ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN Production Note The Rare Book & Manuscript Library Digital Rare Book Collections University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign 2014i X 7j ^ f /,W' v7 / T H E t£t w 4R ART OF «LOG I OK - iiwel> O R, 2| The Entire Body of>• In E N G L I S MO V N F 0 jfjTo the meaneft CapaclE way to Difputc well 5 and to Reh all Fallacies whatfoever. \ VVV By Z a chary Coke gent. |a.I.I7. ITe^fit «Tofl’/i ¿yctfttl» a$ ctuV lency of man (feeing he abhors mote to be accounted ignorant then vicious) furely the excellenteil part of him (needs ) mull be that wherein this perfection inthrones, which being no other then the 1 ntelleCt above Inferior Powers, challengeth the Prerogative of Ayds and Organs: Of which kind Logick ( in our Native Tongue , as moil rare,fo ) is the greateft and moil proper, which frameth andteacheth the ufe of Inilruments accommodable to every operation of the underiland-ing in its diilinCt and deliberateQyefts of Truth. . This Quality in man is the true Philofophers Stone, that turneth alt his mind toucheth into the Gold and Treafure of fatisfaCtion. It is lanitrix Scientiarum• the Tutelary and Guardian of all ^ both Moral and Intellectual Habits : On the raifed wings of whofe perfections,the prone and Rep* (a) tileThe Efiftle Dedicatory* tile Soul foars a pitch, Circuiting all the ftately Provinces and Domini* ons of knowledge. This is that ( with Grace ) re* covers us to our Pnmogenial condition, unclouds the malqued mind, plows up, and unfeals the depths of Rcafon, Evolves the hidden Idœat of things, and unties the knottinefs of every emergency. By it are confufe things made Di-ftin£t ; Abilrufe , Obvious : And the Planetick thoughts to ait Concen-trick , and in its Sphere. This alfo rangeth the Bel-mel Conceptions to ' ‘Battalia and Order ; It unforks Oracles, making them Toothlefs, turneth into Milk bony Paradoxes , and Cloudy /Enigma’s to clear Sun-fhine. ignorance, Sirs, benights the Soul, or rather Ecclipfeth it : By interpolates a man go all his way gropingTbeEpiftle Dedicatory. groping as he were blind It is the Rack of ingenious and generous Spirits; who will oft rather drown then not dive beyond it ; Nor did they ever find a better way to chafe or Conquer it, then by Logical Adju-ments; The faithful Organ to fcent the footfteps of Truth ( attiidft the various Abolets of Error ) in the Indagation and Refearches after knowledge. It is a Zealous (but frivolous ) Miftake of ( the ' AvJoJYJhuCTUi ) fome< would be thought Chrifiians in thele times; That Learning averfates, and Logick leadeth from the Grace and Truths of God : As if the Donations of Heaven were oppofed, fubordinat* ed in mans tendency to Blifs and Glory : Can that be erroneous or bad,that teacheth what things be, or what be not; right and good ? Such prove but the opinion of thefe ttie'ri, who r^ 'S:The Efiftle Dedicatory. the World growcth old, in their beginning thus to dote and talk idly-Can there be contrariety in means that conipire one common end, mans perfection and happinefs ? Gods gifts may fervei not fhut out one another. Wherein Tranfcended usthefirft and fecond Adam) and Solomon too, as to the Complement of their Natures , but in Logick and Philofophick en-" dowments ? The Connatural Impofi* tion of Names, at firft to things- T hat Herbal of Herbalsfiwallowed of Time, and the famous diiputes with the San-hedrim-DoStozs , and Saducean Families , abundantly argue the advantages of acquired Habits • Nor can the manner of their having them ? Diverfifie the Nature of them. By this time then it tranfpears, That, as Nature needs Grace,fo Grace deiireth Nature : and Art both Grace and Nature. Nature without Grace ‘ cannot tiL >' The Efijlle Dedicatory. , cannot do well; Grace without Nature cannot do at all; But Grace in Conjun&ion with nature and att,can do all things, as the great Apoftle and Mailer of Learning affirmeth of him-felf; and as Symilus faith , Without Art Nature cannot be perfeft, and | without Nature Art can claim no be- Pn§> OVTi lr)(AVW. ’¡ivZ'T&l Tt'XyiDi U7i$,xrt and knowledge the Cement of Religion-For that bleffeth apeople,this blafteth error and drowns their breaches of Harmony • ft importeth you Sirs whom God hath honoured with the chief Conduct of affairs, to promove both ( which ftruck together, make a ^ diapaion)fince not rare experience hath proved, where they have rung out for one, they have begun to Toll for the other. j ? Indeed my Lords, you drive coura-gioufiy, you have almoft doubled the Cape of Son Speran^e • Reformation and a happy peace wil not longer Ride atThe Ef ifik Dedicatory. \ at dead AncKor-thefe Mountains now 1 removed, who were fo long in Travel * of a Moufe of Reformation; We have 1 hopes to receive (by your hands, as by * fome good Angels)the firft born of our blood, eftablifhment of Religion and i liberty, which lately was like to have } mifcaried in the birth. i Sirs, God hath fet you up the ii Oracles of War, made you to your i Enemies Rocks, daihing them as :s Waves of the Sea ; Y our Drums like it Zizca’s, Conquering with Alarms, ft the clafhing of your Armor terrible as j Thunder, your Victories alway as ¿ fure as the ^ancontre-} E veryField to bear 3i you new Palme, immenfe ftru¿tures ie to be crowded with Enfigns and Trophies of your admirable Succeffes: j. But thefe my Lords, are but Meteors it adding Blaze, little of true brightnefs; n They have an Vmbrage of Grandeur,not )t a fpark or Dram of Glory; The Ena-,i mel I J ■The Efifth Dedicatory. ) i mel of theie Gayeties and Gauds, Sully 1 and loon grow Dusky. It is your Zeals to the Intercft of Heavens affairs, and the good of Community, that will be the Heralds to blazon yourEJcutcheons without ilain,and Aggrandize your names to all Poftetity. And when the Ardour of Chriftian Charity in its fweeteft Vigor, and the light of knowledge (by Providence, and your powerfull influences ) ihall flame &as a flood break in upon us,& our youthful liberty open into a flower, then fhall we grow rich with the in-creafes of God,and the World venerate 1 each of you, ovvtLoxj As a little diety guefting in a body of fleih. Or what is it to have the Aery Titles of a great Alexander , a Victorious C*far,a Politick ,a Valiant Stipio ? What Fate attended thefe cPhi-lomatbies i Some of them liv’d the Idols of the Age, and mounting upon the ' PinaclcsThe Epiftle Dedicatory* Pinaclcs of State ( Elevated on the wings of their Ambitions ) were moft inglorioufly daftit and preci-1 pic d ; Whilft others like dilcending I (pokes of Fortunes wheel , beheld the ' folemnities of their Honors Funerals: Nor could the Monuments of thefe 5 Whirlegigs ierve Muniments to their II expiring glories. :| Greatnefs without goodnefs is a ^ ilippery height: The pofleflor inen- * deavouring to ftand,accerfeth his fall: 1 But who builds upon the Rock of 1 Ages, ihall grow (till and ©0«rgeow,his 1 leaves (hall refrefli and (bade the afflicted of the People; his days fhall ^ be many and good,his walks (hall be I on an Helix, ftil dilating. And fince God hath made you thus II Great,may he alio make you grateful; * he hath given you the Conqueft of af-fairs,to give him the Conqueft of your i felves and wills: Be the ihadow and i Echo,h / The Epijlle Dedicatory. Echo^or rather Heliotropes (hutting and c opening to his good pleafure: Then having perfeited Deliverance for this Nation (^whofe expe&ations you are) < your greatnefs (hall be complemented 1 with goodnefs, and your aipirements I with Glory, i But that I build not toofpatious Gates to my Mynday or throw the Fa-brick out at the Cafements ,1 only add, that your Lordihips fixing this Land to a happy Temperament of Juftice, and Equity, advancing Letters, and Reforming all things to the ftandard v , of the Word, will render England the Worlds Eutopia, the moll Felicitous of Nations, and having abfolved your couries through the Zodiac of praife-worthyA£tions,youwil let laden with Luftre,and fatisfying ibul-peace:Trea~ lures of an higher Qarac then the worlds Magnalia; and the prayers of the Saints * aicending with you, will Petarr your j entrances The Bfifile Dedicatory. J entrances through heavens Portcullis, while you Scale the Battlements of ® Glory to perfect your Triumphs, and I with Seraphic Hierarchies to chaunt II Eternall Trifagions in ravifhing Divi-iion ; and every Colon and Column of your lives, quartered with the me- 0 mory of your Atchievments, caufe F your Names ( Rivalling with time) J to furvive on Earth, perfumed as ln- III fence, and Odorous as a pile of ic Spices. U v •’ 'V- i! ——Magnum hoc ego duco, tl Quod placeat tihi qui turpi jecernis honejlum. Si_ Your Excellencies: 01 “ ‘ ■............ ,, Your Honors, ill;. • . - " fit And the Commonwealths moil faithful fervant* Zach. Coh•TO THE PEOPLE ENGLAND. |^dd hath made you an Ingenious and JP curious People , may he alfomake «-iJj you wife unto Salvation*Not one of you (I prefume) hut would know much, and difpute wed * This Book { will ferveyou in both your ends. It will lead you through the plainefs & depths of knowledges ¡both natural & Divine ¡which as yet perhaps feem My-flerious to you,and impenetrable^make it but your own5 and you have conquered the difficulties of all the Sciences * Truths that before delug d you, will take you now but up to the Ancles* Though it be a little one, it may live to do you much good: and like the Bee of Myrmeciaes, hath not the lefs Labor and Artifice. It is not the Bnchanted JBgge of Oromazes., infieadof uni- verfal* To the Reader. verfal kappinefs, fluffed tmely with Winde and ¡Vapor, or as the numerous \Tomes of the Times, Cui quidiibet fcribendi eft Cacoethes 5 i which ferve but to beat down the price of waft-paper, and to make the world fit flraight about you but fe curing always the Inter efts of truth, It will teach you to difpute and form a right judgement of any things to difcerngolden Verities from glaring and guilded, and to ajjure your faith againfl the flrongeft Sconces of error, to ) Raze or batter it. It will not lead you out of the right way ( as fome blind guide) but help you to reduce thofe 14 that are flrayed: From it,as from a fpirituall Ar-m tillery, you may deprome all weapons of reafon, um to guard,not affront the truths of God {which not ¡ifeldom fuffer in mens hands. ) But as the end I of War is a calm and good peace, fo Harmony and agreement of Spirit, is the Mark, or rather Center ofdifputings: for Fencing is but fooling l\ in the Faith. Look then into it, go over it, and you wilt y(j quickly fee the ufe and Advantage of it: fudge l it not by the Frontispeice, no more then you would 1 the Riches of the Indian Mines, by the barren I and Raggy furface of the Barth, or the Treafure cjj of a Lapidaries fore by the preferment at his ^ Window: Tet when you have read it, and (per-jf chance) difpute whether it doth more pie afe or profit mffl: To the Reader. profit yotl) know that as a pafsion to the common ^ood both conceived and brought it forth , fo I have obtained, if growing up with the peace of the Nation, it fhaU beget any thing of Amity and Unity among the Saints: That Paul being nothing5 and Cephas nothings The God of Truth and Love may be all in all. A z. 0 • f> V. N* • . c\ THE V> V r J V-.'. - %-P.W • _____ . _ ..... ^I The Art of Logick. H E prime perfection and pleafure in tins QcnCyai life ( fccond to that fupernatural one, Faith YJIjes tQ inChnftbleffcd forever, and SanCtification before„ through the Spirit) confifts in mans con- ^no7Vft veriing according to underftanding and Rea- 0fj^ ion: z. e. to underftand, know and judge di- gicfe ftinftly of things as they are in their Natures. To the attainment of fuch a knowledge , three things are neceflary. i* The object or thing to be known, 2>z^, Every thing in Nature*' . 2. A natural faculty or power of underftanding , which i floweth from a reafonable Soul, and is innate to every man. 3. A certain difpofition whereby this power is ordinately and regularly, that is ih order, and without error,led into Act. Now this is either i. Immediate, and by infufionof God, which is extraordinary and rare » and in thefe Ages of the Church promifed to no perfon in particular. „ 2. Or it is acquired, and gotten by information and dxfd- pline, which is frequent and ordinary. Now the difciplines difpoiing a mans underftanding to the' knowledge of things, are either I. Objective. 2a DireCUVe. B i. ObjeCtivf ■Ml,.v" ’*' z The Art of Logick. V I. Objective difciplines be fuch as handle things which ftive di- are in Nature as Objeds of our underftanding , which are fciplines principally four. I i. Theologie. z, JurifprudencCi , 3. Medicine. 4. Philofophy. 1. Divinity, called by the Greeks Theologie, which is the knowledge of God;, and things Supernatural, as they are Supernatural, &c. z. Jurisprudence, or Law which takes in befide the fpecial Laws of God and Nature, the Canon, Civil Laws, the Law of Nations, our Laws Common, Statute and Municipal,&c. 3, Medicine or Phyiick, both the Speculative and Pratique. 4. Philofophy, which comprehends Metaphyficks, which coniidereth things as they are fuch, &c. Alfo Phyfiques, or natural Science ; next of all Mathematicks, which contains Arithmecick, Geometry, Aftronomy, Mufick,Opticks , and laft of all Ethicks, or Morals, containing Oeconomicks and Politicks, under which again (befide Hiftory ) is comprized Strategicks, called Martial Difcipline. Diredive Difciplines be fuch as handle not the things themfelves to be known, nor do they inform orperfed the'1, euye at- Uncjerftanding of man in thofe things, but they prepare only Jctphncs pome operation of man , and with framed Rules and Inftru-ments do guide and dired it. Now the operations of man requiring and needing fuch artificial Rules , are chiefly two. The firft is the underftanding or cogitation of things. The fecond the fig-nification either by word or writing of thofe cogitations ( as for the Difciplines Diredive of the fignification of mens thoughts,as Grammer, Rhetorick, Poetry, they are befide our purpofe totreate herc^ and that which thus direds the underftanding or cogitations, Tzire-Hive di Obferve. MU faculties have two things in thcm} Matter}& Form, or fomewhat not unlike; the cMatter, Precepts; the Form}the order of the Trcceps. The Matter every faculty hath of it felfj as of its own nature. The Form is by Logick adminifired. The Art of Logick. 3 'j; gitations, is Logick only, to the coniidcration whereof, I The ^ mean the Homonomie and Equivocation of the word or quizoca-Term we now come. tion of the word This word Logick L*&ck* Hath divers iignifications : For ftrft is meant by it the 1 Logiek is an Art. ,, Of the Objeil; of Logick.< - „ ’ The object of Logiek is two-fold. 1. That which it direft- eth. . Alfo the primary ohjeCt of 2. That whereto the un- Logic^ is Reafon 5 thefeconda- derftanding is direft- ry, Speech , the mamfetation ed. and utterance of "Reafon. 1.The objefr which Logiek direArt of Logick.1 refute the falihood, all which Logick helpeth, ordereth, di-redeth. 3. Logick is the diredory of the thoughts, making them regular, that whatfoever is conceivable of a thing, may be drawn to a right fumme, for an orderly procefs in them, and to avoid confufion. 4. When a man hath foundly and well thought on a thing, it enableth him exadly and in order to teach and write it. f. It eaufeth a man well to learn that which is well taught. 6. It giveth a reflexive knowledge to a man, that is, it makes a man not only know (dircdly) but makes him know that he kneweth a thing. 7. It enableth a man to refolve what is compofitively handled by others. 8. It much avails and profits to conference and collations, whether occaiional or other. y. By it is a man enabled to an apt and regular placing and acquiring of intellectual vertues, as on which depends the difpofition and order of all difeiplines, as to their frames and conftitution. 10. It is the rule of thofe habits a man hath acquired, in- truding him to work aright; yet I mean but the rules ©f ingenuous and intelledual operations. % 11. In refped of man (that is to learn) it is the rule of all " other difeiplines whatfoever, but efpecially for Divinity. I fay not, it is effential to the Ample knowledge of things fub-ilantial to falvation ( for this may be by infufion from heaven, without any humane artifice ) but I mean the ordinary way of erudition and skil to handle places in Theologie, depends of Logick. Now unto Logick (as unto every habit) are required three things, (as it were efficient caufes of it ) Nature, Method, Exercife. i Nature i. $uV/i or Nature, that is, a, natural faculty, which con-vequlred fifts of the humours, difpofition and temperament of the bo-unto Lo- dy, whereby a man is inclinable to this, more then to that gicli, Difciplinc. the(as it z. Method ( in the Greek ) is a Colledion and were) frame of all Logical precepts, needful to the acquifition or efficient getting the habit of the Arr. ca“fe' / About mm 4 MM The cArt of Logick. About this frame two things are coniiderable. i. Invention, m a. Conformation, n The principal Inventor of this Art (as of all other) is the Spirit of God, vi\. the holy Ghoft, then men his Inftru-ments in all Ages. Now the Caufes motive of men to invent this Art, were firft,The defeat of mans nature, who out of a perception that the thoughts of man could not well determinate themfelves to the underftanding of things without the help of fecond thoughts, were forced to frame and devife fuch,and they call them Logical notions, a z. ©etvpacruoi: Admiration of natural effeds, arifing out of abftrufenefs of the Caufes, caufing grief to ingenuous fpirits ( for wonder fpeaks ignorance) by which they were irritated to a ferious enquiry after the Caufes, which without Logical determinations was not feafable. 3. A pruritation and itch after knowledge (innate to every manj Now he that deiireth an end , advifeth of, and deli reth the means conducen: thereunto, and fuch in fpeciall is Logick. The means men ufed at firft (I mean lince the Fall) for the expoliting and adorning of the Art of Logick, is, firft, Outward Senfe, principally thofe of Seeing and Hearing. z. IfDetctjObfervation ; and this ever prefuppoieth * remembrance, which is nothing but a reflexion upon fomething formerly taken notice of. 3 . Experience,that is, the colledion of many Obfervations and Examples, and retaining them in memory. 4. E myoyn s Indudion (the third hfyytifta , that is, effed of the underftanding,is invention) which from the judgement of the fenfes, and experience of obfervations, formeth in the underftanding a common and univerfal notion , which as it were is a rule by which the knowledge and vertue of working are direded in the operation to come. In the Conformation of this whole Logical Conftitution, two things are very obfcrvable. 1. The Formal, q z. The Material. i. The Formal, &c. confifts, 1. In the determinate di-ftribution of the parts, a z. In the co-ordination of the parts fo determined, unto the end of the whole, b etVBfam-VHf nor any f thing accidental or appendant unto them , but point unto certain inteile&ual Rules, whereby we do with all diftinit-s nefs and regularity form things, that is, the conceits of ,l things: As the Saylors Compafs doth not give direction to 11 the Mariners by fubjefting to the fight the very winds them-d felves really, but the North-wind. South-wind, &c, as they 31 may be fpecificated , or the Regions wherein they range, c Thofe that primarily impofed names, intended to name firft: n the things themfelves: and then fecondly they added fecond Notions, which we call Mental and Logical : As the word 0 Man, is to exprefs primarily the conceit which we form of t Humane Nature, and is as the image thereof, and lmmedi-f atly founded thereinj for mans nature is the immediate ob~ J je£b12 KplTHflA For the ton glinting of Logical precepts. rhefc-condary Material of Lq- &k- X? IT YlflcL Of the feconda-ry ¿Material. 3 Fffci-ent caufe tflJO- Sigk' The Ayt of Logick. jeft3 and this is a word of the firft Intention j but when we fay a man is a Species, or a Genus, or Difference, &c. thefe are words of the fecond intention, not defumed immediatly from the thing, which is humane nature, but from the manner of underftanding, whereby we underftand fuch Terms to agree unto Peter, John, and every man. 2. The compound Material be the precepts in Logick, framed of and from thofe Notions of fecond Intention , explicitly and plainly exhibiting to our minds and underftanding, thofe things which the fecond Notions themfelves do but implicitly and darkly j thefe therefore are neceflary unto the learning of this Art of Logick, and ought to be formed according to thefe fubfequent Rules. i. The precepts of Logick fhould be made regularly and fully to obtain the End. a. Both as to the words of them and number , they fhould be conceived and fet down determi-nately. 3. They fhould be Homogeneal, that is,of the fame kinde, menfurated and adapted only to this Art and End. 4. They fhould be framed plain and with perfpicuity. $. They fhould be appofite and fit to the teaching and learning of this Art. And fo much for the primary Material of Logick. Thefecondary Material, or reprefentative, are Examples added to the Precepts, which is only a particular experimeni of this or that precept, either upon ©ur felves or others 1 wherein are obfcrvable thefe following Rules. i. Examples ought to be agreeable and fitting to the nature and end of the Art, deducing carefully the experiments from thofe had arrived unto the end of the Art, and that accordingly operated, z. Examples as accommodate to the precepts, fo they fhould be very intelligible , fit to be made ufe of, and proportionate to the truth and verity of the precepts. And thus much of the firft and fecond efficient caufes, by which the habit of Logick is acquirablethe Nature, and Method. We come briefly to the third Efficient, which is Exercife of Logick. The Exercife then of Logick confifteth in this, that we frequently think on, & diligently meditate things conformably to the preferiptions and rules of Logick, that is,orderly and diftinftly : This indeed is the chief, molt principal, and the neareft Efficient Caufe of this habit in us of this Art of Lo-gi.ck, and immediatly ingenerates and exprefleth Logick m■ The Art of Logiok. ^ in us» whereas Wit and Precepts are Caufes but remote. ¡1 The means and parts of this Exercitation are two. \ Reprefentative. lit Operative, \l i. Reprefentative are fueh as are fuperadded to the Rules of Logickj as Experiments and manifqil: TeftimoniesjForms i* ofDiiputation^ Refolutien, &c. a 2. Operative is the very Art it felf of this exercitaiion and led u^e 5 which ihould be by an ailiduous imitation of the moft ith eminent wits3and by the agitation of our own. And thus much ¡jj. ©f the Prolegomena^ and things neceflary to the foreknow-ki ledge of Logick. jrii ICC [etc he!; \ if ............................ ■■ * ■■ ■ -' ■■■' '■ hie Is at era The à Bi Si! k a to The means& parts of Sxercife two. t14 Which dire- cicth fmple terms. 3 • Tarts cf Lo- &k- • vbmn r ttS'teu- {uav* •> t C4ÍTV- Simple terns twofold„ THE FIRST BOOK OF THE Art of Logick, Ogick is an Arc which condudeth rhe minde in the knowledge of things. It hath three things to be remarked as parts thereof. The fait is, that which di-reds the firft operation of the miiid, which objedeth to it felf only iingle or fimple things, by die mediation of a fingle or ' ' fimple term, which is a notion or inftrument of Logick, re-prelenting unto the underftanding one thing ( called therefore incomplex :) and it is called a fecond notion, as it is the minds image and pourtraid, ihadowing to it felf fome outward thing. Firft notions are (as it were) the firing or rule of a Dial; fecond notions are(as it were) the ombre and fha-dow made by that rule or firing: thefe both ihevv the hour, but the firing or item firft and fundamentally ; the fecond (that is the fhadow ) but fecondarily, as it configurateth to the other. ¡ #vi. On whom the latter depends, and K it is either j of a word, A fingle or fimple T or of a thing, tennis, %.*. A riling from the firft, and it is A alfo either j-of a word, C l or of a thing, OfThe An of Logick. Of à Word or Voice. r Dll ;et i { k The term of a Word is that whereby the naming of a thing is confidered ; a word is the fign of things or conceptions, pronounced or written with a certain frame of letters and fyllablcs. In a word three things are remarkable, i. The Material, x. The Formal. 3. The Impoiition. The Material is the found in the pronouncing of the letters and fyllables, whereof the word is conftituted, either in fpeaking or writing. The Formal is the lignification of the word, and by con-fequence the relation to the conceit of the minde which it giveth knowledge of : now the efficient caufe of this lignification, is,the impoiition and inftitution, which in the Hebrew Tongue is Divine (as God was the inllitutor and impofer) in other tongues humane, as having been invented and im-pofedbyman. Unto a Word appertain i. Divifions. x. AfFe&ions* I. Of the divifion of words* Of things figni-fied fome words are I. Words have their divifions either Of the thing fignified. a *. Of the manner and ordering of lignifying. b * *1 Of themièlves Significative, as a man or woman, worm,&e. and and all nouns that lignifie a - thing wholly. ? Conlignificative, and that need other words to exprefs their meaning , as Adverbs, Pro-. . v nouns, &c. , J^fShtficative words alfo are of the firft intention which ligi nifie ot themfelvs without the help of the minde , and they are the things themfelves, or ^ i.Of I ni Jb ThfArt of Logic k. , 2. Of the fecond intention, which means not a thing (jt felf) but the manner of it, ©r word of Art, whereby the thing is underftood. Now the diviiion of the manner of fignifying words is dipeu* ÇZfAiLTi- into \ Abflraâ »Concrete Words alfo are either1 'Abftrad, is which fignifieth a thing apart, caufing the rninde to meditate the Ample and preciic nature of any thing, as Godhead, Manhood,white* nefs, rednefs, &c. Concrete is that which lignifies things conjoyntly, as having more natures then one complicate or conjunft,as man, white, holy, &c. i. A particular lignification, as man. z. Golleftive fignification,as a flock,a company,a Church,&c, Again of the manner of fignifying, 1 Diftinft, words are either f Ambiguous, Diftinft, which hath a certain and diftind: lignification, as fire, earth, ayr,and other names of things exiftent in nature. An ambiguous word is which indiftinftly fignifieth things that in nature are divers, as Cancer, which fignifieth both a living creature and a difeafe ; hereunto all words that are Equivocal, and have divers tenfes are referrible. {by chance. of purpofe. Words ambiguous by chance, is, when reafon cannot be given why one name Ihould be given to things divers in nature and definition. Of purpofe doubtfull, is when a common name is given eupïfkac to divers things upon counfel, and for fome certain reafons ; ** . . . A Dépendance, a and this again is doubtfull either ol^ similitude, b Ambiguous of dépendance, is when a general name is given to divers things, whereof one is dependant on another (as upon the more principal) touching the nature of it; as this word thing is moil general, and therefore doubtfull, it being attributed both to fubftances and accidents, hut not equally and alike ; for to a ftibftance it is given of it felf,and principally, to an accident lefs principally? as having its nature oftcovv/u* '&7T0 TU- ¿H,V * Q(JUd- W(J.Ct ©e/i 71. b d The Art of Lo^ck. ij ) ture dependent of the fubilance , it is therefore called an Analogus ’'general or genus. Ambiguous of iimilitude, is, when for fome coniimili- I rude or Jikencfs,together,one name is given to divers things, , and is either i. Simple, d or z. Compound. £ II i. Simple, is, when the Similitude lyes berween two and 1 no more,and is of S Conceit. I Things really* •*' Ambiguous by iimilitude of conceit, is, when two things altogether divers (as God and the Creature) obtain one hand the fame attribute or name upon the conception we intake of fome iimilitude betwixt them } fo God and man are both laid to be good, juft, repent, &c. whereas really, no c; words can be found to exprefs Gods moft inccmpreheniible being. IK Ambiguous by iimilitude of things in reality, is, when ills the iignifications of their Natures or operation bear an evident and known iimilitude. As when meat and medicine are called hcalthfull, becaufe both caufe health: Or as when a jfjbeaft and a diieafe are called a Wolf, becaufe of, the rapacity and ravenoufnefs of both; and upon this account are hthe Seals of Gods Covenant called Sacraments, becaufe of ilthe correfpondence and iimilitude they bear unto thofe Solemn Oaths, wherewith men were in former Ages bound and confecrate to the Wars. Ambiguous of a Compound Similitude, is, whofe like-nefs coniifteth of a proportion between four } and it is cal-( led ^Analogic. As this word Governour is Analogical and j. proportionable, when attributed to a Mogiftrate and a Ship-t mafter 5 for (here is the proportion between four) as the ivlafter of a Ship or Pilot is unto a fhip (whereof be hath E government)fo is the Magiftrate unto the Common-wealth. In like manner, fleih is Analogical in refpeft ofbeafts, birds, and of apples, cherries, &c. And in this fence are Ma-J giftrares called Gods upon earth, Pfal.Sz.6. And thus much E>of the diviiions of Words j Now follow their affedions, or ‘ their Canons and Rules, which be three. ■" The firft aftedion of a word, is, that It ihpuld be perfpi- failles of cuous, that is, plain, and iignificative unto the mind of that the ajfc-'whichit ought to lignifie. z. It ihould be received by a clions of l common confcnt and ufe. 3. It ihould be proper , determi- words* '] bed and adapt to the iignifying of the thing to be fignified.. c w Of a PfitAs-yta.r 8 The Art of Logick. Gv&:~ whata. Fi'c element is. a i. The manner of receiving things. Of the Order of things. ö Having hitherto treated of the fir ft Single Term whichis of a word 3 the next thing to be treated of , is the iingle Term of a Word which without the word reprefenteth to the understanding fomewhatof the thing itfelf. CThe order of things called Predica-And it is either-^ mcnr, or fome Term or Notion with-£ out the Order. " The Piedicameiual Order is a diftinftion and difpofition of all things by certain orders, and degrees of order. Herein are considerable 1. The manner how things are received into this order, a 2. The graduation or degrees of this order, b 3. The particular things themfclves. c 1. The manner of receiving them into this order, is firil Dire the caufe cannot be the true genus, as when dubitation is faid to be the counterpoife of equal reafons; Anger the boy ling of the blood about the heart ; death the feparating of the foul from body, &c. In fuch, the caufes are placed inilead of generals , fo alfo for the fubjcd,when wc define wind to be the ayr moved ; Original fin to be Corrupt nature, &c. 3. The Genus is always and necelfarily more large then all the fpecies of it, and is not returned or reciprocated with them. 4. The Genus is infeparablefrom his fpecies; nor can that be the true genus without which the fpecies are or may be in any , or anywhere: «this proves motion cannot be the true genus of pleafure, feeing pleafure may be fomewherc where motion is not,or ceafeth, {Supream. Subaltern. 1. The higheit and moil general, is fo a genus, as it can never be a fpecies. z. Subaltern Genus is, that is fucceifiye and by turn, that is when it is genus of them contained under it, and fpecies of that which is above it. Alfo the Genus is either remote and afar off from the fpecies, or 2. Neer and next unto it ; as the genera of a man, a living Creature is the remote genus, and Animal is the neereil genus; for there are none other fo neer man as thofe two. C Perfect, a Again the genus is««' ¿Imperfect, b Perfed Genus, or a Synonimous general is, when his fpecies all of them take equall part of him 3 as a living creature is the equal and perfed genus of man and beaft ; for a beail is a living creature no iefs then, and equally with a man. The Canons and Rules of a perfed genus are five. 1. A perfed Genus hath a Nature not feparated, but yet diilind from all his fpecies. 2, All that which is in the genus is equally communicated with the fpecies, fo as nothing can be faid of the genus, C S but Gentis twofold, a Ruin of a per* feti ge-nw*I 3. Rules of cm imperfect Genus. *The Art of Logick. but the famealfo may, and muft befaid of every fpecies. I 3. The Genus is in Nature before all his Species, and therefore firft in that knowledge which is according to Nature. 4. The Genus hath neceffarily many fpecies, as not being able to be conferved in one3 for every genus is perfeded in determination of oppoiite differences , and oppofition im-plyeth plurality3 io that one genus muft of neceffity. have at the leaft two fpecies. y. A perfed Genus being put, there needs not therefore any determinate or certain Ipecies to be put 3 and if one fpecies be denyed, the genus is not thereupon denyed. There is an Analogy and iimilitude between a Genus and Matter : For firft as the matter is more imperfed then the form, See. So is genus more imperfed then the difference or fpecies. 1. As the firft matter is undetermined to any of his forms, fo is the genus to any of his differences 3 and as the matters have a power unto the oppoiite forms3 fo hath the general unto the oppoiite differences 3 yet neverthelefs there is great diferimination betwixt the genus and the matter, and they be not thefame. An Impeded Gent's is that which is not communicated with his fpecies equally and alike, but to one more, to another lefs. The Rules and Canons of this be three. 1. An Impeded Genus, is immediately , properly and »1 of it felf communicated but with one fpecies 3 with another it is communicated but mediately and fecondarily in order t© the primary fpecies 3 fo this genus (thing or ens) is an imperfed genus to fubftance and accident3 for thing is communicated primarily to fubftance 3 to accident but fecondarily in and by the fubftance, accidents being not fo much things Create as Concreate. 2. An Impeded Genus hath not a Nature altogether di-ftind from its fpecies3 fo a thing naturally is not altogether diftind from fubftance or accident. 3. To put an Imperfed Genus, we muft needs put fome , certain fpecies, vi\. that fpecies by which it agreeth to the 1 other*, and this fpecies being denyed, the genus it felf is forthwith denyed. And fo much for the firft Predicable of the firft degree, j to wit the genus, 1 ’ ' . ' / The The zArt of Logick, The Species. u Species, or the fpecial, is an univerfal thing fubjcded or fubordinate unto the Genus: and it is Perfed. a Imperfed. b Perfed is that which is under a perfed Genus, u The Rules hereof be four. i. The Species is in Nature after the Genus, and in Know-r ledge diftind. ^ z. It arifeth from the determination of the Genus, fo as .. it fwalloweth up, as it were, the whole Genus in it felf 3 that y whatfoever the Genus hath, it alfo hath. 3. Perfed Species do equally participate of their Genus, . one as well as the other. 4. Perfed Specials be in Nature together. As a Man is ' not after a Bead in nature , though in time Beads were fit ft created. So Baptifm and the Lords Supper be in Nature to-, gether ( being a like Species of the Sacrament of the new M Teftament) though in time Baptifm was firft. lc Impetfed Species, is that which is under an imperfed (Genus. The Rules hereof be three. 1. Under an imperfed Genus, one Species is more princi-11 pal then another. So a Subftance is the more principal Spe-cies of a Thing ; An Accident is lefs principal. z. The principal Species of an imperfed Genus, commu-nicateth as much to the other Species, as doth the Genus it ; felf. So an Accident is as much bound to a Subftance, as to a Thing. 3. The principal Species is in Nature and Knowledge be-fc fore the lefs principal, for it depends wholly on the principal, )f and is that which it is by benefit thereof. This Rule diico-vereth the Popifh Errour, That in the Mafs the Accidents of ni Bread and Wine ihould remain without the Subftance.24 The In- divldm *Auuiz JC5H. "t 57561- * ¿(71 a. {¡mp- f/r. is The Art of Logick. The Rules hereof be two. i. The loweit Species cannot be divided by oppofite dif-« ferences, > z. It may be confervedirt one Individuum. Hitherto of the dired degree Primary ; Now followeth;,: the Secondary, or Individuum. An Individuum or lingular thing, , is that which under the generals and [pedals is determined unto certain circumfiances of exigence. The Rules hereof be four. 1. The note of an Individuum is fometime more ftrift, fometime more large. The word whereby an Individuum is fignified, is fometime iingle, fometime compound. Single, as proper names, as Chrift, Abraham, Veter, &c. or inilcad of proper, as the Apoitle, meaning Paul ; the Philo-fopher, meaning ^iriftotle. z. Compounds be either * Dcmonilrative, as this Man, that Woman, Sec.Or uttered by commune names t, as acer-tain man, or the Saviour of the world •* the Virgins Son, ■ meaning Chrift : the enemy of Mankind, i. c. Sathan. Thefc feme callIndividua vaga,and Individua vagacx hypothefe. 2. Singulars, or Individua, as they are the fecondary object of Logick, fo alfo they cannot perfe&ly be defined; neither of themfelves, as they be fingulars, are they confidered in difcipllnes : [for they belong to fenfe, as to be feen,felr, &c. whereas univerfal things appertain to reafon.-, and as * fenfe properly perceives not univerfal things,fo neither doth reafon lingular things, as they are fcnfible : nor fo excellently as univerfals. 3. Singulars primarily and by themfelves, d© exift,work, and are perceived, [*Eflence is of univerfals. f Exiftcnce is of fingulars : for hereto is required the Termination of fome certain time and place, which is not in univerfals. 4. Singulars are incommunicable ; for they having a moil referained Nature, have no inferiours to communicate with. An Individuum is either Accidental, a Subilantial. b i. Accidental is, which is under the order of Accidents j [as Accidents have their Predicaments, fo alfo their Genus» Species, fingulars. So an habit is the Genus of Faith , Faith is the Species; but ^Abrahams faith, the Centurions faith,&c. are fingulars, or Individua. Sub-■ 11 The Art of Logick. , 2$ Subftamial is that which is under the order of Siibitencc, y And is Abfolute m With Addition. % Abfolute, which is looked on abfolutely. < ** With Adjedion, is a perfon,which is the firft fubftance in- % • telligent, incommunicable, not part of another,nor fuftained by another. Some iingulars be called indirect, as are the names of Cities, Rivers, Mountains, &c. Note thefe Properties; A Perfon muft be 1. A Sub fiance ; fo no and holy sS Ghoft. We have feen the dired degrees; now follow the Collate- ^ ^ e) ral, or fidelong, which is called Difference, ir Difference is here taken in a ftrid and peculiar lignificati- on, only for the determination and reftraining of the univer- rerencg^ i. fal and indifferent Nature, in the Predicamental order, and ;r. not for every diftindion and diverlity of things, whereof we a treat hereafter. And thus Difference pertaineth to the de-f- grees of Order, not as conftituting or informing,bur as binding and knitting ; not as caufing any thing properly, but as determining and tying together the univer fal in the Predica-p mental line. The Difference is that which reftraineth and determineth ^ the Genus in the Species. The Rules hereof are eighr. 1. The Difference refpedeth the general and the fpecial in a divers refped : the general as determinable; the fpecial as determinated. 2. The Difference, as it is a difference , never noteth a thing compleat and feparate, but alwayes incompleat. 3. The Difference is after the general, and before the fpe- ; cial, yet is it in the general indeterminately, or in * power. * and beyond our under Banding,as the mod holy God, {Abfolute: a? Angels, good and evil, Determined to another, as Mans foul, t Pafsive, called Matter, firft and fecond. Ineompleat, and is -c ■is <1 « *ts a Aftive, called Form, t and a. « % S* I Compleat, or pe'rfeâ, and is either r Far from mixture, asthehea- . vens, whofe parts ^ are without Stari r* Fixed* Orbs ^ The fir- Jwith Star«/ matneat. ¿Planets- r Fixed, -I wandring,Sat«rn,M«r% l &c. Ordained for mixture (and therefore not exifting apart, and cofnpleatly ) called element, and is ' Fire. )Ayr. \watcr. garth* -Si I «4» ' i V» ! « <2* -Sv’ 3* ~Imper- ' ' fcâly, as. 'Smoak, I Vapours, whereofare ■ I Meteors * Fiery,as Lightnings, Co-k mess, (tc. _ rAiery, as Winds, SfC. _ 1 Waterifli,as clouds,rain* „ fnow, hayl, gc- ■5 without i life 05 6 »0 IL .Minerals ■ Végétant^ _withlife< a Metals, perfe<3 and imperfeil.as gold, ftlver, brafs, quickfilver, $c, "Hard, as Sand, Stated i precious and bafe kinds ' of earth, fc. I Soft, as salt, Allum,Pitch, 1 Myrrhe, Frankincenfe^c* . Trees, fruitful and un-fruitful: Oke, Alb,Elm, jLawrel, gc- 2 Buihes, Rofe,Brimble-Ij Hearbs of all forts, Wheat, Rye? Peafe, Rife, •Beets, Mallows, fr- {Reafonable, as Mane Without Reafon, as Beads- " i Of the Ayr, Fowles, Swans, Geefe. lx The Earth, Bealls, and /creeping things , Horfe, lion, Dog, Worm. The Water, Filhesof /all forts, Whales, Pikes, Eeles, Oyllers, serpents, -&e. Compounded of a created andlncreated Bah fiance, in a my (iene of mar* ^ vellom unioni chrifi fefuu the Son of God and of the fir gin* the Art #f Logick. 19 Wc have Teen the Predicament of fubitaned Acci- Now follow accidents. dent, b An Accident is a thing which dependeth upon a fubftance^ 'Zvfj.Ct -for the efTcnce and exiitence thereof. The word Accident is Cntcof. commonly ufed in a large fence, for all that betideth, chan-ceth, or cleaveth t© any thing: but here it is more properly taken for that which cleaveth to a fubftance, and is no part Quantity. Quality. Ad ion. _,PaiIion. The Predicament of Quantity, is that wherein the Gene- 2 £h>an~ rajs and Specials of it are orderly difpofed. Note that in every Predicament there is the Material or thing it felf (which Logick doth but lightly touch, as belonging to another place) and the Formal or difpoiing, and Table of the thing, which is chief in all Predicaments. Quantity is that whereof the greatnefs or number of, any thing is named. And therefore Quan-f continued,as greatnefs. tity is either l diffevered,as number, i. Greatnefs is extenfion, or ilretch-J Properly, ingout, and is called ¡'t Improperly. Properly fo called Extenfion is of the matter in a Natural Body, which therefore is faid to be continued, and di-viiible. The Rules or Notes hereof be five. 1. Greatnefs hath a certain continuance and pofitionof parts. 2. Greatnefs hath of it felf no motion, or efficacy. 3. Unto it nothing is contrary, for contrarieties are in qualities. 4. It receiveth not more or lefs. As one houfe is not more or lefs a houfe then another, though one be a greater houfe then another. f. Of greatnefs,the fubjed is faid to be equal or unequal} greatnefs or extenfion properly fo called, is length,breadth, deepnefs or thicknefs $ the beginning of all which, is a point or prick. « Length, is that which of the Mathematicks is called a line. Breadth or latitude, is called the iuperfides. Thick" thereof, and yet cannot be without the lame. Abfolute,having an abfolute nature,as An acci dent is /nn , . either v Relation.The Art of Logick, Thickncfs or deepnefs is the threefold dimenfion,which is called alfo height, and of the Mathematicks, Metaphorice, a body. 2.Number or multitude is the gathering together of Unities, And unity is the beginning of number. CAbftra&Iy. a. Number is confidered < ¡¿Concretely, b Abilra&ly confidered, is that which is primarily in this predicament. As i. 4.10. &c. The Rules hereof be five. 1. Number is not coupled with any common Term, neither hath its parts indued with Pofition. As 3. and 7. are coupled with no common Term, though they concur to the making of a 1 o. 2. 2. Of number, things are faid to be even er odd. 3.3. Number alfo as it is number, hath no force, no efficacy. 4.4. Number of it felf hath nothing contrary thereto. 5.5. Number receiveth not more and lefs. Concretely confidered Number here, is,thingscolle&ive, which may be referred hither materially. Asa Wood con-tiineth many Trees, an Hoft many Souldiers, an heap many grains, &c. — -Quantity Is tù\m either for [ fImproperly, tnd by proporti-' 014 as r The Formal thing of this Predicament is the Table or Order of all Quantities; As Continuance of any thing: as in time the cents* nuing of durance. Extension of degree, called intenfion, as one beat 1 is faid to be greater then another. Extenfm of weight or heavinefs. Right or fir eight. Hound or circular. 'Mixt of fundry fortsl {Of three fidcs. Of four fades. Of mam [ides. Continu, ed extern fionwhich is taken either } to laugh, &c. C-Hidden. C Proper temperature: As the Loadilone to Hidden,whichis^ diaw Iron. , given to a thing, Sympachte 3 as between the Vine and the either bv 1 «Elm. 7 ^Antipathie, as between the Olive and the v* Oak. C Common. Second, which is either^ ¿Singular. Common is the natural difpoiition of the inftruments which every firil power needeth, if it ihould be brought into Aft. Singular arifeth from the temperature of fome perfons *, as wittinefs, holdnefs, &c. * CIncompleat, called Difpoiition. Habit brought in, is either,^ Com pleat, properly called Ha- £ bitorVertuc. ^Extraordinary, fuch as was in the Prophets Compleat Ha- \ and Apoftles, and by the image of God bit is either ^ in man before his fall. .Ordinary. Ordinary Habit or Vertue, c Speculative, fit is either i Operative, ft Specula mSpeculative , either * V i The Art of Logick. In Part,as opinion and knowledge of fome concluiion. _Total. Totalor Aggregative, peculiarly called Science , which is either i. Metaphyiick; Or z. Phyiick, under which is A-ilronomie. 3. Mathematick, under which is Geometry , A-rithmetick, Optick, Mufick, &c. CPradick. Operative is either^ ¿Fadive. B CMore perfed. d Pradick is^ ¿Moreimperfed:. b More perfed, by the fpecial help of f Total, h the holy Ghoit. And is either l In part, i Total or Aggregative J Abfolutely, called Theologic. is confidered t Relatively,called Church-policy. In part, is called fpiritual Vertue, and f General. is '4 Special. General, and the common diredive of all other vertucs ; which are r.Religion,Love,&c. fear of God. 2.Loveofour neighbours. ^.Xlniverfal Juftice. 4. Prudency. ' COurfelves. Special, and it is ordered towards ¿Another. For our felves : CThe appetite and pleafure. < The Anger, Meeknefs. To rule ¿Fear by fortitude, patience, &c, CGod. To another < ¿Our Neighbour. Towards God, Worfhip, Prayer, Profeilion, Swearing by him,&c. fSuperiour: Reverence, Obedience. Towards our J EtiuaI ; Panicular Juftice> Peace> Con-w!ÌÌL Ì cord, Kindnefs, &c. ur \ Inferiour ; Gentlenefs, Mercy, Liberalità ty,&c. Moreimperfed, by general Grace of j Total. God, and for this life, and is alfo t In part, D z 35 m A tctal MM Total & Aggie gative, & is either In part, commonly called, moral vertue and is AbfolutCj about* The Art of Logldf. . Abfolute : Ethicks, or moral vertuei C*The Common-wealjPoliticks, • Relative,««^ Law. unto ¿Families, as Oeconomicks. •General, direfthig f Unirerfal JuftiCe. others, as IPrudency. ► Special, f Abfolute. -which is L In convcrfation. Fear,Fortitude, Pleafurç, T emperance, k Riches, Liberality, Magnificence, Honours, Modefty, Magnanimity, Anger, .Meekneis. In convcrfati-on , OlUKiTMÏ) ; as is Faftive, called Art,& is either 'Gentlcnefs. I Kindnefs. I Juftice particular. •Urbanity. I Commutative. iDiftributive. Liberal Directive and inftrumentary. Governing the t More worthy or Liberal, a 1 Lefs worthy or Mechanical, b Is Direftive. Or Principal. CForming it Grammatically, i Speech by^ Adorning it Rhetorically. ¿Poetry. Reafon, Logick. 'Surgery, ^Apothecary Art. Principal, as Medicine: under it *■* Mechanical, . Abfolutely. which is profi- \ i. Commodioufly. table to liye ei-'Ss. Comely, ther ,¿.4. Plcafandy. i. Abfolutely : As i. A Midwives Art. 2. Husbandry. 3. Shepardy. 4. Hunting, Fiihing, Fowling. 5.Milners Art. 6. Baking, Brewing, Butchery, &c, 2, Com-The Art of Logick. ' Liberal as the Art of Printing, i. Warfare 3. Buiiding.4.Book-binding. Mer- chandize. Mean. As 1. About Metals, Miners, a. Commo 1-1 gjjjjjjjj 2> About Wood,Carpenters, ouily, of which« joyncrS)&f. About Wooll, Cloth-iome be, J makers, &c. Taylors. 4. About Stones, 1 as Stone-hewing, &c. / I 1 Bafe. As Curriers, Shoomakers, Saddlers, Barbers, &c. 3. Comely, as 1. The art of Painting, a. Carving. 3. Graving, &e. 4. Pleafantly, as the art of i. Singing and Minftreliie, 2. Dancing. 3. Gaming, &c. Aftual quality C Affeiting theSenfes mQim». a is cither , l Conforming, b {Firft. 17 The firil is either .Second. More effedual, as {Light. Cold. Heat. ■Moiftnefs. {MOl Drinefs. Near : as Thinnefs,Thicknefs, Light-nefs, Heavinefs, Softnefs, Hardnefs, Smoothnefs, Roughnefs, Slipperinefs , Clamminefs, Drynefs. Further off .* as 1. Tafte. 2. Smell. 3.Colour. 4. Sound. Hot : as Acrimonie, Bitternefs, Salt-nefs, Sweetnefs, Fatnefs. Cold: asSowernefs, Aufterity, Tart-nefs. j Simple. Sw^et or ftinching. Mixt. f Intentional, as they f a Glafs. 3 .Colour,which i, -that aPPear L chc Rainbow is either A „ . . . . I j Real and true, C Simply, . C and is either T Mixt. D 3 The Second a-rifeth of the firft : cither 1. Tafte,which is either a. Smel. 3* * Simple *The Art of Logick. {Whitenefs. Mixt of the’ former two, cither 'Blacknefs. Exadly, asred-*% CSafFion nefs, ¿exceeding < Colour Unequally, withv '■'Purple. i one of the f TYellow 'Firfl & rednefsAwanting as< Colour and that either-3 ^Greennefs, {Dired. Reflexive, as the Eccho. Dired is either, r. Simple, as high and low, or z. Mixtj, as the mean. Conforming,C Natural 5 Unperfefti as Meteors in the Ayr. »S*fi ■»* 3in bodies £ Pcrfed, as in Plants, Beafts, &c; whichTs6’ } Artificial, as the figure of a Garment, Table, either £ Sword, &C. Action. Adion, is the agitation or ftirring of afubftance, and as it were, the flowing out and execution of the forces thereof* The Rules are four. i. Every Adion is taken in hand, and finifhed to fome End. . z. Every Adion is before the Paflion, in order of Nature and dignity : whereupon it is better alway to give then to receive. , 3. Adion taketh contrariety. Not of it felf, but by and for the qualities, by means of which the Agent adeth. As heating and cooling arc two*contrary adions, becaufe heat and cold are contrary. 4. Adion receiveth more and lefs. In the fame respect as before. C Immanent and tarrying. Adionis either < ¿Tranfient and palling. Immanent,The Art of Logick. Immanent, is which inferreth no real and evident change, outward, fuch is underftanding, willing, perceiving. Tranfient is which inferreth a change indeed,as warming, cooling, burning, &c. Whereby the Patient is changed. C Dividual. Alfo Aftion is either A ¿Individual. Dividual, which is diitinguiftred as with certain parts of the progrefs. jj. Individual, which hath not many parts of progrefs. So y forgivenefs of fins is an Individual Aftion j for it ist&nein a time inobfervable, but fan&ification and regeneration is a didvied Aftion > for it is done by degrees and fucceilively in the EJett in this life. 3? J A Table of A&ions follovVech. An AftionisJ Of God. o either Of a creature, b Inward or Abfolute, not terminate to creatures, and is Of God j f Inward. . cither l Outward. Eflential, proceeding from Ab-folute Eflential properties. Perfonal proceeding from personal properties, as 4 Generation. Million. _ Commune.^ Outward referred to the* creatures, and is CProper. B Commune to the three f General, c l Special, d Ordinary, as the creation, confervation , government of the World. Cl perfons, and is A General pertaining to all Creatures indifferently, and is 'Extraordinary, or miraculous. D 4 Extra-V Extraordinary, when things are either The Art of Logick. 'Perfeded, as railing up the dead, healing difeafes. j Hindred,as the flaying of theSun, i , Jo[h. 1 o .of the fire, 'Dawf. * tiled for that which is nof of their Nature, as a rock to fend forth j wa er: a Virgin to conceive, L &c. Special, pertaining to fome creatures, as eledion to life, calling to Grace, Redemption, Juftification, &c. C~ The Filler to fend the Son. Proper to fome certainJTiJe s jn tj!'£ oir Nature,and £ -Pf r < he our Mediator. I erlon, as JlThe Gholl t° illuminate Y and fandifie. A Creatures adion is either of a "Creature. I. Spiritual,< wjiich is {Spiritual, 1 r Temporal,*' General, or common to all,as local motion, {Angels. A reafonable foul, fuch as it do h apart from the body. CGood,as praifing of God,executing his Command- Angels«' ments, dec. ¿Evil, as affliding,and tempting of creatures. a. Corporal, CSuperiour,and more wor- CCircular morion which is 4 thy, as in the heaven. "4 Illumination by Mnferiour. ^ liars; Infe C Generalise r-Alteration. CPuIfionor as be either ^Generation taken adively. {Plants, as the operations of herbs, trees, See. Animals or living Creatures, Animals or living ff General, a. creatures, in l Special, b r % Inward i Common fenfe. Senfe,adivc-3 l Phantafie adively taken. ly taken ^Outward C more worthy,as-^ C Touching^ lefs vvorthy,as«' Smelling, 60 . . ________ ¿Tailing. Mecknefs, &c. ' r Political, to govern a Com- »Moral as \ j rnonwealth,&c. =k/)Oeconomical, to rule the ^ vhoufe,bring up children,kc\ Faction, CMore worthy, as to read, write, difpute, heal 7ntiur/i 7 the iick, &c. ^Lefs worthy, as to weave, fpin,&e; Of Brute beafts, which are diverfe,according to the diver-^fityof kinds in Beafts. Of Paffion^ Paffion is the receiving of an Adion. TheT^nonsdicreof are three# i. Paffion, is received not fo much by the condition of the Agent, as by the difpoiition of the Patient. So many Pailions and efteds of the holy Ghoft are imperfed, be-caufe of us which receive them, not for the condition of the holy Ghoft. z. Paffion receiveth contrariety. 3. Paffion receiveth more and lefs. Paffion is either, i. Trani'mutative, or z. Intentional, x. Tranfmutative, rwhen fome real change is made in the Patient. z. Intentional, when no real change is made, but only a Termination of the Adion. Thus a coloured thing is faidto Puffer, becaufe it receiveth and terrainateth the light, Some call this Spiritual and Logical Paffion. The45 The '{Art of Logick, «! Paffion ■PerftdiveoF ¡«he creatures,, either Kli The Table of Paííion followeth. ■{ Jó/CICClJiYCt i } Government*! 'Perfe&ive. a TDefe&ive. b Paffire,1 COrdina- Tn general*1! ry, as ** J Suilcntation' i In fpecial, Extraordinary, as the Sun flayed from moving. Inrpec^ofS51’^“- ¿Bodies, (i . C Good Angels, which have their paffions, Or Spirits, as \ j0y jn God, anger againfl his Foes, &e. ©f the * - « » • * •'* 1 - • — »- Of Bodies, and thefe )Holy fouls, which alio have joy, &c. By which they are perfected. Superiour, as Heaven, whofe circular motion is a kinde of paffion. )Inferior,and CIn Generabas all alteration and .this is either^ motion Paffive. ¿In Special. "Elements , in which is mutual al- c In Special,as of the” teration. Mixt Bodies^ ‘Common, as to be heated, cooled, moi-,.Of mixt bodies, J flened, dryed, boyled, &c. which be either jSpcpia],of Cwithout life, as pafiions of things Mettals, &c. With life 'with life. "In general, as Nouriihment increaiing, ^In fpecial. In fpecial C Plants, as the Paffions of herbs3&C.' either of £ Animals or things with foul. Animals. •. „1 C General, m AniB!ls“{SfCCa. n GSence, inward and outward, paflive. min gene- J _ r Cpoodi Bry^as hung^ ral, as tbs j Appetite f Defire cmvV[M* of< i Moift,as thirft' C cither \ ¿Generation, as Luft, I . f Appro- C Common,as Pleafure. ,1*1 | fonlw"ng^®fSP jov?t:>aS i0y’ 1 ^ ^ ¿Future,as delirei I* Vi j Efchew- C tommon, as Dolour. g ing and J Special C prefent, as forrow, X< Lflyir,g )ofevil -¿anger. ' ^ ¿future, as fear, In fpccial i of BrUte beafts. f 1 Of Man. * *Of man, f Adyential, as to learn, to receive habit Theoretical, either ¿Ingrafted. Ingraft J Outward, as weeping, laughter pafiive. t Inward, ■Rcce'.vingofIntclledualSpecies,&c.i»»Common,« as human: Approving and following^ pleafure. either J C'Paft, as a good tSpecial\i confidence. k Reafeoab'e > appetite, or /will .Shunni in^^Gricf of mind I ref good. Prefent, loyc, joy. Future, hopt^ { v. _ defire. Terrible f ones f prefent heavinefs. r* J i future fear. At/ 1 plexie, Epilif-, fiej nu’xt, the ‘ joynt ague* In fpedal ^ia men j, 111 «onforatation, as of parts »utef joynt. . , solution of that which is cowinut* Ainvouads, impoftuntes, &c. ■. j f'tvil concupifcentt; ’ 1 Terrors of coafci-incf for iifl* ^Calamities, as ?“• aiftments- specially the Reprobates, as defj«1 Tormentsi _ - ^------ The Art of Logick. Relation. 4? ij We have feen the Order of Abfolute Accidents: now rollcvveth Relation , which is the Union of two or t,lore* The Canons hereof are fix. 0l i. Every Relation, is more unworthy then any Absolute Accident, and in Nature after it. For Relation is ¿ot a thing real by it felf, but by the foundation of it, that s, either the fubjeft, or the efficient caufe; for every real hing added to another, maketh compofition , but Rela-on added to a Subjeft,makes no compofition- for in God , e many Relations, but in him is no Compofition. So the JClame of a Dc&or or Captain, given to a man, is nothing ut a vain title and ihadow, except there be qualities of .earning, Vertue, Fortitude. Alio Relation may be ta-en from a fubjed, it remaining fafe as it was. So relation of the Sacrament, may be taken from the water , and et be water dill. So in us after forgivenefs of fins , there tjiemains Original fin ; as touching the material thereof, (chat is, inclination to evil, though the formal of it, that its, guiltinefs be taken away by Gods gracious imputation. Tat a. Relations do in company and multitude exceed all : Abfolute Accidents; for infinite referrences are added both ibo qualities, and all other Accidents. All difeiplines are |ulFof References. In Theologie, all Do&rines have re-ation, as of fin, of the Law of the Mediator, of the Persons in the Trinity, of Sacraments, of Miracles, &c. 3. Relation by it felf is not perceived by the fenfes. a man fees a done in the field, but knows not whether t be a Dool done, unlefs he be admoniihed of it. Abi-‘‘nrteih faw Sarah to be a fair woman, but could not fee her Ko be Abrahams wife. I’ 4. The Relate and the Correlate, as they are fuch, are ogether both in Nature and knowledge, and fo mutually 'lo put or take away one another, as well in being as in ■mowing. So the Father and the Son , as they are Relate and Correlate,are together,though materially, as the Father is a man, he needs be before his Son. Here-4^ The Art of Logick. Hereupon Chrift faith, He that \noweth tnes tyioweth the Father. 5. Every Correlate doth fo anfwer to his Relate , that the one may be faid to be of, the other. So Adam was the Father of ¿'ain, and tain the fon of Adama 6, Relations need no local touching for the bringing jn ©r confervation of themfelves. As a Father being in Eng. land, may have a fon born in France. Chrifl now bodily in Heaven, hath true and real union and cleaving with his members on Earth. The fame body hath alfo true and real union Sacramental with the Bread in the Lords Supper,So as there needs no Popifh tranfubftantiation. Moreover, the Term of the Relation, is not to be tied to the Relate, as the Communion with the fubftance anj benefits of Chrift, is not to be tied to the bread and wine in the Supper* nor the waiting away of fins, to water in Baptifm, 1 v/ fw Va ¡Natural, wmcn is eitner The Art of l*ogick. The Table of Relations folloWeth. Relation is either { Natural, k&t* qfav, a. By Inftru&ion, Ketm b if f s 1 as the ft Law of Nature. 1 The Church, as the Regiment ©f the Church. The head of the Church,' Chrift the Mediator. The Minifters of the C Preach. w _ Church, to c Minfter Sacraments,Ice, Of Conjundion, as^ ^ Gof^ei. Temporal things, as the Rainbow. Vk f* Gods word, which is a fign for Of Confirmati-^ on, as touching ^spiritual, as Ll- mallyconfidered. Figures or P'Old, Circumci-Typcs. Jfion, Pafteover. Sacra- ^ New, Baptifm, meats. ^Lords S ipper. f Of Power, and Office, and Dignity. C Greater, as Kingdom, King, Prince, Duke, Earl,Conful,&c. Letter, as Matter, Tutor, &c. ' , . , c Marriage. ^Monarchy. T® be nght J,ratcofth 1 - , as is {r i Of Convention, or' Confient. ___________ Ariftocracie. 'CC6monwealth, CDemocracie. p Societies and Confederacies,Con--j traft, Covenants, Teftaments,Ob-j ligations, &c. To be well, J as are * Contrafts fpecially fo called, and are either Borrowing, Lending, Tru-tting,Pawning, Buying, fel ing Of Collati- - c on, either i -2 ^ i,v. —'tin-named. ' fDiftin&lonand Difpofition ; Armies, Order and Method of Difciplines. Vocal, as all Towns formally. it Simple, as iigning or 'confirming, Seal, Diadem, Scepter, &c. Souldiers Coats, Badges,&c. Pawns and ‘Pledges. Limits, Bounds, The (¿Art of Logick; 49 Hitherto of the principal Predicaments * now follow the Jefs principal* in which only things by accident and fecon-darily fo called, are difpofed- And they be four. When, Where, Situation, Habit. The Predicament When,is that wherein are placed things in the Concrete, noting the manner or circumitance of the , time. Hereunto belong Ages,Infancy,Youth,Old age,parts n n0 of theyeer, Summer, Winter, Spring, Autumn, Morning, Noon, Night, &c. Alfo the Concretes of Ages, as a Childe, an Old man, Sec. The Predicament Where,is that wherein are placed things 8. in the concrete, noting the manner or circumitance of place. Whtrr*. As Europe, Germany, England, znEniUJk m*i, a Londoner, an Hand, a Sea-man, Sec. All Counueys and their Inhabitants. The Predicament of Situation * is that wherein are pla-ced things in the concrete, noting the certain poiition and Sitm-> order of the parts of the body. As Handing, fitting, lying, tion. upright, groveling, &c. The Predicament of Habit, is that, wherein are placed id. things in the concrete, noting fome artificial Adherent. As Habit, armed* cloaked, booted* fpurr’diWith a brfcait-plate, Sec. . We have feen the Order of things; now followeth the Term without that Order, which is no degree of the Prg* dicamental rank. Inward, is that which inwardly cleaveth with another. Inwards be the Caule, the Caufed, the Subject, the Accident, the Whole, the Part. rj[ A Caufc, is that whereon the thing caufed doth depend. And fo it differethfrom a beginning, which hath not always refpe&of dependance j as God the Father, may be faidco .¡be the beginning of the Son , but not the caule* for the freaufe and the caufed differ in effence, which the Per ions in . the Trinity do not. Of the Caufc. 'Inward, a a Outward, b b The Sjo The Art of Logick. The Canons of the Caufe are three. 1. Every Caufe is before his-thing cairfed,in order of Na* turn,of knowledge and dignity. 2. As without a caufe nothing is done, fo alfo without it nothing is diftindly known. Therefore God is without Caufe } for he is not made, nor done, but exifteth of him-felf. 3. There is a certain Order of Caufes, neither is there granted in them a Proceeding to infinite. There be four Caufes. The Efficient, the Matter, the Form, the End. The efficient Carufe, is that where-1 By it felf. m on the effect dependeth, and is j By accident, n m Efficient by it felf, is that whereon the effect depend- ed! by it felf. The Canons hereof be three. 1. No Efficient doth in vain, but all for fome certain End. ' 2. The fame Efficient Caufe , as it is the fame, always j doth the fame thing. Idem, qua idem, femper facitidem. 3. The Efficient Caufe, properly fo called, doth not effect bur fome good thing in it felf. For evil things are not things properly, but defects of things. A Thief puts forth his hand to take another mans goods ; this moving of it felf proceeds from the foul that moveth, but the miforder * [eirct^ice] in this motion is not from the foul. So the theft is not properly an effed, but a defed and ataxie in the motion, proceeding from the ataxie of the appetite. Moreover the Efficient caufe, as it is a caufe, is always a iimple thing : fo when a man is faid to be the caufe of his own accidents, properly he is not the caufe, but the fubjeft that hath the caufqand things are fpoken of him, not as ef-feds but accidents. A man is not the caufeof laughter, but the commotion of the heart and midriff by feme ridiculous objed known neither is a man the caufe of the faculty of laughter, but a reafonable foul. C1. The Force C Tne Efficient is of it evyov($!n, which within moveth to do. & And it is < 0K£Ta#K7M\)3which outwardly moveth to do; £ ¿Occaiion. yovyfyjfl , is alway a caufe within the Efficient u himfelf; but 'n&WTafKvMii, is without the Efficient caufe. So of our Juftification, the principal Caufe is Cod.The jj; caufe Proegumene, is Gods good will and love • for thefe move God in himfelf to forgive us our fins. The Caufe g* Procatartick, is likewife obedience and merit, whereby , outwardly he is provoked to take us into favour,feeing his Juftice is iatisfied for us. So in an Ague, the Proegumenon is fome corrupt humour in the veins; the Procatardicon , is outward heat of the Sun, or the Northern wind, whereby the pores are flopped, and the humour boyleth. z. Inftrumental, is that which is taken of the-principal caufe, to produce the effed, called b$y*>ViMV et <7/9^ or v c^vqv. E 2 The5* The Art of Logick. The Canons hereof are two. i. The whole Inftrument ferveth for the Adion of the Principal Agent, by whom it is direded. Therefore when it ferveth not the principal Agent, it lofeth the Nature of an Instrument. As men when they oppofe themfelves* to Gods Commands and Rule , are not Gods lnftru-ments, but the Devils. Hereupon note, that an Inftru-nrent taketh the determination of his adion from his principal Agent. As Ink of its own nature blotteth the Paper, but it faihioneth no letter, unlcfs the Writer guideth the Pen. The whole force of an Inftrument coniifts in the ufe j for then it is in Ad a caufe, when it is caufed j but v hen it is idle, it is not an Inftrument, but iome other thing. Inftruments have no dignity of themfelves, but of the principal caufe, andferve not but in ufe and work j when the principal Agent can ufe them no more, they are no longer called Inftruments, but by homonymie. And all Inftruments,. becaufe they are indeterminate, are therefore et[/.^iCohet. i.e. fuch as one may ufe well or ill, as a fword) riches(called of their ufe &.) C Cooperative. An Inftrument is either^ ¿Paifivc. Cooperative , is that which by an inward force together is moved in producing the effed. As a fervant is an Inftru* ment ruled by his Mailer, yet fo as he alfo rnoveth him-felf. So the Creatures though they be inftruments in re-iped of God,yet have they their adion diftindfrom Gods, As Paul calleth Ministers Gods co-workers euvifyovs. Unto fuch Inftruments often is given the efficacy of the principal Agent, as Preachers arc paid to convert and fave fouls when the Lord doth theie by them; fo Baptifm is faid to regenerate, &c. by an improper prsedication ; whereof hereafter in the fecond Book. Paflive is that movetRnot it felf at all in producingthe effed ; as the earth under us is an Inftrument of walking} fo a copy to write on other things, or a pattern: fome Inftruments are neceffary, fome not ; as God ufeth Angels, &c. when as he needeth them not. And it is true the principal efficient caufe worketh well by evil Inftruments, to wit when it needs not the Inftruments. As God made Jofipb Ruler mTbe Art of Logick. 5 3 Ruler of Egypt by his envious brethren ; and by Baalam blefled his people j otherwife in neceifary Inih timents fuch commonly is the adion of the principal doer, as is ^he inftru-ment j fo a man cutteth ill if he have a blunt knife j lideth ill if he hath a lame horfe, &c. Alfo in divine things, often Inftruments do move,but it is all one as if they moved not *, . for the force of the effied is not in them. So Mofes itaff was moved at the dividing of the Red-fea, but this motion caufed not the Sea to part, fave only in a iimilitude. So •Peters fhadow Afts 5. Vauls Napkins,Acts 19 had of them-felves no force to heal the lick. C Natural, a Alfo the efficient caufe is either^ ¿Voluntary, b Natural is, which of the readinels and necefsity of Na- a ture bringeth forth the effed. As fire, of neceflity naturally burneth, &c. The Canons hereof be two. 1. A Natural caufe is properly determined unto one of the Oppoiitesj As fire naturally is carried upward,not downward, only heateth and cooleth not. The Loadftone draw-eth Iron to it, and doth not both draw and drive it away. a. A Natural caufe doth not adde a certain moderation and dilation of the adion, but it worketh to the utmoft of his power j as fire when it hath fewel, burneth without meafure. 3. A voluntary caufe is, which doth of certain foreknow- £ ledge and councell. The Canons hereof be three. 1. A Voluntary caufe is free and indifferent to an adion ; ¿irtoV io as it may door may not do. And freedom is twofold. ^ 1 .of Contradidion, and z. of Contrariety; the firft is,when #1 fifty* a caufe may do or not do j and fo every voluntary caufe is limply free. But liberty of contrariety is again, i. Natural, or 2. Moral. Natural when contrary Natural effeds proceed, as a Phyfitian may ufe Medicines, cooling or heating. Moral is, when men may effed things good or evil, honeft or diihoneft. z. A voluntary caufe doth by certain moderation, and at his pleafure can fufpend the adion, though occafion be given of doing. So God gives not all his gifts to one , oj always puniihcth, but defcrreth, &c. at his pleafure. E 3 Again,m 70 'XTTH- ej?v. CLTCL" KTqV. The Art of Logick. CMeerly. Again, a voluntary caufe is free either^ ¿After a fort. Meerly free which with full appetite willeth and prod ceth the efred: And it is called, aCino? cLV&ttifimV & iiwmv. After a fort free, which willeth and produceth the efteft, but with an heavy and forrowfull appetite. As in a Tcmpeft,a Merchant calls his goods into the Sea to efcape Ship-wrack. CTranfmutative. Moreover the efficient ea#fe is either) ¿Emanarive. Tranfinutative which doth with fome notable change or motion : as when fire worketh on water and heateth it,&c. Emanative, when the effeds flow without any notable change; as from the foul flow forth the powers of fence, underftanding^fpeaking,&c. From the Sun comes light, and yet in die foul or fun is no change. 2. We have leen of the i. force or manner of effeding ; now follow the divifions of 2. the orders of effeding. C Eflentially. W The effi clent caufe is fubordinate either ) ¿Contingently, n Eflentially, when the inferiour doth of itfelf,. and ne-ceflarily depend ©n the fuperiour in cfl\ ding: as in Generation, a man depends on the Sun. The Canons hereof be three. i. In caufes of themielves fubordinate,there is not granted a proceeding to infinite j for fubordination prefuppofeth order, and order refifteth infinitenefs. x. Of caufes fubordinate, the inferior in caufing, hangs on the fuperior. 3. In caufes eflentially fubordinate, that which is caufe of a caufe,is the caufe of the thing caufed. This is true only in caufes eflentially fubordinate, but falfe in c©ntingent-ly iubordinate 3 for God is not the caufe of fin, though he be the caufe of mans will which caufeth fin j for will is not of it fclf and as it is will, the caufe of fin (Tor then it ihould fin always) but as it hath defed j fo the Nature of the horfe is not the caufe of halting, though it be the caufe of motion, Caufes -The Art of Logick. 7 Firft. a. Caufes fubordinate be either 3 Second- b. Firft is that which hath the higheft place in the Order of cauiing ; and iris either, i. iimply firil:, or z. after a fort. i. AbfoluteJy firft is, which in no refped is fecond ; as only God. z. After a fort firft, is that which is firft in a certain kind only : as in the moving of living Creatures, the foul is the firft caufe tvhereon all other caufcs and effeds in fuch creatures depend. The fecond caufe, is that which hangeth on the firft, either Mediate or Immediate. Mediate, when others do come between it and the laft effed It is called, atiqv xjt JtiyctfMV, caufe in powers for putting i t, the laft effed is not yet, but only may be. And this mediate caufe is f Far off, either l Or neer. Far off, when many come between it and the laft effed : as the motion of Heaven is a caufe far off of mans walking, &c. For many other caufes come between. This pertains not to the firft caufe, God; for he is not far from every one, Affisj. 17. but he walks immediately with every created Agent. Neer is, when one only comes between it and the eff d : as the lifting up of vapours unto the cloud, is a neer caufe of rain j for one only comes between,even the refolution of the cloud. Immediate caufe is, which produceth the effed by immediate and next force, called atacrov uiTJW. The Canons hereof be five. Firft,The next caufe prefuppofeth all the caufes farther off. z. The next caufo being granted, needs mull the effed be granted or taken away, when it is taken away. For the nexteauieis the caufe in Ad, and therefore cannot want an effed, any more then a father can want a childe. So then they greatly erre, which ftrive, that the cfl'ential Proprieties may be taken away, the forms of the fubjeds remaining fafe, whereas the form of the fubjed is the next E 4 caufe 56 The tArt of Logick, caufe of all thofe properties that are in the fubjeft. ^ 3. One effeCt hath but one next caufe, though it have many eff-Cts. 4. By the next caufe, Accidents are diftinCHy and perfectly known. 5. The next caufe is enquired, both by fenfe and obfer-Vation, and by the Examen of Logick : thefe two Inftru-ments God hath given men to finde out the nexteaufes. chiefly of Natural eifeds. C Inward. The next caufe is either J ¿Outward. Inward which is eflential to the fubjeCt,unto whom it pro-duceth the effeCt. So forms are always next caufes of many faculties in fubjeCb, as a reafonable foul is the next caufe of laughing, fpeaking, &c. Outward, whklr is without the Eflence of thatfubjeft,to whom it produceth the cited \ fo the next caufe of laughter, is a moving of the heart and midriff by feme ridicu- i lous object known; and this is called outward, becaufeit is neither the form, nor matter, though it be in man. £ Contingently fubordinate caufes, are when the Inferior hangs not on the fuperior of its felf, and its own Nature. As man depends on the Sun, and the p'Cture depends on 1 man j but becaufe this picture depends not on him as a man 1 or naturalthing, but as he is an Artificer only , therefore the picture is fubordinate to the Sun contingently j io is it I for mans will and fin j for though fin hang on the will, yet becaufe it hangs not on it according to the preferment of na' cure,and as it is will,but as it is corrupted,therefore are they fubordinate contingently. U tv Hitherto of a caufe by its fclf 5 now followeth a caufe "by j ffufxCt- accident, which is either in r. Natural, or 1. Volunta-Ctu©-. XY *i?ents. Fir ft the Natural Agent j that is called a caufe by accident, which brings not forth the effeCt of its own Nature, but by fo nething that happens to it : as an Ague caufeth temperance,not of its felf, but by accident j for of its felf the caufe is the will, bridling the appetite. So knowledge puffeth up j the Law caufeth wrath, for it lighteth on them that cannot keep it. 2, In 1The Art of Logick. 5 j i. In voluntary Agents , caufe by accident is, which brings forth an effect beiides the intent and purpofe , or by ignorance: as a man cutting wood,his Ax-head flies off, and ' bills his neighbour unawares. Thus Judas, "Pilate, and the Jews were caufes,were caufes of Chrifts Paffion and of mans ‘ Redemption j for they never purpofed, nor thought of fuch a good effect. Hither belongs Fortune, which fometime is taken largely for any chance : as when a glafs falleth, and by fortune is not broken: fometime ftri&ly taken. Fortune is the caufe voluntary by accident, of that effect which one knew nor, meant not, nor hoped for : as a man digging or plowing the ground, finds a bag of gold. Thus many things amongft f men may be fa id to be done by fortune or luck, not in re-)i: fpeftof Godthefiift Caufe, but in refpe&of fecondary K caufes. The Canons of caufes by Accident, as well Naif tural as Voluntary, be four. d 1. One end of the fame thing may be a caufe, both by accident and by its felf, in adiverfe refped: as the Go-Irc fpel by its felf is the caufe of Converfion, by accident the Ni caufe of hardening. w Every effeft of a caufe by accident, is reduced to a ui caufe by its felf. And thus all chances of Fortune , arc to tit be reduced unto God. 3. Things that be done by chance or fortune, be rare, but of caufes by themfelves many and ofteri. mi 4. Caufes by accident are infinite and inordinate [a’oetstt ^ cutlet. Some make a kinde of caufe, Sine qua non, atmv I h ¿viv. But it needs not j for fuch caufes may be jg referred to inftruments, orfome other before. The matter next follow-f Properly Tf0 called it: cth, which is either .1 Improperly J ^ C Principal, a ■ Firft, properly fo called, is«r ¿Lefs principal, b Principal, which is only matter, and in no refpeft com-r pounded. Second, a. Mat-ter,u\n. CL5« The Art of Logick Second) which fo is matter, as it is alio a material com. pound. As a mans body is the matter of a man, though it be all compounded of Elements. Firft, every fécond matter depends on the firft, vi\. ina certain Order of Nature. 2.. Every fécond matter is nectflarily determined in a certain quantity to one only and certain foru : So the matter of a man is only determined to a reafonbale lo.ul, and cannot receive any unreaionable, and fo in all other creatures ; that vainistheMiTêft4.up((i»wf or tranfanimation of Pythagoras^ the Jews, &c. Hereby is confirmed the doéhîneof the Re-furre&ion, when eveiy one (hall receive the fame body and foul. Far off, which makes a compound, others coming between. So an humane body is the next matter of a man. Lefs principal is that, whereof it being changed and not remaining, a thing is made 5 Called therefore matter , palling away, whereas the other is permanent: fo feed is the matter palling away of living Creatures •, for it is changed, and as it were perilhed before the conftitution of the body. As of meat and drink a man is engendred afar off; for of it is blood, and of blood feed, but feed is the next matter. Matter improperly fo called, is ina fimilitude, and by Anaiiogy or proportion called matter. i. That which Artizens work on in their Art, and are occupied about, is called matter. As the matter of the Goldfmith , is gold and Elver ; The matter of Idols, is Elver, gold, wood, or ftone, &c. The Canons hereof be two. The fécond matter £Far off. fécond matter £ Far o is either ¿Neer, And it is eithi Far off, when things are made of it from far. Neer, whereof a thing is next made.* The Canons hereof be three, a.TheThe Art of Logick. $ ^ %» The Notion of matter is alf© often given to Accidents : fo three Propofitions are called the matter of a fyi-[ogifm. The two Tables the matter of Gods Law, 3. The name of Matter is alfo given to a fubjeft where- '* in the accident isj and to the Objeft about which theAfti-an of a thing is bulled. The form anfwereth to the matter,S Properly, m 3.J and is fo called ¿Improperly, n m \ Form, properly fo called, isacaufe that with the-Matter . conftituteth a fubftantial compound or body : it is called i: and Koya Wi&t : And the fubftantial Form. 'fli * : U( The General Rules hereof be feven. 1. Every form properly called is a fubftance. 1. The form is the chiefeft part of the effential compound, vhereby it is conftituted , and eilentially diftinguilhed from ■ill others .* Every thing is named not of the matter, but of ^heform : hereupon the form is called Aft ; for the Antc-:edent matter is not inejje, but in power,till the form come; aKtnd this the Greek name ¿m Associ meaneth. >r 3 • Unto the Form are due properly the operations of eve-Vy compounded thing. The form being put, three things ire put : 1. the being of a thing. 2. the diftinftion of ir. ' }. The operation j and he that grants the form, grants the ronfeouences of it, that is,the proper operations. 4 The Form in adiverfe reipeft, aflumes the relation “of the efficient caufe and end. Of the efficient in refpeft )f the powers that flow from it, and operations in which ,l’he Powers ceafe ; and of the end, in reipeft of the begetter and difpofer, who intends nothing bt*r the confequenccs 'of the Form. ® S • Every Form is more perfeft then the matter, and according to Namrqs icope,before it : wherefore the form is called fpecies3èid to good. All vice wanteth both efficient and end. [n: 3* Whatfoever hath an efficient caufe, hath alfo an end. :ip 4. The end is both caufe and eifed, in a diverfe refpect j tu o the celebrating of Gods Name, is mans adion and srsf-Meiy and yet is aafo the end of man. rjjri f. The end as it is an end, is alfo before and better then ■, :he means : before it, not in order of produdion, but of ^erfedion and intention: So Juilification is before Faith, hough alfo it be gotten by Faith. 1 fay alfo (as it is an end) ‘" or otherwife as t rucking the abfolute efience , the means nay be as perfed,or more. Chrills Incarnation and Office, Viath greater perfedion then mans Redemption, abfolutely .onfidered. . 6. The end and the efficient are caufes each of other: tfie :nd caufeth the efficient, as touching caufality,not as touching being, and not caufality. Walking before meat is the efficient caufe of health,and health is the end or finall caufe of ■1 uch walking, CPfincipal. * t The end is either"^ ¿Lefs principal, * z * * 1 Prin-The An of Logick. * i Principal* unto which a thing is ordered of its own nature, and by firft intent of the efficient: as the principal end of the Lords Supper is the confirmation of Faith, and fealing up of Spiritual benefits, with a thankfull reined, trance ©f Chrifts death. And it is either A mean between. Laft of ail. b a A mean between, is, which tendeth yet further. As the intermiddle end of a Souldier , is to fight valiantly 3 but this tends tp a further end, to get the victory. And it is Work. Ending of the work. The work is a certain thing brought forth by Nature, or by the Artizen : fo the houfe is the end and workof the builder. The ending of the work isthepof- feifion and ufe thereof. As dwelling is the ending of the houfe. h The laft end is whereunto all the reft are ordered, called tv y and m.c'7nuci>T&rTov 7Î*©-, the firft fcope and chief intention. ,, The Canons hereof arefeven. i. The end, which is laft in execution , is firft in intention. 2. The laft end is neceflarily and chiefly good, and chiefly moving or to be defired, riK®- tv vp ih in* ÏKetçvv ciy&Sov, Galen. 3. In the laft end, both appetite and operation of the efficient is terminate. 4. It gives to all the means, lovelinefs, order and mea-fure : So tribulations for the Gofpel are joyfull, becaufe the end is eternal life. 5. Only the laft end perfeiteth both doer and deeds: wherefore we muft know the laft end, if we would intend and ufe the middle end aright 3 which is againft Popilh Doctrine of perfection of verrues, even without reipeit of the laft End. BeUaw^.de rrat.cap.9. TheThe Art of Logick. 6. The End being put, all means to the end are put: As H jnGods'Piedeftinauon, whom God hath deftinated to life, t; he hacli alio to Faith in good works. I 7„ The End entreija the manner of being, and fupply-' ethpl tes of Form, vi\. in thofe things whofe eflentiall perledion is in operation. the end; fo the leeing and celebrating of God is the lail and utmoft end wherein mans underftanding, will, and de-iires {hall reft, Fiov,8. After a fort laft, which in order of fome things is the laft : thus the laft end of War is Vidoryand Peace; the Ijiaft end of Logick is the diredion of the minde in knowledge. ^ The lefs principal end, is, whereto things are lefs principally ordered , vi\. not of the nature of the thing, but :he appointmetof the Agent: So the principal End of the ¿Lords Supper, is, a faithfulland thankfull remembrance of ilChrifts death; but the lels principal Ends be many, as exercife of Repentance, diftindion of the Church from other Companies, &c*. si The Canons hereof be two. - i. Lefs principal Ends are not taken away by the • principal. z. One thing may have many lefs principal Ends; and ;hey either fubordinate or well Co-ordinate. The End i'econdarily fo called, is that whereto the ¡and primary fo called is intended, called Finis « cuit ¡1 Of Imperfedionis , to whofe ufeand need the thing Is The laft End, is laft either Simply laft, which in refped of all things whatsoever is ; the laft ; and th s is always the end, and never a mean to Imperfedion. Perfedion. intend- The Art of Logick. intended : To the End cui to whom of healths the fick man> fo the end of the Lords Supper, is faithful! people. SoRe! be capable of the end cujits, but Reprobates are not intended by Chrift, nor are capable in applying of it, and there, fore are removed by Cbrifl, Joh. i7*7* Of Perfection the End m, is, of whom the efficient re. ceiveth perfection ; called alfo the end of affimilation; thus God is the End to whom of all our aftions , as the perfefter of them. An End by Accident, is, unto which the means are. or-dained by accident, and not of their Nature. So the End of fin is the manifestation of Gods Juflice: the End of He-relies and Atheifm, is the illuftration of the truth : f«ch Ends are indeterminate and confufe. The Caufed is that which hangeth Firft, No effeCt, exceeds the vertue of its caufe: So the Sun, though it hath not formally the heat which it giveth, ye-t hath it eminently, that is, fomething much more excellent then that heat, namely, pure light. Abfurdly therefore do the Popiih Priefts give unto Accidents the power of making afubftancc ; for they fay in the Mafs, the accidents of Wine in the cup do change the water into another fub-ftance. z. As is the caufe, fuch is the caufed; This is meant i.of cauies by themfelves J not in caufes by accidents; therefore it followeth not to fay, This Ship-wright is a good man, therefore he makes a good Ship for he makes the Ship,no1 as he is a man or good, but as he js a Wreighc or Artizen, probates are not the end cm of Chrifts paflion ; for the end cm by deftination of the efficient and of its nature, ought to Of the Gaufed. i ,Effegt The c&£t 15 ^at which hangeth on the Efficient.' ,, The Canons hereof are three*- — The Art of L ogick. 6 5 2. It is meant in caufes natural, and thofe chiefly parti-1 cular ; fo it followeth not to fay the cffefts of the Sun are , hot, therefore the Sun is hot;for the Sun is auniverfal thing, and not a particular in cauiing. 3* It is meant of caufes doling voluntarily, if they would produce an efleft conformably : as a good Ship-wreight makes a good Ship if he will. £ 4. It is meant upon condition and manner of the receiver, j, not of the thing received ; fo the Argument follows not 1 from the chief perfeftion of God to the chief perfeftion of the Gifts in the Creatures; for God works voluntarily, and t;. according to the meafure of the receiver; and when we fpeak here of goodnefs, it is not meant moral goodnefs, but the t, Natural and , Artificial faculty and force of cauflng, and ‘by this many Canons of effefts are to be underilood. ■ 3. That for which any thing is fo, is it felf fo much more: ¿si S'ta 0 \&rci[$yti iKtL&v, cn&po uxfaov'v7 This Canon hath three limitations. 1. The caufe muft be by it felf; for it follows not,This man is drunken with wine; therefore this wine is more drunken ; becaufe wine maketh not a man drunken, but by theabuleof it. 2. It is required, that that aft'eftion, whereof the caufe and dfeft is na-^ med fuch , be in both. 3. That it receive more and lefs. M 2. The Mattered is, that which hangs ©nthe matter, As the whole compound natural body, is the caufed of the tered. E&matter. 3. The Formed is, that which hangs on the form. As]the j Tor ml. I [aid natural informed body, 4. The Deftinate is, that which,is ordered unto the end; it ^ j)e„ aii-iinay alfo be called theEnded;for bythe End it is determined; foliate« ¡¡•fovocation, juftification,fanftificatien, are theDeftinates c :of Eternal Life; for they are ordered as means here-„ .into. . ¿0 The Diftinftions and Subdiviflons of thefe may be 1 gathered from the divifions of their caufes going before; for 1 ..among relates, one is known by another. Of the Subjeft and the Accident. A Subjeft is that whereunto an I Abfolute. a Accident iticks: and is _ t Limited, h O' * ? -3 Abfo-(jfrfjOV dvoiy- Kflf, CmUH- (J$pQV yjfiohov. ffU/uCg- Gwies. The Art oj Logick. Abiolute is, that whereto an Accident fticketh abfo-lutely, without any limitation of part : So C/wJifc per fon is the abfolute fubjed of the Mediators Office, and all things thereto pertaining ; for to be Mediator agreeth to the whole perfon as it is the whole: So the whole man is the fubjeft of life and death; and it cannot rightly be faid the body dyeth *, for that which is compounded, is alfo diflolved, and confcquently dies, and that is the whole man. So alfo man is the abfolute fubjed of laughter j and an Animal is the abfolute fubjed of lenfe. C Proper. And it is either 3 ¿Common. Proper, which is reciprocrate with his Accident, fo as it be determined to it alone, not larger nor ftraighter, fo a man is the proper fubjed cf laughter, and Animal of fenfe. ■ < , Common is , which is not reciprocate with his Accident, but may have, or not have the accident, as a man is the fubjedof whitenefs. A Limited fubjed is, that whereto an accident is given in part,not abfolutelyy as a Black-moor is the limited fubjeft of whitenefs, being’white but in his teeth } fo Chrifl is the fubjed of accidents limited 77. As when whole Chrifl is faid to be every where, it is by limitation to his infinite Nature or Godhead y fo when lie is faid t© be born, die, &c. it is by limitation to his finite Nature or manhood : this the Greeks note by the phrafe, x.clt dtoo ^ aMo. An accident is, that which iticketh to the fubjed j it is called alfo adjoynr. The Canons hereof be three. 1. An accident by nature is latter then his Subjed. 2. One accident in number cannot be in divers fubjeft in number. 3. One accident in number goes not from fubjeft to fubjed. VProper m. An accident is either^ L Common, n Again ■The aArt of Logick; 67 called eithef 5 After a fort. Abfolutely fo calledjis reciprocate with the fubjed of fome certain ipecies. 1. Every proper floweth from the Eflential beginnings of his fubjed, as the power of laughter floWeth from a rea-fonable foul. 3. Every proper accident of one ipecies is communicable {.c to another that is really divcjrs j every thing t© the peril; fedion of it requireth three things * knit, undivided. It i.Eflence. 2.Eflential propertied.3. Operations,wherefore a propriety cannot be communicated,uniefs firft the Eflence of k things be made common and confounded. jl; Perfed, is that which is not only alone and in ajl, but \ always and perpetually in it; as qualities in rcfped of a na-, tural body : the faculty of wit, will, fpeech,&c, in a mar. ¡i conceive man without power of wit, &c. But it muft imply eontradidion , a man to be no man. 2. It is not poflible for perfect Propers to be fevered from their fubjeds a moment of timebecaufe they come from i,! the form of the fubjed, and the next caufe being put , the . effeds are put 5 and contrary he that takes away proprie-ties, takes away Nature. - 3. Perfed Propers are firft in Univerfals; as reafon is in man generally § then it is in this^or that man more or . kfs. The Canons hereof be three. 2. Every proper is determined to fome certain fpecies in nature. f Abfolute proper is either' 'i The Canons hereof are three. 1. A fubjed cannot without contradidion be conceived under the denial of a perfed proper adjoynt; as 1 cannot F i Imper-—** The L^rt of Logick. Imperfed proper, is, that which is in a thing alone, and in all, but not always; as the ads of fpeaking,laughing, weeping, &c. are only in a man3 and in all men, but not always. / ' Proper after a fort, which is called proper only by com-parifon with another; as it is proper for a man to be two-footed in refped of a four-footed beaft. Fewnefs is proper to the Elcd in refped of the Reprobates. Common accident is , that which commonly and contingently is in fubjeds that be diyerfe in fpecic. The Canons hereof are five. i. A Common accident floweth not from the Eflcntial beginnings of the fubjed. a. It is fuch as a fubjed m a y be conceived under the oppo-fite thereof, without any implying of contradidion : a man may be conceived under the oppofite of an Ague without implying contradidion , a man to be not a man. 3. A common accident may be in two diverfe,fpecifical-]y diftind fubjeds. 4. It is more and rather in finguiars then univerfals; for they flow not from the eflence,but from the exiftence, 5. Common accidents receive degrees j as one man is whiter then another, but one man is not more rifible then another. 1« C Separable. A common accident is either^ ¿Infeparable. r I Separable, which may eaiily be feparated from the nib* jed j as health from a man, deep, &c. Infeparable which is not eafily feparated from the fubjed, though to be feparated nothing repugneth, as black* nefs is infeparable in a raven. Of the Whole and the Part. 1 Now follow the inward terms, the whole, and the part. The Whole is that which hath J by it felf. a parts, and it is either l by accident. b WholeThe Art 0/Logick. Whole by it felf is, which hath parts properly and per-fcftly fo called. And it is either 1 Univerfal. Coordinate. Univerfal whole, is a thing common and univerfal in re-: fpeft of Particulars j as an Animal is the whole of man and beaft. Coordinate is, which is made of parts f Ordinary, a co- ordinate in aft,and is "1 Extraordinary.!» Ordinary, which hath ordinary! Eifential. parts, and is .c Integral. & Eifential, which hath eifential parts,as Matter and Form* called -ji ffuvo\ov *called. , and is ¿Imperfeftly3 Perfeftly which confiftsof fubftantial parts united. And is ei ther of Ì The famekinde, Of another kinde, Homogencum. Heterogcneum. Of the fame kind , which hath parts having the fame name with the whole ; as every part of water, wine, blood, - &c. is tailed water, &c. Of another kinde, which hath parts having a name di-verfe from the whole *as a mans body coniifts of head,breaft, 'j belly, &c. F 3 a *7o The Art of Logick. Imperfe&ly called , is that which confifts of parts inv-perfed. And is ‘Subftantial. 'Accidental. Subftantial, which confifts of the Aggregation of fub-ftantial parts, as a heap ©f corn of many grains, &c. Accidental, when an Accident is as it were compounded of other Accidents j fo the Moral haw is the whole in re-fpedof the ten Commandments j mans converfion is the whole inrefpedof mortification and vivification. Extraordinary whole, is whofe parrs are united extraordinarily ; fuch a whole is the perfon of our Mediator Chrift, which confifts of Natures, as of parts j yet is neither a whole eflential nor integral, though it have a great Analogy with the Integral. The whole by Accident, is which is whole improperly and plain Accidentally : as the caufed, which is divided by his caufes j the fubjed which is divided by Accidents, and the Accident by the Subjed 5 fo heat is the whole in refped of the Sun and fire. Tarty Parts, . A Part is that which is referred ( By it felf. to the whole, and is either T By Accident, b By its felf,which is referred to J Subjed. the whole by it felf, and is L Co-ordering. a Subjed is that which isfubjeded to the univerfal whole, as a ftraighter to a larger ; fo man and beaft are the fubje-dive parts of Animal. Co-ordering is, by whofe co-ordination f Ordinary. * the whole is made or compounded t Extraordinary.! The Canons hereof be five. J. Pans as they make their whole, fo alfo they determine and meafureit. aim 2. Parts71 The Art of Logick. z. Parts differ from their whole, though they be taken together; for, the whole is never the conftituter, but the conftituted , and the parts are always conftituters 3 and the fame thing conftitutes not it felf3 alfo the whole (as it is the whole) is one thing 3 parts though taken together, are many. _ * 3. That which is of apart, [as it is a part] the fame alfo is of the whole, vi\. according to that part. Note that fome things are in the part as a part, that is, cannot be there, butinaimuch, and as long as it cleaves to the whole. « Again, fome things are in it, not as it is a part, but as it hath a fubitance diverfe from the whole3 and therefore thofe may remain, though feparated from the whole; of this fort Attributes and Accidents are not rightly given to the k whole , but only to the part3 as it is rightly faid , The eye 1 is mixt of humours, is round, &c.for fuch is the eye, though : it be pluckt out of the body 3 but it is not properly faid, the eye feeth, the ear heareth, &c. for thofe agree to thofe parts : as they are parts and inftruments of the whole, which if it be : extin<3:,the eye feeth not, nor the ear heareth. The like is 1 in all other parts, in every eflential and integral whole that K is one by it felf3 for in Aggregate totals, as a heap, &c. it is otherwife3 for they are not indeed totals 3 this hath great ufe in the Do&rine of Chrifts Perfon , which is the whole coniiiling of two Natures 3 for rightly and really do agree to the whole perfon the attributes of either Nature 3 fitly therefore it is faid, Chrift is omnipotent, as touching his Divinity 3 Chriji died for us touching his Humanity 3 and this is more aptly fpoken thus then in the*Abftra&. 4. Note, what foe ver is of the whole, is alfo of the part. Here diftinguiih between tl^e whole pniverfal&nd the whole Sjjential & Integral, For whatfoever is in an univerfal whole, as an Animal , the faille is iivthe parts of man and be a (l3 but in other totals it is not fo 3 for there what the whole hath, cannot be properly given to the parts, becaufe fuch parts receive not the definition of their totals, as in the Ztnivcrfal whole 3 it is not fitly faid, the foul underftand-,eth , thinketh^ pittyeth, &c. but the man that hath the foul doth thofe things; fo whatfoever is ipoken of whole Chrift, or the perfon of the ¿Mediator, is not properly ipoken of the Humane Nature, nor of the Divine. F 4 5. Every »a EiTential is, which is referred to$ Perfeftly l.CaUed. the EiTential whole. And is ¿Imperfe&ly j Perfe&ly, which is refeiM to an EiTential whole pcrfc&ly fo called i as ioul and body arc perfectly EiTential parts 5 for they make a perfeft eflential whole. Imperfe&ly, which is referred to an EiTential whole imperfectly fo called : fo found and fignification, are theef-iential parts of Speech , but imperte&ly called) the found as the matter, the fignification as the Form. Integral, is which is referred to 'an integral whole, CPetfeftly 7 And is alfo called. ¿Imperfeftly 3 Perfectly) which is referred to an Integral whole) having quantity. And perfectly fo COf the fame, Homogenea. called. And ■«? it is either ¿Of another kind, Hctcvogcnea. Of the fame kind, which hath the fame Name with the whole y as every part of fleih is called fleih,of blood,blood ; of gold, gold, &c.' Oi another kinde is, which hath adiverfe name from the whole; as the parts of a man ; head, hands, feet, &c, C Principal. And it is either-^ ¿Lcfs Principal. 1 Principal, without which the whole cannot be. Asia man, the heart, the brain,&c. 2,. Eefs principal, which may be away without the r by will) as Childhood goes before Manhood5Spring time before Harveft, Refurre&ion before Eternal Life, to Contingent) which goes before a thing contingently; as ■ he rednefs of the evening, in refpeft of the next days fair -toveather, the red lowring of the morning in refpeft of rain it evening. Such antecedents may be called iigns. 2. Confequent is, which followeth the thing, fo as it is :;not the effeft neceflary contingent f Neceflary. t Contingent. Neceflary, which needs muft follow the Antecedent, as in the neceffity of Gods decree, Chrifts fuffering neceflari-ly followed his laft Supper, death followed his fuffering,re-furre&ion his death and burial, &c. i Contingent, which followeth contingently; fo fair weather contingently, or it may be followeth the white Moon, ’ -- 0 '* ■ Of I aThe Art of Logick. Of taple Terms arifing from the firil. Having fecn the firil fingle Terms j next follow thofc that arife, and arc conceived by means of the firil. A Term arifing from the firil J A Word, i * k either of 1A Thing, z * The Explication of a Word , is either i. a Definition of a Name j or z. a Diflindion of a doubtfull word j or a 3. clearing of a dark word. 1. A Definition of a Name, is, which turneth up and unfoldeth the fignifica-Cby a Word x? tionof a Word,and / _ m Definition by a word, is which declarcth the fignification of a word by fome other that is more known, either by a fynonymie and Metalepfis, or by a contrary word : As when I fay a Condition is a Promife j Stibium is Antimonie; Antichrist is he that is againil Chrift, and for the Devil, &c. Dc finition by Notation or Etymologie, is which declares the Word by the Original of itj and this not Grammatically, bur Logically, for the meaning and explaining of a thing; as Noble is he which by vertue is nofcible* famous or well known. Of a Word. is either ’by Notation x/]' Irv^coMjicwi Etymologic. TheThe Art of Logtck* The Canons of Etymologie are three* i. The Etymologic of all words is not to be fought 5 for many words are primitive. f 2. In Etymologies we mu if not go on without End , but muff ftay infome thatisfirft; as the Snglijh word, ¿Mix3 , may come from the Latine ¿Mifceo, and that from the Greek, Mi¡736). And the Greek ffom the Hebrew Mflfach* And here we muff reff j for the Hebrew is the firft tongue, md many words in it are primitive. 3. Etymologies are taken from the end, effefts, proprieties, objed,and oppoiites ©f a thing j and are therefore from hefe to be derived, and thefe by thofe to be declared 5 as a River comes from the Latine and both of them from i :he Hebrew nn Ravah, which iignifieth to wet or moiften, jecaufe Rivers do moiften the dry Land. World fo called >f war-old, becaufe the older it is, the War orworfe it ■ s, &e. Dittinftion 2. Ilf A diftinftion is, the freeing of a doubtfull word from the iwyariety of hidden fignifications. The Canons hereof are feven. 1. The Diftin&ion of a doubtfull word muft be firft; in til consideration of things. s. When one word or name is given to things of divers 3rd.ers and kinds,jit is doubtfull, and needeth diftinftion :• is if one ipeak of a Canker, it is to be known whether it be >f the Canker-worm, or the Canker-fore, &c. . When a word is given to any in a diverfe refpeft, Vbfolutely, and by relation,it is doubtfull, and needeth di-finftion: as Juftification is taken either absolutely,as it is in ‘he Juftified perfon only, %om. 4. of relatively to our neighbour, as he may acknowledge us robe juftified by the effefts ;i >f Faith. James z. m 4- When a word meaneth fometime more things, fome-dtnes fewer, it is doubtfull: as Faith is fometime large** JyThe Art of Logick. ly ufed, fometime ftri&ly j fo Church , Grace , an , &c. 5. When the oppofite of any word is douhfull, the word it feJf is doubtful! 5 as Ele&ion to life hath oppofite,Rcpr0. bation: Ele&iontoan Office hath no oppofite 5 therefore Eleifion is a doubtfull word. 6. When a Primitive word is doubtfull,the Derivative is fo too; and if one of the conjugates be doubtfull, fois the other; as Faith is diverfly taken j therefore a faithfull man or infidel is diverfly to be taken. 7. Diftinftion of a word, repugneth not the Nature and ufe of things, neither darkneth it, but cleareth the under-itanding of the minde, a good diftin&ion , but evil di-ftinftion doth darken and confound things* Illuftratiorio . r 3. The clearing or Illuftration of a dark word, is there-1 ! ducing of it to pcrfpicuity. The Canons hereof be four. 1. When a Word is dark by barbaroufneis or Soloecifm, it is to be judged by Grammar Rules : as tranfubftantiation is a monftrous word, and hath bred as monifrous opinions.1' fo opus optrttum, &c. z. When a word is dark for want of ufe, let a more ufu-al and fafe word'be put in place 2 as the Sacrament of the Altar is an unproper word, not to be ufed for the Lords Supper. 3. When a word is larger or ifraighter then the thing meant thereby, let another word, if it may be had, be put in the room m, as when the word Clergy is applied to the Mi* nifters only, which is laid to be common to all the Saints, 1 Per. y. 4. When a word is figurative, not for any need, but for finenefs fake, puta proper word for it. -The Conjugation, or yoking together of wonM a depending of words yoked f Primitive, together. And is ¡> Derivative, Prim»*The Art of Logick. Primitive on which another word hangs in dedudioru Derivative, which hangs on the Primitive 3 as faithful! on Faith. And they are either ■ 'Of word only» *Of thing. 19 1 Of word only, when not fo much the Natural Order of fignifying is looked on , as the forming of words , one . from another. Of thing,when there is a union J Primary, of fignification, and is A Secondary. Primary, which is in which the dépendance, both of fig« nification and termination is obfervedj of Faith faithful, of Juftice Juft, &c. Secondary, In which there is a dépendance of lignification only, and not of termination alfo y as when of vertue •one isfaidto be ftudious, gracious, &c. Of a Thing. t! The’arifing term of a thing/ Refolving. without the word is J- Conferring, Definition, Divifion. Of a Definition. Refolving is either definiti on ¿¿/r ’j Definition, is the unfolding, or turning out of the de-‘ fined thing. |,i. Perfed, ft And it is either d ,L2< Imperfed. 'ym 1. Perfea is^the unfolding of the thing by effemial icrras* i mat ymumh* ' J Th§8© The aArt of Logick. The Canons hereof be five. '1 < r i. Every defined thing of perfed definition muft be by it felf, and diredly in the predlcamental order of things • fo then there can be no perfed definition ©f doubtful things, of Fixions, of Privations, as fin, Sec. of things concrete, 1 incom pleat, &c. a. Whatfoeveris pcrfeftly defined, is a ipecies. | ; 3. A Definition mu ft be formed perfpicuous and deter- 1 minate, vi\. free from all ambiguity. I 4. A Definition ihould be reciprocal and etjual to the thing defined. y. An effential definition teuft confift of things /imply before mote known, and fo indemonftrable. Not regarding what we muft know,or what this or that man is able to com-prehend, but abfolutely and /imply what is firft in nature, and more known according to the Effential Order of things. Definition hath two Notions and conceits. 1. The one of agreement or conveniency, called the Genus. j 2. The other of diftindion or difference, called the Difference. ' \ The conceit of agreement, or genus, both of fubftances and accidents,is found by bringing the defined thing into his i predicamental Order, and by conferring with his fuperiors j by the Canons of a true and next Genus. The Notion of Diftindion or f Of Subftances. difference,is either J- Of Accidents. In Subftances, there is one only and Ample difference,] \ which alfo may eafily be known by the fame predicaments Table. In definition of accidents, the difference is taken from the fubjed, the efficient,the end, and objed. The Canons of Defining Accidents by every of the Orders are nine. ï. Proper Accidents are defined by the fubjed made equal) mà the next efficient eaufe. a. Ce®-The Art of Logick. 2. Common Accidents are defined by the mention ol the efficient caufe. 3. Quantity taken in general, and compleatiy, is defined by mention of the fubjed and the efficient: as that it is a bodiesAccident arifing from the extenfion of the matter,, Special quantities, as a line, &c. are not defined, becaufe they are things incompleat; neither is number. 4. Qualities potential natural, are defined by the fub-ied, the efficient caufe, and ad unto which they are car-ied as to an end; As rifibility is the power of man to augh, proceeding from a reafonable foul. 5.Habits are defined by the end and the objed:asLogick is mArt direding the operations of the mind about the know-edge of things; Liberality is a vertue of taking & bellowing. ::i Qualities patible, are defined by the efficient caufe, and he fubjed, if they be proper accidents; as colour is the [uality of a mixtbody , arifing from the tempering toge-tier of bright and dark. Smell is an affeding quality ot a lixt body,arlfing from the predominion of a dry thing, flouring tempered with moifl. «. 7. Adions are defined by mention of the fujjjed, the ob-;d, the efficient and the end ; as fenfe is the^feilowledge of 1, fenfible objed, arifing from the receding of fenfible ipe>* ies, by a fit fenfory inltrumenr, to the confervation and grfedion of the living creature. Sight a fenfe about Co->ur and light, rifing from the receiving of both by their fpe-■ esjunto the perfedion of the living Creature. Adoration is : n holy operation of a Faithfull man, arifing from the ac-nowl£dgement,and trull of God Almighty,and (in his Son) lereifull, by the holy Ghoil ilirred up, to the honour of ' iod, and the faithfull mans falvation. S.APaffionis defined bythe fubjed,and the efficient caufe j s anger is an affedion arifing from heat of the blood,mo-ed about the heart for fome hurt done. Sleep is a palfioii ;>afing from operations in living creatures , arifing from le Alimentary, nouriihing and profitable humour, imbru-: ig the brain, and as it were congealing the palfages of the nimal Spirits. 9. Relations are defined by the fubjed relate, correlate* lundation and term. Theiubjed relate and correlate, is' wherein the relations ¡of mutual part; fome call it the material .5 as the fubfed O ofThe Art of Logick. of marriage, is man and woman ; hereupon the Relate and Correlate is the husband and wife. The Foundation, is from which the relation rifeth, or for which it is in the fubjeds: the foundation is ratio reft-rendi} without which it would be nothing ; it is anfwerab’le to the efficient caufe , and is either netr or far off;j as the next foundation of Marriage is the lav,'full confent of each party j the far Foundation, is Gods fail inftitution in Paradiie. The term is as the end for which tire relation is brought into the fubjed: it is the office and effed of the relation; fo the term of Baptifm is the feal and confi, mation of the waihing of fins by Chrifts blood j fo marriage is an order or union between husbai d and wife, eftabJifhcd by mutual confent for procreation of feed, and pleafant focie-ty of life and goods. Defcription Igiffyuef An Impeded definition is the unfolding of a thing by terms lefs cficntialj it is called f Principal. definition : and is either L Lcfs Principal. Principal, which unfoldeth the thing by the Genus, and the Accidents, or the proper effeds; as a man is a living Creature that can laugh , go upright, made after Gods Image. Lefs Principal, is the unfolding of a thing by terras meerly contingent, or outward, without aligning the ex-, ad Genus, called v7ropficpu , ihewmg not what, hut what manner a thing, is. And it is cither. 1. Of the part of the concrete, or i. of the part of the thing. Of the part of the concrete , when ] a thing by its nature capable of a perfed definition, is yet ; unfolded to us unpeifedly. Of the part of the thing, when the thingit felf is net capable of a perfed definition j as be all privatives, lncom- | pleat, concrete, &c. The Canons hereof be two. i. Privations are deferjbed by mention of the habits whofe privations they are ; as original fin is an ataxic,or dif-order of the undei (banning, will and appetite, born with ns, and oppolite to Gods Image. i. Con-The Art of Logick. l. Concrete Occidents are not unfitly deicribed by putting the fubjeft in the place of the genus : as a Minifter of the word is a peifon lawfully called and ordained to the preaching of the Word , and adminiftrating of the Sacraments. A Magiilrate is a jurblique peifon , ordained of God to rule and defend the Subie&s with Juftice,Prudence5 and Fortitude. Boctius gathcreth fio'hi the Greeks ten foriiis of Defcriptions. i. x£ t&fyv, when the name of a thing is unfolded , as ^Anlichnfi is he that is againft Chrift. Juftification is a reputing for Juft. xj1 «f/st^e^jwhen a thing is declared by its difference; as hatred is that which dureth longer then wrath. 3. xj1 fWTapo£jii',when a thing is laid to be that which it is like to 5 as a man is a bubble; the Church is Noahs Aike. s 4. Ku? etpitt^nv 78 Ivdtvm, when a thing is declared by removing the contrary; as vertufc is to flic vice ; death is the privation of life. xj1 afeSpf#Tiu, by circumlocution j as Taul was the Teacher of the Gentiles. • 6. 'Cif iv TtA&p by Example j as a fubftance is for ex- amples lake, a man, a horfe, &c. 7- x?1 IvShav rtktitfvi c/y. 78 ifMyivvs, by want of the full of the lame kinde. As an Enthymeme is that which wanteth one of the premiiles to be a Syllogifm. 8. Kit? t7nuyov, by praife ; as a hiftory is the witnefs of Times, the lighc of Truth, the life of memory* the mi-ftrefs of life, the ihower of Antiqyity; alfo by difpraife $ as riches are die enticements to evil. 9- Kxt etpetKoyav, when one thing is faid to be another, tor mutual limilitude : as a man is a little world j wine is the foul of a Banquet. 10. K*7* iTV[M\oya» by Notation ; as the World is that which waxeth worfe and old,$4 The Art of Logick. Of Diviiion. Diviiion is the refolving of the wholeS Perfect, a into parts, and is £ Imperfeit. b, Perfed, is the refolving of an whole properly fo called and per fed, into parts properly called^ The Canons hereof are nine. 1. That which is lightly divided, mu it needs have parts; Therefore the truth is ill divided into Philofophical; feeing, it is not an whole thing, but iimple and impartible. So Omnifciency into Ubiquity, &c. 2. The divided and diviiion fhould be without all doubtfulness and darknefs ; as works fhould not be divided into operation, & ope/antis, noi Faith into Historical, Miraculous, and laving Faith j nor blindnefs into corporal and Spiritual, nor liberty into civil and fpiritual. 3. The members dividing ihould agree with the whole; therefore Logick is not well divided into Invention and Judgement, ieeing thefe are adions, and Logick a quality. *. 4. The members dividing ihould be equal to the whole; » fo Ceremonies are ill divided into godly and ungodly; for this contains not the whole Nature of Ceremonies, becaufe fome are mean or indifferent. y. The members dividing ihould be disioyned one from | another j fo a body, is ill divided into head, eyes, belly,heart, See. for the eyes are contained in that head, and the ¡heart in that belly, &c. 6. Diviiion ihould be made into the next and immediate members : fo a body is ill divided into man , beaft , and treejfor many members that come between are leaped over; fer a body is next either iimple or compound. 7. Diviiion ihould coniift of as few members or partsas the nature of the whole that is to be divided will bear. 8. A true diviiion ihould be mad^: by thofe things which arc in the whole, and not by the things outward and acci' dents to the whole; fo (Quantity is ill divided into MathematicalThe Art 0/Logic!:. 85 matical, Phyfical, and Logical3 for DiicipJines are acci-dentary, and outward to things 3 neither is a thing by and by diverfe, when it is diverily considered by Sundry disciplines. A perfect diviiion is the beginning of understanding, and of .constituting the method of things and difci-pfmes. A p£rfe£t diviiion alfo is J The whole fubordering. cither of t The Co-ordered. Of the fub-ordering is , which refolveth the general into . the Specials that are Subordered or fubjeited thereto, as to divide Animal into man and bcaSt. The Canons hereof are two. I. The divided mull be a general 3 we nvuft learn to discern the diverfe reipe^bs and considerations of things from '1 the divisions; as when the Church is distinguished into ■l viSible and invisible, it is not properly a diviiion, much lefs a division of the general into Specials 3 for a Church is a & loweSt Special 3 but it is only a diverfe refped and manner of : considering the Church; likewife when a man is divided into - inward and outward. * z. The differences bywhofe means the general is divi-3. ded, Should be eifential and proper,1vi%. not translated from S one general to another. rx The diviiion of the co-ordered , is which refolves the whole into parts co-ordered : J Eifential. a jii and is either T Integral, b cai . , • (b Eflential, which refolves the eflential whole into effen-rial parts, and is either 1. Firit, or 2. Secondarily fo 1# called. v; 1. Firit, is when the Eflential whole properly called is re-U folved into matter and form : as a man into foul and body. And here, the true and next matter and form muil be [0tj taken. ¡¡¡f Secondarily fo called, is when an Eflential whole impro-perlyfo called, is refolvedinto his material and formal 3 as 0. an Oration into a found, or words written , and their fig-■J nifleation. A Church into men called, &c. The union of ; - thefe%6 'The Art oj Logick. thefe with thrift , and one with another by faith and obetf dience of the Faith i whereof thefe are the material of the Church, thofe the formal. Integral divifion is which refolveth the whole into integral parts, and it is alfo either i.Firft primarily. z, Secondarily fo called. j. Primary, is which refolveth into parts the entire whole properly called; as the Tabcrnacle was divided into the Court, the holy, and the moil holy. This manner of partition fhould be inftituted in right | order, defending from the more principal and greater parts unto the lefier. Secondarily called, is which refolveth into parts an entire whole improperly called, fuch as accidents be j as a Syllo* gifm is lefolvcd into three Propofitions and terms *. the JLaw into two Tables, or ten Precepts. An imperfed divifion is, vyhen the whole is refolvedinto parts by accident^ and it is either ; i. Of the fubkd into his accidents and cireumftances : or z. Of accidents by their fubicCts. 3. Or of the effedts by their efficient, or fi-nalcaufes; or 4. Of cauLs by theeffe&s : or 5.Of things | by their objects: as 1. Of men,fome are tall,fome low,fome learned,fome unlear; cd, fome dwell in hot Countries,fome in cold. z. Agues, fome are in the fpirits , fome in the humours, fome in the folid parts. 3. The Scriptures, fomt were written by the Prophets, fome by the Apoftles.Cardens ’ fome are for profit, forne for pleafure. 4. Gods word, either terrifieth the confeience as the Law , or comforteth it as the Gofpel. Love is either of God, or of our neigh--bour. ' ' Of the felf-fame being. Hitherto of the arifingterm refolving now followeththe conferring, whereby thing with thing is compared. And is eirher Confentany* „Diffcntany. Confentany for agreeing) is when the Identity, TctVTO' 7»tThe Art 0/Logick. THf , or fclf-fame being of things is looked on. Identity, is the unity and agreement $ Ordinary, a of things, and is ¿Extraordinary, b Ordinary in ordinary things, f Greater, a and is either ILcfler. b Greater Identity is of them, which are the fame iniome greater manner, and as it were abfolutely. And is either { Formal. Numerical. Formal, is of them which differ only in evolution of definition, otherv.ife are the fame in all things. As a man and ■ a reafonable Animal. tis Numerical Identity, is the unity of one lingular undivided :n: thing. And is either ; 1.Primary, or z. Secondary, u I. Primary, which fimply and properly is one in Number j As Heaven, Veter, z. Secondary ; Which are one in Number by fomeout-$ Avard conjunction. As one Church under Ghrift the head ; One heap of Corn, &c. Leffer Identity, is of them which are one after a fort. ’Inward, * .Outward. And is* *!- Inward, is of them which agree in fome inward manner or Term. And is either, 1. Subordinate, or z. Coordinate. 1. Subordinate, is of them which agree under the Pre-dicamental Orderj and is either pConjunct; ve. ¿Disjunctive. Identity of Conjunctive fubordmation, is of them which in the Predicamental order do ftraight follow one another : As be all Generals with their fubordinate fpecials : Thefe are called really the famejas a man, and an Animali for they G 4 aieThe An of Logkk. arc not two disjoyned things, but only fubordinate. The Canons hereof are two. i. They which are really the fame, of them the Superior concurrteth to the conditution and definition of the In-feriour. z. They which are really the fame, fight not in any thing, Identity of disjun&ive Subordination, is of them which fo agree under the predicamentall order, that they are not-.withdanding disjoyned one from another as two divcrfe things. ’Generali. And is either' |_Or Specificali. /. General!, of them which agree in the Generali, As a man and a bead agree in an Animal. Specificall, which agree under one lowed fpecial; As PeiCi and Paul agree in humane Species, ojuooiiiJ)i. z. Coordinate,is of them which agree c Caufal. in Coordinate Terms, and is i Co-hsfive. Caufal Identity is of them which agree in the caufes, or^ J caufed : So in i ('or, 1a. the didinft gifts agree in oneeffi- j cientjGod, &c. Cohasfive Idenity, is either of the, Subjeft, or of the Accident. Of the Subjeft , is of Accidents which are in one Subjeftj j To.vTtz V'zxiYJUyuivcp: As the Prophetical!, Priedly, and Kingly office in Chrid; this may alfo be called the fame really i fo the faculty to underdand, to will,&c. Accidental! Identity is of them that agree in Accidentsjas a Moor, and a Raven agree in blacknefs. And it is either- 'Primary, ‘Secundary. Primary,is of them which agree in Primary and properly riled Accidents. ,The Art of Logick. And it is either « C Parity. ¿Similiti Similitude. Parity, is the Identity of things that agree in quantity; ... As when two men are of like ftature, or have a like number of children. of Image amongthemfelves : As Chrifts Parables, ¿Met. 13. &c. rine proceeds from known to unknown, we muft needs learn • fomuch the more eaiily, as that is eaiie from whence the * beginnings of learning are taken, as are in Parables, fen-:: lible things. Every like is alfo unlike, Simile non ejl idem. 3 • Similitude muft not be made between things too much diflevered 3 As fome have compared the ten Commandments with the ten Plagues of Sgypt. 4. A Parable muft befitted to the Principali fcope and intent of the Declarer, and not be ftrecht beyond this : As when Chrift likeneth his coming to a thief, &c. ¡a •It Of Similitude. Similitude is the Agreement of things in quality chiefly j and then alfo in Ad ion, paffion and relation. ( LUC UUIiga At* 7 ------9 Paffion,Abfolutely and Amply. 1 Parabolical , is when the Accidents of things have a kind Abfolute,is the agreement of things in quality , Adion, 4 a The Canons hereof are four. 1. Parabolical fimilitude is the moil fit Inftrument for » plain and popular kinde of Teaching : Seeing all our Dod- SimilicudeSimilitude is either* 'Simple. [Compound. Simple, which is between two Terms: Asa fubtile wit likened to fire. Compound, which is between four : So a Magiftrate is to the Commonwealth in War, as a Governour is to a Ship in a tempeft. Secondary Accidental Identity, is of them that agree in relations: Thus two parts are faid to be fame, as two Mailers, as two Sons, &c. Outward Identity,is when things agree in outward Terms, as in Time, Place, Objects, Antecedents, Confequents : As J){ofcs and Balaam lived in one age, jt&c. Extraordinary Identity is when things agree extraordinarily. \ C Eflentiall. And it is either ^ ¿Hypoftaticall. Eflentialjis in the three perions of the holy Trinity which communicate in one eflcnce in number : Called vwuTDTHf > r * * GVtrjai. f Hypoftatical, is when two compleat Natures are united in one Hypoftafis, or perfon, called ivont uwosaTW), whereof there is one onely example in the perfon of our Mediator Chrift, where the Divine and Humane Nature are faid to be the fame in Hypoftafis : iuch are called ofoatom95*71», as they that agree in Eflence, are called iwQvffiot. Of Diftinftion. Hitherto of tbearifing Term Confcntany; Diflentany followeth, whereby the diverlity of things is underftood. And is cither- * Diftinftion. [Oppofition. piftinftlo«The An of Logick. Diftindion is the diverfity of things without fight. , Secondary is that which is only in confideration and conceit of mind: As when we diftinguiih in mind the right fide of a Pillar from the left; fo in light, though it be a moil fimple quality, we diftinguiih the form of warming, and of ' drying. So in the attributes of God from the Efftnce, and one from another; as when we diftinguiih between Gods un-d*erftanding, Willing, Pnniihing, Pardoning, &c. Though : in the Godhead there is properly no diftindion indeed ; but l onely thusinreafon. Primarily called diftindion,is which is in things immedi-c atly without the mind. Ordinary is in ordinary things, as in the Creatures. Formal, is of thofe whereof one is taken in the definition of another ; as between Genus and Species; Species and r; Singulars,&c. i. They that are formally diftinguiiht, are not as thing and thing, nor as two feparated things;as fubftance cannot | be feparate from man, &c. a. They that are formally diftind, do yet communicate m the fame nature and properties. fteall diftindion, is of them that are as two fevered and diftind things. a And is either Ordinary. Extraordinary. é Formal, a Real, b Modal, c And is' The Canons hereof are two. TheThe Canons are three. i. Things that really differ,may be fevered one from an-other, as water from cold, a. They are never fubordinate one to another. 3. The y may receive oppofition and repugnancyj as man and beaft. ’Inward. Real diftindion is either- J.Outward. Inward is of them which differ in inward Terms» C Subordinate. And is* Co-ordinate. Subordinate,is of them which differ in fubordinate or pre* dicamcntal Terms. CGenerical ^ And is eitherSpecificai ✓"DiftindionJ . ¿Individual 3 * Gcnericaljis of them which differ in the general, far off or neer: As man and vertue 5 For one is a fubftance, and the other is a quality. Specificali, is of them which coming of one general, are feparated by efientiall differences, or put under fuindry fpe-cials ; Thus man and beaft differ in fpecies. Alfo Man and Lyon, Horfe, &c. Individual , is a feparation of two or more fingulars, which alfo are faid to differ in number .* As Veter, rP0y James, &c. Coordinate diftindion, is which is made by coordinate Terms : CCauial. And is*^ ¿Subjedive. Caufall is of them which differ in caufe far off or neer : As man- jr a The Art of Logidc. man and beaft differ in form ; laughing and weeping differ in the efficient and end. CTheSubjed. Subjedive,is either of ¿The Accident. Diftindion of Subjed, is when accidents differ in fubjedj as fpeaking and bleating, laughing and neighing, &c, Diftindion of accidents, is of fubjeds that differ in accidents. And is either { Primary. Secondary. Primary, is of them that differ in accidents primarily called. And is either 1. Imparity, 2. Diffimilitude. A-1 .Imparity is when things differ in greater or lefler quantity; as loveexcells faith, 1 Qqy. 13. the foul excells the body,e^c. 2. Diffimilitude is diftindion of things after diverfe qualities, Adions, Paffions, and the image of all thefe. Secondary diftindion of accidents, is of them that differ ¿n relations: As when one is a father or a mailer,another not. Outward reall diftindion,is when things are diftinguifhed , by outward Terms, asbyObjeds, Time, Place, Antece-dents,Cenfcquents, &c. ^ Modall diftindion, is when not the things fo much as the manners of the things are diftind; either things .by their manners, or manners by their things. {Simple. Comparative. Vi Simple,when manners of things are limply diftinguifhed ; f So efience and exiftence differ inafimple modal diftindion. Comparative, is when the fame thing or quality is diftin-guifhed by more and lefs. As between hot and lukewarm. 1. More and lefs do never vary the fpecies; So weak faith and ftrong faith^JW a child and aman,do not differ in t fpecie. 2. Things94 The of Logick. t. Things compared by more and Jefs,mtift not be j£qu|. vocall: As the iharpnefs of voice, and of a fwordi may not be compared. 3. Things compared by more or lefs, muft be of the fame fpecies and nature; fo it is not meet to compare a Smiths faw to a Carpenters maIlet;nor to ask which was be ft learned of Galen ( a Phyfitian) or of BhrLolm (a Lawyer.) Extraordinary drftindion,is in things extraordinary. And it is either between God and the Creatures, orb;, tween the eflence and perfons of the Godhead,or of the per-fons one from another : God differs from Creatures more then in general!, and agrees only in Analogy; in the perfons there is diftindion fomewhat like the Modal!: For jujlh Martyr call the perfons xs&dfciaii. Of Oppofiticn, Now followeth Oppoiition,which is the fighting together of two fimple Terms, fo as neither the one can agree with the other, nor both of them with the third,after one and the fame manner * They agree hot to! dvreo , nor jj tiVTv, nor tog}# to clvto , nor ¿p rtf civTtf The Canons of Oppofirion are two. V 1. Oppofite s fo far forth as they are fuch, are together. 2. One Oppofite helps the know/edge of another in that that is an Oppofite. The zArt of Logick, Difparates ; So bread is the body of Chrift, cannot be fpok-en l'ubftantially, but only relatively, as bread hath relation to Chrifts body. 1 2,Compleat Difparates do not concur as body and foul to make a man , fo God and man concur to one hypoftaticall "thing in Chrift, but not eflentiall. 3. Repugnancy is oppofition either between oneDifpa-rate, and the property of another, or between two or moe properties of Difparates , and alfo properties of contraries, and their antecedents and confequencies : As to fein, and to be indeed a friend : to be eled, and to fall from the grace :of God: To be bread, and to be born of the Virgin : To be ; prudent, and not to be able to diflemble anger: for this is Repugnant to prudency. ft 4.Contrariety is an oppoiition between two qualities that drive out one another. CBy it felf. And it is either*' ¿By Accident. Contrariety by its felf is of qualites by themfelves, and Tbfolutely taken. J The Canons hereof be eight. 1 * 1. Of contrariety, each part is poiidve, as hot, and cold» 2. Of con trades, both are under a certain general , neer Sr far: As white,and black are under the general of colour. 3. Contraries are about the fame fubjed, either the ^enerall or the fpeciall 5 But not always about the fame in lumber, or thole things which onely differ in Accidents; stf.So white and black are in the fame mixt body generally 1 ¿::aken,but not in the fame body in number 5 As a Swansand R.aven, &c. 4.If one of the contraries be, the other alfo muft needs be, tor at leaft have poflibility to be : If in nature there be fire, ; :here muft alio be water. 5. Contraries cannot be in the fame degree that excell,, But may be in degrees that are remifs .* So what is hot in ex-. :remity, is not cold at all. ij,' a. One contrary if it overcomes, corrupteth another. i H • 7.The ■ 97 The ArtofLooick. 7 .The remiilion of one contrary often comes to pafs by the weakning of the other. 8. Contraries have contrary Caufes,Effeâs, Properties, and next Subjects : So Venue is of God , Vice of Eyil, Temperance helps health. Intemperance hurts it, &c. Contraries by themfelves,are either i Mediate. Immediate. Mediate, which do admit a Mean, vt\. of taking part i with the extreams ; as heat and cold admit between lukewarm neis. Immediate,which do not admit a Mean : As Vertue and , Vice. Contrariety by accident, is which agreeth unto other j things for the qualities j as fire and water are contrary, be- 1 caule of heat and cold. The fecondary oppofition is betwixt the Relation and the Correlate. ihe Canons hereof be three. x. Relative oppofition is of all the weakeft. 2. Oppofites relatively have no Mean, vi\% which takek ] part of the extreams, as Father and Son. 3. Oppofites relatively are both affirmative. And thus much of the fimple Terms of the firft part of Logick.A Generali Sum of the firft Part of Logick. fpifa I r ~Ofa f Divifionj. word J with the L Canons. r The firft part of I Logick is J about a i (tmple Term,arid is either -ss #va “I fi S; -Si •iS -ss pThe manner The degree, The predica. \ mental rew S wherein is coil' lidtred how things are received into the Rews, {f The Genera!, Primary-« l The Special. Secondary,the fingulir. C.OolIateraI,or fidelong.the difference. The partiti-on; for a predicament is ' either I/ .W as j ap Jr Arifiagof the firft aad is either The term about the Rew J which is' ^ either. 1 Inward. Outward. I ^ 'Of sub. C* 5 C Quantity | (lance. \ .5 j Quality. )5 / Action. I Of Acti. T ■< v Paffion. .dents. C. Of Relation, {When. Whs re. Situation. Habit. {Efficient. Matter. Form. End. *Thecauf,d. .The Subject and Accident. > The Whole and the Part. ’Adherent f Adjacent ( Conner, either which is < Circumltar.»ce» C either L Adjoir.t. ^Concomitant,which f Ant ceiient* “ dth£r iconfequent. . The catife ’of a word, f The unfolding of a f Definition of a Name» and is either } W£>r^- -a Diftindtion of the doubtfull. • Conjugates. L Clearing of the obfeure. 4 Definition. »Of a thing, tand either |Conferring, and either is Diviflon. ... , {Confentany. as the identity of things. r Diveriity. DilTentany.as < Diftinction. I Oppofttion. H THE THE SECOND B O O Ki Handling the Second Part L O G°I C K; Which is the Director of a Compound conceit. O F A Proposition. He fecond Part of Logick direð a compounded conceit, which is done by Precepts concerning a propofition. A Propofition is a fentence wherein one thing is affirmed or denyed of another. In general , and is c riled Formal, a. a InSpecia^and deter-minatly called material!. b b And it is con-fidered either In Generally when the difpofition of a fentence is looked on Nakedly, and Abfolutely, without any fpecial condition of the things themfe Ives. H 3 And 102 The Art of Logick. And is again either. ‘Primary? or fimple, and Categorically perfe&. c c ■ * JSecondary, or Compound, and Hypothetical,&Imperfeft. dd Primary or Simple, is which in one fipiple Compofition propoundeth any thing to be, or not to be. Of this we arc to consider both the 1. Conftitution , and z. Divjfion, and alfo the 3. Attentions. The Conftitution of a Propofition is of the parts,and the diipofing of the parts, of which thole may be called the material, and this the Formal. The Parts are cither the Signed,or the Signers,or Signs. The parts Signed or lolute, are Ab- TheAntececj.ePc orSubjeft. The Confequent, or Predicate, or Attribute. The St.bjeft or Antecedent, is of which any thing is pronounced. The Confequent or Predicntc,is that which is pronounced of the Subjedj As in this fentence, True faith doth work bv love, the fit ft Part true faith is called the Subjeft oy ante-', / cedent■; the latter part, worli by love , is called the confe-quen1, or attribute , or Predication. The Canons of the Subject and Attribute are two. i .That is the true Natural Subje&(or antecedent)inaPro-pofition,which without the proportion,even in theNatureof things is fubjefted; And that is the true Natural attribute or consequent,which in the veryNature of thingsis in another: and it in any Propofition that be put firft,which isnotfirft in Naturejor laft, which is not laft in Nature : it is called a propofition againft Nature, and Inordinate, which rauft be marked and brought into order; as , It is not good for tn0 to be done : Here good is not the true Antecedent or Subject, I but the Lonedom of the man , of which it is faid that is not good. a. The ■The Art of Logick. i. The Confequent or Attribute muft be diverfefrom the Subje ft : For the fame is not to be pronounced of the famejas a Sword iszSword', nor though it be in other Terms, as the Gofpel is glad-tidings. Stibium is Antinomy. C Significative, Categorematical. The Signing parts^ of Signs be either ¿Confignificative,Syncategorematical. A Significative Sign, is which reprefents to the mind a certain Antecedent and Confequent. And 5A is either< ¿A Noun. Verb. A Noun is a Ample word , figaifying a certain and ab-folute thing without time. The Canons of a Noun are fix, i. A Noun is a Ample word, and never a whole fen-tence. z. A Noun fhould be inftituted to fignifiefome certain } thing, by inftitution of God and man. ■ 3. A Noun ihould he one in Unity of Signification : not equivocal. 4. A Noun ihould be of finite Signification. f, A Noun of the firft or right cafe, is properly a Noun ifiL&h&c» i.Cs, 6. A N[oun by it felf iignifies not diftin&ion, diftin&ion of time. tly3 A Verb is, afimple word', inferring with the principal Cargf fignification of Aftion or Paflion, Diftinftion of time. The Canons hereof are four. I. Every Verb includes in it fome Noun or Signification of a certain thing : As I fpeai\, Includes in it Speech. z. A Verb befide the conceit of fome certan thing, note-s fitnefs of avouching of fome other. 3. A Verb primarily infers with it a certain diftinftion of the time prefent. H 4 4- A i©4 The Art of Logick. 4. A Verb of the Indicative mood is of all moil fit for I 1 Enunciative compofition and diviiion. 1 A Coniignificative Sign is,which iignifies no certain thing in the Propofition i But the manner onelyof a thing; As Definite The Art of Logick, Definite, which hath the Sign of Llniverfality exprcily aj >addid to the Subject; 2. There is alfo an ufe of Indefinites, to fignifie that the Confcquent is in the antecedentjfor the moft part, though h notalwayes, cof 70' 7nhv. As, The Cretiansbelyars, Mothers are tou much Cockerers of their children,eW. 2. A Particular is, which to a particular antecedent adds a particular Note : as,Some men fear God,Few are Eleded, not many are Called, &c. 3. A Singular is, which hath an Antecedent fingular or undivided : as, John Baptifi is not the Chriftj This man is a true Chriftian, &c. The Canons hereof are two. 1. When a Note of llniverfality is added to a fingular Antecedent, it means nothing but a Celled ion of Singulars •* as all TPharonhs were Tyrants. All Hereds were cruel. 2. To the Antecedent of a fingular Propofition, may not be added a dcnyal Infinite. Froty ■S:JL From the Formai, a Prc Mon is divided into Propofi- Affirming, tDenying. Divi fon f otti the Forjnaf. antecedent. jj The Affirmation is before, and more worthy then the . Negation. Denying or Negative, is which divideth the Confcquent fiom the Antecedent: As good works do not Juftifie : A man is not a Hone. i. That a Propofition may bea Negative, it is neceflary that the Particle of denying be either fet before the whole Propofition: as,‘ NoEled are damned j or be immed atly added to the Coupler, and Verb Adjed've that hath the force of the Coupler or Band j as. Marriage is not a Sacrait ment ; Works juftifie not. a. Every true Negation hangs on a true Affirmation: Fork could not rightly be faid, Worlds juftifie not, unlefs it were true, that faith oncly jufiifietb. and Negative^ is either Pure,is wherein the Confequent is purely difpofed with the antecedent, without the exprefs manner of difpofition. Modal,is which is aft’e&ed with a certain mood or manner of difpofition. The Canons are two. Both of thefe (Affirmative^Purc« ___I _____•_1 % ! • i_ • Primary, a. And it is either^ £Or Secondary, b as be thofe four. I. Neceflary or needs. z, Impoflible. Primary is which is affc&ed with fome Primary manner WWW. 3. Pof-3. Poffible. 4. Contingent, or perhaps. i. As, It is neceftary that a Creature be finite.The Eleft mull needs be faved. 2. It is impoffible that God ihould be created. 3. It is poffible for him that fighteth to win the Vidory. 4. It is contingent for a man to fir, for he may alfonot fit. The Canons of thofe Modal propofitions are five, 1. There is more ufe of thofe Modals among the Greeks then the Latines. 2. No other Modes (or mannersjare here looked on then Formal, that is fuch as ailed the difpofition of the Confe* quent with the antecedent. 3. A Modal Propofition hath the manner for the Confe- quent indired, and by Analogic fo called : in every Modal propofition,there are two things,the Sayings and the manner; as in this, It is impofsible that theEleffi ihould be deceived, That theEled ihould bo. deceived, is ¿ faying 3 impofsible is the manner; the faying is put inilead of the Antecedent, the manner inftead of the Confequent; but this mull narrowly betaken. • 4. The Quantity cf a Modal propofition is efleemed partly by the faying, partly by the manner ; But chiefly and properly by the faying, as that which hath the quantity oNj multitude. Secondarily by the manner, as that which hath the quantity of time : Neceffary hath the force of an Adverb univerfally affirming; as,It is neceffary for a man to be rea-fonable, that is, a man is alwayes rcafonable ; Impoffible, hath the force of an llniverfal Negative, as. It is impoilible for a man to be a Stone, that is, a man is never a Hone: ?of fbk and contingent, have the force of particulars as fomet'mes, for the mo ft part, &c. 5. The Quality or affirmation and Negation of a tnoAd propofition is efleemed by the manner; as,It is impoffible for the Eled to perifh. This is a Negative: It is neceffary that Chriil Ihould be true man, this is affirmative by reafonof thefe Manners, yfecejpsry and impofsible, Secondary PSecondary Modals which have a fe-^1 • Excluiiye. condary manner, are either 'S2* „eepuye. ¿3. Reftrittive. Exclufive, which hath an exclufive confignificative word, as only, alone, &c. ^ as; C Antecedent or Subject. • ;i: And it is Exclufive either of the *The Art 0/Logick. 3. Reftriftive is which confifts of reftraint or limitation: asfofar forth as, in refpcfi; of, according to, &c. Limitation is the determination of that according to which the Confequent agreeth with the Antecedent, or not agreeth. i ’General. And .Special. General,which is conceived with general terms. Special,which is conceived with fpecial Terms, that is, which pertain to any thing in fpecial, and properly ; COne Noun. And it is either of ¿Di ver fé. Of one Noun, is which limits the thing by it felf, that the Confequent may be underRood to agree eflentially : Asa man, as he is a man, hath rerfon• Ofa diverfe Noun, which limits the Antecedent by foine-thing diverfe from the Antecedent. 'Eilential. a And it is cither CEffer ¿Acci .Accidental, b Eflential, which i$ done an effential term* C General. And is either5 'Partial, General, when it is limited by his Genus : as, a man, as k is a body, is local ; as he is a living thing, he is nourifhed; as h'c-i^Animal, he hath fenfe, &c. Partkil, when a thing is limited by feme part Effential Integral: As a man touching his foul is Immortal: Sacra- ments touching their matter are viiible, touching their form arc irivihblej Chrift as man died, Acciden-Ill The Art of Logick, Accidental is which limits a thing Accidentally. C Inward. And is< ¿Outward. Inward, when a thing is limited by feme Inward accident, cither abfolute or Relative: as,Fire,as it is hot, burneth5not as it is dry: God willeth hardning of finners 3 not as it is fin, but as it is a puniihment. f, Outward, when a thing is limited by fome outward com-parifon and refped : as wh:n a mean man is faid to be great in refped of a dwarf j Ifacl^ was a Son in refped of ^Abraham, and a Father in refped of Jacob ; Faith juilifieth as it hath reference to Chrift. The Canons of limitation are fix. i. A Confequent or Attribute contradidory,can with no ; Limitation be made to agree with the antecedent. To ' s not contingent tor the Eled' to abide jn Gods grace, i* 3 • Propofitions of impoffible and poihble are equivalent .¿.when they have the faying of the fame, and the manner of i diverfe quality 3 It is impoffible for the eled to perifh; It u'te not poflible for the eled to periih. 4. Propofitions of poffible and contingent, in the Greek . phrafe are often equivalent, when as the manners confidcr->ed in themfelves import a diverfe figmfication. S. In Modals fecondarily fo called,an exclufive in a^iccef-rfary matter is equivalent to an univerfal3 as. The eled only f are fayed, and all the eled arc faved, I Con-Jlff ¿v\lçeo- Tfo 0/ Logick. 4^ Converfion , is the agreement of two propofidons by tranipofing of the parrs 3 and it is either t.fimple, or 1, 1 by accident, or 3. by counterplacing 1. Sifhple, is the mutual change of the Antecedent and confequent, the quantity and quality abiding the fame 3 fir ft and properly about an univerlal denyer, and particular affirmer ; z.And by rea- I fon of the matter,about an univerlal affirmer, oeceflary and reciprocal as, No unbeliever cateth Chrifts fleih 3 therefore none that eateth Chrifts flefh is an unbeliever. z. By accident is the mutual change of antecedent and conicquenr, the quality abiding, but the quantity being changed, v/\. the umverfal into a particular affirmant ; as. Every man is a living creature 3 therefore, forne living créa- j ture is a man. 3. By counterplacing is the mutual tranfplacingof the ’ confequent and antecedent, the quantity abiding, but the quality changed, vi\ about an univerfal affirmant 3 as, All that are ordained to life do believe 3 therefore they that believe not, are not ordained to life, Adis 13. The Canons of converfion are nine, of which the firftfour are general, the other pertain to the Medals. 1. That which is to be converted, muff have a proper connexion, underftood without any ambiguity 3 thefe therefore are not to be turned 3 Chrift is a vine 3 Bread is Chrifts body, &c. ^ ( 3. The whole antecedent of that which is converted,muft be made the confequent of the converter, not maimed or cut off. 4. In converting, the oblique cafes muff be made right} as not becaufe, Some tree is in the Garden 3 therefore fome Garden is in the Tree 3 but thus 3 therefore fomething that is in the Garden is a Tree. I Converfion of Modals is made by change of thofe extreams which are in the faying, the manner alway abiding fa ft j and the quality of the faying kept. 6. There is no other converfion in Medals then fimpk and by accident. 7. Propofitions of the manner ncccfjary are converted fo as the pure fimply, when they are univerfal negatives, or particular affirmatives 3 and by accident,when they are um-verfai affirmants, though fo alfo they be fimply convkr^’ m Wv iThe Art of Logick. as,It is neceiTary that no man be a ftonefis converted fimplyi therefore it is neceflary that no ftone be a man. 8. Propofitions of poffible are converted as the former of neceflary. 9. Propofitions of contingent, if they be affirmative, are converted as the former, but negatives not fo; for particulars are converted fimpJy, but universals no way. Thus much of the Confentany affeCiions. Diflentany is the oppofition of Propofitions. Oppofition, is the fight of two Propofitions according to the difpofition* in affirming and denying. 1 The Canons hereof be four. 1. Oppofition muft have the fame antecedent and con-fequent underftood without ambiguity; as, It is not good for man to be alone ; it is good for man to be alone 5 here is no oppofition 5 for the one is meant Amply, the other refpe-Ctively. 2. Oppofition, muft be yji 70 etvro in the faitie refpeft, i. e. the confequent muft be difperfed with the antecedent according to the fame part and nature "of the antecedent as,Cbri(i was before Abraham, Chrijl was not before Abraham i thefirftis 'time as he is God: the other as he is man % fo here is no oppofition. 3. Oppofition muft be ©¡^V to avro unto the fame: as the Sun is darkned, the Sun is not darkned by limitation both thofe are true, and not oppofite 5 for in refpeCt of odr fight the Sun is darkned , but in it felf the Sun is not darkened. 4. Oppofition muft be in refpeCt of the fame time; o-therwife both may be tr&e j as, Paul was at ‘Rome, Paul was not at Rome, -vi\. at the fame time. CContradictory, a Oppofition is either ¿Contrary, b Contradictory dvriyaais, which is of perpetual dif-juit-Ction ; and it is principal or lefs principal. Principal, is the fight of Propofitions both in Quality aftd; quantity* as is between an univerfal affirmant, and a par- I t OcularThe Art of, Logick. tlcular negant jalfo between a particular affirmant,and uni-verfal negant ; as all men are good, fome men are not good, &c. Lefs principal, is between two fingulars,two indefinites, and two immediate umverfals , fighting in quality only j as Peter was at KomeiPetcr was not at Rome-, A man is good * a man is not good. &c. Tlae Canons of contradidion are three. x. Contradid ion, is of all oppofitions the firft, the moll perfed, and moft fighting, and therefore the meafure of them. i. Contradidion, is of eternal dis-jundion, fo as it is impoifible for both parts to be together trueorfalfe. 3. Contradidion wanteth all mean. Contrariety is oppofition between two univerfals , vi\% them whofe antecedent or i'ubjed is manifeit without the confcquence ; as,Every man is wife* no man is, wife. x. Two contraries can never be together true.though they may be together talfe. The oppofition of Modals hath three Canons. i. Contradidorie Modals are,which have the fame manner of diver fe qualities, but the faying of the fame quality j V as,It is not poflible for the eled to be deceived,It is poflible for the eled to be deceived. z. Contraries Modal are two univerfals, ha ving ¿he fame univerfal manner affirmant; but the faying in one denying, in another affirming} as, It is poflible to be ; It is poifible not to be. 3. In Exclufives (which are Modals fecondaryj the particular negative added to the only manner exclufive, ma-keth the oppofition: as,Only the eled are reconciled toGodj not only the eled are reconciled, &c. Hitherto of a fimple propoficion: now followeth the compound , which confiileth of a fenfe or fentence compounded. '' * \ The Art of Logick. And it is either ! i. Ixprefled. m ,Or z. Implied. n i. Exprefled, which hath the exprefs note of compo-fition. 4 - And it is either by conjunction, or particular relatives. Compoundby Conjunction) is, whole parts are tyed by a Grammatical Conjunction. m ■cl if »a iA aoi Uxt t%‘s :r:. 1(3*; ISO(! And it is either. ‘Connexive. ¿Separative. Connexive, whofe parts are tyed ( Copulative, by a connexion , and is T Conditional, Copulative, whofe conjunction is copulative j as, Love God and thy brother. The Canons are four; *. A copulative is affirmed and denyed by reafon of the i#e. Pro-conjunction copulative, whereto if a negation be added, it pojition. always maketh a negative} We are juitified by faith, and not by works, Sic. this is affirmative. Not by faith and works are we juitified; this Is negative. z. The whole copulative propofition is eiteemed by reafon of the conjunction copulative. 3. To the truth of a copulative, there is required the truth of either part ; and if one part be falfe, the propofition wholly is falfe. 4. Copulation noting the time, is to be taken in refpeCt of. one and the fame time} otherwife the copulation will be falie; as, Paul was at Rome3 and faw Jerufalem. This isa deceitfull copulation, for both were not at one time } but at feveral times both were true. Conditional,is j whofe conjun&ion is conditional: as, If thou fin, thou ihalt die, J 3 • The The118 / The Art ¿?/'Logick. T The Canons are fix. i. A conditional hath two parts., whereof the fit ft is called the antecedent, which contains the condition j the latter the conkquent. а. ' A conditional putteth nothing in cjjc, and only fufpendeth the kntencej oriente of theminde, unlefs the inanner and condition be put, which the antecedent de-ligncth. 3. All the truth and force of it is in the union and coherence of the parts, whereby the conkquent rightly followed! from the antecedenr. 4. The meafure of it is fome fimple propofition, to vvhich itmuftbe refolved, that the force of it may appear, and the reafon of the connexion be manifeft. y. The affirmation hangeth on the affirmation of the condition } therefore it is then nt gatlve when the denial is put before the conjunction If, not when it is put after ; So, If the Lord l^eep not the city, the Keepers watch in vain: this is affirmative, not negative. б. A conditional, having an impoffible condition annexed, is equivalent to a iimple denyal ; as, If the fands can be punffired, Abrahams feed ihall be numbred, meaning they ihall not be numbred. Separative, which hath a feparntive J Disjoyned. a conjunction; and is either IDifcreet. h. Disjoyned, whofe conjun&ion is disjun&ivej as Either we are jufttfied by faith,or by work1. 'Jt- ;\ ■ ' • • .-j j The Canons hereof be five. i. The disjoyned parts of a propofition muft not be riordinate;. it is therefore vain tb fay, Either it is a living creature,or a man. The affirmation or negation is efteemed by the dif-jundiYe conjunction only; whereto there piuft needs be added a negation, if the fentence muft be negative. .?• For the truth of the disjun&ive, it is enough if one pan be true. ' . ‘ 4. ThatThe aArt of Logick.; 4. * That therefore is falfe which hath no part true, and wherein taking away one, another member can be given : which is true : as, Either the Pope is head of the Church, or it hath no head 3 both ate falfe 3 and a third is true3Chri[t is the head, Colof. 1. 5. When the disjun&ive oppofition is immediate, and ei-. ther member is removed, it makes the reft equivalent ex-clufiyely 3as,Either we are juftified by faith,or by works3 but works are removed, Rom.3. Therefore this cxcluiive len-tence is true, Only by faith are we juftified. A difcreet fentence,is,which hath a difcreet conjunftion 3 as although,yet, notwithftanding,&c. The Canons are two. 1. To the truth of a difcretive is required the truth of both parts. 2. Falfe therefore is the difcretive when any one part is falfe 3 as3Chri(ls humane nature is not eternal, yet it is everywhere prefent. Compounded of particular relatives,is,which hath notes of companion according to quality , quantity, time and place: as. Such as the Shepherd is, fuch is the fheep. He is as honeft as he is learned : Where the treafure is, there is the heart. Then men fail when the Bridegroom is gone, &c. 2. An implyed compound fentence,is, which hath no ex* prefsnoteof compofition. The canons are two. 1. The truth or falihood of an implyed fentence, wholly dependeth upon the manner of the conicqtience,or knitting of the antecedent or confequent; as, They that are guilty of Chri^ls body, they eat (,’hrifts body 3 this is a falfe com-pou nd propofition 3 for there is no connexion of parts. 2. As much as may be, this propofition is to be reduced to a meer fimple. Hitherto of a propofition common, called formal3 now followcth a propofition in fpecial, called material 3 which is determined to a certain condition of things antecedent and confequent. I 4 IcIt is divided partly by-the words,partly by the things,and partly by both together. Firft therefore every proportion CDark. is either^ ¿Clear. Dark, when the fenfe needeth Interpretation • Interpret ration is the unfolding of the fenfe or lentence, and bringing of it to clearnefs. The darkneis of a fentence is cured by fix Canons; According to which every lawfull Interpretation is to be made. i. A dark propefition muft firft of ail be called back to a certain Method of fome kind of difcipline,and judged by the principles and analogic of the things delivered therein. i. Interpretation is to be made according to the firft intent and fCope of the Speaker or Writer. 3. The order of the context is carefully to be weighed, and interpretation to be made by the knitting of the antecedents and confequems. 4. Like places are to be compared together,and by conference and agreement the fenfe to be fet down. f. Let the agreeing expoiitions of famous Interpreters, be looked unto. 6. The dark places are to be expounded by the mote clear, and not the dark by as dark. ^ A clear propofition , is, whole fenfe is manifeft by its felf, and needs no interpretation. Again each of them is either True, is, which agreeth to the cempofition and divifion of thirgs without the mind, or which affirmeth or denieth as me thing is. AndConominative Synonimical. Denominative Paronimical. L.< Synomina,be thofe that have a common name, and in re-. ;ard thereof, ©ne and the fame effential definition. ' Paromina, be thofe that be derived, and have their deno-- ninationfrom others. Conominative , is , in which the confequent is fpoken of he antecedent connominacively, Synonimice, And it is ekher { And it is either "S f'Notional, Or Real. Notional,' in which thefecond Notion is avouched of the irft: as Animal is the Genus , Man is the fpecies,&c. n Real,is, in which the confequent Synonimical Real is dif-ofed with the Antecedent ; As, A man is an animal , Faith uftifieth, -j air C ’ {Ordinary^ Or Extraordinary. ■ A , Ordinary, in which the confequent is ordinarily difpofed . vith the antecedent ; As, A man is an animal.* Teter is a nan ; Whitenefs is a Colour. Whatfoever is faid of the confequent by a Synonimical at-iibutien, the fame may aJfo be faid of tfie antecedent. Extraordinary, is, in which there is a difpolition of the Confequent conominative , with an extraordinary antecedent, vi\. the perfon of the Mediator Chrift: As, Chrift is God, Chrift is man. , Denominative (or paronimical!) attribution,is, which "Confifts of an attribute ( or confequent ) paronimical z As when either difference, or or ^ccidcnt^ or circuni® ftance, &c, is fpoken of the Subject, or antecedent *, as, A man Is reafonable j a man is bodied, is headed, is booted, is 'Temporal, is Local, &c. So Chrift is Eternal, istheMedi- ( acor^i a z rhe °f togick. ator, King, Pried, Prophet; Chrift hath redeemed us with his blood, &c. Each attribution, as wel conominative , as denominative, Is either Proper,is whofe difpofition and wolds are proper. And it is Neceflary, or Contingent. Neceflary, in which the Confequent is neceflarily dif-pofed with the antecedent. The degrees hereof* are three Katsro 7rstvTo(. Univerfal. KaQ'avTo. Immediate or of it felf, KaQoAs tvv. Reciprocal. Ï TmToi'jOi Univerfal,is,when the Confequent is attributed to an univerfal antecedent. And it is cither of the- 'Subject or Antecedent. ^Adjacent. K«7« r7nvnoti ( or Univerfal) of the Subjed,is, when 1 the confequent agreeth to all contained under the fubjed, 1 As, The fun faid to be hot, bccaufe itcaufeth heat; theGofpelis the ower of God unto Salvation. 2. The Relation or Union of place, and cleaving to 5 as 'hen Iron is faid to burn for the iire united unto it. 3. The Relation of reprefentation 5 As when the title of me Prince is given to his Ambaifador, 4. The Union of confent and indifloluble fociety; as • 'hen the wife hath the titles and dignity of her husband, as \j 0 be called Priiacefs , Prophetefs,Dodorefs, &c. Myftical, is, in which the outward confequent is given to tie antecedent for myftical or holy relation, {Typical. Or Sacramental. xt Typical, when for the certainty of the reprefentation, that $ given to the Type which belongs to the Antitype. Thefe * attributions are fimple or compound. j' Simple, as when that which is due toChrift onely, is ?;iven to his Type and Figure, as of David it is faid, Pfal. 16. Thou jhak not fuffer thy holy one to fee corruption ; Of \olomon3I will eftablifb his bouft for ever3 2 Sam.7. Thefe are fulfilled in Chnft alone. Compound, when partly they agree to the type, partly to the antitype, as, thou ihalt not break a bone;of him. Exod. 12. Job. 19. : Sacramental, is, in which for the Union Sacramental, and certainty of fealing up, the thing figned or propriety thereof is given to the holy fign : As, Circumcifion is a Covenant, the Lamb is a Pafleover, Sacrifices are expiations of fins, Bread is Chrifts body, Baptifm is the laver of Regeneration, Bread is the Communion of Chrifts body, &c. ImproperThe Art of Logick. Improper by reafon of the words , is, in which a word l is transferred from the Native fignifi cation to f01Tle 1 other: As when we fay , the Woods doling, the Seas i clap their hands, the Fields laugh , and other figurative fpeeches. A falfe attribution,is, which anfwereth not to the combo. ! fition and divifion of things out of the mind ; and it is either I wholly falfe, or falfe in part; alfo either neceflarily, 0r ! contingently falfe. . And thus much of the fecond part of Logick.<4 A Summary View of the fécond Part of L o G I C K# Parts ' Conflit«« tion of • r Antecedent, or fubieft. k Signed -J * Confequent, 01 attribnte. C Noun, Significative J L Verb. rfConfignificative. {signed . . f Exprefe. Signing < I Implyed. "Signing L Goni Ì f Finite Material < e Univerfal f Definite, both eithtr < Particular i. Denying I Singular C Indefinite. r Pure c ■J < Exceptive I. Modal C. secondary C Reftriftivei Infinite 1 r Affirming r f Pure r Primary r Excluftve Formal ^ _ ~~ L Each either^ Exceptive Affé ¿lion Compoun* ded r Equivalence 1 Confentany V r Contrsdiiloty. ê L Cenverfion -< C.Difiémany, oppefition, either t Contrary* * Exprer. r _ r Copulative, .fed by \Conjundlion \ Gonnexive •< ) J J l Conditional. j C separative "S •Disi*yMd- / separative ^ p^etc> 'Implyed '—Relative particles. r 2 1 Dark Clear True Ceninomi native1 { Notional. {Ordinary’ ; * ^ Denomina-I tive, And Iboth of them ei* tane j ther L Proper ilmpro-Iper by 'the Extraordinary, Neceflary. . Contingent. pCcacson j j Difpofi. 1 ' tion ) . ) CMyftical. .Words. < ■Typical. the t.1 " I •+£ . ... — 1THE THIRD BOO K. Handling the Third Part L O G I C Kj Which is the Director of Discourse. o F A Syllogism. HE third part of Logick is bulled in di- Tbede« refting the Djfcourfe. fin'itioit Difcourfe is an a fit of the minde of man* of Aft* moving ¡t felf forward from a known thing to an unknown, by a fic collation of things former and latter. And it is either C Inferring. ¿Ordering. S Iaferrin M13© The Art of Logick. Inferring diieourfe is an aftien of mans minde by certain-premiied proportions proving another propoiition, orim. proving by help of the precepts of a Syllogifm. called, or mperfe&ly. \A per- Pei feftly called, is, the difpofition of three propoiitions, feci Syl- wherein from the two former and bettor known, a third iegifm. more unknown or doubtfull is fitly inferred, and ga- m The Material,is either i. Simple, or 2. Compound. , 1. Simple, are the Terms into which at laft the Syllogifm is refolved. The Term is either the uttnoft or the mean. The utmsft or extream, is that which is put both in the condlifion and in the prcmifes. And it is greater, or ¿ilinor.; The Idler or Minor, is the Antecedent or fubjed of the conclufion , always to be put in the fecond proportion. ¿Mem. The Mean, is, by means whereof the extreams are difpo- SoMg- Computation. A Syllogifm is cpnfi-dered, either a A Syllogifm commonly confidered, is either perfe&fy f0 thercd. Conilitution. In this are tp be confidered the Material, tit A Syllogifm is conilituted of: the Formal, n ¿Major. xhe greater or Major, is the confequent of the condu-fion, always to be put in the firft propoiition. idler. fed together. The compound matter of a Syllogifm, is a propo* fit ion. A Propoiition, is either inferring or inferred.. Inferring,is,which infcrreth the conclufion : called therefore premifes: and it is either the major or minor. TheTht Art of Logick. 13! The Major, or greater, is in which the greater extream is difpofed with the Mean. The Minor, or lefler, is in which the lefs extream is dif-pofed with the meui. The inferred, is that which is gathered from the pre-at* mifes. The Formal of a Syllogifm, is the fit difpofitionof the n mean with theextreams. p The difpoildon of the mean arifeth from the finding of it out. r The finding out of the mean,eonfifts in two things i .The m foreknowledge of the conclufion. a. The Collation ©f the extreams one with another. 1. The foreknowledge of the J Simple, a conclufion, is either c Compound, b Sim pie,is, when the nature and propriety is foreknown of d both the extreams, as well the antecedent as the con-( fequent. Of this foreknowledge there are three Canons. 1. Let the word or voice of both extreams be diligently examined, what it is, and of what fort; and if it be doubt-:'full, let it be carefully diftinguiihed, and that diftindion be prefuppofed in place of a principle, as well for confirmation as refutation. 'f x. Let it be obferved, whether the extreams of the con-; clufion be univerfal or fingular. 3. Let the caufes, properties,and whole definition of both ¡¡ extreams be fet down, either implicitely or expreily , as a certain and necdlary principle of the confirmation and - refutation to come. The Compound foreknowledge of the conclufion,is,when j the nature, quality, and quantity thereof is confidered. The Canons hereof are feven, 1. Let the conclufion or date of the controverfie be rightly informed. Let a compound or Hypothetical, neyer be put in K a theThe Art of Logkk. the place of a conclufion > but only a fimplc or Cate- gorical. 3. That conclufion is more eafily proved, which may be concluded in many figures aftd moods j and chatwhichcan be but in few,is harder to be proved, 4. An univeifal affirmative is hardly proved, not cafijy refuted. 5. A.univeifal negative is eafily proved, hardly refellcd. 6. A particular affirmant is more eafily proved , more hrrdly retelled. 7. A particular negant is eafie to prove, moil hard to refute. z. Now followeth the taking of the mean by Collation of the extreams. The Mean or Medium, is either Perfe&ly fo called, or Imperfectly. Perfectly called, is that fimple Term which being taken from the nature of both extreams, either knitteth or dif* Joyneth them one with another. Hereof are three Canons. 1. Every Mean is taken from the Terms of both extreams in the conclufion, as well the natural, as the repugnant terms; therefore he that would finde a Medium, muff minde the general, the fpecial , the caufes, the accidents,' the parts, the cognata, theoppofites of both terms in the conclufion. z: What manner of Mean is required to make a fyllcgifm of this or that quantity3 the Vowel Letters in the Modes of every figure, do evidently (hew. 3. The Mean, though it may be taken from the part ©f the antecedent as well as of the confequent,yet it is counted more noble which is drawn from the nature of the confluent* as for example, a mean is to be found to prove this conclufion, Every man is an Animal; minde the nature of this confequent ^Animal, and from it take the property of it, which is fcnfc > this agreeth with both terms, and is an excellent Mean, or Argument to prove the conclufion, thus, Every thing that hath ienfe is an Animal. Every hath fenfe } therefore every man is an Animal. 4: One and the fame Mean for a diverfe refped of the AntecedentThe A't oj Logick. Antecedent or confcquenr,may be referred to diverfe placts of Invention ) as for example, A.man hath fcnfe, bccauie he is an Animal : This Argument in refpedof the Antecedent, man,' is from the place of the genus ; but in refped of the confcqucnt, it is fiom the place of the fubjed j for an Animal is the proper fubjed of fenfe. $. Store of Means or Arguments is gotten chiefly nvo ways .* I. By deducing both extreams one after another through the places of invention, as well contingent as ne-ceflary. By difeerningthe principal means from the lefs principal t for example, take the confequent of thy oppoied concluiion particularly, and lead it through the contingent places i argue and reafbnfrom the Notation of it, the likes, equals, conjugates, and the other contingent titles of places, which are at leaf! 16. now thou haft fo many Means. Then come to the others ftore-houfe of necelfary places •, and reafon from the genus, the difference, the fubjed and accident, the proper, thecaufcs, and the other titles of ne-ccflary places, which are at leafi: 17. Then do the like a-bout the Antecedent of the propofed concluiion ; and thus maift thou have for one Concluiion fifty Means or Arguments y but not theftoreof Arguments is to 'be refpeded fo much as the weight or force of them ; three or four found Arguments are enough to prove any common Concluiion. The Mean imperfedly fo called, is when a Tcftimony,or fpeech of any Author is taken to prove the concluiion. This mean is called inartificial, becaufe teftimonies want artificial force to prove any thing of themfeives. It is called alfo the place from authority 3 that is, the dignity of the fpeaker. And thus much of the ccnftitution of a Sy llogifin , Now followcth the divifion of it. Of the three Figures of Syllogiiras. v A Syllogiim is divided by three Figures. A Figure is the conformation of a Syllogifm , according to the certain fituation of the mean term, and certain manners (or modesj of quantity and quality; Figtira c(l KOtyewia (Pvo ’uT&Tctfi&y xj1 fwVar o&v. Alexajii. K 3 Ai $4 The An of Logtck. A mqde or manner, is a lawfull conftitution of propofi. tions in every figure , according to the quality and quantity. Principal, is, when the propofitions arc general, that is, joyned with univerfals, or indefinite, or particular. c«{Lefs principal, is, when the premifes are fingulaf. * The Figures of Syllogifms are three. The firft figure,is, in which the mean or middle Term is the antecedentffubjeit or foregoer) in the major or firft pro-pefition : and the confequent (Attribute or follower) in the minor or fecond propofition. The Modes of this figure are four,called Barbara,Celamty X>arii3 Ferio-, thefe are but words of Arr, and ferve for no ' other meaning th.en that the vowel Letters in them denote the quality and quantity of the propofitions. a noteth anuniverfal affirmative ; e an univerfal negative, i Noteth a particular affirmative, and 0 noteth a particular negative. As may be feenin the examples following. Bay Every finner is fubjeft to Gods wrath. bci Every man is a finner: therefore, ■¡a. Every naan is fubjeft to Gods wrath. Ce No finner deferveth Gods favour. la Every man is a finner : therefore, rent. No man deferveth Gods favour. Da- All Sin is to be ihunned. n Some pleafure is fin : therefore, i. Some pleafure is to be Ihunned. fe-The zArt of Logick, i Fe- No fin giveth a man true comforr. r'p- Some pleafure is fin: Therefore, o. Some pleafure giveth a man no true comfort. Jefus Chriftisthe promifed Mcfliah: Therefore, He ought to die for the fins of the world. me fir eh Fefimoy Baroco. Cc- No true Chriftian loveth this worlds good. fa-Every covetous man loveth this worlds good therefore, re. No covetous man is a true Chriftian. Ca- All righteoufnefs pleafeth God. me- No faith without works pleafeth God: therefore, fires. No faith without works is righteoufnefs. Fe- No true worfhip difpleafeth God. fli- Some prayer difpleafeth God : therefore, no. Some prayer is not true worfhip. Ba- All vertue deferveth praife. ro- Some lovedeferyeth not praife ; therefore, Cf. Some love is not vertue. Jupiter of the Poets was notan Affyrian .* therefore, Jupiter of the.Poets, is not Jupiter Bel us. Jude Ifcariot was a T raytor. Jud' that wrote the Epiftle,was not a Traytor: therefore, Jude that wrote the Epiftle, was not Jtyle ifiariot. A fin guiar Syllogiim. ThepromifedMefliasought to die for the fins of theworld. "T'Vif* Crran-r» t® ïn «nUioh is Singular Syllogifms. Jupiter Belas was an Afjyùcm. K 4 The VJgure. The Art of Logick. I The third figure is, in which the mean or medium is put ] in the place of the antecedent in both the premifes. TheM,d:s of this Figure are fix, Called, Varapti, Velaplon, Vifmls, Vatifr, Bocaydo} Fe- rifon. Vara p-ti. Every godly man is happy. Every godly man is hated of the world: therefore, Some that is hated of the world, is happy. Fe- Up- ton. No will-worihip plealeth God. AH will-worihip is the invention of man.'thercfore, Some invention of man plealeth not God. *Vi- mis. Some man ihall be faved. Every man is a finner : therefore, Some finner fhall be faved. TZa- ti- fi- Every holy man is loved of God. Some holy man is affii&ed of God : therefore, Some that is afflicted of God, is loved of 6od. Bo- oar- do. Some in the vifible Church ihall not be faved. All in the vifible Church profefs Chrift: therefore, I Some that profefs Chrift fhall not be faved. Ve- ri- fy. None whom God loveth arc wretched. Some whom God loveth are poor : therefore, Some poor men are not wretched. Singular Syilogifms. Judas was not faved, Judas was an Apoftie : Therefore, Some Apoftie was not faved. ^Abraham entreth into the Kingdom of heaven. *Abraham was rich : Therefore, Som rich man entereth into the Kingdom of heaven. AndThe Art of Logick. *37 And thus much of the Species or Figure* of a perfeft Syllogifme. General, are which agree to all the figures together. And they are comprehended in thefe Canons. i. The diipoiition of a Syllogifm is called by tbe prin--ciples fet in the mind of man, of which the firft is that which is. called Spoken of all, and of none j to wit, when any thing is faid or denied of the llniverfal , the fame is alio faid or denied of the particular contained under it. Tbe other Principle is of proportion. Whatfoever do agree in one third rerm,do agree between themfelves; and they that difagree in one third, difagree between themfelves. a. In a Syllogifm three terms are onely difpofed, not more, nor fewer ; The fourth term muft needs troablethe frame .* For the Mean is referred unto two: And four Terms may either beexprefled, or implied in a doubtfull word ; For every doubtfull word, is a double word. Neither / can there be lefs then three Terms ; For two extreams cannot be difpofed and knit without a third Mean ; Not but that one Term repeated more effeftualiy may {land for two Terms as in this, A man in extream poverty is yet a man. 3. The Mean (or middle Term) may not come into the conclufion. 4. If Abftraft Terms be confounded with Concrete: and Oblique cafes with right f fo as the principle of the fpoken Of all, Of none , .be violated, or that there be four Terms, the Syllogifm muft needs be naught. J. Let there be aright placing of confignificative , ox exceptive, and reftri&ivewords, leaft that which pertains Now followeth the proprieties. Of the Proprieties of a Syllogiim. ‘The proprieties of a Syllogifm, are either toThe tyin of Logick. to the conclufion be plucked from it, or leaft the particular \ rcftri&ive be twice repeated in the premifes; Forifthat ( be,it is meer trifling; As in this example. Goad, as it k gosd, is loue’y ; Juft ice is good, as ir is good, Srgo, &c. 6. A Syllogifm confifting of meer particulars is naught. One Term muft be univerfal, eife tis againft both thofe Syl* . logiftical principles noted before in the firil Canon of all and of none, and agreeing in one third ; Moreover in pure j particulars there be four Terms; For the major fpeaks of one fubjeft, the minor of another ; As Some man is rich, fome • man is learned, Therefore learned men are rich. 7. ASyllogifm of meer Negatives is naught .* For it is 1 againftthe fecond Syllogiilical principle,which will have the \ inidleTerm at leaft attributed to the one extream. Example; t No Infidel pleafeth God;No Eied si an Infidel; Therefore, No Eleft pleafeth God. , 8. Let the Premifes in a Syllogifm have the fame kind of ] Attribution, or Predication; that is, the major muft not [ be proper, and the minor improper, or otherwife. As,Bread J( is eaten with the mouth ; Bread is thrifts body; Therefore, • Chnfs body is eaten with the mouth : Here that which is attributed or fpoken of theBrcad,in the firftpropofition,is proper; ; in the fecond, figuratiye; the conclufion therefore is falfe, | 9. The major and minor term muft be brought into the , conclufion, as they were difpofed in the Premifes,not changed or maimed : Therefore it is not right to fay; Allfinners repentant find mercy; Some men find not mercy; There- • fore, fome men are not finners: Here the conclufion is maimed, and is not as in the firil: propofition. 1 o. There muft be no more in the conclufion then was in the premifes. 11. The conclufion muft imitate the more unworthy and weaker part that is premifed : The worthinefsis efteem-ed by the quality, and quantity ; So that an Affirmative is alwayes more worthy then a Negative, and an Univerfal then a Particular. It is therefore ill to reafon thus ; Some faithfull are faved;Every faithfull man is called , Therefore, every man that is called, is faved. Here,of a particular major is inferred a general conclufion; And it followeth not the weaker, but the ftronger. 1 In a Syllogifm, fometimeby reafon ©f the form, a true conclufion is gathered from falfe premifes: But it.is^ The Art of Logick. ill impoffible for a falle conclufion to be gathered from true ; premifes.* Truth cannot be gathered from falfehood , but by accidentjasjEvery done is a Jiving creature; Every man is ailonejtherefore,Every man is a living creatine: Here the ; conclufion is true ( by reafon of the foim)though both pre-H miles be falfe. 13. Of one Syllogifm rightly framed, many conclufiom > may be gathered And this four manner of waycs. 1. By confequence j As, They that have communion with theDevil,abide notinChrift, and confequently do not eat* Chrifts body. * a. By conyerfion of propositions 5 As, No cleft abideth in fin all his life^Every believer is an eleft s Therefore, none . that abideth in fin all his life, is a BcUtver, 3. By inclufion of one propofition in an other; As, All the Eleft believe in ChriftjSome men believe not in C hr iff j v Therefore, fome men are not Ekft 5 Therefore, alio it is falfe that all men are cleft 5 For in proving the . truth ofthe one part of the contradiftory, the falihood of the other part is included and proved. - 4. By defcention or undertaking a particular term under an Univcrfal i As, All that conferveth fociety is profitable; * All vertue conferveth iociety; therefore all vertue is profi-P table } Therefore every lawfull contraft ( becaufe it confer-1 vethfociety) is profitable. A And thus much of the general properties, common to all the Figures. Now followerh the ljpecial, CPrimary 'l 1 Of thefe, fome pertain to the^ >Figure. ¿Secondary 3 [ The properties of the primary fignre,are five,contained in fo many Canons. 1. The difpoíition C or frame) ofthe firíl figuréis rnoft perfeft: And this for three caufes. 1. Becaufe the frame of this figure mofl: agreeth to natural fenfe , and the Syllogiftical principles that are in all men, and is of all the moft evident. 2. Becaufe the mean of this figure is indeed the mean or middle in place and fiuiation; whereas in other figures k is the mean and By reaibn of illation. 3, Be- 14° The zArt of Logick.; 3. Bccaufe in this all kind of conclufions may be gathered ; Affirmative, Negative,Univerfal,and Particulars,which is done in none of the other figures. z. In the fir ft figure there is a proceeding from Univcrfah to particulars, or from the Genus to the Species. 3. The Major of the firft figure muft always be Uni-verfal. 4. The Minor muft alwayes be Affirmative. The Antecedent of the Minor propoficion in the firft * figure, muft be included in the antecedent of the Major, as the Special in his General. This Canon is moft profitable to be noted : For the whole frame, and form of this firft figure is overthrown, if in the antecedents of the Major and Minor be two disjoyned things, and not fubordinate one to another. The properties of the fecondary figures, are either common to both, as well the fecond as the third, or fpecial to each one. Common to both, is imperfedion arifing both from lefler evidence, and from the placing of the mean with the extreams. Imperfedion requireth both 1 Redudion, and Expofition. Redudion, is the transforming of a Syllogifm formed in the firft or fecond figure, into a Syllogilm of the firft' figure. Redudion, is either Dired, or Indired. Dired, is which is done by the onely tranfpofing, or turning of the propofitions, the extreams of the conclufion remaining. The Canons of this Redudion are eight. Redudion of the fecond and third figure unto the firft) is not alwayes neceflary, therefore not alwayes carefully be eflayed. x. The Confonants in the beginning and the midft, do fhew the manner of Redudion, 3, TheThe'Art pf Logick. 3. The Confonants in the beginning are four j B QH) V. ihewing unto which mode of the firft figure, every mode of the fecond and third figure is to be reduced 5 Namely to that which beginneth with the fame Confonant. As Cefare and Came fires arc reduced to Celarint', Fcjlino and Felapton unto Verio , Difamis and Datifi unto Dari]. 4. Alfo the four Confonantsin the midft , C M P S. do ihew by what Inftrument the redu&ion is to be made, whether by Converfion, Tranfpofition , or dedu&ion unto impoflible. ?. Ci therefore noteth indirect Redu&ion,or that which is done bythe impoflible,and isonelyinthofe words ¡Baroce and Bocardo. 6. ¿M, noteth that there muft be a tranfpofition made of the propofitions, the Minor in the place of the Major, and the Major in place of the Minor. 7. P,noteth the converfion of the propofition by accident: to wit of the minor,into which the fyllable having P,falleth, if the fyllable of the modes be rightly diftributea into the proportions. 8. S’, fheweth that there muft be a fimple converfion made either of the major, or the minor, and the conclufion together, as this letter is hard, either in the firft, or midle,or lait fyllable .* For if it be heat'd in the firft fyllable , As Gcfare, it noteth the fimple converfipnof the major j if in the midft, it notes the converfion of the minor: And if in the laft,the converfion of the conclufion, as in famefires it is twice heard, in the midft and the laft , and therefore noteth the converfion to be made of the minor and of the conclufion. As take the fyllogilm in Cefare. £ef- No true Chriftian loveth the World. a- Every covetous man loveth the World : therefore, re. No covetous man is a true Chriftian. Firft the letter C fheweth it muft be reduced to Celareift > S, in the firft fyllable fhews the manner of redu£fcion,to wit, by a fimple converfion of the major, thus. Ce- None that loveth the world is a true Chriftian. la- Every covetous man loveth the World 1 therefore, rent» No covetous man is a true Chriftian. Indirect142 The Art af togtefc. Indirect Reduction, is when we ihew the evidence of the illation by abfurdity of the contradiction to be admitted. The Canons hereof ate fix. 1. Indirect Reduction hath placeonely in two moods,fo-toco of the fecond, and Eocardo of the third figure. 2. Indirect reduction is made by conceflion, and by Af-fumption. 3. By conceflion, becaufe the adverfary granteth b©th premifes, and yet denyes the inference of the conclusion. 4. The premifes therefore being granted by fuppofition, the contradictory is to be taken of the conclufion, which is in the imperfeCt Syllogiihi that is to be reduced. y. The contradictory of the conclufion be ing taken,is put in the place of the minor, if it be Baroco of the lecond figure; and in place of the major,if it be Eocardo of the third figure: and fo die major in the fecond figure is alway left in his j place,.as the minor in the third. 6. Hence is made the conclufion in the firit figure, wherein contradiction is made to the pro poll tion left of the imperfcCl Syllogilmjand fo the adverlary is driven to an ab-furdity3 drat is, to the contradictory of that propofition which before he had granted as true. And thus much of ihewing the evidence by reduction. Expofition, is the declaration of a Syllogiiin formed with a middle mean general term in the third figure, by a Singular mean contained under the general as neerer to the fenfe $ for example, None of the EleCt fin unto death: > Some of the EleCt fin grievouily, Thereforc3 Some that fin grievouiIy,fin not to death. Expofition of this may be made by fingulars known un-so us, as David, Peter, &c. David finiled not to death. Va-vid finned grievouily j therefore fome grievouily finning? . fin. not to death*The An of Logick. The properties peculiar to the fecond figure new follow, which are comprehended in three Canons. i. The fecond figure is moft fit to refute with i for it disjoynetfi two diverfe things, becaufe they agree not in one third. In the fecond figure the Major muft alway be univer-fal, even as in the firft figure. 3. In the fecond figure, may be no meer affirmants. The Properties of the third figure are four, fet down in four Canons. I. The proceeding of the third figure is, for the moft part,from the ftraighter to the larger. Therefore Logitians fay, the fii ft figure hath procefs x? ffvvSi'ffw : the third, X? avctKvmv. 1. Tire Minor muft always be affirmant. 3. The whole and entire tonfequent of the Minor muft needs be inferred in the conclufion, and put in the place of the Antecedent5 for if it be maimed,or in part, all is troubled, and jhere are four terms. As, Whole Chrift U every -where j whole Chrift confifteth of the Godhead and the Manhood j therefore the Manhood is everywhere ; Yea, though the matter be good, the form here may be evil; as, God is the God of the living) God is the God of Abraham : therefore, ^Abraham lireth. Here in the Conclufion, the con-fequentof the Minor is impaired j which whole is not i ... .•* And it is Confentanic,, a Diffcntanie. b Confehtanicjis when the confecutîon proccedeth by con* fcnt of the fentenccs ; Namely by converfion, inclufion,and other natural Relations of the fentenccs. i. The converting to the converted, in all kinds of con* verlion followeth rightly: As,No Infidel ears Chrifts bodvj therefore,None that eats Chrifts body is an Infidel. z. That inference which is made from a contrary fenfe is neer kin to converfion by contrary placing : As,Vertue is to be praifedj therefore,Vice is to be diipraifed. 3. From the Superior or Univerfal unto the Inferior or Particular diftributely,there is a good confequution ; As, AH finners repenting find mercy : Therefore all great finners repenting do find mercy. But from one particular to another, it followeth not rightly ; As to fay : Some fin is not forgiven in the life to come, therefore fome fin is forgiven in the life to come. 4. From the affirmative of a finite confequent ( or attribute ) followeth the Negative of an infinite confequent: As (ttnan is juil, therefore man is not not juft. y. From the affirmative of an infinite confequent follow-etb the Negative of a finite confequent a if the antecedent be capable of the habit: As,Man is not juft,therefore neither is he juft, neither unjuft. But of an infant it follows not, hs is not juft, therefore he is un juft j for he is not capable. 6i From a conjoyned confequent are inferred things di-vided, where there'is no ambiguity nor repugnancy in tr.c Adjeft: As, Man is a livingfenfible body; Therefore man is a body, man is living, man is fenfible. But it follows not, a Carkafs is a dead man, therefore it is a man j. For between m Carkafs and a man there is a repugnancy. 7. From two or moe disjoyned confcquents that cleave together by themfe lvcs, and are taken without amb guity, we may infer conjoyned things : As, Man is a body, and he is mint, and he is living,' and he is fenfible 3 therefore, map The Canons hereof are nine,’ The Art of Logick. is a living mixt fenfible body.But it followeth not if one fay \ This man is a Mufitian, and he is good , therefore he is a good Muiitian y becaufe Mufitian and good, cleave together by accident; And thereis ambiguity in the word good, which may be underftood either of Moral good, or of perfection of '' Arts.Neithex is this right to fayyThis fervant is z father ^nd * he is thine y therefore, he is thy father j For there is ambigu-' ity in the word thine. 8* From an Exclufive to an Univerfal of tranfpofed: terms, is a good coniequence. As,Onety man can laugh ; therefore whatfoever can laugh is a man. : p. From the removing of the one immediate member, unto the exclufive, is a good cdnfequence: As, We are not |j juilified by works; therefore by faith only, p Diilcntany confecution,is,when from the truth of the one fe of the oppofites is undcrilood the falihood of the otherj and contrary from the falihood of the one,the truth of the other. : As, That is true that fome man is not chofen to life : therefore,It is falfe that every man is chofen to life. It is true that .. every Chriftian man is to be baptised : therefore, it is falfe that ho Chriftian Infant is to be batized. C Principal. 4 Induftionfs either'v ¿Lefs principal, b Principal, is, when from many fingulars, or particulars* i there is drawn a general conclufion. The Canons hereof arc three. 1. An Induction {landing of particular propoiitions,may . bring all the particulars * As if one would prove that Wine heateth , he may reckon up all forts of Wine in the World, as French, Spanifb, Khenijh, European, Jfian3 African Wine, Sic. . a. When fingulars are infinite, it is enough to alledge , fome chief, with addition of this claufe, Neither can an tat* li\e example he fhewen: As 'Paul in Heb. i 1. to prove that all that are faved,are not faved but by faith, alledgethvifa/p knock, 7{oab) Abraham^ lfaac, Jac°b> Jo{epb>&$, and at laft t % wiwaThe Art of Logtck. faith) There arc many moe examples; Neither can any bt ' ihewed unlike to thole. 3. An indu&ion may be made a Syllogifm of the firft fi. gure5by putting in the place of the Major fuch a proportion in which the confequent of the conclufion is fpoken of all particulars or fingulars ( reckoned up or underftood ) as of the mean ; and adding a Minor, in which the fame particulars or Singulars are fpoken of the Antecedent (or firit part) of the concluiion. &siSpamJh3Frfnch3,7{beni(b3an& all Wines do heat. All Wine is Spa?iifb3Fre?tch3RbeMjh3 &c. therefore, all Wines do hear. |i Lefs Principal Indu£Uon,is,when one or two lingulars are induced, or when one is proved by another; As, Abraham was juftified by faith : therefore, other godly are fa juftified j' alfo. ! Sorites is an imperfed Syllogifm, wherein the confe-quent of the firft propofition is made the Antecedent of the fecond; and fo forward as by a chain, until at length the laft confcquent be fpoken of the Antecedent of the firft pro-pofition: vufoi an heap, a coacervator, anheaper * together. This is called a Stoical argument. The Canons are five. ii I. ' The reaion of the confequence in a Sorites is both the connexion of the fubordinates in the fame predicament, and alfo the coherence of the caufes and effe&s by themfelvcs. For Example. A man is an Animal, an animal is a fenfual body, afenfual body is living, that that is living is m ixt; that that is mixt is afubftance: therefore, a man isafubftance ; Alfo,7(0/#. 8. All foreknown are predeftinate, all predeftinate are called,all called are juftified,all juftified are glorified : therefore,all foreknown are glorified. z. When terms not fubordinate are confounded , and caufes by themfelves are mixt with caufes by accident, the Sorites, is naught; As, Of evil manners ipring good Taws, goed Laws are worthy of praife, things worthy of praife are to be defired : therefore, Evil manners are to be defiled. This conclufion is naught; for evil manners are not caufes of themfelves of good Laws, but "by accident. 3. A denial makes a faulty Sorites, when it cannot be re- ' dweed » I i { *The zArt of Logick. 4uced to fome figure 5 and begetteth either both prcmifcs rieganc, or a negant Minor in the firil figure »* otherwife when there is a good connexion of negative confequents or attributes, Negative Sorites are not limply to be rejeded ; as, Afflidion bringeth patience, patience bringeth experience , experience brings forth hope , hope makes not aiha-med j therefore afflidion makes not afhamed. 4. When a particular propofition in a Sorites is put in the fécond or third place, or when the particular negant is put in any place, the Sorites is naught ; for the Major is particular, or the Minor negant in the firil Figure. Î $. In a Sorites, the Antecedent or firil part of thecon-clulion is the Minor term, the confequent the Major j the other which befides thefe are found in a Sorites,are Means j and look how many Means, fo many Syllogifms. An imperfed Syllogifm i Simple. alio, is either I Compound. A compound or . . hypothec ; Simple, which confiileth of fimple Propofitionsj of which tied e we have heard before. Syllo- Compound, is, which confiileth of a compound Propo- gifm, fition, called alfo hypothetical, and xp > And it is either. t- : i. Conditional. Disjundive. Conditional, whole Major is Conditional or Hypothetical. The Canons hereof are feven. 1. An Hypothetical Syllogifm, confiils of antecedent and confequent: the antecedent is of the firil part of the 1 Propofition; the confequent the latter. The Union of antecedent and confequent,is called the | reafon of the confequent, which is the very form of an hy-' pothetical Syllogifm; and therefore if it cannot be granted, the hypothetical Syllogifm mult needs be faulty. 3. That Hypothetical Syllogifm is good, which may be reduced to a good iimple Syllogifm; for as tjje perfed is al- L 3 ways S $6 The Art if Logick, * ways the meafure of the unperfed, fo a fimple Syllogifm is the meafure of a compound. 4. Therefore in an Hypothetical SyUogifm , from the affumption of the antecedent to the conclufidn of the con-feque»t , the inference is of force,but not from the aflumpti-on or putting of the coniequenr to the putting of the antecedent ; for fo in the fecond figure ihould be meet affirm jmants ; as, If Infidels be grafted into Cbrifl, they eat his flefh : But they eat his fleih ; therefore they are grafted into Ghrift. The Argument is not of force. 5. From removing the confequent to the removing of the antecedent, the inference is of force ; but not from the de-flruftion of the antecedent to the deftrudion of the confequent ; for fo there ihould be a minor negant in the firft figure : as, If he be a man, he hath reafon ; but he is not $ man; therefore he hath not reafon. The Conclufion is true, but it followeth not of the premiffes formally, but by-accident only. 6. When an Hypothetical hath three terms in the firft Propofition , it is eafily reduced to a Categorical (or firnplej Syllogifm ; for the reafon of the confcquence being granted,is put for the Major in a fimple Syllogifm,& then the Minor followeth of its own accord; as, If the Heaven be hot, it may be corrupted by another body: the reafon of the confcquence is, Every hot thing maybe corrupted with another body that is cold ; but it is not corruptible, there-* fore neither is it hot. Hereof make a fimple Syllogifm in the fecond figure, thus, Every hot thing is corruptible: jHeaven is not corruptible : therefore Heaven is not hot. 7. But when four terms are in the firft propofition, the redudion is hard and laborious, becaufe the reafon of the confequence cannot fo eafily be rendred by a fimple proposition: as, If Juftice be by the Law, Chrift died in vain; But Chrift died not in vain : therefore Juftice is not by the Law. Here are four terms in the firft Propofition. a. A D's jundiye Syllogifm is, which hath the firft pro* pofition a disjun&ive. *v ,;v. v And Tbs Art of Logick. £jj£i$©!;*y2 v, ■*, , ?, C Uform. c \Anditis either^ - - * ¿Bifcrmed, or a Dilemma, d. Uniform, is, which of members disjoyned takes aWay the one to put the other, or puts the one to take aWay the other. As, Either we are juftified by faith, or by works: not by works; therefore by Faith. The Canons hereof are two. x. The whole force of the confequence in a disjoyned Syllogifm, confifts in the oppofition and disjunction ot the parts; whereupon that muft needs be naughtwhofeparrs are fubordinate: as, We ha ve inftruftion either from God, or from our teachers; but it is from God; therefore not from our teachers. The disjunction is naught, for it dif-• jjoyneth things fubordinate. a. A right disjunction, requires a full enumeration of parts-; if therefore a third part can be given, or a fourth, the disjunction is naught; as, Heaven is either Hot or Cold; but it is not cold; therefore it is hot. - Here the firft proportion hath an imperfeCt enumeration; -for we ihould adde, or elfe it is without all Elementary .quality. A Biformed disjunctive is, that when a disjunction of parts is made,which foe vet be granted, the adversary is fail: it is called a Dilemma as it were KaiiQavbpfyoV) twice taken and taking; alio an horned Syllogifm, and a v QrocodUine Syllogifm. As, Johns Baptifmis either of God or of men. If of God, why do we not receive it ? If of men, we are in danger of the people which count him a Prophet. The Canons hereof are four. 1« The force of confequence in a Dilemma dependeth on the full enumeration of the disjoyned members, and the convenient removing of them both. !Vl , a. The Dilemma hath no force, if there be not a full ^disjun&ion, but a third or fourth member may be given. L 4 3 * Ie ■The Art of I*o®ick. JO P 3. It is alio without force if both hiembers be granted, ^ as making nothing againft us. As die fiws reafoned againft Chrifi: Tribute mufi be given to Cafar3or unto God,, if to God, thg2L.net to C#fcir3 and this is Treafon : If to&eefar, then not to Gobi, and this is Sacriledge.' Our Saviour anfwereth by granting both, Give to Ctfar that which is Ccfars, and to Gtd that which is Gods, 4. Finally, A Dilemma hath no force if it may be turned and retorted upon the adverfary. Often alfo in the undertaking of a Dilemma,they are faulty jj in evil confequence, and then we muft anfwer by denying the confequence: as, Infants which while they are a bapti- iis zing, do cry and reiiib, either they underitand, ©r not: If j( they underitand not, neither believe they, and therefore f fhould not be baptized : If they u ideriland, they are Sacri- n legions that oppugne Gods Inftitution. Ji Here be evil confcquences in both branches for it fob | loweth not, That Infants do believe, although they under- * itand not explicitely v hat there is done. Neither followeth it, That they are Sacrilegious and reprgne Gods Ordinance i though they cry and illuggle ; for they ftruggle not againft the water as it is an holy'iign, or with formal reafon ; but as jj) it is a cold F.lement oftenfive to their tender body. Even as a * godly man that loves no wine, doth naturally abhor the ^ wine which is in the Lords Supper j but he abhors it only as ic is wine, and not as it is a facred fign of Chrifts blood. ■ ^,u And thus much of a Syllogifm Formal, "or commonly j, confidered. L A Special or Material Syllogifm,is5which is reftrained.un- 5 to certain conditions of matter. ,1 And it is either- T ruei 'Apparent. True, is, when not only the form, but alfo the matter of ‘ it is good. And k is either* Notional, a ^Real. b AThe Art of Logick. A Notional Syllogifm 3*18, whofc conclufion and premifes I have fome fécond Notion or Term of Logick. The Canons hereof are two. Of which the firft is for foreknowledge of the con-; dufion. The latter is for finding out of the mean. i. Every fimple Notion handled in the firft part of Lo-. gick comes into the conclufion of a Notional Syllogifm j for every fécond Notion may be compared with the firft. We ask, Whether time and place be words conjoyned or abfo-lute > Whether the Genus of fin be an a&ion, or the Genus of faith be knowledge ? Whether ^Anticbïifl is to be one Angular pérfon î Whether faith be proper to the Eleft > Whether the perfons in the Trinity be really, or moaally, or for-1 mally diftinguiihed, and fo of all other points. So as there is great ufe of a Notional Syllogifm. i. The Mean ¿Term for a Notional Syllogifm, is eafily v taken from the nature and properties of that fécond Notion 1 of which queftion is made in the conclufion ; fo as from the firft part ol Logick thé Canons of every fécond Notion may f be put for the Major in the fyllogifm,and then let the Afliim-$ ption be made affirmative or negative. ; For example. It is asked? Whether an a&ion be the ge-:> nus of fin, or not. For a denyal,There is found out a mean j Term, from the nature and properties of a good genus. As by this Canon. Nofubjed is the genus of that whereof it is the fubjeft. 1.4.Top. cap. 6. But an a&ion is the fubjeft whereto fin cleaveth j therefore it is not the genus of fin. Again. It is asked, Whether good works be the caufe of Justification. Take for Major this Canon of a caufe ; No Caufe is after the effed j but good works are after Juftification j for the perfon muft firft bejuftified and pleafe God before he can do any good work : therefore good works are •; not the caufe. And fo of all other Notions, with their Canons treated of in the firft part of Logick,whereby appeared» the great ufe of thofe Rules : and that there needs here no long difeourfe of a Notional or Topical Syllogifm.The Art oj Logick.f A Comparative SyJlogifm.- • , Seeing every Syllogifm is firft abfolute; As when we ask whether this be that or not,or elfe fecondly Comparative,as when we ask whether this be more or Jefs then thatjhcrcihal be added Canons of a Comparative SylJogifm. The general Canons hereof are two. The i. For the foreknowledge of the conclufion. , a. The other to find the Mean. i. The conclufion of a Comparative Syllogifm being contingent, and for the moil part taken confufedly, need-eth therefore diligent diftinition and limitation: As if one ! ask, whither this or that be better : We muft diftingulih betwen better limply and abfolutely , ¿IXui etytfih xj (&h.woVy and better in refpeft, and after £ fort, ¿ytfov jg* 77 x} mt j and ot/p67WTifor, rather to be chofen in iefped of j1 time and place : So marriage is limply better then a fingle 1 life, becaufe of propagation, Yet lingle life is rathef to be chofen in time of perfecution. i ¿or.7* x. The mean term of a comparative Syllogifm, is hardly found by the places of real invention 5 becaufe the attribute 11 is moft common, and almoft Notional, not real j therefore this is here handled after a Notional Syllogifm. The fpecial Canons pertain either to the queftion as it is 1 asked indefinitely , whither thisbefuch rather then that > or unto the queftion as it is asked, whither this be better ( then that, or worfe? ' •) £ 1. That which is fuch by Nature, is rather fuch then that 1 which is not fuch by Nature 5 As,flowers are fairer then gar-ments $ For they have a natural beauty, thefe but an arti- -ficial. i. That which maketh an other fuch, is rather fuch then 1 that which maketh not » and if both do make, that which J rather maketh,is rather fuch 5 As Fire is hotter then Water; for it maketh the Water fuch. '!TfosAtt ef The Canons ^attaining to a conclufion,better or not better, aretheie. 5 .1. Thar which is more lafting and conftant, is better then i that which is lefs lafting; So i Qor, 13. Love is better then faith ; For love endurcth always. x. That which is of it felf good, is better then that which is good by another, and by accident So, To live is better then to eat, beciufe we eat to live, and livenot to eat. 3. Simply good, is better then that which is good for fome ; As marriage is better then (ingle life ; Study of learn-¡jj j^ng better then Merchandize. k * 4. That is more excellent which is in the more worthy jirid honorable thing ; As a Monarchic is the beft Regiment; For God is a Monarch. It is better to give then to receive ; h For God giveth onely. ■. ,V. f. The end is better then the means unto the end; As , better is'health then the ufe of Phyfick; better is peace then . Triumph. v : 6. That which is poflible, is better then that which is im-poflible. v 7. That is better which of it felf is more fair and hono-1 >able. " , - . That which is after, is oftentimes better then the for- * mer; to wit,if other things be like,&c.as the latter thoughts arc better then the former. J 9. Many good things are to be preferred before few. * , 10. That which eftefteth many good things, is better ’ then that which doth but few; So a Publike perfon is better ; then a Private. * \ 11. That which is joynedwith pleafure, is better then ;; . that which wanteth pleafure. iz. At what time a thing is more neceflary, at that time - it ismore to be cholen; So comfort is better in forrow then ■5 ,7 in profperity. J , 13. That which is alwayes profitable, is better then that " which is but fometime; So Bread is better then all Phefams, Partridges, &c. For it is alwayes needfull. 14. That which hath all kindes of good, as honeft, profitable, and plcafant, is better then that which is under but one kind of good* *y. ThatThe Art of Logisk. t iy. Thatismoft tobefhunned , which mofthindereth things to be chofen. i 16. They are moft to be chofen, whofe oppoiites are moft to be ihunned : So prudence is better then knowledge, be- i caufe imprudence is more hurtfull then Ample igno- t ranee. if 17. That is beft which is moft famous and notable. 18. Hard things are to be preferred before eaiie. } 19. Things that we may communicate with others, fpe- cially with friends, are better then thofe which we may «1 not} So learning is better then health, liberality then temperance. * 20. That is beft which is moft proper ; So Gods grace is better for his children, then worldly riches; For thefe are \ common with the wicked, that proper to theeled ; Toufe reafon, is better then to ufe fejnfe ; For that is proper to man, this is common with beafts. So Wit is better then memory which many fools have. ii. Of thofe which are under the fame Genus or Species, that is better which hath its own proper vertue *, So i cold water is better then hot ; Natural gefture then af- i feded. * ' 11 22. They which are of abundant, feem better then necef- ‘ fary things ; As to have fair cloaths better then mean; to P be a good Artiien better then a mean. z 3. Things that cannot be given by men, are better then • •. thofe that can: So wit is better then riches. 24. That is more to be chofen , the abundance whereof . is more to be chofen then of any other thing. z f. Better is when a thing may be chofen without an other, then when without an other it is not to be chofen: , As prudence is better then ftrength. 26. Of what things we deny the one, that the other may feem to be in it, that is the better which we would have feem to be in it; So many deny they took pains about a thing, that they may feem to be witty ; therefore, wit is better then pains taking. 27. Such things as whole lofs we take not more grie-voufly, we are more blamed for, are more to be chofen; As children then riches ; for we are more blamed if we be not forryfor lofs of our children, then of our goods, ai.ThatThe Art of Logick. 28. That which effeð good, is better then that which doth not. 29. Conjugates follow mutually;therefore,if one be better, | the other alfo (hall be better;' As the New-Teftament is better then the old; therefore, alfo a Minifter of the New, is better then a Minifter of the old. 1 30. That which pleafeth God , is better then that which pleafeth man. E 31 • That which we choofe for it felf, is better then that ' which we choofe for glory. ;i And this much of an Notional Syliogifm, and a comparative. A Real Syllogifm, is, whofe terms arc Reall .• that i$,firft Nqtions put without the mind. pofed with the extreams,getteth a fufpended and weak affent to the concluiion, and is called opinion. c A contingent mean, is that which is taken from a contin- ; gent place. A place from the definition of a Noun, hath three s Canons. r 1. To what the definition and notation of a noun is given, fj to that alfo the defined thing is given. 2. When the definition and Notation is larger then the thing defined and noted , the eonfequence is ©f force only ncgativeJyjA s,it is not a facred fign} therefore,not a Sacra- Ç Contingent. a ¿Or Neceffary. b A Contingent is, whole contingent mean contingently dif- iC Contingent places be either 1. From the definition of 1. From the Conjugates. ment. 3. When„. • 'kàï. m ?kiék$€*$s$k .}, *he Notaiisn is eguall_ to the .noted», «W. fcquence Is of %cc as Well affirmatively a$ negatively ; aSj He foretels things to come, therefore he isa'prophet; he if noi a Prophet, therefore he foretels not things to come. A place of Con jugate s hath three Cantons. i. One of the conjugates being put, another is put; and one taken away, another is taken away 5 as, Sin pleafeth not God 3 therefore not the finner. , a. That which is given to one of the conjugates , is given alfo to the other i as, Religion is contemned, becaufc the Religious are contemned. They that have one God,one Spirit, one Baptifm, ought to love Unity amongft them-fclves: in the Trinity there is Unity, becaufc the Father, the Son, and the holy Ghoft are ©nc. ‘Artificial, b A place from the things is either* 'Inartificial, i Artificial, is, which containeth Terms arguing of them= felves, tFirft. And it is either^ ¿Or arifing from the firft. ; Firft, is,which containeth the firft Terms* And it is either« ‘Inward, m 'Outward, x Inward caufe and and the part. rd,is, which containeth inward Terms: as» Of the id caufcd 3 of the fubjed and accident 3 of the whole bart. ' * The place of the caufe and caufed hath five Canons. 1. The far-off efficient caufe being put, it is probabl that the effed ffiould be put: as, The clouds gather, there fore it will rain. i, TheThe Art if Logick. 4, The caufe •o&irytuWti and v&i&rnifltKii being pur, it is probable the ift'eCtis put, and contrariwife \ alfo the effect being put, it is probable fuch acaitfe is put: as, He loves her, therefore he will marry, her; He married her, therefore he loved her. J. The Inftruments being put, it is probable the eflfed is put j and contrary, the effed being pur, it is probable the inftrumcnts are put,and contrary : as, He reads good books, therefore he will be learned: He ufeth proper Phy lick, there* fore he (hall recover health, &c. 4. From the common ihatter put or taken away , or the matter whereof, to put or takeaway the mattered , and id on the contrary, is a contingent inference: as, In Germany is much wood, therefore they have many (hips. f. From a voluntary end to the means, and from thefe to the end,is a contingent inference : as, He ftudied hard, therefore he means to have the degree of a Doctor, &c. The Canons of Subject and Accident,Whole and Part, are four. 1. From the common accident being put unto the fub-jed, is a contingent inference; as from the accident remo* ved, to the removing of the fubjed; as, It is a black Bird , therefore a Crow : She loves the childe,, therefore £he is the mother of It. a. From a common fubjed being put, to the putting of a common accident, and contrary, is a contingent difference : as, She is a Mother , therefore ihe loves the children : He is a Cretian, therefore a lyar. 3. The whole being put, it is probable this or that part is put: as, He is a man grown, therefore he hath a Beard. 4. Some Integral part being put, it is probable the whole is put j and contrariwife ; as, There is a foundation and walls, therefore a houle.The Art of L ogick. , < Places of outward terms have five Canons. i. The adherent being put, it is probable that is put which it is wont to cleave to, and contrary; As he goeth brave ; therefore he is rich. a. The contingent objed being put, it is probable that is j putabout which it is bufied,and contrray; As,There are many lick ; therefore, many Phyiitians. 3. The cir cum fiance of place or time being put, it is 11 probable that is put which is wont t© be therein, and con- f trary j As, It is eight of the clock in the morning; there- ^ fore, he is not drunk ; He was feen about the houfe in the night; therefore, he is a thief. 4. The antecedent being put, it is probable the confe-quent is put,and contrary; As,The Moon is pale; therefore,it , will rain. y. The contingent confequcnt being puti, it is probable v the antecedent was, and contrary ; As,lr raineth; therefore, the Moon was pale. • Places of terms arifing from the firlb To whom the lefs principal defcription, it is probable ® that the deferibed agreeth, or ag reeth not thereto; As, It is ? not a Built bigger then a Bramble,with ftrong twigs,andred ;tl Berries $ therefore, it is not the Dogg-bryar«, »From Defcription. .From Companion, The place from defcription hath one Canon. Prom confentany companions, the place is either from . ^The <*Art of Logic k.; 1^2 ' The place from Even hath two Canons. 1. Even things agree to Even ; and what is given to the one,is given to the other of even things, and contrary ; as Kbm.i. By one man falvation may be reftored to the world; feeing by one man fin and death came on the world, a. Whereto one of the even things agreeth or not,thereto it is probable the other alfo agreeth or not ; as, Cbrifi had power to heal the Palfie-fickj therefore, he had power to forgive fins, ¿Malth. 9. The place from Like hath three Canons. t . ’ ;! I. That which agreeth or not, to one of the like things, that alfo agreeth or not to the other : as, The rain returns not back to heaven, but watereth the earth j neither Gods Word returneth in vain. z. To whom one of the fimilies agreeth or not j the other alfo agreeth or not. 3. Afimilitude,orcomparifon allegorical, if ir lhould have any force In arguing, it miift needs have authority in the Scriptures, and application Miniftred by the Holy Ghoft. Of Proportionals, there is the fame Judgement; and what is affirmed or denied of one by proportion , that is alfo of another : For as is the feed in the Land , fo is the word to the heart; but feed falling into good ground, bears good fruit; therefore doth Gods word likewife in a good heart. Neqr to the place of Even and Like things, is ¿he place from a fingular thing and example, whofe Canon is one. Of Even and Like things, there is the fame Judgement s and that which agreeth, or not, to one fmgular of the fame kinde, doth fo to the other : as, ^Abraham was juftified by faith 3 therefore alfo other men. U • Ail 16z The Art of Logick. C True. I An example is either«^ ¿Feigned. True, vvhich liath indeed come to paf. lit Feigned, which is devifed for the teaching of children« f If C A Parable. j Arid it is .P L /A Fable. I A Parable, is a feigned example, drawn from fuch Adi-ons of men, as may or are wont to be done. A Fable, is a feigned example^ drawn from beads and other fuch things, whither to humane aftions do not From diiTe.ntany comparlfori f Uneven, the places are from *■ Unlike. Uneven, either greater or leder. The place from the greater hath two Canons. l. If there be the greater , there will alfo be the lefler? and whereto the greater agreeth, the lei's doth alfo: as, God 1 ath given us life, therefore he will give us food and l ay menu. i. That which in the fame proportion agreeth not to the greater, agreeth not alio to the Idler ; as. The Juft is fcatce laved, therefore much lefs the wicked. '. The place from Unlike, is either’ Simple. ^Compound. ; The place from the Lcffer,hath only this one Canon. If the idler be not, then the greater will not be ; as, Of our felvcs we cannot think a good thought J much lefs, do a good deed. •Simple Unlikes agree to Unlikes; and vvhatfoever agreeth to one of the Unlikes ì as it is unlike, agrees not to the OlUvIThe Art of Logick. other : as. Though beafts have all things common, tis unfitting men ihould. For compound Unlikeg, they which arc not proportionate, to them proportionals do not agree : as, A good ihcpherd. deals not with his flock like an hireling ; the hireling flies when the wolf comes; ther efore the good ihcpherd doth notfo. And thus much of places Artificial. Inartificial , is a place which argueth not of it felf, but by the aflumcd force of an Artificial place, and it is called the place of teflimony. Contingent teftimony, is that which cometh from man as he is man. The Canons of humane Teftimony are 13. 1. Though no humane teftimony asfuch, be of necef-fary truth, yet admitteth it certain degrees,and one is more ftrong, or weak then another. 2. Proper, or ones own teftimony of things, done or not done, efpecially on the wor fer part, if it be not wrong out of force, is counted for firm. 3. Publike teftirnonies of publick feals are firm. 4. Teftimony of publick and long-lafting fame is alfo to be efteemed for meanly firm. y. Old teftimony is more worth then new. 7 6. Grammatical teftirnonies, to wit, which treat of the ufe, fignification, quantity of words, fyllables, &c. gathered out of the belt Authors, are firm. 7. Teftirnonies Praftlck, that isEthick, Politick, Legal, of honeft , filthy, right, wrong, fpoken of grave Authors, are firm. 8. Teftirnonies hiftorical, of approved Hiftorians, are -firm. :;*■ 9. Teftirnonies Theoretical of fome great and received Author, alledged after rcafons of a Theoretical conclufion, have great Force. i 10. Teftirnonies of many Wife men and Famous, is to be preferred before the teftimony of one and obfeure man. ; ‘ i •• 11. Teftimony of askilfull Artiz-en, is to be preferred, before the teftimony of another unskilfull, however famous ; ¿therwife* - ' • . . j,. ■ M2 * *■» Tc*The Art of Logiek. it. Teftimonies of ancient Fathers,if they befubor donate to the holy Scripture have a force in proving Theo-logical conclufions, bur no proving humane, yet greater. 13. An Argument from humane Teftimony negatively, is of no force. And thsss much of a contingent Syllogifin. - •' - I Of a neceffary Syllogifin. A neceffary Syllogifin,is, which hath a Mean or Medium of neceffary difpofftion to beget in the minde firm and immovable affent to the conclusion. It is called Science. j The general Canons thereof are three. t , . • ft 1. The Conclufionof a neceffary Syllogifin fometime is l pure, or proper to one difeipime, fometime mixed,or of divers Difciplines : as, Only Faith juftifieth, this is a pure conclufion •, for both the terms, faith, and .juftifieth, are terms of Theologie, and handled therein. A natural body is in a place : this is pure j for only Natu-ral Philofophy treateth of a place, and a body, but this, f( . Accidents in the Lords Supper are not without the holy bread and wine,is neceifary, and may be proved by a necef- jj fary Syllogifin but it is not pure; for the word Accident is Metaphy fical or Logical • the other terms Theological. 2. In a pure conclufion, we muff needs ufe a Mean of the fame kinde, that is, inch as together with the extream of the conclufion,pertaineth to one and the fame difeipline, and not to diverfe. 3. Of a neceffary Syllogifin, the proportions alfo arc 3 neceffary. j A neceffary Syllogifin 5 Monilrative, and contrariwiic : as, Pig- !(« meys have the bodies of men, therefore the Forms alfo. ' P 3 . As is the matter , fuch is the mattered thing: as, The I1 Image is of rotten woqd y therefore it is alfo rotten. ' I' T he place fi om the proper fubjeft hath this one Canon.' Whereto a proper accident is given, or taken from it, it thereto the fubjedf alio muft needs be given or taken from !i it j as, C'b'iift is God , therefore hath power to.forgive w fins. ' • h The from the proper accident hath two Canons. i. Whereto a proper accident is given , or taken from ir, thereto the fubjcCt muft needs be given, or taken from ; it: as, Cbrifi forgive th fins 3 hath life in him felf, and gives h life to othefs} and therefore he is God. ^ ”1 z. That which is faid of the proper accident in the con- jc crete, is laid alio of the fubjesft : as, Aqucftioner is to be it ihunnsd, b-caufe a blab is to be ihuhned. « jl The place from the whole and parts hath three Canons. 1. The whole being put or taken away, needs muft the | parts be put or taken away : as, The whole Supper pertain- i, eth to Lay-men, therefore the cup. ,e 2- That which agreeth,or not,to an whole of the fame ; . arde, that rdfo agreeth, or not, to the part, if the at- j •ribute be ilich, as may by proportion a-gree to the part: \: The Art of Logick. as, Water Is moift , therefore every: ¿rap of water is fo. 3. One principal part being deftroyed, the who4eJs^ta-ken away .* as, This Building hath no Roof, therefore is nohoufe: He hath no head, therefore is no living body. Places of outward terms, are Clrcumfiance*, Qbjcd, b Concomitancy. , The place of Circumftanccs hath this one Canon. Circumftanccs being put or takevv away,the adjed is put or taken away $ and the adjed put or taken away , fo is the : Circumftance ! as, The flowers are budded j therefore it is fprirg time: it is a body, therefore there is a place where-' in it is. |i| The place of the neceflary objed hath alio one Canon. Whereto an even objed is given or taken from it, there-::: to that which is bufied about the objed is given or taken from it; and contrariwife : as, He is excrcifed about the : worihip of Idols, therefore he is an Idolater : Chrift is true God j therefore he is to be worihipped. ito ■*f' The place from the necefiary Antecedent, hath this y one Canon. A neceflary Antecedent being put or taken away,the con-fequent of it is put or taken away : as, he is deau in (’hrist, 1 therefore he ihall nfe to eternal life. The woman is not withch*lde, therefore iheihall not biing forth. The place from the neceflary confcquent hath alio one Canon. A neceflary confequent being put, the antecedent is put : as, The woman brought forth,therefore ihe had conceived ; he is a man, therefore he was a childe. z. Places of terms arifen from the firft,arc of Definition, Divifion and Oppofites. M 4 TheThe Art of Logick. The place of definition and deferi prion principal, hath one Canon. Whereto a definition or defeription is given or taken from it, thereto the defined or deferibed thing is given or taken from it j and that ytfhich agrees, or not? to the definition, or deferiptiefl', the fame agreeth,or not,to the defined or deferibed and contrariwife : as, In the Did Teftament there was a ftate of worihipping God in and by Chriji, therefore in the Old Tcilament there were Chriftians. J) t i 1 The place of Divifion hath thefe two Canons. x All the members of the divided being taken away, the g divided it felf is taken away. g z. One of the Immediate members of a Divifion being taken away, the other is left. k The place of Oppofites hath feven Canons. la 1. Of Oppofites fo far forth as they be fuch, the attributes are oppofitc ; fo as the oppofition is made by the differences whereby the oppofites difagree, and not by the genus or common accidents, and that proportion be kept between the caufes and effects of the oppofites. So, It follows not, Whjtenefs is colour, therefore blacknefs is no colour •, for the oppofition is made by the common Genus. Neither followeth this. Evil works condemn, therefore good works jtiftific; for there is no proportion of good works to falvation, when our works cannot be laid to be truly good of themfelves , as Evil deeds are truly evil. Neither this, Wc nuiit do good, to our friends j therefore Evil to our Enemies ; for Enemies, in that refpeft that injuries are to be forgiven them, are not fo much our enemies as our friends. Neither followeth,virginityis good,therefore manage isevil, for goodnefs is common to both in diverfe refpefts. But this followeth, Heat diflevereth things of diverfe kinds, therefore cold gathereth them Purity cheriiheth the fpirir, therefore impurity expelleth it. \ 1 ' From 5The And from the demotion of the Relative,to the remotion of theCorrelative, the inference is right: As Chrift is Davids Lord .* therefore, he is not his fertant. An Inartificial place, is neceffary Teftihiony. Immediate, which God uttereth without means of any Minifter. And it is either. Firft, By Villon, as of old to the Prophets. Gr Secondly, By Voyce j As at Chrifts Baptifm, Mat, 3. b CGod. a ’,is either of< ¿Or of the Senfes, b Gods Tcftimony is a fentenee fpoken of God. Teflimo- MediateThe Art of Logick. Mediate, is, which God hath uttered by his Son fent in the flefh; Or by inferior Minifters, the Prophets and A-poftles. The Canons of Gods Teftimony, Mediate, and Immediate,are twelve. « i. Gods Teftimony is believed for God himfejf, and his Authority, not for the mans fake by whom if was ut- p tered. ji There is no Divine Teftimony written this day ; But M in the Bible. ’)] 3. All Principles of Theological conclufions, pertaining to the peifedion and Salvation of the Eled, are fufficiently delivered in the Scriptures. . 4. Argumentation from; Gods Teftimony, proceedeth ii both Affirmatively and Negatively in things pertaining to | Salvation. f. It ceafeth to be the Teftimony of God, if wrefted ; either to a wiong fence or unmeet Allegories. 6. From places or teftimonies doutfull, Dodrines of faith are not firmly ftabliihed. 7. That which by good confequence is gathered from any Divine teftimony, it hath the fame force with 1^. « 8. What is proved or explained by the Scripture, that is j5 underftood to be alfo proved and explained by the true , j. Church, Lawful Councels, and Antient DodorL 9> From Gods revealed will to his power , tlje argument alwayes is of force 5 But it follows not, becaufe he will not, that therefore he cannot, 10. From Gods will Indefinite and Hypothetical unto the fimple execution thereof, an argument is not of Force •* 1 As, God would allmenfhould be faved.* therefore, they ;i| (hall all be faved j It follows not i For that will is Hypothetical or Conditional, if they believe. > 11. Gods Affirmative Commandments are to be taken vv^th limitation. i 12. Gods Negative Commandments do bind fimply. Teftimony of fenfe, is that which every ones fenfetel- J Icthhim. , ] And The zyfrt of Loglck, 171 C Outward. f And it is1^ ¿Inward. Inward, is which Laws of Nature and Confcience tells us. Outward, is that with the outward fenfes ( as feeing, hearing,See.) rightly difpofed, andfothefenfuaiobferva-tion and experience doth confirm: Mat. n. Go tell John what ye bear and fee 5 come fee the place where the Lord was layed. And thus much of the firit kind of neceflary Syllogifni. The other kind of neceflary Syllogifm hath the mean term from the place of the Efficient caufe, the Final, and the Efted. And it is called Demonftration And it is cither Per fed, ttofai. a Imperfcd. won. b g Demon-firation• Perfed demonftration called ehtw. (i.e.) Wherefore, is, whofe mean is taken from the place of the efficient caufe or end, for to get the knowledge of fuch a concluiion as wherein the accident is attributed to ( or fpokn of) his fubjed. The general Canons of this Demonftration are eight. 1. Three things are in every demonftration. 1. The fubjed dflBjuiftepoy. 2,. The affedion, or accident And then l'econdly, the fubjed wherein the affedion is. * 3. The foreknowledge of the concluiion is the fame that was^of others, 'w'^.that the fubjeds both name and exiftence, and definition of the E (fence be foreknown, and the name of the attribute or affedion. 4. The finding of the mean alfo agreeth unto the gene- ralThe Art of Logick. ral precepts; For it is taken from the nature of the ex* * treams, vi\. the efficient caufe of the attribute, which often D1 is the form of the fubjed, and from the end of the fame at- t1 tribute. jfr A demonftration hath certain degrees; So that one exceeds another in neceflity, and fo hath propoiitions, one f more neceffary, another lefs. 'f 6. DemOnilrarions are given in all kind of difeiplines 0 contemplative, or pradick, though the demonftration* of $ oontemplative difeiplines be more worthy. 7. There are given demonftrations afwell Negative as ;i! Affirmative, though the affirmative be more worthy. 8. A Demonftration perfect (ya c0o77) hath great kin with the perfed definition of an accident .* For the things that are in a perfed .definition, as efficient Caufe, End, and Subjed, the fame are alfo in a demonftration* it A perfed Pemonftration,is either Î Of the Efficient, a Of the End. b A Demonftration of the efficient caufe, is, whofe mean is taken from the place of the next efficient caufe. And it is either { Principal, c e Lefs Principal, d d Principal, is, whofe meart is the next principal efficient caufe; and it is either of the Inward caufe, or Outward. Of the Inward , whofe mean is the next principal efficient. Outward, whofe mean is the outward principal next efficient caufe. it I » ft [ J ï i j The Canons of both thefe are two. 1. Whereto the next efficient caufe is given, thereto the effed muff needs be given ; and from what the caufe is taken, the effed is alfo. i. A Demonftration of the Inward caufe, is perfeder -: • thenThe Art of Logtck. then a Demonftration of the Outward caufe .* Examples of Demonftration: That which hath the guilt of fin,is wretched ; But all man-kind iince the fall, hath guiltinefs i therefore, it is wretched. Whatfocver diftereth from the Law and will of God, deierveth Gods wrath ; but every fmall fin differeth, &c. therefore, it deferreth Gods wrath. He that hath íátisfied Gods wrath, hath perfedlyredeemed us; Onely Chrift hath fatisfied, &c. therefore, he hath redeemed us. They that are conftantly kept of God in the purpofc of Eledion once made, their Salvation is fare : But all the faithfull are fokept: therefore,their Salvation is furc.What-foever hath matter is moveable; Every natural body hath matter; therefore , Every natural body is moveable. Lefs Principal, is, whole mean term is a lefs principal efficient caufe, either Impulfive, or firft Inftrumen-tall. The Canon hereof, is. Whereto the Impulfive and Inftrtimental which is more matching, is given, thereto alfo muft needs be given the effeft and power or faculty unto which the inftrument is ordained ; and contrary,from what the inftrument is taken, from that alfo the end or effed muft needs be taken 5 Thus Demonftration is made, that fifties do not breath, becaufe they have no lungs, that the wicked eat not Chrifts body, bccaufe they have no faith; So man is a communicable and fociable creature, bccaufe he hathfpcech, the Inftrument of communion. Demonftration of the end,is, whofe mean term is drawn from the place of the final caufe. The Canons thereof are two. i. The end being put, (Tpedally the fitted end) needs muft the means to the end be put, or contrariwife. x. Even as the end is either fitted and principal, or lefs principal, accordingly the Demonftration is more perfed, or impeded: Thus Chrift fhewed they ought not buy and fell in the Temple, becaufe it was an houfe of prayer. Herciies muft be, that the approved may be known; *c. ImpededThe Art of Logick. Iraperfed Demonilratlon (or ra »77: That a thing f is) whofe mean is taken from the place of the effed. The Canons hereof are three. 1. The effed being put, the caufe is neceflarily put) and the effed being taken away, fo is the caufe (as it is caufe of that effed;) So it is ihewed that fome menareEled, becaufe in time they are called, juftified, and fandified j and 1 contrary, that fome are not Eled, becaufe they are not called, &c. So Infants are iinners, becaufe they dye, Romans f. 2. Even as the effed is either principal, or lefs principal, Accordingly is the dcmonftration more or lefs principal. 3 . When by the effed ic is proved,the caufe is or not: on the contrary alfo, the effed may be ihewed by the caufe; ] which Reciprocation, Logicians call Rcgrefs. J And thus much of Dempnftration. ¡Of an Apparent Syllogifm, orFallacie. Hitherto we have treated of a true Syllogifm; Now followed^ the Apparent, which Hath a falfe difpofition or matter painted with a ihew of a true ; Whereupon ignorance of naughty difpofition is begotten in the mind. The Dodrine hereof hath two parts. The 1. whereof is the caution of a deprehended Fallacies The 2. is, Shewing and loofing of that Fallacie. . Firft, Of the deprehenfion or finding out ofaFall&cie. CIn Form, a A Sophifme or Fallacie is a dcceit,either^ ¿Inmatter. b A Fallacie of Form, is when meri fin àgainft thè difpofi-The Art of Looted. 17S tionof a Syllogifm, violating the Canons, either general or fpecial of all the Figures. Cln words, m A Fallacy of matter, is either^ ¿In things.»» b C Simple, g A Fallacy of words, is either in a word«< ¿Compound,!» m A Fallacie of a iimple word J Of want °f ufe. k is either ,c Of Ambiguity. 1 * s C i. For the darknefs of it. A Fallacy of the want of A For the oldnefs. ufe of aword, is either j3. For the Novelty. k ¿4. For impropriety ofit, Thefe are opened in the firft part of Logick. Ambiguity of a word, f For the many meanings. is either ft For the doubtfull forming. t Ambiguity for many meanings , is, when a term in a Syllogifm is taken in this meaning or in that; as,That which is begotten beg inneth to be. The Son of God is begotten, therefore beginneth to be. Here is ambiguity in the word, begetting; for the generation that is in the holy Trinity, differeth generally from the generation of the creatures. Ambiguityfor^the formingCi. Orthography, of aword, is either in Etymologie. refpeft of the ¿3. Profodie.- i. In refpeft of rhe Orthography , is when the doubt-fulnefs arifeth from the diverfe pronouncing of words, or writing: as, If a man, pretending to make one his heir, ihouldfay, I will make thee mine heir; or to commend one for a full hardy Jouldkr, faith* He is [sol-hardy, i. InThe Art of Logick. zé ln refped; of the Etymologie, doubtfulncfs is which arifeth either of likenefs of ending , or confounding one number for another. This fallacy is called, ht^iOS. 3. In refpcd of Profodie, doubtfulnefs is which arifeth from wrong pronoUflciacLpn 5 a long fyliable for a ihort, or otherwife. A Fallacy of a Compound word, is, which is in a fentence, and is called Ampbjbolie, which is a doubtfull uncertainty of the meaning in a fentence. 'i, Of tlie conftruft ion ànddiftin&ion. AnditarifetO°f the phrafe. either 3 3. Of the Compoiition and Divi-fion. 1. Of the confttu&ien, when the coherence and con-ftmdicm of words is doubtfull. z. Of the phrafe, when nor the conftru&ion, but the kinde of fpeech makes uncertainty of fenfe : as, Chrift went up to Heaven to filj all things. Therefore, His body is diffuied everywhere. It is a Fallacy , by not under ft and-ingthe Apoftles phrafe, FiU all things, which is meant of the eftufion of the Holy Ghoft, not of the diffufion of his body. 3. Of Compoiition and j)ivi|6on, \yhen words are joyn-e,d together which ihould be disjoyned, or eontrariwiie : as, i wo, and three are even and odd 3 but five are two and three therefore five are even and odd. 1. About the conelujfion, or que-A Fallacy in things, ) ftion. a is either ji. .About the proof of the conclusion, or ordering t;hc Mean, b 1. Asking of many queftionsj' i •vrohv^nnéis. About thè conclu-JI^ Asking of another qncftion, iron, is either S tyrninf. *3. Ignorance of the argument *y- vtiu etéyxi. TheThe iArt of Logick.i. * 3 i. The Fallacie of many questions, i$ when many questions or conclusions are confounded in one; As,Were Mofes, and Aaron, and 'David, good Kings? Here isconfufion; for Aaron was not a King. So, when we ask, Have you left your Stealing ?' If oneanfwer Yea j it intimateth he was once a thief; if he ànfwereth No, he argueth himfelf now to be a thief. . For every ambiguous queition is not one, but manifold. AsjWas Judas Elefted>Here tis dotibtfull,whither tis meant Ele&ion to life, or Elfedion to an Apoitlelhjp; therefore, it is no Ample queStion. Vbiquitarics Reafonthus; That wich is Sacramentally united with the Bread, is eaten ; Though not after a Natural, yet a fupernatural manner. But Chrifts body is Sacramentally united with the Bread : therefore, it is eatenj though not after a natural manner, Sec. Anfwer is, In the eonclufion, there is mtotfiTtiffif. C i. Whither Chriiif For two queifions are confounded,body he eaten. (ji. How it is eaten, i. Ignorance of the Argument or Elench, is when either the State of the question is quite turned and wrefted, or thè adverfaries conclusion is not diredly oppofite to our Thefis^ according to the Canons of lawful! opposition; As,They that are conceived and borri in fintare not holy ; The children of the faithfull are conceived and bom in fin ; therefore , thè children of the faithful! are not holy. Here is ignorance of the Elench; for the conclusion is net dirc&ly oppofed to our conclusion, who make the children of the faithful! holy with the holinefs of the Covenant of calling and profit ife ; But the Adverfaries conclusion fpeaketh of holinefs which is immunity from fin, About the proof of the con-plufioh,Fallacies arc either 11. About the finding of the mean. a. About the premifes rifen aof the difpofition of thèmean N f» Abost178 The Art oj Logidc. 1. About the finding of the mean is Begging of the queilion. a t| ' i | Aflumption of a falfc , mean, b Begging of the queftion ( or Petitio Principii ) is when (] no mean is taken, but the conclufion is proved by itfelf, > repeated either by the fame words, or by others Equivalent; ' As if one would prove pleafure to be the chiefeft good, be- j caufe delight is the cheifcft goodj or one would prove J(C3-»¿¿w to be the father of Salatbiel, becaufe Salathidwzs Ion jf of Jcconias. The Fallacic of a falfe mean, is when to prove a queftion, j there is tak;:n a falfe mean having the appearance of a true ; ■Whereupon, either the Major, or Minor is falfe. Of Contingency apparent, is that which feemethtobc ! drawn from feme place of contingent invention : As 'Piter 1 is named a "Petra 9 the Rock of the Church: therefore, t He is the Foundation and Head. J Anfwer. It is a Sophiftical Syllogifm taken from the place *:i of falfe Notation •, And fo of other places. Of Neceflity Apparent, is, when a falfc mean is fo propounded as taken from fome neceflary place, Monftrative, or Dcmonftrative ; As from a falfc Genus, falfe Difference, Definition, &c. AsjExtream llnftionis a Sacrament; therefore,itfealeth fpiritual graces : It is from a falfe Genus. Alfo, That which is united to the word, is everywhere 5 Chrifts humane nature is united to the word ; therefore, it is everywhere i It is a Sopfiifm, having for the Medium a falfe efficient caufe. Of Contingency Apparent. (Of Neceflity Apparent. x. Fal-The Art of Logick. a.Fallacies aboutC Fallacie of the consequent., the premifes or j difpoiition of the"^ Fallacie from a thing fpoken after a Fallacie of the confequcnt, is, when there is a naughty connexion of the meari with the greater extream in the Major Propoiition: As, He that faid, Bread is my body, faid, my body lieth hid in the Bread; but Chrift faid, &c. Srgo. It is a Sophifm of the confequence, whereof no good rcafon can. berendred : So Chrift taught u$ to pray for our daily Bread: therefore, Lay-men muft not drink of Wine in the Lords Supper. Fallacie from a thing ipaken after a forr, to fpoken (imply, is when from the mean Term difpofed with limitation,’ or after a fort with both or either of the extreams, a con* dufion is inferred abfolutcly and (imply true: As,He that is lefs then the father,is not equal with him ; Chrift is lefs then the father: Job. therefore, he is not equal withhifa. It is ai Sophifm from that which is limited , to that which is not limited. It ihould be thus, He that is lefs limply, and in all lefpefts, is not equa l; but then the Minor is falfe *, For Chrift is lefs, not in degree of Eflence, or of fiibftantial perfedion ; But, Firft, By hiding the Godhead in the State of Humility. Secondly, By Office of Mediator , whofe parts he handlcth with the father. So he that faith*thy words are words,’faith true; He that faith jthy words are lying words, faith , thy words are Words : therefore, He that faith thy i woi‘ds are lying words, faith true, Apfwer. He that faith thy words are words, vi\. Abfolutely, or Indeterminately, not adding falfe difference, (pith true, and fo the Minor is falfe. i Under this is contained Fallacid Accident is. mean, are fort. Of the loofing or foluting of faacies. T1 , A The Dctedion and Idofing of Fallacie s, CTrUe. d Is either ■y ¿Apparent, b N f TrtteThe An of Logkk; True Solutionis the ihewing of the deceit uied by the So, phiftcr. r'Direft. a And it is either^ Indited, b Dircd, is when anfwer is made diredly to the Syllogifm Shewing, and naming the Fallacie. * And it is either of the £ Forme. Matter. Solution ofthe Form, is the rejefting of the Syllogifm; # by Ihewing fome Syllogiftical Canon ag3inft which the :0I form of itiinneth. s Solution of the matter, is either of theS Word. ■Thing. Solution of the word, is, when the ambiguity of fimpie j words, and the amphiboly of joyned words is (hewed and ^ diftinguiihed. {Queftion. Proof. ^ fi«. ' * ri ‘r » v .. • » * ** ' < Solution of the Queftion, is, when the ftate of the contro-verfie is rightly conftituted,the manifold queftion difeerned, j and the fault of evil opposition (hewed. fi. Finding of the Solution of the proof,is cither 3 Mean. about the J1- Difpofition with the Extreams. About the finding of the Mean, is either the ihewing,and. denying of a vicious confequence in the Major, or a limitation : when there is a fault by omitting a limitation. SoThe An of Logick. So there are in a]] five djred Solutions and anfwers to the matter. . I. Diftindion or explication of a word fimple or con- joyned. z. Information and diftindion of the conclulion pr que- ftion. 3. Denyal of one of the Premifes. 4. Rejedion of a naughty conference. And 5. Limitation. Of thefe there be three Canons. • ',, . r... 1 ■ , i. When the form is plain, ftraightwayes wemuft think fof the conclufion of the propofed Syllogifm } and fee whither it be conftituted rightly, or oppofed to our pofi-tion. z. When the conclufion is plain, We muft anfwer to the Premifes cither by diftinguiihing and limiting , or by denying. 3. We muft never aniwer by denyal when the argument may be foluted by diftinguiihing and limiting. Indited SoIut?on,is when we anfwer indiredly}and thwart-ly to the Syllogifm propofed. CThing. f ¿Perfon. * And that is either unto the -,i. By Retortion. Indircft anTwetN*- By Contrary objeftion. ««otheltef, 4}' AemM cmraadiftit«. ■ •' is either * J4* °pp°fition of equal or letsprivate jr authority. • ■ $: By comparifoni &c, 1. Anfwer by Retortion3 is when we ihew that the mean or proof brought by the adverfary maketh for us, or over-throweththe lame conclufion which he would prove by it, I or at leaft other aflertions of the adverfary : As,Chrift is foil begotten before the creatures:therefore he is a creature. '2 \Anfwr*The Art of Logick, Anftver. Nay, therefore heis not a creature, becaufehewas begotten before any creature was. ‘ 2. Solution by contrary objedion ( KetT* drQvmq>»feiy ) is when the objection is not folved , but another ftronger objc&ion is propounded to the adverfary : So Chrift anf-wered them that would have the Oyntment fold and given to thé pocr, by oppofing a ftronger reafon .* The poer ye have alwayes with you, but me not. 3. Shewing of contradiction, dovçuTW, is when we ihew contradiction in our adverfaries words: As,when the’Papifts ’ except that in their Mafs, Chrift is not crucified again, because the facrifice is unbloody ; it istfWçtt7cp : for a Sacrifice and unbloody are contradictory. 4. Oppofition of equal authority, is, when to an humane Teftimony wc oppole another Teftimony as good , or better. ?. Comparifon with h^c abfurd, is when we compare our adverfaries argument with another like abfurd. & 1« I CA Blame. Indired aniwer unto the fer/bn} is either n , ¿A Comparifon. A Blame or chidin g ( \mivhvifyf ) is, when we blame the k adverfary fot «hat he difputeih againft Piety and Honefty3 or againft manifeft fenfe and Experience. A Comparifon of the like,or greater,is, when we put away any thing objected againft q-ur or an others petfon, with an other perfonal objection : As, Chrift, when the Pharifes blamed his Difciples for eating with unwaihed hands , anfwcred,Why doyovi alfo tranfgrefs Gods Commandments by your traditions? Apparent Solutions,are, by which nothing is fitly anfwcr* cd 5 Onely in fhew fomething is faid. Of this Solution there be five forts« 1. The fir ft, when nothing is anfwered to the SyHoglfm propounded: But fomewhat isfaicbof the thing generally, Jeaft the Anfwertrlbould fcem to fay nothing. i. WhenThe zArt of Logick, a .When general and ill underftood Fallacies are applied» which pertain not tpthe Syllogifm propofed. 3. Provocation unto wrath. 4. Is a fetting at naught when we mock the Adverfaries realons as light. f. Is running aiide ( w*fiK@eia{ ) and leading from the matter in hand And thus much touching the Doftrine of Syllo- gifms.¡LI* § % g.^1 ►->.* i 3 5- s‘g.| § s o |§-*5 — n £* pr E- f Co milioni/ '“•l m * ^sc 3» e.8 r. 73 !&• 4 n> A ?» O (— Resi which is either, E-l&SaS? -SÉ*?»? f §? # I » Neeeflary, —A---------- 'SB.K £T < <* S 5t»jf w O M AW 3 r -W——- } it-J Contingent which is either (— I! a f s- IT S' £ a 8> r*^—i s a ? s tn j» g ® P* C. Artificial, -./------------- Of things which is either g.si e.> n Sr Pi i O s 1 25 © & * © g r- •3 .sei ”■■> o lllf “ Erg a © 3 M 3* €> p§-a ¡3 « Arifen, S » ■§ S' h> s: M Ì1 -J\— ------—> Inward, fvA^O giSJS c^T? | 1 P5- ■ a * " S2, ^ i Com#arifon, tf k » i i; Outward Inward DiiTentan/ p »g '7'^ H I IHS Hf 5l %6 The Art of Logick. OF METHOD, order. T “W“ Ttherto harth been the dxreftnefs of difeourie XI- ■ - - ■ iative. Now followeth the direftnefs of difeourfe Or- dinative, which is an Aft of the mind or under- ftanding proceeding from one part of Doftrineto another* by conferring them one with another* and knitting them Together with help of the precepts of Method. Method is the conftitution of the parts of Doftrine* from a pertain beginning unto a certain endi And it is either* 'Artificial, a. inartificial, b 4 Artificial, is which is Inftituted according to the Nature of Things* and Rules of Arr. The Canons hereof arc five. i. Let no Part be wanting* none Overplus.' j, Let the proceeding of Method imitate the natural proceeding and Order or things 5 going on from things firfr and heft known, to things after. 3 .The Parts before and after diftiaft between themielves*The Art of Logici, 187 muft agree with a kind of Harmony, in a certain beginning, and End, or Scope. 4. The knitting together of things before and after, ihould be ¿hewed in the Chapters , and Heads of the Treatife by bands and Forms of Tranfition. 5. Let all the parts of the Method be of the fame kind. The Canons of the Precepts of a Difcipline are two. 1. Let every Precept be, Definition, Divifion or Canon. z. Let the Precepts be True, Methodical,Profitable, and informed with proper and perfpicuous words. Com pofitive Method, is wherein the parts of a contemplative Difcipline are fodifpofed as that Progreis is made from the Univerfal Subject of contemplation unto the particulars, and fo from Simples to Compounds. 1. The parts of Compofitive Method are three; Firft, The Subjed. Secondly,The beginnings or caufes. Thirdly, The affedions. i. The fubjed of a Science is neceflarily one in Unity of Colledion, and of Univerfality. 3. The Subjed is foreknown. Firft,That it is. Secondly, What it is. Thirdly, That it hath certain Properties, or Af-feftions. 4. The beginnings are foreknown that they are, and what they fignifie, f. The Aftedions are foreknown what they figtifie. Refolutive Method, is, wherein the parts of an operative j, y difcipline are difpofed fo as that from the knowledge of the end, the Progreis is made to che knowledge of the |»egi nings or means, by which that end may be brought into his fubjed. Compofitive, Synthetical, a Refolutive, An, ly deal. b b The Canons hereof are five. TheThe Art of Logick. The Canons hereof are fix. 1. The Parts of this Method are three. Firft,' The end /i to be brought in. Secondly, The Subjeft whereinto it is L brought. Thirdly, The. beginnings or means by which the end is brought in, ’ ^ 2. The End is foreknown} Firft:, That it is, or that it may be produced : and Secondly, What it is. - 3 . The End hath double Accidents } Of which, fome ]\ pertain to the finding of the means by which it ihould be ^ produced, and they are to be known at the firft 5 Others pertain to the Pofleilion and converfation of the End, and that ‘ is not needfull to be foreknown. 4. The Unity of an operative difcipline, dependeth on ’ the Unity of the End. If 5. The Subject is foreknown. Firft, That it is. Secondly, ' That it is capable of the end. Thirdly, That it hath Acci- l£, dents which pertain next unto the end. 6. The means are not foreknown, but are handled in £ proceeding from Univerfals to Particulars; from Simples " to Compounds} fo as that they be profitable, and fufficient „ for the end. Particular Method,is wherein a certain and fpecial Theme J isdifpofed. * Method of a Simplc,is, in which afimple Theme is handled and declared. t Principal,is,in which a full Progrefs is made from fimples to inore compounded. And it is either of a Theme,' Simple, a Compound, h And i Principal. 1 Lefs Principal, 2-The :Art of Logick. This Progrefs hath nine parts. i. The name or word of every fimple thing is considered, whither Concrete, or Abftrad j Withall the definition of the name is given, &c. If it be ambiguous, it isdiftinguiffi-ed. p i. The Genus of the thing is found out by looking in the predicamental order. 3. The caufes are found out and put in fubftances, in refpeft of the Effence, Matter, and Form , in refpeft of the Exiftence, Efficient and End -, In accidentals, becaufe Effence and Exiftence fall together, the Efficient and Final caufes, the Object and the Subject are found out. 4. If it be a Singular accident, alfo the Antecedents,Con-fcquents, and other Circumftances are considered. 5. The whole definition is made, vi\. diverfe, even as ffie Theme is either Accident, or Subftance., 6. The proper Accidents and Efte&s of this thing are pro-pofed , and often alfo the Adjacents and Concomitants' are taught. 7. The Theme is divided into the parts chiefly integral 5 For the divifion into the Species , if the theme be a Genus, is kept till the laft place , if one would handle the matter at large. 8. The things akin unto it are layd down. 9. The things diverfe and oppofite are added. Lefs Principal, is, when firft the Definition is laid down, and it then it is refolved by parts. The Method of a compound or conjoyned theme, is, wherein the handling of a conjoynt queftion or problem is inftituted. The parts thereof are eight. 1. A right conftitution of the problem or flate of the con-trover fie. 2-. A choice or letting down of a pofition, Negative, or Affirmatives which you will defend. 3* A foreknowledge of both extreams, vi\. of the antecedent and consequent j As touching Limitations,Definitions, Diftinftiohs, and fo the prefuppofition of thine Hypo-thefis. 4. Confir-The Art of Logic k. 4. Confirmation of thy pofition» 5. A laying down of the Adverfaries pofition. 6. A foreknowledge and refutation of the Adverfaries di- kl {functions. M 7. A folution of the Adverfaries Obje&ions. 8. A repetition ct the proved pofition, and a Collection of confcquences or conclufions. Inartificial Method,is, which is inifituted not fo much by [ the Osder of Nature and rules of Art , as by the drciUn-ifance of the Learner and Auditor at the diferetion and pkafurc of the Teacher and Learner. And thus much of the whole frame and body of the Art of Logick.The Art of Logick. *3* O F The uie and Exercilc LOGICK. AFtcr the abfolutc Frame or Method of the Precepts of Logick,followeth in order of Nature,and of Do£hine,the ufe and Exetofe of the Art more fully and plainly to l?e delivered. Exercile of Logick, is afun&ionof the mind orreafon, whereby the Precepts of Art comprehended in the mind are indeed and work applyed to the things that are to be known out of the Art. C Particular. And it is either^ ¿llniverfal. The particular or fpecial Exercifc of Logick, is* when fome one particular Logical precept, is by the example thereof illuftrated and exercifed : Unto this fpecial ufe there need no other direction then the frame of Logical Precepts before layd down j For there the ufe through every Precept is declared by fpecial Examples, The Univerfal Exercife, is when fome whole Rank of ! Logical precepts is applyed to things that are to be known or recognized: Like as a Smith, when fome little part of a work is t© be done, taketh in his hand the Hammer only, °r the Tongs $ But when he hath a whole worjs to do* he ufeth the furniture of all his Smiths Tools. So in Logick* ibmetime the genus, ®r the caufe, ©r lome accidentThe Art of Logick. accident of a thing only, is to be dealt of, and proved or refuted by a Syllogifm or two 5 and for this the fpecial Rules before delivered arc fufficient: But thefe are not enough when one hath a general argument, or whole matter to treat of Logically : For a larger courfe is now to be taken. ^The handling of a thing, called This Univerfal Exercjfe,) . . . Is either ~)The recogmxmg of a thing £ handled, called ctvatotnf. Of the Tnft&tion or handling of a thing, Galled Te'nm, or Generation. Tradation (or Handling) is th$ meditation of a Theme or matter to be done by Inftruments of Art. $ And it is either* Simple, a [Conjund. b The handling of a Ample theme,is either* ‘Univerfal. ^Singular. Simple treating, is, whereby a fmiplc Thente is explained, 0 A Ample Theme is one thing AgniAed by one term : only. I The general Canons of handling a theme are five. 1. Let the name of the propounded theme be conAdered, wliither it be Ample j and if it be not Ample, but combined of many words , whither it may fie reduced to one Ample word, either in the Latine, or in the Greek or other tongue. For a word of that language is to be preferred, which Agni-fieth a Ample thing moit Amply. 2. When the word is found to be Ample} Let it be con-Adered whither it be a Noun Abftrad or Concrete. 3. It is alfoto be cor fidered whither the word of the pro- pofed theme be certain,or ambiguous ; and if it be ambiguous , let it carefully be diftinguiihed, 4* LeiThe zArt of Logick. latter. j . y, Haying conftdered the definition, think then carefully of the Genus (or general) of & Theme ; Namely m I what order of things, and how it is placed : and if it be nowhere found in this order among the predicaments, let k be counted for a Non ens; And io the handling of it be end-1 ed with the confideration of the Name. For example. If a man would treat of Purgatory; Firft let him weigh the name; Then mind the Definition and Declaration of the Name by the Etymologie, vi\. That by this Name is fignified Some Infernal fire; But fome-what gentler, wherein the fouls of them that are to be ; faved, muft be Purged, and Rolled therein, fo long as till f full fatisfa&ion be made for thu ir fins. This Declaration of j- the name iheweth that fuch a fire there is nowhere : there-I fore, Not to be fought in any predicament (or Rank of . things.) And fo it is but folly, either to Define it,or Declare ( it by the caufes and properties thereof. But here note, that this confideration , whither a thing be or not, is not to be ac-i,[! cording to theExiftence ( vnvt) infome certain place si or time ; but it is to be minded cffentiaJly ( ko.t* ovcietv ) ( As if one would treat of Chriils Incarnation ; The Queilion, [ Whither it be or no , is not to be minded fo as whither it be today, or whither it {hall be; But this is enough , that at i any time it hath been, and now alfo dureth in effe&, al-: though Chrift be no more Incarnate, nor brought forth. The like is alfo to be minded for things to come , as the i day of Judgement, Refurreftion, &c. For though thefe have j not yet Exiftence, yet have they Eficnce; and becaufe it is [,, fure they ihall be, they are to be treated of, in order and A perfect theme, is that which is perfectly placed in the order of things or predicaments ; as an llniyerfal thing,one, and whole by It ft If; manner of things that now are. Of a Perfeft. Of an ImperfeCt. O And And The L/irt of Logick. CSubftantial. it is either-? ¿Accidental. The treating of both thefe is either. 'Primary, i ‘Secondary, % A Theme Sub flan-ml. Primary treating is,which,when the beginnings of theDe-finition are foreknown, gathereth from them the Definition, and then ufeth the other Logical terms for explaining the term, according to thofe Canons that follow pertaining to the explication of a fubftance. i. When the name of the theme is weighed, and the law-full Genus found , let the difference be fought for, either by the predicamental Tables, or by fome notable effeft, or antecedent of a Theme known to the fenfes, z. When the Genus and difference are found by itsfelf, the Definition muft be gathered and made. 3. The Definition of a fubftance being gathered,the form thereof and matter is di.ftinftly to be confidered. 4. Let the Form then be affigned , and (fo far as the perfpicuity of the Do&rine will fuffer ) declared. 5. After the Form , let the matter generally be weighed. 6. After, the Integral parts, which make the matter entire 5 let thofe parts at leaft be confidered which are moft principal* and Primary Inftruments to bring forth the operations of the Form. ' .7. The efficient caufe Principal and Inftrumental, although it pertains not to the Eflence of a Subftance , yet it is to be confidered for the knowledge of the Exiftencc j The like is alfo to be minded for the final caufe. 8. The proper accidents or effects flowing from the Form, and cleaving to the whole compound, muft be reckoned. 9. Then let there be added a Divifion of the propofed fubftance, by the Primary accidents, by the Integral parts, inferring a manifeft diftinftion; and if the Theme be a Genus, let the Species thereof be recounted; which after $The An of Logick. after may have their peculiar handling alfo if the handler be fo purpofed. 10. Let the things that are akin to the propofed fub-,fiance be added. 11. And then let there be ihewed the things that are diverfe and contrary. For example, Let this Theme Animator living creature} be to be handled. i. Weigh the name, which in Latine is of minima, a Soul j which iignifieth any living Form, which alfo is in plants ; but is by an excellency given to other feniible creatures , in whom the Soul more manifeftly appeareth by fenfe and motion. In Hebrew it is called Caijab of life $ for that fuch creatures feem onely to have life. Of the Ambiguity of the Name, or Concretion, orAbftradi-on j there needs none adoe. z. Next Look for the Genus which is found in the Table of Subftances to be a living body. 3. The difference reftraining that Genus, is found in the fame I able alfo to be fenfitive. 4. The whole Definition therefore is, that an Animal is a living body fenfitive. ?. The matter far off of an Animal, art the Jnfiruments of life} The next matter is the Inftruments of fenfe and motion j which taken together are called the body of the Animal. 6. The Form neer is the Soul Vegetant5 the neereft is the Soul fenfitive, which by theefte&sor proper accidents that cleave to the Animal, are as it were by the latter words evidently perceived. 7. Then come to the exiftence, and here weigh the efficient caufe of an Animal: The principal efficient, is the Forming of the youngling of an Animal, wherebytheferifi-tive Soul is united with the body j The Inftrumental caufc is the Seed, the Womb,the Birth j all which may be treated of peculiarly, 8. The end is to be ihewed wherefore an Animal was at fir ft created, and wherefore in time gendred , The End llniver*» fal is the glory of God the Creator; The particular is the Complement of all the degrees of life, and fo the perfection of the World and Creatures, which require not onely a Body vegetant, but alfo feniible. Os 9. The The z/frt of Logiclc. 9. The proper accidents of an Animal are Principally 1. Scnfe Inward and Outward. z. Appetite. 3. Going, Secondarily, 1. Breathing. 1. Watching, Sleep, Dream -ing. 10. The Integrant parts of the body or matter, are, 1. Similary parts, as blood and other Humors, Flefh, Bones, Sinews, Arteries., 2. Diflimiliary parts principal, are the B'.ain, Ke n t, Stomack, Liver ; and other lefs principal all over the body: 11. Thedivifion of an Animal, is, 1. By reafon of the temperature and parrs, into Male, and Female, z. By the Species, into Man and Beafl, which alfo may feverally and diftin&iy be considered. 1 a. The things akin to an Animal, are, Plants, cfpecially thole that are called ^uo^vto,, Plant Animals, and half Animals, as Sponges, &c. 1 3. The Oppoiites of an Animal, are things that want. Life, Se ifc and Mt'iow, and Foyfoils, which are pernicious to the Life. And thus much for handling a perfeft Theme Sub-ftantial. !• ¡ICK k i *i i' S!i ilffl lev K nl am n ’I®! i: ih ID ill ^ A Theme Accidental is handled according to thefeCa- lii A theme nons. ticcidctj- tah 1. After due confederation of the name, Firft think of • the Order or predicament of the propofed accident; whither [i it be, Quantity, Quality, A&ion, Paflion, or Relation 5 For fo it wili appear whither it be indeed an accident, ora * Ncftcns, and feigned Theme. _ 5 2. When the Genus is found, let the of the acci^ dent be ihewed ; A :d with all, confider whither the accident treated of, be common or proper j For thefe two have diverfc j explications 5 Wherefore an accident lhould alway be reduced to his firft and even fubjed, that of a common it may be made proper. 3. Bccauie Relation is bulled between two Subjeds , of which, one is called the Relate, the other the Correlate, therefore in explaining of a relation, both of them muft be affigned. . 4. TheObjed then, is to be minded about whichthc accident is occupied , and Qbjcds bear rule in Qualities and Adions» 5* The■ The Art of Logick. f. The Principal efficient caufes mutt. be found out; Firil the neere, and then theneereftcaufes. 6. In Relations the ground or Fundament rauft be en-: quired, and it differeth not from the neereit caufe. 7. Then let the end of the accident be fhewed, which alfo bears fway chiefly in Quality and Aft ion. 8. But in Relations the Term muit be enquired, which is the fame with the final caufe, y. Then give the definition ot the accident according to the nature of every predicament, afiigning bcfides the Genus the eflential terms, as the Subjeft, the Objeft, the Efficient caufe, and the End. 10.Often alfo the Antecedents,Connexes,Circumftanccs and Confequences are to reckoned ; As when the propounded Theme is an Aftion or Paifion. 11. The eftefts of the propofed accident muil be diftinft-lytold. ii, A Vivifion muft be added, either into the Species, if the propofed accident be a Genus: or into other members fitting to an accident. 13. Then ihew the things akin thereto, or which have fome affinity of nature with the propofed theme. 14. Let the diverfity which is between Themes akin be ihewed. 15. Let the Oppofites or Contraries be added. For Example. This accidental Theme is to be handled j Calling upon God, 1. The Name is abfolute. 2. The Genus in the Predicament of Aftion is found to be this , A religious ^4 ¿lion. 3. The Subjeft: of this Aftion, i$, a faith full man, 4. The Objeft, Firft,to whom it ihould be direfted.,is the whole T inity} and the Father of our Lord Jefus Chrifl:,- reconciled by the Son. Secondly, The Objeft o‘ the things to be asked , which are Bodily and Spiritual. Thirdly, The Objeft for whom,is our [elves and others. 5. The Efficient caufe principalis the manner of confidence, ftirred up by the holy Ghoft, by the Authority and merit of Chriftthc Mediator. Job.4. Kom.6. The outward moving caufe ( Tv&KcmtfKTiKV) is Gods commandment, and his promife to hear us. Job, if, Tfd-J The inward mo- O 3 ingThe Art of Logick. ' . ¿£11 ving caufe ( a&nyv.Apn) is, the feeling of owrmn wants, and remembrance of. Gods benefits before received : The Inftrumental caufes are the form given by Chrift, ¿Mat. 6. and our members Inward and Outward; as heart, tongue, eyes, hands, knees, &c. fl 6. The endjis the obtaining of benefits, and tban\fuUglori- ^ fying of God. 7. So the whole definition is this *, Invocation is a Religious adion, or operation from the motion of faith kindled u by the holy Ghoft, with truft and authority of Chrift the Mediator, done by a faithfull man, and directed unto God propitious in his Son, for the obtaining of good things ^ need full , and for the glorification of Gods holy name, 8. The proper accidents or things requifite, arc, Fitft, That it be done in true faith without wavering. Jam. i. Secondly, That it be direded to Gods will. Thirdly,That it be with devout inward Motions and outward geftures (if it maybe.) Fourthly, That itbenothafty , limiting God a time or manner. I fa. 28. Fifthly, That it be conceived with brief words without any redundance of fpeech. p. The eftedsi are Union with God, Joy and comfort of fmnd, the obtaining of good things needfull. 10. The Circumfiances, are the place, now free. Joh.4. publike, or private} the time alfo free, at all hours, Sic. ••••• . _ , r 1 .The things connexed unto it,are,purity of life,fobriery, tentations of the Devil much to be refilled. 1 2. The Vivifion, is by circumftance of the place,publike or private ; By the objed it is fupplication (c/VWf ) Prayer ( (ZBtj’Jlv’xJ ) Interceflion 1 3. The things akin unto it, are, diligent reading of the Scripture, Meditation or holy things, continual diligence in the works of our calling. 14. The contraries, are, A corrupt confcience, an unclean life, doubting, profane^, and contempt, blafphemy and execration. And thus much of the primary handling of a perfect Theme. The Secondary, is when the Definition of a Theme is put at the firft beginning, and afterwards is refolved and explained by parts; This way is commonly vied of many - ^ all theirThe Art of Logick. 199 their treatifes: And though it be good, yet is it not fo artificial and profitable as the former. Now followeth the handling of Imperfed Themes. Imperfed Themes, are they that are imperfedly placed in the Predicaments and Order of things. Imper- feft ; Cln refped of our under- Themes. And they are Imperfed either^ {landing. ¿Of their own Nature. In refped of our undemanding, only the Nature of the moil high (Sod cannot perfedly be treated of and explained. Of its own nature, a. Theme Imperfed is fivefold , 1. A Angular thing, z. APart. 3. A Concrete. *4. A Coliedive. •y. A Privation. 'Subdantial. a ) Accidental, b A Singular thing or Indiviehmm,is either« Subilantial hath thefe Canons. 1. Among fubftantial Themes, thofe chiefly come to be handled in ufe which are called perfons. 2. The Genus and Species are in fccret thought, prefup-pofed in fingulars. 3. The perfons name, and Etymologie, and reafon of the giving of it,is to be confidered. 4. Then comes to be confidered the efficient caufe,or beginning and birth of the perfon , with the Circumftances of place and Country, of time when, and then the fubjeds of this birth, his Father and Mother. y. Thefe are to be toldjthe accidents of the perfon; Fiiflr Pertaining to his body; as Stature, and Health. Secondly, to his mind , as Wit', Judgement, Memory, Learning y Alfo Morall Vertues, Chaftity, Liberality, &c. Andthele *ay be led along his Ages,as his childhood,youth,mans age. O 4 6'The Art of Logi^k. 6. The effeds of the perfon are to be recited,what memorable things he hath done in every age, cfpecially in his manhood. 7. Let the things which are akin be (hewed , as they that Jive in his time , his friends , and the things wherein the pt rfon moil delighteth. 8. Finally, let the adverfe things and contrary to the perfon, be rehearfed, as Foes, Enviers 3 and his death with the caufe thereof, as the difeafe 3 or if it were violent, by what adverfityhe periihed 3 Then the things connextohis death, ifanyftrange Agnes went before 3 if he fpakeany memorable thing at lail 3 whereto add the conftquents of his death,as his Burial and Funerals. Aiiingiilar accident, is which cleaves ro a Angular fub-itance,a'.s either the Quality,or A ¿lion,or Pailion, or Relation of it. The Canons for handling this Theme are thefe. 1. Let the name be weighed,as was in a theme univcrfal. 2. Let the Genus and Species of the propounded theme be prefuppofed. 5. TheSubjed, Namely the Angular fubilance is to be confidercd; as alfo the Objed about which it is occupied. 4. Let the antecedents, connexcs^adjacenrs and circum-ilances fpecially be explained. 5". Lctthccauies efficient, both Principal, and lmpul-five, and Inflrumcntal be dil gently difeufied, and the final caufe alfo added. ¿.Let the defeription be gathered by naming of theSpccies, aflignation alfo of the Subje d,Objed,Circumftances of time and place,with mention alfo of the efficient and final caufes. 7. Let the proper ReqUifites and effeds be added, 8. Let the Confcque;.t$ be named. ' p-. Let the things akin be rehearfed. i d. Let the things diydfe be compared, andtheoppo-fit cs at lafl affigned. For example. Let Chriils afeention be the theme ro be handled. 1. Afeention is the fcanfion or moving from an inferior place to a fuperior. 2-. The Genus of it is a motion local, whofe extreams are from whar, and unto what, and then the mean by which the moving is made. Now here we are to mindc whither Chnfts Afeention lie IflS ft d }• $ I 4 b ifl 1 1! '4 fl I l 5The Art of Logick. Afcention be a Natural moving, or Supernatural. And we may find it to be a Natural moving, Firft, In refped of the Subjeft which is a natural Body. Secondly , and in refped of the terms and mean. But in refped of the Efficient caufe and end, it is Supernatural. 3. The Subject of this Afcention,is Chrifts whole pcrfon; not abfolutely, but reftridively, according to that part which could move from place to place, which is his humane nature. As for the Objed, Local moving is not occupied aboutit. 4. The Antecedents far off, were Chrifts Miniftery, and all that he did in his life *, the neerer,are his Paflion, Refur-redion, Convcrfing after with his Diiciples forty dayes, and bringing of them to ¿Moutt-Qlivet, &c. The Connexes, are the term from whence % Namely, ¿Mount-Olivet : The term whereto, Namely the Heaven of Heavens. The means by which, are the Air , and Sphere of fire and other Orbs, through which his Body went. The Circumftance of places agrees with the terms ; The time was forty dayes after his Refurredion : The other Connexes,were, the gazing of his Difciples, the appearing of the Angels, &c. The principal Efficient cauie, was the vertue of the Godhead, the inward moving caufe ( &&ny*s(MVn) is Chrifis love to his Eled ; The outward moving caufe ( ©çjicetT vnH ) is the profit and Salvation of his Eled. The final caufe in refped of Chrift, is, the full pofleflion of glory. Secondly, In refped of his Eled, to fulfill his kingly office, by defending and ruling of his Church ; Alfo, his Prophetical and Prieftly office , by fending the holy Ghoft to teach them, and the interceding for them with the Father. 6. Hereupon the Vefcription arifeth, this, That Chrifts Afcention was a Local moving, whereby he, as touching his body, leaving the earth on Mount-Olivet3 came through all the Regions of the Elements by vertue of the Godhead into the glorious Heaven to poflefs full glory, and to defend his Church againfl: all .Enemies , and by the power of the Holy Ghoft from Heaven to teach and inftrud, and by In-terceffion to commend us to the Father. 7. The Ejfeffis of his Afcention, are, the fending of the Holy Ghoft, the gathering of his Church by the Minifterie of his Apoftles ; the fuppreffing of the Enemies, and defence of his Church ) fitting on Gods right hand,and Interccffion.The Art of Logiclc. 8. The confequent of his Afcention, wa^, theApoftlcs .. a wondring, and returning to Jerufalem ; Fear, and dwelling together, till the Spirit was fent down. j 9. The things ai(m to his Afcention, were, his Refur- ' ¡, reftion, the afeending of Enoch, and efpecially of Elias. .¡a 1 o. Diverfity may be (hewed between thofe; for the afeen- i|« tionof Enoch and Elias was not a Vi&ory over fin and the \\ Devil; nor a triumph of merit, but of grace; not by their own power, but by anothers, &c. And the Oppofites of his fi,j afcention, are, His bafe eftate on Earth,and tnar difparation \[ and vanishing away, which llbiquitaries fain of his Body ,&ce l( And thus much of the handling of a fingular accident. It The handling of a Tart hath thefe Canons. ;([l 1 .Let the name of the part in feveral tongues be confider- t ed, and the Notation (hewed. ^ 2. Becaufe every Part is a thing Incomplete, a complete ^ Genus or Species of it cannot be had, but ic muft be referred unto the predicament in which the whole is: therefore, by . Comparifon to the whole, and Relation to the whole, the ^ ■Nature of the Part is of our under (landing to be conceived ; For every part part is of the whole ; and if it be cut from the whole, it deferves almoft no confideration, becaufe the ufe of it is ceafed. 3. It muft be confidcred whither the part be Eflential, or Integral. j 4. If the part be Eflential, let it be minded whither it be the Form, or the ¿Matter : If the Form, it muft chiefly be explained by his Operations, or Forces, and Effects. If it be the ¿Matter, the difpofition of it muft be confidered , by which it is apt to receive the Form, and fo the Inftruments by which the operations of the Form are wrought; and fo let the whole body be fubdivided into parts greater and Principal, Leifer, and lead qf all. •). Let it be confidered whither the Integral part be fi-milar, or diflimijar : For Similars come rarely under confideration , becaufe it is of the fame name, nature, and properties with the whole, but diflimilar are wont chiefly to defer ve explication. 6. In every part therefore, befides the name,there muft be confideted 1. The quantity arid figure. 2. The quality or temperature. 3. The fituation , and how it is placed*and kniti The Art of Logick. $03 fcnit with other parts. 4. The ufes or aftions of the partis forwhofe fake this Inftrument is of Nature made. 5. The lefler parts of which it is compounded. 7. After this, let the things akin to the part be weighed* as are other parts like unto it; and finally let the Oppofites be added, as are in mans body, the peculiar difeafes of the parts. The ufc of this Doftrine of the Fart is chiefly feenin Anatomies, and in Aftronomy,and Architefture or building,, But moft of all in the Anatomy and parts of a mans body. A Concrete accident is explained chiefly by thefe Canons. ^ 1. Befides the ambiguity of the name,and the Etymologie, let the Abfolute accident be confidered of which the Concrete is denominated, becaufe the refolution of the Concrete into the Abfolute is the beft explication of the Concrete. 2. In the accident abfolute, whereinto the Concrete is re-folved; let the Genus, Caufes, Objefts, Effe&s, Things akin, and Oppofites be confidered, and let them be applied to the Concrete accident after the fame manner. l 3 .in relations,concretes are often wont to be taken forabfo-lutes,by the unheedy.*therfore,there needeth great difcretion. 4. When the nature of the abfolute accident is perceived, the defcription of the Concrete may be annexed, vi\. that which is budded by the confideration of the abfolute. Colleftives are diverfe things, efpecially fubftances united 4 together, not by any eflential Band, but by Number and Relation. Thff Canons for explaining Colledives,are thefe. 1. Befides the Name, confider whither the Colle&ion be made of many accidents,or of Subftances, 2. Confider whither unto thofe many Subje&s gathered | together, there cleave any Relation, and then that Relation is to be explained by the Precepts given before. For example. To treat of the Church, which is a Collefti-, on of many Angular perfons, i. Confider the name in He- l brew, Greek, and other Languages; And then mind it after j a double kind, i. In refpeft of the Material thing, a. And in refpeft of the Formal. The Material of the Church, be ) Gods people: therefore , the Church may after a fort be i referred unto Subftance : And after a fort to Quantity, or J Number. But becaufe to this Number there cleaves a Rela- , tion, therefore, firft of all thou muft turn thy mind to^e “ lation: For the Church is the Commhmn of Saints; and all ■ 1 CommunionThe Art of Logick. Communion is Relation. Now the Relation of the Church -is two fold” I. Of the members to the head. 2. And of the Members one to another: therefore, the Church may be defined, The company of the Eled united in one head Chrift, and one with another in the Bond of the IJoly Ghoft,unto the fruition of eternal Salvation. A Privative Theme hath thefe Canons. 1. Befides the name, confider the Genus of that thing whofe Privation is propounded, to wit fo as that there may be a calling back unto the Habit. 2. Then let the defeription of the Privation be added, the Privative caufes being added to the denial of the habit, and the Subjed wherein the privation is. f 3. Things akin and Repugnant, may fo be added in Pri-▼atives, that it may be thought the oppoiition of the privation is perfection. And thus much of the handling of a fimplc Theme. A conjoyned Theme, is, which is combined of fimples; Soasitismade the matter and objed of the fecondand third fundion which the reafon or underftanding of man cxercifeth. The handling of a conjund Theme, according to the fe-cond part of Logick, is, which combineth and conftituteth fome propofition or fentence. The Canons hereof are thefe. 1. Let the antecedent and confequent of the propofition be lightly ordered, each one in his place. 2. Let the Negative Particle to make a Negative pro-poiition, be put in that place where the Band of the Affirmation m ay be broken. 3 .Let the note of univerfality be rightlyplaced,and ihewed, whither it be abfolute or limited,distributive, or Coliedive. . 4. Let the confequent rightly be reftrained and limited to the antecedent. f. Let the Conjundions,fpecially the conditionals rightly be diftinguiihed in the propofition from the other parts. 6. Let a conditional propofition be revoked by cogitation of the mind unto a fimple propofition. 7. Let the fentence conftituted be rightly reciprocate and turned. 8. Let an improper propofition be reduced to a proper. » 9. Let a contingent propofition be called to aneceffary. 10, Let If y '1 jk jl in .n $ \I1 he Art of Logick. io. Let it be conftdercd unto what Difclpline the pto-pofed fentence doth pertain : Which may be learned; by the I Nature of the fimple terms in the propofition j For if thefe [ be Theological , the propofition belongs to Theologic: 1 If Political, to Politicks, and fo the reft. And this may fuffice for the handling of a conjoynt theme, by th^ Inftruments of the fecond part of Logick. The handling or generation of j Syllogiftical. A the third part, is either l Methodical, b Syllogifticaljis when any probleme or conjoynt propofition Is handled by confirming, or refuting, that the truth, if it be unknown,may b£ found out: if obfcure,may be declared j if ; doubtfull, may be confirmed. And this handling of Logick,is called Difputation. _.r . . . . { Solitary, i * Deputation is either\ Social, z * Solitary difputation, is when ourfelves fecretly treat of any controverted Problerpe, or Queftion, the adverfary be-i ing not prefent, or inftant. j In this,two things are to be confidered. i.The Queftion i it felf, or ftateofthe controverfie. z. The ihanner of confirming and refuting. , The Queftion ( or Probleme ) is the matter fubjeded to Difputation. The Canons of this matter are thefe. i. Let not the matter propounded to be difputed of, violate Piety and Religion. [As, whither there be a God, whither Parents are to be honored, &c.] a.Let it not be of things plainlymanifeft,and without doubt. 3. Let it be profitable,grave,not inept or ridiculous. 4. Let it not exceed the capacity of mans mind. | 5. Let it be framed with words perfpicuous,and not ambi- 1 guous. 6. Let it be fuch as is this day controverfed. A Probleme propounded to be f Perfed. difputed of, is either t Imperfed. Perfed is, whofe terms are llniverfal, foas they may be proved, or difproved,by necefl'ary and artificial arguments. I Imperfed, is, whofe terms are fingular, foas they have need to be proved; chiefly by Inartificial arguments taken firom Authority of Writers, or from teftimony ofthefenfes* The handling of a Probleme, j Primary. « either fl Secondary, PrimaryThe Art of Logick. Primary,is,which is inilituted according to thefe Canons . i I. Let the llate of the contr overlie be rightly conilituted ^ and without all ambiguity, by choofing the Affirmant, or ^ Negant Thefis which thou wilt defen d. "f z. Let a full precognition of the future proving and re- 1 futing be inilituted by definition of the Antecedent andCon- jj fequent j Alfo by fit Limitations and Diftinftions which 1 are the future Principles of all the difputation to come. 3. Let the propounded Thefts be confirmed by arguments, f i. Artificial, drawn from the Nature of the antecedent and ?1 confequent. x .ByInartificial,that is,Teftimonies and Autho- |j rities. ^ 4. After confirmation , let our Adversaries Thefisbcfet • down direftly uppofite to our Thefis. f| j. Let a Refutation be added, both of the Diftin&ions by 1 which they anfwer unto our arguments, and alfo of the ad- ^ verfaries Obje&ions. 6, Let the proved Thefis be repeated, and let the confc- Jj quencies (mpicr/MTU) be gathered from the conclufien, 1 confir/ned by the arguments. Social difputation hath in it two parts,one of the Opponent, 1 the other of the Anfwerer. f The Canons of thefe Parts, fome are common to both ' parts, and fome proper to each of them. I The common Canons are fix. i. Let there be brought unto difputation a good intention of the mind, which fecks not glory, but truth. z. Let the mind be pure from all prejudices. 3. Let the difputers agree whither ot them ihall oppofe, ©r anfwer. 4. Let both parties bind themfclves to the Laws and Rules of Logick. Let them agree between themfelvesof certain foreknown Principles. < 6. Let brevity and plainnefs be kept in oppofing, and anlwering all Ambiguities^ and Ambages of Oratorious Declamations be avoided. The Canons of the Opponent are fix. i. The Opponents parts are two; i .To move the objefti** on. x. To infill upon the folution given. a-. As touching moving the Queilion, let the pofition diligently be weighed, againil which thou wilt oppofe. 3. The The Art of Logick, 3. The poiiuon being carefully weighed 3 let the mean ' terms be brought forth for that concluiion thou defireil to infers from the nature of the Antecedent and Confequent, and then alfo from teftimony of chief Authors ; Yet having withal a choice of arguments. 4. Let the arguments be clearly and briefly included in at Syllogiftical Form. 5. Let the Opponent ufe a double kind of argumentation; Dired, or Ofteniive; and then that which leadeth to abfur-dity ; and let him prefer this oft times before the other. 6. If either of the premiles in the Syllogifm need ma-nifeft proof, let not the Opponent exped untill the proof of the Major, or Minor be required; But let himfelf by and by confirm his propofition by making a Profyllogifm. The Opponents duty in urging, or infilling on the Ob-je&ion, hath thefe Canons^; 1. Having heard the anfwer to the objedion, let the Opponent in fecret thought examine with himfelf whither it be unto the Form, or the Matter. 1. If the Form of the arguments be refufed, let the Rule of Logick,againll which it faulteth,be required; and if he acknowledge it to be a faultjlet him urge it no more : For its childilh to go about to defend a naughty Form of Syllo-gifm. 3. If anfwer be given to the matter, as for the moil part it is, he mull look whither it be by the diftindion of an ambiguous Word, or a Limitation, craDenyal; And if it be none of thefe, let the Anfwtrer be minded to deal Logically, and to ufe forne certain Form of ^infwer3 which is fitting unto either of the Premifes. 4. If the be by Diftindion, let it be examined by the Rules and Laws of a good Diftindion, fet down in the Frame fefi Logick,and let the like be done for Limitation. y. Let there he enckvor alfo that from the Anfwer given wthere be a Syllogifm made leading toabfurdity: Namely, fo that the fun? of the Anfwer be put in place of the Minor, and fome other propofition manifeilly true in place of the Major; from which an abfurd conelufion being inferred, may convince the Anfwer to have been evil. And thus much for the Opponents duty. The Anfwerer is either Inferior, or Superior. The Inferior AnfwererAs he that abfcluteJy is fo called,as thatao8 The iÀrt of Logick.; chat hath propounded the Thefis to Difputc of. The Anfwerer t duty,is both to allume the argument, and to folve it. The taking of the argument hath two Canons. i . Let the Anfwerer diligently look that he take the argument faithfully without any Circumlocutionsjand for that purpofe let him take to himfelffome leafure. 2. If the argument be not Formed by the Opponent, let him bid it to be Formed j and if he cannot Form it, let the Objedion be rejededjor if the Form of the argument be not plainly defperate, let the Anfwerer himfelfForm it. His other Duty to Sohe, hath thefe Canons. 1. When the Form is agreed of , let firft the conclufion be minded, as whither the Opponent hath rightly Formed the ftate of the controverfie : and whither he hath Lawfully oppofed his pofition or conclulion unto our pofition. 2. If the concluilon be rightly framed, Let the mind have recourfe ftraight way to the Major piopofition : As, weigh whether it be true, and whether it be limply true , or but after a fort, and whether it be compounded, havinga faulty knitting or compofition. 3 . Let the Anfwer never be by denyaJ, if the argument may be by Diftindion and Limitation. 4. The Minor Propolmon feldom comes to be Limited, or Diftinguifhed, but often to be denyed. 5. Let not the Anfwerer raihly rejed the Authorities of famous men, but deal thus. I . Let him caufe their words-faithfully to be recited. 2. Let him Reconcile them what lie can to his fentcnce. 3. If he cannot, then let him oppofe the Authority of an other man as famous as he, or more. 6. To a dired Anftver, which is foto be made as we now have ihewed , 1er there be fometime added an Indired theradelves are declared by - the .EffenuaJ A Theme is taught by thefe Canons. Refolutioh , is the recognizing of thofe Artifices by which the Author harh handled his purpofe, Illuftration is either of Words, or Things. icope of the text propounded. P z EveryA Do&rinal Text, is which is referred unto knowledge c; only. This is declared, i. By revocation to fame Method. 2. By filling up thofe things which in the text are wanting «¡¡r for the full handling of it. Hiftorically we declary any thing, i. By bring ng like Hiftorics. %, By explaining the Chronology, Topography, ! and Profopography (that is3 difeription of time, place and 1 perfon.) 3. And by tranilacing the Hypotheiis toaThelis, J or Particular to a General. Rhetorical kind of teaching pertains to popular, and con- 1 fifteth chieHy in Amplifying and Augmenting ; Of thefe it is not here further to be fpoken of, they rather pertaining to ; Rhetorick then Logick. And thus much tor the way of right teaching. To Learn,is to comprehend in mind thofe things which the teacher propounded"), and we in our judgement do approve. To 'earn exactly, Acromatice, is to conform ones judge- . ment in the comprchcniion of things to the Nature and Order of the things themfelves, and to the exadt judgement of the Teacher. And thus men learn by theie four things. 1. Attention. 2. Ordination. 3. Selection. 4. Imitation. Attention, is the attaining and firm impreflion of the things taught. The Canons hereof are three. 1. Let a Teacher be chofen Methodical and perfpicuous, and: one that knoweth-the exaft manner of teaching, and is willing faithfully to communicate it with thee. 2. A living voice is alwayes tobeprefered before a dead or written. 3. Let the Learner meditate .withhimfeifalone.the things heard or read, and let him take occafion of fpeaking to others that which he learneth,■ s ) * The Art of Logicfr. 213 * The Ordination or ordering of ftudies hath thefe Canons. i I. Let the Study of words be diicerncd at firil from the fludy of things, and let one time be bellowed in the learning of tongues, another in the comprehending of things. а. On tongues, let the flowring years of youth be bellowed.* For unto thefe there needeth little judgement, but onely memory which hath vigor in youth. 3. Becaufe tongues are learned for the things, and words are only Images of things: thetefore lefs time is to be bellowed in manly age, on words, then on things. 4. For the right ordering of the Study of any tongue, two things are required. 1. A Methodical and dextere Frame of the Art of Crammer. 2. A Compreheniion of the meaning of every word in that tongue. 5. As for the lludie of things, they are learned either in ^ whole Difciplines, or in particular Themes. б, Frames of Inllrumental Difciplines mull needs be learned before the Principal. 7.Inllrumental Difciplines pertaining to things,are Rhe-torick and Logick, ncedfull to be learned befoie other Difciplines : For theyjare tjhe keyes whereby the dcors of other Difciplines are unlocked. 8. Among Principal Difciplines, one may begin with Ethicks, then proceed to Phyficks, Mathematicks, Metaphy-ficks, till at length they flay in Theology, or fome other that is aimed at. 9 . When the Frame of the Difcipline is l ightly ordered and comprehended in the minde, then come to the reading of Authors which ferve to confirm or illuilratc that Difcipline. 10. The Learner mull diligently diilinguifh the Commentaries of the Precepts , from the Precepts themfclves : and in the Precepts obierve this Order,that he keep in mind the Definitions and Divifions, making tables for the farce ufc j And then, that lie turn him to the Canons and Rules, and have them dilligently, both in undeHlanding and memory. II. Let the learner handle one Difcipline only at one time, and having done that, let him go then to anpther, in order as before is faid, beginning at the Inflrumentals. 12, In the Learning, let Ardent love of the thing which P 3The Art of Logick. is learned be chcriihed in the fiitndj and that which is begun? let it be continued without interruption. Selection, is whereby the things which we read in others worthy obfervation, or which we our helves do find out,.we ciifpofe under cersain ClaiTes and Titles: commcnly it is called the gathering of Common places. Common places are titles Methodically difpofedj unto which things read and meditated are referred. $md they are cither of^ Words. .Things. Places of Words aie either of- ’Common Words. 'Words of Art. 5 Single. ' again either of -Words. Conjoynt. Places of Single words are in Lexicons} arid in the No-rncnclator. Places of Conjoynt Words or Phrafes, feem to be things beft difpofed if you gather oncly the more folemn and ufu-al Forms, either in common life, or in the faculty which thou prole ill ft according to the order of the things them- Jelves. Common pi ices of Words of Art> are fo gathered as trie places of the things themfclves. Places o^things themfelves are either C Theoretical. < ¿Pra&ical. f Theorcttical, which pertain to knowledge onely. Eflential Ptfcepts, Commentaries. And they be either of Places, Places of Precepts* are the feats of matters which are dif-pofed in every Diicipline, according to the proper Method ; The matters of every Difrioline are to be difDoied according to the Method of the fin be of the name of every' forward as the order is of a Ample Theme. Places of Commenti and Controverfies whi< the Frame of any Difci The Canons of the < i. The Controverfie diligently to be ievere from the titles of the ; in their nature. a. The order of the i dcr of the things. 3. Linder-titles alfc according the members 4. But whither to a fubjeft the titles of Cdi lume to ControVerfies: fure. Controverfies flv may be* that in every E and fuch as be this d; place. By Rhetorical plac< tain to the Precepts oi to the ufc and pradice < The Canons of gatl are thefe. i. Xet tl>c Comma Praftick places be e v 4—— The Art of LogicI$. be diftributed into two Volumes ; Of which let the firft contain places gathered for teaching, the other places that par-tain to moving. i' 2. The firft Volume of teaching places, let it be fo furniiht, f that according to the Chapters of the Catechifm, the titles. of the common places, of which the people are wont to be ft taught,may be noted. * 't 3. Under thefe titles, let Forms be written in which any (i head of Religion may popularly be propounded in tire mo- -ther tongue, that the people may be taught both truly and 8 perfpicuouily. 4. The other Volume of moving places, ihould be dif- pofed according to the chief affections, which by fermon are 1 to be moved. ! f. In the firft place may be put the title of the mention of 1 Repentance, which again may he divided into his under-titles. 6. Next we may come to the AffeCtion of love and defire, or Adhortation. ^ [ 7. Let the ia*ft affe Namely, of Tra&ationor Generatian. OF THE Recognizing of a thing handled, analysis V • ANalyfis ( or refolution ) is a Logicall Exercife whereby the Artifices are recognized, by which the handling of any matter hath been in* ftituted. The General Canons of 'Refolution-are two. X. Every refolution Is underftood by the conftrudion ; for with wnat Artifices any thing is conftrufted or framed j with them it is alfo refolved orunloofed. a. Every Analyfis confifteth in two things. I. In the knowledge of the thing or work to be refolved. In the weighing the manner or .Artifice whereby the work is Blamed. AnalyfisThi Arttf Logick. C Grammatical, Analyfis is either^ Rhetorical. ¿Logical. Grammattical refolution, is which weigheth a Ample or compounded word, as touching the forming and fit knitting togither for the learning of any Language. Rhetorical refolution, is whereby the Artifices are examined of Amplifications and Adornations in any Oration or other writing. Logical refolution, is whereby are weighed the Artifices of Explication, Probation, and Ordination or Method ; which are ufed of the Author in making the work- This refolution is either- ‘Separate, a * Combined, b Separate, wherein the handling of one Theme is weighed apart. And it is either of a Theme s 'Simple, a i,Conjoyned. b Refolution of a Simple Theme, is whereby the Artifices ufed in a fimple Traftation are Recognized. ' The Canons hereof are thefe. Fitft of all, let the Theme it felf be gathered out of. the Text, as being the Objeft and Scope of the whole Refolution. a. Let it be diligently minded whither the Theme be perfeftThe Art 0/Logick. perfed or imperfed, Singular or Itniverial; for hereon hangeth the applying of the Terms which may be ufed in the handling of any Theme. 3. It is alfo to be minded to what Pifcipline the Theme of the propounded Text doth belong. 4. Becaufe it feldome falls out that the Authors do explain any Theme by all the Inftruments of the firft Part of Logick: therefore in Refolving, the mind is to be applyed unto fome certain Inftruments by which the Author handled his Theme. ?. Let Amplifications be diligently fevered from the Explication of the Theme inftituted by the Terms there- 6. Let the terms by which a Theme is handled of an Author,be judged by the Canons of the firft PartofLogick j as whither it be a Genus, a Caufe, a Property , or an Ef- fed. Refolution of a conjoyned Theme is either of the fécond, or of the third Part of Logick. Refolutjon of the fécond part of Logick, is, which turns oyer Sententious Texts ; wherein meer propolitions are contained without proofs. Syllogiftical Refolution, is, whereby the handling of a Conjoynt Queftion is unfolded, According to thefe Canons following. i. Let the Propofition or Conjoynt Theme of the Author be firft of all gathered out of the T«xt. That Propofition, if it be not by the Author put in the Indicative Mood, muft be reduced thereunto. 3. We muft look if the propofition be often repeated In of. Refolution of the third part of Logick is either Methodical, h theThe •< Ctrinal, or pra&ical. 7. After the Theme is thus confidered, let the next care 1 bc-of the Means by which the Theme is handled of the Au- .,t thor, which are Arguments either proving or refuting , or V anticipations, or unloofing of objections, or amplifications, . or exaggerations. 8. Of the Arguments, We are firft to mind whether they •* 1 be artificial, or inartificial, i. €. Teftimonies. 9. Let the artificial Mean be reduced to the place of In- | vention , and conferred with the Antecedent and Confe- ,, quern: of the propounded Conclufion. ‘ | 10. We muft look whether any of the premifes be omitted' by the Author in the Text, and then he that refolveth muft -adde them. 11. If any of the Premifes be proved by a profyllogilm,. then muft we ufe the fame ptocefs in refolving the prolyilo-r i gifin that was ufed before in the primary fyllogifm. ^12. Let the confirming Arguments be diftinguiihed from the refuting. 13. If the Author bring in a fecret Objc&ion , that alfo muft diligently be diftinguiihed from the confirmationyand reduced to a fyllogiftical form : we muft alfo mark how the Text anfwers to this Obje&ion. , ■;% 14. Let Amplifications be referred to their certain places*; and adornatiansto the certain Figure« of Rhetorick. Methodical.mmi ii—ii mm* ‘The Art of Logick. \ Methodical Refolution, is whereby the Artifices of Method are examined, The Canons thereof are three. i. As Method is Univerfal or Particular: fo mu ft tire Refolution alfo need« be madejEither according to the Parts of Univerfal Method, or according ro the Canons of particular Method. x. The Bonds of knitting together, and of palling from one point to another in the Method, muft in. the re-folving dilUgently be ihewed. 3. If any things occurr in the Author, either fuperfluous, orftrange from the propounded Theme ; he thiatrefol-veth muft give warning of them. And thus much of Simple Refolution or Separate. Combined RefoIution,is, whereby is unfolded any treatife made by the Author according to more Parts of Logick. And it is either of a whole Difcipline, or of forne Writing or Treatife pertaining to fome Difcipline. The refolution of a whole Difcipline, is, whereby the Method of any Frame or Body of Difcipline is unfolded. The Canons of which Refolution are thefe. 321 . i. Let the Tracognita, or things foreknown of the pro-pofed Difciplirie be fo inftituted, that firft it may appear whither it be a Contemplative or an Operative Difcipline. 2. If it be Contemplative, then the whole Refolution muft be direfted to theft: three as to a moft certain Load-ftarj Namely, that firft the Subjeft of the Difcipline Jbe enquired j Afterwards, the Species of this Subjeft, and alfo the afteftions both General and Special, and then the caufes or beginnings of thefe afteftions. 3. And if it be an Operative Difcipline, alfo,three things muft be enquired in the Authors Writings, i. The end that is to be got by the operation, x. The Subjeft where*-unto this end is to be brought. And 3. The means by which if is to be brought iq. 4. ter.The Aft of LogicR. 4, Let the Precepts alwayes be diftinguiihed from the Commentaries. . An Authors Treatife is Refolved by theie Canons. i. Mind whithdr the writing be accurate (Acroamatical) or popular (exotcrical) or mixt. z. Let Lawfull foreknowledges be made of the Efficient caufc, or Author of the Writing,of the Scope of his Writing, of the Objeft, if it be an Epiftle to any. 5. Let a general partition be made of the whole Treatife; and if it be divided into Chapters* let every Chapter be referred to his part. 4. A general refolution being fo made, then come to a particular refolution of every Member and Chapter j wherein, when any Theme, Simple or Conjoynt is handled, let the procefs of the Refolution be made according to the Precepts before given of either Theme. And thus endeth the Doftrine of the Exercife of Logick j SlefleiLBeiiod. ?*¡ P ■