likewife in Sicily in a grea-
ter degree, I looked upon Mount Vefuvius
only as a fpot on which Nature was
at prefent active; and thought myfelf for-

tuna-

(a) Any. one, the lean: converfant in Volcanos, mull be
flruck with the numberlefs evident marks of them the who-
le road from the lake of Albano to Radicofani , between
Naples and Florence; and yet, though this foil bears fuch
fresh and undoubted marks of its origin , no hiflory rea-
ches the date of any one eruption in thefe parts.

bre dont les épagues fe perdent tellement dam
I’Anthuite’, qu’elles font ale beaueaup anteriem
res a tautes eelles de l’ Hifloire (a) ?

Des operations de la Nature aufll admirable;

in’ ont été etablz'es par la providence , dant la

fagefle efl infinie, que pour quelque grand def-
fein: Elles ne font pas deteminées a‘ tel on
tel paint du Globe , puisqu’ il y a des Val-
cans earl/lam dans les quatre parties do Mon-
de, nous fommes remains de la granule fertili-
te’ du fol praduit par expla/ion , clans la par-
tie du pals que f at decrit, ee qui le fit up-
peller pas les aneiens Campania Felix . La
Sicile qui efl dans le méme caspafle a'vee rai~
fan pour un des lieux les plus fertiles de lu-
nivers,‘ (9’ a recu le nom de Grenier de l’Ita—
lie. Les feux fouterrains ne paurrai‘ent ils pas
étre confidere’s (fi l’on me permet eette expref-
fion ) eamme la Grande Clmrrue dont la natu-
re fait ufage pour labourer les entraz'lles de la
terre, (9" prefenter :2 nos tra'vaux ales campa-
gnes nau'velles, larfque de trap frequentes moi/-
fans ant epuife’ eelles gue nous eultivions? ne
trou'veroit an pas , fl l’ on 'vaulait lien exami-
ner ee fujet, que plufleurs minereuux preeieux,
n’ont e'té decou'aerts que par de femalalves a-
perations de la nature? du mains la c/Jafe efi
elle evidente pour ee pa'z's-ei 5 mais de jl im-
portantes recbere/Jes me conduiroieazt trap loin,
f ajauterai feulement une reflexion que me four-
nit le peu d’experienee que f ai acquife dans
cette brane/Je de l’ Hiflaire Naturelle , c’ ejlque
nous fommes un peu trap fujets a‘ ne rai/onner
[W les grander operations de la Nature gued’
aprés un plan trap referré . Lorfque Je wins
(2 Naples, toute man attention relativement a
l’ Hi/laire Naturelle fe barna uu Mont Ve u've
(‘3’ aux p/Jenamenes admirables gue prefente ee
Vulcan en afli'vite' ; mais (l mefure qu’ e’ten-
dant mes alzfer'vations ]e an, appergus que plu-
fieurs autres lieux , que fol decrits, partar'ent
des marques evidentes de la meme operatton ,
(9’ pw'neipalement la Sicile au elle font on plus
baut degré, Je ne regardai plus le Mont Ve-
fu've que comme un Valean particulier an In

Na—

(a) L’ lemme le mains babitue‘ a voir ales Voleans , do}:
étre frappé o’er marques evidentes, ('9' fans nombre de l’ exlu
flame ales Volcans fur tome la route depuis le [at d’ uflbana
jufqu’ a Radicofani, entre Rome , 69’ Florence . Cepemlant
quoique re fol afire rant ale figner resents , 0‘ indubitables de
flm origins, ll 71’ y a point 45’ Hlflaire qui donne l’epaque alt
qua/qua eruption arrive’e dam res pals-l3 .

 
91:2 ( 87 3 Sis

tunate in having an opportunity of feeing
the manner in which one of her great o—
perations ( an operation, I believe, much
lefs out of her common courfe than is ge-
nerally imagined ) was effected.

Such remarks as I have made on the e-
ruptions of Mount Vefuvius , during my
refidence at Naples, have been tranfmitted
to the Royal Society, who has done them
more honour than they deferved . Many
more might be made upon this aé’tive Vol-
cano , by a perfon who had leifure , a
previous knowledge of the Natural Hilto-
ry of the earth , a knowledge of chemif’try,
and was praflifed in phyfical experiments,
particularly thofe of eleé'tricity (a) . I am
convinced , that the fmoak of Volcanos
contains always a portion of eleétricalmat-a
ter; which is manifefl at the time of great
eruptions, as is mentioned in my account
of the great eruption of Vefuvius in 1767.
The peafants in the neighbourhood of my
Villa, {ituated at the foot of Vefuvius ,
have afl'ured me , that , during the eruption
lafi mentioned, they were more alarmed
by the lightning and balls of fire that fell
about them with a crakling noife ,than by
the lava and the ufual attendants of an e-
ruption . I find in all the accounts of great
eruptions mention made of this fort oflight-
ning, which is difiinguished here by the
name of Ferilli. * Bracini in his account
of the great one of Vefuvius in 1631 ,

fays,

(a) May not the air in Countries replete with fulphur
be more impregnated with Eleéttical matter than the air
of other foils? and may not the fort of lightning , which
is mentioned by feveral Ancient Authors to have fallen in
a ferene (lay, and was confidered as an Omen, have procee—
ded from fuch a caufe?

Horace lays , Ode xxxiv.

,,— Namque Diefpiter
,, Igni corufco nubila dividens

,, Plerumque per purum ton-antes
,, Egit equos volucremque currum. ,,

,, Non alias coelo ceciderunt plura fereno
,, Fulgura ,, Virgil. Georgie. is

 

,, Aut cum terribili perculfus fulmine civis
,, Luce ferenanti vitalia lumina ltqult. ,,
Cic.i. de Divm. n. 18.

,, — Sabinos petit aliquanto trillior , quod facrificanti
,, hollia aufugcrat: quodquc tempel'tate ferena tonuerat . ,,
Sucton. Tit. cap. !0.

Nature etozt aftuellemenr afii've , ('9‘ ]e m’efli—'
mar tre’s beureux de m’etre trou'vé d porte’e de
'voir la maniere dant elle execute une de fer
plus granules operations; Cette operation an re-
fle eft [reaueoup mains ce me female bars de
l’ ordre des combinaifons ordinaires , qu’ on ne
1’ Imagine communement .

Les olfervatians , que f ai faites fur les
eruptions du Mont Vefu've pendant ma rcflden-
ee (2 Naples ant e'té tranfmifes d la Societé
Rorale, qui leur a fait plus d’lvonneur, qu’el—
les ne merrtorent: Le Vefu’oe, ce Vulcan gui
efl encore dans toutefon afii'uité, pourroitfour-
nzr une ample matiére {2 un beaucoup plus grand
nombre d’ abfervations ; mais il faut pour cela
jourr de fan terns, a'voir acquis les connoiflan—
aes neecflaires fur l’Hzfloire naturelle du Glo-
be (9’ fur la C/Jymie , (9“ de plus une certai-
ne pratzgue des experiences p/Jyfigues,fur tout
de celles de lElefirrczte’ (a). ]e furs convam—
cu que la fumée des Volcans contien't toujours
une portion de matie’re Eleftrigue, gui [e ma-
mfe/le dans le terns des grander eruptions ,
eomme ]e l’ at rapporté dans ma relation de la
grande eruption du Vefu'ue en I767.Les Pai-
fans du 'voijinage de ma maifon de campagne.

. , - a r
fltuee au pred du Vefu've m ont aflure que du-
rant la derniere eruption , ils étoient beaucoup
plus allarme’s de la foudre , (9“ des globes de
feu qui tom/Joient parmi eux avec des bruits
(9" des petillemens efirayans , que de la lune
(9° des autres p/Jenome’nes gu’ aeeompagnent or-
dinairement une eruption . [e trou've dam tou-
tes les Hifloires des granules eruptions , gu’ il
efl toujours nae/lion de ees fortes de faudres

rr’

(3) L’ air des pair remplis dc fliufre, ueferolt-il pas beau-
coup plus impregné des matie’res Eleflriques que l’air der au-
tres contre‘es? (9' res efpeces de foudrer tomle'er dam un terns
forein dont il ejt rant queflian dam- ler .A'uteurs Jneiens, (9‘
qui e‘toit confiderées comme des Prefage: , ne feraient-elles pd:
due: a la me‘me caufe?

Harare dit, Ode xxxi'u.

,,—--Namque Diejpiter
,, Igm' corufco nubila divider”

.
,, Plerumque per purum tondmes-
,, Egtt equos volucremqwe currnm. ,,

,, Non alias emlo ceciderunt plum fereno
,, Fulgura ,, Virgil.GeargIc. 1.

 

,, Jut cum terribili perculfits fulmine civir
,, Luce ferenantis vitalia lurmna qumt . ,,
Cat. 1. dc Dummy. 18.

,,—-—J‘alinas petit aliquanta trifliar , quad faerz'ficanti 1m;
',, Ilia aufugemt: quadque temps/late ferena tonuerat . ,,
J'ueton. Tit. cap. to.

 
 

   

4?“ 88 HQ“ . .
qu’ on di/iingue ici pur le nom pu’rticulier de"

f s" that the column of I'man which - . ‘
213’ o ’ Ferilli . * Broom: den: [4 relation de In gm”- a: mill

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
  
 
  
 
    
  
   
  
   
   

 

 

 

ifTued from its crater , went over near an
hundred miles of the country , and that {'e-
veral men and beafls were firuck dead by
lightning, iffuing from this fmoak in its
courfe.

The nature of the noxious vapours, cal-
led here Mofete, that are ufually fet in
motion by an eruption of the Volcano ,
and are then manifefl in the wells and
fubterraneous , parts of its neighbourhood ,
feem likewife to belittle underflood. From
fome experiments very lately made, by the
ingenious Dr. Nooth , on the Mofeta of

der ancient lavas of Vefuvius , particularly
thofe’of the great eruption of I631 . Ing
Seraos account of the eruption of I737 ,

and

de eruption du Vefuve en 1631 , dit que lo
colonne de fume’e , qui fortit du cruter cou'vroir
environ cent miller der poi: circonvoifim, (S’qu’
un grand nombre d’ loommes (’9’ d’ unimuux
moururent fruppér de lu foudre gui fortoit de
eette fume’e .

[1 me puroit qu' on connoit uufli trey peu
In nature de eer 'vupeurr dungereufer appel-
le’er iei Mofete, qui font pour l’ ordinuire mi-
fer en mou'uement lorr de l’ eruption du Vol—
eun , 69’ fee munife/lent olorr dun: ler puitr
(9’ uutre: fouterruim du wifinuge . .Quelquer
experience; foiter depuis peu pur l’ ingenieux
Dr. Noot/J dun: lu Mofetu de lo Grotto du

[es untiennes love: du Vefu'ue , purtieuliére—
ment four teller ole lugrnnde eruption de I63I.
Duns lu relation qu’ a publie’ le Dr. Seruo de

l’erup-

the Grotto del Cane , * it appears that all C/Jien, * prou'uent ufl‘ez que tour oer WHZ‘)’ " P1.
its known qualities and effects correfpond fer quolite’r connuer, re’pondent d teller qu' on XVIII.
with thofe attributed to fixed air. Juli be— uttrioue ll l’ uz'r fixe . Precifement mount 1’ e— n. 5'
fore the eruption of 1767 , a vapour of ruption de 1767 une 'vupeur de eette efpece
this kind broke into the King’s chapel at gui u'voit rempli lu C/ouppelle du Roi u‘ Por-

- Portici , by which arfervant opening the tici , renverfu un Satori/loin dun: le moment
door of it was {truck down . About the qu’ il ouwoit lu porte . .A peu—pre’r dun: le
fame time , as his Sicilian Majefly was mé‘me temr lorfque Sn Muje/le’ Sieilienne clauf-
shooting in a Paddock near the palace , a foit dons le Pure qui efl vol/in du Pulnis, un
dog dropped down, as was fuppofed, ina . C/Jien fut frnppe’ tout—ii-coup, eomme d’ epilep-
fit; a boy going to take him up dropped fie, (9’ un jeune gurfon qui ulloit pour le pren-
likewife; a perfon prefent , fufpeé’ting the dre toolzu frnppé de lo méme mnniere . Une‘
accident to have proceeded from aMoféta, perfonne gui etoit prefente foupgonnunt que l’
Immediately dragged them both from the accident provenoit d’ une Mofetu ler retiru fur
fpot where they lay, in doing which, he le e/Jomp du lieu ou ils etoient tombe’r , (9'
Was himfelf fenfible of the vapourgthe boy pendant oette nflion il fintit lui me’me tre’r
and the dog foon recovered . His Sicilian fortement lo 'vupeur . Le jeune bomme (9“ le
Majefly dld me the honour of informing Cbz'en re'vinrent promptement dum- leur étut
me hlmfelf 0f thls accident foon after it, ordinoire. So Mnje/le’ Sicilienne me fit l’lyon-
had happened. I have met with thefe Mo- neur de m’ informer elle méme de eet accident
fete often , when I have been making my l’influnt upre's qu’ il fut urrivé . ]’ ui trouve’
obfervationspn the borders of Mount Ve- fou'uent de cer Mofete lorfque fe fefoir me:
{UVlusa particularly In caverns , and once vii/emotions, fur ler bard; du Mont Vefu'ue ,
on the Solfaterra. The vapour aflefls the particulierement dun; les co'verner, (9’ unefoir
nofirils, throat, and flomach , juft as the (2 lo Solfuterru. Cette 'vopeur uflefle ler now}
$131151? OidhartShtpgnf, or any flrong volatile fies , le gojier (5‘ l’ ejlomue preeifement comma
35,20: PW If r f r de W, 6a:
der the Ancient Ciir rgrfncipe mm 11:. Un- fel 'volutil :wolent, ’69“ elle o'ewenelroit new:
fete are ver fi'e ueynt a Empeuatffl? MO- futule ,’fi l'on ne r en elozgnoztpromptement.
that the’excyavatiolns thatn power it , {o Sous l’ onezenne Ville de Pompeii le: Mofete
there * are often interru $1: bcarrfiing . on font trer frequenter @tre’s energzguesuu-pomt‘
all times Mofete are tone Y t 6.31 3 at gue let excavation: en font fou'uent znterrom—

met With un- puer. *On trou've do: Mofete en tout temyfour :(Llil

 
913E ( 89 9 $16

and in the chapter upon Mofete ,‘ he has
recorded feveral curious experiments relati-
ve to this phanomenon.The Canonico Re-
cupero, who , as I mentioned to you ina
former letter, is Watching the operations
of Mount Etna , has jufi informed me ,
that a very powerful Mofeta has lately ma-
nifefied itfelf in the neighbourhood of Et-
na; * and that he found , near the {pot
from whence it rifes, animals, birds,and
infeé’ts dead , and the fironger- fort of shrubs
blafied, whilf’c the grafs and the tenderer
plants did not feem to be affeéled . The
circumfiance of this Mofeta, added to that
of the frequent earthquakes felt lately at
Rhegio and Meflina , makes it probable
that an eruption of Mount Etna is at hand.

I am alarmed at the length of this let-
ter . By endeavouring to make myfelf‘clear—w
ly underflood, I have been led to, make ,
what I thought, neceflary digreflions . I
mull therefore, beg of your goodnefs, that,
should you find this Memoir in its prefent
flare too tedious , (which Igreatly' appre-
hend ) to be prefented‘ to our Refpeé’table
Society, you will make only fuchvextraé’ts
from it as you shall think will be mof’c
agreeable and interef’cing ., 1am with great.
truth and regard.

SIR,
lYour mof’t obedient

humble fervant

WILLIAM HAMILTON ..

l’ eruption (16 1737, £75 un e/Japz'tre ales M0-
fete7 ou il a rapporte’ plufieurr experiences cu-
rieufes qui 3/ font relatives. Le Cbanoine Re—
cupero, qui comme fe 'vous l’ ai dit dam une
lettre precedente , obferve les operations de l’Et—
na, 'vient de me donner avis, gu’une Mofeta
tre’s puiffante s’ eff manifeflée deputy peu dam
le ruoz'jinage de l’ Etna, * (9’ qu’ il a trauma]
tout pre’r du lieu on elle a paru, ales animaux,
der ozfeaux, (9° ales infec‘les mortr, (9’ ler ar-
brifleaux de la plur forte cfim‘e defer/23's, pen—
dant gue ler gramens (9’ ler planter les plus
tendres femblent e‘tre intafiey . Cette Mofetai (9'
lerfreguens tremblemem de terre gut/e font fait
fentir a‘ R/Jegio (9‘ {l Mefllna font desfigner qui
rendent tre’s probable une eruption proclyaine du
Mont Etna . I

]e fuls eflraye’ de la longueur de cette let-’
tre . En 'uoulant me rendre plus Clair , f ai
e’té conduit infen/lblement a des digrefliem out
of ant paru neeeflaires . f efpere cependant ,"
Monfieur , d6 'vri‘tre eomplaifance gue, fl ce
Memoire 'vour paroit' tropfatz'guant (S’trop dif—
fur, ( ce que [6 c‘rainr fort ) pour é’tre ipre—
fente’ tel qu’ il e/l :2 rzdtre Refiaeflaéle Socié’te’,
'vour 'uoudrez‘ lien prendre la peine d’ en ex-
traire feulement L‘e que nous jugerez de plus
agréalale (9’ de plus interefl‘ant. je fuz’r,M0n-
fieur , dam la force du mot, (9‘ aver: touts
l’ eflime qui 'vous efl due.

MONSIEUK .
Votre tre’y bumble
(9’ tre’: obe'iflant Semiteur

WILLIAM HAMILTON .

* PI.

XXXVI.

 
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
   
 
 
  

 

 

 

 

 

. 9§EC 90 >346 -

ADVERTISEMENT.

HE Editor Hatters himfelf that the

Reader will excufe the little errors
of the prefs which have been unavoidable
owing to the Printers ignorance of the
two languages in which this book is prin—
ted.

The Price of the tw0 Volumes of this
work, half bound , and with the 54 plas-
tes illuminated is fixty Neapolitan Ducats,
and they are to be had only of Mr. Peter
Fabris Painter at Naples , who will Pun-
finally obey fuch orders as the Public may
be pleafed to favor him with. 'i

AVERTISSEMENT.

E: ou'vwzge e‘nmr imprime’ dim: 1m P42": on

leg imprimeurs ignorerzt tamlemenr le: demo
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Le Prix des deux Volume; de cet awvwzge,‘
brat/yer, avec les einqu/mre quarre plumber en-
lumine‘es, efl de forflimte Duvets de Naples, (9’
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Ville efl le feul gal le: vende, (9’ gal execute-
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gue le Public mudwl lien lui danger dye/“j”;

 
Mignificm D. Dominica: Cyrillus in 5:25 Regizt Studiarum Univerfim‘c Profejfir ravideztt autogi-ap/mm
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dant ad formam Reg/11mm Ordmum, @j m fcripris refimt. Datum Neapoli bac die 20. Februarii I776.

MATTHJEUS JANUARIUS ARCHIEP. CHART.
ILLUSTRISSiMEPRJESUL. L

BfervationeS, a quibus Montium Ignivomorum abdita prorfus nature. penitus eruitur , & quarum ope
fingularia omnino phaenomena explicantur, jufTu tuo diligenter perlegi, ac nihil,‘<jfiod Regiis Juribus
adverfaretur in accuratifllmo, doé‘ciffimoque Opere deprehend1; Immo multa a CI. Aufiore proponuntur , ac
nitidiflimis Tabulis ornantur, qua: ad augendam, perficiendamque non Vefuvii modo, fed aliorum Montium,
8c totius quoque Regni Lapidei Hiftoriam Naturalem magnopere conducunt ; quaproprer Typis committi
poITe cenfeo. Datum Neal). Prid. Non. Aprilis Anno 1776.
Dominica: Cyriflm P. R.

Die 18. mmfls Maji I776. Neapoli.

Vifo refcripro Sim Reg/1H; Majeflatix fub die II. currenti: men 15, (3“ Anni, ac relzztiorze mag”. D. Do-f
miizici Cyrilli, dc commiflione Rev. Regii Cappell/mi Majoris, ordine pmfizm Reg/211‘: Majeflatis .

Regali: Camera Szméhe Clam provider, dammit, atque‘ mzmdzzt, quad imprimzzmr cum iii/em firma pm-
fmtis fupplicis libelli, zzc approbationis difli Revifiwi: ; Vemm non publiccmr nifi per ipfum Ravi/brain fithz
iremm re'vi 10m: aflirmetur concom’are fervam formn Regalium Ordinum, ac etiam in publicariane fervemr Re:
gizz Pragmatim ; Hoc [Mum (To.

VARGAS MACCIUCCA. SALOMONIUS. PATRITIUS .
VIDIT FISCUS REGALIS CORONA?»

Reg.
Carulli . Athanafius .

Illuflris Marc/Jio Citm Put/2’5 S. R. C. (3‘ cwreri Illuflres Awlamm meeéfi tempura fubfcripriam’s 5m:
pediti .

$3318 $3£3%E%%$%33%§%€%%3%%%3352%3838888%$§$€$§$€$€8¥$§3§€ggggggg5§§€$§8%%%&38§$&%

Adm. Rev. Dominus D. jacobm Mnrtorelli S.Té. Profeflbr revidmr, (9’ in fcripris rej'rei'M . Die I. A-
prili: I776.
JOSEPH ROSSI DEPUTATUS:

EXCELLENTISSIME, AC REVERENDISSIME PRINCEPS .

Pus magnificentius, ac laboriofiffimum nufquam gentium editum efi in lucem, orbi univerfo Vefuvinus

Mons omnifariam demirandus , refque univerfx , quas foras emittit, quin 8: preeclariffima: infulz , re-
gioque cum primis Puteolana intuendaz objiciuntur fuis ingeuiti's coloribus eleganter, &fide gratifiima expref-
f2 , ac veteri eruditione decorm. Ab exteris fapientibus Vir egregius Eques Hamilton fummis laudibus ma-
é’cabitur non fine pro bane gefla re publicis gratulationibus . Longe nunc nationum fufpicere datum efi vim
Omnipotentiae, totque adfpefiabilia Dei Creatorisvopera , (1111?. alibi intuendi nemo unus {pe inducatur. Hinc,
Excellentiffime Princeps, ac Reverendifiime, rogandus es, ut indulgentiffime ejus voluminis edendi typis fa
cultatem impertiaris. Neap.ame diem xxx. Kai. Jun. 1776. .

Dignitati Tues dicatimmus
Jacobm Marrow/1m; R. P.

A’mnm relation: Domini Revifiris. Imprimzmr. Neapoli 20. M/zji I776.

JOSEPH ROSS! DEPUTATUS i

 
 

 

 

 
CAMPI PHLEGREEL

OBSERVATIONS ON THE VOLCANOS OF THE TWO SICILIES

 

As They have been communicated to the Royal Society
of London

BY

SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON
K.B.F.R.S. '

HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTYS ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY , AND PLENIPOTENTIARY,
AT THE COURT OF NAPLES

To which , in Order to convey the moft precife idea of each remark , a new and
accurate Map is annexed, with 54 Plates illuminated , from Drawings taken
and colour’d after Nature, under the infpea'ion of the Author,
by the Editor Mr. Peter Fabris.

NAPLES MDCCLXXVI,

.n 1, ~.__.a. J4 .n. 4‘ mm .4‘ t. I .u‘ .a. 4.1..
w .

.n. hm-A‘. 4-. Am .l-HI JLh-l-n‘ a. “sham Am 1‘ um ' JL n
‘Vr—v.—7vnw,'|"‘l"t .viv. t .vrw—wvr. I .v—qw-‘v.v.v-rv~r v»

OBSERVATIONS SUR LES VOLCANS DES DEUX SICILES

Teller qu’ elles ant e'te' cammmzique’er r) [a Societe' Royals
de Londres

PAR LE

CHEVALIER HAMILTON

CHEVALIER DE L’ ORDRE DU BflIN, ENVOFE‘ EXTRAORDINAIRE ET PLENIPO-
TENTIAIRE DE SA MAJESTE‘ BRITANNIQJE A‘ LA COUR DE NflPLES,

ET fifEMBRE DE LA SOCIETE‘ ROFflLE DE LONDRES
Amcguelles paw dormer mm ide'e plus precife de cheque Obferwtion on a ejoute' um: Cam.
izm'vels’e (”9’ m exafle wee 54 plane/9e: enlumiwes d’apre’s les Defleim fair:
(3‘ Calorie; fur la mmre méme, faus l’Infiveflion dc l’flurem‘,
par l’EditeW le Siem‘ Pierre Fabris.

f

N ./1 P L E S MDCCLXXVI.

 
aw

. . l“ r‘v, I.§M¢l(x. 2W.

 

  
Reference: to Plate II.

Lans of the Top of MOUNT VEsuvws
P with the gradual increafe of the little
mountain in its Crater from the 8.th of July
to the 29.th ofOE’t.r 1767.

(1) State of the little mountain within
the Crater on the firfi obfervation July 83h
1767.

(2) July the 25.d the matter above the
dotted line added by explofion time the lal’t
obfervation.

(3) Aug.t the 6.th additionof erupted
matter fince the former obfervation.

(4) Auguf’t I7.th further addition.

(5) September 331 Further increafe of the
little mountain.

(6) State of the little mountain Oé’tober
18.th , the day before the eruption.

A little fiream of lava had forced its way
thro’ the cone of the little mountain at A.,
and ran into the Valley between the ancient
Crater and the little mountain. See Plate IX.
where a {imilar cafe is reprefented.

(7) State of the Top and Crater of Ve-
fitvius Of}! the 29.th when the great eru-
ption of1767. ceafed. The prodigious quan—
tity of matter erupted in ten days linee the
lafi obfervation entirely filled up the Valley
between the ancient Crater B. C. D., and
joined the Cone of the little mountain to
that of Veluvius, f0 that the Shape of the
Top of Vefuvius was, as reprefented by the
exterior black line H. F. G., and F. G. be-
came the Mouth or Crater of the Volcano.

From May to Oé’tober the 29.th , the
mountain increafed in higth from B. to F.
about 200 feet. The dotted line B. repre-
fents the little mountain as it was on the
firfl obfervation N.I.

Explication de la Planclte II.

tie the Sommet du MONT Vesuvn avec

. l’aeeroiffiment gradnel dn Montien/e dam
fon Crater depnis 1e 8 fut/let an 29 0e70-
Ivre 1767.

(I) Etat du Montimle au-dedans dn Cra-
ter felon [a premiere obfervation, [e 8 defnil-
let 1767.

(2) Le 25 fail/at: La matie're an-deflm de
la ligne pointi/le'e 4‘ e‘te’ ajonte'e par [er exp/o—
flont depnis la derniere obfervation.

(3) Le 6 Aotit . AeeroiflEn/tent dc matie'rc
deputs l'obfirvation preeedente.

(4) Le 17 .Aoiit nne autre augmentation.

(5) Le 3 Septembre: Aceroiffiment ultcrienr
dn Montien/e.

(6) Etat dn AIontimle le 18 0805;? , le
jonr avant l’eruption .

Unv petit fleuve dc lave s’onvrit un rbemin,
a travers [e cone du Monticn/e a .4, (’9’ coula
dans le V al/on entre l’ aneien Crater (9’ 1e Zl/Ion—
tienle. Voie’r Planebe IX on cfl reprefenté an
ear firmly/able.

(7) Etat do Sommet (9“ Crater dn Ve ave
1e 29 Ottolrre , lorfqne la grande eruption de
1767 eefla. La quantite' prodigienfi de matte-
re: one jétta [e Voltan pendant dix pours, de-
pm's la derniere obfi'rvation, remp/it entie'rement
[e Val/on, entre Z’aneien Crater B. C. 1)., (9’
joignit [e cone a'n Zl/Ionticn/e a ee/ui dn V effu-
ve,de fagon que la forme dn Sommet du Ve-
fitve Etoit, comme elle efl repreflnte'e par [a li—
gne noire exterienre H. F. G., (9' F. G. devin-
rent l’emboucbnre dn Crater dn Volcan. /

Depnit [e moi: de May jufgm’ an 29 d’Ofio—
bre, [a Hantenr de la Montagne augmenta de-
pm's B. a F. environ zoo pieds. La ligne poin-
ti/le’e E. reprefente 1e montien/e comme it etoit
de'r la premiere oofirvation N. I.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 
References to Plate III.

‘ New of NAPLES taken from PAUSILIPO.

I. Monntain of Paufilipo . The entranceof the famous
GROTTA is under this number. (fee P. XVI.)

2. CAS’TLE OF S. ELMO , and the Carthufian Corivent.
3., PIZZOFALCONE .

4. CASTLE DELL’Ovo.

5. MOUNTAIN OF SOMMA.

6. MOUNT VEsuvws.

~ Every View of Naples and its neighbourhood is beauu
tifull, owing greatly to the variety in the forms of the
different elevations, all of which ‘are either complete co-
nes or portions of cones of volcanos . (fee letter V.)
There is great beauty likewife in the luxuriancy of the
vegetation with which they are cover’d. '

I’ Explication 0'6 14 Plumb: III.

a

, ‘ Hie dc NAPLES prifi dc PAUSILIPEc

1, Mantegna dc Paufl/z‘pc, [a GROTTE fdmmfi fl: mum
fan: cc nambre . (720ch P. XVI. )

2. CHATEAU DE S.ELME, (3“ le (Ir/went dc: Cbartreux.

3. PIZZOFALCONE .

3. CHATEAU DE L’CEUF.

5. MONTAGNE DE SOMMA.

6. LE MONT VESUiIE.

Clmquc we de Naples (9“ dc fir environ: cfl tbm‘mamc ,<
cc qui review principa/cment dc la writte’ dam [35 form“
dc: di armies Elevations , lrfqmllcs fin: mum ou dc: co'ncs
complerx , on dc: portions dc ca‘nes dc volcam . (72qu [cr-

tre V.) La ricbeffe de [a vegetarian qm‘ 1:: comm y ajourc
nufli Izmucaup.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

{rariyjf .‘. V. , V . ‘ . , ‘ .r. r:
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
References to Plate [[1].

Iew of NAPLES from the lea shore near the Bridge
of the MADDALENA.

I. MOUNTAIN on the top of which is the Caflle of
S. ELMO and the delightfully fituated Convent of the
CARTHUSIANS . It is evidently a portion of the cone of
an ancient volcano , being compofed of tufa or firata.
of rapilli, and other volcanick matter.

2. THE MOLE, and light Houfe.

3. PIZZOFALCONE. At this point the firata, of erupted
matter that compofe the {Oil , on which the whole
City is placed, are very vilible. There are two mineral
fprings near this point , one called ACQUA FERRATA,
the other ACQUA SULFUREA . Thefe waters, as well as
thofe of ISCHIA , have been lately analyfed by Doél'or
NICOLA ANDRIA , Phyfician and profefl'or of Natural Hi-
fiory, who has given the Publick’ a particular account
of them in his book intitled Tmrmto dclle argue mine—
mli : Nopoli MDCCLXXV.

4. POINT OF PAUSILIPO.

'5. MOUNTAIN on which is fituated the Convent of
the CAMALDOLI. (fee P. XVII.)

6. CASTLE DELL’ Ovo.

Expliodtion do In Plano/3e IIII.

lie de NAPLES du bard de la mer pick du Pont de la
MADDALENA .

I. MONTAGNE fur lzzquelle all films" le chateau do S.ELMO,'
(9° le Convent do; CHARTREUX fl delmeufcmenr [iiue' . Elle
cjl widemment portion d’un cone d’ un anvien volcon, emnt

- ‘ d 'll' (9" of up“ 5 mm
composes do Tufo , dc couches a rap; 2, . 4 re
tiara: 'uolmniques.

2. LE MOLE, 6'3“ lo Lanterne.

3. PIZZOFALCONE. A com pointe les couches dc morie'i'es
wolmniques donr cfl compose’ le fol fin‘ lcouel route la Ville
efl fitue’e font rrc’J rviflbles . ll 9/ a demo jource: d’ coux mo-
nemlcs pre's d6 66m poinre,l’une appello'e ACQUA FERRATA,
l’outre ACQUA SuLEUREA. Cos muse do méme querles some
of IsCHIA , on: c’re’ dernie'remenr onolyfi‘e’es por lo Dollcur
NICOLA ANDRIA Mcdecin (9° Profe/fiur d‘Hi/loire Natural/e,
qui en a donne‘ le detail ou Public dons [on-lime qui d pour
rim : Trattato delle acque minerali. NaPOll MDCCLXXV.

4. POINTE DE PAUSILIPE.

5. MONTAGNE fur ldquelle efl plan! I: Councnt do; CAu
MALDuLEs . (1)0ch P. XVII.)

6. CHATEAU DE L’ (Eur.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
..1..£4i

 
 
 
  

.1911 ,1 t \Kwsfimnh-fl¢§r ., s i . . u ‘ . ‘ .. . Nit}, . . J .fnif I.
. . 4r.) « 41.114.8in.nhnurcfihcuz.r{whfirl!x . k A w , . ‘ u . jogLfitiililt‘lllll

‘ 1 é.) {VII it «1“..an firwdiaufanWu H .. ' . .

r 1! Multndflnlfllflfihlndd “ll

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Reference: to Plate V.

Iew of an eruption of lava from the Crater of
Mount Vefuvius taken from an original painting
of M.r Fabris’s done from nature about 22. years ago.

N. I. CONE of Vefiivius coverd’ with fnow, and the
lava running in different fireams from its Crater. Ve-
fuvius was in the fame {late in the year 1773.: but it
{eldom happens , that both Mountains are cover’d with
fnow, as they were at the time above mention’d. The
{treams of lava that run down the fieep flancks of the
Volcano, always cut regular and narrow channels , f0
reoular as to appear the work of art, and the lava is

confined to thefe channels of its own making. Without

having been VVitnefs to this fingular operation of natu-
re, it wou’d have been difficult to have accounted, for
the very regular, perpendicular, horizontal, and inclined
firata of lava in the Mountain of Somma (See PLXXXIII.
& XXXV. ) , which flrata were furely formed by the
like operation, when that mountain was in its active
fiate.

N- 2. Mountain of Somma.‘
N. 3. High road from Naples to Portici.

N. 4. Old ruin’d Towers near the Sea;

Explicatz'on de la Planebe V.

tie d’ tine eruption de lave dtt Crater (ii/t Vefwue, d’apre’r
une peinture origina/e de Monflettr Fabrtr petnte d’apres
nature it y a environ 22. ans.

N. I. CONE dtt Vefiave convert dc neige, (9“ la lave qui
eoule en pin/[curs Jeni/flame o’e fon Crater. Le Veftwe a e'te’
t2 pen pre’r dam [e méme e'tat l’anne’e 1773.: maiy it arrive
rarement que [es dense montagnes foyent converter de netge,
eomme dies 1’ étoient quand te deflein fut fair.

Les flew/er de lave qui defiendent des flanes e/Earpe’t dn
V olcan , y tai/[ent ton/ours des eaneaux étroitr (9’ t‘egnliers,
(9“ tel/ement reguliers qu’ i/s paroiflént pluto‘t l’ouvrage do
1’ art que de [a nature , (9’ la lave efl detentte dans oer €d<
mama qu’ el/e s’efl fairs. I! await e'te' diffei/e fam avoir
e'te' temoin de cette operation [ingnliere de la nature, do ren-
dre eompte de [a regularite’ des camber de lave perpendicu-
lairer , borizontales, (9‘ inc/index dam la Montagne de Som-
ma , ( Voyez‘ P. XXXIII. (9° XXXV. ) Camber qui fine-
ment ont e’te’ forme’es par la méme operation lorfque eette
montagne etoit dam [on e’tat d’afli’uite’ .

N. 2. Montagne de Somma.

N. 3. Grand ebemin ole Naples a‘ Portiei.

N.4. Vietlle: Tour: pre': Ide la mer.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 
 

 

 

 

 
References to Pidfe VI.

Iew of the great eruption of' VESUVIUS from the

mole of Naples in the night of the 20.th of
Oil.” 1767.

I. CONE 01: Vesuvrus.‘
2. MOUNTAIN OF SOMMA:

g. Lavas that ran down the FOSSA GRANDE (fee pleas;
te XXXIX.) towards 5.]0R10,

4. PORTICI .

3. Light Houfe on the mole of Naples. See letter IL
for a. full account of this formidable eruption.

Explimtion (la la. Plano/)6 VI“

lie dellzz grand: eruption du Vesuvemrifi’ du mole dc
Naples [6 fair du 20.7"e d’Ofiobre 1767.
I. CONE Du VEsuVE.‘

2. MONTAGNE DE SOMMA:

3. Law qui coulg parla F055;; GRANDE (Voyez‘ P.XXXIX.)

fvm S. Jomo .

’4. PORTICI ;

'3. Lantern: fur [6 male dc Naples . quezfi (1472.? [elm II.
[4 relation de cam terrifi/e eruption?

 
 

 

.4

 

 

 

 
 

 

if?

 
 

 

 

 

 

 
Reference: to Plate VII.

Iew of Mount Vefuvius from the flea shore; at
RESINA, between PORTICI,and TORRE DEL GRECO.

I. Cone of Mount Vefuvius.

2. The Mountain of Somma , probably the ancient
Volcano, before the exiflance of the prefent one.

3. Lava that ran down the Fofla grande (fee Plate
XXXIX),and deflroy’d the fertile vine yards ofS.]omo
in the great eruption of 1767.

4. The Montagnoli , or little Mountains formed by
Volcanick explofion in the year 1760. (fee Plates XII.
XIII. XIV.)

5. Rock formed by a current of lava , which ran
into the fee. from Vefuvius in 1631.,and part of which
has been carried OH to pave the Streets of Naples.

The great Quarry, which now fupplies the pavement
of NAPLES is about 100 yards from hence, and is a part
of the fame lava. See Plate VIII.

6. Elegant Villa, and a {mall cafine belonging to the
Prince JAccr . This Villa , and the others on a line
with it, are on the high road between PORTICI, and
Tom: DEL GRECO. A little on the left of Prince JACCI’s
Villa is the Village of RESINA , under which at about
the depth of 70. feet, the ancient City of HERCULANEUM
lies burried.

7. The Hermitage.

Explication de la Plane/3e VII.

a: du Mont Vefuve du bard de la mer a RESINE
RI enrre PORTICI (9° la TORRE DEL GRECO.

I. Cane du Mont Vefu've.

2. La Montagne dc Somma qui prabablement a éte’ l’an-
cien V olcan a'vanr l’exiflence du Ve true.

3. Lane qui coula dans la Fqfla grande, 'vo'ie': Plancbe
XXXIX, (9” derruiflt [es "vigne: fertile." de 3.]0R10 Pendant.
la grande eruption de 1767..

4. Les Monmgnoli‘ ou petites montagnes forme’es par l’eru-
prion de 1760. Vales 1e: Plane/be: XII. XIII. (9’ XIV.

5. Roe/yer forrne par un fleuvc de lave qui coula dam la
mer en 16 31 , (9“ dont partie a Ere' tranfivarte'e a‘ Naples
pour en paver [es rues. ,,

La grande Carrie’re done onfi [Err maintenanr pour payer
[es rice: de Naples , fair partie de cetre meme lave , (9“ en
efl c‘loigne’c d’en'viran IOO par. V ole': la Plancbe V III.

6. La belle [Waifim de Campagne , (’9’ petite (Ia/fine du
Prince jacci, que l’ on trouve avec plu/Zeurr autres fur 1:
grand cbemin , enrre Portici (9° la Torre del Grew . A‘ la
gaucbe de la dim maifon de Campagnc du Prince Jacci,
on wit le Village de Refine four lequel efi enfevelie la :51]:
d’HERcuLANEM/i, a‘ environ 7o pied; de profondeur. A

7. L’Hermiragc.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
Reference: to Plate VIII.

(1) Eprefentarion of a thick Stratum of Lava, that
R ran into the tea from MOUNT VESUVIUS in
the terrible Eruption of 1631.

It is at prefent the principal Quarry from whence are
taken the Stones for the Pavement of Naples.

(2) Stratum of Ashes with a thin Stratum of Vege;
table Soil on the Surface.

(3) Stones cut ready for Pavement, which are con-‘
vey’d to the Sea about 50. paces from hence in Carts,
and there embarked for Naples.

(4) The Chips of the Stones piled up In Order to
Leave a road between each pile down to the Sea.

(5) Scoriae on the Surface of the Lava.

(6) Hollows formed in the Lava by the air which
was confined therein , and are difliné’tive marks of La-
va’s in general, as are likwife the Horizontal, and per-
pendicular Cracks which are formed at the time of the
Lava’s cooling , 8t Shrinkina.

On the Sea Shore from the GRANATELLO under For:
tici to the Torre dell’Annonciata, are many fuch cur-
rents of Lava well worthy of the obfervation of the
Curious. ’

Explication de la Planebe VIII.

(1) Epreflentation d’ une eouebe épaifle de lave qui eon/a:
du MONT VESUVE dant la mer pendant la terri-
ble eruption de 1631. ‘

C’ ejt maintenant la principale carriere dent on tire [es
prerres' pour patter [es rues de Naples.

(2) Coucoe de cendrer avec une petite coucbe de Terrein
Vegetable fur la Surface.

, (3) Pierres deja rat/lees pour le Pa've' que 1’ on tranfizorte
fur chariots jufqu’ a la mer qui efi a environ 50 par, (9'
one fan embarque enfuite pour Nap/er.

(4) Moneeaux dc Pierre: enta/fe’er qui ferment un ebemin
'jufqu’ a la mer. ‘

(5) Stories fiar la Surface de la lane.

(6) Des Creux forme‘r dam la [awe par I’Air qui )1 etoit‘
renferme, (9" qui, de méme que [es Crevafles Horizontal“
{9"}?erpendieu/aires qui e ferment lorfque [ex [aver fie rafL
frotdrflent C9“ fie retroifl ent, font generalement des fignes par
Irfquels, on peut diflinguer [es lanes. A

, ‘ Sur le bard de la Mer depuir [e GRANATELLO four PorJ
rm jufqu a la Torre delfflnnonciata, on Home p/ufleurs de
ces Torrens de lave out merrtent bien l’attention des Curieun.

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Refereaees to Plate IX

‘Nteriour View of the Crater of Mount VESUVIUS, as‘
it was before the great eruption of 1767.

\Vhill’r the Volcano is in an afiive Rate, the crater
changes its form perpetually, {0 that Travellers accounts
of this part of the Volcano can feldom agree: The Cra-
ter is fometimes very deep, and Without any little moun-
tain,and at other times with more than one little moun-
rain. The black on the plain (2) is a fiream of laya ,
that ran from the little mountain (I) . The prodigious
quantity of Volcanick matter, that was thrown up du-
ring the eruption of 1767, entirely filled the plain
between the little mountain (I) and the old crater ('3),
To that the mouth of the little mountain .is the prefent
crater of VESUVIUS , in which an other little mountain

is already formed.

For a better Idea of this gradual operation fee P. H.

Exp/teatioa de [a Plaac'be IX

tie interieare dz»: Crater da NIotzt VESUVE , avant [a
granule erruptioa de 1767.

Pendant que le Volcaa efl en affion , la forme du crater
Change continuellemmt ,‘ ce qui fait que [es relations dc:
wtagears fur cette partie da V clean ne s’aecordent que rare-
ment : Le Crater quelqzaefois efl We: proforzd (9" [am ammz
moatimle, (9" d’autrefois avec gala/teary. Ce que l’oa wit a’e
noir dam la Plairze (2), aft an flew/e de lave qui fort it da
petit manticule (1). La quantite‘ prodigieufle de ma’tiere: que-
jetta 1e Vulcan pendant [eruption dc I767, remp/it entie'rement
la plaine entre le petit montim/e (I), (“3“ ’amien Crater (3):
dc fag/m que [a baucbe da petit manticule e/t a‘ preflerzt [e
Crater da VEsuVE, dam team! it s’efl deja firme’ an autre
petit mantieu/e.

Pour avoir Ime ide‘e plat parfaite dc cctte operation gra-
duel/e, V are: la Plancbe II.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Reference: to Plate X

INteriour View of the Crater of Mount VESUVIUS from
an original drawing taken on the {pot in the year
1756 , and will 'ferve to give an Idea of the changes
this part of an a€tive Volcano is fubjeft to. Here a
fmaller mountain (I) was formed , within the Crater
of the little mountain (2) that flood in the midf’t of
the great Crater of VESLIVIUS (5), and a lava ran-from
between the two little mountains at (2), and dividing
into tw0 fireams (g) and (4), ran over the old Crater,
and down the cone of VESUVIUS . As the Platform on
which thefe little mountains are formed,is a meer crufi,
it hapens fome times, that it gives way and the moun—
tains fall in. At other times the lava boiling UP under
the Platform, raifes it up with it.

When the Volcano threatens an eruption, it is not
advifeable to go into the Crater , as a fudden explofion
often occafions great Cracks,or Chafms in the platform;
and there is likewife danger from the fudden emiflion
of {tones , and fulphurious fmoke .

Explieation de la Plarzcbe X,

tie interieure du Crater drill/font Vesuvn d’apre’r le

Plan original que i’en en fir fur let 1mm meme [’an-
me 1756 , (5“ qui pourra dormer unelzde'e der'cbarlgemerzr
auxquei’s eerie partie d’ m: Vole/m aflif e/i fir/me . I! fe
forma rm plur perir mantimle (I) , dam [e Crater dw pent
marziieule (2), qui Emir an mil/ea dri grand Crater du .VE-
suVE (5), (9“ me have qui cozila entre [e5 demo mommies
d (2), fie parrageant erzfuire e72 demo braneber (3) (9° (4),
pajfa fur [es bards du wemc Crater , 6'“ defeendzr [e eerie
du Vesuvtz . Comme [a Plateforme fiar laguel/e ees manti-
(it/es fe former)! efl ime flmple Create , i1 arrive qjuelquefers‘
qu’ e/[e cede, (9“ we [er mamieu/es s’enfoneent : d autrefozr
la lave [mail/am fem la Plateforme 1a foul/eve aver el/e.

.Quami le Volran menace de quelqae eruption , il ri’efl pas
'm‘ de defeendre dam 1e Crater, [es explo/iorir flmdamer earr-
fanr ferment der crew/fer darts la P/areforme , autre 924 1‘!
y a meme du danger par raporr d 1’ emrflion de pierres (’9’ a
la fume’e de fiufi‘e.

 
 

 

 

 
 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
References ,to Plate XI.

Iew of the MONTE S. ANGELO (I) On which there
is a Convent of Camaldolefi Monks (2). It is fi-
tuated between Torre del Greco,and Torre dell’Annon—
ciata, and was undoubtely thrown up byVolcanick
Explofion , in the fame manner , as were little moun~
rains in the year 1760. reprefented iu Plates XII. XIII.
and XIV. There is however no Hiflory of the forma-
tion of this mountain in the Annals of Vefuvius . The
firata of ashes, Rapilla, and other Volcanick matter,
of which the Whole Of this Mountain is compofed,are
evident at N. 3.
4. The Cone of Vefuvvius.
5. Somma.
6. Ancient Lava’s.

The Intention of this Plate is to shew the contrafi
in the appearence of the cone of an aé’tive Volcano,
and of one that has relied many ages , When Vegeta-
tion has taken Place. ‘

May not many beautifully shaped Hills , which are
now cover’d with a rich Vegetation, and BUIIdIHgS,
as is the MONTE S. ANGELO , owe likewife their exi—
fiance to Volcanick Explofions, having been once in the
fame barren fiate with the cone ofVefuvius reprefented
in this Plate?

Explicarion de la Plancbe XI.

iie de MONT S. ANGELO (1)fur leguel ii 9/ (2 Mn
Convent de Religieux Cemeldo/e/i (2) . II efl flmé
entre la Torre del Green (9‘ la Torre de/I’Annanciem, (’9’ 12
an indubimlelemene forme’ per Que/que- exp/oflon Volcanigne,
dc méme que [es petite IVIonricn/es dens l’enne’e I760 repre-
finte’s dens [e5 Plancbe XII. XIII. (9“ XIV. 1’ on ne trou've
cependene eucune bifloire de [a formation de certe monmgnc
dens [es Anne/er die Vefime. Les Couches de Cendres, Re-
pilli , (9' 414m meeiéres Volcaniques don: route certe monta—
gne efl campoee'e: fie mien; e) N. 3.
4. Le Cone die Ve woe.
5. Somme.
6. Lane: anciennee.‘

L intention de eerie Plencbe eff de faire win le contrefle
Hens l’apperence d’ an Vo/cen en efiien , (9" eel/e a” un Vol-
mn qui a cefié depuis p/ufleurs éges , iorfgue In 'vegemrion
3/ eff Ema/n.

Pin/[ewe belles beuteurs qui meineenent fin converm
'd’une ricbe Vegetarian (9’ de Beeimens, camme l’eji MONT
S. ANGELO, ne penvent el/es pee devoir lem' exiflence zi des
explofiom V o/ceniques, é" weir éte’ enciennement are/fl fierig
lee gm: [6 Cone du Vefiwe reprcflnre“ dens cette Plencbe?

 

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
References to Plate XII.

Iew of an eruption of Mount Vefuvius which be-
V gan the 23.d of December 1760, and ended the
'5311 of January 1761 , after a drawing taken on the {pot
by M! Fabris,when that eruption was in its full force.

N. I. MOUNT VEsuvws . For the fituation of this eru-
prion . (fee the general Map.)

N. 2. MOUNT S. ANGELO. (fee Plate XI.)

N. 3. New little Mountains raifed by the explolion
of volcanick matter during this eruption . (fee P. XIII.
and XIV.)

N. 4. Little Mountains called VIULI raifed by a pre-
ceeding eruption; but of what date is uncertain . As
there is only a slight vegetation on them, it is proba-
ble that their formation was of a much later date than
that of the birth of Mount S.ANGEL0.

N. 3. High road from the TORRE DEL GRECO to the
TORRE DELL’ANNONCIATA over which the lava ran,and
obflruéled the paffage for fome months.

N. 6. NAPLES.
N37. Convent of the CAMALDOLESI above Naples.

N. 8. Garden Gate of the Marquis Curtis’s villa lea-
ding to the lea and within a few paces of it.

The objeél of this plate is to shew, that thofe who
have afferted, that the feat of the fire is always towards
the fummit, or not lower than the middle of the Vol-
cano, have been very ill informed.

Thefe New Mountains are at leafl four miles from
the fummit of Veiuvius , and almofl in the plain . As
the Earthquake which preceeded this eruption,(and was
caufed undoubtedly by the confined lava ) was fenfibly
,{blt at NAPLEs,the feat of the fire muft neceflarily have
been at a confiderable depth , to have affeé’red Ii) great
a (pace, for that City is more than 8. miles from the
{not where the eruption happen’d.

Explieation de la Plumb: XII.‘

Viie d’ une eruption du Mont Vefn've qui commenpa le 23;
de Decembre 1760 (’9‘ finit le 5 de fan'vier I761,
d’apre's nn deflein fair fur [es lieux mérnes pendant que l’erua
prion e‘toit dam toute fa force.

N. 2. Le MONT VESUVE . Quant a la fitnation de cette
eruption. (voyez‘ la Carte Generale)

N. 2. Le MONT S. ANGELO. ('0qu P. XI.)

N. 3. Montieu/es nonveanxformc": par les exploft'om de matie’res
polcaniques pendant eette eruption. ("voyez‘ P. XIII. (9° XIV.

N. 4. ZVIontien/es appel/e’s VIULI , Eleve': par une' e'rnption
anterieure ; mait dont [a date efl incertaine . Comme [a we-
getation n’ e/i encore qne tre’s petite fur ees monticu/et, i/ efl
prohable qua lenr formation fira d’nne date bien plus re'cente
gne eel/e de la naijfanee dn A/Iont S. ANGELO.

N. 5. Grand cbemin de la TORRE DEL GRECO , a‘ [at
TORRE DELL'ANNONCIATA fitr leqnel la lave coula, (9’ fer:
ma 1e paflage pour qne/qnes moir.

N. 6. NAPLES .
N. 7. Convent des CAMALDOLESI audeffus de Nap/es.

N. 8. Porte du jardin de [a Mai/on de campagne du Mar-
quiy Curtis conduifant a‘ la mer,qui n’en efl e/oigne’e que de
guelqnes pas .

L’ objet de eette planebe efl de montrer qne ceuoc qui ont
inflfle‘ que le Foyer du volean fie trouve ton/ours 'vers le
fommet, on plus has que le centre de la montagne , ont e’te’
tre’: ma! informer. ‘

Ce: Montieu/es Nonveanx font a‘ ouatre mil/e3 dn fornmet
du Vefu'ue, (9’ prefiyue dam [a plaine . Le tremblement de
terre qni precede eette eruption (6” out fut furement caure'
par la lave renferme'e) 4 ant e’te’ tre‘s fen/[ole a NAPLES, [e
foyer doit neeefl‘airement a'voir e'te' a‘ nne tre’s grande profou-
denr pour avoir pu agir fur un efpaee ate/fl ronflderao/e,‘ ear
eettel'w/le efi a‘ pin: de 8 mil/e: de 1’ endroit on fi’ fit eette
eruption.

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
:Refi’rence: to Plate XIII.

Iew of the prefent {late of the little moimtains

”\l railed by explolion in the year 1760, (fee P.XII.)

taken from the foot of the cone of Vefuvius looking
towards the lea, and the island of CAPRI. N. I.

This fcene of horror before the eruption was a fertile
vine yard . At firlt there were fifteen Mouths that threw
up inflamed matter, and railed as many hillocks; but
they were foon reduced to feven, and afterwards to four
which railed the confiderable hillocks 2. 4. 5. and 6.
D. Gaetano de Bottis a Learned Profell'or of Mathematicks
at Naples , a very accurate obferver of the phenomena
attending Mount Vefuvius , published in 1761 a parti—
cular account of this remarkable eruption,well worthy
‘ the attention of the curious on this fubjeét.

N. 2. The diameter of the balis of this hillock is 800
palms, and its perpendicular heigth from the plain on
which it is railed, is 238.

N.3. MONTE SANGELO'. (fee P. XI.)

N. 4. The diameter of the bafis of this hillock is 400
palms and its perpendicular heigth 207.

N. 5. The diameter of the balis of this hillock is 288
palms, and its perpendicular heigth 95.

N. 6. The diameter of the balis of this hillock is 408
palms, its perpendicular heigth 195. The crater of this
little mountain is reprefented. (P. XIV.) According to
D.Gaetano de Bottis’s calculation, the folid mafs of thefe
four hillocks wou’d amount to about 54856664. 5i cu-
bic neapolitan palms. The neapolitan palm is about 10 %
inches English.

N.7. COAST OF SORREN'ro.‘

N. 8. LAVA like ropes . In all this part of mount V6!
fuvius the lavas are particularly curious.

Explication de la 'Plancbe XIII. '

rile de ’e’tat prtfint der montieules eleve's par exploflon
l’anne’e 1760, (*0qu P. XII.) prife an pied du cone

'du Vefiwe regardant vars la mer (9“ l’ile de CAPREE. N.I.

Cette fie’ne d’borreur e'toit un vignoble fertile avant l’eru—
ption . Au commencement de l’ eruption il y wait 15. bou-
the: out jettoient de [a matie're enflame’e , (9‘ gm e’lejuerent
autant de monticuler; mais elles fnrent biento‘t redmtes a
fipt, (’9’ en uite a quatre qni Ele've'rent let monttcnle: con-
fiderables 2. 4. 5. 6. D. Gaetano ale Botm fgavant Profef-
fem" de Mathematiqnes a Naples, obfer'uatenr tre'siexac‘l def
phenomena du Vefuve, publia en 1760 sane relation detail-
le'e de cette eruption remargualvle, gm meme blen lattentzon
do; cnriemc fur cc fujet.

N. 2. Le diametre de la bafe de ce monticztle e/l ale 800
palmes, (9" fin banteur perpendiculaire, depuix la plame fitr
[aquel/e il s’efl cleve' efl de 238.

N. 3. MONTE S.ANGELO. (2'qu Plancbe XI.)

N. 4. Le diametre de la bafi: de ce monticule efi de 400
palmes, (9“ fan bauteur perpendiculaire de 207.

N. 5. Le diametre de la bafe de ce monticule efi de 288
pair/res, ('9’ fan bantenr perpendiculaire de 9 5.

N. 6. Le diametre de la bafi: de ce monticule efl de 408
palmes, (9’ [on bauteur perpendiculaire do I 95. Le crater de
ce monticnle efi reprefente'_ ( P. XIV. ) . Selon le calcul ale
D. Gaetano de Betti! la mafle jolide de ces quatre: montt-
rules firoit d’en-‘Uiron 54856664 ;—‘; palmes cabique: napo-
litaim. Le palme napolitain fait environ 10% pouces anglers.

N. 7. Con: DE SORRENTE.
N8. LAVE en forme de corde: . Dan: toute cette partie

du A/Iont Vefiwe 16.! laws font extraordinaire: (9“ tre’: cu-
rieufis.

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
References to Plate XIV.

Iew of the CRATER, or infide of the Cone of the

little mountain (N. 6. P. XIII.) which is above 200
palms deep . The lava reprefented in ( P. XII.) came
chiefly out of this CRATER, and that of the hillocka
(N. 2. P. XIII.)

N.I. This part of the hillock is compofed of Cinders-,1
great and {mall fragments of lava, and other volcanick
matter of various tints,thrown out during the eruption.

N.2. Large mafl'es of the Scomm of the lava.

N. 3. Spot from whence the lava ifl‘ued, and as a:
large portion of the Cone of this hillock towards the {ea
was broken down, it had a free pafl‘age out of the cra-
ter, and ran towards the fea. (fee P.XII.)

As the little Mountains, repref‘en-ted (P. XIII.) raifed
by volcanick explofions in a few days only, are in form
and fubf’tance, perfectly refembling the Cone of mount
Vefuvius, it is natural to infer, that Vefuvius has been
likewife raifed to its prefent magnitude, by a feries of
eruptions in a courle of ages , and that, as thefe little
Cones were no more than the chimneys of the volcanick
fire which raifed them , (and whofe feat was probably
at a_confiderable depth beneath the plain on which they
vere raifed ), {0 is the Cone of Vefuvius the principal
chimney of the great Volcano. The flame reafoning may
be applicable to all mountains, in which there are Vol«

canos .

Explication dc la Plancbe XIV.

tie du CRATER, ou de‘ 'intm'ehr du Cone dtt monticule

kl (N6. P. XIII.) qui a plus de 200 palmes de pra-
fondeur. Le lave reprefmte’e (P. XII.) fortit principalement
de ce CRATER, (9" dc celm' dtt monticule. (N.2. P. XIII.)

N. I. Cette partie de [ti petite montagm efl campase’e dc
cmdres groflEs (9’ fines , de fragments de [we , (9“ d’ autres
mattiercs 'vo/mm'ques dc different“ nuances, qm‘ ant c’te’ jette’es
pendant 1’ eruption .

N. 2. Gro/jEs rim/fies dc SCORIES de la lave.

N—g. Endrait d’au [a [47)! fartit. Une pzzt‘tie canfldertzéle
dtt Cone de ce montim/e mm [4 met e’tdnt ton/thee, l4 lave
s’ouw’it em paffege par cette fente , (9" cattle; per: la mer.

(voyez‘ P. XII.)
Les petites monttzgnes repre/E’ntées dam ltz P.XIII., (9” for-

me'es par des exp/often: volcmir/ues en tre’s pett de jaws,
5mm“ qmnt 4‘ [eat ferme C9“ 4‘ [a 7mtiere dent e/les font
compose’es, parfzzitement feméldb/es em Cone dtt mam V efwve,
:7 eff? nature! de craire qtte‘ le Vefttve fl fem egg/emeizt e/ew’
4‘ fa [muteur dfiue/le par une fmte d’ eruptions de p/ufleurs
flee/es, (9" que ces monticu/es 72’ dyent e’te’ que [es cbemim’es
a‘u feu voltattique qui [es wait orme’s , (69° dent 1e foyer
aura e’te’ prabeb/ement a‘ 1m: pro ondeur canfldemb/e fous let
plditae fur [aquelle 1.11:9. 1% font éleve’s), de méme [e Cone dzt
V efiwe n’ cfl que la chemine’c PTIflC‘IPflZE du grand Volcan.
Le me‘me rafflmnement peut Men s’app/iquer eltoutes [es mon-

mgnes dtms lefquelles i! y e des [fa/cams.

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Reference: to ’P/ate XV.

Eé‘tion of a part of the cone of the Mountain of
SOMMA.

In all the hollow Ways cut on the flancks of SOMMA
by the Torrents of rain Water, Strata of erupted mat-
ter exactly fimilar to thof'e of VESUVIUS (fee Plate XXXIX)
are very vifible. One of the mofl curious of thefe hollow
ways, the fubjefi of this Plate, is at the Village of TRO-
CHIA near S. ANASTASIO, and between the Villages of
SOMMA, and S. SEBASTIANO.

From N. I. to N.6. are Strata of lava,with interme-
diate flrata of fcoriaa and ashes . This Quarry {upplies
actually fione, for the purpofes of builcling and paving,
This {tone is a lava of the fame nature exactly with that
of VEsuvws.

At the foot of SOMMA, and in a line with this hollow
Way, at a Convent call’d MADONNA DELL’ARco, a Well
was funk fome years ago, and three firata of lava were
difcover’d, at the depth of about goofifeet.

From the {pot reprefented in this Plate to that on
which the Convent is placed,the perpendicular fall can-
not be lefs than IOOO. feet , perhaps much more , a
molt convincing proof of the Volcanick origin of the
Mountain of SOMMA , the whole of which is compofed
of Strata of erupted matter.

Explication ide let Plancbe XV.

SEflian d’ une par-tie du Can: the la Montagne de SOMMA.

Dans tam It: M'vins que [es torrents dc plu‘z‘e ant fairs
fur les flrzncs de cette montzzgne,an wit dc: couches de mez~
tie'rer Voltnniquer,exnflement Semblnbles z} celler du VESUVEs
Un des plus curiettx twain: , (9“ gm‘ fezit le fitjet de cettc
Plancbe, efl nu Village de TROCI—IIA pre's de S.ANASTASIO,

entrt [er Villager ale SOMMA (’9’ de S. SEBASTIANO.

Depuis N0 I. jurqu’ a‘ N0 6. cc font des camber de [we
entremele’es dc couches de footie: (9" cendres . Cette Carriers
fournit t2 prefint des pierrer pour [M‘tir [er mill/5n: (9" p4-
'ver [er flies , (9" tette pierre efi une lave exnflement de [a
meme qualite que celle dn VESUVE.

flu pied de la Zl/Iontegne ale SOMMA (9" en droite ligne
dc be anin , dam un convent zzppelle’ lzz MADONNA DELL"
ARGO, l’on creufa il y a (Imelquer anne’ex un putty; on fan
decouwit trait couches de lave: (l 300 pied: de prafondeur.

Depuir l’endrait que cette Plancbe t'eprefente jufqu’ 4‘ ce-
lm' fur [equel tfl fltue ce Convent , In pente perpenditulnire
ne fimnnit Etre mains de 1000 pieds, (9“ peute'tre méme en-
core devantage : re qui efl unc pnenve ales plus convainmn-
ter de l’origine Volcanique de la Montagne ale SOMMA, qni
Jail/curs e/t tam/ement compose: dc couches dc metie'm jet-
It'es per le I/olmn.

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Rcfcrcnccs tol’lntc XVI.

(I) Ntrance of the GROTTA of PAUSILIPo . It is a

Road cut through a Mountain of the tender
Volcanick {tone called Tufa, leading from NAPLES to
PUZZOLI, about 2400 feet long, 22 feet broad, and of
an unequal heigth, 90 feet in fome parts,in others 70,
and in one part little more than IO feet . It is an an-
cient , and great Work mention’d by Strabo, Seneca,
and Other old Authors. In Father Paoli’s Book entitled
ANTICHITA‘ DI Puzzou , published at Naples in 1768,
are the Plans and exaét meafures of this curious GROTTA.

(2) The {pot on which are the remains of VIRGIL’S
TOMB , an exact Defcription of which is likewife in
Father Paoli's book above mention’d.

(3) The chief pui‘pofe of this Drawing,is to give an
exact idea of the appearance of the feé’tion of a part of a
mountain, compofed of that fort of Volcanick fubfiance
called Tufa, and of which molt of the high grounds
about NAPLES, PUZZOLI, and BAJA are conipofed, being
each of them, as is this Mountain of PAUSILIPO, a por:
tion of a cone formed by Volcanick Explofions.

For a further account of thefe Volcanic Tufa’s , dif-
fering in colour and hardnefs: fee Plates XXXXII. and
XXXXV.

Explicntion dc In Plano/Jr: 2 VI.

(1) Ntre'e dc In GROTTE dc PAUSILIPO. C’ efl un cbe-

min conpé {2 travers 14716 Morztngnc d’ We picrre
tendre appellc'e Tufn, qni conduit dc NAPLES a‘ PUZZOLI,
d’cn'viron 2400 Pied: de longneur (9" 22 de largenr,’ tit: 90
pied: dc bdntenr en qua/7cm endroitc , de 70 an [1’ wires,
(9“ mm pnrtie nn pen mains dc 20. C’ efi un grand (3" 4n-
cicn anvrdge dant Straban,5€neqne, (9“ p/nflcnrs autrex Aw
tcurs ancient font mention. L’ on tronve dans le livrc dzc
Pare Pnoli inrim/e' [e ANTICHITA‘ DI PUZZOLI , imprime’ z‘z
Naples en 1768, [es Plans (9f [65‘ mcficrcs exnftes dc cme
_GROTTE.

(2) Les refles DU TOMBEAU DE VIRGILE dont on rrawvc‘
an t cine defcrcptzon exnfie dans la mc‘me livrc dn Per:

Paoli .

(3) Le principal but dc ce Plain cfl dc dormer unc idc'e
'prccifir dc In faction d’une panic at” nne Monrdgne dc cm:
forte de matie‘re apps/[6'6 Tnfn , don; In plus par; des bau-
tenrs des environs dc NAPLES, PUZZOLI (9’ BAIA font cam-
pose'cs, 6’3“ 914i , comma In Montagnc dc PAUSILIPO,f0m‘ dc;
perms dc cones formc’s par des exploflons Volcnniqncs.

L’ on trouvern nne relntion pin; deraillc’e dc cc: Tnfns
Volcnnzqnes , dc [curs difcrcntcs coulcnrs , (9’ dc: diner; de—

grc’s dclcm'dnrcté dnns [cs Plancba XXXXII 6" XXXXV.

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

fa

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
v

Bird’s eye View from the Convent of the CAMAL'.

DOLI, the highefl ground near NAPLES (fee Pla- ‘

te XXXI n. 3.) . According to Monfieur de Saufl'ure’s
calculation , who in company of the Author took its
Elevation with Mont’ieur de LUC’S Barometer , the .per-
Pendicular heigth of this {pot above the level of the flea
is 14I9 é french feet. From hence no land is feen, but
what is of a volcanick origin, and fome complete cra«
ters of Volcanos are evidently pointed out.

(I) ISLAND of VENTOTIENE anciently PANDATARIA ,
and to which JULIA daughter of AUGUSTUS was banished.

(2) ISLAND OF S. STEFANO. (fee Plate XXXIV.)

(3) ISLAND or ISCHIA. (fee P. XXX. XXXI. XXXII.)

The highel’t point of S. NICOLA or EPOMEUS the princi-
Pal ancient Volcano of this island is 2361 french feet
above the level of the fea.

(4) ISLAND or PROCIDA with HIS SICILIAN MAJESTY’S
Palace. (lee P. XXXII.)

(5) POINT OF MISENUM from whence PLINY difcover’d
the eruption of mount Veluvius, which proved fatal to
him. (fee the two curious letters of PLINY the younger
to TACITUS on this fubjeét.) Here was one of the great
Roman Ports made by AGRIPPA. LUCULLUS had 3. Villa
at MISENUM, where TIBERIUS expired. There are the ruins
of a Theatre, and other ancient Buildings at this point.

(6) MARE MORTO Probably the crater of the volcano
that formed the high grounds near it. On the borders
of this lake are many Roman fepulchres or COLOMBA-
RH. This {pot {till retains the name of the ELYSIAN
FIELDS giuen it by VIRGIL and other Poets . At BAULI
(the high ground immediatly under 11.6.) NERO had a
Villa where he entertained AGRIPPINA his mother magni-
ficently before she embarked on board the vell'el he had
prepared for her defirufiion. (fee Tac. Ann. L. XIV.)

(7) BAIA and the CASTLE. (lee P. XXIX.)

(8) MONTE GAURO 0R BARBARO with its crater. (fee
P. XXVIII.)

(9) ISLAND 0F NISIDA with its crater. (fee P.XXII.)

(IO) BAGNOLI. The LAZARET on a rock between this
shore, and NISIDA.

(11) LAKE 0F AGNANO .

,(12) GROTTA DEL CANE.

(13) STUFE DI S. GERMANO. (flee P. XVIII.)

(14) COLL] LUCOGEI; the Pifciarelli is immediatly
under this number. (fee P. XXI.)

(13) ASTRUNI with its crater . (fee P.XIX. and XX.)

(16) GARDEN of the Camaldolefe Convent,from when-
ce this view was taken.

V“: d' oz'fiau prifc du Convent dc: CAMALDULES fimé

.mr le terrem le plus e’le'v‘é dc: environs dc NAPLES.
( '11qu P. XXXI. N. 3. ) Scion 1e calm! de Man/ieur dc
Saufliare 6114i en compagnie a’e l’auteur mefura [a hammer per-
pendiculaire dc cet endroit avec le Barometre de Mon/tear dc
Luc, i! q} a 1419 g piedr de France an deflect. du m'ueaie
de la mer. D’ici on he wit gue dtt terrein d’ortgme 'volca‘
nigme, (’9’ ’on y difiingue c/airement antiques craters comp/etc
des 'valcam .

(1) ISLE DE VENTOTIENE anciemtement PANDATARIA 0W
JULIE fille d’AUGUSTE fut relegue'e.

(2) ISLE DE S.STEFANO. (voyez’ P. XXXIV.)

(3) ISLE D’ ISCHIA . (cayez. P. XXX. XXXI. .XXXII. )
La pointe la plus clevce de S.NICOLA, cit EponEugU an-
cien Volcan principal de cette isle ) efi de 2 36 I pied: de
France an defliet dc niveau de la mer. ‘

(4) ISLE DE PROCIDA avec le Palais de SA MAJESTE‘
SICILIENNE. (wyez. P.XXXII.) . .

(5) POINTS DE MISENE d’oza PLINE decouvrit [eruption
du V efmzc qm' [iii fut fatale. (72qu let deme lettres car/en:
fer tie PLINE le JEUNE .2 TACI_TE [itr cc zijet.) C’ ejt m
914’ AGRIPPA fit fairc cm det grand Portsde Zl/Ier dc; Ra-
mains . LUCULLE await a MISENE eerie maifon dc campagne
ou mournt TIBERE- L'arz wit aafli encore a‘ cette painte dc:
debris d’mz Theatre (9" d‘ atttre: Batimem ancient.

(6) MARE MORTO qui e‘toit prabablemmt le crater d»
Volcan qm‘ farma [e5 bawtenrs alentour . Stir let bards
de ce lac rm trauve plat/tears tombeamc on COLOMBARII dc:
Remains . Cet emiroit retient encore le mm des CHAMPS
ELISEES d’apre's VIRGILE 6:“ d’ autret Poe'tes . NERON
await a BAULI (l’ baateur direfiement fbus le 71.6.) mzc mai—
fan de campagne on ii traita fa mere AGRIPPINE magnifiqae—
merit, a'uarzt qt! el/c s’embarqua far [6 batir/zertt qtt’ il await
fait preparer pour la perdre . ( myeg Tac. Ann. L. XIV.)

(7) BAIA, Chateau tie BAIA. (1)qu P.XXIX. ‘

(8) MONTE GAUR0,0u BARBARO avec fan crater. ('00.
yea P. XXVIII.)

(9) ISLE DE NISIDA avec fan crater. (wayq P. XXII.)

_ (Io) BAGNOLI. Le LAZARET fifl‘ mt rocker entrc la pain-
te, {9’ l’IJ/e dc NISIDA.

(I I) LAC D’AGNANO.

(12) GROTTE Du CHIEN.‘

(13) STUFE m S.GERMANO. (em/ea P.XVIII.)

(14) COLLI LUCOGEI; [es Pifiiare/li je trou'uent dircfiea
ment four cc N. (wayez' P. XXI.)

(15) ASTRUNI avec flm crater. (wyez P.XIX. @XX.) '

(16) JARDIN dc: Gama/dale: ou ce deflein a e'te' fair.

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 
Reference: to Plate XVIII.

(I) He Lake of' AGNANO evidently the Crater of

an ancient Volcano ,‘near the Grotta del Cane
the water of the Lake firems to boil, bubbles of air ri:
ling on the Surface haftily, and conflantly.

(2) Part of the outfide of the Cone of the SOLFA;
TERRA corroded by a hot fulphutious vapour. The curious
{pot call’d PISCIARELLI, fee Plate XXL, is under this
high ground . The high grounds in general about this
Lake were anciently call’d COLLEs LEUCOGJEI. The fpe~
cimens repreflented in Plate XXXXIII were taken from
the {pot (2), near which are fome remains of a Bridge
and high road, which led over that mountain , from
Naples to Puzzolo , and was made by NERVA , and
TRAIAN . Some of the huge Stones of the Pavement,
and which are of Lava, are {till in their places, and
retain their form,tho’ they have been penetrated by the
fulphurious vapour abovemention’d , and converted to a
white Chalk, as to its appearance.

(3) ASTRUNI. See Plates XIX and XX.

(4) Steam Bath orEStufa of S.GERMANO. The degree
of heat in this Stufa is about 40. of Reaumur’s Ther-
mometre .

(5) The famous GROTTA DEL CANE. It is about 12.
feet long , 4 broad , and about 9 feet high at the
entrance , and much lefs within, hollow’d with little
art in the mountain,compofed of Strata of erupted mat-
ter .

(6) The only Entrance into this Crater is by a hol-
low way between the mountains 5. & 6. This Crater
aniWering , as do all the Others in this Country , to
the defcription, which Strabo gives of Avernus.

Includitnr fuperciliir reEla faifiam enatir,
(9° undiqae praterquam in aditu imminentilim.

Explication de la Plancbe 1 VIII.

(1) E lac d’AGNANo qm‘ evidemment a Ete' 1e Crater
i L d an ancien Volcan . Pres de la Gretta del Cane
‘l’eau de ce lac female bouillir , der [males of air .r’elevant
conflamment C9“ avec precipitation far 5a Surface. ,

, (2) Partie dtt debars da Cone de la SopEATERRA 9M ane
'vapezar bralante de foufre a range . L’endrwt cariemc qua [on
appelle PISCIARELLI , voie's la Plancbe XXI. efi act has de
cette Hautettr . L’on appelloit anciennement COLLES LEucoGIEr
toutes les Hautearr des environs de ce lac. L’ on a pr”, leg
erbantillom repreflmtés dam la Plancbe XXXXIIL de 1 en-
droit maraae (2), pre’s duquel il 3/ a des refler d an Pant,
(9" d’un grand cbemin qai canduijbit par defl‘m‘ cette monta-
gne de Naples d Pergola, (9“ qai fut fart par NERVA, (9"
(TRAJAN [Que/qua: grander Pierre; da Pave' , gm font de
lave, font encore a‘ [cart places, (9“ ant canfirruc’ [ear firme,
gaaique pene’trc'es par la me’me vapeur dc Soafre, (9" de‘ve:
nae: en apparence une efpece dc craye blancbe.

(3) ASTRUNI. Voies Plancbe XIX (’9’ XX.

(4)- STUFA DI S. GERMANO . La claalear de cette Stnfa,‘
all d’ environ 4o degre’s da Tbermamc’tre de Reaumur.

(5) La fameafi: GROTTA DEL CANE. Elle a environ 12‘
Pied: dc longnenr , 4 de largeur, environ 9 dc baatear a
l’entre’els“ lyeaacaup main: an dedant. Elle efl creare'e apcc
pea d’ art dam la\ mantagne qui ejl an compote" de matteres

rolcaniaaes .

(6) Dan ne pent entrer dam" ce Crater qae par le Seal
Ravin entre les montagner 5 (9’ 6. Ce Crater carrefiaond,
comme taut let aatres de ce Pair, d la defcription qua falc
Strabon da lac d’A'Uerne.

Includitur fuperciliis reé’ta furfum enatis,
& undique praeterquam in aditu imminentibus.

 
 

 

 

 

 
.
w
T
v
I,
_
_,
v
_
_
w
_

 

 

 

V955“,

 

 
 

 
Reference: to Plate X'IX

Iew of a feaion of' a part of the cone‘of ASTRUNI
(fee P. XVII. and' XX.) taken at the entrance of
this volcano .

N. I. 2. 3. Volcanick Ioofe matter, intermixed with
regular flrata of large Cinders, pumice, fragments of la-
va, and Vitrified matter: All the high grounds of Na-
ples and its neighbourhood, are compofed of a foil like
this,or like that of PAUSILIPO and POMPEII . [fee Pla-
te XVI. and XXXXI.]

N. 4. CRATER of ASTRUNI . [fee the next Plate]

There is but one little entrance to this volcano by a
Gateway. The crater is more regular and better prefer-
ved,than thofe of the neighbouring volcanos; it has the
appearance of having been formed by an eruption of no
very great antiquity; tho’ we have not any account of
its formation .

4 o

By comparing ASTRUNI with the MONTE uuovo
[fee P. XXVI. XXVII. and XXVIII.] its volcanic ori-
gin feems clearly demonflrated.

Explimtion (16 Id .Plancbe R'IX.

Viic d’ we fifiion (1’ mm partic du c3716 d’ASTRUNI [7».
3/61 P. XVII. @“ XX] prifi a‘ l’cntre’e de ce 72016471.

N. I. 2. 3. Matie'rer volmniques detdcbe'es, entrcme/e'es dc-
caucber regu/iéres dc groflts cendm , dc pierres pances , dc
fragments dc lave 6’3“ of gum: matic’res 'vitrtfie’es. Tome: [cs
élwatiom dc Nap/es (9° de fir environs , [bnt compose'cs
d’utt fl)! pare?! , au femh/dble :2 celm' dc PAiJSILIPo (9° dc
POMPEII . [wag/cg. P. XVI. (9“ XXXXI.]

N. 4, CRATER D’ ASTRUNI . [71qu la plmcbe fitiwmte]
II 71’}; a qu’une petite entw'e 4‘ cc when fur tme Part6.
Le cmtcr cfl plus. 7437th '(9’ mteux cart/{37725 qua mm dc:
4mm 'volwm vozflm, (3“ 1/ P470” await e’te’ forme’ par um

eruption rccmte, quaigue mm n’ @0715 point 4” biflaixe de :4
formation. J

En campamnt [’ASTRUNI 47m- le N‘IONTE Nuovo [110;
yea P. XXVI. XXVII. (9° XXVIII. ] fan arigine wolmniquc
1mm” clalremmt demantw’e. \

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 
Rcfi’rencc: to Plate XX

Ievv into the CRATER or ASTRUNI taken from the

{pot repret’ented in the preceding Plate; it is about
fix miles in circumference, and is litrrounded with a wall
to confine wild Boats and Deer, that are kept there for
the diverfion of HIS SICILIAN MAJESTY . The crater of
Vefuvius may perhaps one day ferve for a like purpofe
after having repofed fome hundred of years; for before
the great eruption of 1631, wild Boats were fometimes
found in that Crater. [fee letter V.]

I. The CGNE of the whole of this volcano is com;
pofed of firata like thofe reprefented in P. XIX. or of a
tender Tufa, but in one part of it there is a confide-
rable rock of lava.

2. W001) , and the Keepers lodge in the bottom of
the crater; there are likewrfe two lakes in the crater ,
and towards the center of it the ground rifes,and feems
to be the remains ofa little mountain, fuch as is repre-
fented within the crater of Vefuvius P. IX.

3. Part of the feétion of the CONE of the volcano
reprefcnted in the preceding Plate.

Explication dc la Plancbe XX.

tie de l’ iriterieur (it! CRATER D’ ASTRUNI Fri/la dc I’m;

droit reprefente’ dans la Plancbe precédertte. I] a en-
ryirorz fix miller dc circuit (9" eff entourré d’ anc mara‘illc
1mm" y cnfermer dc: Sang/item (9' tier Daim pour lama/lament
d4 SA MAJESTE‘ SICILIENNE . L’ on pourra peutétre faire
un jaur [e mémc ufage du Crater dtt Veftwc apre’s qu’ il fa
fera reporc' quelquer centaincs d’anrte’er; car avant la grande
eruption de 16 31. an trouwit guelques fair dc: Sanglicrs darts
cc crater. [mg/q lettrc K]

I. Le CONE entier de ce r(Jo/can cf/t compose a’e Couches
fimbables a‘ cal/cs qm' fint reprfinte’er P. XIX. au of 1472
Tufa tendre , mair dam um partic i! y a m trc's grand
rocker dc lave.

2. B015 , (9’ maifin du Garde cba/fe au fond du crater:
5] y a aufl? dcmc lacs dam cc crater, (9° Vcrs [e milieu I:
terrein s’élwe (9“ paro‘it étre dc: rcfles d’zm monticule comm;

cclui gui cfi rcprefenté dam l’intericur da Vefiwc P. IX.

3. Partie da me‘me CGNE d€ cc rap/can 9141' {ft reprefmta'
dam la Plancbc prccc‘dcnte.

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 
References to Plate XXI.

Iew of the hot fpring called the PISCIARELLI iflhing‘
from a part of the Cone of the Solfaterra . (fee
N. 2. P. XVIII.)

N. I. Spot from whence the Water ifTues, and where
a horrid fubrerraneous noife is confiantly heard like the
boiling of a gigantick Cauldron.

N. 2. BATH of which the common people of Naples;
and its neighbourhood make great nil: in fummer time
for cutaneous diforders.

N. 3. STRATA of erupted matter calcined in a manner
by the hot vapour; large pieces of pure lulphur abound
in thefe firata. '

DOCTOR CIRILLO a learned phyfician of Naples , and
an excellent naturalil’c , made lately in prefence of the
“author various experiments on the water of the PISCIA-
RELLI , the reliilt of which were as follows. It had an
acid,afiringent and {alt tafle. It appear’d boiling,and a
hot and a very moilt vapour came from it , in which
Farenheit’s Thermometer role to 101 degrees. Lime water
was neutralized by it, and it depofited a greenish fediment:
which shews that the PISCIARELLI water contains a great
quantity of fixed air : mixed with firup of violets , the
water was tinged red: mixed with tiné’ture of Tournelol,
it was tinged of a red like that produced by the fame
tincture and oil of vitriol. An Alcali faturated with Pruf-
flan blue render’d this water of a greenish colour, with
a fediment of Pruffian blue, a litre fign of its abounding
with vitriol of Mars: mix’d with oil of Tartar no effer—
VCfcence was produced; but this experiment mull be re-
peated with more attention. When the {aline incruflations
round this hot fpring are wetted with the fame fawn.-
ted alcali , a‘flrong Pruflian blue is produced, a proof
of there being alum and Vitriol in this water. In the
Baths near the lake of AGNANO, (fee RXVIII.) there
are incruflations of the lame kind of falts.

/

. iExplimtz'on at la Plancbe XX.

tie d’tme fittree d’eau cbande appel/e’e PISCIARELLI “an;
iv fort d’nne partie dn Cone de la Solfaterra. (wyez. N.2.

E19. XVIII.)

N. I. Endroit d’on l’ean firt. 071 )1 entend 1m bruit flat-J
terrain barrible (9“ continue! camme le bonillannement d’ an

cbanderan immenfe .

N. ‘2. BAIN dent le penple ole Naples (’9’ dn voiflnage de
’cette Ville fait grand ufage en e’te’ pour les maladies de la.
pean .

N. 3. COUCHES de matie’res‘ volcaniqttes , (9" en awe/7a:
fagon ealeine’es par la vapeur cbande . 0n )1 tram/e an/fi
‘Pli/ffifl/fl"! gros moreeanx de fonfre par .

Le DOCTEUR CIRILLO Medeein savant de Naples (9" na—‘
tnralifle tre’r difl'ingne , fit dernierement en prefence de l’fla-
tear diver/es experiences far les eaux des .PISCIARnLLI dent
wiei le refitltat . Elle avoit tin gout dCide,‘d/l7‘lll‘gml (7’
falin . Elle bau‘t’lloit en apparence , ('9’ a’onnozt tine vapenr
cbamle (9" tre’r bumide dans laqttelle le Tbermome’tre de Fa-
renbeit s’eleva a tor'a’egrds. Elle netttralijbit l’eau deebaux
en )1 faifant tine depofitian verdiltre, ce qui fait connmtre la
grande quantite' d’ air fixe qni fe traave ‘dam l ean der Pi-
SCIARELLI : mele’e avec dn firop de violette elle (interim
range: mele'e a'uec la teintttre de Tournefitl elle de'venatt d an
rouge flmblable a cclui qtte la me‘me teintnre pradmt Iqaand
elle efl méle’e avec l’bttile de vitriol . Un .Alralt .flztm‘e aver:
le blew de Prnffe alonna a cette e'an H716 con/ear verdatre afvec
nae depo/ition de blen de Prnfle, flgne certain qu’elle eontrent
dn vitriol de Mars: mele'e aver [le l’bnile de Tartre, elle ne
fat/bit point d,€fl‘€V"UL:/Z'€l’lcf; mai: on doit repeter cette. experience
awec plus d’attention. Qnant on manille les tneraflatmnr fie/mes
auteur de cette fonrce ebana’e avee le meme Alta/t fatztre , on
prodnit tin blew o’e Prnfle fonee', prenve qti’tl y a de lalzem
('9’ [la rvitriol dam cette eati . Dans ler Barns pre’s dtt lac
d’AGNANo (mi/cg P. XVIII.) ii} a aufli tier inerttflamns
falines ale la méme eJ-qeece.

 
 

 

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.5
.r~ 4 t . L 0 p; r

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 
References to Plate XXII.

Iew of the Pomo PAVONE in the Island of NtstDA,‘
very evidently a portion of the Crater of the an-
cient Volcano , which gave birth to this Island . The
whole of its foil is a Tufa like that of the Grotta of
Paufilipo, but much more charged with Cenders, and
pumice (tones, {ome of which are of an enormous fize.

The Lazaret, which is fituated on a rock of the fa;
me Volcanick Compofition, about 100 yards frorn N151-
DA , was probably a part of it, as the Water is very
shallow between the Island and the rock . Brutus was
in this Island , as appears by the following paflages of
Cicero’s Letters to ATTICUS.

-— Brutus erat in NISIDE, ctiam ntmc NEAPOLI: Camus
Lib. I6. Ep.3.

- Bruto 171416 Zittera’ gram erarzt .' fui enim apud illum
77114]th looras in NISIDE , cum pair/o ante mas littcras acces

‘ piflém 1117.16. E12. I7.

Explication do la Plano/Be X'XII.

iie dc PORTO PAVONE dam [Isle do NISIDA, qui in-

K/ conteflabicmmt est mac partie o’u Crater de l’ ancim

Volcan dont el/e tire fon origin: . Tout fort fol est um: Tufa

femblable a relic de la Grotte dc Paufllipo ,' mais beamoup

plus remplie dc cerzdras (9’ do Pierre: portces , dont analytics
tines font if one grofliar enorme.

Le LaKarct qui efl [itiié far on rat formr} par le mémc
Volcarz , a environ cent pas de NISIDA , en faifoit probation
ment 14716 partie , les‘ came entre cctte Isle (9“ la rot étarzt
fort pm proforzdes . Brutus , film [as 12;)”ng fitivants dos
lettras dc Ciceron a Arrtcus y fijourna.

- Brutus erat in NISIDE, etiam nunc NEAPOLI . Caffius

lib. 16. EP- 3.

- Bruto tua: litterz gram erant,fui enim apud illum
multas horas 1n NtsmE,cum Paulo ante litteras tuas ac~
cepiflem lib.16. EP.I7._

 
 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 
Refircnm to Plate XXIII.

SOLFATERRA. This mountain having been cut to
make the road N. I. from NAPLES to PUZZOLI,the Vol-
canick flrata of which it is compofed, are very evident.
SUEromus (lib.4.cap.37.) mentions, that CALIGULA to
pave the Roads in Italy, took a Prodigious quantity of
hard Hones from this part of the mountain, which is
called OLIBANUS. Many galley slaves are now employ’d
to cut {tone (which is lava) from this {pot for the put-
pofe of paving. There are the remains of an ancient
AQUEDUCT in this mountain , which fupplied Puzzoli
with water from SERINO about 40 miles diflant from it.

VIew of a part of the outfide of the Com-z of the

N. 2. Quarters of the galley slaves.
N.3. 6c 4. Tufa’s of different tints.

N.5. Lava which ran from the Solfaterra , when it
was in its active (late, The breatdh of this current of
lava, that is from this fpot to the {pot 3 in (P.XXIV.),
is about a quarter of a mile. To thofe who have not
been prefent at volcanick operations,it may feem unac-
countable, that lavas, originally in a fluid Rate, shou’d
have produced high and perpendicular rocks like N. 2. in
the next Plate. The operation is perform’d in this man-
ner: after the lava has ran down the flanks of the Vol-
cano into deep channels cut by the rain waters and
fill’d them up, the fides of thofe channels compoled of
loofe and light volcanick matters, are washed away by
fresh torrents of rain water, and the lava. remains in
the {late abovemention’d. ‘

N. 6. POINT OF MISENUM.

N.7. ISLAND or Iscnm.

EacpIication do la Plancbe XXIII.

\

V126 61’ une partie de l’ extericur du CONE de la Sou-“A;
TERRA.Cctte montagne ayanr e’rc’ raille'c pour fair: I:
cbemin N. I. de NAPLES a‘ PUZZOLE,lcs couches volcaniqucs
don! ell: cfl comporde )1 fbnt tre’s 'vifibles. SUETONE (liv. 4.
chap. 37.) dit que CALIGULA fit prendre une tre’s grand:
quanrite' de pierres dure: dc cam partie dc la montagnc ap-
pel/e'e OLIBANUS pour pamr [es Chm/fie: dc l’Italie . Plu-
fleurs F organ fimt affucl/emcnt cmployc’s a miller dcs pierrcs
( qui fimt dc lave) dc cct endroir pour payer . I! y a dans
um montagnc dry rtjfes of un ancien AQUEDUC qui porroit
a‘ PUZZOLE l’eau dc SERINO, qui en cfl elaignc' de 40 mil/er.

. N. 2. ,Quartkr dc: Forgarx.
N. 3. (’9’ 4. Tufa dc dzfirerenrc: nuanm.

( N. 5. Lane qui caula dc la Sol/"atcrra , quand clle c’roir
dam [Em z'tar d'aflivite‘ . La largcur dc cert: lave , c’ efl a
dire de m cndroit jufiu’ a' Z’endrait marque! N. 3. (dans la
B.XXIV.), (fl d’enviran un quart dc Mills. 1! firoit dzffi-
rule a‘ crux qui 71’ our pas éte' remains dc: operations volca~
nrques , dc cancwoir que des lave: qui our c're’ fluides,
arent pu produire dc: rather: baurs (9“ perpendiculairrs tel:
que N.2. de la plancbe juivante. L’aperarian [2 fair de mre
fawn ,' apre's que la law a defiendu [ex flancy du Volcan
dans dc: canaux profonds que [es eaux dc: pluyes fl: font
forméx ('9’ qu’ cl]: 1:: a ramp/is; d' aurre: torrents of eau dc
p/uye empartent [es cotés de m canaux , tam/amen; compare's
dc matie’rer volcaniqucs legéres <9“ detacbc’cs, (9‘ la law rcfle
dam l’e’tar dam on wicnt dc par/er.

N6. POINTE DE MISENE.

N. 7. ISLE D’ISCHIA.

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 
References to Plate XXIV.

Iew of Puzzou taken from the {pot reprefented in
the preceeding Plate, where there is a little Buil-
ding at the point.

N. I. Continuation of the high Road from NAPLES to
Puzzou .

N. 2. Rocks form’d of lava which ran from the SOL-
FATERRA into the fea, and are a continuation of the
flratum N. 5. P. XXIII. '

N. 3. The {pot where the lava terminates abruptly.
The whole breadth of this current of lava (appearing now
like immenfe Rocks) was from N. 5. of the preceeding
plate to this fpot, where the foil is a volcanick Tufa
like that of all the high Grounds in the neighbourhood.
From what we fee here {0 evidently, we may perhaps
account for the formation of many Rocks and Quarrys
of {lone that begin abruptly in one [pot , and end as
abruptly in another.

N. 4. A mineral Bath anciently called susvnm HOMINIJ

N. 5. Puzzom. Many accounts have been published of
this ancient city, one of the bell of which by SCIPIONE
MAZZELLA at Naples in 1594. the foil on which the
[I‘ own {lands is a Tufa like that ofPAusrLIPo. (fee P.XVI.)

The ancient magnificence of Puzzolo was fuch as to
be called by CICERO A LITTLE ROME . According to
PLINY L. C. SILLA retired to pafs the latter part ofhis
life in this city . It was here, that S. PAUL preached
firfi on his arrival by {ea from REGGIO.

N.I6. MONTE BARBARO.

Explicotion do In Ploncbe XXIV.

u'e dc Puzzou: prifi de l’ cndroit do In planclze prece’:

dcntc, ou il y a mu? Moifoncttc 4 lo pointe.

N. I. Continuation du gmnd Cbcmin do NAPLES 4‘ Puz-_
ZOLE. '

N. 2. Der Rocbm fotmér part In low qui couln do In
SOLFATERRA dam lo met, (9" qui font [aortic do In coucbc

N. 5. P. XXIII.

N. 3. L’endroit ou lo [we finit tout d’un coup . Ltz lon-’
gucur totole do to coumnt do [our ( qui poroit oflucllcmcnt
comma dc: rot/oer: immcnfis) c’toit o’u N. 5. do In ploncbc
preco’dcnte jufqu’ ti cet endroit—ci, ou le fol 6/} un Tufo fem-
blob/c ti cclui do toutcs [cs boutcurs du 'voi/inogc .

Pot cc quc nous voyonr ici t cloircmcnt , nous poutrons
poutéttc rendre corn/Ito do In formation dc pluficutr Rocbets
(9' Cnrtie’rcr do icm qui poroi/fent tout d’un coup dons un
cndroit, (9“ finiflznt égzzlomcnt'tout d’un coup don: un outrc.

N. 4. Boin of mu minerolc oppolle’ oncicnncment SUBVENI
HOMINI .

N. 5. PuZZOLE . Flu/[cuts relations do cctto onciennc 'villc
ant c’tc’ public'cs dont une dc: mcillcum cfl cello dc SCIPIONE
MAZZELLA t} Nap/cs on 1594. Lejol fur [equcl la ville cfl
fituc’o, ofi un Tufo fimblolzle 4‘ celui do PAUSILIPE (my;
1’. XVI.)

Lo magnificence do 1’ oncicnne PuKolc itoit tolle quc CI;
CERON lo nommoit LA PETITE ROME. Solon PLINE L. C.SILLA
fl: tctim dons cotte V illc pout y pofltr [c refie defer jours.
C’ oft ici quc 5. PAUL prcc/oo lo premie'te foi: optic jon 47'-
ri'vée do REGGIo pot mot.

N6. MONTE BARBARO.

 
 

 

 

 

 

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Reference: to PM: XXV.

Iew of the SOLFATERRA being the Crater of the

ancient Volcano call’d by Strabo FORUM VULCANI.
It is of an oval shape , in length about 1500 feet and
about 1000 feet wide. The latefl: eruption of this Vol-
cano was in the year I 198 in the Reign of FREDERICK II.
A firatum of volcanick matter , which probably was
thrown out at that time , is difcernible over the ruins
of the Temple of SERAPIS near PUZzoli (fee P. XXVI.).
T he rain waters feem to have formed a lake under the
plain of the SOLFATERRA,Wthh boils conflantly by the
remains of volcanick fire {till deeper, and the hot Vapour
of this water iflues conflantly with violence in many
parts . As the water that produces this vapour , is the
fame that forms the hot fpring of the Pifciarelli. (fee
the references to P. XXI.)

N. 2. Houfe where the alum is prepared. By mixing
the earth of this plain with the water of the Pifciarel‘li
in leaden cauldrons,heared meerly by the volcanick fire
of the {pot on which they are placed , the alum is
produced .

N. 2. Only entrance to the SOLFATERRA by a hollow
road.

N. 3. Spots where the vapour ifTues with molt vio-
lence, and where the fal ammoniac is formed on tiles
placed there for that purpo,r . Pure fulphur is likewife
produced here, and a mixture of arfenick and fulphur
criflallized, of a beautifull red colour, which they call
CINNABAR (fee P.Llll.). About 273 quintals of inlphur,
near two quintals of fal ammoniac, and 37 quintals of
alum are fold from hence annually: but with proper
attention this curious {pot might turn to a much grea-
ter account.

 

Explication de' la Plancb: XXV.

z‘a’e de la SOLFATERRA, Crater dc l’ancien 'volcan noma
kl me’ par Srrabon FORUM VULCANI . Il efl d’une for-
me onale,d’envir0n 1500 pied: dc longueur fur zooo pied:
dc largeur . La dernie're eruption de ce ruolcan fur en II 98
four le regne dc FREDERIC II. On appergoir une coucbc dc
marze'res 'volcanlques fur l6! ruiner du Temple de SERAPIS
pre‘s de Puzz‘ole (qu P.XXVI.) formc'e probablernenr par
Cctte eruption . Les eaux dc pluycs para/flew a'vozr formé
four la plaine de la SOLFATERRA un lac, qua ales reflex du
cu volcanigue andeflous de ce lac font bouillir continue/lament,
(9“ la vapour cle cette can for; fans cejfi (9“ avec 'vrolence
en plu/ieur: endroits. Comma l’eau que caufi' cerce vapeur,
efi la me‘me our forme la fource cbaude dc: Pifciarellz .
(1»qu l’ explication de la Plancbc XXI.)

N. I. Mai/on ou l’ on prepare 1' alun en melanr la rcrre
'de cem plaine avec l’cau des Pifciarelli, dans des cbauderons
dc plomla flmplernenr écbaufle's par le feu wlcanique de I’m-
droic ou ilr floor place's.

N. 2. Scale entre'e de la SOLFATERRA par un cbemin creux.’

N. 3. Endroir: d’ou [Fart la vapeur la plus forte, (9° fur
Iefyucly on place des miles pour rccevoir le flel ammoniac qui
57y attache. C’efl ici 014 l' on tronve du foufre pur (9° rm
melange d’ arfinic (9’ dc foufre criflallire’ d’ an beau rouge
gu’on appelle du CINABRE . (Voyeg P.LII[.) 0n 'vend an-
nucl/ement dam (“er endroir environ 27 3 ouintaux de fou-
fre, pre's cle deuac quincaux cle firl ammoniac (9° 37 quin-
Iaux d’alun. Mair cer endroir curieux pourroir dewnir beau-

coup plu: lucratif avec des foins 69“ do l’indu/lric.

 
 

 

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References to Plate XXIfI.,.

Iew taken from the {pot N. I. near Puzzoli , on

which anciently was Cicero’s Villa call’d , the
ACCADEMIA. There are {till fome remains of the famous
Portico. PLINY Lib. 3T. Cap. I. defcribes exactly the fi-
tuation Of this Villa. ADRIAN, who died at Ba'i'a, was
buried in Cicero’s Villa, and ANTONINUS built a Tem-
Ple near his fepulchre . CICERO in his letters to ATTICUS,
mentions the HORTI CLUVIANI,PILIANI,and LENTULANI,
as being in this Neighbourhood.

N. 2. Town of PUZZOLI .

N. 3. Temple of SERApIs; the plan of this ruin and
all the curious remains Of antiquity, in the neighbour-
hood Of Puzzoli & Ba‘r'a, have been published at Naples,
either by MS Morghen Engraver to His Sicilian Majefty,
or by the Padre Paoli.

N. 4. Remains of the ancient mole , commonly call’d
CALIGULA’S BRIDGE,from that. Emperor’s. haying, ( accor-
ding to Suetonius) made aBrldge of Ships, that reached
from this mole to BAIA which IS more than three miles.

N. 5. MONTE GAURO or BARBARO (fee P. XXVIII.)

N. 6. MONTE NUOVO, or the new mountain , raifed
by Volcanick explofion in the year 1538. (fee RXXVH.)
The intention of this Plate is to shew the outward
form and fituation of this Mountain , and the great
change that has been made in the face of this country,
in the short {pace of 48. hours, by the addition of fuch
a feature.

N. 7. Nan’s BATHS , where the heat Of the mineral
waters is so great at prefent, as to bOil eggs in a short

time.

N. 8.: BAIA .
N. 9. CASTLE 0F BAIA.
N. IO. BAULI.

N. 11. CAPE OF MISENUM.

Explieation (lo la Plancbe XXVI.

‘ Hie prije de f endroit N. I. préx de Puzzple , on e'toit

aneiennement [a maifon de Campagne de Cieeran ap-
pel/e'e 1’ ACCADEMIA, dont on 'voit encore quelqnex reflex du
famenx Portiqae. PLINE liv. 31. chap. I. fait nne deferzptton

lexaete de la fltuation de eette maifon de Campagne ,' ADRIEN

qui monrttt a Ba‘z'a )1 fat enterre’ , ('9’ ANTONIN lya’tit my
Temp/e pre’x de fin Tombean. CICERON danr fex lettrex a‘
ATTicus fair mention dex HORTI CLUVIANI, PILIANI , é"

LENTULANI qni fi trou'ooient danx ee Voiflnage.
N. 2. Ville de PUZZOLE .

N. 3. Temple de SERAPIS ; Le Plan de eex ruinex , 6“
tons [ex reflex enrienx de 1’ antiquite’ , danx le Voi/inage dc
Pugz‘ole (9" de Baia, ont Ete' pablie’x a Nap/ex, on par M!
Morgben Gravenr de S a Majcfle' Sicilienne, on par le Pere Pao/i.

N. 4. Reflex de l' ancien mole appel/e‘ eommnnement [e
PONT DE CALIGULA, parceqne eet Emperenr (Se/on Snetone)
fit faire nn Pent fur dex rvaifleame attaebe'x an mole dc
Praia/e, qni alloient jufqu’ a BAIA , qni en efl eloignel dc
p/nx de troix mil/ex.

N. 3. LE MONT GAURO , on BARBARO . (Veg/ea, Plan—j
ebe XXVIII.)

N.6. MONTE NUOVO , ou la nonve/le montagne forme‘e
par une eruption V o/eaniqne 1’ anne’e I 3 38. (Vayezl RXXVII.)
Le but de eette Plancae efl de montrer la forme exte’rieure,
6" la fitnation de eette montagne, de mEme que le grand
cbangement , qni x’ejt fair fur la fate de ce Payx, danx [e
court e/l'oaee de 48. benrex , par l’addition de as few! trait,

N.7. BAINs DE NERON, on la ebat'enr dex came mine-
ralex efl fi forte, meme a prefint , one lex oenfx x’y enifent
en pen de temx.

N. 8. BAIAI
N9. CHATEAU DE BAIA.
N. IO. BAULI.

N. II. CAP DE MISENE.

 
 

 

 
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Raj-Erma; to Plate XXV 17: '

Iew taken from the bottom of the Crater of MONTE

NUOVO , or the new Mountain , formed in 48.

hours in the year 1538, near Puzzoli. For its fituation
(See P. XXXI. N. It.)

This Mountain is compofed partly of a light yellow
colour’d Tufa , like that through which the Grotta of
Paulilipo is cut (See P. XVI.); but not of so hard 2.
nature, and partly of loofe Volcanick matter , which
Perfectly correlbonds with the curious account of the
formation of this mountain.(See Letter V.) This Tufa
Was formed by water having mixed with the Volcanick
Cinders at the time of the Eruption , which naturally
accounts alfo for the formation of all the Tufas in the
Neighbourhood of this mountain.

NJ. Near the Surface is a thin Stratum of Lava-"which
according to the account of the formation of this moun-
tain , was thrown up from the bottom of the Crater,
where it had been feen to boil as in a Cauldron , and
deflroy’d about 20. people,whofe Curiofity had led them
tc look into the Crater, a day or two after the birth
of this mountain. '

N.2. Near this {pot ifl‘ues at this time a hot Vapour
or Steam , like that of boiling water, without tafle or
fmell.

Exfiication a. la Plancbe XXVII.

3

la nau'veile Mantagne forme'e en 48. beures dam lan-
ne'e 1538. prés de Purge/e ' ,Quant a fa fituatian ( Vayez'
P. XXXI. N11.) ’

‘ 7126 Fri/e dot fond du Crater dc MONTE Nuovo , ou de

Cette montagne 6]? en partie campasc’e a” une Tufa dc cau«
leur jaune claire , cornrne eel/e dam [agate/1e la Grotte dc
Pau/iiipe efl creuse‘e (Vayez P. XVI.): mais d’ une nature
plus tendre, (9’ en partie de matie’res Valoaniques detacoe'es:
ce qui carrefioond parfaiternent a la relation curieufe de la
formation de cette Montagne. ( V ayea; lettre V) Cette Tufa
a rite forme'e par f eau qui s’efi mele‘e avec les cendres Val-
caniques au moment de 1’ Eruption, ce qui expiiaue aufli [a
maniere dont toutes les Tufas dans le Vaifinage de cette Mam
tagne ant e’te’ fornae’er.

N. I. Pre's de la Surface il ya une Com/3e mince de La“
've, laguelle filon la relation de [a formation de cette Zl/Ian-
tagne fut jette'e du [and du Crater, on an l’avait vu‘ bouil-
lir camme dam un chaua’ran , (9° detrui/it environ 20. pera
flames, que la curioflte‘ avait parte’es a regarder dam le Cra-
ter , un jour au deux apres la naiflance de cette Mantagne.

N. 2. 1! fort afiue/lemcnt pres de cet endrait une Vapeur
cémude comm; celle de 1’ can bout/[ante , fins gout , (9' f3"!
0 cur.

 
 

 

 

 

 
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Reference: to Plate XXVIII.

Iew from the top of MONTE GAURO OR BARBARO

into its crater (I) at the bottom of which there
is a rich and fertile plain, about four miles in circum-
ference. There can be no doubt of the volcanick origin
of this mountain so clearly pointed out by its form, and
the foil of which it is compofed, (fee P. XXXXII.) as
alfo by its perfect relemblance 'to the MONTE NUOVO .

The only entrance to this crater is at n. 2. This moun-
tain was laid to have produced the famous FALERNIAN“
WINE , but PLINY , (cap. 3. lib. 4.) fays that the Paler—
nian grape tranfplanted to thiS’mountain , degenerated .
Geurzznes fcio e Felerno trensletes weeri Felernes : cclert‘i‘
me ubique degenerentes.

3. MONTE NUOVO . (fee P. XXVI. and XXVII.)
4. LAKE OF AVERNUS . (fee P.XXIX.)
5. LAKE OF FUSARo, the ACHERON of the Ancients

6. THE ARGO FELtCE , fuppofed the ancient Gate of
CUMA .

7. MOUNTAIN 0F CUMA , the molt ancient City of
Italy . The foil is a tufa of the fame nature as the heigths
about it, and is certainly a portion of a cone of a vol-
cano . This City was famous for being the habitation
of the SYBIL , and for its magnificent Temple built by
DEDALUS . Pofuitque immenia Temp/e. (Virg. EnVI. 19.)
There are many remains of the City; but moflly under
ground .

8. LAKE 0F LICOLA . A few miles north of this place
is the lake. and Tower of PATRIA, near which was-the
Tomb of SCIPIO AFRICANUS . Ingram Petrizz nee 0,7; meet
.lmlieliis. By examining this view and that of P. XVII.
both of which were taken from a great heigth , and
shew 1'2) many cones of Volcanos, it will not perhaps
appear {0 flrange, that the Author shou’d have made a.
comparifon (fee letter V.) between the great operations
of volcanick fires and the {mall works of Moles in a field.

Explication. do let Plancbe XXVIII.

tic do newt do MONTE GAUR‘O‘ ou BARBARO wager:
dent l’ interienr du Creter (I) an fond duquel il 9! a
fine pleine fertile d’ environ guetre mil/es de circuit . 0n ne
pent douter tie l’origine wolceniqtte de cette montegne fi clei«
rement demontre’e per f4 forme , (9° per le fol clont elle cfl
compose/e.- ( voyezl P. XXXXII.) on I efl elle parfeitement‘

Miami/m en MONTE Nuovo .

L4 finle entre'e dens ce crater eff 4‘ n. 2. Cette montegne
produifoit, :2 ce qu’ on dit , le femeiix 'vin de FALERNE,
mm?! PLINE (Chap. 3. liv. 4.) dit one let Vignes de FALERNE
trenflolente‘es fier cette montagne, ewient degenere . Gauranas
fcio a Falerno translatas vocari Palernas: celerrime ubi-
que degenerantes .

3. MONTE NUOVO . (71qu P. XXVI. (9’ XXVII.)
4. LAC D’AVERNE . (mm P. XXIX.)
5, LAC DE FUSARO, l’ACHERON des flnciem.

6. L’ARCO FELICE , 4‘ re qn’ on croit, l’ encienne Porte
de CUME.

7. MONTAGNE DE CUMA le plus encienne Ville of Italic.
Le fol e/i tin tufe flmooole 4‘ celui ties benteurs voi/ines ,
e'tent flirement portion of un cone de voleen . Cette Ville 4‘
e'te’ celebre per lo demeure de lo SYBILLE (9" per 14}? Temple
firperoe one DEDALE yevoit Mti. Poliiitque immania Tem‘
pla. [Virg flin. VI. 19.] 1/ y a plu/ienrs refles de eette
Ville , meis lo pin/pert font [om terre.

8. LAC DE LICOLA. A [pie/one miller en nord de cet
endroit on trouve le lee (9° lo Tour de PATRIA on e'toit le
Tomliezm de SCIPION L’ AFRICAIN . Ingrata Patria, nee ofl'a
mea habebis . En exeminent cette viie, (9" celle de in plan-
6196 XVII. qui ont e’re’ prifis d’une bentmr confiderolile, (9“
qui font 'voir‘ tent de cone: de vole/ins, il ne peroitm petit-
e'tre per [i itrenge one l’Antettr eit foil lrz comperizifon [vo-
yq lettre V.] (let gremles operations o’er flux voloizniqties
aver: le: petits trove/lute ales Teupe: den: une prairie .

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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Refi’rem‘e: r0 Plate XLX'IX-

1. Iew of the Lake AVERNUS taken from the road

between PUZZOLI , and CUMA . This Lake was
evidently the crater of a Volcano.‘This fpot has been,
celebrated by many ancient Poets who brought their HE«
notes here to {acrifice to the Manes, or confult the SYBIL.
HERCULES, ULISSEs , and ENEAS are mention’d to have
been at AVERNUS.

2. Outfide of the cone of the MONTE Nuovo . (fee Fla-I
te XXVII. )

3. Small remains of the LUCRINE LAKE.

4. BAIA. Nullus in orbe locus Boiis prelucer umaenis . (fee
P. XVII. and XXVI. ). There is not a {Pot on the coafl:
of BAIA,or high grounds about it, but what is cover’d
with the {catter’d remains of its ancient grandeur;
JULIUS CESAR had a Villa in this neighbourhood,where
MARCELLUS was poifon’d by LIVIA. HIRRIUS, according
to VARRO , had a magnificent Villa near BAIA ; accor-
ding to TACITUS PIso’s confpiracy againf’t NERO was
carried on at his Villa here: the fame author mentions
likewile the Villa of DOMITIA in this neighbourhood.
CICERO fpeaks of the famous fish—pounds of DOMITIAN
and HORTENSIUS on this wall; the remains of many
baths, and fish—pounds are {lill vifible in a calm day,

tho’ now cover’d by the fee. . JULIA MAMMEA had a
houfe at BAIA built by ALEXANDER SEVERUS . SENECA
mentions the Villas of CESAR, POMPEY, and MARIUS in
this neighbourhood; it was at BAIA that the famous

Triumvitate of CESAR, POMPEY, and ANTONY was for-

med and here ADRIAN died. The foil of the high grounds

round this lake , and of all the high grounds to the

Point of Milenum is a TUFA like that of PAUSILIPO.

(fee P. XVI. XXXXII. and XXXXV.)

5. POINT OF MISENUM.

6. Ruins of the Temple of PROSERPINE , of HECATE
according to VIRGIL, or of JUNO INFERA according to
Ovm. HANNIBAL made a facrifice here, when he came
to beliege PuzzoLI. (Livy. lib. 4. dec.3.)

7. THE SYBILS GROTTO defcribed by VIRGIL. (lib.VI.)

This lake communicated with the Lucrine Lake, and
the famous PORTus JuLIus. .

Expliezzrionide la Plane/9e XXIX

(I. no du lac d’AVERNE prife du grond chemin enrre
PUZZOLE (9° CUME . Ce lue e'roit évidemmenr le cra—
ter d un Vo/eun . Cer endroir u e're’ celebre‘ per plujieurs Poe‘-
res uneiens , qui ] onr inrroduir leurs HEROS , HERCULE ,
ULISSE , (9" ENEE (We. pour fuerifier aux Money, on pour,
eonfu/rer lo SYBILLE. ‘

2. Exrerieur du cone de MONTE NUOVO . (”voyez. Plun:
cbe XXVII.)

3. Perirs reflex du loo LUCRIN.

_4. BAIA. Nullus in orbe locus Baiis praelucet amoenis.
(Voyez' P. XVII. (9" XXVI.) Sur roure eerre eo‘re de BAIA
(9" [es buureurs' aux environs , i/ y u des reflex de [on on—
eienne grandeur. JULE CESAR ovoir une moifon de eumpugne
don: ce Voiflnoge, ou MARCELLUS fur empoifone' for LIVIE.
HiRRIus , fl/on VARRON , ovoir une moifon de compugne
fuperbe pre's de BAIA . Selon TACITE lo eonjururion de PISON‘
eonrre NERON fur rmme’e iei d [u moifon de eumpugne de
PISON . Le mime oureur fair mention uufli de lo rnuifin de
p/oiflznee de DOMITIA dun: ee wiflnuge. CICERON per/e der
vivier: fumeux de DOMITIEN (3“ de HORTENSius fiir eerre
edre . Quoique couverrs de la mer on oppergoir encore dun:
une journe'e Mime p/u/ieurs dez’iri: de [wins (3" de 'viviers fur
ee rimge . JULIA MAMMEA {weir une muifon d BAIA qui
fur burie par ALEXANDRE SEVERE. SENEQUE porle des
moi/ens de eornpogne de CESAR, de POMPEE, (9" de MARIUS
deny ce 'voiflnoge. Ce fur [l BAIA , que le fumeux TRIUM-
VIRAT de C153AR,'de POMPEE 6" d’ ANTOINE fie for/no,
(9“ cc fur [4' oufli que mourur ADRIEN . Le fol des [mureurs
4‘ 1’ enrour du loo , de meme que de rourex [es heureurs rooi-
fines jufqu’ 4‘ lo poinre de Zl/Iifene efl un TUEA finned/ale d
ee/ui de PAUSILIPO . (voyez'P.XVI. XXXXII. (5“ XXXXV.)

5. POINTE DE MISENE.

6. Ruines du Temple de PROSERPINE, ou d’HECATE fe-
lon VIRGILE, (9" de JUNON INFERA felon OVIDE. ANNIBAL
fir un foerifiee done ce lieu—oi quond ii vinr don: ee pay: pour
nflieger PUZZOLE. (Ti Liv. lit). 4. dee. 3.)

7. GROTTE DE LA SYBILLE donr VIRGILE fair In deferi-
prion. (liv.VI.) Ce Lie ovoir une communication over I:
Inc Luerin (9’ 1e foneeux. PORTUS JULIUS.

)

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

u
‘flx

 

 

 
Refirmces to P/ete XXX

Vlew of the Island of ISCHIA from the fea.’
I. MONTE S.N1c0LA anciently EPOMEUS.

There can be no doubt of the volcanick origin of
this mountain , compofed as is the whole island , of
flrata of volcanick matter. The highefl: point,on which
there is a Hermitage, is a white tufa; there is no cra—
ter on the top , as this mountain is only a Portion of
the cone of the great Volcano.

2. TOWN OF Beam;

3. CASTLE OF ISCHIA on an island . (fee the general
View P. XXXI.)

4. STRATA of erupted matter:

5. CRATER from whence the lava of the lafi eruption
in thlS island in 1302. ran into the lea.

6. Little mountains raifed by former eruptions, and
from which the lavas likewife ran into the flea.

This Island abounds with mineral waters of different
qualities and degrees of heat . In thofe of S. ANGELO
and the CALATA, the quickfilver of Reaumur’s Thermo-
meter rifes to 70. degrees. The analyfis of thefe waters,
and many curious remarks on the natural hif’tory of the
island,may be feen in a book juft published at Naples.
Trett eta del/e ecgue minere/i di Nicole flndrie.

Explicetion de le Plenclte XXX.

Vue de l’z'le d’ISCHIA prifi: de le mer:

I. MONTE S. NICOLA, enciennement EPOMEus:

071 ne peut douter de l’ origine‘. 'va/eem'que de Acette men;
'tegne qui efl compose'e, comm: l’ efl eu z toute l z/e, de cou-
dyes de metie’re wolvenique . Le pomte le plus heute. fier le-
guelle i! y e we Hermitege , efl’ urt tufe ’blem .- 'zl .71 y e
paint de creter, cette montegne n etent gu une portion du
co‘ne du grend Vo/cen .

2. VILLE D’ ISCHIA.‘

3. CHATEAU D’ ISCHIA fur me 1% ( wyez‘ [e w’ie geneg'
re/e P. XXXI.) -

4. CouCHEs de metie’res 'vo/cenigues.‘

5. CRATER d’ ou fertit [e [eve de le derniere eruption
dens eettc i/e en 1302. (9“ qui mule dens le mer.

6. Petites Mantegna e'leve’es per des eruptions enterieuf
res, (3‘ dont [es [eves coulerent dens [e mer.

Cette z‘le ebonde en eeux' minereles de diferentes quelite’s
(9“ dzflizrents degrés de cbe/eur. Dem tel/e de S.ANGELO (9“
de [1.CALATA, [e Mercure dens [e Tbsrmometre dc Keeu-
mur s’ e’le’ve e‘ 70 degre's . L’ ene/yfi de ces eeux ewe pflluu
fuurs rcmerques curieufls fur 1’ bifloire nature/[e de cette z/e,
fe trouvent dens un livre pub/1e derrziérement ti Neg/es.

Trattato delle acque minerali di Nicola Andria.

 
 

 

 

 
 

 
 

 

 
Refereuees to Plate XXX].

Birds eye View of the Territory railed by Volca-
A nick Explofions, and which the Ancients compre-
hended under the name of CAMPI PHLEGRIEI. This View
was taken from the Hermitage on the Top of the Moun-
tain of 5. Nicola , aneiently call’d Mons Epomeus , fee
Plate XXX.
1. The Mountains of Somma, and Veluvius.
2. The Castle of S.Elmo at Naples.
3- The Convent of the Camaldolefi.
4. Pizzifalcone at Naples, under it the Castle dell’Oyo.
3. Bagnoli . At this point there is a mineral Spring
Strongly impregnated with Iron.
6. Island of Nilida, the Lazaret between it, and the
point. _
7. Road from Naples to Puzzoh under the Mount
Olibano.
8. Puzzuoli .
9. The Solfaterra.
10. Monte Gauro, or Barbaro.
II. The new Mountain, Or Monte nuovo:
12. The Averne Lake.
13. The Luerine Lake.
14. Castle of Baia.
15. Point of Milenum ,the Lake call’d MARE Moa'ro
lies between thefe two last Numbers.
16. Island of Procida.
17. Castle of Ifchia.
18. Island of Ischia.
19. The Appenines at a diflance.
20. Island of Vivara.

Explication de la Planche XXXI.

Law a Vite d’ olfiau du Territoire forme par des explo-
flom Volcaniques, que les anciem comprirent four le nom
de CAMPI PHLEGRIEI . L’ on a pris cette Vite de l’ Hermi4
rage au [bmmet de la montagne de S.Nicola, appelle'e ancien-
nemeut MONS EPQMEUS. Voie's ‘Planche XXX. '
I. Let Montagnes de Semma (9' du V e mac.
2. Le Chateau de S.Elmo a‘ Naples.
‘3. Le Cou'vent des Camaldole/i.
4. Piggifalcone a‘ Naples (9’ au deflhus le Chateau dell’O'vo.
5. dBdfmli ou il )1 a une fource minerale we; impregne'e
e er.
6. L’ Isle de Ntflda (9° [6 Lazaret entre l’Isle (9’ le Cap.
7. Chemin de Naples a Page/i four I: moat Olihau.
8. Puzzpli.
9. La Solfatew‘a.‘
IO. Mont Gaura ou Barharo.‘
II. Monte nuova. A
12. Le lac d’A'veW/Ie.
‘13. Le lac Luerin.
'14. Le Chateau de Baia.‘
‘15. Le Cap de leenum, le lac que l’on appelle MARE
Mono, est fltue‘ eutre cer deux derniers N."
516. L’Isle de Proeida. 4'
I7. Chateau d’Ifchia.
:18. Isle d’Ifchia.
'19. Les Appennins a quelque di ante:
20. L’Isle de V ivara, ‘

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 
 

Refi’rencer to Plate ’XXXII.

Iew of a part of the Island of ISCHIA called
LAcco .

I. MOUNT VESUVIUS.

2. POINT OF MISENUM.

3. ISLAND 0F PROCIDA. The foil of this Island is en-
tirely volcanick , being compofed of tufa and firata of
erupted matter like that of the Island of Ifchia, and
from which it has probably been detached.

4. CASTIGLIONE in the Island of Ifehia . Near this
{pot a confiderable lava has ran into the (ca. The whole
Island of Ifchia has been evidently railed by a leries. of
volcanick explofions. The lavas are like that of Veluvius,
and the tufas like theft: of Naples, but have generally
a greenish tint. [fee P. XXXXII.] Near this fpot there
is a flratum of fine clay between two (irate. of volcanick
matter , and a great Pottery is el‘cablished here. Roma
in the time of the Ancients was famous for its. earthen
ware. On Mount ETNA flrata ofClay have: likewife been
found between the firata of lava and erupted matter, which
is not wonderfull , when the hot vapour of the SOLFA-
TERRA is now converting lava, Pumice, and other vol-
_canick matters to a pure clay. [fee P.XXI.& XXXXIII.]

5. Mountains over Vrco and SORRENTO , part of the
LAPPENINES, and which are entirely calcarious.

6. MOUNTAIN formed probably by the eruption that
preceded that of the year 1302; [fee P. XXX] but of
which there is no hiflory. Its cone, and crater are very
perfeé’t, and it is about the fize of the Monte nuovo
near Puzzoli.

7. Near this fpot, between Lacco and GURGITELLO ,
is the VENTAROLA, a Grotta in which there is an excee-
ding cold vapour. [fee letter V.]

8. Rock called the TRIGLIA in the Bay of Lacco; it
is a tufa, as are the neighbouring heigths from which
it has been detached. All this part of the Island of
Ifchia abounds with hot fprings , and the {and , even
under the {ea in this bay,is burning hot. As there are
more frequent earthquakes in, this part of the Island,
and so much volcanick heat, and as there has not been
any eruption finee the year 1302 , it teems probable
that 'a fresh eruption may not be very difiant.

 

A” A. U “ ‘ _v.,..___,..,:a . . 3.

Explication do In Plancbe XXXII.

 

kl tie d” une partie de l’Isle' d’ Iscr—ua dppelléc Lacco.
1. Le MONT VESUVE. ‘

2. LafPoINTE DE MIsENE.

3. ISLE DE PROCIDA . Le fol de cette Isle efl cntierement
rztolconique (’9’ de lo méme cfiwce de celni de l’Islc d1 Ifcbirz,
delequelle, elle euro e‘te’ proboblement detocbée.

4. CASTIGLIONE dons l’Isle elf/Ebro. Pres de cet cndroit
an: [we confideroble a cattle” dons a mer. Tonto l’Isle d’Ifcbizz
a été firrement forme’e per unc fuite d’exploflom volcanigues.
Se: loves reflemblent cl eel/es du V eftt'ue (9" fer tufts ll cemc
dc Naples, moi: elles ont ordinoirement une teinte nerdnftr .
[7101/61. P. XXXXIL] Pre'r de cet endroit il y 12 em bone
de bonne nrgille entre deux coucbes do motie’rcr wolconigucr,
(9” on y o etdbli une gronde monnfoc‘lure de Fayence. Cette
Isle e'toit cele‘bre do: term des .Anciens per fir F ayencer;
Sur la mont ETNA on trot/me not/fl dc: bones el’ mgr/lo cntre
dc: camber de lanes (9“ de motieres volcaniqnes ,' ce qtti
n’ efi point furprenont pnifqtte encore at pr‘efint lo 'vepenr de
la SOLFATERRA convertit let lanes, [es pierrer poncer, (9" l6:
entree motierer 'volcenioues en terre pnrement argillenfé. [vo-
yez‘ P. XXI. ('9’ XXXXIIL]

5. [talent/gm; on ale/for: de VIco, (9" dc SORReNTo, gm”
font portie des Appenim , (9’ 9141' font tom/ement co/c/zires.

6. Montogne forme’e proboblement for l’ eruption 9141' pre-
cede cello dc l’onne’c 1302; [voyez RXXX] moi: dont 1'!
no refle ancune rnemoire . Le cone (9" le crater fint tre’x

orfoits , ('9’ font o‘ pen prc’s de lo mEme grandeur one cenx:
de Monte Nnovo pre‘s de Puzzole.

7. Pre’r dc cet cno’roit entre Lacco (9’ GURGITELLO il y
a une grotto oppelle’e lo VENTAROLA, Grotte dens loguclle il
9/ a we wepenr d’rtne froicbenr excefllve. ['0qu let.V.]

8. Rocber qu’ on nomme lo TRIGLIA, e’efl un Tufn [Em-
boblc z} celui der boutenrr circonvoifiner, deflynel/er il euro e’te‘
probeblement demcbc’ . Tome cette portie zle 1’ Isle ebonele en
fources d’eeux cbouder, (9“ le Job/e an fond de lo mer méme
ale cctte Bale of} brulzznt . Comme ler tremblements de terre
dwiennent plus frequents dons ceJ environs, qn’ il )1 ex tent

‘de cbeleur wolconique, (9" 91/ il 71’ y o pot ett cl eruption dons

cette Isle depuir l’ onne’e 1302 , il poroit probable, que le
moment d’une eruption notwelle ne foit pas bier) cloigne'.

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
Rqfierenoe: to Plate 2236111".

Iew into the Valley call’d ATRIO DI CAVALLO be-

tween Somma, and Vefuvius . In the Evening

Vefiivius has often the purple hue reprefented in this
Plate.

N. I. CONE of Mount Vefuvius . When the Volcano
is preparing to erupt, and is making frequent explofions,
the fmoke often comes out in a circular form as is re-
prefented in this Plate , which circle or ring enlarges
till it is loft, a circumflance frequently attending the
firing of cannon .

N. 2. Interior View of the Cone of the Mountain of
Somma with various firata of ancient lava . (See Pla-
te XXXV.)

N. 3. Valley through which the lava of the laft three
eruptions has taken its courfe: the rugged parts are the
Scoriaz of the lava , which have the appearence ofa
gigantick plowghed field . The {pots which appear like
ropes or cables, are occafion’d by a fresh lava having
run under the Scoriae , and been forced out of a {mall
paflage. (See P. XIII.) It feems probable , that by fre-
quent eruptions the whole Valley between Somma and
Vefuvius may be filled up , and the two Mountains be
united, jul’t as the little mountain in the Crater of Ve‘
fuvius (See Plate II.) was joined to the Cone of that

Volcano,

 

Explz'cation do In Plancbe XXXIII.

Vite dn Vol/on appelle’ ATRIO DI CAVALLo‘ entre le
Somme , (’9’ [e Vefiwe . Sowvent '11ch la Soleil tou-
cbont lo Conlenr de paurpre reprefente'e dons cette Ploncbc
domme for [e Mont thnve.

N. ‘1. Com: did Mont chu'vc . ,Qmmd le Volcon fe prc—‘
pore 4 forre une eruption, (9’ fort o’er exploflons fre‘quentcs,
In fume’e fort fou'vent dons une forme (iron/dire, comme ell:
efl reprcfinte'e dons cette Ploncoe, leqnel cert/e s’ e/orgit jufl
qu’ 4‘ cc gn’ i! fe perde , circonfloncc out occampagne fre-
quemment lzz de’cborge de l’Arti/lerie.

, N. 2. Vne interieure dn Cone de lo Montogne de Somnm
a'vec p/ufienry combos dc Lave oneienne (Voyez‘ P. XXXK )

N: 3. VnI/on per legue/ In love do: trois dernieres eruptions
a prts fon court ; [es parties robotteufes font [6! Stories de [a
love, our ont l’opporence d’ an terrein lobaure’ , moi; gigan-
tefqne. Les parties out poroiffént do: corder on do! cob/es,
ont e‘te’ coufe’es par une lave floicbe out n con/e’ font [es
Storm (3’ o e'te’ force‘e dc fortir par do! petitex erewlfes.
(fog/62. P. XIII.) I! poroit vroifi’mb/oo/e, one for o’er erw
ptrons frequent“ , tout le vol/on entre le Somme (9“ [6 Va
flwe pmfle fe comb/er, (9’ one les deux Mantegna s’ uniront,
de [a méme fog/m one lo petite Montorrne dons [e Crater du

g,

Vtfltfioe (Voyeg P. H.) s’efl units on Cone dc to Yahoo.

 
 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 
Reference: m Plate XXXIV.

‘ New from the fea of the Promontory call’d CAPO

DELL’ARCO in the Island of VENTOTIENE, ancientlyj
PANDATARIA, about 30 miles from the Island of Ilchia;
the nearefl Land to it.

The whole of this Island,‘ and of that of S. STEEANO,‘
which is about a mile from it, (and probably once
joined it, the Water being shallow between. the one Is-
land and the Other), have been. evidently produced by
Volcanick Explofions , ‘

VENTOTIENE is about '4. miles. in Circumference, S.STE—
FANO not above one . The furface of VENTOTIENE, which
has been lately clear’d for cultivation, his SICILIAN MA~
JESTY having planted a {mall colony there, is in general
flat , and the {oil over the Strata. of erupted matter a
whitish clay.

It is probable that thefe Islands are only {mall remains
of the Cone of their Parent Volcano , the greater part
of which may have been carried off by the aé’tion of the
fea, which is often much agitated in thefe parts. JULIA , the
Daughter of AUGUSTUS was banished to the Island of
PANDATARIA, and fame remains of a magnificent Bath,
and a {mall Temple,on the {pot where she is {uppofed
to have refided, are Still exil’ting.

(I) Stratum ofTufa, under which is a Stratum ofRa-
pilli, mixed with dark Volcanick ashes, and under that
is a Stratum of deep Orange colour’d Tufa , which cu-
rious Stratum runs over both Islands.

(2) Three Strata of Lava like that of Vefuvius,with
Scoriae between each Stratum , which {eem to indicate,
the Lava’s having lucceeded one another at intervals, one
having had time to cool, and form thofe Scoriae on its
Surface , before it was follow’d by another. This Pro-
montory is about 150 feet Perpendicular heigth from the
Level of the fea.

 

Explimtion de la Planck: XXXIV.

lie ole la Mer du Promontoire oppelle‘ CAPO DELL’ARCO
dens l’ Isle de VENTOTIENE, anciermemenc PANDATA:

\

RIA , a environ go milles de l’ Isle d’ISCHIA.

Tome cert: Isle,(9’ celle de S.STEFANO qm’ en efl eloignee'
’d’zm mil/e, ((9“ qni probeblemenr routes denx 71‘ en‘ formoienr
gu’ nne fen/e, les come enrre l’ une (9° l’eurre eronr‘pen pro—
fondes), ant evidemment e‘te’ forme'es pezr des explofions Vgolfi
cemgnes.

VENTOTIENE e2 environ querre mil/es de circonference, (9'
S. STEFANO un flanl . Le Surface de VENTOTIENE qui e/i
efluellemenr deficicbde, See Mejejle’ Sicilienne y oyenr dernie':
remenr plonre’ one petite Colonic, efl en general plate.

Il cfl probable qne ces demo Isles ne font one des relies
'du Cone dn Volcon , don: lzz mer qni y efl for/event tre’s ogrte’e,
aura englouti la plus gronde porrie. JULIE fille d’ AUCEUSTE
fut beznnie elem 1’ Isle de PANDATARIA , (3“ l’ on y no” en-
core des refles d’mz [min fuperlze, (9" d’zm peril: Temple, dens
l’endroit mime on l’on flippofe qn’ elle demenroir.

(I) Une Concbe de Trifle, [our lezqnelle il )1 en a une ale
Repilli enrremele’e ole cendres noires Volcaniqnes , @fom C elle-cy
une eurre zle Tnfe de eonlenr d’ orange foncé,que l’on rrowve
dens routes les denx Isles.

(2) Trois cone/yes d’ one [we femolzzble 4’ celle dn Veflra
've , evec des Scories enrre cheque Coucbe : Ce qui femble
indiguer, one [es loves se fircce'derent les nnes aux ourres per
interval/es, de fezgon que l’une n'voic le terns cle fe reflroiclzr,
G“ de former ces Scories ficr so furfoce , awn: qn’ ll en
win! one more . Ce Promontoire 4 environ 150 pied: ale
lmnrcnr dn nineen de la mer.

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 

V~_.___
we—T
*r‘r-W

 

WIKWWuan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
References to Plate XAX'XK

Iew of a part of the infide of the cone of the

mountain of SOMMA, taken from the valley be-
tween that mountain and Vefuvius; it reprefents the
{pot 2. in plate XXXIII. , and is intended to give a
more precife idea of thole very curious horizontal, and
Perpendicular flrata of lava, mention’d in the references
to that plate . The form of the interiour part of Somma
is femi-circular, and is evidently half of the Crater of that
ancient Volcano.

N. I. Perpendicular flrata of ancient lavas: they have
acquired a crul’c by time , that gives them the appea-
rence of a light colour’d fione, but when broken,shew
themfelves to be true lavas , molt of them of the na-
ture call’d here, partridge ey’d lava’s;(fee Plate XXXXIX.)
but fome are of an other nature , and shew plainly
that thefe firata were formed by different eruptions, the
regularity of them feems to have been accounted for in
the references to P. V.

N. 2. Horizontal and inclined firata of lava , the
intermediate parts are loofe volcanick cinders and ashes,
mixed with fragments of lava and vegetable earth.

N. 3. Crufi or fcoriaa of the lava that run through
this valley in January 1776.

N. 4. Lava like cables as defcribed in the references
to Plate XXXIII.

 

Explication de la Plancbc XXXV.

de SOMMA prifi du ruallon , entre cette montagne (9“
lo Vtflwe; elle reprefinte 1’ endroit marque’ N.2. de la plan-
c/oe XXXIII. L’ intention de cette plane/9e efl de donner une
ide'e plus precife de ces couches de [aver horizontal“, (9’ per-
pendiculairer qui font fl curieufet, (9’ dont on a fait men-
tion dans l’ explication de [a plancbe XXXIII. La forme de
la partie interieure de Somma efl femi—cirrulaire, etant evi-
demment [a moitie' du Crater de cet ancien Volcan.

‘ 7126 d’ an: partie de l’ interieur du cone de la montage):

N. 1. Couches perpendiculairet de lave ancienne .' el/es ont
anec [e tems acquit une croute qui Zeur donne l’app'arence
d’ une pierre d’ an grit blanc/oeatre , mais quand el/es font
cafi'e’et , on appergoit que ce font det tura‘ies lave! , la p/u:
part de 1' efpece qu’ on nomme ici lane a 032/ de perdrix
( voyez' Plancbe XXXXIX): quelquer unes font d’une autre
efoece, ce qui montre clairement, que oer couches ont été for-
me‘er par der eruptions diferentes. On a new de rendre com-
pte do [our regularite' dans 1’ explication de la P. V.

N. 2. Couches de lave; horizontal“ (9’ incline’er , [er pari
ties qui [er feparent , font compose'er do cendres ruo/caniques
detacbe’es, mele'es de fragments de lane (9" de terre vegetable.

N. 3. Croute ou fiorie de [a lane oui coula par cc val/on
dam [6 mois dc janvier 1776.

, N. 4. Lane to forme de cab/es , comm: ell: efi dccrite
dans I’vxplioation de la plane/2e XXXIII.

 
 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

Reference: to Plate XIYXVI.

Iew of MOUNT ETNA from CATANIA.’_ (fee Ietf
ter IV.)

I. CONE of the volcano, the perpendicular height of
which from the level of the fea, according to Monfieur
de SaufTure’s meafurement, taken with Monlieur de Luc’s
Barometer, is 10036 french feet.

‘2. Rocx compofed of columns of BASALTE, being a
part of a great lava that ran. from Mount ETNA into

the fea. (fee P.I. N. 2.

3. TOWN or CATANIA.‘

4. Lavas that have ran into the fea frOm the great
volcano, and under which have been lately difcoverd
by the care of that worthy Patriot the Prince of BISCA-
ms, a Theatre, Baths and other magnificent remains of
the ancient City.

5. MOUNTAINS raifed by various eruptions , fome of
which are nearly as high as Mount Vefuvius. Eruptions
from this part of the mountain feem to have been much
more frequent than from the upper Region . There can
be no doubt that the whole of the cone of this volca-
no has been raiféd in the like manner by a feries of
eruptions at different periods, fome of which were pro-
bably of a very ancient date.

 

Explication de la Plancbe XXXVI.

Vite dn MONT'ETNA dc CATANE . ('0on lettre IV.)

I. CONE du wlcan dent [a bantenr perpendiculaire du ni-
vean de la mer efl felon le calcnl dc Mon/[ear de San/jars
awe le Barometre dc Monflettr dc Lac, de 10036 Pied; de

France .

2. ROCHER compare de colonner ile BASALTE, aifant par-
tie d’ une grande lave , qm dn Mont ETNA con/a dans la
mer. (twp/ex, P.I. n. 2.)

3. VILLE DE 'CATANE.’

4. Lave: qui ont coule’ dam la mer de ee grand valean,
(29“ four ,lefqnelles 1471 Theatre, ales liainr, (9" autrer refles de
la magnificence de l’ ancienne Ville ont e’te' deeauverts depuis
pen par les foins de ce digne Patriot: le Prinee de Btscams.

5. MONTAGN‘ES Eleve’er par diverflr eruptionr , quelgner
unes define/[es font a-pen-pre'r de la [tautettr tin zl/Iant V e—
fn've . Il paroit qua ler eruptions ant éte’ bien plus fre-
qnenter dans cette partie de la montagne qne verr le jammet.
0n ne pent douter que le co‘ne entier de ce Vat/tan n’ ait
e'te' eleve' de la me‘me fagon par une firite d’ernptionr t difire-
renter periodes , quelqnes unes define/let auront e’te’ probable-
ment d’ an: date trefs ancienne, A

 
 

 

 

 

 
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Refirfiflcéy to Plate X'XXVII’.

Iew of the island of STROMBOLI taken by Monfieur
R/ Fabris on his return from Sicily with the Author.
For the particular account of this volcano . (fee letter IV.)

STROMBOLI is one of the eleven islands now called
the LIPARI islands, and which were anciently called the
EOLIAN Islands. All of them are undoubtedly of volca-
nick origin , and the volcanick fire which raifed this
island from the bottom of the {ea , feems to be fiill
in its full force. In 1768 when this drawing was taken,
there was an eruption of lava from its crater, (I) and
allo from the {pots (2) . It is feldom that there is an
eruption of lava from this Volcano; but it confiantly
throws up inflamed matter from its crater. Notwithl’can—
ding the danger of the fituation , there is a village of
about a hundred families on the oppofite fide of this
island. The other Principal islands of LIPARI are repre:
fented in P. I.

The FATHER MINASI , a Dominican friar at Naples,
who is a very good naturalifi, intends (con to publish
{bme account of thefe yolcanos in their prefent flare.

 

 

 

w’”

Exflicdtion de la Plane/ac XXXF’II.

\

a fan retour de Sicile avec l’Antenr. La defcription

Viie de ’ile de STROMBOLI prifi par Mon/fear Fabris
'de ce 'uoloan fi tronve dam‘ la lettre IV.

9

STROMBOLI 47% um des onze z‘ler on on nomme afluelle—
merit les iles de LIPARI , anciennement [6! flex BOLIENNEs;
Elles font route! 'z'ndulritablemenr d’ origine wolvaniqne , (9" le

fen rvoleanique qui eleva eel/mi do: find de la mer , paroit’

fubflfler encore dam fa pleine force . En I768. onand cc
deflEin fat fair, il 3/ avail une eruption de lave de flan cra-
ter (1) 6° des endroirs marques (2) . Les eruption: de lave
de ce 'volean font rare: , maiy il jerte eonflamment de [on
crater des matie’res enflamme’es . Malgre’ le danger de sa fl-
ruation il )1 a an village d’ environ cent familles ole l’ antre
co‘te de cette z‘le . Les antres iles princzlflales ole LIPARI [on]:
reprefinte’es, P. I. '

LE PERE MINASI Dominicain a‘ Naples; qm‘ efl an tre’s
'fb'cavant naturali/le , doit donner Memo”; an Pun/re one/ones
relations far l’Eta‘t prefint de res fvolcan: .

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 
Reference: to Plate XXXVIII.

Night view of a current of Iava,‘ that ran froni

Mount Vefuvius towards Relina,the IIth of May‘
1771. When the Author had the honor of condufiing
ETHEIR SICILIAN MAJESTIES to fee that curious P115110:
menon.

I

N. I. The {pot from whence the lava ifl'ued . It ran
into the Valley, betwen Somma and Vefuvius ,‘ ( fee
P. XXXIII ) difgorged itfelf into a hollow way , for«
med a beautifull Cafeade of fire of more than go feet
perpendicular fall , and efcaping pure and in its fluid
{tare from under the Scoriaa, fell into the hollow way,
and produced the finef’c effeé‘c,that 'can poflibly be ima-
gined . The original Drawing for this Plate was taken
that night on the fpot.

N. 2. Hollow Way into which the lava. difgorged
itfelf.

N. g. Mouth or Crater of Vefuvius , which did not
throw up much inflamed matter,the lava having had a

free paffage at the fpot. N. I.

 

 

Explimtz'on de la Planck: XXXVIII.

iie dim fleuve do love qui Hefi'éndit d“ Mont Ve wue
'vers Refim, le foir du 11W Moi 177:. lorfque

'l'om‘eur cur lbonnmr dc conduire LEURS MAJESTES SICILIEN‘
. , .
NES firr lo montognc pour y '2on cc phenomena flngulzer.

N. I. L’mdroir d’ou [or [4716 form: Elle coulzz par le
Volfon mtrc [e Sommo (9“ [e Vefwue ('0qu P. XXXIIL),
f6 decbdrgm dam un rovin , ow el/e formo une .Cafcode dc
feu firperbc, dom‘ lo c/oute e’toit do 50. r) 60. fired: perpen-
dicu/oirc: , (9" 5’ e’cboppam dc dejfom [er fcorm dom‘ cl/e
e'rair c/oorge’c, reprir en tombom foo c'fot par (9" flflldcl, C's“
produifit le film be! oflkr qu’ i} for! poflib/e do 5 mogul-er].
Le domain original de com: Plant/ac for pm 14 mémc [mac
(9" firr [es lieux me‘mey. ‘

N. 2. Ravi” dam [equal tomboir lo cofiodc do love.
N. 3. Bourke , 0M Crater du chuvc , 9141' no jettoit pas

beocowp do motie’re enflomme’e . lo love 3’ 9mm“ our/err un

poflage librc 4‘ l’cndroit. N.I.

 
 

 

 

 
 

 
 

a,»

#1 a

 

 
 

.Rfifi’ro'h‘c‘fif to I’ll/Ire XXXIX

Nteriour View of one of thedeepefl hollow ways cut

by the torrents of rain water , on the flancks of
Mount Vefuvius , call’d the FOSSA GRANDE . For its {1-,
tuation. (See Plate VII. N. 3.)

N. I. 2. 3. 4. 5. Strata of lava, between which are
Strata of vegetable earth, mixed with Volcanick cin-
ders and Rapilli . It is probable that a very great
{pace of time elapfed , between the running of the la-
vas 4. 8t 5., to have allowed of the accumulation of the
thick fltatum between them.

N. 6. Surface of the lava of the great eruption in the
year I767. ( See P. V.), which ran down this hollow
way , filled it up in fome parts , and fpread over the
fertile vineyards of S. Jomo . In this hollow way, and
in other deep ones of the fame nature , on Mount Ve-
filvius and Somma, after heavy rains , are found the
{tones with gems and crifiallizations , as reprefented in
Plate LIV.

By comparing this Plate with P. XV. it feems evi-
dent, that if Vefuvius has been railed by Volcanick ex-
plolion, of which there can be ,no doubt, Somma mutt
have been so likewife , the Strata of the one and the
other exaélly correlponding. The {pot from whence this
drawing was taken, is about the fame heigth from the
level of the fea as that reprefented in P. XV.

”Ea—cplicarion. dc la Pwlzncb‘e XXXIE‘I.

Vii: interiture (1’ un dc: ramim‘ de la plus grande pro orb
deur qui a Ete' creusc' For [ex torrents d’ mu dc pluye
fur [es fluucs du Mont Vefuve, on l’appelle FOSSA GRANDE-
,Quunt z) fa fituutiou [VOflK‘ P. VII.N.3.]

N. I. 2. g. 4. 5. Couches do love: entre lefquelle: 1'] yo
des Couches de terre 'vegémb/c mele’e dc ceudres Volcuniqucs,
('9’ dc Rafi/Ii. I! q} prob/4M6 qu’ 17 fl: [bit pafse’ beuucoup
dc mm entre les eruptions qui forme’rem‘ [es couches dc: lu—
7165 4. (9’ 5. pour qu’ 1'! air pu fe former [u couch: epufl
qui [es fepure . _

N. 6. Surface do [u [we do [a grunde eruption do 1’ an-
nc’c I767. (Voycz P. V.) qui dqfrendir re raviu , [e ramp/it
m qua/quay eudroits , (9" s’ e‘teudit fur [ex vigne: ferti/cs dc
8.]0R10. Dam cc ruviu , (9“ dam d’ our/c: de [.1 méme
We've fur le Zl/Iont V cfiwe (9“ le Somme, an rrouve opre’a‘ dc
granules p/uycr [es pierrcs avec les [Jijoux , (9“ let criflu/[i 41
tiom comma dies four réprefinfe’cs 4‘ [a P. LIV.

En compa‘rum‘ cette Pluncbe avec [4 P. XV. I! puroit
evident, qua fl [6 quve u e'te' forme’ par des exp/o/iom
Volcuniques , comma on 72’ en pout dourer , [e Sommu doit
u'voir e’te’ forme' de mémc, [es couches do 1’ uue, (9” de ’uu-
tr: Montague fie rcflémbluut exuflemem . L’ cudroit (1’ cu cc
chfcin u e'te’ fair cf} 4‘ peu pre’s de la méme buureur du
73:12:34] do la mer , quc celui qui efi reprfinré dam {Al

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

Reference: to Plate XXXX

Vlew of a hollow road leading from the Grotto of
Paulilipo to Pianura, where are the curious Quar—
rys of that fort of {tone calle’d Peperino, (fee P. LII.)
and which refembles the Piperno of Rome ; it is harder
than a tufa; but not so hard as lava , and is undoub-
tedly a volcanick compofition: it is made ufe of for
window cafes, balconies &c. at Naples. In all the hol-
low roads and ravines in this neighbourhood, of which
there are many (and fome exceedingly deep) the volca-
nick origin of the foil is plainly pointed out.

N. I. Strata of RAPILLI. This word is derived perhaps
from the latin word LAPILLI, they are loofe white pu-
mice fiones, and {mall fragments of lava and other vol-
canick fubflances, exaélly iimilar to thofe that compofe
the flrata, under which the ancient town of Pompeii
is buried. (fee P. XXXXI.

N. 2. Small volcanick ashes mixed with fragments of
lava and other volcanick fubfiances.

N. 3. A trunk of a large timber Tree reduced to
charcoal . On Vefuvius, SOmma , and in many of the
hollow ways in' the neighbourhood of Naples , Trees
reduced to charcoal are vifible, shewing that the heat
of the erupted matter that inclofed them Was very
great; but when wood and shells are found in tufa,‘
(lee P. XXXXV.) (which probably was thrown out of
its parent volcano in the fiate of a liquid mud), they
have no appearence of having been affeéted by fire.

N. 4. Stratum of loofe volcanick matter with a firaej
tum of vegetable earth on its furface2

 

Explimtion de la Plano/Be XIIXX.

\

lipe a Pionura,ott fimt les Corie'res cm‘icttfis de cettc‘
efpete dc pierre qu’ on opprlle Peperirzo (Vqu P. LII.)
(9’ 724i reflemble eu Piperno de Rome: elle efl phi: dure,
que le tnfo, moi; non per [i dure que In love, (9’ efl in-
dnoitob/ement d’ origine roolmniqne ,' on 5’ en firt d Naples
pour les ouvertnres der fenetres (3’ pour 165 Imlcons . 0n
remorque diflinfiement l’origine Volcaniqne dn fol dons tons
[er Ravine du Voi/[noge , qui font nombrenx ( ('9’ queiqnes
an: d’ nne tre's gronde profondeur).

‘ 7dr du cbemin creme qui conduit de lo Grotto d; Pan/i—

N. I. Couches de RAPILLI , re terme, pentétre, vient db!
mot letin LAPILLI : ce font des pierres ponm Marlene: de-
toebe'er, mele’es owe des fragment: de [one (9” d’outres ma-
tieres volcaniqner, femb/olzlex d eel/e5 914i compo/Em [cs cou-

ches four lefque/les 2’ oneienne ville dc Pompeii efl enfé'oe/ic .
(Voyez' Ploncbe XXXXI.)

N. 2. Cendre: volcanique; finer, mele’es wee der fragments
de [we 6'9“ d’ontres metiere: dc when .

N. 2. Tronc d’ un grand Arbre converti en cborbon. Sur
1e Vefwue (9° 1e Somme , (9’ en pin/[em des ’chemins creme
dn wifinoge de Naples , on 'voit des arbres rednits en [bor-
-Iyon; ee qni demontre one In motiere dont i]: etoient entourés,
moi: nn grand degre' de elm/cur ; moi: quend on tram/e d“
hair (5“ der rooted/age: ('0qu P. XXXXV.) dons [orig-”o,
(714i proboblement fortit du volcen dens un e’tot quntdel
eomme de lo [tone ), alors i1: ne paroifltnt For avorr etc
$0116de per I: fit: .

g N. 4. Combo dc motiere zvo/cenique detocbe’e , fur [437ml]:
3'! y e um comb: de terre vegetable. '

 

  

 
 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 
Reflercnofi to Plate XXXXI. H

Iew of the firfi difcovery of the Temple 'ofISIs at

. POMPEII , which City was buried by showers of
Pumice flones and other volcanick matter , during the
great. eruption of mount Vefuvius in the year 79 of the
chriilian Aira. It Was the fame eruption that proved fa-
tal to ELINY . This temple and. many other Edifices of
the ancrent City of POMPEII , have been already cleared
by order of HIS SICILIAN MAJESTY , and the beautifitll
Monuments of‘Antiquity that have been found there, will
appear in the fequel of the truly magnificent and Royal
publication of the antiquities of HERCULANEUM. The
Intentlon of this Plate is to shew the exaé’t fimilitude
of the flrata of rapilli and erupted matter that cover
this City, [and whole volcanick origin can not be di-
fputed] to the foil of many parts of the neighbourhood
of NAPLES. [fee P. XXXX.] The city of NAPLES itfelf
{lands on a foil compoled of firata of rapilli and eru-
pted matter, which is very vifible on the fide of the
Road gomg up to the Carthufian Convent.

1. Principal Altar of the Temple.

. 2. Small Altar before a little Temple in which there
IS a well.

_3. Strata of white pumice fiones, and other volca-
mck matter. '

4. Stratum of good vegetable foil on which vines
grow. The firfi‘ difcovery of this City was by Pcaffints
digging holes to plant vines . Under the foundations of
thefe Buildings are other firata of lava [fee P. LIV.]
and erupted matter, intermixed with flrata of vegetable
earth, proving beyond any doubt diveri'e eruptions of
Velfuvru's,long before that which defiroy’d the City, and
which IS the full recorded by Hiftory.

”ya-r W ’"W‘
5 W

Explication 'de la Plat/who XXXXI.

tie de In premiere deconverte dn Temple d’sts a" POMPEII ,,
kl Cette Ville fnt converte per nne gréle de pierres pon-
ces (9“ d’ nntres mntie'res 'volcemiqnes , pendent la gronde
Ernption eln chn'ue l’ nime’e 79 de l’ Ere Cloretienne , lit
méme qni fnt fetole [l PLINE . Le Temple (9’ plnflenr‘s ontres
Edificey de l’enrienne Ville de POMPEII ant dejn e'te’ fonille's
per ordre do SA MAJESTE‘ SICILIENNE , 6’5“ l’ on ponrrn
"voir dons l’ onvrege 'vroiement mognifigne (9“ Royal ales
.dntiqnite's d’HERCULANE les precienx monuments d’nntiqnité
one l’ on y o tronve’s . L’ intention de cette plentbe e/l de
montrer lo rejfemlilnnce exotic qn’ il )1 tt entre les couches de
repilli (9“ de metieres 'volenniqnes qni com/rent eette Ville
[ dont l’ origine volcaniqne ne pent em mifi en donte]
('9' le fol de plnflenrs parties dn 'voi/innge tle NAPLES . (vo-
yez) P.XXXX.) Ln Ville de NAPLES mEme efl fltne’e fnr
nn fol compose de conebes de rapilli 6‘“ de motie'res volcani-
qnes,’ ce on’ an wait cleirement le long dn grand clzemin
qnend on monte on Convent des Clanrtrenx.

1. Antel principal dn Temple.

2. Petit .Antel ii In forte d’ nn petit Temple dent leqnel
il )1 n no pnits.

3. Cone/Jet de pierre: ponces blenelm‘ (’9’ d’ontres mntiere‘s
volcanigne: .

4. Concbe de bonne terre vegetable fiir lnqnelle croi/fint
des Vignet. Ln premiere detonverte de cette Ville fnt foite
por— ole: de/ilm" qni ffzifoient ales trons ponr y planter der
Vignes. Son! les fondement: de cer Bitimenty on tronve des
entree conebe: o’e lave [voyez‘ P. LIV] (9“ dc metie’rer vol-
enniqnes, entremele’es de couches de bonne terre vegetable, (e
qni pronve evidemment , one plnfienrs ernptions avoient pre-
cede' de henneonp tel/e pnr [none/[e cette Ville fnt detrnite ,
(9’ qni efi In premiere dont l’Hifioire per/e.

 
 

~ --._‘v
r * :mv-w

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

References to Plate szYXA/YII.

PECIMENS OF THFAS from the Quarrys near the Grotta
S of Paufilipo. (fee P. XVI.) Naturalifls might adopt
the neapolitan term TUFA for that fort of mixture of
ashes and pumice fiones, which is thrown up by volca-
nos in the {late of a liquid mud, and takes the confi-
flency aftewards of a loft and light {tone , and they
might continue the term TUF to defcribe that fort of
porous flone which is formed— by the incrufiations and
depofitions of water.

1. PIECE of Tufa with oyfier shells. The author ha-
ving conceived that the volcanos of the country he has
defcribed , took their rife from the bottom of the fea,
naturally concluded that marine produé’tions wou’d be
found in the mountains of Tufa, and having vifited the
different Quarrys of this fort of Prone; which are now
open at Naples , its neighbourhood and at Baia , has
had the fatisfaélion of making a confiderable collection
of shells , wood &c., which were found {ticking here
and there in the rocks of Tufa. (fee P.XXXXV.)

2. TuFA with a piece of lava, shewing that volca-'
nos had exified in thefe parts before the formation of
the Mountain of Paufilipo.

3. TUFA with a piece of a volcanick cinder. Fragf
'ments of fuch volcanick matters great and fmall,abound
in all the Tufas. ,

i '4. Tum with a fragment of a green Tufa therein:
The Tufas of the island of Itchia have in general a
green call.

 

Explication (16 In Plancbe XXXXII.

CHANTILLONS DE TUFAS de [:2 Carrie'rc prc's de 14 Gram

dc Pnnfl/ipe. (wyez’ P. XVI.) Les nntnrnliflcr pour-
raient fbrt bien adapter [6 terme ano/imin TUFA pour dejfi~
gncr cc me’lzznge de ccndres (9° dc pierres pence: .7146 [es 710/-
cnnr wmiflknt en forme d’nne bone liquide,‘ mars 9141 prenld
enfiritc [a con/[fiance d’zme pierrc tcndre (9° .le'ge'rc,‘ (9“ contr—
nner d’nppc/[er TUF Certs pierre parenfi gm efl formc'e per
[65 incrnfintionr (9“ [6! depo‘rr d6; mm.

1. MORCEAU dc Tufn’nnec dc: bnirrer . L’Antenr nydnt
imagine‘ que [er volt/m! dn pair qn’il a decrit, 5’ émicnr cle-
vc’r du fond de la mer, cone/Mt nzzmrellcment qu’ an traum-
roit dc: prodnfiions marines dam [as manta/grits dc Tnfa;
aynnr danc viflre’ [cs diflerentt’s Carrier“ dc eerie cfi‘mce ale
pierrc qm' fbnr argue/lament anvcrtex 4‘ Nap/e5, dam fin w;-
[mnge (9“ 4‘ 3424, i] (2 en la fatirfnfiion dc faire unc col/c-
fiian canfldernble de ennui/lager , de marcmnx dc hair (9?. ,
qui ont e’te’ rronve‘s par-ci—pnr-ln‘ dam [cs rocbm‘ dc Tufn.

(voyeg P. XXXXV. )

2. TUFA awe un marten»: dc lave: cc qm' prowve que des
'volcnns ancient exifle' dnns m“ lienx 472471; In formation dc

lnmonmgne dc Pnnfl/ipe.

3. TUFA wee nn marten: dc ccndre wimniqne . Des
grands (9° dc: perirs fragments de rel/es marze’res volcamqncr
font tre'r frequents dam tons [es Tnfmj.

'4. TUFA dam leqnel fi tranve nn fragment d’ nn Tnfn
‘vcrd . Les Tnfizr dc [’z‘le d’ Ifcbin omj en gencrql Mn: mnrc
wrdn‘tre.

 

  
 

4.,

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

V

 
 

 

 
 

 

Regen-um to P14” XXXXIII. A

PECIMENS of a curious volcanick matter taken from
L. a hollow Road leading from the PISCIARELLI (P.XXI.)
to the SOLFATERRA. (XXV.)

THE acid , and fulphureous vapour of the Solfaterra
foftens , and calcines in a manner every volcanick mat-
ter that it meet with, {0 that this vapour having afled
upon many parts of the cone of the folfaterra, has redu-
ced the firata of rapilli, fragments of lava &C. of which
it is compofed, to a fine white powder; the rain washing
down this fine powder, and mixing the burnt matter
of different colours together , forms a clay beautifully
variegated, this clay hardens on being expoled to the
air. An acid does not caufe any eflervelcence on this

fubflance .

The Author communicated this obfervation to the
ROYAL SOCIETY or LONDON in his letter of the 5th of
Match 1771. as may be feen in the Philolbphical Tran-
faé’tions . Monfieur Ferber a Sweedish naturalifi was at
Naples in the year 1772., and has published this difco-
very as his own in one of his letters to Monlieur de
Born, upon the linjeE’r of the Natural Hifiory of Italy.

This volcanick produétion has certainly no appearance
of being fuch, and proves the difficulty of alcertaining
the origin of any one production of nature, that may
have undergone various operations, before it pretents it—
felf to our infpeé’tion. What can be more different in
appearance than the lava and the {ubfiance reprelented
in this plate? and yet they are the very fame, only
differently combined. ‘

   

Eo‘cplicafion dc 14 Plancbe iXXXXIII.

 

CHANTILLONS d’ une m4rie‘re wolmnique (’9’ tre’s curiw c
. , . . .
Wee (1’ un cbcmm creme gm condmt dc: PISCIARELLI

(P.XXI.) 4 14 SOLFATERRA. (P. XXV.)

L4 v4pem‘ wide (9" fl/fiire'e de [4 Solftzterm 4mol/ir (9“ -

whine en quelqm fzzgon mum [at matie’re: mlmniquey qn’
el/e rencont're .' C’ (fl [147‘ 1‘ cfi}: 'que fat can “04/254” fur
pin/[curs parties d4 Cone de [4 Sa/fzztcrm , we let camber
dc mpilli, [es jitzzgmen: dc [471:5 (We. dont 6116 eff compares,
font reduirs,en M716 poudre [714710176 (9” fine. L’e4n dc play:
enrr4in4nt cam poudrc (9” l4 me/4nr 4726c [cs m4tic’res bru-
Ic'es dc difl‘crentet con/curs , en far/m unc 4rgi/le trés bell:
cg4/ement dc divc’ifix conlcmw 714i ét4nt expose? 4‘ l’4ir J’en-

durcit, (9“ 1’ 462d: 71’)! MM]?! point d’eflérmflence.

L’Autmr cammnnim certs rem4rquc 4‘ l4 Socnz'rE‘ Ro-
YALE m: LONDRES d4ns une dc fir Zaire: 4’4 5 dc M473 1771,
comme on [4 wit d4n5 lac Tr4nf4c‘7i0m Pbi/ofiipniqms i.
Man/[cur Father N4tm‘4/ifle Suedaiy qm' fit! 4‘ N4p/cx /’ 4n-
ne’e 1772 , 'vient dc pub/in rem dcconvci‘te comm: [4 flennc

propre ,d4m une dc [Es lettret 4 [Won/6147‘ Born 47‘ [e in!
de [Hi/fair: N4mrclle d’Im/ie. / f [/6

Les Produfiions Voluniqne: reprefintc’c: 44m 14 P147165:
71’ ant furement p45 l’4pp4rente d’ Erna tel/c: : ce qui promo:
[4 difi‘culte' 914’ i! y 4 dc fixer l’origine d’4uczme pradnfi’ion
guelconque de [4 n4tm‘e 914i 4i; Ere fit/em 4‘ diver/E's opcm-
tions , 4'04nt qn’el/e fl fair [are/Ema? 4‘ wire canfldermion.
Que pen! on wir de plus oppose en 4117101767le 946 d5 [4 I4-
726, (9° [4 mtztie’rc reprefintc’c drms rem Pl4ncbc? C9“ repen-
Zarnr, re font [es mémcs m4ric'res gnoigne difiercmmenr 60%

171665.

 

  

\

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
 

 

 
"Wm— vow—W~—_ .. "(M—w" n 4v v

 

Reference; to Plate XXXXIK

1. IECE of lava cover’d with fulphur taken from the
infide of the crater of VESUVIUS.

'2. PIECE taken from the Platform within the crater
of Vefuvius.

3. FISTULAR {alts taken from a very hot crevice within
the crater of Vefuvius. This piece was perforated regu-
larly in three Places as is reprefénted in the plate.

4. Pumice Prone impregnated with fulphur taken from
the crater of Vefuvius.

5. 6. Fragments of lava impregnated with falts and

fulphur taken from very hot crevices within the crater
of Vefuvrus . .

The vapour that colours thefe flones 51nd depofits thefe
fairs and fulphurs, is very hot and moitt.

1 [H

Explicafion d6 la Plancbe XXXXIV.

:1. ORCEAU dc lave cormert dc foufre, pris de l’ in-

tericar da crater du VESUVE.

2. MORCEAU pm dc la plains dam 1’ interimr du crater
da V 6 W06. '

3. SELS Fiflulairer priy d’zme fame tre’s cbaudc en -dedam
du crater dza Vefuw . Ce morceau e’mrr perce’ regulzércmem
. . . , '

en trots androrrs comme 1! eff reprefirzre dam la plaacbc.

4. Pierre ponce impregnée dc foufre Fri/c} du crater da
Vefit'uc .

5. 6. Fragments dc lave impregnc’s de fils (’9' dc foufrt;
pris bars d’ we fame tre's Chanda dam liinrerlmr dz crater
dza Vcflt've.

La vapmr qui mlor‘e m pierres , (9° produir m [3/5 (9"
m foafres, cfl cxtrg’mcmcnt cbaude ('9’ bamzdc.

 
 

 

 
5'5: ‘1

1.,

f ”0%? ,g".

 

 
 

 
Refi’rtm'cr to Plate xYa/KYXK

1‘. PIECE of Tufa attached to a piece of the painted ‘

flucco of the infide of the ancient theatre of
HERCULANEUM. The theatre of HERCULANEUM is filled
with this kind of volcanick matter, and not with lava;
as the wood of the theatre is in general burnt, it is
Probable that the eruption of Vefuvius had firfl cover’d
that unfortunate City with a shower of hot matter,
and that afterwards its ruin was completed by a deluge
of volcanick ashes mixed with water, which formed a
tufa perfectly fimilar, (as appears by this plate) to the
tufas of Paufilipo and Ba'i'a. There can not be a more
fatisfaélory proof of the volcanick origin of this kind
of Rome.

2. TUFA.Wltl1 a piece of wood inclofed therein, from
the mountain of Paulilipo.

3. TUFA with shells from the fame Quarry; the shells
are not foflil, but in their natural i‘tate, and of fuch
fish as are at this time molt abundant in thefe feas.

4. A large OYSTER shell and an Almond in a piece
of tufa, taken from the Quarry near the Cattle of Baia.
(P. XXIX.)

5. TUFA with a piece of lava, from Ba‘la .

6. Tum with marine shells from the Quarry near
Caro DI MONTE at Naples.

7. Tum with the impreflion of a piece of wood. In
general the Wood found ‘in tufa is confumed by time,‘
and falls ofl" like powder , but the impreflion remains
always perfect . This piece was found at Ba'ia . As the
labourers in the Quarrys are now attentive to preferve
fuch bodies, as they meet with in the tufa, fome fur-
ther curious difcoveries may be {made hereafter.

 

Explication de la Plancbe XXXXV.

 

'I. ORCEAU de Tufa dffdcbe’ 4‘ m1 marred” dc Le

L peinmre en flue de l’ interieur de l’om‘ien T/oe’eztre
d’ HERCULANE . Le Theatre d’HERCULANE (fl rem/7Z1 dc
cette efpe'ee _'de metfe're mfmm'que (9” non de love. Comm:
[:2 eberperxte du Theatre efl err general bru/e'e, 1/ efl probob/e
que 1’ eruption du V efwve euro premiérement convert eette
'vi/[e informne'e d’zme gré/e de motie're: ery‘itmzme'es, (9" que
f4 wine t2 e'te' comp/em per 1m- defuge de cendrex polmmgzees
meie‘es ewe de 1’ mu , qui forme 1472 To «2 pmjfmremem re-
femz'r/ont (comme r! eff evident drzm‘ eerie [Merle/7e) 414x tw
foe de Poet/Hive (9’ de Born. On ne peter‘deft/‘er Lme pref/Ive
plus firirfieifleme 7mm: 4‘ l’orzgine vo/etzrzlgue de eerie e/pece
de pier/e.

2. Tum dam legue/ 1'! y a we morceert de 1501's. [I efl

dc lo Montogm de Peufi/ipe.

3. Tum owe ties woof/loge; r/mr‘im de lo mime Carrie’-
re. Les cogs-rifles ne for]: point flflifet , more dam leur émt
award, (9" font de liz meme e/jwre de' poiflom qa’on [roam
encore oflue/[emenr en aboudom‘e fitr res cores.

4. UNE HUITRE, (’9’ me ‘Amimde done an moreeou de ref;

ele lo corriere pre’: du e/Joteou de Bore. (P. XXIX.)
5. TUFA ever an marred»: de [we de Boio.

6. Tum wee des eoqm'lleges marine de lo Carriere pre’:
\

o'e CAPO DI MONTE 4- Naples.

7. TUFA dens [com] 17 y 4 l’empreime d’ m moreem 0":
501's. En general [e 501': que l’on rrouve dam [es tuftzstefl
eonfreme' per le term, (‘7’ tombe en poudre, meis 1’ em‘prelrite
y refie torejours diflim‘i’ement. Ce morcem fut tromze’ .4 Benz.
Lee Gem qm' travail/mt dons [ex Corrieres oyzmr moznterzom
1e foin (9“ l’ottention de eorzjér’uer touts [es moreeeme de Tufe:
oz. 175 eroient appercevoir des Corp: , des Coqui/leges (We. ,
on doe} .t’ etimdre a“ Que/Que: entree deeouverte: curieufe: .

  
 

 

 
I

wu—r—«F-Vw-———— 'I—HWF—A‘—Twr~»~—

 

 

~,-Lr~~ ,

 
 

 
 

Reference: to Plate XX‘XZYVI.

PECIMENS of different volcanick matter found in the
crater of Vefuvius.

1. PIECE of lava tinged with {ulphur.‘

2. PIECE of lava with a polished hollow therein,0c«j
cafion’d by a bubble of air. '

3. LAVA incruf’ted with fulphur, falts,and fuch black
crifials as abound in almofl all the lavas of Vefuvius,
and produce the black {pots in them . (fee the polished
fpecimens of lavas P. XXXXIX.)

4. PIECE of lava curiously ramified, and tinged with
fulphur and vitriol.

5. LAVA incrufled with yellow falts of a very cauflic
nature, and which are full of the above mention’d black
criflals; It feems evident, that thefe criflals are formed
in the fulphurs that abound in every hot crevice of and
about the crater of the volcano.

6. PIECE of lava half calcined, as to its appearance,
by the acid hot vapour , as are the lavas of the Solfa-
tetra. fee P. XXXXIII.)

7. PIECE of lava incrufied with pure white (alts, and
{uch as the Peafants, who inhabit the neighbourhood
of Mount Vefuvius, make ufe of at their tables. It feems
Probable that the fee. shou’d have {ome communication

with the bowels of Vefuvius, and that, when the vol- '

canick fire has caufed an evaporation , the {alts have
been left in the crevices, and the pure water carried of?
in (team: for the {team of Vefuvius condenfed, produces
a pure waterlwith no {alt tafle. A

 

Explication (la la Plano/3e XX’XX’VI.

CHANTILLONS dc diflErentec matie’res volcanigner tronve’es
dam le crater dn Vefla've .

I. MORCEAU de lave avec une teintnre de Sonfre.

2. MORCEAU de lave avec un creme qni efl poli en-de-
dam, 6“ qni a e'te' fait par une hon/e d’air.

3. LAVE incrufle’e de fonfr/, de file, (9" do criflaux noirr,
tel: on’ on en tronve ordinance/went dens tontes les [aver dn
anve, (9° qni prodni/Ent ca: tacoes noirec . (vojez‘ [es ecban‘
til/on: des lave: polies RXXXXIX.)

4. MORCEAU de lave curienfiment ramifie'e, (3° teinte de
fonfre (5“ de vitriol.

5. LAVE incrnflée de felt [annex of one nature tre’r can/ill
one, (9" gni font ramp/is ale: criflanx noirs dent nous venons
de parler,‘ il paroit evident one rec criflaux f2: ferment den:
e fonfre méme gui abonde darn: tonte: let fentes cbandes (in
crater dn volcan (9’ de fan voiflnage.

6. MORCEAU de lave a‘ demi calcine’,/élon [es apparences
par la vapeur acide , comme le font les [aver de la Solfa4

terra. (v. P. XXXXIII. )

7. MORCEAU de lave incrnfle’e de fels purr', dont [es Pa};
fan: qni babitent le voi/inage du Ve ave e fervent fouvent
z} lenrc tab/es . Il paroit probable one la mer pmfle avoir
gnelqne communication avec l’ interienr du Vefltve , (3’ one
lorfqne le fen a came' nne evaporation , lee file feront refle’s
attaches ti one/ones pierres (9° l’ can pure fie fera evapore’e.‘
Car la vapenr dot Vefltve etantl condense? produit une can
pure fan: le moindre go‘nt.

     
 
 

 
 

o ,5

1659731766: to Plate X’ILXZYVII.

I. lECE of marble compofed of fragments of various
forts of marble found in the FOSSA GRANDE.
(P.XXXIX.)

Such fragments are frequently found in the deep Ra-
vines cut by the rain waters on the flancks of Mount
Vefuvius and Somma, and are washed out of the firata
of erupted matter that compofe thofe mountains. From
this circumflance there is raifon to believe that there
may be Quarries of marble deep in the bowells of the
earth under thefe volcanos.

2. A curious piece of calcarious flone full of marine
shells, which was likewife found on Vefuvius in the
Fofla Grande , and feems to confirm the Author’s opi-
nion of this volcano having taken its rife from the bot-
tom of the fea .

THE AUTHOR had never found any marine shells on
Veluvius or in the mountains of Tufa,till after his re-

turn from England in the year 1773.

 

Explicatz'on de la Plane/he XXXXVII.

 

I. ORCEAU dc morbrc comporc‘ dc fragments dc a’i-
vers moron); one 1’ on trowve dons [a Fossn

GRANDE. (XXXIX)

L’on trozwe fouvent dc to]: frogmém dms V/cr Ravi”; pro-
fondr one [er come dc: pz'uyer om former for [65 flmcs (in
chuve (9“ do Sommo, ('9’ qui om c’te’ demo/Jo's do; combs; o’er
motie’res jette’er gm' compofim cc! montagner . Do cert: cir-
conflome i] y a mifon do croire qu’ il )1 a dcs Corrierer dc
marrow (i one granola profondem‘ don: [es Emmi/[es de [4 term
fom cos 7101mm.

2. Zl/Iorcmu curicux a” me pierre m/Mire p/eim dc room?-
loges marim, que ['07: z: du/fi trotwe’ fitr lo Wflwe dam lo
Foffo Grande, ce qui poroir confirmcr 1’ opinion do l’flutcm‘
que ce foo/con a {Iris f4 noiffimce do fond do [a mcr.

L’AUTEUR n’ await jomois tram/é dcr mom/[er mariner fiar
[e V eflme 014 dam [er monmgmr dc Tufo jufqu’ apre’: for)
retom‘ d’Ang/ctcrrc l’dmze'e 1773.

  

  

 
 

 

 

 
 

RVSWWVNN A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 
Reference: to Plate XX'XXV III.

Pecimens of curious flones found by the Author on
S Mount Vefuvius . ‘

N. I. 2. 3. 4. A calcarious matter, a fpecies of STAJ
LACTITE that is form’d in hollows in the firata of foft
‘Tufa or erupted matter, between the flrata of lava in
the Fofla grande . (fee P. XXXIX. ) A white cruf’c is
firfi formed which shoots into fmall,regular, and round
balls, and gradually encreafes, till they are confounded
together as is reprelented in a part of the polished fpe~
cimen (4). It takes a fine polish,and is like the purefl:
white marble; fnutf boxes (5) are made of this fubfian-
(Le, which has been improperly called here white lava.
Such fubfiances only as have been in a vitrified {late
shou’d be call’d lava.

N. 6. A piece of pure lava inclofed in a piece of
white marble proving the formation of marble on Ve-
fuvius.

N. 7. Striped marble of which fragments are frequen“
fly found on Vefuvius.

N. 8. A hard flone like a granite with a filvery mica
therein .

N. 9. A blackish Prone with a shining black mica
therein, which pulverizes at the leafl touch . This and
a greenish flone of the fame nature, are very frequently
met with in detached pieces on Vefuvius.

 

Explication dc la Plancbe XXXXVIII.

[6 [Want V m.

i :Cnantillons dc picrres caricufis trouvécr par Z’Aatcar fur,

N. I. 2. 3. 4. Matic’rc calcaire do 1’ efitecc dos STALA-
CTITES qui jé forms dam [cs creme do: combos do Tafa ton-
dre on d’ aatres matic’rcs volcanigucs, entre dc: com/Jet dc
larva de la Fojja granola. (voycz P. XXXIX.) 11 fl: forme
premio'rcment tine croate biancbc qtti poufli dos petites [la/[es
regulie‘rer (9" qui augmentant pm a‘ pm fi confondent 1’ ant:
amt 1’ autre , comma el/cs font reprcfcntées clans tine partic
do l’Ecbanti/lon qui a été po/i ( n. 4.) . Cette matie’re prond
un lit/ire parfait, (9’ reflimale an marbre le film par ,' 0/1
an fait der taoatiércs (5) ga’ on nomme ici maZ-a—propor
lave biancbe,‘ car i] n’ y a que [cs flit/cs matie'rer qai ont
e'te’ dam an c’tat dc rvitrification 914i doivent .r’appe/Zer law.

N. 6. Marceau dc lave pure envellopa‘ d’ an morceaa do
marbre blanc; ce qui prottve la formation dti mararc fun

It Vcfiwc .

N. 7. Marlarc raye‘ dont on troave fotivent dot fragments
fitr lc Vefiwc.

N8. Pierre dare qui rofliamblc an Granite avec da Mica
argentm.

N. 9. Pierre noira‘tre mele’e do Mica [iii/ant (’9‘ noiratrc,‘
914i fc pulverifi de's qa’ on la tomb: . Cettc efpcce dc pierrc
(9* ant autre de la méme qualite', mais vordzitre,fc tram/ant
frcauemmcnt en morccamc dctacbc': far it Vqfiwc .

   
 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 
 

Rcfirenccs m P/m XXXXIX. '

SPECIMENS of the lavas of Vefuvius polished.

I. The mofl ordinary fort of lava , with which the
fireets of Naples are paved , from the Quarry near Re-
fina. (lée P. VIII.) All the flones that are found on
Vefuvius , are generally comprehended under the name
oflava, whereas fuch matter only as has been in fillion
by the force of the volcanick fire shou’d Properly be
called lava. It is in reality a foul or imperfect vitrifi-
cation . The black and white {pots in the lavas are in
general crifials luch as are reprelented (P.LIV. n.6. & 7.)
Acids do not affect pure lava, but an acid applied to
the fpecimen reprefented n. 6. caules an effervelcence,
becaufe the white {Pots are marble calcined and not cri—
llals as in the others . The modern lavas abound with
the black crifials, (n. 2. 3. 4. 7. 8.) and the more an-
cient ones (which are called Partridge eyed lavas) with
the white crifials (n. 5. 9. IO. 8: 11.). The molt fen-
fible difference in the lavas of Vefuvius are reprefented
in thefe twelve fpecimens.

Complete collection of all the natural produé’tions of
Mount Vefuvius are now made and fold by Toman
Valentiani at Naples oppofite the King’s Theatre.

:Explication de la Plancbc XXXXIX.

I :CHANTILLONS des 117.76! du Vcfiwc qui ont ére‘ palics .

I. Love la plus ordinoire dc/aquc/lc [cs rues dc Nap/cs
finr po'vc'cs,‘ 6116 eff do [a Carricrc pre’s dc Reflna. ('00ch
RVIII.) Toutcs‘ [es pierces qu’ on trouve fin‘ [e V: cove
font ordinoircment confonducs fous le nom de 14712., ou-lzcu
gu’ on no dcvroit nommer lows que [es fcu/es motzc'rcs out
onr c’ce‘ mifes en fu/z‘on par [a force du feu volcamguc,‘ c’ cfl
cn cffir unc vitrification imporfoite. Les caches non-cs (9” How
cbes dons [es la'vcs,font on general dcs criflmux comma crux
qui flmc repreflentc’s. (P. LIV. 71.6. (9“ 7.) Les acidcs no font
ducune imp-r; 1071 fur [cs loves pure: , mots quand on up.-
p/ique un ocidc (l l’ccbonnl/on out (fl rcprcfinte’ nu n. 6. , 11
)1 cnufi: unc aficrwfccncc, parccquc [cs caches Honcho: nc font
pas des criflczzux comma dons [es aucres ,' mots du moron?
calcine’ . Les laws moderncs noondcnt en criflmux now (71.2.
3. 4. 7. 8.) 6" les plus anciennes (qu’ on appellc loves 4‘
ycux de pcrdrix) cn cri/lmux Hams. (11.5. 9. 10. I I.)Lcs
differences les plus fenflo/cs cntrc lcs loves du Vcfit'vc fin:

copra/enters dons cos douzc Ecbonril/ons.

Des collcfiions comp/ectcs dc routes [cs produflions nature/-
[cs du Mont chu'ue fl? font (9" fl? Tandem ofiuc/lcmcnr r2
Nap/cs cbc's Tomafo Valentioni mfd-vis 16 Theatre Royal .

                                  

   
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Reference: to Plate L.

ARBLE and other mixed {tones of Vefuvius po-
’ lished.

Thefe variegated fiones are never found in very large
pieces; but are washed out of the (tram of erupted mat—
ter that compofe the cone of the volcano by the cur-
rents of rain water, and are found in the deep ravines,
particularly in the FOSSA GRANDE . (fee P. XXXIX.) It
is probable that the volcanick fire that railed Mount
Vefuvius vented itfelf through Veins of marble and {cat—
ter’d fragments of them on every fide ,' the molt com-
mon fort is a pure white marble,which is often found
in a calcined flate or with other evident marks of fire.

N. 4. & 5. Are the fame fiones in which there are
gems,and that are reprefented. (RLIV. n. I. 8r. 2.) The
flones themfelves feem to be compoled of crifializations
and Mica.

N. 8. Is a fort of GRANITE compofed of black, and
white criflals.

N. to. Is a tender bituminous flone , and is rather a
tufa than a lava or marble . The other fpecimens are
Pure marbles, which, as in the lavas, (if every little
difference of variegation is {tiled a new fpecies) may be
multiplied ad infinitum; this is indeed the reafon of the
number of fpecimens that compote what is called the
complete colleé’tion of the natural productions of Mount
Vefuvius.

Explimtion do In Plano/56 L.

MARBRES (9“ wires picrm du Vcfiwe melangc’ci, (9‘

gui om“ e'te’ polies .

Cr! pierm [zigarre'ct 71: fl: rrouwnt jam/2i: en trc’: gm:
moreeoux ; moi; font cmportc’rt dry camber des marines jet-
te’cs don! (fl compote" [e cone du 710/6517! par [65 torrent: dc!
roux dc plmre , (9’ on let tronve don: [6! met/int profonls ,
porrit'ulicremenr dam la FossA GRAN DE. (vqu P. XXX] X.)
1/ efl promo/3 qua lc fm 'volmniqnc 914i 4 forme’ la [Wont
V efiwe, s’efi foil un pajjoge n‘ tm'vcw ch Carriers: dc mar-
ore, 6’5" puis en (2 jette' dry fragment! do tout: to‘tc’r ,' l’cfitr‘rc
lo plm mdinaire cfl an mar/nee par (9“ Mano qu’ on trouv:
fan-vent erfaiiemenr calcine’ , on new d’omres morgue: wi-
denre: dc [operation du feu .

N4. (9" 5. Sam let mémey pierm dons [done/[es on tram/r,
ce qt! on nomme dc: pic-rm: precirnfer 714i font repreflmc’e:
(P. LIV. n. I. (9“ 2.). Les pierres ménm paroijfi’nt ém' com-
pos‘r’et dc cri/lmux (9’ dc Adlai.

N. 8. E/i one cflom dc GRANITE COMPOJL'IC dc crifleawc
noirr 6" blunts.

N. 10. Efl une picrre tendre (9’ bimmincufi. C’c/i plum;
1m Tufiz qu’une law on m marbre. Les outrcs Ecbantillons
font dc wait marbrer, lcfrlmels comma l6! lower (fl 6121an pc-
tite diflcrencc dc voricgalion pent étrc appelle'c une tfizece none
rvclle) prawn; fe multiplier 47 l’ infini , (’9’ 'voila la mifon
du grand Hombre d’ e’cbnnrillon: qui compofinr cc qu’on nom-
me lo calla-flian comp/err: dc: produfi‘ions nature/lo: du Mont
V efiwe.

 

                
 

 

 
W
m
M
M.
_
_

 

 

 

 
 

 
 

Reflereneer to Plate Ll.

' AVA , Scortm, and PUMXCE STONES (Sec. of Mount
Vefuvius.

1. Fragments of this fort, black like a cinder without,
and white and porous within, are frequently met with
on the modern lavas of Vefuvius.

2. Large honey comb pumice , fuch as the Ancients
made great ule of in the part of their Buildings that
required a material light and {trong at the fame time.
They are found chiefly in the very ancient firata of
erupted matter.

3. PIECE of the feoriae of lava with a kind of fiony
mots thereon , which is the firfl fymptom of the return
of vegetation on old lavas. On Veluvius this mofs is
generally white, but on Etna it is reddish of the colour
of the rufi of iron.

4. BALL or LAVA. Such round balls (fome of an
enormous fize) are frequently met with amidf’t the
fcoriae of the modern lavas of Veluvius . They are for-
med at the time of the lavas rolling down the flanks
of the volcano.

5. PUMICE cover’d with a shining dull like antimony.

6. CINDER , fuch as are ufualy thrown out of the
mouth of Vefuvius before an eruption of lava.

7. LAVA in a more perfeé’t vitrified Rate.

8'. 8t 9. Fragments of ancient lavas.

10. Piece of the Scoriae of the moll: ordinary fort of
lava broken; the feorim that floats on the liquid lava
acquires a crult by the air on its furface,is Porous near
the furface, and compaél in the center.

II. 12. 13. I4. Pumice Homes of different tints. The
white pumice, n. 14., is the molt frequently met with;
it is {0 light that it fwims in water . Thele pumice
mixed with {inall fragments of lava conflitute what is
called RAPILLI , and cover Pompeii. (lee P.XXXXI.)

15. 16. Scoriae oflava inclofing fragments of the {co-
ria’. of ancient lavas.

 

fcorier de: loves plus oncienney .

Explication do In Plane/ac LI.

AVE, Scones , PIERRES PONCES (are. dn Mont Ve—
fit've . "

I. On trou've frequemment fur l6! love: Moderncs dn Ve-
fuve der fragment: de rette efioece , noirs comme o’er cendres
en—dehors, (9‘ bloncr (3° porenx en-dedons.

2. Gmnde pierre ponce en forme de rayon de miel , dont
let Ancient fl: fervoient bemtconp dent ler parties de lenr:
Edlfices qm' demondoient une moricre legere (9° forte en me-
me temr.

3. Marceau de SCORIE de [one , jitr leqnel il )1 o unc
efpece dc man/[e pierrenfe, cc 9m e/l le prermer fj’mptome
dn retour de la vegetation fin‘ [es 'vieiller loves. Snr le Ve—
fwvc cette man/fl e/t en general bloncbo‘tre; mois fur l’Etno
all: efl rougeotre de lo conlenr de lo ron'ille de fer.

4. BOULLE DE LAVE. 0n trotwe fonvent dc teller nonl-
[65, (gm/ones nnes d’tme gro/finr enorme) ptzrmi let fiories
dc: loves moderner eln Vejiwe. Elle fe forment guond [:2
love defcenol, en roulont izr let floncs elm volcon.

5. PIERRE-PONCE converte d’zme pondre fine qm' reflEmb/e
a‘ l’emtimoine.

6. CENDRES tel/es qn’ elles fortent de lo bonclze du vol-
con want 1’ eruption de [.2 love.

7. LAVE dons 1472 EM: ele vitrification plus pmfoit.

8. 9. Fragment: de loves anciennes.

IO. Marceau de fcorie de lo love la plus ordinoire. Les
frorie: gui mgcnt fur la lo've liquide ocqnierent unc (route
for lenrs fitrfocet, eller font porenfes 71ers [Kl fitrfocc (9’ com-
pofles 12ers lenr centre.

11. 12.,13. I4. Pierres—ponces de diveres teintes. Lo
Pierre ponce bloncbe n. 14. e/l la plus ordinoire , (9° 5]} fl
lege’re qn’ elle noge [hr l’ mu. C es pierres poncet mele’es over
do: pent: frongments de lave, forment ce qu’ on oppolle RA.
PILLI , (9’ qni convrent Pompeii. (wycz‘ P.XXXXI.)

15. 16. Stories ale love qm' enferirzent dc: frogmentr ale

 

 

                    

 
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Reference: to Plate LII.

iv ITRIFICATIONS, and other Volcanick produf’tions.

x. A piece of Pumice {tone vitrified found in a flra~
tum of erupted matter on the mountain of Mifenum.
(fee P. XXVI. n.11.)

2. A piece of a more perfeétly vitrified pumice from
Mount Etna in Sicily. Small fragments of this fort of
vitrification are very frequently met with in the firata
of Rapilli ., and erupted matter on Mount Vefuvius and
Somma ; but on Mount Etna and in the Lipari islands
it is found in large blocks . This {eems to be the true
LAPIS oasmlauus of the Ancients.

3. Piece of tufa half vitrified from the island of Vul-
cano. (fee P. I. n. I.

4. Lava with a piece of chalk inclofed.

5. Piece of tufa half vitrified by an artificial fire. The
author has obfetved often that the lime kilns near Ca-
ferta are cut into the rocks of tufa which join the cal-
carious rocks of the Apenines,and that the parts of the
tufa of the infide of thefe kilns next the fire are always
vitrified like this fpecimen , and which perfectly refembles
the fpecimen n. 3. produced by volcanick fire.

6. 6t 7. Pianura {‘tone or PEPERINO . A fpecies between
a lava, and a tufa. (fee the references to plate XXXX.)

8. Piece of volcanick matter covered with a calcarious
matter like Alabafler from the island of Ventotiene. (flee
P. XXXIV.)

9. Piece of talk from Vefuvius, where it is frequently
found .

10. Piece of the fcoriae of lava , rounded by rolling
on the fea shore.

11. Piece 'of lava calcined by the acid vapour in the
crater of Vefuvius.

12. Piece of lava from Mount Vefuvius, and which
is Pentagonal like fome Bafalts.

I

 

 

 

Explication de la Plane/fie LII.

iv ITRIFICATIONS , C9“ autres produfliom volcaniques.

I. Marceau de pierrc pence tuitrifiée trou'ue'e, dam une cou-
cbe de matieres volcaniques fur le ZVIont Mise’ne . ('0qu
,P. XXVI. n. I I.

2. Marceau de pie/re pence plus parfaitement witrifz‘e’e, il
efl du Mont Etna en Sicile. De! petit: fragments de cette
«fpece de vitrification fe rencontrent fou'vent dam ch‘ couc/aei‘
de Rapilli (9“ de matie’rer volcanique: fier le th/if’Z/C, (9" le
Somma; maiy fur le Mont Etna , (9° dam let ile: de Lia
parij on la trouve en grey Blow; elle paroit étre la 'vraie
PIERRE OBSIDIENNE des Ancient.

3. Marceau dc tufa a-demi vitrifie’ de [’1' e de Vulcano‘.
(voyez' P. I. n. I.) p

4. Law qui renferme un morceau dc craye.

5. ZVIorceau de tufa a-o'emi vitrifié par un feu artificial.
L’fluteur a fouvent remarque’ que les fournaifes dam lefquel—
let on fait la cbaux pres de Cafirte font ta'flle’er dam le:
rocker: de tufa qui joignent let rockers caleaires de: Apenins,
6" que les parties du tufa de l’ interieur de ces fournaifes
font tau/ours vitrifie’ec, corn/rte eet ecleantillon , [equel re/jiem-
ble parfaitement a l’ ec‘bantillon (n. 3.) dont la rvitrification
a e'te’ produite par le flu 'L-o/canique.

6. (9“ 7. Pierre de ‘Pianura ou PEPERINO , une efitere
entre la law (9’ le tufa . (vqu I’ explication d;- la plan-
clJe XXXX.)

8. [Marceau de matie’re volcanique couverte d1 une matie‘re
mlcaire qui reflémble a‘ l’alabatre de l’t'le de Ventotiene.
('00ch P. XXXIV.)

9. Zl/Ierceau ale talc du Mont Vefu've ou il 5’ en trou'oe
flu-“cent .

IO. Aforceau de fcorie de lave arrondt' par [6! flats de la
mer.

I I. .M'orwau de lave calcine’e par la vapeur acid: dam
le crater du V e uve.

12. [Marceau o’e lave du Vejuve, qui efi Pentagone com-
me qua/gum unes de: Bafaltet.

             

 

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References to Pflere LII].

IJRODUCTIONS of the Solfaterra. (fee P. XXV.)

I. SAL-AMMONIAC, which is f rmed on Tiles that are
laid over the hot vapour of the Solfaterra. (fee RXXV.
n. 3.)

2. Calcined flone of the colour of rufiy iron.
3. PURE VIRGIN SULPHUR that is form’d in all the hot

crevices of the infide and outfide of the cone of the
Solfaterra.

4. Compact piece of virgin fulpltur,the cryf’tals being
more united than in the former fpecimen.

3. Piece of what is called,C1NNABAR of the Solf'ater-l

rafand which is only fulphur and Arfenic. This piece
was in the {late of that repi'elented in the next number,
{but lying in a damp place it shoot out a white alumi-
nous matter in the exaél form of a Colly-Flower.

6. 6t 7. The fame fort of Cinnabar. It is formed in
hot crevices, and shoots into red cryflals like Garnets,
the largefl of which are reprefented n. 7. When thefe
crif’tals are bruifed they produce a fine orange colour’d
powder.

8. Volcanick Prone calcined (as to its appearance) in
the vapour of the Solfaterra.

9. Pumice flones calcined by the fame vapour.

10. Piece of lava calcined by the fame acid vapour.

1 I. CRYSTALS OF ALUM as they shoot on pieces of cork,

 

Explication de la Plancbe LIII.

PRODUCTIONS de [4 Solforerra . (“WK P. XXV.)

I. SEL—AMMONIAC qui feforme fur des Tuiles qui [out plo-
ce'es fur lo vopeur de la Solforerro. ('0qu P. XXV. 71.3.)

2. Pierre culciue'e, 6'3” de lo couleur de lo rou'ille dc fer.

3. SdUFRE pur (9“ vierge qui je forme dons routes [es
crevoflEs cboudes de l’ interieur (9" de l’ exterreur du cone de

lo Solforerru .

4. Morceou compofle de joufre vierge, ou les crifleoux four
plus reflerre’s qua dons l’ecbouril/ou precedent .

5. Marceau dc cc qu’ on nomme CINNAPRE' de [4 Self:-
terro, (9° qui n’efl ourre cboje que du foufre (9" de Z’Arfe-
nic ,' ce morceou e'toit dens l’ elm; de celui qui efl reprefeme’
por le numero fuivonr, mois e'tom: dons urz eudroir bumzde,
il pou/fo une motie’re olumineufe (9’ bloncbe reprcfmmnt exu-
c‘lement un Cbou-fleur.

6. (3° 7. Lo méme eflrece de Cirmolrre;elle fi: forme dons
[es fem‘es cboudes , en pou/flzm des crifleoux rouges comme
des Grenores, les plus grands defque/s font reprcflme’s 7!. 7.,
quorzd on [es ecrofi ils produijeut uue poudre firm de lo cou-
leur' d’ orange.

8. Pierre volcanique colcine'e (quunr’ 4‘ l’ oppormce) per
lo wpeur de lo Solflzterm.

9. Pierre pence coleine’e per lo m6me 'vopeur.
Io. ZVIorceou de love coleirze’e per lo ma‘me rvopeur ocide.

12. CRISTEAUX d’olurz comme ils fe formeut fur des mor-

in the pans where the alum is prepared in the Solfa—
terra. (fee the references to Plate XXV. 11.1.)

cezux de lie'ge’dzm [es cbsudrous ou l’oluu efl prepore' 4‘ [u

Solflzrerru . (myez implication de la plane/m XXV. n. I. )

 
 

 
 

 

 
 

 
A _.___..—....r -—v A v
_W—W mm

 

References to Plate LIIII.

Tomas or CRYSTALS commOnly call’d GEMS of Mount
Vefuvius .

1. PIECE of lava with a large green cryfial therein,
called a CRYSOLITE.

2. A CRYSOLITE detached.

3. 8mm: ofa greenish call with fmall shining- Mica,
in which are deep yellow cryflals call’d TOPAZES . (fee
the fame fione polished P. L. n. 4.).

4. Stone with white crylials . It often happens that
black cryflals are mixed with the white.

5. A (tone of the fame fort as n. 3. fplit in two, and
in the hollow of which are large brown cryflals called
JACINTHS.

6. White cryl‘tals with 24. regular faces , detached
from the piece of lava n. :2.

7. Black cryfials of three forts , thefe and the white
cryflals of the former number caufe the fpots in all the
lavas . (fee P. XXXXIX.)

8. Stone incrul’ced= with {mall brown cryflals; all thefe
{tones were found in detached pieces in the FOSSA GRAN-
DE. (fee P..XXXIX.) ‘

9. JACINTH or brown cryflal detached from ms.

to. White cryl’tal detached from n. 4.

a

II. Curious piece of firiped marble from Vefuvius
The brown firipe IS not calcartous.

12. Piece of PARTRIDGE eyed lava like that under the
City of Pompeii; it is full.- of white cryt'lals, fome of
them much larger than are commonly feen. The Gems
0f Vefuvius have not much luflre tho’ they are often fer,
and worn by the ladies in Aigrettes Ear-rings (Ste.

 

Explication ([6 la Plancbe LIHI.

IERRES on CRISTEAUX qu’ on namme ordinatremcn:
PIERRES PRECIEUSES du Mont Vefiwe.

I. MORCEAU dc lave dans [equel i! y a un criflal 'verd
qu’ on nomme CRYSOLITE.

2. CRYSOLITE demo/Jae.

3. PIERRE verda‘tre me/e‘c dc Mica luijant , (’9’ dans [4-
quelle i/ y a des Crifleaux a" un jaune fonce’ qu’ an appd/g
TovAzrs. (voyez' [a me‘me pierre Ila/re P.L. 71.4.)

4. Pierre avec des erifleaux Hams. I] arrive fiat-vent que
des crifleaux noirs fe trauvent mei'e's a’vec [es blunts.

5. Pierre de la me‘me efiuece de rel/e du n. 3. E17: {/1

cafse'e en deux morceaux , (9" dans les ereux if y a des cri-
fleaux bruns qu’on apple/[a JACINTES .

6. Des crifleaux la/ancs a 24.. faces regu/ie’res, delacbe's du
rerceau dc lave n. 12.

7. Crifleaux nairs de trois efpe'res, ceux-ci ('9’ [es Cir/116W!»
du n. 6. ferment [cs tar/376s dans toutes les lavas . (WJVZ,
P. XXXXIX. )

8. Pierre incrufle’e dc pairs crifleaux aruns . Taures res

' I I
plerres on! ere trou've'es en marceaux déttlf/Jo’lf dd“ ’4 F0535
GRAND}; . (waycg P. XXXIX.)

9. JACINTE ou Crifial bran detach! du n. 3.

IO. Criflal alanc deracbe' du n. 4.

I I. ZVIorceau curieux de marbre raye’ du 11/1072! Vcfitvc.
La raye brune n’tfl point ca/eaire.

12. Marceau de lave a YEUX DE PERDRIX camme rel/e
qui fi rrouve jam [4 evil/e d'e Pompeii. 1/ {/1 plain de cri-
fleaux Manes don-t quelques uns font beaumup plus grands
que seux que 1’ on rrauve nrdinairemenr. Les pierres are'eieu-
fes du Vefiwe n’onr pas beausouf: dc arr/7am, quoiyu’on [es
monre foumnt , (9’ que les Barnes [es partenr en .Aigrm‘e‘s ,.

Pendants d’ Oreill'es 6’5“ .

 
  

 
 

 

 
 

 
 

CAMPITwu,GR£I

BEING AN ACCOUNT OF THE GREAT ERUPTION 01= MOUNT VESUVIUS
IN THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1779.

Communicated to the Royal Society of London

,BY

SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON

K. B. F. R.‘ S.

HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY’S ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY , AND PLENIPOTENTIARY
AT THE COURT OF NAPLES

To which are annexed 5 Plates illuminated from Dawings taken ,
and colour’d after nature under the infpeélion of the
Author by the Editor M’. Peter Fabris.

NAPLES MDCCLXXIX.

4.....1. a. Ln. .- A. .n. .l‘ .- 44 A .g. n. A .‘4 A. 4. .- .L .- n. .I‘ .n. .l‘ .4 .L .3. A L A A i

SUPPLEMENT AU

CAWHH PHLEGRflI

0U RELATION DE LA GRANDE ERUPTION DU MONT VESUVE
.AU MOIS DEflOUTI779.
Communique? a [It Sacieie’ Roiule de Landres

PAR LE

CHEVALIER HAMILTON

CHEVALIER DE L’ORDRE DU BAIN, ENVOFE' EXTRAORDINAIRE, ET PLENIPO-
TENTIAIRE DE SA MfljESTE' BRITANNIQUE A Lfl COUR DE NAPLES,
ET MEMBRE DE LA SOCIETE' ROIALE DE LONDRES

A la guelle on u ujouté 5 Plum/yes enluminées d’ upré: ley Defleim fairy,
(9’ calories d’ upre’x nature fous l'inflhefiion de l’ Auteur,

17M I’Editeur le Sieur Pierre Faerie.

NAPLES MD‘CCLXXIXg

 
 

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{ CIDIDCCIXXIX‘ ,»

 

 

 

 
 

 
  

References to‘ Plate I.

N.I. IEW of the great eruption ofMount
Vefuvius on funday night Augufl

the 8th 1779 taken from the King’s Pa-
lace at Paufilipo .

N. 2. View of the cone of Mount Ve-
{uvius , as it appeared fome days after the
great eruption; taken from the top of the
Mountain of Somma.

N. 3. View ofa current oflava that ca—
me from Mount Vefuvius during the cm-
ption of 1777.

N. 4. View of the 'great eruption of
Mount Vefuvius, asiit appear’d from Por—
tici on {unday night Augufi the 8th 1779
taken from a Drawing made by Father
Antonio Piaggi .

N. B. A large, and magnificent copper
Plate from the faid original drawing ,
is now fold at Naples .

N. 5. Cone of Mount Vefuvius before
the lad} eruption.

N. 6. View of a current of lava , that
ran from Mount Vefuvius in 1777, and
which took it’s courfe near the little Moun-
tains formed by the eruption of 1760
( See Camp. Phl. Pl. XII,& XIII.)

   

Explieation de lo Plane/Jo 1.

NJ. yr); de la grnnde eruption du Mont Ve-

[u’ve le dimmzc/Je nu fair 8 d’ flout
I779 prrfe du Palm's du R01 :1 Poufilipe.

N.2. Vue du cé‘ne du Vefu've comma it emit
quelque [ours upre’s In gremde eruption; pwfe
du fommet de la Montngne do Somme.

N. 3. Vole-(13’ one fleu've de lave, quifortit
du Mont Ve 157.16 pendant l’ eruption de 1777.

.N.4. Viée de lo granule eruption du Vefum,
comme elle porozfloit a Portiei le dirnanclve au
foir 8' d’Aout 1779. Gene vue diprife d’zm
deflein du Pere .Antoz'ne Pinggi.

N. B. Une e/lompe fuperlve, @tret'sgmn—

de d’ opre’y le deflez'n original fe went! a-

Eiuellement o Naples.

N. 5. Cone du Vefu've (want In derniere c—
ruptwn .

N. 6'. Vue d’une fleu'oe ale love, gui oeoule
du Vefu'ue en 1777. acaté des montieulesfor—
me’es par 1’ eruption de 1760. ( Voyez. Comp.
P171. Pl. XII, (9' XIIL )

 
 

 
    
 
  
  
   
   
  
   
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
  
  
   
    
  
 
    
  
  
   
     

IO JOSEPH BANKS,
Efq‘ Prefident of the Royal Society.

LONDON.

Naples Ofiober x! 1779.

SIR:

H E late Eruption of Mount-Ve-~

fuvius was of {o fingular a na-

ture, {0 very violent, and alar-

ming , that it necefl'arily at-
traéled the attention of every one , not
Only in its’ immediate Neighbourhood (a)
but for many miles arround , and confe-
quently feveral slight defcriptions of it ha-
ve been already handed about , and ’fome
( as I am informed ) more accurate, and
circumf’cantial are preparing for the Prefs.
That , on which the Abbot Bottis is
actually employ’d by command of His Si-
cilian MAJESTY, will undoubtedly be exe~
cuted with the fame accuracy,truth, and
precifion , as have render’d that Author’s
former Publications upon the Subjefi of
Mount-Vefuvius f0 univerlally , and defer-
vedly el’teem’d .

Such a Publication, executed with ma-
gnificence in the ROYAL printing Office ,
may perhaps, render every other account
of the late Eruption fuperfluous, neverthe-
lefs I shou’d think myfelf in fome degree
guilty of a neglect towards the Royal So-
ciety, who have done .fo much honor to
my former communications, if I did not,
through the refpeflable canal of It’s wor-
thy Prefident , 'and my good friend, {imply
relate to them fuch remarkable circumflances,
as attended the late tremendous Explolions
of Mount Vefuvius, and , as either came
immediatly under my Own infpefiion , or
have been related to me by luch good
Authority , as can not be call’d in quellron.

. Sm-

(a) The Inhabitants of this great City in general givC
{0 little attention to Mount-Veluvxus , tho In full view
of the greateli part of it, that jam well convmced,many

of it’s Eruptions pals totally unnoticed by at lcalt two
thirds of them. ‘

em I )354

A MONSIEUR JOSEPH BANK;
Prqfiden: de la Sociere' Royale.

LONDRES.‘

Naples x! other: 1779.

MONSIEURJ

.A derm'ere Eruption olu Ve we a

été fi finguliere , fl violenre , ('9‘

aecompagne’e de tanr de eirean/lan-

cc: alarmam‘es, qu’ Elle atrira l’ at—
nation non feulement de tau: ceux , gui [e
trouverent dam fim Voijinage , mair encore
der babiranrs, qui eroient a une afse’s grand:
di/lanee du Volean (a). 0n adeja publié quel-
quer deferlptlom imparfaiter de ee Pbenomene,
(9’ I’m: dit, qu’ on en imprime d’autrer en-
core plus exaéle: , (3‘ plus deraille’er; Cell:
que compo/e l’ Abbe de Betti: par ordre dc
5a MAJESTEI Sicilienne ferafurement faite avee
l’exaflitude, la {areal/ion , (9“ la write , qui
diflinguent les 0u'vrages, que nous adeja don-
né fur le Vefu've eel Auteur fl univerfelle—
meat filime’ du public .

Un tel Ou'vrage execute avee magnificence a
l' Imprimerle Royale rendra peur é’tre fuper—
flue route autre Relation de la dernlere Erup—
tion, ma}: je eroiroi: manquer en quelgue fa-
gon a la Societé Royale qui a regu (wee taut
de' boaré ee que j’ ai eu l’bonneur de Lul com-
muniquer jufqu’ a prefem‘ fur ce [ujet , fl je
ne Lt)? faifols pas parvenir par le moyen dc
fan algae Prefldem' , (9‘ mon ami , une rela-
tion flmple des dernierer Exploflom du Vefuve;
fe 'vais done expo/er ler dram/lance: remar»
qualrles , que f ai van de me: ye'ux , ou que
J’ai re'eueillies de fl loam part , que je ne
fgaurai: douter de leur Wm: .

A De—

(a) Les Napolitain: font en general [1‘ pm attention au Ve-
fuve, que, quoique la Montague [e trou'ue en face :13 la plus
grande panic de la Ville, je fuis pleinemént convalmu , qu’
il fe pafl'e [Ila/fear: Eruption: dent le: deux tier: a’: fit liabi-
tam: ue s’appergoivenr par.
 

53K 2 Die

i’ Depuis In grnnde Eruption de 1767 * dont* Pl. VI;

Since the great Eruption of 1767 of
wich I had the honor of giving a parti-
cular account to the Royal Society , Ve-
fuvius has never been free from fmoke,nor
ever many months without throwing up
red hot Somme , which increafing to a
certain degree was ufually follow’d by a
current of liquid Lava, and except in the
Eruption of 1777, thofe Lava’s broke out
nearly from the fame [pot , and ran much
in the fame direction , as that of the fa—
mous Eruption of 1767.

No lefs than nine {uch Eruptions are
recorded here fince the great one above
mention’d , and {bme of them Were confi-
derable , I never fail’d vifiting thofe Lava’s,
whilfi they were in full force,and as con-
fiantly examined them, and the crater of
the Volcano after the ceafing of each E-
ruption (n).

It wou’d be but a repetition of what
has been defcribed in my former letters on
this fubjeé’t , were I to relate my remarks
on thofe different Expeditions . The Lava’s,
when they either boil’d over the Crater ,
or broke out from the Conical part ofthe
Volcano, conllantly formed channels , as
regular, as if they had been cut by art ,
down the fleep part of the mountain,and
whilll in a {late of perfect fufion , conti-
nued their courfe in thofe channels,which
were fome times full to the brim , and at
other times more , or lels {0, according to
the quantity of matter in motion . Thefe
channels upon examination after an erup—
tion I have found to be in general from
two to five, or fix feet wide, and (even,
or eight feet deep . They were often hid
from the light by a quantity of Scoriae ,
that had formed a cruf’c over them , and
the Lava having been convey’d ina cover’d
Way for fome yards , came out fresh again
into an Open Channel.

After

(a) The lall vifit to the crater of Vefuvius, which was
in the month of May 1779, was my 58“!- , and to be
(me I have been four times as often on parts of the moun-
tain without climbing to it’s fummit , and , after all ,
am not ashamed to own , that I comprehend very little
of the wonders l have Teen on this great laboratory ofna-
ture, yet there have been Naturalil’ts, of fuch awonderfull
penetrating genius , as to have thought themfelves fuffi-
ciently qualified to account for every Phenomenon of Ve-
fuvius, after having , litterarly flanking, given the Vol-
cano, un coup d’oeil.

’ ni eu I, bonneur de donner une relntIorz de-
tnille’e n In Societé Roynle IL’ Vefuve no [u—
mnis éte’ fnm fumeé, ni plufieurs moi: defui-
te fnns jetter des foorier enflnmméer ; oer/31m-
ptomes s’ nugmentnnt n un certnin degré ont
éte’ ordinnirement fuivir d’un Torrent de Ln-
we Iiguin’e , Z9“ oer Ln'vor ( excopte’ cell: o'cl’
Eruption du 1777 * )fortirent de In mé’me
BUML'ZN, (9’ coulcrent n peu pres'dnm In meme
direéiion, que ceIIe de I’Eruption fnmrufe de
1767.

Depuir cette eruption remnrgunoIe on on
compte neufs nutrer pnrmi Ies quelles ,
guelque: unes ont été nfle: forter. je n’nz' jn-
mnis mnngue’ d’ exnrniner Ie: Ln'oer gui ont
nocompngne’er oer eruption: pendnnt gu’ elles
étoient dnm Ieur plus grnnnle force, @Iorfgue
In montngne étoit cnIme’e je In: ni encore re'vué‘:
n'vec foin, do mé’me que lo crntore du Volcnn (n).

]e repeterni ce quiin éte’ dejn dit dnns
mes Lettres precedonter fur re fujet , [i je
rnpportois I85 remnrquer gue j’nz' fnite dnns
oer dz'jflrentes expeditionr . Les anes en de-
Izordnnt Ie crntere, ou fortnnt du Co’ne du Vol-—
cnn ont formé conflnmment do: tnnnux nufli
regulr'er: , one 3" il: nvoient e’té tnille’r pnr I’nrt
fur In pnrtie efcnrpee’ de In montngne , (’5‘
pendnnt qu’ eller e’toient dnnr un étnt dc fu-
fion pnrfnite eller ont fuivi Ieur route dnn:
cer cnnnux , qui étoient quelquefoir remplir
jufqu’ nu bard , (9“ d’nutre: fair un peu morn:
felon In gunntite’ de mntiere en moummont .
Aynnt exnminé oer cnnnux npres une eruption,
I" ni trou'oé, qu’ en genernl ils e’toient lnrger
de cinque n fixpieds, (9° profondr d’ environ:
fept n Inuit ; ilr e’toiont jou'oent derolzés n In
one pnr o'er [caries out let cncboient f0“! une
croute epnifre , ('5’ In Ln'ue nynnt fnlt quel-
ques pns dnns res chemins convert: repnrozfl'oit
de nou'venu dnn: un lit our/err .

fa

(a) Mn dcrm'ere Excurfion fur Ie Cratere du Vofu’ve nu
moi; de Mni 1779 emit Ie 58'“, (9‘ j’ni été um plus fou-
vent encore fur drflg’renter parties do In montngne fnnr nmir
pretiflzment grimpe‘ jufqu’ nu fommet. ]e n’ ny pn: [rants tl’n-
‘Uouer, gut je fm's IJors d, étnt II’ expliqner Ie: mermilles ,
que j’ at w} dnns cs grnmI Inoorntoire do Ie nnture ; il ya
cepenn'nnt ales Nnturnlt'flcs douez (I, We genie fi penetrnnt ,qu’
il: [a font crus capable: de pouvoir rendye temple dc tongue
Phenomena du Vefu've npré: y n'voir jette’ un fimple coup
4’ mil.

1

*mLm
5.8(6.
4>§EC 3 )3?

After an Eruption I have walked in fo-
me of thofe fubterraneous, or cover’d cal-
lefieso which Were exceedingly curioiis ~
the fides , top , and bottom being Won:
perfeétly _-{m00th, and even in molt parts
by the Violence of the currents of the red
hot Lava’s, which they had convey’d for
many weeks fucceflively 5 in others , the
lava had incrufled the fides of thofe chan-
nels with fome very extraordinary Scoriaz
beautifully ramified 5 (4) white {alts , in the
form of dropping flalaé’tites, were alfo at-
tach’d to many parts of the ceiling oftho-
fe cover’d galleries: It is imagined here ,
that the falts of Vefuvius are chiefly am-
moniac , tho often tinged with green , deep,
or pale yellow, by the vapour of various
minerals .

In the month of May laflr , there was
a confiderable Eruption ofMount Vefuvius,
when I pafred a night on the mountain in the
company of one ome country men as eager
as myfelf in the purluit ol'this branch ofna-
'tural Hiflory ([2). We {aw the operation of
the Lava in the channels as above mention’d,
in the greatefl perfeflion but it was indeed
owing to our perfeverance, and fome de-
gree of refolution . After. the Lava had
quitted it’s regular channels , it fpread it-
felf in the Valley , and being loaded with
Scorice , ran-gently on , like a river that
had been frozen , and had mafles of ice
floating on it; the wind changing, when
we were clofe to this gentle fiream ofLa«
va, which might be about fifty or fixty
feet in breadth, incommoded us f0 much
with it’s heat and fmoke , that we mull
have returned without having fatisfied our
curiofity , had not our Guide (c) propofed
the expedient of walking a crofs it , which,
to our allonishment, he inflantly. put 1n
execution, and, with {0 little difficulty ,
that we fellow’d him without hefitation ,
having felt no other inconveniency than
What proceeded from the violence of the
heat on our legs, and feet; the ““11: Of

t C

(a) I fentalarge fpecimen of this curious volcanlck pro-
duétion to the British Mufcum lall year.

(b) Mr- Bowdler of Bath.

(c) Bartolomeo , the Cyclops of V
tended me on all my expeditions tot
is an Excellent Guide .

efuvius, who has at-
he Mountain and who

]e fair entre' quelquefoir opre’r one eruption
don: lmterreur d’nne de re: golerier footer/liner,
on converter, eller m’ ofii'oient un fpefioole
'vrorement mgnlier. Le deyfus , ler cote’: , (9‘
le fond fe tron'voient ordinoirement fort nnir,
(9“ fire/Que policy par le frottement violent
der conronts des Lover en for/ion , qni o'voi-
enr cooler dons l’ efpore de plufleurs fern/zi-
nes de fnite. Le; porois de quelques outrer de
ces canoux préfenroient de tre’s belles feorie:
fingulieremenr incrufle’ex (o) . f oi remorqne'
onfli der criflamc de fel en forme de [111114-
flite qui pendaient on plofond de ces golerie:
converter . 0n croit iei , que les fely dn Ve-
fuve font principolement ommonioqner , onoi—
gu’on les 'voir [current 51’ one roulenr 'verte ,
(9° d’ un joune plus , on main: fonce’ For let
'vapeurs de plufieurs mineroux.

An moi: de moi dernier il y our one eruJ
prion confideroble on Vefnve; ]e pofoi olor:
one nuit for lo montagne occompogné d’ M:
de mey compotriot‘es , gni e/l on ; enrieox one
moi de eerie porrie de l’ Hifloire notorelle ([7).
Non: 'vimer m5; difl'inflemenr In Love cooler
don: les cononx de lo moniere one fe 'vien:
d’ expo/er, moi; pour y reufllr il non; follut‘
de lo conflonce , (T méme on pen de courage.
Aprés one lo Love on! quirre’ for cononx, on
elle mere/Jolt ovec one forte de regal/trite elle
fe repondit dam le Vollon , (9' fe tron'ooit
i'oorgee de Seories; elle coulo doucement,com—
me one riviere qui degele , (9“ for lo quelle
fiotteroienr des gror glogonr; le 'venr oyo-nr coon-
gé dons le moment , one non: non: tron'vdmes d
eoté de cette Love , gni conloir tre’r lentemenr,
{9° oui étoit large d’erwiron 50 on 60 piedr,
lo clmlenr, (9“ lo fnmée nous’ inrommoderent‘
tellemenr, one nous onrions éte’ forcez de re-
tourner for no: pay , fony ovoir jam/rm nil-
ire curiojlté , fl notre Guide (c) no nom~ out
propose de pofler over: 'vitefle fur lo Lovenrd-
me, ce qn’ il exeento tour de fnire o ndlre
grand e’tonnemenr , (’9’ over [i pen de difficul-
té, que nous le fuivimer [any befiter; cem-
troversée [9 fit fans accident ; non; enmes/en‘
lemenr one c/Jolenr exerflive on pied: , (’9 on

[[1772-

(a) ]’ (ti envoye‘ l’ amide pofse’e one Eclmntillon de cette

fingult'ere pradnflion Valmnique an M’nfeum Britanniqzre. * * Pl. IV.

(b) Mori/ierrr‘ Bound/er de Both. .

(C) Bortolomeo, le Cyclops dn Vefnve,z]m . .
dam ton: mes winger for la Montagne , (9' out d} an Gm-
de éxgellent.

" Sup“:
Pl. V5
11.

n.
m’o orcumpn end

S:

 

 
 

 

9% 4 )3?

the Lava was {0 tough; befides being loa-
ded with Cinders and Scoriae , that our
Weight made not the leaft impreflion on it,
and its motion was f0 slow, that we We-
re not in any danger of loofing our ba-
lance, and falling on it, however this ex-
periment shou’d not be tried except in
cafes of real neceflity , and I mention it
with no other View, than to point out a
pollibility of efcaping, shou’d any one he-a
reafter, upon fuch an Expedition as ours,
have the misfortune to beinclofed between
two currents of Lava . Having thus got
rid of the trouble fome heat, and fmoke ,
we coafied the‘ river of Lava , and it’s
channels up to it’s very fource, within a
quarter of a mile of the crater . The lid
quid , and red hot matter bubbled up vio«
lently with a hifling and crackling noi-
{e , like that which attends the playing
off of an Artificial firework, and by the
continual fplashing up of the vitrified mat-
ter , a kind of arch, or dome , was for»
med over the crevice, from whence the
Lava iflhed; it was cracked in many parts,
and appeard red hot within , like an hea-
ted oven; this hollow’d hillock might be
about 15 feet high, and the Lava , that
ran from under it , was received into a
regular channel, railed upon afort of wall
0 Scoriaa, and Cinders , almof’c perpendi-
cularly, of about the hight of eight, or ten
feet , refembling much an ancient acquedué}.

We then Went up to the crater of
the Volcano , in which We found , as
ufual , a little mountain , throwing Sco-
riaz, and red hot matter with loud explo-
fions , but the fmoke, and fmelloffulphur
was {0 intollerable, that we were under
the neceflity of quitting that curious (pot
with the utmof’c precipitation . In another
of my excurfions to Mount Vefuvius lalt
year, I picked up fome fragments of lar-
ge, and regular cril’tals of elofe grain’d La-
va , or Bafalt ,Ithe diameter of which ,
when the Prisms were compleat, may ha—
Ve been 8 , or 9 inches; as Vefuvius does
not exhibit any lava’s re ularly crif’ralized,
and forming what are vu garly call'd Giants
Caufe—ways, ( except a Lava that ran in-
to the Sea near Torre del Greco in 1631.
and which in a {mall degree has fuch an

ap-

jambe: ; la Home de la La've convert: dc
cendrer, (9' de fcorie: avoit ane telle tena-
cité , qae ndtre paid: n’y faifait par la main-
dre impreflion, (9" [on moa'vement e’toitfi lent,
nom- n’a'vionr point a craindre de perdre n6-
tre egailibre, (9‘ de tomber. ]e no confeille-
rois pourtant rette eprea've, gu’ en cas de ne-
ceflite’, (9‘ je 72’ en fait mention ici , qae pour
indiquer la poflibilité de fe farmer fl 772/1117“!-
reu/ement on fe trouwit renfermé entre deax
Lave: coulanter. Etant ainfi delivre' de cette
double inoommodité de la obaleur , (‘5‘ de la
fume’e noar eatoyamer la ri'uiere de La'oe ,
(9° [on canal jufqu’ a fa foarte méme , qui
étoit a an quart de mille du cratere; La ma-
tiere liquide, (9’ enflamme’e fortoit aver 'vio-
lence, (9" a gray bouillon: aetompagne’e d’ an
fiflement , (9‘ d’ an petillement femolable n
celui d’ an fen d’ artifice . An deflar dela
ere'vafle , qai fervoit d’ yflae a la Lave le
rejaillzflement continue! de la matiere 'vitrifiée
a'voit formée une efpece de mute, on de coa—
pole cre'ue’e en pin/tears endraitr , (5“ dont la
furface interieure paroifloit route rouge comme
celle d’ an four chaufle’, Ce montitule creme
en dedan: pouwit avoir environ 15 pied:
de bauteur, (9' la Lave , qai 5’ en e'cbappoit
étoit refue dam an canal taillé d’ nne manie—
re regaliere, (9' e’levé prefque perpendiculaire-
ment fur ane efpece'e de maraille de [caries ,
(9' de cendrer, qui e'toit de la baatenr a
pen pre’s de 8 on IO piedr, (9° qui await beau-
eoap 1’ air d’un ancien acqaeduc.

Nous grimpamer alorr ja/«Ia’ an cratere du
Vulcan dam le qael non: trou'vame: a l’ordinai—
re an monticule, qui 'vonufloit dc: fcorier, (9'
de la matiere‘enflamme’e aver grand [zrait ,
mais la fume’e (9’ l’ odear de foajfre étoient fi
infnpportahle que nous fumes oblige: de gaitter
cet androit carieax avec‘ la plus grande preci—
pitation . Dam an autre 'vo'iage gue je fir fur
1e Vefu've l’ anneé derniere, fe ramaflai quel-
guet gror morceaax de Love (1’ an grain fin,
(9‘ compaft , (3° trey regulierement eriflalivj

comme 1e Bafalte C“). Lorfqae [er Fri/me: e'ta- *PI. LIL
ient entierr , [ear diametre a'voient 8, a 9mm.

poucer ; Cette'decoa'verte me fit d) autant plus
de plaifir que le Voloan n’ofi‘re par der Lave:
criflalizfes d’une maniere reguliere, @formant
ce qu’ on nomme communement Chaufsc's des
Gcans ,' ( :7 font en exoepter neammoim~ an:
Lave gui coala jafaae dam la mer pre’s de
Torre
53K 5 33%

appearance ), this difcove’ a
greatel’t pleafure (a). W g VC me the

After this slight sketch of the moi’c re-
markable events on Vefuvius {ince the year
1767. which I flatter myfelf will not be
unacceptable, as it may ferve to conneét
what I am going to relate with what has
already been communicated to the Society
in my former letters on the fame fubjeét,
I. come to the account of the late erup—
tion, which affords indeed ample matter
for curious fpeculation .

As. many Poetical defcriptions of this
eruption will not be wanting , I shall
confine mine to limple matter of faé’t , in
plain profe, and endeavor to convey to
you, Sir, as clearly, and difliné’tly , as
l am able , what I {aw myfelf, and the
Impreflion it made upon me at the time ,
Without aiming in the leafl at a flOWery
- {tile .

The ufual fymptoms of an approaching
eruption , fuch as rumbling noifes , and
explofions Within the bowells of the Vol-
cano , a quantity of fmoke iffuing with
force from it’s crater , accompanied at ti-
mes with an emillion of red hot Scoriae ,
and ashes, Were manifefl more, or lefs ,
during the whole month of July, and to-
Wards the end of the month , thofe fym-
ptoms were increafed to fuch a degree ,
as to exhibit in the night time the melt
beautifull fireworks,that can be imagined.

Thefe kind of throws of red hot Sco—
riae, and other Volcanik matter, which at
night are {0 bright , and luminous , appear;
in broad daylight like To many black {pots
in the midf’t of the white fmoke , and it
is this circumflance, that occafions the vul—-

gar

r

(a) As the fragments of Bafalt columns, which Ifound
on the cone of Vefuvius had been evidently thrown out
of it’s crater, may not Lava be more fubjeél: to criflalize
within the bowells of aVolcano, than after it’s emiflion,
and having been expofecl to the open air .3 and may not
many of the Giant’s caufe-ways already difcover’d , be the
nuclei of Volcanik Mountains , whole lighter , and lefs
folid parts may have been worn away by the hand of
time? Mons! Faujas de St Fond in his curious book late-
ly published, and intirlcd Reeherches fur les Volcans E-
teints du Vivarais, & du Velay, gives ( page 2.86..) an
example of Bafalt columns that are placed deep thhmtha
crater of an extinguish’d Volcano.

Torre del Greta en 1631”; (6115 ci eff o pm
pre’s de cette forme (a) ).

Certe legere efquifle de ce qui efl urri've' de-
plus remorquuble fur le Vefuve depuir l’imne'e
.1767, ne fem pox , j’ efpere , enrieremmt
muffle cor elle peut fervir o liar ce que fe
cum roc‘com‘er o'uec ce gue j’ oi dejo commu-
mque’ ll lo Societe' don: mes lettre’s pregeden—
to: fur le mé’me fujet ; opres oer preliminoires
fe 'voir decrire la derniere eruption , qui doit
furemenr fournir am chomp Ire's 'vufle aux/pee
culotiom‘ o'er P/Jilofop/Jes .

Comma on 726 monguewz pox dc; defcriptiom
Poetiguer de c‘ette eruption , je borrzerui lo miemze
a de flmpler foils , que 1" e'crirui en prof:
a’uec one gronde fimplicite’, (9‘fom rec/Jenner,
un flile orne' . Je too/Jeroi Monjieur 'vour
communiquer cloirement , (9‘ difliiztomeut tout
ce gue j’ iii '05! , (9’ lo fenfotioiz que ce: [pe—
flucley our fair fur moi.

072 remurguo plus ou moim dam la courum“
de Juillet des bruit; fourcrmim, der explo/ions
dim; l’interieur du Volcon , (9“ une fume’cepoifle,
gui forfeit o'vec force du crotere occompogne'e de'
toms en mm de dejefiiom de cendrey, (9“ de
Scories enflomme’es, jymptomes ordinuires d’une
eruption prov/Join: ; mm In fin du quel moi:
ces filmptomes ougmenrerenf , (9" le Vefuve of-
roir tous les fair: des girmzdole: do feu , qui
formoiem‘ le plus beau fpefiocle qu’ on puifle'

zmoginer .

Ce: florier , (9‘ 1e: outres motieres Vol-
coniques enflomme‘e: fi lumineu/er, (9’ fi bril-
lzmter lo nuit ne poroifloienr ou, grand jour ,
gue do: toe/oer noirr uu milieu d’ une fume":
Hone/re , (9' c’cfl peut é‘tre de lo gu’ off we-
nu 1’ opinion commuuement rogue , moi: foufle,

B que

(a) La: fragment: o’er colonne: do Bafalte , qua j’ai trouvé
fur le cane rlu Vefu-ve ayant it! evidemmem letter [107: d»
cratere m f: pourroit i1 pas, gue le: Love: fujfmt 17,114! [14.
jaw: u fl: criflalizer do»: I’ interieur do Volta? ,’ qu ayre‘:
leur ermflian, 0 opré: u’voir e’té expo/o’er a l arr ,3 Ne f:
pourrox't 1'! pa: 4141]? , que plufieurs do: Giant’s roofs-mam” que
mu: connoifjom futfent dos noyeoux dc Mootagne: volcamques,
don; 1:5 purifier [8! plus lagers: (9‘ 1e; mom: rampage: uuront
(re detaches: , C’?‘ emporte’e: par une longue [one do Steele’s?
Manfieur Fania: ale 5!. Food dons flm ouwage curzeux gu il
men! do publier fem lo Titre Reo/yerc/Jer fur 153 Vulcan: E-
teint: du Vivarai: (”9‘ do Velay, dorme (page 286.) an exam-
ple de quelque: colomm de Bafolte qui fe trou'vent place?!
dam 1’ intericur d’ W: Volcan Eteint .

 
 

eEEC 6 )3?‘

gar, and falfe fuppofition , that Volcanos
burn much more violently at night , than
in the day time.

On Thursday the 5““ of Augufi lafi ,
about twO O’clock in the afiernoon,_I per-
ceiv’d from my Villa at Paufilipo 1n the
Ba of Naples, from whence I have a
ful View of Vefuvius ( which is jufl op-
polite, and at the dif’cance of about 6 mi-
les in a direé’t line from it) that the Vol-
cano was in a melt violent agitation; a
White, and fulphurious fmoke iflhed con-
tinually, and impetuously from it’s crater,
one pufi" impelling another and. by an ac-
cumulation of thofe clouds of ltnoke , re-
fembling bales of the whitef’t cotton, fuch
a mars of them was foon piled oven the
top of the Volcano, as exceeded the height,
and fize of the Mountain itfelf , at leaft
four times . In the midfi of this very ,
White fmoke, an immenfe quantity offlo-
nes, Scorize , and ashes were shot up to
a Wonderfull height , certainly not lefs
than tWo thoufand feet: I could alfo pen»
ceiVe by the help of one of Ramsden’s
molt excellent refraéling Telefcopes , at
times, a quantity of liquid Lava feeming»
ly very weighty , juf’c heaved up high e-
nough to clear the rim of the crater, and
then take it’s courfe impetuously down the
fleep fide of Vefuvius , oppofite to Somma:
Soon after a Lava broke out on the fame
fide from about the middle of the'conical
Part, of the Volcano, and having ran with
violence fome horns, ceafed fuddenly, juf’t
before it had arrived at the cultivated
parts of the Mountain above Portici, near
four miles from the {pot , where it ill
fued . _

During this day’s eruption , as I have
been credibly informed fince , the heatwas
intollerable at the Towns of Somma ,
and Ottaiano , and was likewife {enfibly
felt at Palma , and Lauro , which are much
farther from Vefuvius than the former;
minute ashes , of a reddish hue , fell {0
thick at Somma , and Otta'i'ano, that they
darken’d the air in fuch amanner,as that,
objeéls cou’d not be dil’tinguished at the
diftance of ten feet, long filaments of a.
vitrified matter like {pun glafs were mixed,

and

gue ler Volcuns brulent awe plus d’ ardent
la nuit, gue le jout .

feudi 5 d’ flout dernier 71ers les deux bed-
res apre’s midi je remarquai de ma maffon a de
Pau/ilipe dans le Golp/Je de Naples ( d’ on
je 'vois Me's bien en face le Vefuve , qui
12’ en cjl eloigne' que (1’ environ 6 miles en
ligne droite ) Que le Volcan droit dans la
plus grande agitation; ime fume’e [alum/3e, (9‘
fulp/Jureufe fortoit continuellement , (3‘ avec
impetuo/ite’ de fan craters: ,' une boufle’e chaf—

\ fant l' autre , (9‘ ces nuages de fume’e s’ accu-

mulant les tins fur les autres comme des bal-
les d’ an cotton Me's blanc , fownerent bien
tot au deflus de la pointe du Volcan une mafl
fe fl enorme, qu' elle e'toit au moins 4 fois
plus laaute , (’9‘ grande gue la Montagne ;
une quantite' immenfe de piei'res, de [caries ,
(9’ de cendres e’toit lance'es a une loauteur qui
n’etoit certainement pas moindre de deux mille
pieds; ]e m’ appergu aufli a l’aide d’un excel-
lent Telefl'ape dc refraélion de Ram/den gu’ une
grofle mafle de Lave liquide, qui de pluspa-
roifloit tre’s pefmte fe foulevoit a une [muteur
fuflifante pour francbir le bard du cratere ,
qu’ apre’s avoir deoorde’ , elle coulait aver ima
petuo/ite' en in fur les flancs efcarpés du Vea,
[um 'vis a 'vis de lo NIontagne de Somma ;
laientot um Lave s’ ecoappa du milieu de la-
partie conique du Volean , (9’ [e repandit du
iodine edte'. Ayant coulée new force quelgues
bearer, elle cefla tout d’ an coup, (3‘ s’ awe-
to a une petite diflance dos terreins cultive's
de la Montagne, au deflus de Po‘rtici , (9‘ a
pen pre's a quatre miller de la bout/ye d’ on
elle e’toit fortie'.

Pendant l’ eruption de ce jour ( felons les
details, one 7" ai enfuite refu ale [Jaime part)-
la c/Jaleur e'toit exceflive dans les Ville: de
Somma , (9" d’Ottaiano , on en e'toit mdme incom-
mode’ a Palma, (9“ a Laura beaueoup, qui font
plus eloigne'es du Vefu'ue. Des cena’res fines, (9‘
rougeatres tomberent enji granule abundance fut
Somma, (9‘ Ottai’ano , (‘3' le Ciel en e'toit tel-
lement olifcuwi , gu’ on 726 pou'ooit di/linguer
les objefis a dix pieds de diflance . Des longs
filaments d’ une matiere vitrifie'e femblalile a
du 'vewe filo." fe trouvoient mele's awe ces sens

V dies
and fell with thefe ashes (o) and the fuI-
phurlpus fmoke was to violent, that feve-
ral birds 1n cages were fuffocated, the lea-
ves of the trees in the neighbourhood of
Somma, and Ottai’ano were cover’d with
white falts very corrofive.

Abouth two aclock in the afternoon an
extraordinary globe of fmoke of a very
great Diameter was diflinétly perceived by
many of the inhabitants of Portici to if-
fue from the crater of Vefuvius , and pro-
ceed hallily towards the Mountain of Som-
ma,.aga1nfi which it {truck , and difper—
fed it felf having left a train of white
fmoke, marking the courfe it had taken;
this train I perceiv‘d plainly from my Vil-
la, as it laf’ced fome minutes , but I did
not fee therGlobe itfelf.

A poor labourer who whas making fa-
got‘s on the Mountain of Somma lofl his
life at this time, and his body not having
been found, it is fuppofed, that fuffocated
by the fmoke, he mull have fall’n into
the valley from the craggy Rocks ,I on
which he was at work, and been cover’d
by the current of Lava that took it’s cour-
fe through that valley (0011 after . An afs
that was waiting for it’s mailer in the val-
ley left it very judiciously , as foon as
the Mountain became violent, and arriving
fafe home gave the firfl alarm to this poor
man’s family.

It was generally remarked, that the ex-i
plofions of the Volcano were attended with
more noife during this day’s eruption ,
than in any of the fucceeding ones,when,
molt probably, the mouth of Vefuvius was
Widen’d, and the volcanick matter had a
freer paffage. It is certain however , that
the great eruption of 1767 (which in

every

(a) During an eruption of the Volcano ‘ the Isle of
Bourbon in 1766, fome miles of country at the. diltance
of fix leagues from that Volcano were cover’d With a He-
xible , capillary yellow glafs fome of which were two, or
three feet long with {mall vitrous globules at a little
diltance one from the other: Count Bulfon shew’d me fame
of this capillary , and flexible glafs , which is preferved
in the Royal Mufeum at Paris', and which perfeétly re.
fembles the filaments of vitrified matter , which fell
at Otta't'ano , and in other parts on the borders of _Vefu-
vius during this eruption . Sorrentino in his Ifioria_del
Vefuvio publish’d at Naples in 1734. lilcewxfe mentions
vitrified matter like herbs , and firaws being found on the
ground in the neighbourhood of Vefuvius during an erup-
tion of that mountain in the year 1724.

*Efi 7 )3?

     

tires (or) (9' lufume'e fulpbureufe e'toitfi violente‘
gue plufieurs oifeuux en furent e'toufle's dum- lea;
cages. Les feuiller des More; environ de Som-
mn , (‘7 d‘ Ottoiuno e'toient couverte's (1’ un fel
blonc/mtre, (9' In": corroflf.

V err les deux beurer opre's midi ler nuoitnnt: de
Partici 'virent diflinfiement un globe de fume’e
d’un tre's groud-dinmetre, qui fortit du crutere du
Vefuve, (9‘ x’en allot tre's rupidement 'vers la
Montague de Sommn centre lo quelle il beur-
to, (3“ fe dzflipu, loiflont derniere lui une tro-
ce [alone/MIN qui morguoit exuflement le clue-
min qu’ il u'voit foit,‘ De mo moi/on de com-
pngne j‘ oi tire": lien remorgue’ cette truce ,
cur elle duru quelgue: minutes , muir je n’ 45
pos 'znl le globe qui lo precede.

Un pout/re Immme occupe' u foire derfugots'
fur lri Montague de Sommo perdit lo vie dons
ee moment, (9’ conzme on n’ u pus trou'oe' fon
cud/tore, :1 eff a fuppofer, gue ce mnl/Jeureun,

I ' I
uprer n'voir c‘te fufloque’ por lufume'e , (fl tombe’
dons le 'vullon du bunt des roe/yer: e/cm‘pc'r, ou
ll trowzllozt, (9“ gu’ zl u ere enfeveli par In
Love, gut coula bientd't dons re 'vrzllon. Un
one , gut ottendait fon moitre dons le 'vzzllon,
guittu trey judicieujemenr cet endroit dungereux
de's que les expuljions de lo Montague commen-
cerent, (3° .r’ e’tunr fuuvé don: [an erotic? il
donnu In premiere olorme o lo fumille du pau-
'vre bemme, quz 'venoit dc perir.

0n n remurgué generolement, gue ler expulflons
du Volcon etozent plus-forte; pend/mt l’ eruption
de to your , que caller der jaurrfuivnnts, pnrcegue
vr'rzifemblnlzlement lo lwuc/oe du Vefu've s’etunt
elnrgi lo mutiere 'volconigue aura eu le puf—
foge plus libre. Il ejt certain pourtunt , one
In grunde eruption de 1767 ( ln quelleotout
uutre egnrd e’tmt modere’e (9 legere en compo.

roifon

(a) Pendant um eruption du Volcrm dun: l’Isle dc Buurfion
en 1766 quelque: endroia‘ de ce pry/,u la di/lnncc de fix lieux
(In Vulcan furent cou'uerts d’ on vitre jaunntre , capi/lm're ,
(9' flexibile , guelques morceaux étaient do In longeur de deux,
ou trait pied: avec do petites bottle: nitreufe: , pen cloigm’c
l' une de l’ antic. Monfieur [e Comte do Bufl'on m’ a man.
tr! ole: moremux de ce meme wrre capillnire , (’9‘ flexible ,
qui font don: le Mufeum (lu Roi a Paris , (9' qm’ refern.
[Ilent parfoizement nu filament: de nmtiere vitrifie’e gm' rom-
berent a Ottai‘ana , (9‘ ail/cur: aux environs du Vejn-ve lorr
de lo derniere eruption. Sorrentino n’uns fan Ifloria del Ve ~
widpuélie’e a Nap/c: en 1734. fair mention nnfi’i rle certvrv
matierer vitrifie’er en forme d’ barber, ou de [miller tro
dun: le 'uozfinage du Vefuzve pend/mt une eruption (Jr trite
montogne l’unne‘e 17:4.

 
  

 
 

efiEC 3 mg

every other refpeé’c was mild , when com-
pared to the late violent eruption ) occa-
fion’d much greater concuflions in the air,
by it’s louder explofions. _

Friday Augufl the 6“" the fermentation
in the Mountain was lefs violent , but a-
bout noon there Was a loud report , at
which time it was fuppofed that a por-
tion of the little Mountain within the cra-
ter had fall’n in :at night the thrOWS from
the crater increafed , and proceeded evident—
ly from two feperate mouths, wich,emit—
ting red hot Scoriae in different. directions,
formed a melt beautifull, and almofl con-
tinued Fire worck .

On faturday Augufl the 7“" the Volcano
remain’d much in the fame flate, but about
12 a clock at night it’s fermentation in-
creafed greatly . The fecond fever fit of
the Mountain may be [aid to have mani-
fefied itfelf at this time : I’was watching
it’s motions from the mole of Naples ,
which has a full view of the Volcano , and
had been witnefs to feveral glorious piétu~
refque effeé’ts produced by the reflexion of
the deep red fire, which ifTued from the
crater of Vefuvius , and mounted up in
the midfi of the huge clouds , when a
fummer florm , call’d here a T ropea ca-
me on fuddenly, and blended it’s heavy
vvatry clouds with the fulphurious , and
mineral ones, which were already like to
many other Mountains , piled over the fum-
met of the Volcano; at this moment a.
fountain of fire was shot up to an incre-
dible height , calling f0 bright a light ,
that the fmallefl objects cou’d be clearly
difiinguished, at any place Within fix mi—
les or more of Vefuvius.

The black fiormy clouds pafling fwifty
over, and at times, covering the whole ,
or a part of the bright column of fire, at
other thimes clearing away, and giving a
full. View of it with the various tints pro-
duced by it’s reverberated light on the whi—
te clouds above, in contrafi with the pale
flashes of forked lighte ning , that atten-
ded the Tropea formed fuch a fcene , as
no power of art can ever exprefs. That,
which follow’d the next evening, was
furely much more'formidable , and alar-
ming , but this was more beautifull if and

u.

rat/2m dc la'dernz'ere ) tau/e dc: explofiom
plur 'violentes , (’3' do: feeoufl'er of air lien plus
fortes. ,

Vendredi 6 d’ .Aout le fermentatz'on du Vol-
can fut moindre , mair 'uerr le midi an onion-
dit an coup fort, (Toe fut alorr, qu’ on trait,
gu une portzon du monticule du cratere s’ af-
farfla: Very le/oir lo: emiflionr du cratere aug-
menterent, on let woyoit partir de deux [vou-
cbes diflerentes , les gueller womg‘fl‘oient de:
[caries enflammées (Va, (9‘ comma elle: pre-
mient do; direc‘tionr diver/er elles formoient
der girandoles de feu continuelle: lien fatter,
(9“ de la plus grand: beaute’ .

Samedi 7 d’flout le Volean [e ”await a
pen pre’r dam le mé’me etat, mair ever: mizzuit
fa fermentation augmenta eon/ideraalement .
0n pourroit dire , gue la feeonde fie'vre de
la Montagne fe manifefloit alor: . ]’ e’tois an
Mala de Napler d’ on I’ on 7105;” parfaite—
ment le Vefu’ve; je faifaés me: remarquer far
It?! moindrc: details, (9‘ i am}: deja été te-
moin des plufieurs eflet: tre’s pittorefques pro-
duz'ts par la reflexion du feu (1’ an rouge fon-
ce’, qui fortoit du cratere du Viafu've , (9” f:
Iangoz't au milieu der 'va/ter amar do fume’e
Iorfqu’ an orage d’ e'té, gu’on appelle ici Tro‘
pm 5’ eleva tout d’ an coup , (9" méla fer
images bumider (9‘ lourds avec ceux , qu’ on
wotyoit empreintr'de fouflre , (3‘ d, autres mi-
neraux , qui etoient deja comme autant a'e
Montague: enta/Jt’ex ler une: far [as autrer
nu dcflus de la pointe la plus baute du Vol-
can. Dam ce moment une fontaine de feu li-
quide s’ eleva a une bauteur incroyalzle, la la-
miere en e’toit fi 'vi've , gue par tout a plus
de fix miller du Vefu'pe on di inguoit clai-
rement [es moindrer aljets .

Les nuage: noirr a'e l’orage paflant a'uw 'w'tefle
fur la 60107172? defeu , (9‘ quelque for} la cac/Jant
totalement, ou on partie , (9" d’autrer la lazflant
'voir dam toute fa jplendeur, la: teintes diffe-
rente: produites par la reflection de la lumierc
fur les nuage: Haney , qui e’toient danr la re—
gion fuperieure de 1’ air , (9' [our combat a-
wec les e’clairs pale: , gal accompagnoient la
Tropea formoient tour enfemble une fcene
qu’ il cjt impoflible ale peindre. L’ eruption du
lendemain au fair fut farement play formida-
ble , (9' plus alarmante, mars L'elle Ci e’toit d’une
beaute’ , (9“ d’un fablime Que l’imaginatiorz me-

me

 
fubhme, than'even the moft lively imagi-
nation can paint to itfelf. This great ex-
plofion did not lafl above 8,0r IO minu.
tes after which Vefuvius was totally ecli _
fed by the dark clouds , and there fell a
heavy shOWer of rain .

Some fcoriae , and {mall flones fell at
Ottaiano during this eruption , and fome
of a very great fize in the valley between
Vefuvrus, and the Hermitage; all the in-
habitants of the towns at the foot of the
Volcano were in the greatefl alarm , and
preparing. to abandon their houfes had
the eruption continued longer .

One of His Sicilian MAJEsn’s game
keepers , who was out in the fields near
Ottaiano , whilfl this combined fiorm was
at it’s height was greatly furprifed to find
the drops of" rain fcald his face , and hands,
which phenomenon was probably occafion’d
by the clouds having vauired a great de-
gree of heat in palling through the above-
mention’d column of fire : The King of
Naples did me the honor of informing me
of this curious circumflance.

Sunday Augull the 8“I Vefuvius was
quiet till towards 6 ’o clock in the eve-
ning, when a great fmoke began to gather
again over it’s crater , and about an hour
after a rumbling fubterraneous noile was
heard in the neighbourhood of the Volca-
no and the ufual thrOWS of red hot (tones,
and fcorix began , and increaled every in—
flant; I was at this time at Paufilipo in
the company of feveral of my countrymen,
obferving with good telefcopes the curious
phenomena on the crater of Vefuvius ,
which with fuch help , we cou’d diflin-
guish as well, as ifwe had been actually
feated on the fummit ofthe Volcano: The
crater feem’d much enlarged by the violen—
ce of lafi night’s explofions, and the little
Mountain no longer exilled . At about 9 ’o
clock there was a loud report, which shook
the houfes at Portici , and it’s neighbour-
hood to fuch a degree as to alarm their
inhabitants, and drive them out into the
fireets , and as I have fince feen many
windows Were broken, and walls crack’d
by the concuflion of the air fiom that ex-
plolion, tho faintly hear’d at. Naples - In
an inflant a fountain of liquid trafpiarent

re

 

eZiEC 9 )3?‘

me lo plus fertile ne feuuroit fe peintlre.Cet-
te gronde explofion ne duru, que 8 ou IO mi-
nutes, bientot uprés le Ve u've fut totulement
met par les nuuger noir (9‘ lo pluye tomlm't
par torrentx.

Des fc‘orier, (3‘ ole petites pierrer tomherent
u Ottuiuno pendunt eette eruption , (9' quelgue:
unes extremement grofles dun: le 'vnllan entre
le Vefuve, ('3' l’Hermituge, Les habitunt des
'Uilles fituées uu pied du Volcun étoient dons
lu plus grunde ulurme , (9“ fe prepuroient a
ulmndoner leurs muifonr , fl 1’ eruption u'voit
continue .

Un <gurde obofl'e du Roi , qui fe trou'ooit
en pleine campegne pre's d, Ottuirtno pendent
que cet oruge combine’ u'uec les nudges du Vol-
con étoz't dun: fo‘pluy grunde force fut tre’s
étonné de fentz'r, one let goutes de lo pluye lui
bruloient le wifuge , (9’ let moins,vruifemblu—
blement les nudges avoient ucquis un extréme
degré de c/mleur en puflunt 4 flowers de lo
colonne de feu , dont je 'viens de porler . Se
MAJESTE‘ Sic'iltenne me fit l,“ Ironneur de me
rucconter ce fart curieux.

Dimoncoe 8 d’ .Aout le Ve uve fut tron-J
guil jufque 72ers les fix beures de l’upre'y midz',
[or/Que une grende fume’e s’ uc‘c‘umuln derecbef
fur [on crotere-(S’ une heure apre's on entendzt
dun: le 'vaz'finuge de la Monmgne un bruit
fou/lerruin , qui fut terrible , les mé’mes de-
jeBion: de pierre: , (9' de frories enflum-
me’er recommencerent , (9’ uugruenterent u
dengue influnt. fe me trou'voi: nlors u Puufi—
[2170 wow plufieurs do: mes computriotes , 4
l’ aide de quelguer ban: telefcope: nousfoijions
enfemlzle no: obfer'votionr fur [65‘ phenomena
curieux gue nous prefentoit lu {rout/re du Ve-
fu'oe (9° que nous dzflz'nguion: uufli luen , que
fi nous euflionr e’té ufli: fur le fornrnet ‘du
Volron . Lu violence des explofion: de lo 'vezlle
fembloit u'uoir elorgi eonflderoblement le crate-
re, (9' le monticule n’exifloit plus . 17ers [61:
9 beures le Ve/u'oe donnu un grand Icoup gut
ebronlu tellement let muifons de _Portm,(9° ole
[on voifinuge, que tour les 5461mm, ollurme:
5’ enfuirent rm milieu des rues ; On or y a man-
tré deputy ole: muruille: c‘revofees , Z9” des-
vitres, gui rmoient e’te’ cuflés per lo comma:
tion de l’ uir nu moment de cette exploflonquoz
qu’u Nupler nous ne l’euflion: entendus , que
trc’r foiblement. A l’ zn/lunt une colonne do

C feu

 
 

*hEC to me

fire began. to rife, and gradually increafing
arrived‘at f0 amazing a height, as to firi-
ke every one, who beheld it , with the
molt awfull aflonishment : I shall fcarfely be
credited , when I afl'ure you , Sir, that
to the belt of my judgement the height
of this {lupendous column of fire cou’d not
he lels than three times that of Vefuvius
itfelf, which , as you know , rifes perpen-
dicularly, near 3700 feet above the level
of the Tea (at) .

Puffs of fmoke as black as can poflibly
be imagined fucceeded one an other ha-
fiily , and accompanied the red hot tranf-
parent, and liquid lava interrupting it’s
fplendid brightnefs here, and there by pat-
ches of the darkefl hue, within thele pulls
of fmoke at the very moment of their e-
mifiion from the crater IV cou’d perceive a
bright , but pale electrical fire briskly playing
about in zig zag lines (o). The wind was
S. W. and tho gentle Was fuflicient to
carry thefe detatched clouds , or pulls of
{moke out of the column of fire , and a
colleé’tion of them by degrees formed a.
black , and extenfive curtain ( ifI many
be allow’d the expreflion') behind it , in
other parts of the sky it was perfeé’tly
clear ,‘ and the flars Were bright. The fie-
ry fountain , of f0 gigantick a lize upon
the dark ground abovemention’d made the
mall glorious contrall imaginable, and the
blaze of it reflefiing firongly on the furfa—
cc of the (ca , which was at that time
perfeé’tlv fmooth, added greatly to this fu-
blime view .

The liquid lava mixed with fiones , and
Scoria after having mounted , I verily
beleive , at the leaf’c ten thoufand feet,
was partly direéled by the wind tOWards
Ottaiano , and partly falling almol’c per-
pendicularly fiill red hot , and liquid on
Vefuvius, cover’d‘it’s whole cone, part of

‘ the

(a) Se tu fe’, o lettore, a creder lento
Cir‘) , ch’ lo dirb non fara maraviglia;
Che Io, ch’ il vidi appena i1 mi confento.
Dante Inf. Cant. XXV. verfo 46.

. (b) I mention this circumflance to prove , that the ele-
E’trical matter f0 manifefl during this eruption , afiually
proceeded from the bowels of the Volcano , and was not
attraéled from a great height in the air, and condufied in-
to it’s crater by the vafi column of fmoke.

fen liquide commengn u s’ ele'ruer , @nugmen.
ton! par degré elle parvint enfin u une fi
gronde bouteur, our tour lesfpefluteurs furent
fruppér d’ on eronnemenr mele' de froyeur. On
ne me croirn pent é'tre pus , fl je 'vour nflu—
re, Monfieur, qu’_ nurnnt, gue j’ oi pu enjua
gar , cetre colonne etonmtnre e'toit rrois fois plus
borne que le Vefu'be, qui, comme nous/forum
r’ elem prér de 3700 pied: nu deflus du nivenu
de lo mer (u) .

Des houfi'e'es d: In fumée lo plur noire fe
fuccedoz'enr u'vec rnpidiré , (9° necompognoient
In love enflomme’e, tron/pnrente , (9° liquide,
donr eller inrerrompoient par la), (9‘ par 1:) far
fplendeur c’clnronre; nu milieu de cer bouflées
de fume’e, (9’ on moment méme de leur anti/flan
do crutere j’ ni remurque’ un feu eleflrigue ,
pn‘le, moi: Mil/ant, qui y peril/oi: (9' for-
moi: des ligner en zfgue , zugue (l7) . Le
'venr e’roit an S. 0. (9° quoigue foible il
fuflifoit pour emporter laorr de la colonne de
feu ces boufiia’er, ou oer efpecer de nudges de-
tnclae’er , (9‘ plufieurs enfemlyle formerent peun
peu derriere elle une efpece de rideuu noir (:71
m’ efi permis- de me fer'vir de cette expreflion)
(9‘ d’ une granule etendue ; par tout nilleurs le
Ciel e’toir pmy’airement Clair, 6‘ on y wyoit‘
briller les etoiles. Lu colonne enfinmme’e d’un
wolume gigontefque fe trou'oont fur le fond
olzfcur, don: je 'vz'em de porler , fuiflrit con-
rrufle le plus ndmirnole, (9* fr: lumiere e’cln-
tonte refiec/Jie fortemenr for In furfoce de lu
mer cnlme, (9‘ trunquille , njouroir encore nee
fpec‘lncle fublime * .

Une portie de In love ”guide mele’e deplor-
ros, (9' frorier, npre’r r’ étre élwé nun mains
dix miller piedr, for porn? par le 'oent were
Ortoinno , pendant que le refie , encore liquide,
('3‘ enflomme’ , tomb/I prefque perpendiculuire-
men: fur le Vefuve, cou'orit tomlement fonc‘d—
ne, une portion de celui de Sommn , (9' l:

vol-

(3) Se in fe’ , o lettore, a trader lento
C13, one To dirt}, non farfi mornviglla,
C/Je Io , cl]: 7 vldi appma ll rm' canfento.
Dame Inf. Canto XXV. wrfo 46.

(13)]: fair mention de cette zirconjlzmce pour prouwr, qua
la maxim clefirique fi fen/ibis pendant cette eruption fortoit
efléflivement o'er entruille: du Vulcan, (9‘ qu'elle n’etoit point
am’rée de la region dz l’atmofplzere, (9‘ canduite jufqu’au 4’:
Jam du cram: par 11 calonne immenfe dc fumée.

 

* Sup. Pl.‘
II.
 

->§E( ”Gide

the Mountain of Somma , and the valley
between them.

_The falling matter being nearly as vi—
V‘l , and inflamed as that which was con-
tinually iflhing fresh from the crater for-
med With it one compleat body of fire ,
whlch cou’d not be lefs than two miles ,
and a half in breadth , and of the extraor-
dinary height abovemention’d, calling a
heat to the difiance of at leafl fix miles a-
round it .

The brush wood on the Mountain of
Somma was foon in ablaze, which flame
being of a different tint from the deep red
of the matter thrown out of the Volcano,
and from the filvery blue'of the elefirical
fire flill added to the contrafl of this
mofl extraordinary fcene.

The black cloud increafing greatly on-
ce bent towards Naples , and feem’d to
threaten this fair city with fpeedy deflru—
fiion, for it was charged with eleé’trical
matter which kept confiantly darting about
it in flrong , and bright zig zags , juf’c
like thofe defcribed by Pliny the younger
in his letter to Tacitus, and which ac-
companied the great eruption of Vefuvius,
that proved fatal to his uncle (a).

This Volcanick lightening however , as
I particularly remarked, very rarely quit-
ted the cloud, but ufually return’d to the
great column of fire towards the crater of
the Volcano from whence it originally ca—
me (la): once, or twice indeed I {aw this
lightening ( or ferilli as it is call’d here)
fall on the top of Somma, and fet fire to
fome dry grafs, and bushe5'(c). F

or-

(3) Ab altero latere nubes atra, & lhorrenda ignei
Spiritus porreé’tis , vibratifque Idifcurfibus rupta
In longas flamarum figuras dehifcebat
Fulgoribus ills 8c fimiles , 8c majores.
PlimEpifi.

(b) Sorrentino mentions the like obi-ervation , which he
made during an eruption of Vefuvxus m I707. when the
fame kind of black cloud bent over Naples, thefe are his
words “ alle ore 19. tutt’ i Cittadlm nelle ofcure tenebre
,, fi trovarono in mezzo delle faette, delle qualialcune ve-
,, deanfi ufcir dalla fornace del Vefuvto , e feorrere lino
,, al capo di Paufilipo, d’onde non paffando pm innanzi
,, fuor la nuvola dellc ceneri , o dwertrrfinltronde, indie-
,, tro per 1’ ifiefl'a linea tomarono a feoppiar fu la furnace,
,, onde ufcirono. Qual moto retrograde mat ho potuto 1n-

tendere “.

a) . .

(c) Some time after the eruption had eeafed the air

con-

wallon qui d} entre les deux Montague: .

Le matiere qui retomlzoit étant a [1614 pre’:
nu. I rouge (3' enflammée, que celle qui for-
ton‘ a clmque inflam‘ du cratere , formoit par
cer enfemble une feule colomze de feu de deux
miller (9" demi au main: de diametre , (’9' de
la bauteur extraordinaire, don! j’ ai parlé , fa

c/Jaleur fe faifoir fentir a fix miller a la

mode .

Le: bruoflailler fur la Montague de .S‘omma
furent bienrot enflamme’er ; ce feu étam‘ d’ an:
couleur dtfierente du rouge fonce‘e delu matiere
qui fortoit du Volcan, (9’ do bleu argenn'n ,
de la matiere eleflrique ajoutoit encore un con-
tra/le de eerie fcene finguliere.

Le nuage de funiée mire augmenrant prodi-
gieufement commengoit a fe tourner 'vers Na-
pies , (’9’ paroiflbit menacer cette belle ville
of me deflrufiion. pros/mine, car il é‘toit clear-
gé de matiere elefiriuue, gui y ferpenmir/am
cefle en algae; zagues forts, (9’ brillam'r , exa-
fiement fem-[alables aux eclaz'rs, dour parle Pli-
ne le jeune dam fa lertre a Tacite , (9' qui
accompagnerent la grande eruption du Vefuve
fl fat/zle a fan oncle (a).

J’ai remargué pourtanr, que ces eclairs Vol-
caniguer‘ ne quitroient guerer le nuage abfcar,
gu’ ils rétournoieiw ordinairemem a la grande
colonne de feu (9‘ 'vers le cratere. du Volmn ,
ou ilr a'voient pris- naifl'rmce (17).]’ai nu 1m
ou deux fair , cette e/pece d’ eclair ( uu’ on
nomme ici ferilli ) fe brifer fur le haul de
la Montague de Somma, (9' y merrre le few
a city b-roufl'ailles, (‘J‘ des heroes fee/ye: (c).

Heu-

(a) of]: altero latere Mules am: , ('9' borremla ignei
Spiritu: parreflir , vibratifque difiurfibu: rupta
In longa: flammamm figuras debifcebai
Fulgarilaut illa , (9‘ fimiles, 0 majorer. . . .
Plin. Epifl.

(b) Sorrentino all: avolr fair la me“me reruarque pom/ant une
eruption du Vejuve en I707. un mmgeuozr» de la méme ef-
pece fe dirigea aloe: were Naples ;’ mm fee proprer paroles
,, all’ are 19. tutt’ i Citmdiui nell afiure tenelzre fi Howra-
,, no in mezzo :lelle fleets, delle qua/r almne verimn/f' ufmr
,, dalla fornace del Vefuvio, e [rowers [inn al Capo a’r Pau-
filipo, ‘1’ onde non pajflzmlo p15; mnfmzt fuor’la- nu'vola alel.
le ceneri, o divertirfi altronde, indietro per l. z/lefl'a lmea
tamarono a froppz'ar fa la furnace, and: ujcwano . Qua!
morn retrograde mai ho potuylo intendere.

S,
Q,
)’
,3

(c) 214:3]qu temr aprlt que l’mlption out cefié , l’ air ft
mm.

 
 

9W I 2 Bit

Fortunately for us the wind increafing
from the S. W. quarter carried back the
threatening cloud jult as it had reached the
city, and began to occafion great alarm .
All publick diverfions ceafed in an infiant,
and the Theatres being shut , the doors of
the churches were thrown open.Numerous
proceflions Were formed in the fireets, and
women,and children with deshivel’d heads,
tilled the air with their cries , ‘infifling
loudly upon the reliks of St Ianuarius being
immediatly oppofed to the fury of the
Mountain, in short the populace of this
great city began to difplay it’s ufual extra-
vagant mixture of riot, and bigotry ;, and
if fome fpeedy, and well timed precautions
had not been taken, Naples wou’d perhaps
have been in more danger offuflhring from
the irregularities of it’s lower clafs of in-
habitants , than from the angry Volcano .

But to return to my fubjeé’t , after the
column of fire had continued in full force
near half an hour the eruption ceafed all
at once, and Vefuvius remain’d fullen and
filent . After the dazzling light of the fie-
ry Fountain (a) , all feemed dark , and
difmal , except the cone of Vefuvius which
was cover’d with glowing cinders,and fco-
riaa, from under which, at times , here ,
and there, {mall {treams of liquid lava.
elcaped , and roll’d down the ficep {ides
of the Volcano; this fcene put me in mind
of Martial’s defcription of Etna.

Cum‘ln jueent flammis, (9’ tri/li merfn
fu'uillu.

In the parts of Naples nearelt Vefuvius ,

whill’t the eruption lafled a mixed fmell,

like that of fulphur with the vapours of an

iron foundery was fenfible , but nearer to

the

continued greatly impregnated with eleé'ticr-al matter. The
Duke of Cotrofiano a Neapolitan nobleman ( who from
his l‘uperiour knowledge in experimental Philofophy, and
mechanicks does honor to his country) told me , that ha-
ving about half an hour after the great eruption had cea-
fed, held aLeyden bottle armed with a pointed wire,out
of his window at Naples, it foon became confiderably char.
ged. Whilft the eruption was in force,it’s appearance was
too alarming to allow one to think of fuch experiments.

(a) The light diffufed by this huge column of fire was
f0 firong, that the molt minute objects cou’d be difcemed
clearly within the compafs of ten miles , or more round
the Mountain. Mt Morris an english Gentleman told me,
that at Sorrento which is twelve miles from Vefuvius ,
the read the title page of a book by that Volcanicklight.

Heureufement pour nous le went elu S. 0.
nyrmt uugmente' fit retroguder ce nudge menu-—
gent rm moment mé'me , ou il ullnit utteindre
la 'ville, qui éioit deju fart nlurme’e . Tous
les fpeflncles publiques uflierent dens l’in/lzznt,
('9’ les t/Jeutres e’tunt fermés , les partes des
eglifes s’ ou'vrirent , des procefllans nombreufes
je farmerent dim: les rues ; des femmes , (9'
des enfuns , les c/Jeveux e’purs , remplifloient l’uir
de leurs eris , demundunt a'vec inflame qu’ on
oppofrlt tout de fuite les Religues de S“]unvier
a la fureur de la Montugne; en un mot , lu
populace de cette grunde 'ville commengait u
fe li'vrer, comme u fan ardinnire udes tumul-
tes mé’les de fuperflition, (9° fi on n’ u'uoit pus
pris de fuges precautions, Naples uuroit , pent
é‘tre fiuflert du'wmtnge par les extravagance:
du [ms peuple, qua par le colere du Vulcan.

Pour revenir a no‘tre fujet lit calanne du
feu uyunt continue' avec la mé'me force pre’s
d’ une demi beure , l’ eruption ceflu tout d’ m
coup, (9‘ le Vefuve rejln trunquille . Apre’s le
lumiere éclutunte de la calanne enflumme’e (u)
tout uvoit l’ air fambre, (9' lugulare , excepte
le cone du Valcun, qui e'tait convert de cen-
dres, (9' de [caries enflumme’es, du pied des
guelles s’ e'c/mppoient de tems en tems de petits
ruifleuux de lime liquide qui couloient fur les
firmer efenrpe's du Volcrm, cette fcene me rup—
pellu la defiriptian que Martial fair du mung
Etna .

Cuné‘ra jacent flammis , &trifli merfa'
favilla .

.Dllfl)‘ les endroits dc Naples les plus wifins
du Vefu'ue , on fentit pendent l’ eruption une
adeur de fauflre unie u celle‘d’une fonderie de
fer, plus pre‘s de la Mantegna , cette odeur

e’toit

tron-unit encore empruint de mutiere eleflrique, le Due :1: Ca-
trqfiunu Seigneur Napolimin ( qui par [es ruler}: fuperieurs
dans la Pbilafapbie nuturelle, (9' dim: la Meccum'que fair
bonneur a la Patrie ) m’u dit, qu’ en-ulrzins une derm' heuro
apre’s uyum prefente a fie fenézre u Naples um: bouteillo dc
Leyden arme’e d’une painte de fer , cette banteille fut bientét
flirtement cburge’e. Pendant que l’ eruption eut lieu, l’ullurme,
qu’ elle repunu’it ne permit pus fans dome , gu’ an penfut a
de telles experiences.

(a) La lumiere produite par eette enorme telonne de fen ,
mi» [1' forte, que les plus petits objeéls fe diflinguoient clai-
rement dens l’efpace 4': plus de dix mil/es a l’ amour ale la
Montagne. Mon/leur Morris gentllbamme Jnglais m’ u dit
u-uoir 112 mm cette meme lumiere Valmnique le titre d’un ll-
we a Sorrenta, qui 4% n dauze miller du Ve MW.

 
eI=EC 13 >3§e

the Mountain that fmell was very ofi‘enfi-
ve, as I have often found it in my vifits
to Vefuvius during an eruption.

Thus, Sir, have I endeavor’d to convey
to you at leafl a faint idea of a fcene f0
glorious , and fublime , as perhaps may
have never before been view’d by human
eye, at leafi in fuch perfection.

I am fenfible, from the traces of them
I have‘obferved in the Volcanick flrata ,
which compofe the greatefl part of this
country, that there have been many mo-
re confiderable eruptions , than the one
jufl defcribed , yet molt probably tho—
fe very violent eruptions mull either ha—
. ve been attended with earthquakes , and
other fuch alarming circumfiances as to
make the beholders lefs attentive to the
beauty of the fcenes , fuch phenomena
offer‘d than to their own fafety 5 or
clouds of fmoke, and ashes , as is ufual~
ly the cafe in all great eruptions , mull
have f0 far obfcured the Volcano , asto
exhibit only a confufed mafs of fire , and
finoke.

Whilfi we had been enjoying the ex-
traordinary fight ofthis gigantick fountain
of liquid fire in perfect fafety , the unfor~
tunate inhabitants of the other fide of the
Mountain of Somma , Particularly at Otta—
iano, and Caccia-bella were involved in
that dark, and footy cloud, which formed
{0 proper a back ground to our bright pi-
fiure, and were pelted with fiones , and
fcoriae of lava; but I shall prefently give
you a particular defcription of their truly
difirefsfull fituation , jufi as I had it from
many ofthe poor fufferers themfelves , when
I vifited that part of the country a few
days after this eruption.

Monday Augui’t the 9'h about 9 o clock
in the morning the fourth fever fit of the
Mountain began to manifefi itfelf by the
ufual fymptoms , fuch , as a fubterraneous
boiling noife, violent explofions of inflamed
matter from the crater of the Volcano ,
accompanied with fmoke , and ashes , which
fymptoms increafed every inflant . The fmo~
ke was of two forts, the one as white ,
as fnow, and the other, as black as jet .
The white as defcribed in the former part
of this journal roll’d gently mafs over

a mafs

e'toir tre’s fenfible (9° trey difztgreuble,‘ commé
je l’ ai fouvenr trou'vée moi mé’me dim; mes
voyages nu Vefu've dam les moment a" eruption.

]’ rti efluyé ourimt qu’ il m’ emit pojjible
de 'vous donner une lege’re idée d’une fcene fl
mugnifique , (9' fi fulzlime ,' que peur é'rre on
72’ en a jamois 7):} do: poreilles, du moim dons
une oufli grunde perfeflion .

Aprés (weir examine ler traces de: eruptions,
que j’iti remarqué dim: les cam/re: o'er mutieres
voleuniques dent la plus grunde portie de ce Pays-
ici efl compofe'e je fuis commimu cependunt,qu’
il 3/ on u eu jadir de plus fortes; muis il efl'
prolmlzle uufli, gue ces eruption: tre's violentes,
uurom‘ e’te’ accompugne'ex, ou de treblements de
terre , (9' (1’ (wires circonflum'es ulurmrmte: ,
qui uurom‘ rendu lei- fpefluteur: moim atten-
tif: 4 hi beauté der fcenes produite: par de
tel: phenomemey , qu’ a leur propre furere’, ou,
que l’ooondunce de lit fume'e , (9' des cendres
( comme il arrive ordifmirement dam toutes let
grundes eruptions ) uurzz tellemenr envelloppe'
le Volcrm, qu’ on vz’uuru p12 diflinguer, qu’u-

ne mufle confufe de feu, ('9' de fume’e .

Pendant que nourjouifliom fun: rien eroindre
du fpec‘luele extruordinuire de cette colonne gi-
gum‘efque defeu liquide les molbeureux bobitmzs
de l’uutre cote’ de lo Montague de S‘ommu ,
(3" principulement ceux d’Ottoiuno, (9' de Cuc-
cio [Jello [e trou'voient uu Milieu de ce nudge
noir c/mrge‘ de cendrex (gui fuifoit la meilleur
fond poflihle u no‘tre brillimr tableau ) (9' of-
fuillir de pierres, (9’ de fcories de lu've ; moi:
je 'voux donnerui bienrdt une relation detoille'e
de leur firuution 'vroiement ulurmonre i Je ne
mus dirui rien qui no of air éte’ ufluré par
plu/ieurs de cer infortune’s lorfque j’ all/ts lee
weir peu de jours upre'r l’ eruption.

Lunedi 9. d’Aour 72ers ler 9. beurer du
mutin le quotrieme ucce’r de fie'vre de 1/: Mon-
tugne commengoir 5' unnoncer par lesfymptomes
ordirzizirer , tel: gu’ am bouillonemeni‘ [outer—
ruin, der explofions violent“ de mutiere: en-
flumme’er du crurere du Vole/m, accompugnee:
de fume’e (9“ de cendres ; ces fymptomes .uug-
mentoienr cheque in ant. Le fume‘e etozt de
deux efpecér, l’uneolunc/Je comme lo. neige ,
l’uurre noire comme du juier; Le: flocom de
lo Hum/ye uinfl que je l) ui depeinre 611172.? In
premiere portie de ce joumul rouloienr deuce:

men

 
 

9% I4 Eds

mafs refembling bales of the foftefi cotton,
and the black compofed of fcoriaa, and uni-
nute ashes shot up with force in the midlt
of the white fmoke, which from the m1-
nerals Was alfo fometimes tinged with yel~
lou blue and green prefently fuch a tre-
mendous mafs of thefe accumulated clouds
flood over Vefuvius, as feem’d to threaten
Naples again, and actually made the Moun-
tain itfelf appear a mole hill.

This days eruption was fimilar to that
of Thurfday lafl , but many degrees more
violent. Some flones Were thrown near as
high as thofe of lalt night fell on the
Mountain of Somma , and fet fire to the
brush wood, with which it is cover’d ,
but there being little wind , and that We
fierly, the Volcanick matter rofe, and fell
in a more perpendicular direEtion,and_Ot—=
taiano did not fuller by this day eruption,
but molt of the inhabitants of the towns
on the borders of Vefuvius fled to Naples
alarmed by the tremendous clouds , and the
loud explofions .

We remarked , that feveral very large
fiones after having mounted to an immen-
fe height, formed a parabola leaving be-
hind them a trace of white fmoke that
marked their courfe; fome burft in the air
exaélly like bombs , and others fell into
the valley between Somma, and Vefuvius
without burfling , others again burf‘t into
a thoufand pieces foon after their emiflion
from the crater, they might very properly
be call’d yolcanick bombs.

In the fmoke ifTuing from the crater of
Vefuvius we often remarked a fudden brisk,
and quivering motion which feem’d to com-
municate itfelf infiantaneously from one
cloud to an other, and fometimes afiefied
thofe that were very high in the great
mafs above the Volcano; Tho I cou’d not
difcern any eleétrical fire , yet I make no
doubt but that the effeét abovemention’d ,
was occafion’d by it,and wou’d have been
yilible in the night time.

Upon the whole this day’s eruption was
very alarming untill the lava broke out
about

ment I’ an fur l’ autre femblabes a dc: ballei
de cotton leger, (9" la noire compofe'e de fea-
rie: (9’ de cendres fines :’ elevait a'vec force
au milieu de la fume’e blancbe , que der ma-
tieres minerales teignoient aufli quelquer fair
d’ une couleur jaune, Ham, (‘7‘ meta . Bienté't
il fe fit an aim: fl euorme, (3' fl terrible dc
eer nuages au deflur du Vefufve , que Naples en
paroifloit menate'e de nou'veau , ('9' la Zl/[onta—
gne devint en eomparaifon de cette mafle une
taupinie’re *.

L’ eruption de ce jour fut femblable at tel-
le du feudi precedent, mai: beaucoup plus 'oio-
lente. pQuelgue: pierrer ayanta e'te jette'er pref-
que aufli baut , qu’ elle: a'voient ete' le [air
de la 'veille tomberent fur la Montague dc
Somma, (9" mirent le feu aux broujfa‘illes , dent
elle a]? couverte, mais he went e’tant foible (9“
a l’ Due/l la matiere 'volc'anigue s’ele'voit, (9"
retomboit dam une direc‘lion pre’fque perpendi~
eulaire , (9’ Otta'iana ne fouflroit paint de cette
eruption. Le plus part des babitam des wil~
let dam le: environ: du Ve u've fe refugierent
eepeudant a Naples alarme'r par oer nuages ter-
rible: , (9' par les forte: explofions.

Nous remarquamer,que plujieur: pierre: tre's
grojfex apre': avoir monte' a une bauteur pro-
digieufe decri'voient uue parabole, (9’ laifloient
derriere elle: une trace , ou ligne de fumée
blancbe, gui marquoit la direblion , qu’ elles
a'voient pris * . .Quelguer uues creverent an
air exaflement comme des bomber, (9° d’autres
tomberent dam le 'vallon entre Somma , (9‘
le Ve me [am- crazier , plufleurs ere've'rent

en mille moreeaux au moment meme de leur.

emijfion alu cratere . 0n pourroit tre's bien
nommer ce: efpeces de pierre: des bomber 'vol‘
eaniques.

Dam la fume’e, qui fortoit du cratere du
Vefu've nous remarquamer fou‘vent an mauve.
ment de la vibration momentane’e (9‘ tree vim,
qui paroifloit fe comuniquer dam un inflant d'un
nuage a l’ autre, (9' méme a ceux, qu’ on w-
yoit a une trey granule bauteur dun: l’ enorme
colonize, qui e’toit au dejfls du Volcan,‘ .Quoi—
que je nem’eufle point appergu d’un feu eleftri-
gue je erois cependant , que les efl’et: don:
je 'viem de parler ont été caufe'r par tette
matiere , (’3' que le feu meme a db e'tre 'vifl-=
ble la nuit.

En general 1' eruption ele c: jour fut tre’r
alarmante jufque were 19.9 deux bearer apre’:

midi

* Sup.Pl.
IIL

* Sup.}?l.
III.
     
    
      
   

about 2 o clock, and ran three miles bet-
ween the two Mountains we were in con-
tinual apprehenfion of fome fatal event,it
continued to run about three hours, during
which time every other fymptom of the
Mountain fever gradually abated , and at
{even o’ clock at night all was calm .

It was univerfally remarked , that the
air this night for many hours after the e-
ruption was filled with meteors , {uch as
are vulgarly called falling {tars , they shot
generally in an horizontal direé’tion lea-
ving a luminous trace behind them , but
which quickly difappear’d. The night was
remarkably fine, {tar light , and without
a cloud. This kind ofeleé’trical fire feem’d
to be harmlefs , and never to reach the
ground, whereas that , with which the
black Volcanick cloud of laft night was
pregnant appear’d mifchevous like the
lightening that attends a fevere thunder
fiorm; as we shou’d undoubtedly have ex-
perienced 5 had the eruption continued Ion-
ger, and the cloud {pread over Naples ;
the fame kind of lightening proved fatal
to feveral people , and did great damage
within the [pace of many miles round Ve-
fuvius during it’s great eruption of 16 31.,
as is mention’d in one of my former let-
ters on this fubjeé’t.

During this day’s eruption the relicks of
S‘. Januarius were carried in proceflion ,
and expofed to the furious Mountain from
the bridge of the Maddalena a midft a
prodigious concourfe of people who are at
this moment well convinced , that to this
ceremony alone Naples may attribute it’s
happy efcape. _ . . .

It was from Their SlClllan MAJESTIES
Palace :1 Paufilipo that I made my obfer-
vation on this day’s eruption , and inthe
prefence of Their Majelties who had been
pleafed to fend for me in the morning as
lbon as the Volcano became turbulent.

Tuelday Augufl the 10'“ Vefuvrus was
quiet . “I ,

Wednefday Augufl the 11 about 6. o
clock in the morning the fifth , and lafl:

fever fit of the Mountain came on , and '

gradually increafed . About 12. ’o clock it
was

*§E( 15 Ms

midi que la lune tomenfn u fartir ,"(9' cauln
l’ efihnce de trait miller entre les deux Manta-
gnes nous crnigniom c/Juque moment quelgue
e’venement funefle. Pendant lei- trait beures ,
gue duru l'ecaulement de In love le: nutres
jlmptomes de fie’vre de In Montngne diminue—
rent peu a pen , (9' a fept beurer du fair
taut e’taz't cnlmé.

T out le mande remurquu que le mime fair
pendant plufieur: beure: apre’r ln fin de l’ e-
ruption l’ air e'tait a/Jurgé de méte'ares fem-
lzlalrler u re 914’ an namme vulgnirement des
Etailer-tambanter ; Elle: purtoient pour l’ or-
dinnire ovec une direflion barizontale, (9"an-
faient derriere elles une truce lumineufe, muis
qui difparoz'floit biento‘t. Lu faire'e était tres
belle, lee etailer brillantes , (9‘ le Ciel fans
nunges . Cette eflzete de feu eleélrique ne fem-
bloit pus denair faire du mnl, (9' n’urri'vait
jamais n terre, nu contruire celui dont le nun-
ge vale/mlque, (9‘ nair de ln 'veille étoit c/Jur-
gé paroiflait dangereux, aomme l' eclnir, qui
s’ecnoppe d’ un 'violent ornge, (9' nous an au-
riam eu furement quelquer exemplesgfi l’erup—
tian {wait continué plus long temr, (9‘ [i l:
nudge fe fut e’tendu fur la ville de Naples.
Les ealairr de cette ejpece firenr -de grander
ravages, (9’ tuerent [renucaup de mantle a plu—
fleurs miller n l’entour du Vefuve pendant l4
granule eruption de 1631. , comme je l’ni de-
ja dit dans une de: me: lettre: precedentes fur
ce fujet .

Durant l’ eruption de ce jour let Religuer de
5' jnn'vier furent parte’es en Praceflian @expo—
fee: n In rone de la Montugne furieufe an.
Pant de lo Moddnluine en prefem‘e d'une po-
pulace immenfiz Men conwincue , que la 'ville
de Naples ne dait fan falut , gu’ a cette ce-
remonre.

Ce fut du Palm's du Rai 4 Pnufilipe que
je fix me; obfer'untians fur l’ eruption de ce
four, (9’ en prefence de leurs MAJESTE’! Sier-
lienney, gut m’o'voient fair 1’ banneur de m’y ‘
nppeller le matin de': gue le Vulcan cammenga u
fe metter en colere.

Mordi 10 d’ Aunt le Vefu've rejln trun-
quil. .

Le lendemain wri- let 6. bearer du mutm
le cinquieme, (9° dernier acre: de fievre d: In
Montagne commenjcn, (9" ougmentn par degrér;
'vers midi il étoit don: fa plus grand: for-

re

  
  
    
   
   
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
     
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
   
    
   
  
 

 

an :6 >23

was at it’s height (a) and very violent in-
deed, the explofions being louder , than
thofe that attended the former eruptions ;
We cou'd not judge of the height of the
voleys of fiones,and fcoriae, as fome rainy
clouds were blended with the volcanick o-
nes, and hid the upper part of the cone,
> and crater of Vefuvius from our View .

The fame Mountains of white cotton-
like clouds piled one over an other rofe
to fuch an extreme height , and formed
fuch a coloflal mafs over Vefuvius as can
not pollibly be defcribed , or fcarfely ima~
gined; it may have been from a fcene of
this kind , that the ancient Poets took their
ideas of the Giants waging. war with In-
piter.

About five ’o clock in‘thc evening the
eruption ceafed. Some rain having fallen
this day, which having been greatly im-
pregnated with the corrolive {alts of the
Volcano did much damage to the vines
in it’s neighbourhood .

Thurfday , and Friday the 12th and 13‘“
of Augull Vefuvius continued to fmoke
confiderably , and at times slight explofions
were heard like cannon at great difiance,
but there have been no more throws from
it’s crater, nor any fireams of lava from
it’s flanks fince wednefday lafl.

On Saturday Augufl the 15 I went ,
accompanied by Count Lamberg the Im—
perial Minifler at this Court, to vifit Ot—
taiano , and Caccia-bella , the difirié’c which
has been molt feverely treated by the hea-
vy, and defirufiive shOWer of volcanick
matter from the crater of Vefuvius lafl
funday night .

Soon afier having pafl‘ed the town of
Somma we began to perceive , that the
heat of the fiery shower which had fallen
in it’s neighbourhood had affected the lea-
ves of the trees , and vines , which we
found {lill more parched , and fchrivell’d
in proportion as we approached the town
of Ottaiano; which may be about three

miles

(a) It has been remarked by the oldefi: people in the
neighbourhood of Vefuvius , that in it’s eruptions the
Volcano is fubieé’t to a crilis at noon , and midnight ,

and indeed from my own ohlervation I believe that re-
mark to be well founded.

th

re (a), (Vd’une violence extreme les explofiom
drum? beuucoup plusfortes , que caller de eruptions
pmcedente: ; nous ne pumes juger de lo Imu—
teur der 'vole'es de pierres (9’ de fcorz'er acou-
fe des nuuger pluvieux, qui x’ e'toient me’léer
u'vec lo; nudges 'volcunigues , (9° qui cucboient
entieremeut le fame: du Vefuw @fon crorére.

Les mé‘mes Montague: do fume’e Hum/3e ;
femolubler a du cotton, entofle’er les uuer fur
le: uutres s’eléverenr o une [muteur fl com-
deruble, (9" formerent une muffle tellement co-
loflule uu defl’ur du Vefuve, gu’ilfuur l’u'uoir
'uu pour le croire , ou pour .3 on former um:
idée * il e/l vruifemoluble que les Poeter un-
ciens uurom‘ prir leurr idéer ole lu guerre der
Geum‘s com‘re jupirer d’ upre‘r une fcene de
cetle efpece . 1

Ver ler 5 lJeurer upre'r midi l’ eruption ref—
fu . Uue pluye c/mrgée de quonrite' defels cor-
rojifs du Vole/m romeo ce jour lu‘ , (S‘fit
lzeoucoup de mol uu wignes du wrfimtge.

]eudz' (9' Vendredi 12. ('9’ 13. d’ flour le
Vefuve continual} ufumer oeuucoup, (9’ de Iems
en toms on entendoir der explo/z'om legeres ,
femblooles u des coup: de cannons tire'r o une
gronde diflonce muis il ne jemz plus de me-
tierer de [on crutere , (3” il ne forth“ pus de
love: do fer fluncs depui: le mecredi precedent.

Somerli 15. dVAout j’ ollui twee lu Comte
de Lumlaerg Mini/Ire Imperial 4 Naples 'vi-
fiter Otroiono , (9' Garcia-[Jello , les deux en-
droitr qui ovoienr fouflertr le plus For cert:
pluye deflrufli’ve de mutierer 'volrunique: , gui
fem; du crutere du Vefu've le dimzmc/Je on

fair .

Der que nous eume: pufse‘ la ville de Som-
me nous 710m uppercume: [ilenré‘t gue lu elm-
leur de .cen‘e pluye de feu (wolf defec/Jé , au
[Jrulcl les feur'lles des urores, (9’ do: vigner ,
(9’ L‘elu de plus en plus 4 mefure , Que nous
opproc/Jiom de la 'ville d’Ortuiuuo, qui e/l u
peu prér a trait miller de Somme. .4 un mil—
le de cette 'ville nous commengume: u 'voir do:

cen~

(a) II a été remurqué par [er viellum': do: environ: du
Vefzme, que dun: f2: eruptions le Vulcan efl fujer a de cer-
taine: crifer a midi, (9' a minuit ; (9‘ d’ apro‘r mes aofir-

various 1" pi lieu dc croire, qua cette remurque all biom fan-
(lie.

* Sup. Pl.
III.
    
 
  
    
  
   
   
     
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
   
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
    
   
    
 
  
   
  
   
   
   

miles from Somma’.‘ At about the diflan.
cc of a mile from Somma we began to
perceive fresh cinders or fcoria: of lava thin-
ly fcatter’d on the road , and in the fields-
every fiep we advanced we found thetri
of a larger dimenfion, and in greater abun-
dance , at the dif’tance of a mile and a
half from Ottaiano the foil was totally co-
ver’d by them, and the leaves , and fruit
were either entirely flripped from the trees,
or. remained thinly on them , shrivell’d and
dried up by the intenfe heat of the volca—
nick shower.

After having pafled through the molt
fertile “country , abounding with trees loa—
ded with fruits ofevery kind, and the molt
luxuriant vegetation; through gay Villages,
crouded with chearfull inhabitants, to co-
me at _once to fuch a fcene of defolation,
and mifery, affording to our view nothing
but heaps of black Cinders, and ashes ,
blalled trees , ruin’d houfes , with a few of
their fcatter’d inhabitants juft return’d with
ghaf’tly , difmay’d countenances to furvey
the havock done to their tenements , and
habitations, (from which they themfelves
had with difficulty efcaped alive on funday
lall ), was fuch a melancholy fcene,as can
neither be defcribed, or forgotten.

We found the roof of His Sicilian MA-
JESTY’S fporting feat at Caccia—bella much
damaged by the fall of large fiones , and
heavy fcoriae ,, fome of which after having
been broken by their fall through the roof,
flill weigh’d upwards of thirty Pounds -
This Place in a dire& line can not be lefs
than four miles from the crater of Vefu—
Vius .

The mofl authentick accounts have been
receiv’d of the fall of fmall volcanick flo-
nes, and Cinders ( fome ofwhich weigh’d
two ounces ) at Benevento, Foggia a and
Montemileto , upwards of thirty mlleS
from Vefuvius (a) , but what is'mof’t ex—
traordinary , (as there was but little cyvmd

“-

(a) The Prince of Montemileto told me, that his {on
the Duke of Popoli , who was at Montemileto the 8Ihof
Augufi had been alarmed by the shower of Cinders ‘, that
fell there , fame of which he had ferlt to Naples weighing
two ounces, and that (tones of an ounce had fallen upon
an'eftate of his ten miles farther ol’f . Montemxleto is a-
bout thirty miles from the Volcano.

*XC I7 24*

cendres, (9’ des [caries fraicbes de la've epur-i
pille‘es legerement fur le grand chemin , ('9‘
dans les vignes ; cbaque pas, que uous fimes,
nous les trou'vames plus etendues , (’9' en plus
grande abundance ; a la defiance d’ un mille ,
(9‘ demi d’ Ottaiano tout le fol en étoit cou-
rvert, (9’ les feuilles, (9' les fruits , an era-
zent entzerement tomlzées des arbres , ou 3! re-
flozent en petite quantite' deflec/Jées , (9' bru-
lées par la ebuleur extreme de l’ orage 'volca-
mque.

Aprés a'uoir traversé le Pa'is le plus fem:
le abundant en arbres charges de fruits de
toutes les efpeces, (9' ou la vegetation e'toit
la plus ric/Je , apre’s avoir pa/se' par des 'vil-
lages riants bien peuple’s d’ habitans les plus
gals la fcene la plus touclaante de méfere (9‘
de defolation s’oflrit tout d’un coup a nos re-
gards, nous ne 'vimes plus , gue des tus dc
cendres, (9‘ de fcories uoz'res, des arbres def-
fec/ae’s , des maifons en ruine, (9’ leurs babi-
tans dzfpelfés , gui re'vénor'eut, le 'w'fage pa”-
le, (9’ coflerne' reconnoz'tre le ravage fait a
leurs terres , (9’ a leurs‘lvahitations , d’ou ils
avoieut eu peine a fe fau'ver le dimanc/Je pre—
cedent, (’9' il e/l aufli drfi‘lcile ‘de peindre qua
d’ oublier ce fpeflacle lamentable.

Nous trou’vames le toit de la mazfon dec/aafl'e
defa Maje/le Siciliemze aCacciu-bella fort en-
domagé par la claute des grofispierres, (S‘des
fc'ories, dont quelgues unes meme apre’s a'voir
e'te' larife'es par leur chute fur le‘toit de la
mat/on pefoient encore plus de trente limes;
cet endroit qt eloigne' d’ au moins 4. milles en
ligne droite du cratere du Ve uve.

On a eu a Naples les relations les plus au-
tentiques de la chute de petites pierres, (9' de
eendres 'volc'unigues ( dont quelques unes pefo—
icnt deux once: ) a Benevento, u Foggta, (9‘
a Montemileto, c’efl a dire a plus de trente
milles du Vefu'ue (a). Mars ce out 61% enco-

l u I
re plus extraordinaire ( le went 1: e'tant
9149

(3) Le Prince de Mamemlleta me raccmta , qua fan fils
I: Due dc Popali em»: a Mantemileta le 8 d .{Iaut amt:
été alarmé par une Play/e u’e cmdres, qui y tombott, O'dant
quelque: morseaux ( qu’ fl lui avoit meme-envape a Naples)
peflzient deux ances; que des pierres‘ duped: d u» once eta-
ient tombe’es fur un autre tam, qut lu: appartaeut , 0' out
efi dix milles plus lain . Montcmileta e]! a mum» 30 mil-
let du Velma .
 

5% 18 We

during the eruption of th 8‘“ Augufi) mi—
nute ashes fell thick that very night upon
the town of Manfredonia, which is at the
difiance of an hundred miles from chu-
vius (n) . Thefe fafis feem to confirm the
extreme {uppofed height of the column of
fire that ilTued from the crater of Vefuvius
lafl funday night, and are greatly in {up-
port of what we find recorded in the hi—
iiory of Vefuvius with refpeé’t to the fall
of it’s ashes at an amazing difiance, and
in a short {pace of time, during it’s vio—
lent eruptions .

We proceeded from Caccia—bella to Ot-
taiano, which is a mile nearer to Vefu—
vius, and is reckon’d to contain twelve
thoufand inhabitants 5 nothing cou’d be mo—
re difmal , than the fight of this town ,
unroofd , half hurried under black fcoriz,
and ashes , all the WindoWs towards the
Mountain broken , and fome of the houfes
themfelves burnt, the fireets choack’d up
with thefe ashes, ( in fome , that Were
narrow, the flratum was not lefs than four
feet thick ) and a few of the inhabitants
juf’c returned were employ’d in clearing
them avay, and piling up the ashes in
hillocks to get at their ruin’d houfes . Others
Were affembled in little groups enquiring
after their friends , and neighbours, relating
each others woes , crofling themfelves , and
lifting up their eyes to heaven, when they
mention’d their miraculous efcapes . Some
monks, who were in their convent during
the whole of the horrid shower gave us
the following particulars , which they re-
lated with folemnity, and precifion.

The Mountain of Somma , at the foot
of which Ottaiano is fituated , hides Ve-
{uvius from it’s fight, {0 that till the eru-
ption became confiderable , it was not vi-
fible to them . On funday night , when

the

(a) The Abbe Galiani , well known in thelitterary world,
told me, that his filter, a nun in a Convent at Manfredo.
nia , had wrote to enquire after him, imagining , that Na.
ples mull have been deflroy’d , when they at f0 great a di-
Rance had been fo much alarmed by a shower of minute
ashes , which fell on that city at eleven o’ clock at night
the 8th of Augufl , as to open all the churches , and go to
prayers . As the great eruption happend atg ’o clock .at
night, the ashes mull: have travell’d an hundred miles With
in the short {pace of two hours.

que foible pendant l’ eruption du 8 d’ flout)
des cendrer fines tomberent en ubandunce cet.
te meme nuit fur la ville de Monfredo-
nia qui efl a cent miller du Vefuve (a) .
Ce: fuit: purozfllant confirmer l’ extreme bau-
teur , qu’ on u donne’ a In colonne de fen
gui fortit du crotere du Vefuve le fair du
dimnncoe precedent, (9‘ fervent n uppuyer ce
que nous trouvonr e'crit dun: l’ Hi/loire du Vec
fuve par rapport a lo c/yute des ccndre: a
gene trey grunde di/hmce , ('9‘ en tre‘s pen dc
rem: pendant fer eruptions.

De Cncciu—belle nous allumes a Ottniana ,‘
gui efl' un mille plnr prés de Vefuve, (9' qui
contient n ce qu’ on dit , douz‘e mille babi-
tom ; 0n ne ffnuroit imaginer rien de plus
trifle, que In fpeflucle de cette ville , nour
vimex lEI moi/om fans taits, (9’ a demi enfe-
velies four des fcorier, (9' dc: cendres noirer,
toutex ler fené'tres du cote‘de ln Mont/igne cuf-
fe’ey , (9' quelgue: unes der mnifons me'mes bru-
lees ; ler rues remplies de cendre: ( dens les-
plur etroiter elle: montoient a In bouteur de
guutre pied: ) (‘5' plufleurr de: pnuvre: bnbinj
tun: , gui y e'toit retourne‘s depuis, troveillaa
ient, u ler debnrofler en fuflnnt der monticu-
let do: cendrer, qu’ ils nvoient ote’es pour fe
frag/er un pajfnge . D’ autrer nfl'emble’: en pe—
tits grouper demundoient des nouvelle: de leur:
amir ,‘ (’9' de leur: voi/im, fe rnccontoient leurs
mnlbeurs reciprogues , fuifant le flgne de la
croix, (9’ e‘levoient lei~ main: nu Ciel en pur-
lont du miracle , qui leur avoit conferve' la
vie. Der moiner, qui e'toient dons leur Cou-
vent durnnt ce terrible ornge nous racconte-
rent d’ un nir encore cflmye‘ les porticulurites
fuivuntct .

Ln Montagne de Sommn nu pied de la quel-
le Ottniuno ell fitue’e cache tellement la vue
du Vefuve, que jufqu’ u ce que l’eruption de-
vinr con/iderzzble , elle ne leur fut point vifi-
blc . Dimmzcbe on fair quend le bruit foug-

- mento

(a) Manfieur l’Abhé Gnliuni tre: comm dans le monde let-
temire, me dit, que fa faeur Religieufe n Manfredonia lui
ecri-uit pour demander dc fer nouveller, era/ant , que Napler
étoit delimit , puifqu’ a mic aufli grand: diflance du Volcnn,
qua efi Manfredonia on y nvait J2! ji vivement nlnrmé par
une pluye de cendre; finer, quitomberent fur cette ville a an-
ze bearer du fair le 8. d’vfout, que tauter [es eglife: furent
ouvertcs , (9' qu’ on fe mi: en prieres . Ln grande eruption Eton:
arrivc’e a 9 neure: du jbir, il fnut, que le: cendrer nyentflzit
xoo milles d: c/zemin dun: I: court efpace de 7.. 11mm.
an I9 )X‘“

the noife increafed,‘ and the fire began to
appear above the Mountain of Somma

many of the inhabitants of this town flevxi
to the churches, and others Were preparinc
to quit the tOWn, when a fudden violent:
report was heard, foon after which they
found themfelves involved in a thick cloud

of fmoke, and minute ashes; a horrid clafi-

hing noife was hear’d in the air, and pre-
fently fell a deluge of flones , and large
fcome, fome of which fcoriae were of the
diameter of feven , or eight feet, and mull
have weigh’d more than an hundred pounds
before they Were broken by their fall , as

fome of the fragments of them , which I

picked up in the fireets, flill weigh’d up-
wards of fixty pounds . When thefe large
vitrified malles either {truck againfl one an
other in the air, or fell on the ground ,
they broke in many pieces , and cover’d a
‘ large {pace a round them with Vividfparks
of fire, which communicated their heat to
every thing, that was combuflable (a).In
an inflant the town, and country about it
was on fire in many parts for in the vi-
neyards there were feveral firaw huts , which
had been erected for the Watch men of the
grapes, 'all of which were burnt.A great
magazine of wood in the heart of the town
was all in blaze, and had there been much
wind, the flames muit have fpred univer-
fally, and all the inhabitants wou’d have
infallibly been burnt infltheir houfes,for it
, was impoflible for them to Hit out, fome,
who attempted it with pillows , tables,
chairs , the tops of wine casks &c. on their
heads , were either knocked down , or foon
driven back to their clofe quarters , under
arches , and in the cellars of their houfes .
. Many were wounded , but only two per-
fons have died of the wounds they recei-
ved from this dreadfull volcanick shower,
to add to the horror of the fcene inceffant
volcanick lightening was whisking about
the black cloud, that furrounded them ,
and the fulphurious fmell, and heat wou’d
{carfely allow them to draw their breath.
In

(a) Thefe mafi'es were formed of the liquid lava , the
exteriour parts of which had become black , and porous by
cooling in the long traverfe they had made thrpugh the air,
whill’t the interiour parts , lefs expelled], retamd an extre-
me hear, and were perfeétly red .

menta, (9' que le feu commeuga a paroitre mi
deflur de la Montague de Somma Plufieurs do;
laalutam fe refugiereat dam les eglifer , (9'
d autrer fe preparoient a guitter la 'ville ,
guaud ilr entendirent un coup foudain , (9'
'wolent, (9' biento”: apre‘: il fe trou'verent en-
'vellope’r d’ an nuage de fume’e , (9’ de cendres
finer ; il y a'voit dam l’ air an fracas barri-
ble , (9’ an pluye terrible de pierres , (9‘ de
grofles fearier, guelgues uner de cer fc‘ories e'—
toient d’uu diametre de 7 a 8 piedr, (9' pe-
foieut plus de cent livrer mm” d’ e‘tre brife’es
Par leur chute, car [e ramaflai dam If! rues,
d’er fragmem, qui pefoieut encore joixante li-
vrer. Qumzd cex grofl'er mafles de matiere 'vi-
trifie'e fe laeurtoient l’une centre l’ autre dam
l’ atmofp/aere, ou , qu’ eller tomlwient a terre,
eller fe cafloient ea mille morceaux , (3’ cou-
wroient un grande efpaee d’ etinceller d’un feu
'vif, qui fe communiguoit a tout ce qu’ il y
await de combuflilzle (a). Dam un iufiant la
ville, (9' la campagne der environ: fe trou've-
rent enflame’er ea plu/ieur: endroits, les calmner
de paille repaudues go? (9° la‘ dam les 'vigmbles
pour les garder der Wigner furent touter bru-
le’es,un gros magazin de Bois au milieu de la
'ville fut orule' aufli, (’9' r’ily eut eu du vent,
ler flammer auroient gagne' toute la 'ville,
(9" let babitam auroient infalliblement peri:
dam leurr maifons ,' car il leur étoit impafli—
lzle a” en fortir ,' guelguer um, qui l’eflayerent
aver der oreillierr , der table: , der c/Jaife: ,
des couvertr de toimeaux (9%., far la té‘te,ou
furent terrafler, ou oblige: de fe rcfugier lzien
'vite dam let caves, ou four quelgue arcade .
Plujieurs fureat ale/yer, mais jufgu’ a prefent
il 11’ ea ell mart que deux der blefl'urer, gu’il:
regureut de cette terrible pluye : Ce gui ajou-
toit encore a l’lzorreur de la fcene,der eclairs
volcaniquer 5’ e’laagoient continuellement a'u mi-
lieu du uuage' noir, qui ler eavironaoit,(9’la
elaaleur, (9‘ l’ odeur du faufi‘re leur otoieat préf-
gue la ref/piration 5.

Il:

(a) Cu may}: swim tompofée: ale lave liqux'ale , dont let

. . . . ,
’pame: exterieure: c‘mtent devenue: notm‘ , (9‘ porreuI-er en fa

. , _
re roidiflant par le long trajet, qu’ élle: firent dam lair pen.
dam , que fer parties interieures, 0' mm: expoféer confervment
wee clmleur excefl'i'ue, (9f étaiem encore tome: rouge: .

 

 
 

1% 20 )3?

In this miferable , and alarming fituation
they remain’d about twenty five minutes ,
when the volcanick fiorm ceafed all at on-
ce, and the fi‘ighten’d inhabitants of Otta-
iano apprehending a fresh attack from the
turbulent Mountain , hafiily quitted the
country , after having depofited the lick and
bedridden , at their own defire , in the
churches.

Had the eruption lafled an hour longer,
Ottaiano muft have remain’d exafily in the
{late of Pompeii which was burried under
the ashes of Vefuvius jufi I770 years ago
with molt of it’s inhabitants , whole bones
are to this day frequently found under ar-
ches, and in the cellars of the houfes of
that ancient city .

We Were told of many miracles that
had been wrought by the Images of Saints
at this place, during the late difafl'er,but
as they are quite foreign to my purpofe ,
I shall, as ufual, pafs them over in fi—
lence.

The Palace of the Prince of Ottaiano is
fituated on an eminence above the town ,
and nearer the Mountain 5 the fieps leading
up to it being deeply cover’d with volca—
nick matter, refembled the cone of Vefu—
vius, and the white marble flatues on the
baluflrade made a fingular appearence pee-
ping from under the black ashes , which
had entirely cover’d , both the balullrade,
and their pedeflals. The roof of the Pala—
ce Was totally defiroy’d, and the windows
were broken, but the houfe itfelf being
firongly built , had not fuffer’d much.

We had an opportunity of {eeing here
exactly the quality of the dreadfull shower,
as the volcanick matter , which broke
through the roof of the Palace , and fell
into the garretts, on the balconies , and

in the courts, had not been removed. It .

was compofed of the fcoriae of fresh lava
much vitrified , great, and {mall , mixed
with fragments of ancient folid lavas of
different forts , many pieces were invello-
ped by the new lava , which formed a
cruft about them, and others Were only
slightly varnish’d by the fresh lava, thefe
kind of fiones being very compa&,and fo-
me weighing 8 or IO pounds mull have
fallen with greater ”force , than the hieavier
co-

Ilr reflerem‘ dd"! Bette fituution terriéle en;
when 25 minutes guund l’ orage volcanique
ceflu tout d’un coup, moi: eraigmmt dam leur
frayeur une feconde uttngue de lo Montague
irritée, il guitterent le Pays ovec precipitation,
uprér uvoir places leur muludey, (9° ceux qui
n’ e'toient pus en 'e'tut d’ étre trunfporte’: dune
ler eglifes , ou ils deflreient d’ é’tre .

Si l’ eruption o'vait duré une neure de plus
Ottuiuna uuroit eu le fort de Pompe’ii qui fut
enfevolie four ler cendrer du Vefuve il y it
1700 am over: la plus grunde portie de fer
butitom, dont on decou'ure let 0: frequente-
ment 4 'prefent four le: 'voutes , (’9‘ dun: le:
carve: der muifom de cette ancienne 'ville.

0n nous ruceontu difi‘erem miracle: opere’r
par les Images des Saints dun; eet endroit pen-
dunt l’ eruption derniere , mois, comme ilr n’up—
purtienent pm a man plan, je lerpuflerui com-
me de coutume four filenee.

Le Puluir du Prince 51’ Ottujun-o eflfitue’fur
une eminence uu deflur de la ville, (fplusprés
de lu Montegne,‘\le grand efcolier, guiy me—l
ne e'tont totolement cou-vert de mutierer 'volcu-
niguer, re/emlyloit ou cdne du Vefuve mé‘me ,
(9‘ lee flutuer de murtre blonc fur lo buluflru-
de qui fortoient u peine de deflaur ler cendrex
noires, produifloit l’efl'et le plus fingulier . Le
toit ,du Pal/ti: e'toit entierement ruiue' , (9' les
feizé’trer étoient cuff-fer, moi: le Poluir meme
n’o'uoit pus benucoup fouflert , pnrcegu’ il efl'
conflruit ml: folidement,

Nous eumeI/tout lieu ici de 'voir iii/linole-
ment la qualité de cette pluye terrible , la mu-
tiere volcanique, qui u'voit perce’ [35‘ toits, (9'
gui e‘toit tombe’e dons les grenier5,fur les [ml-
conr, (9' dim: lee caurr du Puluir n’ await
point encore e’te‘ enleve'e . Elle étoit compo/6e
de grofler , (9" de petite: fcorier d’ une lave
nouvelle, ('9' trés vitrifie’e mele'e de fragments
d’ unciennes lu'uer folider, (9‘ de dzfi'erenter ef-
peces ; plu/ieurs morceuux e'toient envelopes dune
ln nou'velle love , qui‘formoit une eroute a
l’ entour *. D’uutrer n’ étoient, que 'vernifl'e’r
per lo luve froth/2e. Ger efpeeer de pierrer e'-
tunt trey compafier, (9‘ quelquey uner du poidr
de 8 cu IO li'vrer durent tomber uvec laeuu-
coup plus de force que le: [caries , qui quot}

gue

* Sup.Pl.
IV. N. I.
feoriae,‘ which Were very porous,‘ and had
the great furface above mentiOn’d.

.The Pallace of Ottaiano is built on a
thick flratum of ancient lava , wich ran
from the Mountain of Somma, when in
1t’s aéhve volcanick flare; under this {tra-
tum We were shewn three grotto’s from
which lffue-s a confiant extreme cold wind,
and.at times with impetuofity, and a mi.
{e like water dashing upon rocks . They
are shut up with doors , like cellars, and
are made ufe of as fuch , as alfo to keep
provifions fresh , and to cool liquors . I
had never feen thefe Venturoli before 5 in
my letter to Dr. Maty upon the nature
of the foil round Naples Ihave mention’d
others of the fame kind that I had met
with on Vefuvius, Etna, and in the Island
of Ifchia (a).

We obferved, that the trait of country
completely cover’d with a flratum of the
volcanick matter above mention’d, was about
two miles,and a half broad, and as much
in length, in which {pace the vines, and
fruit trees Were totally firipp’d of their
leaves, and fruit , and had , the appearen—
cc of being quite burnt up, but to my great
fui‘prife, having vifited that country again
two days ago , I faw thofe very trees ,
which were cherry , apple , pear, peach,
and abricot in blofom again , and fome
with the fruit already formed , and of the
fize of hazel nuts . The vines there had
alfo put forth fresh leaves , and were in
bloom. Many foxes , hares , and other ga-
me were defiroy’d by the fiery shower in
the difl'riét of Somma, and Ottaiano (:2).

His Sicilian MAJESTY 2 whofe goodnefs of

heart

(a) At Cell in the Roman {late towards the Adriatick
there are many fuch Venturoli, and the inhabitantsofthat
town by means of leaden pipes conduEl: the fresh air from
them into the very rooms of their houfes, {0 that by tur-
ning a cock, they can cool them to any degree , fome
who have refined {till more upon th1_s .luxury by fmaller
pipes bring this cold air under the dmmg table , [o as to

cool the bottle of liquor upon it.

b Havin had the honor of being on shooting party
latgl; with tghe King of Naples at the foot of Vefuvpus 84
Somma feveral dead hares were found , and we {mild ot-
hers, whofe backs were quite bare , the furr havmg been
finged off of them by the hot ashes.

e§EC . 2! )3?

   
 
   
 
 
   
   
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
   
   
  
  
  
   
   
   
  
    
 
  
  
   
 
 
   
   
 
 
   
   
    

que plus pefunter e'toient poreufer, G’Au'vaient
uue tre’: grunde furfuce, comme je l’ 41' deju
.61”.

Le Palm's d’Ottrirmo efl buti fur une-mou.
c/lJe epuzfle d’une anc‘ienne lave, gui aura cou-
l'e tie lu Montague de .S'ommu , guund elle
etozt dum fan étut d’afiivité . 071 mu: man-
rm four cette coucbe trait grotte: d’ou s’eclmp-
P6 cantinuellement un vent tre’r froid; quel-
guer fair il fort u'uec impetuofité uccompugné
d’urz bruit fembluéle a celui d’une chute d’eoux
fur der roe/yer: . Ce: grotter font fermée: par
de: porter, comme der cave: , (9' an en fuit
lu méme ufage pour confermr ler provifiom ,
(9’ tenir lo; liqueur: fruit/yer . ]e n’a’voi: pus
encore 'uu res Ventaroli ; dun: mu lettre au
Dofieur Muty fur la nature du fol des ermi-
ronr de Naples, j’ .72 felt mention de plu/le-ur:
uutrer de lrz méme efpere, que 1" (ti derou'vert
fur le Vefu've, le mont Etna , (9‘ drmr l’IIle
d’Ifc/Jz'u (a) . ‘ '

Nous remurguume: gue l’ efpuce cou'uert‘ en
antler d’une couc/Je de mutiere 'volcanique de
la derniere eruption c'toit d’ environ deux mil-
let ('9‘ demi de langeur, ('9’ d’ uutrmt en lur-
geur; drms taute cette e’teudue let Wigner, 6‘
lo: urbrer fruitier: étoient depouz'lle’r de leur
fruits , (9‘ de leur feuiller, (9" puroz'flaient bru-
le’r, ma}: 4 mon grand etmmement uyzmt 'vi-
fite’ re mé'me Pair il 31 u deux jours, j’ui 'vu
cc; meme: More; ( qui étoient der verifier: ,
(1e: pruniert , dc: pee/Jets, (9’ dc: abricotiers)
tour en fieur,-(5’ fur quelques um le fruit dcju
bier; formé, (9’ de la groflieur d’une naifette.
Les vigner avoient oufli poufle’es de nou'uelles
feuilles , (9‘ cammengoient a fleurir. Plufieurs
renurds , lie-ore: , (9' autrer unimuux furent
mm par la pluye de feu dun; les cantons do
Somme , (9" d’ Ottuiuna (12).

Le Roi de Naples dont lzz bonte’ de eoeur

' F le

(3) J Cefi dun: 1’ ”it du Pape um I’ .A‘drx'atique il y
a Flu/few: de ce: Ventaroli, (3' le: helium- de cette .w‘llc
par le myten d: tuyuux de plumb condmfl'ent 1’ air {raid dc
ctr ventilateur: jufque dam lax cbambre: de leur: maijanr de
forte qu’ en tournuut un Robins: , ll: pen-vent let ruflratcbxr
nu degré qu’ ilr wulent. D’ rum: «yum: rufline fur'ce luxe
tona’uiflent l’air fraid par dc; tuyaux encore plus pent: 'a'ef-
four in table dam leur: [ales a manger, ou 11 mfli‘mtbtt Ia
(mutex'lle, gui fie trouve alarl' fur la table.

(b) .Ayant eu l'bonneur quelque mar upré: d’ decompagmr
[a Maia/l! 'Sicilienm a an: part/e do cbaflé au pm] de la
Montague de Somma , (9' du Vefu've nous traumme: beau-
caup de liwre: morts, (9‘ d’ uutrer gm nous tuume: avoi'mt
le do: enzierement nud In»: I: 1101'! ujunt it! brulé guy It:
eendrer ardenm.
 

 

%5E( 22 73¢?“

heart inclines him on all occalions to shew
his benevolence, and affifi the unfortunate,
has order’d a confiderable {um of money
to be difiributed among the unhappy fuf.
ferers of Ottaiano, and it’s neighbourhood.

On the 18th of September I went upon
Mount Vefuvius accompanied by Lord Her~
bert , and my ufual guide . We cou’d not
pofiibly reach it’s crater being cover’d with
a thick fmoke too fulphurious, and offenn
five to be encounter’d, neither wou’d it
have been prudent to have ventured up ,
had there not been that impediment, as it
was evident from the loud reports we
hear’d from time to time , that there exi-
{led flill a great fermentation within the
bOWels of the Volcano. We therefore con-
tented ourfelves with examining the elicits
of the late extraordinary eruption on it’s
cone, and in the valley between it , and
the Mountain of Somma .

The conical part of Vefuvius is now co-
ver’d with fragments of lava, and lboriae,
which makes the afcent much more diffi-
cult, and troublefome, than when it was
only cover’d with minute ashes . The par—
ticularity of this laf‘t eruption was , that
the lava , which ufiially ran out of the
flanks of the Volcano forming cafcades ,
rivers, and rivulets of liquid fire,was now
chiefly thrown up from it’s crater in the
form of a gigantic}: fountain of fire (4).

Wich

(a) Sorrentino mentions in his Moria del Vefuvio ,that
the Volcano in 1676 vented itfelf in the like manner
s, Non a torrenti modo mando fnori 1e fue vifcere , ma
,, tutt’ in aria menolla “ fuch wonderfull violent , and
fudden emiflions of liquid lava mull: have been occafion’d
by fome accidental, and extraordinary caufe , and I was
inclined to think, that a fudden communication of water
with the lava in fufion might be the occafion of fuch a
phenomenon, particularly, as we know, that pools of rain
water have been found formely in caverns with in the bo-
wels of Velixvius, and , that a river fuppofed to be that
anciently call’d Draco, and which was hurried by an an-
cient eruption , burlt out Tome years ago with fuch force
from under a firarum of lava at Torre del Greco as to be
{uflicient to turn mills there,butalatc curious experiment
mention’d by Mr. Faujas in his rccherches furles Volcans
eteints ( page I76 ) feems to contradié’c my fuppofition
and that water introduced to the furnace of aVolcanofin-
ding there a more ratified air wou’d not produce an ex-
plofion . Moniieur Deslandes Dircé‘tor of the Royal mani-
faE’cure of looking glafs at St. Gobin, made the following
experiment in 1768 in the‘prefence oftheDuke dela Roch-
foucout , Monfieur dc Faujas, and others; he poured fome
water upon a quantity of glafs in fulion , and which had

en

la ports 3 dormer o’er preuver continuelle: do

‘ fa bienmillunce , (f u fccourir lo: inforrunér,

fit diflribuer une fomme d’ urgent conflderuble
pnrmi le: mulbeureux qui u'voz'ent foufi‘ertr le
plus a Ottoiuno, (9’ dam [cs environs.

Le 18 de September 1" ulloi fur [e Mont
Vefuve u'orc Milord Herbert , (3‘ mon guide
ordinuire , 2'! mm: fut impoflible d’urteindre nu
crurcre gui fe trou'ooit‘ concert 11’ une fume’e
opuifle , (9’ don; 1’ odour fulpbureufe étoit fl
infupportuble, (In, on n’ofoit rifquer de I1 up-
procber, independumenr de cette fume’e il n’aua
roit put me‘me e’te’ prudent do 5’ u'ooncer trap
pre’r , our [ex coups form , que nous cuten-
dimes de toms u uurre nu dedum' du Vol-
cun unnonpoient encore une tre‘r grunde fer-
mentation . Nous nous contenrumer donc d’exuu
miner Icy cfietr fingulier: do in dernicre crup»
lion fur le cone, (9“ drmr le 'vullon entre [E
V: woe (3’ la Montague dc Sommu.

Lu portie conigue du Vefuweflufiuellrmcnt
route cou'oerte do fragments de lune: , (’9’ do
fcorier, gui en rcndent lu monte’e beuucoup plus
fcubreufe , (3° beuucoup plus pcnible , que,
gunnd ellc e'toir fimplcment cou’verte dc cendrcr
finer . Ce gu’ il 3/ u do purticulior dun: cer-
te derniere eruption c’ efi que In love , qui
forroir ordiizuiremenr dcr fluncr du Vulcan, (9‘
y formoit do; cofcuder, der ri'vicrcr, (9‘ dc:
ruiflhouar do feu liquide u c'tc' cone for: ici
jctrc'e do fan crutcre en forme de fonmine do:
feu d’ une grqfleur enorme (a).

Gene

,

(a) .l‘arrentinn dim: flan Iflorin deb Vefuvio , db , que ca
Volcrm en 1676 agit do In meme fawn “ Non a torrentimo-
,, do manic) fuori' le fue 'w'fcere , mu tutt’ in aria mono/lit“
do: emijfiam‘ (is love liquide fl violentex, fl fouduines, @‘fl
furprennnter doi'uem umir e’té produiter par quelque ‘cauje ex—
traordinaire, (9‘ fr fui: d’ uutant plus port! a croire , qm'
l’euu communiquant taut a coup u'uec la lune en fufion put
occafioner un tel pbeuomene, que nous [favour , qu’ on a de-
cou-uert it y a long term do: lacs than do pluye dam 1’ iri-
ierieur du Veju'ue, {9' qu’ une riviere, one For: fuppofe e‘tre
cello opal/Ea anciennemeut, Drugo, (‘7‘ qui fut converts , (’fl'

urnfivelié par une eruption d'une ancierme date , fortit 1'! y 4

quelquer arméer do deflbu: um combo do love]: Torr: do! Gre-
co, (3' coule aujourdbui en telle abundance, qu’ elle fufiit .4
y fairs uller plufieur: mouliur. Moi: une experience mum/19,
dont purle Monfleur Fuujur dam for recbercbe: fur 1e: Vol—
can: retain“ (Tc. ( Pugs 176 ) puroit contradire ma flrppofi-
M'on , (9‘ pron-oer, que l’ mu, qui pujfiroit dans la faurmzrfi
ardente d’ 1m Vulcan, 0' y troumnt an air plus rurifie’ , n:
praduiroit pus uue exp/afion, Mon/icur Dexlanu’er Dim‘t‘eur do
In manufafiure Raj/ole do miroir: a St. Gobi» fit l’experienre
fuiwmte l’unnés 1768, en prefence du Duc de la Rafi/”fa"-
taut, do Mon/four Fuujas, ('9‘ d’ uutrer perfonm’: , i1 'UErffi
do PM»! [Mr une quantite‘ do verre m ufion , (9‘ (1:; 3’1’01t
an:

l
    
 
   
   
  
    
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
   
  
 
  
  
   
 
 
 
    
 
 
  
   
   
 
    
  
   
    
  
    
   

5% 23 )ifie

Which falling flill in-fome degree of
fufion, hag, In a manner, cafed up the
conical P?“ of Vefuvius with afiratum of
hard fcortae, on the fide next to the Moun-
tam of Somma , that firatum is furely mo-
re than 100 feet thick , forming a high
ridge; the valley between Vefuvius , and
Somma has received fuch a prodigious quana
tity of lava, and other volcanik matter du-
ring this lafl eruption , that it is raifed ,
as is imagined 250 feet , or more , three
fuch eruptions as the 121?: wou’d compleat-
ly fill up the valley, and by uniting Ve-
fuvrus, and Somma, form them into one
Mountain, as they molt probably were be-
fore the great eruption in the Reign of
Titus . In short I found the Wole face of
Vefuvius changed . Thofe curious channels
in which the lava ran in the month of
May lalt are all buried, the Volcano ap-
pears to have likewife increafed in height,
the form of the crater is changed ,a great
piece of it’s rim towards Sbmma being
wanting, and on the fide towards the {ca
it is alfo broken, There are fome very lar-
ge cracks towards the point of the cone
of the Volcano , which makes it probable,
that more of the borders of the crater will
fall in: The ridge of fresh Volcanick mat-
ter on the cone of Vefuvius towards Som-
ma, and the thick firatum in the valley
are likewife full, of cracks, from which
there iflhes a confiant {ulphurious fmoke
thattinges them, and the circumjacent
fcoriae, and Cinders, with a deep yellow ,
or fome times a White tint . Thefe lafl
mention’d cracks , tho deep , do not , as
I apprehend , pafs the flratum formed by
the lait eruption , and which from use);-
treme thicknefs , particularly in the valley,
will probably retain a great degree of
heat
been in that {late in the crucible for twelve hours . The
water did not occalion the leaft fermentation , but ‘on the
contrary roll’d upon it’s furface without even producing any
,fmokc, and after having become feemmgly red hot like the
metal in fufion, difappeared in about three minutes without
having occafion’d the hall explolion. If the great emllfions
of lava abovemention’d were not then occafiond by water
mixing with the lava , may not they have been produ-
ced by violent fubterraneous exhalations havmg forced their
way into the cauldron of the Volcano ( If, I may be 31'
low’d the expreflion ) replete with matter in fufion ’, and
blown it’s whole contents with what ever oppofesl 1t5PM:
fige at once into the air-f

Cette fontnine nynnr Eon/ewe quelgue degre‘,
de lzguicliré, mé‘me nprés fn route, 4 encnifré,
pour ninji-dire, Ie cone du Vefuve dnns une
com/3e do [caries dures ; du core' de In Man.
tngne de Sommn eerie cone/re, gui yforme one
élevntion tre’r fenfllnle, nefienuroit nwir maim-
de cent pied: d’ epnifleur . Le anlon enrre Ie
I/efuve , (9* Sommn * n regu une unnoti-
te fl prodigieufe de Love, (9’ d’ nutrer mntie-
res 'volenniquer pendnnt In derm'ere eruption ,
qu’ i q? enbnufle‘ n ce qu’ on croft nu
main: do 250 pieds: troir eruptions pnreilles
le combleroient entierement, (9‘ en umfl'nnt Ie
Vefuve , (9“ Sommn , 72’ en ferment qu’ une
feule Montogne ; il e/I proonlzle , qu’elle: e'to-
iem‘ ninfl rounie’s n'onnr In grnnde eruption ,'
1114i nrrl'vn four Titus.En un mot for Wound
route In fnce du Vefu've clonnge’e ; Ce: cnnnun
curieux dnns ler quels In Inve couloir nu moi:
de Mni precedent font tour enrierement cou-
wertr ; Ie Volcnn pnroz'r nufli nvoir nugmente’
en lonureur, In forme (In crnrere n’cftl plus In
meme, un gror morcenu ole fun bard 11ers Som-
mn n e'te' emporté, ('9‘ II e/I cofre’ nufl'i du co-
te' de In mer. Very In poinre du cé'ne 072 mi:
de lnrger fentes, ce qui fnlt croire one of nu‘
trer morcenux do: lord: du crntere pourroient
blenro‘t tomber dnm In bone/3e du Volcnn . L’e—
Iovntion , qu’onr produite dernierement oer mn-
tieres 'volcnniques fur le aloe n'u Vefu've do
can? de Sommn, (9‘ In coucoe epnlfle der m6-
mer mnz‘ieres dnnr le 'vnllon, font remplier de
fenter d’ on fort continuellement unefume’eful—
poureufe , guz' repnnd fur route: Ier frories ,
(3‘ let cendrer 'IJoIflner d’ une couleurjnunefon—
ce'e , (9‘ guelquefoir d’un lJlnnc pnrfnlt *. Les
ferries, don! fe pnrle , guoique profonde: ne
percent point, e c: gue je train on de In do
In couclve forme’e For In derniere eruption ; cer-
te coucoe e’tnnt tre’s epnzfl'e ( pnrticulz'erement
dons le anlon ) confer'vern fuivnnt route n11:

1”“

dnns cet in: dun: le ereu/et :Iepui: m lyeum l’enu n’ yfit
pns In moindre fermentation , nu contrnire elle rouln fur In
furfnce fnns me‘mc avaz'r enufe' de In fume: , 0' nprer étre de-
venue en apparent: nufli came (9' nufl? rouge _, que 19 metal
en fufion, difpnrut n'nns l’cfpnce d’en'wron trot: mmute: fans
In moindre explofion. 51' let granule: emzflions de lave , don:
je vie": do parler, ne furent pa: can/let par Ie melnnge .de
I’enu n-vec In lnve , m: paurroienr elles pa: ‘atiorr e’téprodmtes
par de violente: exbnlaz'fanr fizuflermmer flu! 5 gm»: owner: un
pnfl‘nge dam- In clunun'fere (In Valenn ( I II no 2/? permit (I:
m’ expyimer alflfl ) remplic d2 matrerc’en {II/lion In yené tout
(I’m: coup en I’m} ave; tour to gm 5 appafatt n fan pnjfnge‘?

* Sup. Pl.
XXXHL

* Sup. Pl.‘
I. n. 2.,
 

5% 24' )is’e

heat for fome years to come, as did a
thick firatum of lava that ran into the
Fofla grande in the year 1767.

The number , and fize of the fiones, or
more properly fpeaking , of the fragments
of lava , which have been thrown out of
the Volcano in the courfe of the lafi erup-
tion, and which lie fcatterd thick on the
cone of Vefuvius, and at the foot of it ,
is realy incredible. The largel’c we mea-
fured was in circumference no lefs than
108 english feet, and 17 feet high , it is
a folid block, and is much vitrified , in
fome parts of it there are large pieces of
pure glafs of a brown yellow colour, like
that of which our common bottles are ma-
de , and throughout it’s pores feem to be
filled with perfeéi vitrifications of the fa-
me fort. The fpot where it alighted is
plainly marked by a deep impreflion al—
mofl at the foot of the cone of the Vol-
cano, and it took three bounds before it
fettled , as is plainly perceived by the marks
it has left on the ground, and by the flos-
nes which it has pounded to attoms under
it’s prodigious weight when We confider
the enormous lize , and weight of fuch a
folid mafs , thrown at leafi a quarter of
a mile clear of the mouth of the Volca—
no, we can but admire the wonderfull
powers of nature, of which , being f0
very feldom within the reach of human
infpeé’tion, we are in general too apt to
judge upon much too {mall a fcale.

An other folid block of ancient lava 66
feet in circumference , and 19 feet high ,
being nearly of a fpherical shape , was
thrown out at the fame time, and lies near
the former. This flone , which has the
marks of having been rounded, nay almofl
polished by continual rolling in torrents,
or on the feat shore, and yet having been
to undoubtedly thrown out of the Volca-
no, may be the fubjeé} of curious fpecula—
tion (a). An other block of folid lava,
that was thrown much farther , and lies

in

(a) Or may not this Home be a shpericalVolcanick Ba;-
falt fuch as one of 4.5 feet in circumference defcribed by

Mons. Faujas de St. Fond in page 135 of is curious book
on the fub}e& of extinguished Volcanosfi

parence un grand degre‘ de chaleur pendant
guelques anne’er, comme le fit une mac/ye epaif-
fe de la la-ve qui eoula dam la Folfa grande
en 1767. *

* C. Ptt.

Le nombre, (’9' le 'volume de; pierres , ‘ou Pl-XXXIX.

pluto‘t des fragments~ de la've, jette’s de la bou-
e/Je du Volcan pendant la dernier eruption,€9j
gu’ on trou've par/eme’ fur‘le eo’ne du Vefu'ue,
(9° autour de fa bafe, font 'vraiement incroya-
bier. Les plus gray de eeux, dont nour primes
une mefure exafie, n’a'voit pas mains de 108
piedr angloir de circonferenre, (9‘ I7 piedr de
[Jauteur ; C’ efl une mafle folide, (9’ fort 'vi-
trifie’e; par 91,63“ par 1/2 on y trou've de gror
morceaux de verre parfait, d’ une couleur jau—
ne brunétre comme celui , dont on fait no:
bouteiller ordinaires, (9’ par tout fey porerpa-
roiflent e‘tre remplis de vitrification: ac‘lre'oe’e:

de la mé‘me eflbece; * l’endroit, ou il rumba, 'l' Sup.P1.
cfl clairement indique' par un creux pro/and ,V.n.1.2.3.
gui efl preygue au pied du Volean * . Avant * Sup.Pl.
de fe fixer, z'l fit trois bonds, comme an le t.n.2.

'voit d’ane maniere diflinfle par les trace: 9141'
en font refle’es fur la terre, (9' par les pier-
res, qui ont été pulverzfe'er [our [on enorme
paid . ,Quand on reflec/Jit fur 1y immenflte' du
wolume, (9" far In pefanteur d’ une 'pareille
mafle folide jette’e nu mains a un quart de
mille en ligne droite de la [rout/3e du Vulcan,
on ne [guarait nflez admirer [es forces e’ton-
nantr de la nature , que nous fommes trop por-
ter a juger fur une ec/Jelle beaucoup trap pe-
tite, parcegue nous 72’ away guerer d’ occafion
de [es voir dam toute leur etendue.

Une autre mafle folide d’ une la've ancienne
de 66 pied: de circonference, (9" de I 9 pied:
de bauteur, (9° prefque d’ une forme fp/Jeri—
que, fut jettée en meme term, (3’ rcfle pre's
de la premiere; celle ci paroit avoir e’te' ar-
rondie, (9° mé‘me prefque polie a force de rou-
let dam des torrents, ou fur 1e rivage de la
mer, ofi're une matiere intercflante aux fpe‘
culations o'er Naturalifles (a) . Un autre mafle
de lave jolide qui a e’te' jett'e'e bien, plus loin,
(9‘ qui fe trou've encore dam le 'vallon entre
Ie co’ne du’ quu'ue, @l’Hermitage a 16 pied:

de

(a) On ne f: paurrait 1'1_ par , que cette pierre fut un Bafalte

, jplverique (9' volcam'que [emblable a une autre de 45 pied:

o’e circonference dent Man/fear Faujas de St. Fond a dame 111

defcription a la page 155 d: [on au'urage curieux filr 1e: Vol-
can: mint: 2%.?
eIDEC 25 Hit

in the valley between the cone of Vefu—
vius, and the Hermitage is 16 feet high,
and 92 feet in circumference, tho it plainly
appears by the large fragments , that lie
round , and were detatched from it by
the shock of it’s fall , that it mufl have
been tw1ce as confiderable when in the air.

There are thoufands of very large frag-
ments of different fpecies of ancient , and
modern lava’s, that lie fcatter'd by the la-‘
te explofions on the cone of Vefuvius ,
and in the valleys at it’s toot , but thefe
three were the largeft of thofe we mea-

fured (a) .

We found alfo many fragments of thofe
volcanick bombs that burfl in the air , as
mention’d in the former part of this jour-
nal, and fome entire, having fall’n to the
ground without burfling . The fresh red
hot and liquid lava having been thrown
up with numberlefs fragments of ancient
lava’s, the latter were often clofely invel~
loped by the former, and probably, when
fuch fragments of lava were porous , and
full of air bubbles, as is often the cafe ,
the extreme outward heat fuddenly ratifying
the confined air, caufed an explofion 5 when
thofe fragments were of a more compact
lava, they did not explode , but Were fim—
ply inclofed by the lava , and acquired a
fpherical form by whirling in the air, or
rolling dowu the fleep fides of the Vol:-

cano .

The shell, or outward coat of the bombs
that burfi , and of which we found feve-
ral pieces , was always compofed ‘of fresh
lava, in which many fplinters of the mo-
re ancient lava that had been inclofed,are
feen flicking . I was much pleafed Wlth
this difcovery , having been greatly puzzled
for an Explanation of this volcanick ope—
ration , which was new to me , and which
was very frequent, during the eruption of
the 9‘h of Augufl.

The phenomenon of the natural fpun
‘glafs, which fell at Ottaiano With the ashes

on

(a) We meafured twe other {tones in the valley between
Somma , and Vefuvius , the one was 2:1;- la feet long 13-;
broad, and IO feet high, the other It; hergh , and 72.
feet in circumference.

de lJauteur, (9° 92 de cirronference. Le: gray
fragments, gui font a l’entour, (9“ qui en fu-
rent furement detaches par le cnoe de fa clau-
te demon/treat, gu’ elle e’toit mclme deux fair
play groflk, guand elle e'toit en l’ air.

I! y a der millierr de gray fragment: de
dzflerentes efpece: de la'ves aneiennes, (9‘ mo-
derner , gut repofent fur la cé'ne du Vefu've ,

@Idanr lerl'ulallom‘ au tour de fa bafe *, (’9' * Sup.Pl.
gut y ant ete places par let derniere: explo- I.n.1.8<4.

fions, mair cease, que fe vienr de titer, e'to-
ient la: plus grands de tous ceux, gue nous
a'vons mefure'r (a) .

Nous trou'vamer aufli plufieurr morceaux de
ces bomber 'volcanigues, gui cre'verent en l’air,
(9' dont j’ai fait la defeription dam une au-
tre partie de ce journal; guelgue: uner tom-
laées a terre fans cre'ver étoient touter entie-
res *. La lave fraicne, liquide , (9" inflam-
me’e ayant été avec une tre'r grande quantité
de fragments de la'ver aneienner , celler ci ant
fou'vent été enveloppe'r e12 entier par la lave
nou'velle *, (9' 'vrai/emalablement , guand de
tel: fragment: de lave e’toient poreux , (9'rem—
plis de buller of air ( ce qui arri've fouvent)
1’ extreme claaleur exterieure rarifiant l’ air en-
ferme’e, taufoit une explofion ,- lorfgue enfuite
ces fragments fe trout/oient d’ une lave plus
eompaflc , l’ explofion n’ a’voit par lieu , ilr éto-
ient [implement eou'vert de la la've fruit/9e ,
(9‘ ils prenoient une forme fplaerigue par leur
mou'vement de rotation en 1’ air, au en roulant
fur ler firmer efearpe’r du Volcan *.

La partie exterieure, au l’ecorce der bom-
ber , qui cre'verent, (9' dont nour trou'uamer
beaucoup de morceaux étoit tau/ours ‘compofe’e
de lave nouvelle , dam la quelle on voyoit plu-
fieurs e’clatr d’ une lave plur ancienne , qui

y avoit e’té renferme'e *. Cette decouverte me * Sup.Pl.’
fit (1’ autant plus de plai/ir , que je m’ gm},- IV. n. 6.

lieaueoup tourmente’ pour trou'ver une explica-
tion de cette operation voleanigue , qui m’e’toit
tout a fait nau'velle , (9' qui fut trer frequen-
te pendant l’eruption du 9 d’flout.

Le P/Jenomene du 'verre file par In nature,
(9" qui tomlm fur Ottaiano avec le: cendre:

G le

(3) Nous mefurame: 'zleux quire: pierrer dam le walla» mtrz
la Somme, (9‘ Ie Veflwe, l’une await 2.2;? pied: ale. long'eur,
13.:— de largeur, ('9' 10 do bauteur, l’ autre en ath u; do
bauteur, (’3‘ 77. de circonference.

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
  

* Sup.Pl.
IV. n. 6.

"' Sup.Pl.
IV. [1.5.
8c 8.

* Sup.PI.‘
IV. It. So
 

etc 26 his

on the 5‘“ of Augufi was likewife clear-
ly explained to me here. I have already
mention’d , that the lava thrown up by
this eruption , was in general moreperfe-
flly vitrified, than that of any former e-
ruption , and which appeared plainly upon
a nearer examination of the fragments of
folid fresh lava , the pores of which we
generally found full ofa pure vitrification,
and the {coria itfelf, upon a clofe exami-
nation with a magnifying glals , appeared
like a confufed heap of filaments of afoul
vitrification. When a piece of the folid
fresh lava had been cracked in it’s fall wi—
thout feperating entirely , we always {aw
capillary fibres of perfcé’t glafs reaching from
fide to fide within the cracks . IfI may
be allow’d a mean comparifon, which hon
wever conveys the idea of what Iwish to
explain better than any other, I can think
of, this lava refembled a rich Parmefan
Cheefe, which when broken and gently
feparated {pins out tranfparent filaments ,
from the little cells, that contain’d the
clammy liquor of which thofe filaments
were compofed. The natural {pun glafs
then that fell at Ottaiano during this e~
ruption , as well, as that, which fell in
the Isle ofBourbon in the year 1766.mu{t
have been formed , molt probably, by the
operation of fuch a fort oflaVa as has
been jul’c defcribed , cracking , and fepara-
ting in the air at the time of it’s emiffion
from the craters of the Volcanos, and by
that means {pinning out the pure vitrified
matter from it’s pores, or cells, thewind
at the fame time carrying ofl" thofe fila-
ments of glafs as fall: as they were produced.

I obferved flicking to fome very large
fragments of the new lava , and which
Were of a clofe grain, fome pieces of a
fubfiance, whole texture very much reliem-
bled that of atrue pumice flone, and upon
a clofer examination, and having feparated
them from the lava, I perceived , that this
fubflance had aé’tually been forced out of
the minute pores of the folidflone itfelf,
and was a colleé’rion of fine vitrous fibres,
or filaments confounded together at the
time of their being prelTed out by the con-
trafiion of the large fragments of lava in
cooling , and which had bent downwards

.bY.

le 5 d’ flout me fut uujfi por lzl eluirement
expligué. ]’ oi deju dit gue la lune de In
derniere eruption e'toit en general plus purme
tement witrifie’e , que celle of Mount: eruption
preeedente , on le 'voyoit d’ une muniere cloire
en exuminunt de pres les fragments de lune
folide , (’9’ nouvelle , dont les pore: étoient or-
dinuirement remplis d’ une vitrificntion trey pu—
re *, lee [caries mé‘mes u les examiner u-
'vec une loupe, o'voient l’uppurence d’une me]—
[e confufe dc filaments d’ une vitrificationim-
pnrfuite. .Quund un mercenu de In lune folide
(3" nounelle s’ étoit fendue en tombnnt fun:
que les parties fe fuflent entierement fepnre'r,
nous y 'vimes toujours der fibres cupilluires d’
un 'verre purfait, gui s’ etendoient (1’ un eote’
n l’ nutre uu dedonr des fenter * . 5’ il m’e/l
permis de me fervir d’une comporui/on , 4 lo roe-
rite’ peu noble, moi: qui pourru dunner mieux
que toute uutre l’ide’e de ee gue je 'voudrois
expliquer , cette lu've refembloit uu fromnge
grur du Purine/on, qui lore qu’ il e/l cujfe“ ,
(9‘ que les morcenux en font fepnre's doucement
filent des fibres mince; (9“ trnnfporentes bar;
ele: eellules, ou dbeontenue ln liqueur 'vifqueu-
fe dent eer fibres font compo/é: . Le 'verre fi-
le’ , qui tombu n Ottniano dun: cette eruption,
de mé’me que celui , gui tombu u l’ Isle de
Bourbon en 1766. fut done nruifemblablement
produite par 1’ uflion d’ une lu'ue fembluble n
celle dont je 'viens de donner lu defcription ;
cette love en fe coflnnt , (9’ fe fepnrnnt en
l’ oir nurn tire' de [es pores, ou de fer eel-
lules une mntiere porfnitement witrifie’e , que
le vent ouru emporte’ ouflito‘t upre's fn formu-

z‘ion * .

f ui remorgue fur ole gror fragments de lo
nou'uelle love , dont lu grain étoit tre's com-
pufl, (’9' trer fin, des morceuux rl’ une metic-
re purfuitement refemblnnte o lo 'urnie pierre
pence, (9‘ qui y étoient uttncbe’s * en lei de-
tuebunt de la lune pour les examiner de plus
pre’s je m’ uppergus, que eette motiere uvoit
e'te' weritublement poufle’e bars des pores ler plus
fins de oer memes pierres folides , ('3’ qu’ elle
n’e’toit qu’ un umur de fibres ou de filaments
minres, (9' vitreux entortille's , (9° confondus
enfemble nu moment, qu’ ils fortoient des po-
res de ces gror fragments de love , qui r’ 6‘—
toicnt referrer en [e refi’roidiflhnt, (’9‘ que le

pro-

* Sup.Pl.
V.n. 1. 8c

* Sup.Pl.
V. n. 3.

* Sup.Pl.
V. n. 4.

* Sup.Pl.
V.n.7.
~>I=E( 27 )Ech‘

by their own Weight: This curious {ub-
fiance has_the lightnefs of a pumice, and
refembles it in every refpefi except being
of a darker colour. ‘

When the pores of the fresh folid lava
were large, and filled with pure vitrified
matter , We found that matter fome times
blown into bubbles in it’s furface I fuppo-
fe by the air, which had been forced out
at the time the lava contraéled itfelf in
cooling; Thofe bubbles being thin shew’d,
that this volcanick glafs has the kind of
tranfparency of our common glafs bottles
and is like them of adirty yellow colour.
I detatched with a hammer , fome large ,
and folid pieces of this kind of glafs , as
big as my fift, which adhered to,and was
incorporated with fome of the larger frag-
ments of lava and tho of the fame kind ,
from their thicknefs they appeared perfectly
black, and were opaque . An other parti-
cularity is remarkable in the lava of this
eruption many detatched pieces of it are
in the shape of a barley corn , or of a
plumbfioneg {mall at each end , and thick
in the middlle 5 We picked up feveral ,
and {aw many more, which were too hea—
vy for us to carry off, for they mufl have
Weigh’d more than 60 pounds . Some of
the fmaller ones do not Weigh an ounce.
I fuppofe them to he drops from the li-
quid fountain of fire of the 8th ofAugufl,
and which might very naturally acquire
fuch a form in their fall, but the peafants
in the neighbourhood of Vefuvius are well
convinced, that they are the thunder bolts
that fell with the volcanick lightening.

We found many of the volcanick bombs;
or properly {peaking round balls of fresh
lava , large and fmall, all of Wthl’l ha-
ve a Nucleus compofed. of a fragment of
more ancient, and folid lava.There Were
alfo fome other curious vitrifications, very
different from any I had ever feen before
mixed with the late fall’n shower of hu-
ge fcoriae, and malfes of lava.

Tho I have endeavord to be as particu-
lar, and clear as poflible in the defcription

I have given of the curious fubflances pro-
' duced

prapre paid de res filaments les await danné
une mclinaifan new In terre. Cette fubflance
curzeufe dl legere , comme la pierre pance :2
la guelleelle refemlzle en taut,excepté la cau-
leur , gut eniefl plus alr/cure.

@and les pares de la la've nau'aelle , (9’
falide e'taient grands, (9‘ remplis de motiere
pnrfaitement vitrifie'e . Nous trau’vumes cette
matiere auelque fais en farme de baules fur

la fur are * praduire, comme je la fuppafe , *Supl’l.‘
par l {117' camprzme' gui s’ etair ec/aappé de ces V.n.1.‘

pares, au moment, que la have s’ efl referre’c
en fe rcfroidiflant . Ces [mules e'tans mince: ,‘
mantraienr, que ce 'verre 'valcanigue (wait le
degré de tranfioorence de nos aauteilles ardinai-
res, (9‘ la meme aauleur de jaune fale. f oi
demo/re a’vea un marteau quelgues morceaux fa-
lides de cette efpece de verre gras camme le
poingt, qui e’taient udberens , (9' incarpare's
u’uec guelgues uns des plus gros fragments de
la’ue , (9’ quaigu’ ils fuflent de lzz mé’me natu—
re, leur epoifliaur les faifair paraitre pasfaite—
men: nairs , (9° apagues *.

que plufleurs des marceaux demo/res an; la
forme d’un groin d’arge, au of an nayeau de
prune , e’mnr paintus nu deux bouts , (9' gm:
uu milieu *

tranfparte's eommadement , car ils pefaient [14- 4'
rement plus de 60 livres . DQuelgues uns des
plus perils ne pefaient pus un once ; fe crois
qu’ ils paurraient lien é'tre desgautes demo/recs
de la fantaine de feu lig/uide du 8 d, flout ,
qu’ ils onr pu acquerir une farme femalaale en
rambanr , ,mais les Poi/ans des environs o'u
Vefuve ne dautenr point , gu’ ,elles ne fayient
les faudres méazes , qui accampagnerenr les e-
eluirs volcaniaues. I

Nous trauwmes plufleurs bombes valeanigues
au pour mieux dire de ces baules randes de
la nau'uelle lave, qui uvoient routs un Nucleus
au noiau compo/6' d’un fragment ale lave foli-

de plus ancienne *. Il y avail eufli d’ outres :‘EEPSP;

vitrification: tre’s curieufes, (9' lien difi’erenres
. ' I - ’
de laures celles , que 1’ errors remarque jufau

alars *. Celles ci fe trauvaient méle’es a'vec *Supl’l.
les grafles fearies, (9' les mafles de loves qua IV.u.1.&

furent jette’es pend/mt la derniere eruption. 7.
Qaaique j’ aye rec/rel de decrire les motleres
[ingulieres qu’ a praduit la derniere eruption
{m ; clairemenr, (9’ aufli di/linfiement, zu 2!
m u

 

La lave de cette *Supl’l.‘
eruption afi‘rait une outre particularire' , c’ e/l V.n.2.

. Nous en ramafl'ames guelques uns, *Sup.Pl.‘
(9' nous en vimes autres trap laurds pour é’rre IV.n.2.8c

 
 

ea 28 )3?‘

duced by the late eruption of Vefuvius ,
yet as fpecimens of thofe» fubflances will
explain more at one fight than I can pre-
tend to do by whole pages In writing , I
shall not fail to fend you by the firfl fa-
vorable opportunity a colleé’tion of them ,
which I have fer a part for that purpofe,
Particularly as I flatter my felt" they may
ferve to give fome light into a hitherto
obfcure fubjeé’t , I mean the nature , and
manner of the formation of pumice Prones.

Vefuvius continues to fmoke confiderably,
and we had a slight shock of an earthqua-
ke yefierday, {0 that I do not think; not-
withstanding the Iate eruption having been
{0 very confiderable, that the Volcano has
vented itfelf‘fo fufliciently , as to remain
long quiet.

I mutt now, Sm , beg your pardon, if
I have trefpafled too much upon your ti-
me, I meant to be short , clear, and ex-
plicit , and if by aiming at the two lat—
ter, I have fail’d in the former , I hope
I shall be eXcufed and that you will plea:
{e to take the Will for the Deedg

lam

Dear S r R ,

With great regard , and efieem
Your molt obedient , humble fervant

WILLIAM HAMILTou .

m’ o e’re’ poflible, ler ecnontillonr der Motierei
memes en donneronr dun: un feul influnt des
ide’es plus netter , que je ne fguuroir le fuire
en e‘cri'vont der page: entierer; [e no manque-
rui done pus, Monfieur,de Vour foire purve-
nir per lo premiere occ‘oflon lu eolleéiion de
vex mot‘ie'res ; foi forme' eerie colleflion pour
celu, (9‘ je me flzlre , qu’ elle contrioueru u
éeluircir un fujet jufqu’ ici un peu obfcurje
wous porle de In nature der pierres frames (9‘
de lo muniere done elle fe ferment.

Le Vefuve continue tau/our: o jerter beau-
coup ole fume’e , (3° bier nous eumer un leger
tremblement de terre, ce qui me fair croire, que
molgre' lu violence de lo deruiere eruption, le
Volcun ne :’ efl per ofl'ez’ 'vuide’ pour re/ler long

term trunguille.

]e dais u prefenr, Monfieur, 'vour deman-
der miller excufes , [i je 'vour ui entrerenu trop
long rem; , ['7 uuruir 'voulu é'tre court , (9' en
mé'me temr cloir , (9° exufi , (9’ fl pour rem-
plir ces deux dernier: objeflr , j’ ui nmnque’
le premier , je me flzlte , que Vous woundrez
Inen me le purdonner, (9" que Vour uurez‘ lu
{route de prena’re l’ Intention pour le Fuit.

far! 1’ honneur d’irre
MON CHER MONSIEUR
Aver: beuucaup d’e/lime, (9‘ de ionfidemriari
Votre tre’s bumble,

{93 {refs olrerflimt Serviteur

1&1.me HAMILTON.
éK
wsheeeeeheeeeaeee

ADVERTISEMENT.

HE Editor Hatters himfelf that the

Reader will excufe the little errors
of the prefs which have been unavoidable
owing to the Printers ignorance of the
two languages in which this book is prin—
ted .

The former Part of this work in two
Volumes with a map , and 54 plates il—
luminated are to be had of the Editor
M’ Peter Fabris Painter at Nagles , who
will puné’tually obey {itch orders as the
Public may be pleafed to favor him with.

N. B. The, french Translation of this
Letter is by the Author.

29 )Efie

eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
AVERTISSEMENT.

ET ou'vwzge e’mm‘ imprime’ dam an P47: ou
la; imprimewr ignorant rota/amen! les deux
langues dam [es quel/es i1 efi impw'mé, I’Edi-
few fe flare que la Lefleur excufem lepeu d:
fautes 9142 par eerie mifon la’ ant du inevita—
blement fe ghflEr dam l’impreflion.
La partie pmcedente de cer ourumge eh demo
Volumes avec we can? , e 54 Plancbes enla-
minées fe trawl/e c/Jez‘ 1’ Editeur Mr .Pierre

. Fabric Peintre a Naples, qui executem, ave:

taute la panfiualire’ poflible les ordre: gm [6
Public wudm 62m lui downer a ce fujet.

N. B. La Tradufiian frangoi/e de fart: .
Law: (/1 de 1’ Auteur .

 
 

Magnificue D. Téoma: Faflmm 1'a bat Regia Starh'oram Univeifltate Profiflbr Primaw'u: ; W’UMeat
flutogmpbam enunciari Operis, mi fe full/Erika, ad fiaem revidendi ante publicatioaem 7mm exemplarig
r'mprimenda concordant , ad formam Regalium Ordiaum , (‘3’ in fariprix referar. Dar. Neap. die 2. men I!
Aprilz's 1780.

MATTHEUS JAN. ARCHIEP- CARTHAG- Co M.

ILLUSTRISSIME AC REVERENDISSIME PRJESUL.

Uis mandatis, ut par fuit, obtemperaturus, commentarium ab eruditifiimo Equite Guilelmo Hamil.

ton fuper noviffima pcrmiraque Vefuvii Montis conflagratione britannice galliceque confcriptum, ea
mneis tabulis exquifiti' operis , phmnomenorum, quae obvcnere , fpecies omnes, accurate referentibus orna-
tiifimum , fedulo perlegi. Omnia vero, {eu hifioricam eventorum fidem, feu phyficorum indagines , {eu
veras criticx artis regulas fpefies, perbelle fibi conflant. Tantum paucula quasdam, quz ab imperitis fini-
fterius accepta, plebis noftraa religioni adverfari videantur ab doéfis religiofifque refie , qualis Cl.Au&oris
mens fuit intelligi explicerique debent, ut morofioribus hominibus occurratur. Neapoli XVI. Kal. Majus
An. MDCCLXXX. I

leamas Fafanm Prtfe’flizr Regius.

Die 9. mmfix Maji 1780. Neapoli. V
Vi'fl) Referipto SIM Reg/dis Majeflatis fab die 29. elapfi men 1: April}: curremis tmni , ac relation:
mega. D. Tbomce Fafana‘de commiflione Rev. Regii Cappellani Majoris ordine pmfam Regalis Majeflaris.
Regalis Camera Sanfia’ Clam, provider, decernit, atque mandar, quad imprimamr cum iaferra forma
pmfenti: fapplici: libelli, ac approbatione di’éii Reviforix; 'verum non publicemr mfi per ip/um Reviflwem
fafia iteram revifione aflrmetur quad comordar few/1m farma Regalium Ordinum ; ac etiam in publication:
fervent: Regia Pragmatica. Hoe fuum (7c.

PATRITIUS; AVENA:

.71an FISCUS REGALIS CORONEI

Reg;
Carulli I 'Athanafius .’

Ill. Marclu'a Cims mees 5'. R. C. taupe}: fubfcfipfiam‘: impediti , 0 fateri Ill. Hal/1mm Prafefii
'mn interfaeruat . ’
 

References to Plate II.

IEW of the great eruption of Mount
V Vefuvius on Sunday night Augufl the
8th 1779; taken from an original drawing
done by Mr Peter Fabris near His Sicilian
MAJEs-rv’s Palace at Paufilipo at the mo;
ment of the eruption .

Expliootion do 14 Plano/Jo II.

p721; do [It gronde eruption du Mont Ve u’ve

le Dimoncbe rmfoz'r 8 d’flout 1779; Jo—
pre’s 1m deflein original fort or moment mé‘me
de l' eruption par le Sieur Pierre Polaris pre’:
du Polm'g dc SA MAJESTE‘ Sicilienne o Pauli—
life.

 
 

 
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

 

 
 

, vr .5352. . ..,.

 

x:

 
References to Plate III.

15w of the eruption of Mount VefuJ
kl vius Monday morning Augufl the 9‘h

1779 and of‘ the magnificent column of
fmoke, which attended that eruption; ta-
ken from an original Drawing done from

nature at Paufilipo by Mr Pete]; Eabris.

Explication de la 1314;1ch III.

V £21.: de 1’ eruption du Mont Vefirve Luna’i

le malin 9 d’Aour 1779 (9’ de la fuperbe
colonne de fume’e, qui accompflgnoit cette erup—
tion (1’ aprés la Deflein original fad: par le
Sieur Pierre Fabris a Paufilipe.

 

 
 
 
References to Plate IV.

N. LFRagment Of a very curious vitri-

fied matter of a Purple hue, and
which emits firong {parks of fire , when
{truck with fieel .

N. 2. After the late eruption the Author
found many detatched pieces of lava of
this shape on Mount Vefuvius,and which
he fuppofes to be ‘drops from the great
fountain of liquid fire of funday night Au-
gufl the 8th 1779.

N. 3. White pumice {lone thrown out.

of Vefuvius during the laf’c eruption.
N. 4. An other drop of lava. Thefe drops
are entirely compofed of the new lava .

N. 5. Fragment of ancient lava invello-
ped by a coat of new lava .

N. 6. Fragment of one of the Volcanick
bombs .

N. 7. A molt curious vitrified matter of
the lafi eruption, which in every refpeé’t
refembles flint .

N. 8. A volcanick bomb withanucleus
of ancient lava. Many of this kind lie
fcatter’d round the cone of _Vefuvius.

Explimtion de la Plancbe IV.

N. LPRegment d’ We matiere 'vz'tw'fie'e tre’s

curieufe , (9’ d’ une couleur pourpre.
Cette matiere e’t/mt fmppe’e avec le briguet
dorme des étincelles tre’r fortes.

N. 2. Apre’s In derniere eruption, 1’ fluteur
rnmefla fur le Mont Ve n've plufieure morcenux
de le've de cette farme, qn’ilfuppofe é’tre des
goutex defile/yes dn grand jet de la've qui far—
tit dn Volmn dimmzc/ee rm fair [e 28 d’Aaut
I779 ‘

N. 3. Pierre pence Mane/3e jettée dn Vefn'ue
pendant In derniere eruptian .

N. 4. flutre goute de ln've ;t0utes L‘EJ‘ goth
tes font entierement compefe’es de la nou’uelle
ln've .

N. 5. Fragment de lave ancienne en'vellopé
d’ une create de la noon/tile la've.

N. 6. Fragment d’mze des bomber volcani-
qua: .

N. 7. Matter/e 'vitrifie’e extremement ' curiae.
fe, (9' qui refemble pnrfnitement rm milieu.

N. 8. Un des [womba- volmm'gues avec le
Nucleus , on noyetm d’ une lave ancienne; on
mm grand nomlzre de cette efpege fur lee
flancs, 6)" an pied du _Ve u've.

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 

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M.
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.. .. x I ‘ . ‘ . . . . .. A. . .. , . ‘ :I ....... ,_ , ., ‘ i .

 
 
 

 
 

13 id)... 1, x y ‘ £34 4 1.; 41!. 52:15.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

References to Plate V.
N.I.

Ragment of new lava the pores
of which are filled with a' per-
fefi vitrified matter , fome of this matter
by the confined air has been blown into
bubbles on it°s furface , which are femi-

tranfparent like our common glafs bottles.

N. 2. Solid pieces of perfefi glafs in the
center of a piece of lava, and which from
it’s thicknefs appears perfefily black , and
opake; fuch vitrifications are very common
in the lava of the laft eruption.

N. 3. When a piece of lava of the late
eruption crack’d without feparating , the
fibres of perfect glafs are feen as in this
fpecimen in the cracks.

N. 4. Piece of {coria of lava much vi—
trified from fuch fcorim proceeded the na-
tural {pun glafs, which fell at Ottaiano
during the 1219:: eruption . '

N. 5. Curious ramified fcoria from the
infide of a channel on Mount Vefuvius
in which the lava had ran for feveral weeks
fucceflively. »

N. 6. Another curious fcoria of the la-
va of the lafi eruption.

N. 7. Small filaments of Vitrified mat-
ter forced out of the minute pores of the
lava at the time of it’s contraaion in coo-
ling often formed maffes like this fpeci—
men on it’s furface, which are light, and
in moflwrefpeéts refemble true pumice flone.

Explieation (176 [a Planebe V.
N. I.

PRagment de la've izouvelle , dont let

pores fe trou'vent remplis d’ une ma-'

tiere parfaitement vitrifie’e , guelgues portions
e font eleve’e: en hauler demitranfparenteyfur
fa furfaee par la force de 1’ air renferme’e .
Cette matiere reflemble a cello , dent on fait
nos bouteiller ordinaires .

N. 2. Moreeaux de 'oerre parfait au centre
d’un fragment de la’oe , gui a tau/e de leur
epefleur paroijfent noirer , (9° opagues . Cette
efpeee de rvitrification fe reneontre frequente-
ment dam la la’ve de la derniere eruption.

N. 3. Moreeau de love de la derniere eru-
ption, on 1’ on 710:)“ dam fey crevafles de: fi-
lament da un 'verre parfait.

N.-4. Morceau de frorie de lave tre’s vitri-
fiée , [85' filamen: de 'uerre gui tomberent a
Ottaiano pendant la derniere eruption prove—
noient d’une lave pareille.

N. 5. Scorie flngulierement ramifie’ prife dc
l’interieur d’un canal fur le Mont Vefu've ,
(3° dam le quel la lave a'voit coule’e plufieurs
femaine: confeeuti'oes .

N. 6. Autre feorie curieufe de la lave fdep

la derniere eruption .

N. 7. Der petits filament: de niatiere “vitri-
fiée force’er leery des pores de la have nu mo-
ment ale fa eontraflion en fe refiroidiflant for-
moient ur a furface des mafle: teller gu’elles
fe reprefentent dans le numero. Elle: [on Io-
gerex, ('9‘ refemolent neaueoup a la writable
pierre pence.

 

 

 

 
 
 
 

 

 
 
 
 
 

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FERDINANDUS IVA

DEI GRATIA REX

UTRIUSQUE SICILI}E, ET JERUSALEM, HISPANIARUM INFANS, DUX PARMJE,
PLACENTIAEZ, ET CASTRI, AC MAGNUS PRINCIPES HEREDITARIUS
ETRURUE &c.

Etro Fabris Fideli Nobis DileE’ro Gratiam Nofiram
tui parte fuerunt Nobis porreé’ta: preces velle typis dare Opus vulgo intitulatum;
Campi Flegrei, Equitis Hamilton; Et expediri Privilegium in tui favorem , non
POHC illud reimprimi a. quocunque Typographario hujus Noflrae Civitatis, out a
quocunque Regniculo , aut Extero: Et confiderato per Nos, dié’tum opus maximam huic
Nofh‘o Regno utilitatem aff'erre: Tuis propterea fupplicationibus inclinati,tenore pracfen-,
tium dc certa Noflra {Cientia flatuimus, quod nemini liceat per annos decem a die data:
Prmfentium in ant‘ea numerandos fupradiflum opus, ut fupra expreflhm imprimere nec ul—
latenus, imprimi facere, nec illud incidi, in hoc difio Noflro Regno, nec alibi impref—
{urn in Regnum ipfumimmittere ,nec immiffum vendere, nec teneri abfque fpeciali Permif—
fione, licentia tua, vel tuorum Haaredum, Sc Succefforum perdurante difio tempore an-
norum decem ficuti notum fafium ef’c omnibus Typographariis, Inciforibus, & Bibliothe—
cariis hujus nofirae Civitatis per Porterios ordinarios Noflraa Raga-HS, Cam-eras Sané’tx Cla-
raa, ut apparet ex 3.811 per eofdem {218:0 a. tergo Noflri Regalis rei'cripti dc die decima
menfis Junii currentis anni , cujus tenor talis efi -- A dz‘ 3. Laglio 1776. Napolz' .. Fae-mama fade
Noi Regj Parrieri ordinarj della Real Camera di SIC/flaw di aver farm ordine ma cartelle or-
dinati'ue in t'flampa a tutti Ii magnifici Libraw', Incifori, er Stamparori di gmfla Crud tmzto in
mm? d2 5. M. ( D1 G. ), Quanta in Home di detta Real Camera, 6126’ per dicta aim-i continui a.
die Publicationis non ardiflero d-i wflampare ne’ incidcre, 116' introamtrere, ne' fare .mrrametrcre,
ne‘ in Napali, ne" in Regaa, o altm'ue. la fegumre Opera 'vg.; LIOPera del Cil’UtZl-lefij Hamzlmn
iatitolaraz, I Campi Flegrei :. E cid fotta a quelle pene flabilate. m defla Real‘walegm, fp-
diro ad iflanza di Pietra Fabrir, per ogni controventore , ed m fade ec. —- G20: Save'wo Santa-
maw'a: Domenico Mentallo: Et fi aliquis contra hanc. Noflram Regalem ordmatronom fa—
cere , vel attentare prxfumpferit ipfo fafio inourrat rn mu-Itarn uncrarumourearum qumqu-a—
ginm dividendam pro tertia parte-Nofiraz Regret Curraz, terns. accuvfator1,& pro alro ter-
tia part6 tibi difiifque tuis Hmredrbus, &.Succefl"or1bus,§c opus Prazdré’sum tahtermpref:
fun}, aut quomodolibet ex quahbet parte 1n hoc Regno Indufium, fiex'olvatur, & fit tux
tuorunque Hazredum, & Succcflbrum. Verum face-re oebeos opus przdré’turn de eadem: qua}-
lltato, bono papyro, bonoque charaé’rere, 8t tenearrs vendere opus pradréfum duclatrs trr-
ginta pro quolibet tomo; Vorum 11.1. 41610 opera a-nneflantur omnos graphldes coorata; ,
ad normam fupradifii Regahs rsfcrrptr. Mandantes propterea ommbus, & finguhs offiora-
libus, & fubditis nofiris, majorlbus, & rnlrl-orlbus, quocurnque nommo nungfg‘atls? utuci
30, officio, authoritatev, poteflate, & )urrfdlé’rzone fungentxous, pmfentltiuts), ‘utfurrs, a
quos, feuv quem fpeé’tabit_, preefentes Pervonormt ,. VF! fuermt quomodo r et p133 curate: ,
uniquique in fua jurifdié’uonqz quatenus t}b1 feu legltlmee perfonmz ex tui game pres ent,
c3: przflari faciant omne auxlllum, confilrum, & favorem neceffarrumc ,& d‘apoortunum,
pro preemifforum obfervantia, & confequtlone drétiz Poems pecumarmi1 b IOEorum opo-
rum; in cafibus praemiflis , ad'eo quod pro praedré’us ad Nos recurfunr aflero t1 .1 , nec tuls
Hzredibus, 8: Succefl'oribus neceflE non fit; Et fi feous faé’tum fuerrt ,fidatlmhmcurratf 1n
Regiam indignationem. Noflram ac poenam dccem. mlllc.. Ink quorum. . am. oc prae, ens

Regale

, & bonam voluntatem. Ex

 
I RegaIe Privilegium fieri juflimusj magno nofiro figilfp penflenti mun'itum'l Datum Nea; ,
poli Vex Regali Palatio die menfis Julii millefiml feptmgentefim; feptuagefimi fexti
' l776- .
EERDINANDUS.

CITUS PRESES : VARGAS MACCIUCCAZ SALOMONIUSZ PATRITIUS ;

Vid. Fife. R. Cor. .
' Damian: Rex manda'vir mibi.

Bafilii Palmieri a Seg.

Solvat duc.fex cum dimi— Joannes Thomas Athanafius.‘ Solvat pic jure figilli ta-
dio Jofephus Valle. renos duodecim. Martius
Pifanus Taxator.
Reg. fol.
De Sands;

Priw'legz'un? firm hfiprimendz' phi Hebenhz'un? 27qu ‘Iiulgd intitol. Campi Flegfei del Cavalier
Hamilton, 1160 zncidenjz‘ grap/szer colorants £1280 opew' annexm cum canditionibm Mmm limimrh

 
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