SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.

BY

G. BROWN GOODE,

Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of- U. S. National Museum.

From the Report of the National Museum, i888-’8g, pages 427-445.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE*

By G. Brown Goode, LL. D.

There is an Oriental saying that the distance between ear and eye is
small, but the difference between hearing and seeing very great.

More terse and not less forcible is our own proverb, “To see is to
know,?? which expresses a growing tendency in the human mind.

In this busy, critical, and skeptical age, each man is seeking to know
all things, and life is too short for many words. The eye is used more
and more, the ear less and less, and in the use of the eye, descriptive
writing is set aside for pictures, and pictures in their turn are replaced
by actual objects. In the school-room the diagram, the blackboard, and
the object-lesson, unknown thirty years ago, are universally employed.
The public lecturer uses the stereopticon to re-enforce his words, the
editor illustrates his journals aud magazines with engravings a hun-
dred-fold more numerous and elaborate than his predecessor thought
needful, and the merchant and manufacturer recommend their wares
by means of vivid pictographs. The local fair of old has grown into
the great exposition, often international and always under some gov-
ernmental patronage, and thousands of sucb have taken place within
forty years, from Japan to Tasmania, and from bTorway to Brazil.

Amid such tendencies, the museum, it would seem, should lind con-
genial place, for it is the most powerful and useful auxiliary of all sys-
tems of teaching by means of object lessons.

The work of organizing museums has not kept pace with the times.
The United States is far behind the spirit of its own people, and less
progressive than England, Germany, France, Italy, or Japan. We
have, it is true, two or three centers of great activity in museum work,
but there have been few new ones established within twenty years, and
many of the old are in a state of torpor. This can not long continue.
The museum of the past must be set aside, reconstructed, transformed
from a cemetery of bric-a-brac into a nursery of living thoughts. The
museum of the future must stand side by side with the library and the
laboratory, as a part of the teaching equipment of the college and uni-
versity, and in the great cities co-operate with the public library as one
of the principal agencies for the enlightenment of the people.

* A lecture delivered before the Brooklyn Institute, February 28, i889.

427428

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.

The true significance of the word museum may best be appreciated
through an allusion to the ages which preceded its origin—when our
ancestors, hundreds of generations removed, were in the midst of those
great migrations which peopled Europe with races originally seated in
Central Asia.

It has been well said that the early history of Greece is the first chap-
ter in the political and intellectual life of Europe. To the history of
Greece let us go for the origin of the museum idea, which, in its present
form, seems to have found its only congenial home among the European
off-shoots of the great Indo-Germanic or Aryan division of the world’s
inhabitants. Long centuries before the invention of written languages
there lived along the borders of northern Greece, upon the slopes of
Mount Olympus and Helicon, a people whom the later Greeks called
“ Thracians,” a half-mythical race, whose language even has perished.
They survived in memory, we are told, as a race of bards, associated
with that peculiar legendary poetry of pre Homeric date, in which the
powers of nature were first definitely personified. This poetry belonged,
presumably, to an age when the ancestors of the Greeks had left their
Indo -European home, but had not yet taken full possession of the lands
which were afterward Hellenic. The spirits of nature sang to their
sensitive souls with the voice of brook and tree and bird, and each
agency or form which their senses perceived was personified in connec-
tion with a system of worship. There were spirits in every forest or
mountain, but in Thrace alone dwelt the Muses—the spirits who know
and who remember, who are the guardians of all wisdom, and who im-
part to their disciples the knowledge and the skill to write.

Museums, in the language of Ancient Greece, were the homes of the
Muses. The first were in the groves of Parnassus and Helicon, and
later they were temples in various parts of Holies. Soon, however,
the meaning of the word changed, and it was used to describe a place
of study, or a school. Athenseus in the second century described
Athens as uthe museum of Greece,” and the name was applied to that
portion of the palace of Alexandria which was set apart for the study
of the sciences and which contained the famous Alexandrian library.
The museum of Alexandria, was a great university, the abiding place
of men of science and letters, who were divided into many companies
or colleges, for the support of each of which a handsome revenue was
allotted.

The Alexandrian museum was burned in the days of Caesar and
Aurelian, and the term museum, as applied to a great public institu-
tion, dropped out of use from the fourth to the seventeenth century.
The disappearance of a word is an indication that the idea for which it
stood had also fallen into disfavor, and such, indeed, was the fact.

The history of museum and library runs in parallel lines. It is not
until the development of the arts and sciences has taken place, until an
extensive written literature has grown up, and a distinct literary andTHE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.

429

scientific class has been developed, that it is possible for the modern
library and museum to come into existence. The museum of the pres-
ent is more unlike its old-time representative, than is our library un-
like its prototype.

There were, in the remote past, galleries of pictures and sculpture as
well as museums, so-called. Public collections of paintings and stat-
uary were founded in Greece and Rome at a very early day. There was
a gallery of paintings (Pinacotheca) in one of the marble halls of the
Propylmum at Athens, and in Rome there was a lavish public display of
works of art.

M. Dezobry, in his brilliant work upon “Rome in the time of Augus-
tus” (Rome au sieele WAuguste), described this phase of the Latin
civilization in the first century before Christ.

“ For many years,” remarks one of his characters, “ the taste for
paintings has been extending in a most extraordinary manner. In for-
mer times they were only to be found in the temples, where they were
placed, less for purposes of ornament than as an act of homage to the
gods 5 now they are everywhere, not only in temples, in private houses,
and in public halls, but also on outside walls, exposed freely to air and
sunlight. Rome is one great picture gallery ; the Forum of Augustus
is gorgeous with paintings, and they may be seen also in the Forum of
Caesar, in the Roman Forum, under the peristyles of many of the tem-
ples, and especially in the porticoes used for public promenades, some
of which are literally filled with them. Thus everybody is enabled to
enjoy them, and to enjoy them at all hours of the day.”

The public men of Rome at a later period in its history were no less
mindful of'the claims of art. They believed that the metropolis of a
great nation should be adorned with all the best products of civiliza-
tion. We are told by Pliny that when Caesar was dictator, he purchased
for 300,000 deniers two Greek paintings, which he caused to be pub-
licly displayed, and that Agriji »a placed many costly works of art in
a hall which he built aud bequeathed to the Roman people. Constan-
tine gathered together in Constantinople the paintings and sculptures
of the great masters, so that the city before its destruction became a
great museum like Rome.

The taste for works of art was in the days of the ancient civiliza-
tions generally prevalent throughout the whole Mediterranean region,
and there is abundant, reason to believe that there were prototypes of
the modern museum in Persia, Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt, as well
as in Home.

Collections in natural history also undoubtedly existed, though we
have no positive descriptions of them. Natural curiosities, of course,
found their way into the private collections of monarchs, and were
doubtless also in use for study among the savants in the Alexandrian
museums. Aristotle, in the fourth century before Christ, had, it is said,
an enormous grant of money for use in his scientific researches, and430

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.

Alexander the Great, bis patron, “took care to send to him a great
variety of zoological specimens, collected in tbe countries which be bad
subdued,” and also u placed at bis disposal several thousand persons,
who were occupied in bunting, fishing, and making tbe observations
which were necessary for completing bis History of Animals.” If
human nature has not changed more than we suppose, Aristotle must
have bad a great museum of natural History.

When tbe Roman capital was removed to Byzantium, the arts and
letters of Europe began to decline. The Church was unpropitious, and
the invasions of the northern barbarians destroyed everything. In
476, with the close of tbe Western Empire, began a period of intellect-
ual torpidity which was to last for a thousand years. It was in Bagdad
and Cordova that science and letters were next to be revived, and
Africa was to surpass Europe in the exhibit of its libraries.

With the Renaissance came a period of new life for collectors. The
churches of southern Europe became art galleries, and monarchs and
noblemen and ecclesiastical dignitaries collected books, manuscripts,
sculptures, pottery, and gems, forming the beginnings of collections
which have since grown into public museums. Some of these collec-
tions doubtless had their first beginnings in the midst of the Dark
Ages within the walls of feudal castles or the larger monasteries, but
their number was small, and they must have consisted chiefly of those
objects so nearly akin to literature as especially to command the atten-
tion of bookish men.

The idea of a great national museum of science and art was first
worked out by Lord Bacon in his “New Atlantis,” a philosophical
romance published at the close of the seventeenth century.

The first scientific museum actually founded was that begun at Ox-
ford, in 1667, by Elias Ashmole, still known as the Ashmolean Museum,
composed chiefly of natural history specimens collected by the botan-
ists Tradescant, father and son, in Virginia and in the north of Africa.
Soon after, in 1753, the British Museum was established bv act of Par-
liament, inspired by the will of Sir Hans Sloane, who, dying in 1740,
left to the nation his invaluable collection of books, manuscripts, and
curiosities.

Many of the great national museums of Europe had their origin in
the private collections of monarchs. France claims the honor of having
been the first to change a royal into a national museum, when in 1789,
the Louvre came into the possession of a republican government.

It is very clear, however, that democratic England stands several dec-
ades in advance—its act, moreover, being one of deliberate founding
rather than a species of conquest. A century before this, when Charles
the First was beheaded by order of Parliament, his magnificent private
collection was dispersed. What a blessing it would be to England to-day
if the idea of founding a national museum had been suggested to the
Cromwellians. The intellectual life of America is so closely bound toTHE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.

431

that of England, that the revival of interest in museums, and in popular
education, at the middle of the present century, is especially significant
to us.

The Great Exhibition of 1851 was one of the most striking features
of the industrial revolution in England, that great transformation
which, following closely upon the introduction of railroads, turned
England feudal and agricultural, into England democratic and com-
mercial. This Exhibition marked an epoch in the intellectual progress
of English speaking peoples. u The Great Exhibition,77 writes a popular
novelist—a social philosopher as well—u did one great service for
country people : It taught them how easy it is to get to London, and
what a mine of wealth, especially for after-memory and purposes of
conversation, exists in that great place.77

Our own Centennial Exhibition in 1876 was almost as great a revela-
tion to the people of the United States. The thoughts of the country
were opened to many things before undreamed of. One thing we may
regret—that we have no such wide-spread system of museums as that
which has developed in the motherland, with South Kensington as its
administrative center.

Under the wise administration of the South Kensington staff, an out-
growth of the events of 1851, a great system of educational museums
has been developed all through the United Kingdom. A similar exten-
sion of public museums in this country would be quite in harmony with
the spirit of the times, as shown in the present efforts toward university
extensions.

England has had nearly forty years in which to develop these tend-
encies, and we but thirteen since our Exhibition. May we not hope
that within a like period of time and before the year 1914, the United
States may have attained the position which England now occupies, at
least in the respect of popular interest and substantial governmental
support.

There are now over one hundred and fifty public museums in the
United Kingdom, all active and useful. The museum systems of Great
Britain are, it seems to me, much closer to the ideal which America
should follow than are those of either France or Germany, They are
designed more thoughtfully to meet the needs of the people, and are
more intimately intertwined with the policy of national, popular edu-
cation. Sir Henry Cole, the founder of the aDepartment of Science
and Art,77 speaking of the purpose of the museum under his care, said
to the people of Birmingham in 1874: “ If you wish your schools of
science and art to be effective, your health, the air, and your food to
be wholesome, your life to be long, your manufactures to improve,
your trade to increase, and your people to be civilized, you must have
museums of science and art, to illustrate the principles of life, health,
nature, science, art, and beauty.

Again, in words as applicable to America of to-day as to Britain432

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.

in 1874, said he: “A thorough education and a knowledge of science
and art are vital to the nation and to the place it holds at present in
the civilized world. Science and art are the life-blood of successful
production. All civilized nations are running a race with us, and our
national decline will date from the period when we goto sleep over the
work of education, science, and art. What has been done is at the
mere threshold of the work yet to be done.”

The museums of the future in this democratic land should be adapted
to the needs of the mechanic, the factory operator, the day laborer,
the salesman, and the clerk, as much as to those of the professional
man and the man of leisure. It is proper that tliere be laboratories and
professional libraries for the development of the experts who are to or-
ganize, arrange and explain the museums. It is proper that the labora-
tories be utilized to the fullest extent for the credit of the institution to
which they belong. J$o museum can grow and be respected which does
not each year give additional proofs of its claims to be considered a
center of learning.

On the other hand the public have a right to ask that much shall be
done directly in their interest. They will gladly allow the museum
officer to use part of his time in study and experiment. They will take
pride in the possession by the museum of tens of thousands of speci-
mens, interesting only to the specialists,* hidden away perpetually from
public view, but necessary for purpose of scientific research. These are
foundations of the intellectual superstructure which gives the institu-
tion its standing.

Still no pains must be spared in the presentation of the material in
the exhibition halls. The specimens must be prepared in the most care-
ful and artistic manner, and arranged attractively in well-designed
cases and behind the clearest of glass. Each object must bear a label,
giving its name and history so fully that all the probable questions of
the visitor are answered in advance. Books of reference must be kept
in convenient places. Colors of walls, cases, and labels must be restful
and quiet, and comfortable seats should be everywhere accessible, for
the task of the museum visitor is a weary one at best.

In short, the public museum is, first of all, for the benefit of the pub-
lic. When the officers are few in number, each must of necessity de-
vote a considerable portion of his time to the public halls. When the
staff becomes larger, it is possible by specialization of work to arrange
that certain men may devote their time uninterruptedly to laboratory
work, while others are engaged in the increase of the collections and
their installation.

I hope and firmly believe that every American community with in-
habitants to the number of five thousand or more will within the next
half century have a public library, under the management of a trained
librarian. Be it ever so small, its influence upon the people would be
of untold value. One of the saddest things in this life is to realizeTHE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.

433

that iu the death of the elder members of a community, so much that
is precious in the way of knowledge and experience is lost to the world.
It is through the agency of books that mankind benefits by the toil of
past generations and is able to avoid their errors.

In these days, when printing is cheap and authors are countless, that
which is good and true in human thought is in danger of being entirely .
overlooked. The daily papers, and above all the overgrown and un-
canny Sunday papers, are like weeds in a garden whose rank leaves
not only consume the resources of the soil but hide from view the more
modest and more useful plants of slower growth.

Most suggestive may we find an essay on “ Capital and Culture in
America” which recently appeared in one of the English reviews. The
author, a well known Anglo-American astronomer, boldly asserts that
year by year it becomes clearer that despite the large increase in the
number of men and women of culture in America, the nation is deteri-
orating in regard to culture. Among five hundred towns where form-
erly courses of varied entertainments worthy of civilized communities—
concerts, readings, lectures on artistic, literary, and scientific subjects,
and so forth were successfully arranged season after season, scarcely
fifty now feel justified in continuing their efforts in the cause of culture,
knowing that the community will not support them. Scientific, liter-
ary, and artistic societies, formerly flourishing, are now dying or dead
in many cities which have in the meantime increased in wealth and
population.” He instances Chicago as typical of an important portion
of America, and cites evidences of decided deteriraotoin within sixteen
years.

The people’s museum should be much more than a house full of speci-
mens in glass cases. It should be a house full of ideas, arranged with
the strictest attention to system.

I once tried to express this thought by saying u An efficient educational
museum may be described as a collection of instructive labels, each illus-
trated by a well-selected specimen.”

The museum, let me add, should be more than a collection of speci-
mens well arranged and well labeled, Like the library, it should be
under the constant supervision of one or more men well informed, schol-
arly and withal practical, and fitted by tastes and training to aid in the
educational work.

I should not organize the museum primarily for the use of the people
in their larval or school-going stage of existence. The public school
teacher with the illustrated text-book, diagrams, and other appliances,
is in these days a x>rofessional outfit which is usually quite sufficient to
enable him to teach his pupils. School days last at the most only from
five to fifteen years, and they end with the majority of mankind before
their minds have reached the stage of growth most favorable for the
reception and assimilation of tlie best and most useful thought. Why
should we be crammed in the times of infancy and kept in a state of
H. Mis. 224, pt. 2—28434	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1880.

mental starvation during the period which follows, from maturity to
old age, a state which is disheartening and unnatural, all the more
because of the intellectual tastes which have been stimulated and par-
tially formed by school life.

The boundary line between the library and the museum is neither
straight nor plain. The former, if its scope be rightly indicated by its
name, is primarily a place for books. The latter is a depository for ob-
jects of every kind, books not excepted.

The British Museum, with its libraries, its pictures, its archaeological
galleries, its anthropological, geological, botanical, and zoological col-
lections, is an example of the most comprehensive interpretation of the
term.

Professor Huxley has described the museum as u a consultative
library of objects.59 This definition is suggestive but unsatisfactory.
It relates only to the contents of the museum, as distinguished from
those of the library, and makes no reference to the differences in the
methods of their administration. The treasures of the library must be
examined one at a time and by one person at a time; their use requires
long-continued attention, and their removal from their proper places in
the system of arrangement. Those of the museum are displayed to
public view, in groups, in systematic sequence, so that they have a
collective as well as an individual significance. Furthermore, inucli of
their meaning may be read at a glance.

The museum cultivates the powers of observation, and the casual
visitor even makes discoveries for himself and under the guidance of
the labels forms his own impressions. In the library one studies the
impressions of others. The library is most useful to the educated, the
museum to educated and uneducated alike, to the masses as well as to
the few, and is a powerful stimulant to intellectual activity in either
class. The influence of the museum upon a community is not so deep
as that of the library, but extends to a much larger number of people.

The National Museum has 300,000 visitors a year, each of whom car-
ries away a certain number of new thoughts.

The two ideas may be carried out, side by side, in the same building,
and if need be under the same management, not only without antago-
nism, but with advantage.

That the proximity of a good library is absolutely essential to the
usefulness of a museum will be admitted by every one.

I am confident also that a museum, wisely organized and properly
arranged, is certain to benefit the library near which it stands in many
ways through its power to stimulate interest in books, thus increasing
the general popularity of the library and enlarging its endowment.

Many books and valuable ones would be required in the first kind of
museum work, but it is not intended to enter into competition with the
library. (When necessary, volumes could be duplicated.) It is very
often the case, however, that books are more useful and safer in theTHE. MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE

435

museum than on the library shelves, for in the museum they may be
seen daily by thousands, while in the library their very existence is
forgotten by all except their custodian.

Audubon’s u Birds of ISTorth America” is a book which every one has
heard of and which every one wants to see at least once in his lifetime.
In a library, it probably is not examined by ten persons in a year ; in
a museum, the volumes exposed to view in a glass case, a few of the
most striking plates attractively framed and hung upon the wall near
at hand, it teaches a lesson to every passer-by.

The library may be called upon for aid by the museum in many di-
rections. Pictures are often better than specimens to illustrate certain
ideas. The races of man and their distribution can only be shown by
pictures and maps. Atlases of ethnological portraits and maps are out
of place in a library if there is a museum, near by in which they can be
displayed. They are not even members of the class described by Lamb
as u books which are not books They are not books, but museum
specimens masquerading in the dress of books.

There is another kind of depository which, though in external fea-
tures so similar to the museum, and often confused with it in name as
well as in thought, is really very unlike it. This is the art gallery.
The scientific tendencies of modern thought have permeated every de-
partment of human activity, even influencing the artist. Many art
galleries are now called museums, and the assumption of the name
usually tends toward the adoption in some degree of a scientific
method of installation. The difference between a museum and a gal-
lery is solely one of method of management. The Musee des Thermos,
the Oluny Museum in Paris is, notwithstanding its name, simply a gal-
lery of curious objects. Its contents are arranged primarily with ref-
erence to their effect. The old monastery in which they ate placed,
affords a magnificent example of the interior decorative art of the Mid-
dle Ages.

The Oluny Museum is a most fascinating and instructive place. I
would not have it otherwise than it is, but it will always be unique,
the sole representative of its kind. The features which render it at-
tractive would be ruinous to any museum. It is, more than any other
that I know, a collection arranged from the stand-point of the artist.
The same material, in the hands of a Klemm or a Pitt Eivers, arranged
to show the history of human thought, would, however, be much more
interesting, and, if the work were judiciously done, would lose none of
its aesthetic allurements.

Another collection of the same general character as the one just de-
scribed is the Soane Museum in London. Another, the famous collec-
tion of crown jewels and metal work in the Green Vaults at Dresden,
a counterpart of which may be cited in the collection in the Tower of
London. The Museum of the Hohenzollernsin Berlin and the Museum
of the City of Paris are of necessity unique. Such collections can not436

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.

be created. They grow in obedience to the action of natural law, just
as a tree or a sponge may grow.

The city which is in the possession of such an heirloom is blessed
just as is the possessor of an historic surname, or he who inherits the
cumulative genius of generations of gifted forefathers. The possession
of one ora score of such shrines does not however, free any community
from the obligation to form a museum for purposes of education and sci-
entific research.

The founding of a public museum in a city like Brooklyn, is a work
whose importance can scarcely be overestimated. The founders of in-
stitutions of this character do not often realize how much they are doing
for the future. Opportunity such as that which is now open to the
members of the Brooktyn Institute occur only once in the lifetime of a
nation. It is by no means improbable that the persons now in this room
have it in their power to decide whether in the future intellectual prog-
ress of this nation, Brooklyn is to lead or to follow far in the rear.

Many of my hearers are doubtless familiar with that densely popu-
lated wilderness, the east end of London, twice as large as Brooklyn,
yet with scarce an intellectual oasis in its midst. Who can say how
different might have been its condition to day it Walter Besant’s apos-
tolic labors had begun a century socner, and if the People’s Palace,
that wonderful materialization of a poet’s dream, had been for three
generations brightening the lives of the citizens of the Lower Hamlets
and Hackney.

Libraries and museums do not necessarily spring up where they are
needed. Our governments, Federal, State, and municipal, are not
“paternal” in spirit. They are less so even in practical working than
in England, when, notwithstanding the theory that all should be left to
private effort, the government, under the leadership of the late Prince
Consort and of the Prince of Wales, has done wonderful things for all
the provincial cities, as well as for London, in the encouragement of
libraries, museums, art, and industrial education.

However much the state may help, the private individual must lead,
organize, and prepare the way. “ It is universally admitted,” said the
Marquis of Lansdowne in 1847, u that governments are the worst of
cultivators, the worst of manufacturers, the worst of traders,” and Sir
Bobert Peel said in similar strain that “the action of government is tor-
pid at best.”

In beginning a museum the endowment is of course the most essen-
tial thing, especially in a great city like Brooklyn, which has a high
ideal of what is due to the intelligence ot its populace and to the civic
dignity.

Unremunerated service in museum administration, though it maybe
enthusiastically offered and conscientiously performed, will in the end
fail to be satisfactory. Still more is it impossible for a respectableTHE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.	437

museum to grow up without liberal expenditure for the acquisition of
collections and their installation.

Good administration is not to be had for nothing. As to the qualifica-
tion of a museum administrator, whether it be for a museum of science
or a museum of art, it is perhaps superfluous to say that he should be
the very best obtainable; a man of ability, enthusiasm, and withal of
experience, for the administration of museums and exhibitions has be-
come of late years a profession, and careful study of methods of ad-
ministration is indispensable. If the new administrator has not had
experience he must needs gain it at the expense of the establishment
which employes him—an expense of which delay, waste, and needless
experiment form considerable elements.

No investment is more profitable to a museum than that in the salary
fund. Around a nucleus of men of established reputation and adminis-
trative tact, will naturally grow up a staff of volunteer assistants, whose
work, assisted and directed in the best channels, will be of infinite value.

The sinews and brains of the organism being first provided, the de-
velopment of its body still remains. The outer covering, the dress, can
wrait. It is much better to hire buildings for temporary use, or to build
rude fire-proof sheds, than to put up a permanent museum building be-
fore at least a provisional idea of its personnel and contents has been
acquired.

As has been already said, a museum must spend money in the acquisi-
tion of collections, aud a great deal of money. The British Museum
has already cost the nation for establishment aud maintenance not far
from $30,000,000. Up to 1882 over $1,500,000 had been expended in
purchase of objeets for the art collections at South Kensington alone.

Such expenditures are usually good investments of national funds,
however. In 1882, after about twenty-five years of experience, the
buildings and contents of the South Kensington Museum had cost the
nation about $5,000,000, but competent authorities were satisfied that
an auction on the premises could not bring less than $100,000,000. For
every dollar spent, however, gifts will come in to the value of many
dollars. In this connection it may not be amiss to quote the words of
one of the most experienced of English museum administrators (pre-
sumably Sir Philip Ounliffe Owen) when asked many years ago whether
Americans might not develop great public institutions on the plan of
those at Kensington:

“Let them plant the thing,” he said, “and it can’t help growing, and
most likely beyond their powers—as it has been almost beyond ours—
to keep up with it. What is wanted first of all is one or two good
brains, with the means of erecting a good building on a piece of ground
considerably larger than is required for that building. Where there
have been secured substantial, luminous galleries for exhibition, in a
fire-proof building, and these are known to be carefully guarded by
night and day, there can be no need to wait long for treasures to flow438

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.

into it. Above all, let your men take care of the interior and not set out
wasting their strength and money on external grandeur and decoration.
The inward built up rightly, the outward will be added in due season.”*

Much will, of course, be given to any museum which has the confi-
dence of the public—much that is of great value, and much that is use-
less.

The Trojans of old distrusted the Greeks when they came bearing
gifts. The museum administrator must be on his guard against every
one who proffers gifts. An unconditional donation may be usually
accepted without hesitation, but a gift coupled with conditions is,
except in very extraordinary cases, far from a benefaction.

A donor demands that his collection shall be exhibited as a whole,
and kept separate from all others. When his collection is monographic
in character and very complete, it is sometimes desirable to accept it
on such conditions. As a rule, however, it is best to try to induce the
donor to allow his collections to be merged in the general series—each
object being separately and distinctively labeled. I would not be under-
stood to say that the gift of collections is not, under careful manage-
ment, a most beneficial source of increase to a public collection. I
simply wish to call attention to the fact that a museum which accepts
without reserve gifts of every description, and fails to re-enforce these
gifts by extensive and judicious purchasing, is certain to develop in
an unsystematical and ill-balanced way.

Furthermore, unless a museum be supported by liberal and constantly
increasing grants from some State or municipial treasury, it will ulti-
mately become suffocated. It is essential that every museum, whether
of science or art should from the start make provision for laboratories
and storage galleries as well as for exhibition halls.

All intellectual work may be divided into two classes, the one tending
towards the increase of knowledge, the other towards its diffusion—the
one toward investigation and discovery, the other towaid the education
of the people and the application of known facts to promoting their
material welfare. The efforts of learned men are sometimes applied
solely to one of these departments of effort—sometimes to both, and it
is generally admitted by the most advanced teachers, that for their stu-
dents as well as for themselves, the happiest results are reached by in-
vestigation and instruction simultaneously. Still more is this true of
institutions of learning. The college which imparts only second-hand
knowledge to its students belongs to a stage of civilization which is fast
being left behind. The museum likewise must, in order to perform its
proper functions, contribute to the advancement of learning through
the increase as well as through the diffusion of knowledge.

We speak of educational museums and of the educational method of
installation so frequently that there may be danger of inconsistency in
the use of the term. An educational museum, as it is usually spoken

* Conway; Travels iu South Kensington, 26,THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.

439

Of, is one in which an attempt is made to teach the unprofessional vis-
itor; an institution for popular education by means of labeled collec-
tions, and it may be also by popular lectures, A college museum, al-
though used as an aid to advanced instruction, is not an ueducational
museum” in the ordinary sense; nor does a museum of research, like
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., belong to
this class, although to a limited extent it attempts and performs pop-
ular educational work in addition to its other functions.

In the National Museum in Washington the collections are divided
into two great classes. The exhibition series, which constitutes the
educational portion of the Museum, and is exposed to public view with
all possible accessions for public entertainment and instruction, and
the study series, which is kept in the scientific laboratories, and is
scarcely examined except by professional investigators.

In every properly conducted'museum the collections must from the
very beginning divide themselves into these two classes, and in plan,
ning for its administration provision should be made not only for the
exhibition of objects in glass cases, but for the preservation of large
collections not available for exhibition, to be used for the studies of a
very limited number of specialists.

Lord Bacon, who, as we have noticed, was the first to whom occurred
the idea of a great museum of science and art, complained three cen-
turies ago, in his book u On the Advancement of Learning,” that up to
that time the means for intellectual progress had been used exclusively
for “amusement” and u teaching,” and not for the uaugmentation of
science.”

It will undoubtedly be found desirable for certain museums, founded
for local effect, to specialize mainly in the direction of popular educa-
tion. If they can not also provide for a certain amount of scholarly
endeavor in connection with the other advantages, it would be of the
utmost importance that they should be assorted by a system of adminis-
trative co-operation with some institution which is in the position of
being a center of original work.

The general character of museums should be clearly determined at
its very inception. Specialization and division of labor are essential
for institutions as well as for individuals. It is only a great national
museum which can hope to include all departments, and which can with
safety encourage growth in every direction.

A city museum, even in a great metropolis like Brooklyn, should, if
possible, select certain special lines of activity, and pursue them with
the intention of excelling. If there are already, beginnings in many
directions, it is equally necessary to decide which lines of development
are to be favored, in preference to all others. Many museums fail to
make this choice at the start, and instead of steering toward some
definite point, drift hither and thither, and, it may be, are foundered
in mid-ocean®440

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.

There is no reason why the museum of the Brooklyn Institute may
notin time attain to world wide fame, and attract students and visitors
from afar. It would be wise perhaps in shaping its policy to remember
that in the twin city of New York are two admirable museums which
may be met more advantageously in co-operation than in rivalry.
Brooklyn may appropriately have its own museum of art and its
museum of natural history, but they should avoid the repetition of
collections already so near at hand.

In selecting courses for the development of a museum, it may be
useful to consider what are the fields open to museum work.

As a matter of convenience museums are commonly classed in two
groups—those of science and those of art, and in Great Britain the
great national system is mainly under the control of “The Science and
Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education.”

The classification is not entirely satisfactory since it is based upon
methods of arrangement, rather than upon the nature of the ob-
jects to be arranged, and since it leaves a middle territory (only
partially occupied by the English museum men of either department),
a great mass of museum material of the greatest moment both in re-
gard to its interest and its adaptability for purposes of public in-
struction.

On the one side stand the natural history collections, undoubtedly
best to be administrated by the geologist, botanist, and zoologist. On
the other side are the fine art collections, best to be arranged from an
aesthetic standpoint, by artists. Between is a territory which no
English word can adequately describe—which the Germans call Gul-
turgeschichte—the natural history of cult, or civilization, of man aud
his ideas and achievements. The museums of science and art have
not yet learned how to partition this territory. An exact classification
of museums is not at present practicable, nor will it be, until there has
been some redistribution of the collections which they contain. It may
be instructive however, to pass in review the principal museums of the
world, indicating briefly their chief characteristics.

Every great nation has its museum of nature. The natural history
department of the British Museum, recently removed from the heart
of London to palatial quarters in South Kensington, is probably the
most extensive—with its three great divisions, zoological, botanical,
and geological. The Musee d’Histoire Naturelle, in the garden of plants
in Paris, founded in 1795, with its galleries of anatomy, anthropology,
zoology, botany, mineralogy, and geology, is one of the most extensive,
but far less potent in science now than in the days of Cuvier, Lamarck,
St. Hilaire, Jussieu, and Brongniart. In Washington, again, there is a
National Museum with anthropological, zoological, botanical, mineral-
ogical, and geological collections in one organization, together with a
large additional department of arts and industries, or technology.

Passing to specialized natural history collections, perhaps the mostTHE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.

441

noteworthy are those devoted to zoology, and chief among them that
in our own American Cambridge. The Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, founded by the Agassiz’s, “to illustrate the history of creation,
as far as the present state of knowledge reveals that history,” was in
1887, pronounced by the English naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace,
u to be far in advance of similar institutions in Europe as an educational
institution, whether as regards the general public, the private student,
or the specialist.”

Kext to Cambridge, after the zoological section of the museums of
London and Paris, stands the collections in the Imperial Cabinet in
Vienna, and those of the zoological museums in Berlin, Leyden, Copen-
hagen, and Christiania.

Among botanical museums, that in the Boyal Gardens at Kew, near
London, is pre-eminent, with its colossal herbarium containing the
finest collection in the world, and its special museum of economic botany
founded in 1847, both standing in the midst of a collection of living
plants. There is also in Berlin the Koyal Botanical Museum, founded
in 1818 as the Royal Herbarium; in St. Petersburg, the Herbaria of
the Imperial Botanical Garden.

Among the geological and mintralogical collections the mineral
cabinet in Vienna, arranged in the imperial castle, is among the first.

The Museum of Practical Geology in London, which is attached to
the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, was founded in 1837, to
exhibit the collections of the survey, in order to “ show the applications
of geology to the useful purposes of life.” Like every other healthy ‘
museum, it soon had investigations in progress in connection with its
educational work, and many very important discoveries have been made
in its laboratories. It stands in the very first rank of museums for pop-
ular instruction, the arrangement of the exhibition halls being most
admirable. Of museums of anatomy there are thirty of considerable
magnitude, all of which have grown up in connection with schools of
medicine and surgery, except the magnificent Army Medical Museum
in Washington.

The Medical Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London is
probably first in importance. The collections of St. Thomas’s, Guy’s,
St. George’s, and other hospitals are very rich in anatomical and path-
ological specimens. The oldest public anatomical museum in London is
that of St. Bartholomew’s.

Paris, Edinburgh, and Dublin have large anatomical and materia-
medica collections. As a rule, the medical museums of Europe are con-
nected with universities. Dr. Billings, Curator of the Army Medical
museum in Washington, has traced accurately the gtowth of medical
collections both at home and abroad, and from his address upon med-
ical museums, as president of the Congress of American Physicians and
Surgeons, delivered in 1888, the facts here stated relating to this class
of museums have been gathered. The Army Medical Museum appar-442

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.

ently owes its establishment to Dr. William A. Hammond, in 1862. The
museum contained in 1888 more that 15,060 specimens, besides those
contained in the microscopical department. “An ideal medical museum,”
says Dr. Billings, u should be very complete in the department of pre-
ventive medicine or hygiene. It is a wide field, covering, as it does,
air, water,food, clothing, habitations, geology, meteorology, occupations,
etc., in their relations to the production or prevention of disease, and
thus far has had little place in medical museums, being taken up as a
specialty in the half dozen museums of hygiene which now exist.”

William Hunter formed the great Glasgow collection between the
years 1770 and 1800, and John Hunter, in 1787, opened the famous
Hunterian Museum in London, bought by the English Government soon
after (1799), and now known as the Museum of the Boyal College of
Surgeons.

, Paris is proud of the two collections at the School of Medicine, the
Musee Orfila and the Musee Dupuvtren, devoted, the one to normal,
the other to pathological anatomy.

Ethnographic museums are especially numerous and fine in the north-
ern part of continental Europe. They were proposed more than half a
century ago by the French geographer Jomard, and the idea was first
carried into effect about 1840 in the establishment of the Danish Ethno-
graphical Museum, which long remained the best in Europe. Within
the past twenty years there has been an extraordinary activity in this
direction.

In Germany, besides the museums in Berlin, Dresden, and Leipzic,
considerable collections have been founded in Hamburg and Munich.
Austria has in Vienna two for ethnography, the Court Museum (Hof-
Museum) and the Oriental (Orientalisches) Museum. Holland has
reorganized the National Ethnographical Museum (Rijks Ethnograph-
isch Museum) in Leyden, and there are smaller collections in Amster-
dam, Botterdam, and The Hague. France has founded the Trocadero
(Musee de Trocadero). In Italy there is the important Prehistoric
and Ethnographic Museum (Museo prehistorico ed etnografico) in
Borne, as well as the collection of the Propagando, and there are
museums in Florence and Venice.

Ethnographical museums have also been founded in Christiania and
Stockholm, the latter of which will include the rich material collection
by Dr. Stolpe on the voyage of the frigate Vanadis around the world.
In England there is less attention to the subject—the Christy collec-
tion in the British Museum being the only one specially devoted to
ethnography, unless we include also the local Blackmore Museum at
Salisbury.

In the United States the principal establishments arranged on the
ethnographic plan are the Peabody Museum of Archaeology in Cam-
bridge, and the collections in the Peabody Academy of Sciences at
'Salem, and the American Museum of Natural History in New York.THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.

443

The ethnological collections in Washington are classified on a double
system, in one of its features corresponding to that of the European,
in the other, like the famous Pitt Rivers collection at Oxford, arranged
to show the evolution of culture and civilization without regard to race.
This broader plan admits much material excluded by the advocates of
ethnographic museums, who devote their attention almost exclusively
to the primitive or non-European peoples.

In close relation to the ethnographic museums are those which are
devoted to some special field of human thought and interest. Most
remarkable among these perhaps is the Musee Guirnet, recently re-
moved from Lyons to Paris, which is intended to illustrate the history
of religious ceremonial among all races of men. Other good examples
of this class are some of those in Paris, such as the Musee de Marine,
which shows not only the development of the merchant and naval ma-
rines of the country, but also, by trophies and other historical souvenirs,
the history of the naval battles of the nation. The Musee d’Artillerie
does for war, but less thoroughly, what the Marine Museum does in
its own department, and there are similar museums in other coun-
tries. Of musical museums perhaps the most important is the Musee
Instrumental founded by Olapisson, attached to the Conservatory of
Music in Paris. There is a magnificent collection of musical instruments
at South Kensington, but i's contents are selected in reference to their
suggestiveness in decorative art. There are also large collections in the
National Museum in Washington and the Conservatory of Music in Bos-
ton, and the Metropolitan Museum in New York has recently been given
a very full collection by Mrs. John Crosby Brown, of that city.

There is a Theatrical Museum at the Academie Fran§ais in Paris, a
Museum of Journalism at Antwerp, a Museum of Pedagogy in Paris,
which has its counterpart in South Kensington. These are profes-
sional, rather than scientific or educational, as are perhaps also the Mu-
seum of Practical Fish Culture at South Kensington and the Museums
of Hygiene in London and Washington.

Archaeological collections are of two classes, those of prehistoric and
historic archaeology. The former are usually absorbed by the ethno-
graphic museums, the latter by the art museums. The value to the
historian of archaeological collections, both historic and pre-historic, has
long been understood. The museums of London, Paris, Berlin, and
Rome need no comment. In Cambridge, New York, and Washington
are immense collections of the remains of man m America in the pre-
Columbian period, collections which are yearly growing in significance,
as they are made the subject of investigation, and there is an immense
amount of material of this kind in the hands of institutions and private
collectors in all parts of the United States.

The museum at Naples shows, so far as a museum can, the history of
Pompeii at one period. The museum of St. Germain, near Paris, ex-
hibits the history of France in the time of the Gauls and of the Roman444

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889,

occupation. In Switzerland, especially at Neuehatel, the history of the
inhabitants of the Lake Dwellings is shown. The Assyrian and Egyp-
tian galleries in the British Museums are museums of themselves.

Historical museums are manifold in character, and of necessity local
in interest. Some relate to the history of provinces or cities. One of
the oldest and best of these is the Markisch Provinzial Museum in Ber-
lin ; another is the museum of the city of Paris, recently opened in the
Hotel Canaveral. Many historical societies have collections of this
character. Some historical museums relate to a dynasty, as the Mu-
seum of the Hohenzollerns in Berlin.

The cathedrals of southern Europe, and St. Paul's, in London, are in
some degrees national or civic musejums. The Galileo Museum in Flor-
ence, the Shakespeare Museum at Stratford, are good examples of the
museums devoted to the memory of representative men, and theMon
astery of St. Mark, in Florence, does as much as could be expected of
any museum for the life of Savonarola. The Sloane Museum in London,
the Thorvaldsen Museum in Copenhagen, are similar in purpose and
result, but they are rather biographical than historical. There are also
others which illustrate the history of a race, as the Bavarian National
Museum in Nuremberg.

The Museums of Fine Art are the most costly and precious of all—
since they contain the master-pieces of the world's greatest painters and
sculptors. In Borne, Florence, Venice, Naples, Bologna, Parma, Milan,
Nurin, Modena,Padua, Ferrara, Brescia, Sienna and Pisa; in Munich,
Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, and Prague; in Paris, and many provincial
cities of France; in London, St. Petersburg, Madrid, Copenhagen,
Brussels, Antwerp, and the Hague, are great collections, whose names
are familiar to us all, each the depository of priceless treasures of art.
Many of these are remarkable only for their pictures and statuary,
and might with equal right be called picture galleries; others abound in
the minor products of artists, and are museums in the broader sense.

Chief among them is the Louvre, in Paris, with its treasures worth a „
voyage many times around the world to see; the Vatican, in Rome,
with its three halls of antique sculptures, its Etruscan, Egpytian, Pagan,
and Christian museums, its Byzantine gallery and its collection of medals;
the Naples Museum (Musee di Studii) with its marvelous Pompeiian
series; the Uffizi Museum in Florence, overflowing with paintings and
sculptures, ancient and modern, drawings, engraved gems, enamels,
ivories, tapestries, medals, and works of decorative art of every de-
scription.

There are special collections on the boundary line between art and
ethnology, the manner of best installation for which has scarcely yet
been determined. The Louvre admits within its walls a museum of
ship models (Mus6e de Marine). South Kensington includes musical in-
struments, and many other objects equally appropriate in an ethnologi-
cal collection. Other art museums take up arms and armor, selected
costumes, shoes, and articles of household use. Such objects, like por-THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.

445

celains, laces, medals, and metal work, appeal to the art museum ad-
ministrator through their decorations and graceful forms. For their
uses he cares presumably nothing. As a consequence of this feeling,
only articles of artistic excellence have been saved, and much has gone
to destruction which would be of the utmost importance to those who
are now studying the history of human thought in the past.

On the other hand, there is much in art museums which might to much
better purpose be delivered to the ethnologist for use in his exhibition
eases. There is also much which the art-museums, tied as it often is to
traditionary methods of installation, might learn from the scientific
museums.

Many of the arrangements in the European art collections are calcu-
lated to send cold shivers down the back of a sensitive visitor. The
defects of these arrangements have been well described by a German
critic, W. Burger. u Our museums,77 he writes, “ are the veritable
grave-yards of art in which have been heaped up, with a tumulous-like
promiscuousness, the remains which have been carried thither. A
Yenus is placed side by side with a Madonna, a satyr next to a saint.
Luther is in close proximity to a Pope, a painting of alady7s chamber
next to that of a church. Pieces executed for churches, palaces, city
halls, for a particular edifice, to teach some moral or historic truth, de-
signed for some especial light, for some well studied surrounding, all
are hung pell-mell upon the walls of some non committal gallery—a kind
of posthumous asylum, where a people, no longer capable of producing
works of art, come to admire this magnificient gallery of ddbris.77

When a museum building has been provided, and the nucleus of a col-
lection and an administrative staff are at hand, the work of museum-
building begins, and this work, it is to be hoped, will not soon reach an
end. A finished museum is a dead museum, and a dead museum is a useless
museum. One thing should be kept prominently in mind by any organ-
ization which intends to found and maintain a museum, that the work will
never be finished, that when the collections cease to grow, they begin to
decay. A friend relating an experience in South Kensington, said: UI
applied to a man who sells photographs of such edifices for pictures of
the main building. He had none. ‘ What, no photographs of the South
Kensington Museum!7 I exclaimed; with some impatience. ‘Why,
sir,7 replied the man, mildly, ‘you see the museum doesn7t stand still long
enough to be photographed.7 And so indeed it seems,77 continued Mr.
Conway, u and this constant erection of new buildings and of new decora-
tions on those already erected, is the physiognomical expression of the
new intellectual and aesthetic epoch which called the institution into ex-
istence, and is through it gradually climbing to results which no man
can foresee.77

My prayer for the museums of the United States and for all other
similar agencies of enlightenment is this—that they may never cease to
increase.SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

United states national museum.

SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS

{BASED ON A STUDY OF THE UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT COLLECTIONS).

B?

R. W. SHUFELDT, M. D.

From the Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1892, pages 369-436
(with Plates XV-XCVI).

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

(BASED ON A STUDY OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT COLLEC-
TIONS.)

By R. W. Shufeldt, M. D.

In a valued communication, dated January 16, 1893, the present
writer was honored by a request from the United States National
Museum to furnish to it a paper upon what may briefly be termed
“scientific taxidermy77 in its widest sense. My attention was espe-
cially invited to the progress that had been made in the art of taxi-
dermy, as exemplified on the part of the various methods used in the
preparation of, and the modes of mounting resorted to, in the case
of all kinds of animals for museum exhibition. It was proposed
that in a general way this study should review the field, in so far as
the collections contained in the U. S. National Museum and Smith-
sonian Institution were concerned, from those times when specimens of
mounted animals were first being made by those institutions to the day
when the opening of the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago per-
mitted people to see, in the varied groups and single examples of pre-
served animals from nearly every department in nature sent there,
what could be accomplished in such matters through the operations of
skilled moderns in the taxidermic art. What was expected of me was
further definitely defined, in the letter to which reference is made above,
in the following words: u We should like to have your unbiased opinion
of the different pieces and kinds of work, whether favorable or unfavor-
able, and should be glad to have you indicate, so far as you feel dis-
posed to do so, what lines of work, in your opinion, promise the best
results if carried, further, and what you think should be abandoned.77
This injunction, when faithfully performed in the case of any art what-
soever, is the only proper test of our progress in it, and it is through
comparison alone of early accomplishments, work recently performed,
and what is being done in the particular line at the moment, that we
can inform ourselves precisely where we stand. Yery soon it became
possible for me to direct my attention to this matter, and a preliminary
overlook of the field convinced me that my chief duty lay in making
just criticism of the results attained on the part of the artist in tax-
idermy, rather than an enumeration and description of all the details of
H. Mis. 114, pt. 2~—-24

369370

REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

technique of that art. Much that refers to the last-named class of work
has been and will be shortly still more thoroughly set forth in certain
papers and reports published by the National Museum. Some valuable
instructions of that kind, I understand, are in press at the present
writing, and ere long the scientific taxidermist will have before him
all that refers to correct methods of the mounting of animals, as well
as plastic modeling and everything that has any bearing thereupon.

The present paper, then, will have little or nothing to do with what
might properly be called the chemistry and mechanics of taxidermy,
but will rather deal with it from the standpoint of the art student and
biologist. At some points these two lines, however, converge, but never
distinctly intersect each other- and my chief object will have been
attained, if this paper proves itself to be a useful adjunct to the others
upon kindred lines of inquiry. Properly, it will fill the place of the last
of the series, for the reasons that have just been stated.

History goes to show that there has been just as much of an evolu-
lution, of progressive advancement, in the science and art of taxidermy
as there has been in the case of the necessity for, the growth and im-
provement in the building of, the stocking, and the management of
museums. To a very large extent these two developments have been
pari passu in nature, and, in one sense, they are quite dependent upon
each other. . To instance my meaning, it maybe said that a handsome,
instructive, and scientifically preserved group of animals may utterly
fail of a useful purpose by being placed upon exhibition in some poorly
lighted, indifferently ventilated, and otherwise unsuitable museum-hall ;
while on the other hand no amount of architectural beauty and perfect-
ness in the latter will ever serve to shield a group of animals that have
been mounted by a person ignorant in all the departments of scientific
taxidermy, from the criticism that work of that kind is sure to have
continually poured down upon it by the intelligent natural historian.

. It can be shown, then, that the taxidermic art, as in the case of all
the arts and sciences, has had its dawn, having been nursed in a cradle
of crude beginnings, far back in history, and since which time it has
enjoyed a very remarkable career of development. To me there is no
doubt but what it came into being with such pristine pursuits as pre-
historic tanning, the embalming of the human body, and those of cer-
tain domestic animals as the cats and dogs found in prehistoric remains
of Egypt and elsewhere. Sure it is that Hanno, the very ancient Car-
thaginian navigator, in the record that he has left us of his African ex-
plorations, made five centuries before Christ, gives an account of his
discovery of the gorilla, and u having killed and flayed them, we con-,
veyed their skins to Carthage.’7 There they were preserved for many
generations, and are, no doubt, the Gorgones described by Pliny (146
B. C.).

Our own Pueblan Indians, as the Zuiiians and others, make very
good “flat skins” of small birds to-day, an art no doubt traceable inSCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	371

them to the Mexicans, and the latter have probably practiced it for
ages.

Montezuma, as stated by Cortez, possessed robes covered with the
skins of the Trogan and other brilliantly plumaged birds. From the
making of .these flat skins for personal ornament to the desire to pre-
serve in their natural appearance similar forms, as well as other small
animals of all kinds, for the ornamentation of habitations, is both easy
to be imagined, and very probable what took place. Gradually there
was a demand for that kind of work, and it fell to the hands of those
most skilled in its performance. They were the early taxidermists.
Before specialization was ever dreamed of for the early arts of whatso-
ever kind, there always, so history teaches, existed a kind of an affinity
bonding more or less closely together, the naturalist, the medical man,
and the conservator of the curious in nature. Shakespeare’s portrayal
of the London apothecary is illustrative of this, within whose

Needy shop a tortoise hung,

An alligator stuffed, and other skins
Of ill-shaped fishes.

Complete differentiation in certain quarters, in these days of the
manhood of those sciences, has not as yet been thoroughly brought
about, and even in some of the old German cities of the present time
we yet hear of organizations known as u The Society of Naturalists and
Physicians,” and in some of our own late expeditions made under the
auspices of the Government, the duties of u surgeon and naturalist”
are relegated to one individual.

Now, although the mere preserving the skins of animals is an opera-
tion to be easily traced back through nearly all races of people to the
dawn of history, this does not altogether hold true with the u mount-
ing” of animals.*

Taxidermists are quite agreed that this phase of the art is of com-
paratively quite modern origin. For instance, Montagu Browne has
remarked that—

Little is known of the beginnings of the practice of the “stuffing-** or “setting
up” of animals for ornament or for scientific purposes; and it is highly probable,
from what we gather from old works of travel or natural history,' that the art is not
more than some three hundred years old. It was practiced in England towards the
end of the seventeenth century, as is proved by the Sloane collection, which in 1725
formed the nucleus of the collection of natural history now lodged in the galleries
at South Kensington.	•

It was not until the middle of last century that any treatise devoted to the prin-
ciples of the then little-understood art was published in France, Reaumer’s treatise
(1749) being probably the first. This was followed at intervals by others in France
and Germany, until the beginning of the present century, when the English began

* Probably, as Mr. Goode informs me, the oldest museum specimen in existence is
a rhinoceros still preserved in the Royal Museum of Vertebrates in Florence. This
was for a long time a feature of the Medicean Museum in Florence, and was origi-
nally mounted for the museum of Ulysses Aldrovandus in Bologna. It dates from the

sixteenth century.372

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

to move in tlie matter, and several works were published, notably those by E. Don-
ovan,* * * § W. Swainson,t Capt. Thomas Brown,! and others. These works, however,
are now inadequate, and since the Great Exhibition of 1851, when the Germans-and
French taught British taxidermists the rudiments of scientific treatment of natural
objects, several works have appeared upon the subject from the pens of American
and English authors, such as ,T. H. Batty,§ R. Ward,|| and Montagu Browne. 5T

That the art is recent was also held, by Dr. Holder, who, in an able
address given before the Society of American Taxidermists, said that
the—

First authentic examples in this comparatively new art with which we are familiar
are those produced through the patronage of the Prince Maximilian, of Nieu Wied,
Germany. This distinguished naturalist had spent several years in exploring the
bird region of North and South America. Equipped with every needful appliance
for successful research, he included in the personnel of his staff a practical taxider-
mist, and the numerous species of American birds and mammals, embracing many
types of great value, testify to the thorough exploration which the Prince accom-
plished in these regions. It was the good fortune of the American Museum of Nat-
ural History to come into possession of the entire collection of natural objects which
formed the well-known museum of this naturalist, and thus, through this collection,
we have representations of the earliest period of the art.

Among the numerous examples contained in the Maximilian collection are a num-
ber that yet bear the original label in the handwriting of the Prince. The frequent
occurrence of Meiner Reiser (my journey), accompanied by dates from 1812 upwards,
a period comprising a full three score years and ten, is recorded testimony of great
historical value. Unscathed as those specimens are by museum pests, they present
a most satisfactory evidence of the reliability of arsenical treatment as a means of
perpetuation well nigh indefinite. How much earlier the art was practiced we have
no definite knowledge. The numerous stuffed skins of reptiles, or rather mummies,
found in Egyptian tombs naturally claim our notice as perhaps the earliest exam-
ples.**

Extending over a very considerable period of duration we next find
tfie art of taxidermy passing through, a stage of its development, of
which no end of examples quite parallel with it might be cited from

* Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Various Subjects of Natural History,
London, 1794.

tThe Naturalist’s Guide for Collecting and Preserving Subjects of Natural History
and Botany, London, 1822.

t Taxidermist’s Manual, Glascow, 1833.

§ Practical Taxidermy and Home Decoration, New York, 1880.

|| Sportsman’s Handbook of Practical Collecting and Preserving, London, 1880.

5[ Practical Taxidermy, London, 1879, second edition, 1884; also, article Taxidermy,
Encycl. Brit., ninth edition, vol, xxm, p. 89, from which the above quotation is
made.

** J. B. Holder, Dr. Third Annual Report of the Society of American Taxidermists,
Washington, 1884, p. 40. In this connection it is well worthy of notice that in the
same report Mr. L. M. McCormick (then of the U. S. National Museum) presents us
with a most valuable and useful Bibliography of Taxidermy (pp. 91-112), wherein
the earliest work cited on the art is that of Johann Daniel Geire, which consists of
merely two pages from the Miscell. Acad. Nat. Curios, entitled “De vernice ad con-
servanda insecta et animalia,” being published December 2, 1689. Nothing of any
importance, however, appearing between that date and the well known work of
Ferchault de R6aum, which was given to the world in 1748.f

SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	373

the early histories of other arts and sciences. Photography and chem-
istry are excellent instances of it. During the times to which I refer,
taxidermists both in this country and Europe, with but rare excep-
tions, could be grouped in two classes—the first, and by far the most
numerous, was chiefly represented by men coming from the lower
planes of society, who endeavored to throw as much mystery about,
their operations as possible; in fact, to keep their art a secret one, and
if divulged at all, only done so at a high figure. The second class, as
a rule better men socially, consisted of those who seemed to think that
to either be a taxidermist or even to publish anything on the subject,
required an humble apology to society. My private library contains
works illustrative of both these classes. The first is a miserable little
volume of some thirty pages published by its author, Mr. S. H. Sylves-
ter, at Middleboro, Mass., in 1865, and entitled “The Taxidermist’s
Manual, giving full instructions in mounting and preserving birds [etc.],
sec. ed. (Price, $1.).” Apart from the ridiculous meagreness of the
information it affords, a single leading'page is entirely devoted to the
following “suggestion: ”

As common things lose their charm, so is it more particularly in this art. A person
having this vrork should not leave it exposed to the eyes of the curious. The same
caution should he used in the practice. Work by yourself that none may know the
mysteries of the art, unless they are willing to pay for the information as you your-
self have done.

No less a book than the one published by Oapt. Brown illustrates
the second class to which we have referred.* In his preface this author
remarks that—

In the following treatise it has been my object to attend more fco rendering the
meaning clear than to elegance of language; and, besides, to get the work up in a
style at once creditable and moderate in price, so that it might be generally useful.
At the same time I have preferred avowing myself the author to publishing the work
anonymously, being firmly of opinion that no man should publish on a subject which
he is ashamed to acknowledge, (p. vi.)

Such a u suggestion ” as has beea given us by Mr. Sylvester will
never again appear upon the page of any standard work devoted to
the art of taxidermy and published by a civilized nation any more than
Oapt. Brown’s thought of apologizing for the admirable little treatise
which he has given us on the subject will ever be repeated in a similar
work. Oapt. Brown had the less to be uashamed” of in his book, for
in his introduction he places himself upon the record by his observa-
tions as being one of the very first to sound the keynote, which, swell-
ing through the last quarter of a century, has had its due influence in
lifting taxidermy from the realm of an ignoble pursuit to the broad

* Thomas Brown (Capt.), F. L. S., late president of the Eoyal Physical Society,
etc. The Taxidermist's Manual; or, The Art of Collecting, Preparing, and Preserv-
ing Objects of Natural History, designed for the use of Travelers, Conservators of
Museums, and Private Collectors. London and Edinburgh, 1870. (Plates VI, pp. 150.)374

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

platform of one of the most important and exact of all the sciences.
I refer to the paragraph in which he has said:

Although considerable advances have been made of late years in the art of taxi-
derm y, it is still far from perfection. This is. to he attributed, in a great measure,
to the education of the persons who practice this art; for among all I have met
with employed in the preservation of animals, none have had the advantage of
anatomical study, which is quite indispensable to the perfection of stuffing. One or
two individuals, it is true, have attended to the structure of the skeleton of man
and a few of the more common animals, hut this is far from the information which
they ought to possess; for nothing short of a general and extensive knowledge of
comparative anatomy can qualify them sufficiently for an art which is so compre-
hensive and varied in its application (pp. 2, 3).

Prophetic words, indeed, and not in a few quarters has the prophecy
of this distinguished authority been largely fulfilled. More light, how-
ever, is needed in other places, and in many of our museums of the
very highest standing the examples of taxidermy they offer us are
far, very far from our ideal of what they should be.

Charles Waterton is another worthy name that must not be forgotten
here, and fully seventy years ago, in his Wanderings in South America,
he wrote, in his quaint and impressive old style, yet pregnant with
truth:

Were you to pay as much attention to birds as the sculptor does to the human frame,
you would immediately see on entering a museum that the specimens are not well
done. This remark will not be thought severe, when you reflect that that which
was once alive has probably been stretched, stuffed, stiffened, and wired by the
hand of a common clown. Consider, likewise, how the plumage must have been
disordered by too much stretching or drying, and, perhaps, sullied, or at least
deranged, by the pressure of a coarse and heavy hand—plumage which, ere life had
fled within it, was accustomed to be touched by nothing rougher than the dew of
heaven and the pure and gentle breath of air.

These are potent words as coming from the pen of a man who wrote
them within a year or two of three-quarters of a century ago. Espe-
cially is this the case when that ingenious naturalist in the same work
enjoins that—

If you wish to be in ornithology what Angelo was in sculpture, you must apply to
profound study and your own genius to assist you.

You must have a complete knowledge of ornithological anatomy. You must pay
close attention to the form and attitude of the bird, and know exactly the propor-
tion each curve, or extension, or, contraction, or expansion of any particular part
bears to the rest of the body. In a word you must possess Promethean boldness,
and bring down fire and animation, as it were, into your preserved specimen.

“Bepair to the haunts of birds on plains and mountains, forests,
swamps, and lakes, and give up your time to examine the economy of
the different orders of birds, ” is also the kind of study Waterton
recommended in 1825 to those who desired to preserve birds in their
strictly natural attitudes as they assumed them in life and in nature.

Standing almost alone as he did as a sound instructor of the tax-
idermic art in the first quarter of the present century, he is representedSCIEHTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

375

at this writing, or in the very last part of the century’s last quarter,
by scores of teachers in Europe and America who entertain precisely
similar opinions. Not only this, but recruits are rapidly coming to the
ranks as time hastens on, and it is quite safe to predict that in another
century, or even less, the old-time abird-stuffer” will cease to be found
u in the flesh” among us.

Already I have given above, in the words of Montagu Browne, who
have been the chief promoters of this art in Great Britain; other na-
tions also have in this way powerfully contributed to the material prog-
ress of taxidermy. In France the immortal names of Verreaux, Yerdey,
and others had a most beneficial influence; and our own country has
been by no means backward in this particular.

Within the past ten years or more the published opinions of a num-
ber of these writers are the best evidences upon the substantial nature
of the progress of this science that we can here adduce, and by quot-
ing some of them I resort to the most effective means in my power to
illustrate what taxidermy has attained to in those places where its
standard is now considered to be at the highest plane of its present
development.

Turning again to the article Taxidermy, by Mr. Montagu Browne,
already referred to above, we find him concluding it thus:

A new school of taxidermy, with new methods, whose aim is to combine knowl-
edge of anatomy and modeling with taxidermic technique, are now coming to the
front, and the next generation will discard all processes of “stuffing” in favor of
modeling. Within the limits of an article like the present it is impossible to do
more than glance at the intricate processes involved in this. In the case of mam-
mals, after the skin has been completely removed, even to the toes, a copy is
made of the body, posed as in life, and from this an accurate representation of form,
including delineation of muscles, etc., is built up in light materials; the model is
then covered with the skin, which is damped and pinned in to follow every depres-
sion and prominence; the study is then suffered to dry, and, models having been
made, in the case of large animals, of the mucous membrane.of the jaws, palate,
tongue, and lips, these are truthfully reproduced in plastic material. The ordinary
glass eyes are discarded, and hollow globes, specially made, are hand-painted from
nature, and are fixed in the head so as to convey the exact expression which the
pose of the body demands. Birds, if of any size, can be modeled in like manner,
and fishes are treated by a nearly identical process, being finally colored as in a “still-
life” painting.

To give a life-like appearance, attention is also paid to artistic “mounting.” By
this is meant the surrounding of specimens with appropriate accessories, and it is
well exemplified by the new work shown in' the natural history museum at South
Kensington, where, for example, birds are arranged as in a state of nature, feeding,
or flying to their young, sitting on their eggs, swimming^m miniature pools, or
preening their feathers whilst perched lovingly side by side, and surrounded by
exquisitely modeled foliage and flowers. This, witli correct modeling of the speci-
mens, which, except in rare instances, is not quite so striking in the new groups,
indicates the future of the art, the hope of which lies in the better education of tax-
idermists as designers, artists, and modelers.

Not only should they be better instructed in designing, in art, and in
modeling, but, wbat is quite as important, they should be trained espe-376

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

daily in the power of correct observation in animal morphology, and
in other matters which will be enumerated further along.

Dr. Sharpe has given us a very able article touching upon the ques-
tion of artistic taxidermy.* He says:

At Leyden, where a staff of trained taxidermists is kept in the museum, some
attempt has keen made to vary the usual mode of stuffing animals by representing
them in varied and active positions, and thus the general effect is never monotonous.
But this was never done in the British Museum, and the constrained attitudes of
many of the specimens exhibited at Kensington form part of a legacy from the pa-
rent institution, the bad influence of which it will take many years to efface. Thou-
sands of specimens have been unmounted already or have been transferred to the
duplicates'and distributed to such provincial museums as prefer to tread in the old
paths, and will accept specimens belonging to the bad old times.

The credit of having broken away from time-honored tradition, in the mode of
mounting animals in this country is certainly due to Mr. John Hancock, who taught
how to combine scientific accuracy and artistic feeling. Mr. Hancock’s name is at
Password throughout England wherever taxidermy is mentioned, and in London
his ablest representative has probably been Mr. A. D. Bartlett, the well-known
superintendent of the zoological gardens, to whom we owe many of our most beauti-
fully mounted specimens in the bird gallery. But the first to suggest this combina-
tion of art and taxidermy for an entire museum, was undoubtedly Mr. E. T. Booth, of
Brighton, wiiose collection of British birds in the Dyke Road Museum, still remains
one of the sights of England, and is not surpassed in interest by any natural history
exhibition in the whole world. Here may actually be seen our native birds in their
haunts, every species being represented as in a wild state, with corresponding nat-
ural accessories, reproducing as nearly as possible the surroundings as they were
when the birds were alive, and representing the scenes sketched by the collector
at the time of capture. Many years before we actually saw Mr. Booth’s collection,
its fame had reached our ears, and the idea seemed to us to indicate what the museum
of the future, ought to be; thus we lost no opportunity of advocating this system of
artistic taxidermy in all our public lectures. At Leicester the notion was well
received, and some groups of British birds were mounted under the auspices of the
natural history committee of the town museum, un til by the appointment of Mr.
Montague Brown, as the curator of the museum, Leicester obtained the services of a
taxidermist as skilled as he is energetic, and the result has been that the system of
natural mounting has been extended to the entire collection of birds, so that not
only British, but foreign species are represented with their familiar surroundings in
a state of nature. The Leicester Museum is the only one which has applied the
principle in its entirety with the utmost success and public appreciation. *	*	*

And further along in Ills article, and referring to tlie series of the
groups of British small birds and their nests in the South Kensington
Museum? Dr. Sharpe adds:

In this corridor are placed most of the smaller perching birds, some of the artistic
work being very satisfactory. The mounting of the specimens has been done by Mr.
Pickhardt, who, when he exercises his full powers, is probably without a rival as a
bird-stuffer, and the majority of the plants have been reproduced by.Messrs: Min-
torn, of Soho Square, but a great deal of the arrangement of the cases is done in the
taxidermist’s room of the museum by Mr. James West, one of the staff. And here it

* Sharpe, R. Bowdler: Ornithology at South Kensington. The English Illustrated
Magazine, No. 51, December, 1887. London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 165-175. Illus-
trated.SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	S77

must be explained that the groups of British birds exhibited are absolutely true to
nature, the birds being in every case the actual ones which built the nest in the
identical situation reproduced in the case.

So wonderfully interesting is Sharpe’s article that the writer would
fain republish here every word of it, but we must hasten on to the
expression of opinions of others.

When commenting upon the u Common Faults in the Mounting of
Quadrupeds,” our veteran taxidermist, Mr. William T. Hornaday, has
said:

The task of the taxidermist, if properly appreciated, is a grave and serious one.
It is not to depict the mere outline of an animal on paper or canvas and represent
its covering of hair, feathers, or scales,* nor is it to build up a figure of yielding clay
and cast it in plaster. It is to-impart to a shapeless skin the exact size, the form,
the attitude, the look of life. It is to recreate the animal, or at least so much of it
as appeals to the eye; to give it all that nature gave it except the vital spark. It
should be an exact copy, as if it were a cast of the animal as fashioned by nature’s
cunning hand. It must stand the crucial test of being viewed from all points—from
the side, the front, from behind, above, and below.

More than all this, the animal must be prepared to stand the test of time. It must
not swerve from its poise; it must not shrink nor change its form; it must retain its
smoothness and resist the ravages of destroying insects.*

Mr. Hornaday, it will be remembered, was at one time in charge of
the taxidermical department of the U. S. National Museum, and many
of his most successful accomplishments, grand groups of our larger
mammals, preserved in the most masterly style, are in the cases of that
institution—silent attests to the durability and thoroughness of his
work. A number of these will be noticed further on in the present
paper.

There was much in Mr. Hornaday’s studio at the National Museum
that reminded me of the workshop of that giant among American
taxidermists of his time, the late John G. Bell, of New York. There
I met him over a quarter of a century ago. His place was some-
where down upon Broadway, and his room upon the second or third
story of the building. At the entrance door downstairs was a small
case containing a mounted scarlet ibis and a few other birds, to
invite attention to those in search of his rooms above. At that time,
about 1868, I was a student of one of Mr. Bell’s best graduates, Mr.
James W. Jenkins, now of Madison, 111., and very well do I remember
my first introduction to that Broadway establishment. I had been
engaged by Prof. Albert S. Bickmore to accompany, as naturalist,
one of the Polar expeditions, then organizing, to make collections for
the American Museum of Natural History, and had been sent with
specimens of my bird-skins to Mr. Bell to have him pronounce upon
them and my work generally, with the view of haying his opinion
on my fitness for the position. As I entered the room I observed
an old red fox chained to a bolt in the wall, but lying down with

* Third Aim. Rep. of the Soc. Amer. Taxidermists, p. 67.	1882-'83,378	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

Ids head between his forepaws and eyes upturned in my direction.
On the floor in his immediate neighborhood were a number of beauti-
fully mounted birds on stands, and fearing lest the animal should
suddenly arise if I came farther into the apartment, and do some dam-
age, I started to pass round and give him as wide a berth as possible.
The room was small, and Mr. Bell was engaged with a couple of stu-
dents at a window opposite where I entered, but he turned in time to
see my detour around the fox, and did not spare me in his merriment
at my thinking the animal was alive. To some extent, however, he
mitigated my chagrin by saying he had deceived over a hundred'vis-
itors with that fox during the five years it had lain there. I could not
help but admire his tall and well-knit frame, his piercing blue eyes,
and general bearing. His specimens too, which I examined, were per-
fect works of art, and, as all know who have ever had a similar oppor-
tunity to study them, were the admiration and the envy of the taxi-
dermists of those days, now long gone by.

Of all the taxidermical institutions, however, that this country has
developed none can in any way compare with the natural science estab-
lishment of Prof. H. A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y. Not only has Prof.
Ward powerfully influenced for good the growth of the art in America,
or we may truthfully say throughout the civilized world, but he has by
inspiring others with his enthusiasm and energy built up a school of
advanced taxidermists that are worthy emulators of his skill, and who
have with marked ability passed the torch in many directions. There
is not a museum in our land at all entitled to bear the name that is not
in some way, whether directly or indirectly, indebted to him for im-
provements of all kinds in its taxidermie methods, and the proper
modes of exhibiting materials illustrative of the kindred arts and
sciences.

Mr. P. A. Lucas, who has done so much to develop the exhibiting of
osteological subjects, and models and specimens of both vertebrates
and invertebrates at the U. S. National Museum owes much of his suc-
cess to his early training under Prof. Ward, and the art is not only
under lasting obligations to him, but through his wise teaching it has
been firmly and permanently placed in that quarter upon a safe and
lasting basis. That Mr. Lucas appreciates “The scope and needs of
taxidermy77 in their truest sense no one can doubt who has ever read
his article of that title in the Third Annual Report of the Society of
American Taxidermists.

Mr. Frederic S. Webster is another of whose writings and induc-
tions the country has every reason to be proud, and the high standard
of work so constantly put forth by that artist has always had a most
beneficial effect upon the younger aspirants in the United States.

Attention of American and European students has also been drawn
from the old-time museum models in taxidermy and directed to a closerSCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY' FOR MUSEUMS.	379

copying of nature through, the far-reaching works of Dr. Elliott Ooues,
who has said, in his Key to North American Birds:

Faultless mounting [of birds] is an art really difficult, acquired by few; the aver-
age work done in this line shows something of caricature, ludicrous or repulsive, as
the case may be. To copy nature faithfully by taxidermy requires not only loug
and close study, but an artistic sense,- and this last is a rare gift. Unless you have
at least the germs of the faculty in your composition, your taxidermical success will
be incommensurate with the time and trouble you bestow. My own taxidermical
art is of a low order, decidedly not above average. Although I have mounted a
great many birds that would compare very favorably with ordinary museum work,
few of them have entirely answered my ideas. A live bird is to me such a beautiful
object that the slightest taxidermical flaw in the effort to represent it is painfully
offensive. Perhaps this makes me plaice the standard of excellence too high for
practical-purposes (p. 40, 2d ed., 1884).

Powerful impulses of the bes.t kind have often been instilled into the
art through, the patronage and guidance of those who have at different
times in their careers been either directors of, or curators in, our larger
museums. I speak especially in this country of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution and the National Museum.

Through the wise and ever-operative influence of our great Nestor of
all the sciences zoological, Prof. Spencer F. Baird, he so directed the
management of those institutions when under his administration that
their workshops came to be the great drill ground for many of the most
deserving who possessed the evidences of success in skillfully preserv-
ing all manner of objects illustrative of the various classes of the animal
kingdom.

What has been the outcome of much of his wisdom we hope to por-
tray, however faintly, in the following pages. Most ably has Prof.
Baird’s influence been fostered and furthered by the succeeding efforts
along similar lines of those who are his successors in the administration
of the Museum and who at the present time are doing so much to give
actual shape and form to what before was simply in outline and crude
beginnings. Where such influence tells the best is in the directing of
the skilled efforts of the taxidermic artist in those cases where the lat-
ter, through lack of opportunity, fails to possess the requisite knowledge
of the forms and habits of many of the world’s rarer animals. Indeed,
frequently some of the best group pieces of mounted mammals, birds,
and others, have resulted from the combined knowledge and skill of the
capable zoologist on the one hand and the trained taxidermist upon the
other. Not a few of such groups are to be found in the collections of
the Government museums.

Very often it will be seen, then, in the future, I think, that fine, realistic
groups of mounted animals will be produced that will be composites,*
in other words, will be the resultant of the. combined labors of the
biologist, the taxidermist, the modeler, and the designer and artist.
Barely will all these prerequisites be found in one man, though occasion-
ally undoubtedly it will be so; then the museum which can claim his
services will be very fortunate.380

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

Among many others who have been more or less influential in insist-
ing upon the highest standard for the art, in each and all of its
branches, we must not forget the distinguished names of Joseph H.
Batty, the author of a number of works upon practical taxidermy;
0. J. Maynard, the well-known writer of the The Naturalist’s Guide;
Prof. J. W. P. Jenks, who, through a long and honorable career, has
never ceased his efforts in not only doing much for taxidermy, but in
the introduction of study series of animals in the public schools in
New England and elsewhere; and a host of other worthy promoters.

At the National Museum, at Washington, in recent times, in addition
to the fine group pieces of Hornaday and of Lucas, there has been
some masterly work done in the taxidermic art by Mr. Joseph Palmer,
and his son, Mr. William Palmer; also by Mr. Nelson R. Wood and
Mr. Henry Denslow, the nature of which I have already noticed in a
popular article published in The Great Divide, of Denver, Colo., for
December, 1892, and which will be referred to again in the present
connection.

From the opinions, then, of the European and American taxidermists
as 1 have thus far quoted them, it is evident that the general develop-
ment of the art shows at this time very marked improvement, and the
tendency among its votaries is to raise it to the highest possible stand-
ard of excellence. With such a movement the writer is in the most
hearty sympathy, and I am of the opinion that the day is not far dis-
tant when taxidermy will find its lawful place on the platform of the
most highly cultivated of the arts. As a matter of fact it has every
right in reason to stand side by side with painting and with sculpture,
and its students need have no fears in claiming such a station for it.

To be a scientific taxidermist requires, or should require, in the first
instance, a very thorough education, quite equal to that given by our
best colleges. He should have a complete training in biology, with
especial emphasis having been placed upon his studies in comparative
morphology, so as to be familiar, as far as possible, with the vertebrate
skeleton and topographical anatomy, to include more particularly the
study of the superficial muscles of vertebrates. He should have such
a conception of physics as to be able to decide upon the possible and
the impossible in animal postures. In a way, he should be a good ar-
tist, be enabled to use the photographic camera, and make intelligent
sketches of animals of all kinds and their natural haunts. He should
be fully abreast of the times in all taxidermic technique per se7 and
possess fine mechanical skill.

As full a knowledge as can be attained of the habits of animals from
personal observations should be added, as well as a constitutional de-
sire to become familiar through current literature of all advances made
from time to time in his art, and a healthy ambition to ever utilize them
and improve upon the same.

So far as human ability is concerned, were I at this moment calledSCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	381

upon to decide as to the relative merits of the talent required to paint
a life-size elephant-, to sculpture one in stone, or to properly preserve one
in a natural position and color so it would safely resist tlie ravages of
time and all else that might injure it, I should not hesitate a moment
in rendering an opinion, for I should say it lay with the scientific tax-
iderinic artist. Mind you, when I do thus decide I have had in my life-
time, with specimens of smaller animals, experience with all. At the
best, however, the difference is but of very small degree, and yet the
taxidermist, in a way, should be master of both the art of the painter
and the art of the sculptor, for frequently he has to use the brush with
great fidelity to nature, and the time is fast coming on when he must
be able to build up, in clay at least, the entire forms of the larger ani-
mals which he aims to preserve.

Next, it may be asked, Why a collegiate education'? Simply because
I believe a man in any calling is a better man in every way for having-
received the four years’ training which a university gives him. And
surely neither the taxidermist, nor the artist, nor the sculptor offer any
exception to the rule. Moreover, everything that the skilled taxider-
mist would acquire in a college course would materially assist him in
his profession in his subsequent career. Whatever may have been
written, and whatever may have been said on the broad question of
the college man versus the self-made man, it has been my experience
that the kind of men that bring our country the most desirable recog-
nition from other nations are those who have received a liberal educa-
tion. A taxidermist should be a good general biologist, and he should
pay especial attention to the habits of all animals in nature; the geo-
graphical ranges of faunae; breeding habits; the peculiar habits in-
dulged in by various kinds of animals; their natural resorts during times
of feeding, amusement, or conducting their young. Plants of all kinds
should with scrupulous care be studied from the taxidermist’s stand-
point, as well as the localities where they grow, nature of surfaces of
the ground, and all else presented on the part of field, ocean, stream,
and forest. Nothing should escape his constant study of such matters,
and, above all else, he should cultivate the faculty of patience. An
impatient man, it may be safely said, can never attain to the highest
position the art has in its power of giving him.

In comparative morphology, as I have said, he should devote a great
• deal of time to the skeleton and to topographical anatomy. The study
of the skeleton is of the very highest importance, as without a knowl-
edge of it there is no hope at all of a man being a perfect taxidermist
in all its varied departments. Normal movements of the articulations
and the ligaments that control them should receive most careful consid-
eration, and no opportunity lost to study such matters scientifically
upon all kinds of animal cadavers. Special drawings made by the
taxidermist should record special points observed and worked out—the
possibilities in normal movements and postures as exhibited by the382

REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

osseous system. In its entirety, however, this can not be fully appre-
ciated without a full knowledge of the muscular system, for there are
possible movements that the skeleton, when cleaned and dried, is capa-
ble of making, which, in life, become impossible from the operation of
muscles and tendons. So myology must be systematically studied
pari passu with the subject of skeletology, and with the aim constantly
in view of acquiring a clear insight into the normal postures of animals.

This leads to the consideration of the question of correct form, and
to acquire that requires prolonged research and study upon the entire
subject of topographical anatomy. Muscles extended; muscles con-
tracted; muscles at rest; contours formed by the normal deposit of adi-
pose tissue; contours formed by parts of the skeleton that are merely
subcutaneous; contours formed by the presence of glands of all kinds,
of sesamoidal bones, cartilages, and every other structure that may in
any way affect the normal contour of an animal. To this must be added
the careful study of all external characters proper, as the hair and
analogous parts, throughout the animal kingdom—the eyes and their
surroundings, the nasal structures, the mouth of all vertebrates and
invertebrates. Indeed, there is not a point properly falling within the
range of topographical anatomy in its very widest sense that should be
beneath the special notice of the taxidermist.

Colors of parts should also receive marked attention; and the taxi-
dermist should keep a notebook devoted to that one branch alone.
Never should an opportunity be lost to record by actual painted
sketches the colors of^every external anatomical character presented
on the part of any animal whatsoever. Zoology itself would be far freer
from gross errors of the color descriptions of animals were naturalists,
as a rule, more careful in such matters. This is marked by the case in
ichthyology and in the naked skin-tracks of mammals and birds. We,
then, are naturally led to the question of drawing and painting; and no .
one will doubt the necessity of a taxidermist being more or less pro-
ficient in all these branches. But none of them will be of any service
to him unless the power be supplemented by the more important fac-
ulty of being a correct observer, and to be a correct observer is to see
and appreciate things as they really exist. Taxidermists should have
a knowledge of not only making correct sketches of all kinds of animals
and their haunts and of plants and coloring them correctly, but they
should be enabled to use such instruments as are demanded in making
reduced draAvings correctly from large subjects. Coloring in oil is also
of great value in restoring the tints in some cases on the skins of pre-
served animals, and the student in this art should constantly aim to
cultivate his sense of color appreciation and of the matching of all the
vaiious shades.

More or less pertinent to this question, Capt. Thomas Brown has
said:*

* Taxidermist’s Manual, pp. 3,4.SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

383

A knowledge of drawing and modeling are also indispensable qualifications, to
enable the stuffer to place his subject in a position both natural and striking. It is
the too-frequent practice for the stuffer to set about preserving the animal without
having determined in what attitude he is to place it, so that it will appear to most
advantage and bein character with the ordinary habits of the creature. This he leaves
to the last efforts of finishing his work, and, consequently, its proportions and
character are likely to be devoid of all appearance of animation.

The first thing, therefore to be attended to in all great national natural history
establishments is to choose young persons who are yet in their boyhood to be in-
structed in this art most important to science. Their studies should be commenced
by deep attention do drawing, modeling, anatomy, chemistry, while they at the
same time proceed with the practical part of their art. Every opportunity of ex-
amining the habits and actions of the living subject should be embraced and its atti-
tudes and general aspect carefully noted.' Without strict attention to these points,
so manifestly obvious, the art of preserving animals never will attain that degree of
perfection which its importance demands. On the other hand, if this art is pursued
in the manner here recommended, artists may be produced wrho will fulfill the ob-
jects of their profession with honor to themselves and advantage to their country.
Would any person expect to arrive at eminence as a sculptor if he were unacquainted
with the established preliminaries of his art, namely, drawing and anatomy? The
thing is so self-evident, that I am only surprised it has not long ago been acted upon.
Upwards of twelve years have elapsed since I pointed out these facts to the rnofes-
sor of natural history in the University of Edinburgh, but things continue as they
were before that time.

Since Capt. Brown wrote these words, and very true ones they are,
another art and the accessories to it have enormously developed. I
refer to the art of photography. How, if there be one thing more use-
ful to the scientific taxidermic artist than another it is a full jiractical
knowledge of the use of the photographic camera and all that directly
pertains thereto. Its application is most varied, and is greatly en-
hanced by the use of the time and instantaneous shutters. By the use
of the camera the taxidermist can secure subjects that the unaided eye
and pencil can never give him, and these are all kinds of animals in rapid
motion, and they may be obtained, after a due amount of practice, by
the use of the photographic camera. One has but to study the superb
series of photographs obtained through the indefatigable Eadwuard
Muybridge to appreciate my meaning here. Ho taxidermist who has
any regard for an attainment of excellence in his calling should neglect
to make good photographs of all the living animals that he can, and that
upon every possible opportunity. This should not be confined to wild
animals alone, but to all the domestic ones in their most common att.i-
tudes>

Horses, cows, dogs, cats, pigs, and all the barnyard fowls should by
no means be beneath his notice. They should also be taken from many
points of view, I might say from every possible point of view, and then
be nearer what the taxidermist really needs in his work. He should
carefully keep a series of large-sized and suitable scrapbooks wherein
all his photographs should be carefully inserted, together with his
sketches, and everything of the kind, with their full histories and notes.384

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

etc., recorded upon opposite pages. Photographs should he made also
of plants of all kinds directly in the places where they occur in nature;
also the resorts of animals of every description; birds7 nests; and, in
shorty every possible natural subject and creature and locality that the
taxidermist may be called upon to reproduce in his workshop. He
should also make photographs of dissections, the skeletons of animals,
models, and designs, and of dead animals. Ever should it be promi-
nently before his mind that one of the greatest of all taxidermical de-
siderata is the obtaining of good models of all kinds and descriptions,
and models true to nature in every sense of the word. Frequently
artists who are correct observers and portrayers of animals make fine
illustrations of them, either in the form of colored or uncolored prints,
and these the taxidermist should secure for his unote book77 when-
ever he possibly can.	:

On this point Mr. Staebner has very truly remarked :*

It would seem almost superfluous to insist on the value, nay the absolute neces-
sity, of good illustrations as aids to tlie taxidermists, were it not that the impor-
tance of the subject appears to be hardly yet fully appreciated by many of the very
ones to be most benefited.

There was a time, now happily past, as the work exhibited by this association
abundantly proves, when individuals who mounted birds and animals (as their cards
set forth) were content to ram a hide full of packing material, sew it up, and call
the effigy by this or that name, according as this or that animal was desired. The
degree of monstrosity, if it may be so termed, thus produced, was in inverse ratio
to the care of the workman for his art and his knowledge (often scant enough) of
the external appearance of the animal he was attempting to reproduce. These mon-
strosities of taxidermy are still to be seen in many of our public museums, where, let
us hope, they at least serve the purpose of teaching the younger generation, how not
to do it.

As in all other departments of human activity, so in this is the skilled workman
plainly superseding the unskilled, and the class of work thus becoming more and
more a source of pride and satisfaction. The man with a love for his art, necessa-
rily something of a naturalist and witn a naturalist's care, anxious about the correct-
ness of all the details of his work, must utilize all the aids at his command, and of
these aids accurate drawings and paintings occupy the chief place. These are the
taxidermist's works of reference to which he goes for information precisely as an-
other goes to his encyclopedia, since the ability is given to no man to carry all the
minute points of an animal's external appearance in his mind. That the representa-
tions for this purpose should be what are strictly understood as works of art is obvi-
ously unnecessary.

The objects to be secured, however, and which they should possess to meet the
requirements of the case are: (1) accuracy of outline; (2) truthfulness of attitude,
and (3) in order of importance, correctness of coloring, and in so far as they Conform
to these things are they already, by just so much, works of art. What is technically
known as artistic effect should here be a secondary consideration. Having secured
the first three essential points, attention may be given to the last.

In the case of rare animals such representations as is well known are the sole reli-
ance of the taxidermist. That they have a value even in the case of more familiar
animals may be instanced by the case of the walrus. The pictures of this mammal

* Staebner, F. W.: Note on the value of animal illustrations to taxidermists. Third
Ann, Rep. Society of American Taxidermists, 1882-'83, pp. 72-74,SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

'385

in all the professed works on zoology and natural history, even in so good and gen-
erally correct a work as Brekm, are' glaringly false, and it is only within the last
few years that anything approaching truthful representations—figures drawn from
observation instead of copies of previous drawings originally evolved from the artist’s
“ inner consciousness ”—have been given us, and so it happens that of mounted speci-
mens of the walrus showing the true appearance of the animal almost the only ones
at the present time are the one at Cambridge, and that other at the United States
National Museum mounted by Mr. Hornaday. *

How often has a painstaking taxidermist wished for a means of refreshing his rec-
ollection on some little matter of detail concerning a creature’s anatomy, and been
obliged to finally guess at it because of the lack of adequate illustrations. Let me
not be understood as descrying the assistance afforded by zoological gardens. It is
just here that they come into play, and as it is better for the taxidermist to observe
at first hand, so these are even better than drawings for reference; but the fact is
they are far from being readily accessible at best in this country, and in the few
instances in which this objection does not apply the variety of specimens which
they contain is’too limited, so that we are still compelled to supplement them by a
more ready source of information, and thus we fall back upon pictorial representa-
tions as on the whole most convenient. As above implied, however, these represen-
tations must be taken from life by skillful hands, and must give us the. animals as
they look, .and not as the artist thinks they ought to look.

But in order that we may have such we must encourage those who work in this
line—:.he Landseers, the Baryes, the Wolfs, the Spechts, etc., whom, under a change
of name, we have in this country in the Beards, the Kemeyses, etc. We must make
it profitable for them to undertake the work we so much need, and if we have the
good of taxidermy at heart, if we have faith in its capabilities as an art we will do
this, for in so doing we are helping it and ourselves as well as them.

In The Auk for April, 1891, the present writer published a letter en-
titled u Camera notes for ornithologists,77 which, not being of very-
great length and quite in line with the views just quoted above, will,
I think, bear repeating here, and enlarging upon a little further along.
I said:

At the last congress of the American Ornithologists’ Union there were exhibited
many photographs of all sorts of ornithological subjects, and the majority of them
were examined by the writer with great care.

For one, I was disappointed in the results arrived at by the authors of the most
of them, as there appeared to be such a total absence of any practical result attained.
Among the best that I saw were some taken by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, but even those,
the work, of a most painstaking naturalist, did not come up to what the camera is
capable of performing for practical ornithology. Little or nothing is to be gained
in this latter direction by photographing bunches of game or badly mounted speci-
mens and similar subjects. Any tyro can accomplish as much as that, and orni-
thology not be called upon to thank him for it.

In the present communication it is the writer’s object to relate some personal
experiences which may be of assistance to those interested in this line of work.

Now, in the first place, as to some of the objects to be attained; There are a num-
ber of these. We may desire, for example, a sharp, clear photograph, which either
may be natural size, or may present the subject reduced, for fhe use of the lithog-
rapher, in order to place in the latter’s hands an accurate figure to be copied on to
stone, and the plates printed therefrom to be used for illustrative purposes. The

* In this connection see the various figures of the walrus illustrating the present
report, Plates lxxxv, lxxxvi.

H. Mis. 114, pt. 2--------25386

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

subject may be a bird, its young, or its nest, or a dissection of a bird, or its skele-
ton, or its egg8, and on indefinitely. Owls present to many artists difficult sub-
jects to draw-satisfactorily, but there is no reason why we should not, by the aid of
the camera and a 5-by-8 plate, for a small sum, and in very short order, have ready
for the lithographer a life-size figure, and a perfectly accurate one, of such a species
as Nyctala acadica, or upon a similar plate a handsomely reduced figure of Bubo vir-
ginianus. Again, by varying our material, colored figures are easily obtained for
like purposes, Photographs of this character may also be used to make wood cuts
from, or they may be reproduced by some of the various styles of “process work.”
Yet another object: We may desire to produce by the aid of a camera an accurate
figure of any of the above-mentioned subjects from which an electrotype can be
directly made. This also is now easy of accomplishment, and such illustrations
meet a vast variety of needs in descriptive ornithology. These, then, are some of
the principal objects to be attained, viz, clear, accurate figures, either life size or
reduced to any desired size, and either plain or colored, which (by the use of differ-
ent materials) can be used at once by either the lithographer, the wood engraver,
the “process worker,” or the electrotyper.

Your material must be the best in ail particulars. I use a large, first-class,- quick-
working lens; a Blair’s camera for the 5 by 8 plate; the iron and oxalate developer,
using the chemically pure material (filtered); bichloride of mercury and ammonia
for intensifying, etc.

Our method of procedure can best be illustrated by a few examples. Say we wish
to reproduce, life size, a hawk’s egg. Suspend on the wall opposite and under the
strong sunlight, a smooth, half-inch rune board; cover this with white blotting
paper, held on with some half dozen artists’ thumb tacks. Of course your egg is to
be blown and not show the opening. Next you decide whether or no you desire it
to throw a shadow; if you do, you simply fasten it to the blotting paper with a
small piece of soft wax, exposing to the camera the side you wish represented; if you
do not, you insert a piece of wire a few inches long into the board and perpendicular
to it, and fasten the egg to the end of it with a soft piece of wax. Place a bucket
of water on the floor under the egg, in case the specimen should accidentally drop
off. Focus the egg natural size and sharp on the ground glass of your camera; this
may be ascertained by a pair of calipers, comparing the actual length of the egg
with its image upon the ground glass. Insert .your smallest diaphragm and expose,
the time of exposure being governed by your former experiences. I prefer Seed’s
dry plates. They give excellent results. After developing, unless you get a very
strong negative it is alwrays best to intensify your plate, and this is done by the
usual mercury and ammonia process. Now, if you wish an uncolored figure to be
lithographed, or woodcut, or for some of the special processes, you must print on the
best ready sensitized albumen paper, toning the print handsomely afterwards. On
the other hand, if you desire a colored figure, you must print on plain, i. e.. non-
albumenized, sensitized paper, and afterwards color the print by hand with New-
ton’s water-colors from the specimen. Pure white eggs stand out well when pho-
tographed against black velvet or crape; this also applies to some skulls and other
osteological specimens, when they are cleaned to a state of glistening whiteness.

Such a procedure defines the outlines well for the engraver.

When we come to the photographing of birds, living birds, for the purpose of
obtaining the proper kind of figures that can be used for the various methods of
reproduction now in vogue, we enter upon a field where one can display no end of
patience, tact, and ingenuity. It will be a long day before the writer will forget
his experience in obtaining a photograph of a live screech owl. Three times I
walked half a mile from the house where I could get a sky background for him on
the summit of a hill, where an old natural stump was also to be found to serve as a
perch for him. Just as good a result can be obtained by photographing your bird
in your studio with a sheet for a background, and then you may choose any kind of387

SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

perch you desire, from a museum T to the limb of a rugged old pine with the cones

and spines on.	‘

Right here, however, I desire to mention a process, no doubt already known to
many, for which there is no end of use. Say you have obtained a fine, intensified
negative, the subject being a bird caught in the act of some habit peculiar to it. You
wish to obtain a good, strong, accurate outline figure of it, from which an electro-
type can at once be made, to serve as an illustration for some article upon.which you
may be engaged. Make a print from the plate upon plain, nonalbummized, sensi-
tized paper. Remove the print to the. dark-room and wash out the silver from it
thoroughly. You may tone, but it is not absolutely necessary unless there is very
considerable detail in your figure. Dry the print in the dark, and keep in a
perfectly dark place until evening. When evening comes Complete your work
under a good lamp where the direct rays do not fall upon your print, Pin this lat-
ter out on a small drawing-board with artists’ thumb tacks, and then with a map-
ping-pen (No. 291, Gillott7s) and Higgins7 American drawing ink carefully ink over
by lines and otherwise the outlines of your figure. In doing this you will have the
opportunity of making it appear just as you desire your outline ink sketch to appear
when it comes to be finally printed from the electrotype. Having carefully com-
pleted your work, immerse the print flat in a tray containing a saturated solution of
bichloride of mercury. This in a moment takes out all of the print except the ink
outline you have traced, and this latter it leaves upon a pure white sheet of paper.
Next dry the print thoroughly and mount upon a suitable card. At a small cost, a
good electrotype can be made from this figure. Photographing against a sheet, of
course, takes out a great deal that you do not want in your reproduced figure, but
by the process just described you need not have a single point or line more than you
want. It works admirably where we wish to reduce the subject to any required
size; in osteological subjects and.in dissections; in deformities of birds; and indeed
in dozens of other cases. To naturalists in general I would say that the process just
described is absolutely invaluable; by its means ready and accurate sketches are
made of characters of country; of all sorts of ethnological subjects, as pottery and
native arts, sometimes so difficult to draw; of complicated skeletons; of living ani-
mals of all kinds, and thousands of other subjects too numerous for enumeration.

With some live birds the following plan will be found to work well: Suspend a
shelf, at the proper height, from the “wall of your studio and in the proper light.
This shelf, as usual, is to be entirely covered with white blotting paper, and upon
its horizontal part is to be firmly fixed the limb, trunk, or rock, or turf upon which
you desire your specimen to appear. Set up your camera and focus this perch
sharply on your ground-glass; next put in your smallest diaphragm and attach your
“ pneumatic shutter77 ready for instant use. Gently take your living bird in your
hand, smooth its feathers, caress it for a moment or two, then quietly place its head
under its wing, and by beginning slowly soon rapidly whirl your specimen in a cir-
cle. This, as it were, “put it asleep,77 but it will seize the perch with its feet, or rest
quietly on rock or turf. Place it as near as possible in the position you desire, and
stand ready for a semi-instantaneous picture. Be perfectly quiet. In a few moments
your bird gradually comes to, rights himself, preens up a little, looks around, steadies
himself into a natural attitude, finally looks himself, and then more or less animated.
This is your chance, puff the snap on him! ,

Upon reading this over I find few, if any, alterations to make, and
since it was written I have succeeded in obtaining not a few good fig-
ures according to its directions, some of which are republished as illus-
trations in the present paper and will be described a little later.
There is one thing, however, that needs notice, and in order to get a
good electrotype or stereotype, it is not necessary to proceed as above388	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

given, for we can simply make a blue print ; that, as we know, can be
done in a few moments, and is a finished picture, i. &, does not require
toning and fixing. Then trace what you desire to appear on your blue
print as directed, and bleach out with a saturated solution of bicarbo
nate of potash. This gives you a black and white drawing of any finish,
according to the labor you may desire to put upon it, and is the working
drawing now so commonly used for newspaper cuts; but when printed
upon the best paper, for the resulting electrotype or stereotype fur-
nishes an excellent drawing for a variety of purposes, and a very useful
one for the working naturalist and practical taxidermist.

Blotting paper in large sheets makes a far better background than
a sheet, and you may use it pure white, or blue, or gray, according to
the effect you desire to produce. Your subject should be well in front
of the background, and, if possible, so far in front as to avoid a shadow
being thrown upon it. Pictures thus taken out of doors, on clear, bright
days, are generally excellent.

Returning now to the requirements of the skilled taxidermist, I have
said, and Gapt. Brown supports me in it, he should have such a know!
edge of physics and chemistry as will assist him in the case of the first
in deciding upon the possible and impossible in the matter of the atti-
tudes of animals, and to some extent in the surroundings, as in the
rock work, etc., now extensively used in reproducing large groups.
With respect to chemistry he should be so much master of its general
principles as to be enabled to practically apply it to the action ana
composition of preservatives for the preservation of every description
of animal tissue. Not only that, but such a knowledge will be useful
to him in experimenting; with the preservation of many kinds of plant
growths and kindred structures. For instance, I have recently been
shown specimens of the leaves of some varieties of trees that had been
gathered in nature and so perfectly restored that there was no very
great depreciation in them, either of form or color, and the effect when
properly done is most excellent.

Fruits are now frequently reproduced by the methods of the plastic
cast, and are so perfect as to absolutely deceive the most critical of
observers. The iiersimmons in the Raccoon Group in the National
Museum were manufactured in that way, and it is by no means an easy
task, aided by the eye alone, to distinguish them from the originals.

This brings us to the question of the various modes of modeling, and
here is one of the branches of the taxidermic art, upon which too great
an amount of skill and ingenuity can not well be expended. Here all
the acquirements of the art student in taxidermy can be applied and
nothing lost by the labor. It involves the application of all his knowl-
edge of anatomy, his technique, his taste, and indeed, nearly everything
which it has been recommended above for him to prepare himself m.
He should be able to make casts of both vertebrates and invertebrates
in plaster-of Paris; he should be familiar with the various methods nowReport of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XV,

a gelatine cast;Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XVI





Common Squid (Sepia officinalis, cT).

From a gelatine cast; reduced.Report of National Museum, 1892_______Shufeldt.

Plate XVII.

Histioteuthis bonelliana.

From a gelatine cast: reduced.'-Report of National Museum, 1892,—Shufeldt.

Plate XVIII.

Fig. 1. Polynoe leucoliyba.

Annelids.

From gelatine casts; somewhat enlarged

Fig 2. Gcistrolepidia clavigera.

Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XIX.

A Marine Worm (Bonellia viridis).
From a gelatine cast; greatly enlarged.SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

889

so generally in use, of the reproduction of many of the smaller animals
in the different kinds of plastic material; he should be an adept in the
use of clays, wax, wood, and other materials for the restoration of
parts. In short, now that taxidermy is a rapidly progressing art, the
advanced students and representatives of it, require, I think, no word
from me here to stimulate them to keep abreast of the many improve-
ments taking place in it. Among other thingslt should be the aim of
taxidermists to establish in this country at least several good soci-
eties, where from time to time they could meet and exhibit the most
recent successes in their art. Where papers could be read, and the
work of individuals generally compared. Organization, in other words,
I must believe, would at the present stage of the art’s development, be
a benefit.

The Avriter of this paper has ever been a strong advocate of the
establishment of large, thoroughly equipped Government institutions
of learning or universities, and of the nation’s duty to educate in the
best possible manner her aspirants in the different departments of
science and art. What a national safeguard it would be in such a
profession, for example, as medicine; Avhat a source of stimulation to
such an art as taxidermy ? I weigh my Avords well, when I say that if
such an institution could annually graduate in this country 50 thor-
oughly educated and skilled taxidermists, it would in time, far more
heavily redound to our national credit than much else I could name
which our Government indulges in. Apply it to all the arts and
sciences, and we Avould command the respect of every nation of the
globe, and, better than this, it would be that kind of respect which
skill, knowledge, and culture always brings, and which brilliant dis-
play of Avarships, guns and warism can never inspire.

Let us pass next to the consideration of the question of some of the
results noAv attained to by modern taxidermists m the preserving of
animals for museum exhibition. Here we meet Avith at the very out-
start, a phase of the art in which the workers at the U. S. National
Museum have kept themselves fully abreast with the advances made
in it. Recently some beautiful work has been turned out here, espe-
cially in the line of single specimens, as well as groups, of marine in-
vertebrates for the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago.

Take, for example, such an elegant reproduction of an Octopus as is
shown in Plate xv (0. vulgaris). This triumph in the matter of an exact
model, perfectly preserved, of a large soft invertebrate animal is ac-
complished through the use of the plaster mold, and gelatine cast,
now so successfully brought to such perfection. Under the careful
supervision of Mr. F. A. Lucas, whom I must thank here for the selec-
tion of the six specimens illustrating this department, the proper speci-
mens are first picked out from the collection or are chosen from plates,
and pass next in order to the most skilled modellers, casters, and color-
,ers. Of the series I here present, Mr. A. H. Baldwin has made the390

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

models after the drawings of various artists which will be hereinafter
mentioned. After a model has been made, a mold is next taken, and
from it a gelatine cast is secured which later is finally trimmed to life,
and faithfully colored to nature. Mr. J. W. Scollick is responsible for
the delicate manipulation required in securing accurate molds and
castings from the models, and then they once more pass to Mr. Bald-
win’s hands to be colored. After this operation and when perfectly dry,
they may either be tastefully mounted upon properly tinted pieces of
small boards of a suitable kind of wood, dressed down to a right thick-
ness, or they may play their part in a group, wherein all the natural
surroundings of such creatures are reproduced, save the element in
which they exist. This specimen of Octopus vulgaris was based on the
figure given by Yerany, as was also the models of Sepia officinalis,
shown in Plate xvi and in one of Sistioteuthis bonelliana, shown in
Plate xvii, and so may be relied upon as being more or less true to
nature.

Unless one has seen one of these finished gelatine casts of such an
animal as an Octopus, it is hard to realize what a perfect represen-
tation it gives us of the living animal; and, the cast being perfectly
pliable, much as is the best of good rubber, it still further enhances
the resemblance to the original. But to produce this, requires skill
and art of a very high order at nearly every step of the process. In
the first place, if we are to model from a drawing, that drawing must
be known to be accurate; if we model from a specimen, we must be
sure about jfiacing it in a posture that the animal is known to habitu-
ally*'assume. Great skill is next required in making a perfect model
or copy of the design or specimen, and then it goes without saying
that it is only through long experience and care that the necessary molds
and casts are obtained. Much depends at last upon the ability of the
artist to faithfully color the result of all the previous efforts; that is,
the trimmed cast. Hornaday has said in his work on Taxidermy:

For irregular objects, the working of a gelatine mold is perfection* itself. It
yields gracefully in coming out of the undercuts and around corners, takes every
detail perfectly, and in the jacket its shape is always the same. A careful operator
can make from twenty to fifty copies of a cast in a single mold before its loss of
sharpness necessitates its abandonment (p. 267).

Hornaday’s brief chapter on the making of molds and casts in the
volume just quoted is one of the most useful and valuable in the book.

In passing, I am tempted to say here that the Cuttlefishes to which *
this Octopus belongs are the most highly organized members of the class
of animals constituting the Cephalopoda. As the Malalcia, they were
fully recognized by Aristotle over three hundred years before Christ. Of
their distribution, Meholson has said that—

They are all marine, active, rapacious, and carnivorous in their habits, swimming
vigorously by means of the jets of water emitted from the funnel, or in an opposite di-
rection by means of fins, and creeping about the sea bottom by means of the prehensile
arms. Some forms (such as the Oetopodidm and Sepia) are essentially littoral animals,SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

391

frequenting shallow seas, living in tlie vicinity of the land, and specially affecting
rocky bottoms. Others (such as Tremoctopus, Sepiola, Argonaata, Spirilla, ArcMteu-
\this, Onychoteutliis, etc.) are pelagic animals, living in the open ocean, often far
from land, and swimming at or near the surface. Though more varied as regards
their specific and generic types in the vrarmer seas of the globe, cuttlefishes are
found in almost all seas, and are sometimes extremely numerous individually even
in the colder oceans. It seems also certain that our present knowledge as to the
pelagic forms is only very imperfect. As to their dimensions, none are extremely
minute, and some attain truly gigantic dimensions. Not to speak of the fabulous
accounts of colossal cuttlefishes given by many of the older writers, such as Pon-
toppidan and Glaus Magnus, we are now acquainted through the observations and
descriptions of scientific witnesses, such as Banks and Solander, Quoy, and Gaim-
ard, Steenstrup, Verrill, etc., with various huge cuttlefishes, inhabiting both the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Some of these, though only known by imperfect spec-
imens, certainly attain a length of 15 feet or upwards to the body and head, and
from 30 to 40 feet or upwards in the long tentacles. All these giant cuttlefishes
appear to belong to the suborder of the Decapocla. *

These gelatine casts are not only accurate and beautifu] objects to
be placed in the cases of any museum, but they, by being kept under
the protection of glass doors, will last for almost an indefinite length
of time, unaltered in color or form. The range of the applicability of
the gelatine cast is well-nigh infinite. I have seen fish, frogs, ser-
pents, lizards, and similar animals thus reproduced, and so perfectly
that their faithful portrayal of the original subjects was truly marvelous.
As to fruit of all kinds, it can be imitated so closely that sometimes,
by the aid of the eye alone, one can not correctly decide between the
original and the copy thus made.

For the presentation of form, color, and general character, such
reproductions of animals as the common Squid, shown in Plate xvi, and
the Histioteuthis, shown in Fig. 4, leaves but little to be desired along
such lines. No one can for a moment doubt but what a great deal is to
be hoped for from this department of animal preservation, and the en-
couragement of it is to be most highly recommended.

Other fine successes in this direction are shown in Plate xvui, Fig. 1,
Plate xviii, Fig. 2, and Plate xix. Plate xviii, Fig. 1, of a specimen of
Polynoe leucohyba (somewhat enlarged), and likewise the Gastrolepidia
elavigera, shown in Plate xviii, Fig. 2 (somewhat enlarged), are from
Schmarda, both being very instructive representations of the originals.
As is known, these low forms belong to the Annelida, each being genera
in the order Polyehcvta of that group.

Another beautiful reproduction of an interesting annelid is shown in
Plate xix. This is also from a photograph of the gelatine cast in the
collections of the U. 8. 'National Museum and represents a specimen of
Bonellia viridis of the Mediterranean Sea. It is greatly enlarged, and
the model based .upon the drawing given us of this form by Lacaze-
Duthiers, who has rendered an account of this marine worm in a paper

•f Nicholson, II. A. Art. “Cuttlefish.” Encyl. Brit. 9tli ed. vol. vi., pp. 739, 740.392

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

entitled u Eeclierclies snr La Bonella (Bonellia yiridis).77 (Ann. Scien.
Nat., tom. x, Paris, 1858, pp. 49-110, Pis. 1-4.)

Such annelida as Bonellia represents belong to the order Gephyrea,
and, according to W. C. McIntosh, u seem to approach the Echino-
derms through the Holothuroidea.” They are all marine types, being
very widely distributed throughout nature, specially in muddy regions,
some being frequently found in univalve shells.

By such representations as these, and by the judicious, use of ex-
planatory tables, surely he museum of the future has a fine field to
look forward to, for such an art as this is capable of classifying in cases,
according to natural taxonomical schemes, whole groups of animals,
that heretofore have been studies only from the specimens and from
plates and drawings. It also admits of similar casts, duly colored, of
the anatomical structure of these little popularly known types, and, as
I have already said above, of placing many of them in their cases sur-
rounded by reproductions of the objects of their several environments
in nature.

Passing next to the art of taxidermy as applied to crustaceans we
are confronted with an entirely different problem than the one of which
we have just been speaking. And, as the writer has had no personal
experience of the kind, it is with no little pleasure that I find a brief
but able article on this subject by my friend Mr. E. A. Lucas, and from
it I here quote such parts as are in keeping with the present paper, by
which I mean that the outstanding difficulties will be indicated while
the technique of the art will be omitted.

Lucas has said :

Mounting of crabs, lobsters, and other crustaceans is somewhat of a thankless task,
requiring an outlay of'considerable time and trouble to arrive at results at all satis-
factory. At first sight it would seem an easy matter to mount an animal whose form
is determined beforehand, but a little trial develops the fact that, like bringing up
children, it is much easier in theory than in practice. As crustaceans dry they be-
come very brittle,-and the small legs and delicate feelers break only too readily.
Worse than all, the beautiful colors with which these creatures are adorned while
living fade rapidly, and the only way in "which they can be renewed is by a dex-
trous use of-paint. Therefore the great requisites for mounting crustaceans are a
careful touch, a good eye for colors, and some knowledge of the proper methods of
applying them. The preparation of crustaceans is a little peculiar, inasmuch as, in-
stead of the skin being removed from the body, the body is removed piecemeal from
the skin. *	*	*

,v *	* Crustaceans may be mounted either on plain pedestals or on artificial

rock work, according to the purpose they are to serve, and in any case they should be
kept out of the dust as far as possible, since, owing to their fragile nature, they are
very difficult to clean.*

* On the Mounting of Crustaceans. Third Annual Report of the Society of Ameri-
can Taxidermists, pp. 74-77, 1882-;83. As it is a fact quite as well known to every
one interested in the matter as it is unfortunate, that The Society of American Taxi-
dermists no longer has any existence, I will here make a bibliographical note of
the two former reports of that society for the benefit of those who. may desire to con-SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

' 393

In time we must believe that the plastic method as described above for
invertebrates will come to be generally used for crustaceans as well.
There is no reason that I can at present see that it should not, and every
reason that it should. No specimens of the group preserved in that
way have come to my attention in the collections of the National
Museum or elsewhere, and so I have no plates of the same to offer here.
Those prepared by the methods recommended by Mr. Lucas are so well
done, and differ so little or not at all from those animals as they are
recognized by us in nature, that nothing would be gained by reproduc-
ing photographs of them as illustrations to the present report; there-
fore the idea was not entertained.

This fact has also influenced in regard to insects; moreover, in the
case with that group our Government lias already published very full
instructions upon their mounting and preservation for museum pur-
poses, and that taxidermist who aspires to be a master of every depart-
ment of his art can do no better than consult the admirable treatises of
Prof. G. Y. Riley, and of Prof. A. S. Packard, and others in the same
field.

When we come to fishes, however, we at once enter upon the bor-
derland of the taxidermy of the great realm of the vertebrata, and for
it there exists a not inexpensive literature, and methods and instruc-
tions are found almost without end.

Pishes seem to have constituted the bete noir of the museum collec-
tor and the taxidermist for ages past, and until the use of the gelatine
cast came into vogue their natural preservation seemed almost hopeless.
In alcohol many of them become shrunken, and a large percentage part
with their natural colors entirely. Moreover, the usual cylindrical jars
used to exhibit them in, on the museum shelves, so distort their forms
to the eye of the casual observer who thus views them through the
glass, that another serious disadvantage is added. To a large extent,
this has recently been overcome by Mr. J. E. Benedict, of the National
Museum, who, by indefatigable patience and thought, has devised very
neat appearing glass receptacles, with plane surface sides, and a few
ingenious devices for sustaining the contained specimens in more natu-
ral positions, thus largely doing away with the aforesaid disadvantage.

suit them in the future. I am indebted to Mr. Lucas for the loan of them, and they
are works of no little interest. They are as follows:

First Annual Report | of the | Society | of | American Taxidermists. | — | March
24th, 1880, to March 25th, 1881. | — | Rochester, N. Y. | Daily Democrat and Chronicle
Book and Job Print, 3 West Main st. | 1881. 8vo., pp. 36. 3 process plates.

Second Annual Report | of the | Society ] of | American Taxidermists. | — | March
25th, 1881, to March 24th, 1882. | — | Compiled by the secretary. | — | Rochester, N.
Y. | Judson J. Withall, Book and Job Printer, 39 N, Union street. | 1882. 8vo., pp.
56, with an announcement and index. 2 plates.

It is very much to be desired that this society should* be reorganized, and that
upon a basis of organization oi some one of our best societies in the arts or sciences.
The need for such a society is great.394

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

Still, where alcohol is the preservative used, there yet remain the loss
of color and the distortion due to shrinkage. Many authors in the art
of taxidermy have suggested in their works from time to time various
plans for the skinning of fishes, and u stuffing” them much in the same
way that birds and mammals are done. But as a rule, failure of greater
or less degree is generally the outcome of all such attempts. I have
studied collections of stuffed fishes in many parts of this country and
elsewhere, and I yet have to meet with one in any museum or private
collection, that comes up to what it ought to be. We turn from the
cases of such objects with feelings of anything but a pleasurable nature.
We hear a great deal said about the beauty of birds, and they are beau-
tiful, but I, for one, see a beauty that is quite equal to it in the vast
majority of fishes. Where has nature a lovelier object to offer for our
admiration than a finely marked adult speckled trout just as the fellow
is pulled out of his natural element and lies in the bright rays of the
sun, panting upon a grassy bank? And, do we ever see anything that
very much resembles his incomparable charms in our miserable dried-up
collections of u stuffed” fishes? Hornaday has said:

Certain it is that in nearly every large zoological museum the stuffed fishes are
the least attractive, and the least lifelike of all the vertebrates, In many instances
the reptiles are not far behind in unsightliness, although, as a rule, they are a little
more lifelike than the fishes. In only one natural history museum cut of twenty-
seven have I found a collection of stuffed fishes which surpassed in number and
quality of specimens the collection of birds and mammals, and formed the most
attractive feature of the entire museum. That fish collection is to be seen in the
Government museum at Madras, India, and I have reason to believe it is at present
the finest of its kind in existence. The collection consists of a very general assort-
ment of specimens from the Indian Ocean, and particularly from the Coromandel
coast, and besides a large number of small specimens it also contains as many large
sharks, BMnobatidw, and rays as the authorities have been able to obtain without
duplicating the species.

The specimens were all mounted while fresh from the ocean, which, of course, has
been a great advantage to the taxidermist. I was somewhat surprised to learn that
the taxidermist in question was an Indian native named P. Anthony Pillay, because
East Indian natives of all classes are almost without exception very bad taxider-
mists. Upon being introduced to Mr. Pillay, an old Mohammedan gentleman with a,
long white beard, dressed in the style of his class, he very obligingly explained to
me his method of mounting fish of all kinds. *

Personally, I have but lit tie or no confidence in cultivating the art
along on these lines, notwithstanding the measure of success attained
to by the Indian taxidermist just mentioned. For all large zoological
museums I believe that experimentation should proceed in the direc-
tion of discovering, if possible, some clear, transparent, preservative
fluid that will not change the form or color of the specimens, and then
exhibiting them in such positions as we would see them in aquaria
and such tanks containing living fishes as are to be seen at the exliibi-

* Hornaday, W. T.: A New and Easy Method of Mounting Fish Medallions. Sec-
ond Ann. Rept. Amer. Taxidermist, 1881-82, p. 38.T?eport of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XX,

From a plaster cast; greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 1G508, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

395

tion room, the grottos, of the U. S. Fish Commission at Washington,
D. C. Mr. Benedict, no doubt, has the correct idea in regard to the
form of the receptacles that should contain them, and that is a very
important step in advance. Added to this, the taxidermic artist has
a beautiful field open to him in his method of making plaster casts and
casts of gelatine, upon both of which he may exert his utmost powers
and ability to color so as to have them resemble the natural fish as
closely as possible, and I mean the natural fish immediately after he
has been removed from the water and wiped dry. The study of the
proper colors alone is in itself a vast subject, for they must not only
counterpart the natural shades of the specimens, but they must be
selected with the view to their permanency and general effect. Vari-
ous methods of gilding and silvering upon plaster-of-Paris, gelatine
casts, and papier-mache .ones require careful research and considera-
tion, as by their use many admirable results are to be obtained.

As to the large cartilaginous fishes, as the rays, sharks, and their
kin, we must believe thatthe processes just referred to are atpresent the
only ones known to us by which the living specimens can be reproduced
with any marked fidelity to nature and fit for a first-class museum.

By the old fashion “stuffing” method, it seems quite out of the ques-
tion, even for the most skilled taxidermists among us, to succeed in
thus preserving a shark’s skin, or that tissue in the troublesome ray.
They will not resist the effects of time. They shrink, become distorted,
and finally burst, and bring only failure and disrepute upon the art.
One may as well try and stuff a soap bubble, and fortunately there is
no necessity for either experiment.

In his usual vigorous style, the artist I have last quoted, remarks:

Rays are the meanest of all subjects that rex the soul of the taxidermist. Shun
them as you would the smallpox or the devil. Such abominable animated pancakes,,
with razor edges that taper out to infinite nothingness, were never made to be
mounted by any process known to mortal man. To mount the skin of a vile ray,
and make it really perfect and lifelike, is to invite infinite shrinkage, rips, tears,
warps, defeat, and humiliation at the hands of your envious rivals. If you must
mount a ray, by all means get square with it at the start. Stuff his miserable old
skin with tow or straw, the more the better. Ram him, cram him, “full to the very
jaws,” like the famous rattlesnake skin that taxidermist Miles Standisk stuffed
“with powder and bullets.” If you can burst him wide open from head to tail, by
all means do so, and you may call me your slave for the rest of my life. Make him
nice and round, like a balloon, and then no matter what he does afterward to mor-
tify and disgrace you, and to drag your fair standard in the dust, you will always
have the satisfaction of knowing you are square with him.

Once when I was young and innocent, I encountered an enormous ray. He was
not thrust upon me, for I achieved him—and my own ruin also—at one fell stroke.
I mounted him willingly, nay, eagerly, as Phaeton mounted his chariot, to show the
rest of the world how all rays should be done. I mounted his vast, expansive skin
over a clay-covered manikin that had edges like a Damascus razor, and I made him
flat. He was flat enough to navigate the Platte River at low water, which even a
thick shingle can not do. He was lifelike and likewise was a great triumph. But
almost the moment my back was turned upon him forever, he went back upon me.396

REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEtJM, 1802.

I liad put him up to stay put, so far as my part was concerned, so lie just got mad
and literally tore himself to tatters. He became almost a total wreck, and to make
my defeat a more genuine and unmitigated crusher, Prof. Ward sent word tome,
all the way from Washington, that he would sell me that large ray for $5. I never
forgave him for that.

The best way to mount a ray is to make a nice plaster cast of it, paint it, and then
bury the accursed ray in a compost heap. As a class these fishes are remarkable, and
highly interesting, and there is a far greater variety of them than anyone who is not
an ichthyologist might suppose. To me there is no other group of fishes more inter-
esting, and, I may add, there is no other group that is, as a general thing, so poorly
represented in museum collections. They exhibit all possible intermediate forms
between the ordinary shark and the perfectly round, Hat ray. The intermediate
forms, Rhinobatii and Rhamphobatis, are naturally really the most interesting. *

Some very line plaster-of-Paris casts of fishes of all kinds are to be
found in the collections of the U. S. National Museum, but as has just
been remarked, for some reason or other the rays are but meagerly rep-
resented. These fishes, however, cast beautifully in plaster, and their
colors are not difficult to imitate. It would be hard, for example, to
find a more fitting specimen for museum exhibition than the plaster
cast of the skate shown in Plate xx of the present paper. The plastic
method also reproduces them with even greater fidelity, and it has the
advantage of not being near so easily injured or broken. So perfect are
these two methods that I will warrant that were we to take the living
skate, the gelatine and plaster casts, make photographs of them all of
the same scale and under the same conditions as the one seen in my
plate, we could only with the greatest difficulty distinguish among
them.

Not only is it possible to reproduce life-like representations of living
fishes by means of the plaster-of-Paris cast, but to a certain degree we
can also, by the same means, show some of the habits of this interest-
ing group of vertebrates. A fine examnle of this is seen in Plate xxi of
this report, wherein we are presented with a most excellent cast of a
shark (Carcharhimis obscurus) to whose left side has attached itself a
Remora (JEcheneis naucrates), a habit this parasitic fish is habitually
addicted to, as is well-knoAvn. This fine piece of work, done by Mr.
Joseph Palmer, of the museum, has been colored very closely to imitate
life, and is not only a most interesting and instructive object to have on
exhibition in any zoological museum, but leaves but little to be desired
in the matter of conveying a correct idea of the form and general appear-
ance of these fishes, and in a method at once practical and, with care,
enduring. The mode of mounting such specimens is also seen in the
figures in the plates, and it probably can not very well be improved
upon, consisting as it does of two strong metal upright standards of
the proper length, and which are embedded below in the horizontal
base or stand of wood. This latter may be either plain pine, painted
black and heavily varnished, or it maybe of any of the dark, hard

* Taxidermy, pp. 215, 216.Report of National Museum, 1892.— Shufeldt.

Plate XXI

Shark (Carcharhinus obscurus) and Remora (Echeneis naucrates).
From a plaster east; greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 10070, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892_______Shufeldt.

Plate XXII

Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum).

From a plaster cast: greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 16909, U. S. N. M.:Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

PLATE XXIII

dt (Rhom i
From a r:SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	397

woods highly polished. In any event the aim should be to have it all of
a pattern and kind throughout the museum for subjects of one class, as
these fishes. It admits placing the label adopted by the museum in
front and in the center below, which may be attached in various ways,
or simply fastened to an obliquely cut block of wood, finished in the same
style as the base, and left to rest free upon it. It is important that the
base should be as long, or nearly as long, as the specimen it supports,
for that not only lends an appearance of good balance and symmetry
to the whole, but it also is a great safeguard against the cast being
accidentally tipped over and broken, or broken by the specimen pro-
jecting out beyond it too far, and so not properly protecting it.

The Remora shown in Plate xxi is at once recognized by the black
stripes down its side and the white corners to the caudal fin. It seems
to attach itself principally to the sharks, thus differing with its congener
of the ocean [Remora squalipeta) so frequently found adhering to the
sides and bottoms of ships at sea, well below their water line.

Another fine cast of a shark (Ginglymostoma eirratum) also in plaster,
is seen in Plate xxn, and viewed upon superior aspect. This not only
gives an absolutely correct idea of the animal it was taken from, but
shows very well the peculiar lateral corrugations of the skin, so charac-
teristic of this and other species.

Of the Teleosteans I am enabled to present in my plates quite a num-
ber of interesting and well-known forms, and if the methods of casting
in plaster-of-Paris and plastic compounds be so successful in the case
of the cartilaginous fishes, it requires nothing to be said that it is equally
applicable to them.

All of the casts of the specimens here offered are from the collections
of the Rational Museum, and the perfect manner in which they are
done is well exemplified in the specimen of the turbot shown in Plate
xxni (jRhombus maximus). Most, if not all of them, were executed by
Mr. Joseph Palmer with the assistance of his son, Mr. William Palmer,
under the supervision and direction of some ichthyologist of the muse-
unfs staff, and skillfully colored by Mr. A. Z. Shindler. Among the
principal points to be looked to in making such casts is (1) the selec-
tion of as perfect specimens as possible, especially in the matter of
unmutilated parts, as fins and tail, and structures of the head ; (2)
the parts should be exhibited in a natural manner or properly spread
out; (3) the cast so made as to exhibit special characers; it should be
colored true to nature in a way already indicated; and, (5) finally,
they should be well mounted, labeled, and exhibited in a closed glass
case.

Later on we shall see that fish do not require in these matters quite
as much knowledge, care, and study as do the reptiles; still they require
a good deal, and it should invariably be bestowed upon them.

More or less uniformly colored, and comparatively smooth fishes,
show up fully as well as those with many salient characters, and this398

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

is well seen in such an example as the common Pompano (Traehynotus
carolinus) of Plate xxiv, Pig. 2, which gives a most complete idea of this
interesting species. In most of these specimens the ventral fins, it will be
seen, have, before casting, been brought up so as to be in contact with
the body of the fish. This is done with the view of giving them the
support of the latter and thus greatly decreasing the danger of having
them broken off either through subsequent handling of the cast or
otherwise.

Plaster casts of fishes also admit, in some cases only, of having, the
proper kinds of glass eyes inserted in them after the cast is.made; or
some special structures added, as the barbels of certain species, or
spines of great delicacy, or liair-like appendages—these structures
being composed of some other material than plaster, and being painted
and made to naturally harmonize with the specimen as in life. This is
rarely, if ever, necessary in the case of those fishes cast in gelatine or
similar plastic compounds. This feature of the work admits of no lit-
tle skill and knowledge on the part of the caster and painter of these
vertebrates. Nothing should in any event be omitted that will lend a
true and life-like appearance of the original specimen, and very encour
aging progress is being made along such lines.

Another excellent plaster cast of a fish is seen in Plate xxv, taken from
a specimen of the Mirror carp (Gypr inns carpio), a fish with an inter
esting history in this country now, and which, among other characters,
is at once recognized by having u extraordinarily large scales which run
along the sides of the body in three or four rows, the rest of the body
being bare.’7

A fine cast is also shown in Plate xxv, fig. 2, it being the Buffalo fish
(Itiobus nr us).

It is needless almost to invite attention here once more to the fact
of how well these casts here represent the forms as they appear in life.
The red fish or bass of the Southern States (Scioena ocellata) has also
been cast, and a fine example of it exists in the collections of the
Museum. Where a fish has strong and pronounced external charac-
ters, such as large scales, large projecting rays to the tail or fins, and
marked characters of mouth or operculum, they are sure to constitute
one of the most favorable varieties of fish to cast in plaster, and they,
when skillfully painted, make some of the most striking specimens among
a collection of such objects. This may be appreciated by an examina
tion of the cast of the Parrot fish (Scams spJ), shown in Plate xxiv, or
to nearly an equal extent in the one of the Trigger fish (Batistes capri-
sens), a specimen of which is to be found in the Museum's collections;
and as for the reproduction of color markings, we see a good example
in the cast of the well-known Mud fish (Amia calva), to which Plate
xxvi, Fig. 2, of this paper is devoted.

We have already alluded to the use of the plastic method of casting
for fishes? and so far as my personal investigations have been directedReport of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXIV.

Fig. 1. Parrot-fish (Scams sp. ?).
From a plaster cast.

Fig. 2. Common Pompano (Trachynotus carolinus).
From a plaster cast. (Cat. No. 23351, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	399

they have been concerned principally with the work of that nature done
by the U. S. Fish Commission, much of which was accomplished with
the view of having it exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition.
In this connection my thanks are due Dr. Tarleton H. Bean for the use
of a series of photographs of the results of such methods and other
processes. These, unfortunately, with the single exception of the Opah,
were taken too small to be used here, and as the originals had been for-
warded to Chicago, it was too late to have them photographed of a
larger size. My tbanks are also due to Mr. Denton for his kindness in
showing me his method of reproducing specimens of fish and reptiles by
the plastic method from casts made in plaster, and for submitting to
me for examination specimens of his work after they had been painted
s rd prepared for final exhibition. It would be difficult to overestimate
the value of this kind of work, and the field is a broad one, full of
importance and interest to the art student in taxidermy.

Specimens of many species of fish made according to such processes
bear very close resemblance to the living types, so much so that pho-
tographs of the two are scarcely to be distinguished. This may best
be appreciated by an examination of the specimen in the U. S. Fish
Commission, or the reduced photograph which that institution has of
the plastic cast of the Opah, from a specimen taken upon our own
coasts. Its peculiar form and high coloring rendered it a specially fine
subject for the skill of the person who reproduced it. Ichthyologists
have always expressed great interest in this member of the finny king-
dom, and if the digression be not considered too great, I will quote
here what Mr. Goode has said of it in The Fishery Industries of the
United States (p. 335). According to this distinguished authority, the
Opah family, or the Lamprididce, u is represented in the Atlantic by a
single species, Lampris guttatus, a pelagic fish, which appears to be
more abundant in the deep waters of northern seas than elsewhere. It
has been observed at many points upon the Norwegian coast, about
Iceland and Madeira, as well as in the Mediterranean, but is of unusual
occurrence everywhere, except perhaps about Madeira. On the coast
of England it is one of the great rarities, and is much sought for by col-
lectors on account of its beauty. It is said to be one of the most bril-
liantly colored fishes known—4 red and green, with tints of purple and
gold dotted over with silvery round spots. Iris of the eye is scarlet,
and fins of lively red.’ A specimen was obtained years ago near Sable
Island, Nova Scotia, and the species will doubtless be found still nearer
our shores. It is said that no young specimens have yet been seen.
The species attains the length of 4 feet and more, and is said to be very
excellent eating.”

Everything that has been said above in regard to the various methods
employed in times past, as well as at present, for the preservation of
fishes for exhibition in zoological museums and elsewhere applies with
equal truth to reptiles. The day has apparently fully arrived when400

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

the advanced student of taxidermy will no more think of employing
the old time-honored methods of stuffing a frog or a snake or a/tortoise
than he would of mummifying a bird—a practice that was formerly
recommended, it is said, to avoid the apparent difficulty of removing the
skin. Of all the effigies, I think, in the forms of bad taxidermy that
have figured in such nightmares I have suffered from, or in my waking
dreams, the various stuffed snakes I have seen certainly take the palm.
They have been enough to frighten clean out of existence one laboring
under an attack of mania a potn, as well as the reptiles one claims to
see upon such an occasion. It is almost impossible to remove the skin
from any kind of an ordinary snake without disastrously disturbing its
delicate scales and their beautiful arrangement. And, as for the u stuf-
fing” of frogs, why that may be left to those lovers of the “grotesque
in taxidermy,” for surely such feats have no place in a scientific mu-
seum, and it has always been a wonder to me how they ever could
claim even a smile from a thorough naturalist, let alone words of praise.

My meaning in these premises will be made perfectly clear by turning
to Plate xxix, Fig. 2, which is from an excellent photograph of a specimen
of Gould’s monitor (Monitor gouldi) now in the collections of the U. S.
National Museum.* This favored representative of the taxidermy of a
past decade, formed a part of the South Australian exhibit sent to the
Centennial Exhibition, at Philadelphia, In 1870, and subsequently, pre-
sented to the Institution, where it now is. To the enlightened taxider-
mist my saying it is a stuffed lizard would be all sufficient, but I fain
would invite attention to the absolutely impossible attitude it has beeu
compelled to assume. It is nailed to the base with coarse pins, whose
heads show on the top of every individual foot. The hind feet are
rammed to a bursting point—the forefeet are empty. To save length
of stand the tail has been forced round to the side, and the toes are
alternately pointing to the four quarters of the globe. We do not pass
favorably upon that kind of work any more, and the only interest it
has for me is the stage it represents in the growth and development of
the art of taxidermy, though it is a comfort to know that the day for
such ridiculous productions is rapidly passing into history.

By whatever method done, the casting of most reptiles has one
great advantage over the casting of most fishes—an advantage to the
extent of exercising a greater skill and knowledge on the part of the
operator, for it must be easy for one to realize that to make a plaster
mold of a flounder and a plaster mold of a frog are two very dif-
ferent matters. The first, beyond a spreading of tail and fins, requires
but little arrangement, whereas in the case of the second I have met
with many a person who could not for the life of him place a dead
frog in a natural attitude, to say nothing of making one ready and
obtaining a plaster mold of it. Lizards are sometimes still worse. It
is now, then, that we come to a point where good photographs, good

*'Catalogue No. 8896.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

PLATE XXV,

Fig. 1. Mirror Carp (Cyprinus carpio).

From a plaster cast; greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 25257, U. S. N. M.)

Fig. 2. Bufi^lo-fish (Ictiobus urus).

From a plaster cast; greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 23558, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892________Shufeldt.

PLATE XXVI

The Mud-fish (Amia calva).

Plaster cast. (Cat. No. 20776, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	401

\ *

models, and good illustrations in the vertebrate series really first
come into play. It is only the exception among fishes that such
necessary adjuncts elsewhere will be found useful. One would hardly
think of looking for a model to make a cast of a “Needle Oar,” for
instance; he might in the case of such a form as the Goosefish (LopMus
piscatorius); whereas in the case of an attacking Cobra, or some of
the winged or frilled lizards models would soon be in demand, or at
least very much more so. Snakes form no exception to these remarks,
for the attitudes assumed by them in nature are not only various
in the extreme, but in some cases downright peculiar. And, in good
groups of reptiles peculiar characters and habits should be exhibited
by showing them or exhibiting them by a duplication of the species
composing the group. The blowing viper (.Heterodon) should not only
be preserved and shown with expanded and flattened fore parts, but at
a state of rest likewise. Take another example in the little lizard
Anolis, the American chameleon; we would by no means gain a full
idea of its form and appearance from one specimen, colored bright pea-
green, and the flaming red ornament at the throat retracted; but we
should have a group of at least four or five of them, showing all such
remarkable characters, as well as the various tints it may assume when
it exerts it chameleonic powers. With many lizards and with many
snakes this is not always necessary, and with them one good, faithfully
colored cast will be quite sufficient.

Of course, the very large reptiles, as large Iguanas, Alligators, and
even such large snakes as Anacondas and Pythons, admit of being skill-
fully mounted by the manufacture of bodies made of tow—that is, a
man akin, with internal wire supports and a final clay covering; but, as
I have said, it would appear that the time has come when all small rep-
tiles will no longer be so preserved, and the tendency to cast them is on
the increase. An ingenious method of preserving small reptiles in al-
cohol is resorted to by Mr. Samuel Gar man at the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Harvard College, but I have never had the personal
opportunity of investigating it, though the fact that so able an herpi-
tologist recommends it. as is Mr. Garmanis enough to say that it pos-
sesses its merits for museum purposes. He claims that by its means
he “can give the specimens lifelike attitudes, or arrange them in
groups, as if playing, courting, or fighting; and the liquid heightens
their beauty, as the water does that of the pebble at the seashore,
while ravages of insects are entirely out of the question.”

The larger Chelonia, as the Hawksbill, the Green turtle, the Leather-
back, and the Loggerhead, can also be mounted by the processes usually
recommended by the best taxidermists and successfully, and Mr. Lucas
has pointed out an admirable way for mounting the smaller turtles,#

* Lucas, F. A.: On the mounting of turtles,. Third Ann. Rein Soc. Amer. Taxider-
mists, 1882->83, pp. 84-90, 2 figs.

H. Mis. 114, pt. 2----26402	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

but even this does not convince me but what such mounts will finally
be superseded by the plastic methods and subsequent artistic painting.
I speak especially for the large scientific institutions where a full series
of alcoholics can be maintained in alcohol, and the exhibition series are
intended simply to faithfully present the external characters and ap-
pearances of the specimens.

The National Museum possesses at least one very elegantly preserved
crocodile. Mounted much in the manner pointed out above, it has been
placed in an attitude of rest, with very simple surroundings, but made
the more interesting from the fact that the taxidermist has placed upon
its back one or two specimens of that small Black-headed Plover
(Gharadrius melanocephalus), which in nature may often be seen perched
there, attracted as it is by the insects which occur in numbers upon
that part of the huge reptile.

Here we not only get a fine and naturally preserved specimen of an
important and widely known animal, but we likewise have represented
in the most striking manner one of the most engaging chapters in its
history.

Iii alluding to groups of reptiles, Hornaday, after all his long experi-
ence, has said that—

I know of but one good group of reptiles, and that is a group of turtles which
was prepared by Mr. F. A. Lucas, and displayed at the exhibition of the S. A. T. in
New York in 1883, where it received a medal, and afterwards was presented by him
to the National Museum. This altogether unique and pretty group teaches one very
important lesson, viz, that even the most commonplace animals are interesting when
they are well mounted and grouped with a setting which represents their natural
haunts. Some of the"specimens in this group are represented above water, and some
beneath it, while one enterprising individual is caught in the act of diving, with
half of his body under water and the other half out. The situation represents the
. successful accomplishment of a very neat mechanical feat and is of itself an illustra-
tion of the possibilities in such matters.*

But progress of tlie most substantial nature, thanks to Mr. Goode,
is now being made along such lines in his collections of the U. S. National
Museum, and I believe that in a very few years hence the exhibition
series of this institution will stand among the very finest in the world.
The consummate skill of the Palmers, Mr. Lucas, and a large trained
staff of many others of the first ability in designing, painting, and cast-
ing, is sure to make it so. Hr. Stejneger has been kind enough to place
at my disposition a number of the casts of his department (Reptiles),
for which and other courtesies my thanks are here tendered him.

With regard to the attitudes assumed by snakes, we may say that
they are exceedingly numerous and many of them very interesting to
behold. To secure figures of these for the use of modelers and casters
we have a host of fine illustrations throughout the literature of reptiles,
but I am more and more inclined to believe that a work devoted to a
carfully prepared series of photographs of snakes taken directly in

* Taxidermy, pp. 249, 250.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXVII,

Common Garter Snake <Eutcenia sirtalis).

From a photograph of a living specimen by the author.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXVII!

Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus).

From a plaster cast; greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 9501, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

403

tlieir natural haunts is in reality what is now most in demand. At
zoological gardens, at least here at Washington, they are usually kept
in wire cages, often huddled together, and rarely assume the animated
attitudes most natural to them, and so, even if photographs could be
obtained of them there, they would hardly meet the end in view. That
they are easily obtained in nature I have recently demonstrated in one
instance for illustration in the present connection, though I am confident
with just a little more practice in that way the results can be made all
that is to be desired. About, a month ago on my premises I secured a
good-sized Garter snake, uninjured in the least degree, and at once
placed him in a large glass jar. Immediately I cut out, on the bank
of a stream on my place, a suitable pfece of ground, with plants grow-
ingon it, for my "'‘base.” This 1 placed out of doors on a large box
about the height of my camera, aud for a background behind it I
placed a large sheet of common white blotting paper. My snake was
then removed from his jar and placed on the base. By tapping him
on the head he at once threw himself in the position I secured him in
in the photograph, of which Plate xxyii is a good copy.

How, this operation altogether took less than an hour, and a fairly
good figure was the result. But it may be accomplished very easily in
another way; for all we have to do is to ugo afield” armed with our
camera and a necessary number of plates, and a thin board covered
with white blotting paper for our background, to be used for cutting
off superfluous foliage, etc. On meeting with a snake, or indeed any
small animal, he may in 50 per cent of the cases be obtained by the
methods above indicated. Recently I have even succeeded in get-
ting them on the ground by placing the camera right down in front
of them, putting up my background, then assuming a prone position
myself, focused and got my figure.

Such a photograph of the Helodermas was obtained by me in Hew
Mexico. The specimens represented in it were my own; they were
healthy and vigorous, and had been disporting themselves in the sun,
when, becoming tired, they sought the shade of some plants, and as
they assumed positions of rest I there photographed them.

All the figures of snakes given in the present report are from plaster-
of-Paris casts in the collections of the Hational Museum. They were
all made, I believe, by Mr. Joseph Palmer, and most naturally colored.
They are wonderfully fine thiugs, and a credit to any museum inexist-
ence. But what is still more to the point they faithfully represent the
originals, and that is what we want. Hot only are these snakes in
plaster, but so are the tasteful bases of rock, etc., upon which they have
been placed. Take, for example, the rattlesnake shown in cast 950.
With tail elevated, and the reptile thrown into natural coils, partly
within the recess of the spreading roots of a large tree, we have an
accomplishment in plaster the equal of which for that particular snake
I do not believe to be extant,404

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

Quite as good is the young Ancistrodon in the collection, for here, too,
the snake is partly within a recess and fully the anterior fourth of tlie
animal free.

Errors can sometimes occur, however, even in apparently such a sim-
ple procedure as properly coiling up a snake for a plaster cast, and as
line a work of art as it is in other respects, I am inclined to think that
in nature a snake never so abruptly bends the neck as close to the head
as has been done for the one in Plate xxx. A dead snake may be placed
in a great many postures which in nature it never assumes, and these
dead attitudes must be guarded against; and it is just here where the
results of good photographs of snakes in nature come in most advan-
tageously.

In the coloring of snakes and other reptiles we should rely solely
upon specimens that are alive, and taken as subjects if possible just
after the “ shed.” It is almost needless to add that a cast should only
be painted from the snake from which the cast was made, and not
another specimen of the same species. Frogs, for some reason or other,
are not always well drawn and colored, and, as I have before re-
marked, some of the most abominable stuffed specimens and casts of
them are in existence. Those in some of our museums bear no closer
resemblance to the original animal than a camel does to a chestnut
burr. They are simply horrid. This is often the case, too, in many
departments of decorative art. Even our Indians, who occasionally
make pretty good hits, crude as they are, at pictorial decoration with
some of the animals they happen to be most familiar with, miss it
when they try the frog. Attempts made by the Japanese.in such mat
ters are often very much better than the results turned out by the
brushes and implements of our own artists and designers. There is one
very life-like plaster-of-Paris cast, colored, of this Batracliian in the
collections of the ^National Museum, and it is reproduced in Plate xxxi
of the present paper. It shows the animal in one of its most common
poses, and may well serve as a model for anyone who desires to copy
it for any purpose whatsoever.

Some grand results in the matter of the casting of turtles, both large
and small ones, have been accomplished in the workshops of the
Museum. These are either in plaster-of-Paris like all the specimens
here figured, or in some few cases the natural shell of the animal has
been retained, and the exposed external parts, as head, legs, and tail,
cast in the usual plastic material used, and subsequently fitted to the
former. When cast in plaster-of-Paris, they of course have to be painted,
as in the case of all animals so reproduced. When photographed,
these tints do not show, and consequently my figures, with the par-
tial exception of the box tortoise (Gistudo), exhibit only the form of
the specimen.

Especial attention is invited to the beautiful cast of Aspidonectes
Plate xxxii, which is not more than one-sixth the linear length of theReport of National Museum, 1892,—Shufeldt.

Plate XXIX

Anctstrodon piscivorus.

Plaster cast; greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 10488,Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXIXia).

Monitor Gouldi.

Stuffed specimen; old style, faulty mounting. (Cat. No. 8896, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeidt.

PLATE XXX.

From a plaster cast; greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 9966, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXXI

Bull Frog.

a plaster cast; rSCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

405

original. So far as external form is concerned it simply stands as
good as the original, as offering to the naturalists of all ages an abso-
lutely correct idea of this interesting chelonian. Lizards are more
difficult to cast than are turtles, as in many of their details of external
structure they are more delicately formed, and, upon the whole, I do
not think an equal success has been attained at the Museum in the
plaster casting of saurians as has in the case of the chelonians.
Nevertheless the plaster casts of some of the larger lizards leave us
nothing to be desired in that art. A truly magnificent thing is seen in
the plaster cast of Tupinambis (Plate xxxv). It would seem to be per-
fect in every particular, and by all odds is the finest result of the kind
that I have ever had the pleasure of examining.

Just here this is all 1 have to say in regard to the preservation of
reptiles tor museum exhibition, but the subject, in a general way, will
be reverted to again before closing this paper.

We next pass to a consideration of the preservation of birds. Upon
entering this department, after passing fish and reptiles in review, we
seem almost to come into entirely new fields. Zoologically birds are not
one bit more important than either fishes or reptiles, but from a popular
standpoint they have probably received, as every biologist knows, fully
fifty times the attention. Ornithological literature, taken by and large,
is a hundred fold more voluminous than that of the two other groups just
mentioned put together. Thousands of birds have been preserved by
one method or another (not including alcoholics), to one fish. When one
alludes to the art of taxidermy in the presence of the laity the idea that
first comes up is, that the taxidermy of birds only is intended; mammals
are far less frequently thought of by such people; and fish and reptiles
rarely or never. Plates, figures, drawings, and illustrations of this
group are far more numerous; and, notwithstanding my sincere efforts
to equalize the illustrations for the various departments in this paper,
somehow or other the plates of birds constitute nearly one-half of
them. Many taxidermists devote themselves, to birds alone, and it is
only those in this country who are really finished adepts in the art that
can skillfully handle the preservation of any kind of an animal what-
ever, birds included.

Taking all this into consideration, one would naturally think that that
department of taxidermy had made far greater progress than any other;
but I hasten to say this is by no means the case. If we take the col-
lections of such an institution as the National Museum for example, we
find upon examination that there is quite as much bad taxidermy among
birds as there is among mammals, and when it is bad it is very bad.
On the other hand, from the host of u terrifies?? that still linger in the
cases of the ornithological department there has been growing out of
it of recent years a most satisfactory and most encouraging progress.
Both individual specimens as well as groups of birds are now being
produced which bear every evidence of the highest accomplishments406

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

attained to by taxidermists anywhere in the world. There are two great
reasons for this: First, taxidermy itself has only recently been raised
from the plane of mere cheap jobbery to the place it long ago should
have occupied—that is, to a school of living art; and, second, the selec-
tion from that school for employment in the M useum of at least a rep-
resentation.

Everything I have thus far said in the foregoing pages in the matter
of models, of grouping, and, indeed, of reproducing nature in the Museum
with respect to fishes and reptiles, applies with equal force to birds.
With regard to the photography of birds in their native haunts and
elsewhere, for the purpose of securing models as guides to natural atti-
tudes of this class of vertebrates for the taxi dermic artist, it would seem
to be far more important here than with either reptiles or fish. This is
so from the fact that in the case with the last two the specimens are
now most frequently cast, while, as we well know, with birds it is differ-
ent; they being skinned, the artist must have a model to go by for the
restoration of form.

Where models are not followed, especially in those cases where the
taxidermist may never have seen the bird either alive or even a good
figure of it, the most pitiable results follow. This is well seen in PI.
xxxvi, showing two king penguins—birds of the same species. The
taller of the two was mounted by one of the old school-men taxider-
mists years ago, and it is so bad that I consider it quite beyond the
pale of criticism. The second and more upright bird, recently done at
the Museum, although in some particulars not everything it should be,
is such an advance upon the first, that comparison becomes quite unnec-
essary. Bad mounting of the kind just referred to is still more disas-
trous when it has been done in the case of a bird of great rarity, and
consequently of almost priceless value. This was unfortunately the
case in regard to the specimen of the Great Auk (Plautus impennis)
owned by the National Museum. A figure of this as first mounted by
some ancient bungler is shown on PI. xxxvii, Fig. 1. No living auk in
good health ever stood in that position; but thanks to what art can
sometimes accomplish in these days, this outraged bird was not des-
tined for all eternity to stand as a drum-major at dress parade.

It was determined to have it remounted; an operation, owing to the
age of the specimen and a lack of knowledge as to what condition the
skin might be in, that required a full measure of judgment relative to
what taxidermy could hope for in such premises. The work of remod-
eling was accomplished by Mr. Wood, of the National Museum, and the
result is shown in Plate xxxvii, Fig. 2, and this now probably extinct
fowl, one of the treasures of the department, presents a far more respect-
able appearance, and is certainly posed in a far more natural attitude,
though judging from Audubon’s plate of it, I believe it still to be not a
posture this auk was wont to assume. Still, it was most assuredly the'Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXXII.

Soft-shelled Turtle (Aspidonectes ferox, ad.).

From a plaster cast; greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 8899, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892 —Shufeldt.

PLATE XXXI11

Box Tortoise (Cistudo clausa).

From a plaster cast; reduced. (Cat. No. 10329, U. S. N. M.)■Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXXIV.



Gopher (Gopherus agassizi).

From a plaster cast; reduced. (Cat. No. 10412, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1 892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXXV,

Tupinambis teguixin.

From a plaster cast; reduced. (Cat. No. 20790, U. S. N. BI.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXXVI.

Old and Improved Methods of Mounting a Penguin.

From specimens in the National Museum. ’(Cat. Nos. 124684 and 15686, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXXVII,

The Great Auk {Plautus impennis).SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

407

very best that could have been done under the circumstances; for when
birds7 necks are stretched out of all proportion, and then allowed to
remain that way for years, it is by no means an easy matter to even
partially restore them again to their normal lengths. Even among the
more common birds there still linger numerous examples of old-style
bird stuffing in the cases of the National Museum. Some of these abso-
lutely violate every correct principle of taxidermy, and it is devoutly
to be hoped that the time is not far distant when they can be presented
to some fourth-rate museum or college “in the provinces.77 Surely
both this Museum and the people have outgrown such scarecrows. I
allude to such looking affairs as we have represented in Plate xxxvm
of this report, a specimen of Lams occidentalism Now, gulls make espe-
cially beautiful subjects when they are well mounted; for in nature they
are graceful in the extreme, and their plumages, so simple and so harmo-
niously blended, are very attractive. Plate xxxix, a mounted specimen
of Greagrus furcatus in the national collection, is in my opinion an ab-
solutely lifelike reproduction of the bird as it appeared when it was
alive. It is nature and simplicity itself, and, with its neat stand, leaves
nothing to be desired in the way of mounting a single individual in an
attitude of rest.*

| There is no class of vertebrates that admit of grouping for museum
exhibition that can exceed birds. Most of the species are small, which
4s an advantage, inasmuch it allows us to increase the amount of nat-
ural surroundings; then a great many birds have very peculiar habits
land construct a great variety of nests, and these may often be repro-
duced with the greatest possible interest, f

| One of the most lifelike groups of birds known to me is the pair of
yBlack Ducks (Anas obscura) and young, which form a part of the
ornithological mounted collection of the American Museum of Natural
|History of New York City. Through the kindness of Dr. J. A. Allen,

'‘This gull was the work of Mr. Nelson R. Wood, one of the taxidermists employed
in the National Museum, who also prepared all the mounted domestic fowls and
pigeons here shown with the exception of the white-faced black Spanish cock (Plate
lxix, Fig. 2); the Parrot (Plate xliv, Figs. 1, 2); the Baltimore oriole (Plate lxxiii) f
the turkey (Plate xlviii,); and the great horned owl (Plate lxxii). Mr. Wood
has cheerfully tendered his assistance to me in several ways during my examination
of specimens, for which he fully deserves my thanks, as he does for the loan of his
living specimen of GambeTs partridge and Black Sumatra cock, both of which by
photography have been secured for plates for this paper.

tAccording to Mr. Goode: “The mounting of animals in picturesque and lifelike
groups in the midst of accessories taken from their natural haunts appears to have
been first attempted by Prof. Paolo Savi in the early part of the present century.
In the museum of the University of Pisa nearly one hundred of these are still pre-
served. One of these, a group of starlings upon the head of a dead sheep, is as fine
as anything since produced anywhere; and a pair of boar hounds attacking a boar
is, for action, the best piece of mammal mounting I have ever seen. The collection
is a wonderful one, and is still perfectly preserved.”408

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

of that institution, I am enabled to present that group here as one of
my illustrations. It is shown in Plate XL.*

The subjects shown in Platexliii, Parrot; Plate lxi, CaliforniaPartridge; Plate
lxii, Massena Partridge; Plate lxiii, Quail; Plate lix, Fig. 2, Quail; Plate lxiv,
English Pheasant; Plate lxv, Moor Cock; Platelxvii, Ruffled Grouse; Plate lxvii,
Fig. 1, Dusky Grouse; Plate lx vii, Fig. 2, Richardson’s Grouse, and the well-mounted
turkey head in Plate lxix, are all examples of Mr. Densiow’s style of mounting.
My thanks are due him for the loan of the drawing from which the figure of the
Great Horned Owl, shown in Plate lxxii, was made. It is from his well-tilled “ note-
book” of drawings and photographs of all kinds of animals from life and good
illustrations—-just such a book as every taxidermist should compile*. Mr. Denslow
was at one time employed by the National Museum and is in my opinion a taxider-
mist of the highest order ot merit.

Great simplicity may characterize groups of birds, or they may be
gotten up with every refinement of detail. A beautiful piece of work
representing the former style is to be found in the collection, where
two flamingoes and their nests are represented; while of the latter
kind, it would be difficult to find a group anywhere that would present so
many interesting features, and such wonderful harmony in detail, as is
seen in the group of jacanas, which, together with the flamingoes, were
sent on to the World’s Columbian Exposition. The piece of pond work in
this latter, including the flowers and their leaves, and the handling of the
bottom, are simply exquisite. Such work is an adornment to any
museum, and a whole chapter in zoological science to any visitor who
may chance to give it any study whatever. The artist, I regret to say,
is not known to me, but there is no question that he knew a jacana.t I
have seen the birds alive in nature, and the way he has rendered the
peculiar habit the males have of vertically erecting their wings, in a
manner similar to our Solitary sandpiper, is capital. This delicate case,
as I have just said, was sent on to the World’s Fair at Chicago, and it
is to be hoped that no misfortune will befall it either in going there
or having it returned here.

Perhaps some of the finest groups in the world are at South Kensing-
ton of the British Museum, and at the commencement of this paper I
quite extensively quoted from Dr. Sharpe’s article upon the nature of
many of them. That distinguished ornithologist, who is in charge of
the department of ornithology there, has kindly sent me, as I have
before said, two beautiful photographs of their method of mounting
specimens of the diurnal Raptures. Those photographs, unfortunately,
l had to have very much reduced, but still they show very well the

*This group was designed and prepared by Mr. Jenness Richardson, at the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History, in 1890; the studies being made from life at Gar-
diner’s Island, New York, in May, 1889. The accessories were made by Mrs. E. S.
Mogridge, under the supervision of Mr. Richardson, and are actual facsimiles from
nature.

tThe group was mounted by Henry Marshall, for many years the principal bird
taxidermist in the National Museum.—Editor.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXXVIII

Ring-billed Gull (Larus occidentalism juv.).
iple of an incorrectly mounted Gull. (Cat. No. 6474, U. S. N. M.)■Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XXXIX,

Swallow-tailed Gull (Creagrus furcatus).

Example of correctly mounted Gull. (Cat. No. 1159G8, U. S. N. M.)(Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XL.

Black Bucks and Young (Anas obscura).

From a figure published in “ The Auk,” of a group in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Reproduced by permission of Dr. J. A.Allen, editor of “ The Auk.”SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	409

grandeur of the scale upon which such work is executed. Their copies
are faithfully rendered in Plates xli and xlii, and to study them simply
means to excite our fullest admiration for such bold and truthful ren-
dering. In Plate xli one of the birds is exhibited in full flight, and yet
the rocky wall behind him seems to be in contact with his tail, and, in-
asmuch as there is no perch for him to have pitched off of in full flight,
the question might naturally arise, going at the rate he apparently is,
whence did he come'? The defect so apparent is probably due to the
picture itself, which does not represent the actual and necessary space
that exists between the sailing bird and the rocky cliff behind him.

Such illustrations bring up to my mind The great question of the
amount of activity permissible in birds mounted for museum exhibi-
tion. My opinion in these premises can be briefly put. The great bulk
of individual specimens of small birds exhibited in the cases of a large
scientific zoological museum should be mounted up on the T of the
perch in one of the most common attitudes of the species; a slight dip-
ping forwards, or slight inclination of the head in some direction, being
alone permissible. But this would give rise to great monotony, and to
break that we would advise a certain amount of activity in single spec-
imens. This should be accorded to those birds which normally are very
active in nature. With respect to groups of birds we may to a greater
extent indulge in arranging birds in different attitudes. At the best
this is what we would naturally look for anyway, for in groups of birds
the individuals .composing it are more frequently mounted in the act
of performing something, either feeding their young or flying, or nest-
building, or some other avocation. Even violent action, as fighting
each other, or capturing their prey, may be introduced in a limited
number of groups.

The scolding parrot, shown in Platexltii, which, by the way, isamas-
terly piece of work, is an excellent example of activity shown in a single
specimen, and this one subject would give relief to a dozen quiet par-
rots in the same case; or, for example, the other species, equally as well
rendered, shown in two views in Plate xliv, Figs. 1 and 2. For ordinary
small birds the style shown for the female oriole in Plate lxxiii is some-
times desirable, especially when abirdis selected having such active hab-
its as the oriole has, and where the artist can succeed in reproducing one
of its more usual postures as well as has been done in the case of this
specimen. Otherwise it most certainly should not be attempted. But
the acme of all activity and of all grouping is reached wflien such artis-
tic pieces of work, so faithfully executed, so full of interest and all that
is natural, are set forth as the piece shown in Plate xlv. Mr. Adams?
who both collected and mounted this most attractive thing, would cer-
tainly have u capped the climax” had he been able to have brought
home the very section of the tree in which that identical Hornbill built
her nest. This part is artificial, having been built up of fine papier-
mache ; but it is only fairly well done. It represents the male of one of the410

REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

species of Hornbills feeding tlie female, whom he has imprisoned during
the period of incubation in a hollow tree. I never pass it that I do not
think of what Wallace has said of the habit in his Malay Archipelago
(p. 147):

I had sent my hunters to shoot and while I was at breakfast they returned, bring-
ing me a fine large male of the Buceros bicornis, which one of them assured me he
had shot while feeding the female, which was shut up in a hole in a tree. Iliad
often read of this curious habit, and immediately returned to the place, accompa-
nied by several of the natives. After crossing a stream and a bog, we found a large
tree leaning over some water, and on its lower side, at a height of about 20 feet,
appeared a small hole, and what looked like a quantity of mud, which I was assured
had been used in stopping up the large hole. After a while we heard the harsh cry
of a bird inside, and could see the white extremity of its beak put out. I offered a
rupee to anyone who would go up and get out the bird, with the egg or young one,
but they all declared it was too difficult and they were afraid to try. I therefore
very reluctantly came away. In about an hour afterward, much to my surprise, a
tremendous loud, hoarse screaming was heard, and the bird was brought me, to-
gether with a young one which had been found in the hole. This was a most curi-
ous object, as large as a pigeon, but without a pa tide of plumage on any part of it.
It was exceedingly plump and soft, and with a semitransparent skin, so that it
looked more like a bag of jelly with head and feet stuck on than like a real bird.

The extraordinary habit of the male in plastering up the female with her egg and
feeding her during the whole time of incubation and till the young one is fledged, is
common to several of the large hornbills, and is one of those strange facts in natural
history which are “ stranger than fiction.”

A very favorable commencement lias been made at the National
Museum of illustrating our own native birds by similar methods, and
it would not be easy to overestimate the value and interest that
attach to so important a step. We have already in one handsome
single case a pair of shrikes with their nest and young in a thorn-apple
bush, while upon several of the spines of the hitter are suspended vari-
ous insects and a small mammal, showing the habit of those interesting
birds in nature of thus impaling such creatures. Others are in the
course of making, and still others in contemplation. A pair of Wood
Ducks with their real nest, taken from some lofty tree, is a good sub-
ject for some enterprising artist, and many others suggest themselves
to us. There were magnificent groups of our birds sent on to the
Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and when these are returned, as
they will be, it will form a fine basis for such a collection to be added
to in the future. I fear I must leave a great deal unsaid here that I
would like to say, but it is to be devoutly hoped that the wide interest
our people are taking in such matters, and the national desire of build-
ing up a National Museum at our fair capital, will induce our Govern-
ment to open the public purse to the extent of bestowing the room
required for the proper exhibition of this series, even to the giving of a
large and suitable building, now so much needed through the rapid
increase and accumulation of such treasures.

This will be the more necessary inasmuch as within a few years past,
through the wise foresight of Mr. Goode, another very important de~Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XLIReport of National Museum, 1892,—Shufeldt.

PLATE XLII.

Method of Mounting Diurnal Raptures employed in the British Museum.

Reproduced from a photograph lent by Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe, keeper of the Department of
Ornithology, British Museum.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XLIII

A Scolding Parrot.

From photograph of a specimen in the U. S. National Museum. (Cat. No. 126612, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892_______Shufeldt,

Plate XLIV,

(•.ft 'N 'S 'fl ‘2,86^1 'OxST -^0)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XLV,

Male Hornbill Feeding Imprisoned Female.

(Cat. No. 116631, U. S. N. M. Collected and mounted by Mr. C. F. Adams.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	411

Spar tin ent is'growing up at tlie Government museums, and this in the
field we now have under consideration, and.it is the exhibition of the
finest possible specimens of all our domesticated fowls, especially'
pigeons, chickens, and the like. So far as the art has applied itself to
the preservation and representation of these lately, it has been most
satisfactory, and many masterpieces of this kind now adorn the series.

The style in which the fowls are being done is well exemplified in
Plates xlvi and xlvii. Mr. 0. A. Sharp, of Lockport, 1ST. Y., imported
the birds there shown from England. They are both prize-winners, and
both splendid samples of Indian game fowl, cock and hen. At their
death they were presented by Mr. Shari) to the National Museum.
“Lady Whitfield,” the hen, is an hundred-dollar bird, while her consort
brought $350. From an artistic point of view, in so far as taxidermy
is concerned, they are markedly superior pieces of workmanship and
in every particular—pose, topographical anatomy, coloring, spirit, and
all. To appreciate their beauty, we have but to compare them with
some of the taxidermy that was done during the old regime of the
Museum’s history. I mean such types of it as I am enabled to show in
Plate XLix, Fig. 2—a White-faced black Spanish cock—a relic I ex-
humed from the vaults of the specimens now being discarded. What a
beauty ($)—saddle-backed, tail thrown up like a. toucan’s, wires show-
ing everywhere, most all of his body in front of his legs, stepping off
with both feet flat on the ground, and such a weird, grotesque, con-
sequential, lop-sided aspect anyway—this fright with no form of a fowl
known to me is only fit to grace the front window of a fourth-class cheap
bird “staffer’s” shop. A few more such “ spooks” as this still linger on
exhibition, as if by courtesy to the past, but they will shortly have to
make way before the work now coming in.

Sometimes these game cocks are “undubbed,” that is their wattles
and comb are not trimmed off. In preserving these parts in a bird like
this they are cast from the original and restored in a plastic material,
that will keep indefinitely without change of form or color. After the
bird is mounted, these are properly attached in their places on the
head, and the suture lines colored over. The effect is absolutely per-
fect, and to show how perfect it is I have introduced two additional
figures, nearly life size, of the head of a game cock (Plate xlviii, Figs.
1,2). They will bear the minutest inspection from every critical point
known to taxidermists. In Fig. 2 the eye is unfortunately marred by
the light refraction, but we can not avoid that in photography. Thor-
oughly lifelike again is the pretty specimen shown in Plate L, a Silver-
spangled Hamburg hen. The artist who mounted this specimen is
a close student at all times of the various attitudes assumed not only
by fowls and pigeons of all kinds, but of the feathered creation at
large, and in this instance has happily hit the appearance of a hen
feeding as she walks along or regarding some small object on the
ground that has attracted her attention.412

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

Another worthy subject is seen in Plate xlix, Fig. 1, a proud old
black Sumatra cock, that comes from a line of fowls unsurpassed by
any in beauty or from. Mr. Wood, of the Museum, owns one or more
of the grandsons of the rooster here portrayed, and through the skill
and patience of Mr. T. W. Smillie, in charge of the photographic gallery
of the National Museum, I am enabled to present figures from photo-
graphs of this cock, taken from the live bird.

They are valuable as models, going to show the disposition of plum-
age, the contour of general form, its attitudes, and general appear-
ance. These fowls are black all over, with strong blue and green
reflections in every changing light. Special attention is invited to the
elegant manner in which the superb tail is horizontally carried and the
proud carriage of the bird in Plate lxi. O ye artists of the pen and
block who diligently illustrate for our thousand and one agricultural
periodicals all over this country, and sometimes do not quite hit in your
efforts the galline form divine, pray look upon these portraits before
getting down to your easels again, and profit thereby!

Other remarkably fine pieces of work of this kind are seen in Plates
lii, liv, and lv. They are all equally good and deserving of the highest
compliment that I can give them, and that is they are absolutely true
to nature. My only regret is that they are not colored as well, for they
would then be still more lifelike an 1 ^ ‘r real beauties greatly enhanced.
This factor is not so much missed in the good old light Brahma hen in
Plate ly, for she is largely black and white. She was presented to the
National Museum by Mr. Charles Griffin, of Shelter Island—with the
cock that goes with her they constitute a pair of fowls of great beauty.
(Plate liv and ly.)

Many of the domestic pigeons have also been treated at the Museum
quite as artistically as have the fowls. No opportunities have been lost
to catch these in their every mood, and reproduce them in preserved
specimens of the individuals themselves. One of the prettiest subjects
sent on to the Chicago fair by the N ", _ *"! Museum was a large pigeon-
cot covered with many varieties of our tame pigeons, both the common
and the rarer kinds. It was gotten up by Mr. Lucas in a manner that
admitted of no improvement, bearing as it did a true likeness to an
original. Two of the pigeons that were upon it are shown in Plate lvi
and lvii. When one thinks of the stiff' and uncouth things that so
many taxidermists give us and cal] them pigeons, it is positively grate-
ful to turn to these here shown, and observe the eminently natural atti-
tudes in which these gentle creatures have been thrown. One of the
prettiest pieces of taxidermy that 1 have ever had the pleasure of study-
ing is the dozing dovecot pigeon, depicted in Plate lvi. We hope that
this collection, now so well advanced, will continue to grow both nu-
merically and in the variety ot the species. Were it possible to obtain
some of the steps in Mr. Darwin’s numerous experiments with pigeons,
and all that he demonstrated thereby, and the corresponding forms andReport of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XLVI

Indian Game Hen, “ Lady Whitfield.

(Cat. No. 100057, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XLVII

Indian Game Cock (dubbed).

(Cat. No. 106079, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XLVII!Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt

PLATE XLIX,

(Cat. No. 106048, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1 892.—Shufeldt.

Plate L.

Silver-spangled Hamburg Hen,

(Cat. No. 106074, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LI



3 S£
S R

(Erect posture.)
lent by Mr. Nelson R. Wood.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LI!

Brown Leghorn Cock. (Calling the hen.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LI 11,

Black Sumatra Cock, (Attitude of rest on one foot.)

(From photograph of living specimen, lent by Mr. Nelson R. Wood,)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

413

crosses could be obtained, the plan would not be a bad one to devote a
few cases to illustrate so important a subject.

When we come to study the collection of mounted specimens of the
Gallinse in the ornithological cases of the Smithsonian Institution in
the large hall where all the mounted birds are exhibited, we find the
same condition of affairs presented to us, as has been described for the
other avian groups. Inferiority of work, as a rule, characterizes the
older specimens, while real merit marks the most of those that have
appeared within comparatively recent times. This appears to have
been the case, in so far as the latter kind are concerned, during a period
extending over perhaps a twelve month prior to the opening of the
World’s Columbian Exposition. Some fine work began to make its
appearance just then, due apparently to that cause, which was having
a similar stimulating influence in all quarters, no art or industry being
exempt from it. The advances in methods and results was being
silently watched by me with a keen interest and appreciation, not to
say a feeling of pride and exultation at the genuine gain that was being
made in such matters.

My attention, among other things, was especially drawn towards the
group to which allusion has just been made, particularly the American
partridges and grouse and their allies. Some of the species of par-
tridges that were being mounted and placed in the cases struck me as be-
ing more life-like than was common, and I mentally compared them with
my recollections of the living species in nature, as well as all the figures I
knew of them. As the present paper began to take on form I deter-
mined, if possible, to introduce copies of a few photographs of living
partridges, and, as has been mentioned on a previous page, the opportu-
nity was duly presented. Mr. Smillie was good enough in my presence
to make several exposures upon a living specimen of GambePs partridge,
and some of those results are well worthy of publication. They are
presented in Plate lix, Fig. 1, and Plate lx. In the first figure the
bird had elevated all his feathers just prior to preening himself. This
in a way should be compared with the quail shown in Fig. 2, recollect-
ing, however, that the living bird is not on the ground and that the
mounted one is done with the act of preening and is just about to shake
herself.

In Plate lx the bird was taken as it sat quietly upon a perch, and
slightly elevated the feathers at the neck and forepart of the body. It
shows that one of the feathers of its plume was broken and hung down
below the others and is not a shadow, as might by some be supposed.
This figure is a fine model for those whe may desire to mount a par-
tridge in this attitude. Although of a different genus, it is interesting
to compare this with the partridge shown in Plate lxiii, which is one
of the best mounted specimens of a Colinus with which I am acquainted.
It will be noticed that the slight flatness that naturally exists over the
pectoral region is apparent in both the living bird and in the specimen414

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

shown in Plate lxiii. This feature should also be compared with what
we see in Plate lx.

Some excellent judges of the taxidermy of birds have spoken very
highly of the California partridge shown in Plate lxx, and though ap-
parently in all essential respects faultless in workmanship, design, and
execution, it is to me not as pleasing a result as the Cyrtonyx seen in
Plate lxii. Birds of the latter species I have seen in Hew Mexico, and
in nature they exactly have the form here shown. The model used in this
case, however, was from the figure in GoukUs monograph on the Odon-
tophorinw, while in the case of the California partridge it was from life.

Of the larger game birds the Museum has quite a number of a char-
acter not to be excelled by any institution in the world, and probably
not fully equaled by any other in this country. They must excite even
the admiration of those who care ever so little for either ornithology or
for the feats of pure art in taxidermy. But such people, fortunately,
I am not now dealing with and care less for. But tell me, where is the
naturalist, or the sportsman, or the taxidermist, or the cultured any-
where who can not see the extreme beauty and excellence in such
specimens as I have been permitted to present m such a piece as the
Pheasant portrayed in Plate lxiv, or the moor cock shown in the next
plate following, or Plate lxv. It is too bad we can not show the color
in such a specimen as this, for it is surely a gorgeous fowl. There is
another specimen of the moor cock in the collection and the taxider-
mist has attempted to mount it in an attitude of strutting on a log, or
a large bough, I do not remember which now, for I only remember the
unpleasant sensation left upon me after having seen the bird itself. It
has the appearance as though it was about to have a spasm. It is an
excellent example of—very bad taxidermy.

Wolf’s superb drawings form almost an inexhaustible supply of grace-
ful and accurate postures and positions of all kinds of vertebrates, and
it was from that work that the artist secured his model for the Ruffed
grouse reproduced in Plate lxvi. In placing this, however, before the
camera I gave it a front view rather than a lateral one, this being, as
is well known, one of the severest tests to which you can submit the
artist’s work, especially in a piece of this kind. How well it stands it
others must be left to judge; for my own part and in my humble
opinion it represents to a line, to a feather, a startled grouse as he
regards from the bough of a tree the object that has alarmed him. The
balance, with upper wing slightly lowered, with tail flatly outspread,
raised ruffs, and eager look, the position of the feet—indeed the entire
poise is admirable throughout.

In order to show how well some of the other species of our grouse have
been preserved I chose the two shown in Plate lxvii, Figs. 1, 2, either of
which are as good as they can be made. It would have been an easy
matter here to have selected a dozen or more mounted specimens of
grouse from the collection that would have shown how bad these birdsReport of National Museum, 1892.— Shufeldt.

Plate LIV,

Light Brahma Cock.

(Cat. No. 106043, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LV.

Light Brahma Hen.

(Cat. No. 106044, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS. -	415

can be mounted when they fall into the hands of the unskilled. It is
better, however, I think to forget and forgive all that has been done
in the past, provided we continually strive to copy nature as closely as
possible in the future. To this end. I reproduced as many good models
as possible, and have given only a few showing how taxidermy ought
not to be done. Examples of the “ how-not-to-do-it” kind have been in-
troduced here and there only as warnings.

Our wild turkey seems always to have given trouble to the old-time
taxidermists, and some perfect frights are made to do duty for that noble
fowl in the collection. Some of these are so badly prepared that they
are downright hideous, while in some respects they fail to give any idea
of the bird or its appearance in nature. The taxidermy of the turkey,
moreover, presents difficulties that are to be encountered only in a lim-
ited number of birds in any avifauna. Chief among these problems is
the proper preservation of the practically featherless head. This is not
only without feathers, as we know, but in life is highly colored, corru-
gated, and wattled below. Whoever it was that prepared the turkeys
in former times that now disgrace the cases of the ornithological depart-
ment I do not pretend to know, any more than I know the reason why
such miserable fifth-class pieces of work are retained there, unless it
be something after the order of Chinese ancestry worship, and an op-
posing of the methods of the moderns.

To condemn the bad and to recommend every result that reproduces
nature is my object here, and this thought was uppermost in my mind
when the comparison made in Plate lxix was undertaken. As one looks
at this plate the left-hand head shows how wretchedly bad meleagrine
taxidermy may be done sometimes. The wattle-like comb has had no
pains whatever taken with it, and appears more like a curved, semi-
erect, filamentous horn than anything else; the skin of the head has
been stretched down an inch lower than, it belongs, rendered possible
by the ustuffier” eliminating all the corrugations that naturally occur
in it; then the feathers that belong on the back of the neck are twisted
round to the front. After it was dry he further insulted the poor bird
by blotching his neck all over with red, white, and blue paint—patriotic,
but a villainous practice notwithstanding.

Compare this with the second head in the same plate. In the first
place it is perfect in form, and all the parts are naturally disposed.
This bird’s head is restored in wax—that, is the skin of it is, together
with the comb and antero-inferior wattles. In this the proper colors
have been so adroitly incorporated that the effect produced is life-like
in the highest degree. Even the little hair-like feathers have been by
a process of the art normally scattered in their places over the head.
The remainder of the bird is prepared quite in keeping with this truly
beautifully preserved specimen. An old gobbler of this species is shown
in Plate lxviii. He is mounted in the act of strutting, and the models
for it have been furnished principally by* the act as it is performed by416	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

the domesticated bird. 1 consider this to be one of the finest pieces of
modern taxidermy, so far as birds are concerned, in the museum. The
arrangement of the exceedingly profuse plumage is perfect; the mark-
edly oblique tilting of the spread tail, a feature that it is difficult to
appreciate in the plate, is most truthfully rendered. This bird’s head
was prepared after the usual methods, but I understand it is contem-
plated to model it in wax, like the one just described above.. When
this is done I believe the National Museum will possess the finest
specimen of a mounted wild turkey in existence.

Owls have not only given a great many artists infinite trouble to
correctly portray, but they have likewise been placed upon the black
list of a perfect host of taxidermists. Literature illumed by plates of
birds goes to show that many an ornithologist who could draw and
paint nearly every other kind of bird failed when owls were essayed.
So, too, there are taxidermists who can mount most all birds correctly,
who fail to a large extent when they take any of the Striges in hand.
Wilson, the American ornithologist, used to complain bitterly of his in-
ability to figure any of these birds exactly to his liking, and even the
master, Audubon, shows a little weakness sometimes in such directions.
Now, in my first attempts at the photography of birds, owls were the
subjects, and one might think, inasmuch as they quietly roost and
doze nearly all day, that is, the strictly nocturnal species, they would
be easy subjects, but this is by no means always the case. A number
of years ago, in New Mexico, I frequently tried specimens of Aiken’s
Screech owl (Megascops asio ailceni), but the results obtained were never
entirely satisfactory to me. I have kept many kinds of American
owls alive in my lifetime, and these screech owls have a habit, com-
mon to some other species during their dozing hours during the day,
of drawing themselves up in an erect attitude, with all the feathers
compressed against the body, and with the plumicorns erected to their
fullest extent. But when we come to try and photograph one in such
a desirable attitude, we must, to get him anything like life size, get
the camera within a very few inches of his owlship, and this almost
invariably alarms him, and he will flatten out his plumicorns, puff him-
self up, and then, after a second’s idiotic stare, fly to some other part of
the room. Photographing them at a longer distance makes the figure
of him too small.

I was once a whole day here at Takorna endeavoring to secure a pho-
tograph of oneof our Common Screech owls (Megascops asio) in my room—
and then failed. He would jump up on top of my camera, emit a loud,
rolling whistling note of disapproval of the procedure, dash off and
finally nearly brain himself by bumping into the mirror of my wardrobe.
I’d hypnotize him, stand him on the perch, and disappear for half an
hour, and on my return he would be standing up as straight as a rocket
in just the position I wanted him, but all my efforts to sneak up to the
camera and remove the cap and make the necessary exposure failed------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------——

■Report of National Museum, 1892______Shufeldt.

Plate LVI,

Common Dove-cote Pigeon. (Dozing.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LVII

Common Do'Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LVIII.

Fig. 1. Pigeon. Black Outside Tumbler, cf.
(Cat. No. 106100, U. S. N. M.)

Fig. 2. Dove-cote Pigeon. (Act of preening.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	417

utterly, for he would reenact the same performance I have just described.
Finally I tied a piece of strong pack thread to his leg and took him out
of doors, took him in the broiling glare of the sun, and giving him a
blotting-paper background and a pretty perch, I went at him again.
After numerous attempts I secured the fairly good result shown in
Plate lxx. When obtained he was staring his eyes out at a chicken that
was making a disturbance not far away, and with a pin-hole diaphragm
in, I gave him an exposure of at least ten seconds, during which time
he never moved.. His right foot exhibited an old dislocation, and its
twisted position is evident in his picture. I am indebted to Master
Richard Lay, of Takoma, D. 0., for the loan of this bird, for which and
for his trouble in capturing it for me I desire here to express my grate-
fur acknowledgments. It is my intention to experiment with the pho-
tography of owls until I succeed in getting a fine series of them in all
possible poses, with the hope that when duly published they will prove
useful to both artist and taxidermist. On a former page I have invited
attention to the picture of the owl shown in Plate lxxii. It is a plate
made from a photograph of a drawing that was accurately copied from
the original photograph of the bird, and is a good result and ought to
prove useful both to the artist and to the taxidermist. This pluffing up
of the feathers in Bubo is common practice with them, and the act, to
a moderate degree, has been well rendered in the exceptionally fine
mount of one of the bubonine owls which I offer in Plate lxxi. It
shows the bird in what might be called the first stage of observant
defiance, or when something, evidently not of a pleasing nature, has
attracted his attention and he is u getting on a ready?? to repel it. The
original has but to be seen to be admired, for it is remarkably well
done.

There is not much encouragement to the taxidermist if the ever pres-
ent fact is before him that the work with which he has taken so much
pains, and given so much of his labor, is at last to be but poorly exhib-
ited; that is, his birds are to be huddled together in small and unsuit-
able cases, and those in an illy-lighted hall. Unfortunately this is just
what exists in the ornithological department now in the old Smithson-
ian Institution building, where certainly 50 per cent of the room space
is particularly not of the proper kind wherein to exhibit birds. This
subject, though not altogether foreign to the present report, is in reality
one that should be far more extensively dealt with than I will be ena-
bled to do in this connection.

Of all the departments of the art of taxidermy none can exceed, and
I doubt any can quite equal, the talent required to properly preserve
mammals. This is due to the fact that in a vast majority of them the
hair is sufficiently short to exhibit the anatomical contours of the body,
head, $nd limbs, while in some the hair is practically entirely absent,
and this very much increases the difficulty. The proper handling of
the mouth and .associated structures, of certain special organs, and of
H. Mis. 1U, pt. 2-----------27418

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

the feet and ears, etc., all conduces to this. And so, of a consequence,
it especially devolves upon the taxidermist of the class of the vertebrata
to provide himself with accurate drawings and with photographs of
mammals, also with casts and figures of the skinned bodies and parts
of bodies of his subjects. This is just what the sculptor is obliged to
do in his art, and I remember very well, years ago, when I enjoyed the
rare opportunity of watching Mr. John Rodgers at work in his studio.
I have known him to carefully measure as many as thirty well-formed
horses and take the average of those measurements so as to get at the
data to model a handsome animal for a statuette of Washington. Not
content with this, he had also in his room a complete series of plaster
. casts of the superficial muscles and other structures demonstrating
equine morphology.

Further, all the principles I have referred to in the taxidermy of
birds apply, almost without exception, to the class now to be consid-
ered. Groups are of especial interest where mammals are the subjects,
and the National Museum has some of the grandest of them now on
exhibition as a part of her mammalian series known to any institution
of the present time. Take, for example, the group of American opos-
sums in the collection. This was mounted by Mr. Hornaday, who lias
described it in the following words in his work on taxidermy. He says:

The case which incloses the entire group is 4 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet
high. The frame of the case is as light as possible, and all four sides and the top
are of glass. On the side of a sloping bank stands the base of a small gum tree,
with the roots on the lower side exposed by the crumbling away of the bark. Of
course the trunk rises to the top of the case, where it is cut squarely off. At the
bottom of the sloping bank between two of the roots is an opening, which is recog-
nized at once as the doorway to the opossum’s home. The burrow winds upward
between the roots of the tree, and finally turns off to the left into the bank, where,
after running through a passageway of 2 or 3 feet in length, the nest itself is found.
It is in a pocket-like excavation, and a circular section is cut out of the front of the
bank so as to make an opening through which the nest can be seen. *

The nest is lined with dead leaves, in which lies an opossum curled up and sound
asleep. At the back of the case a sectional view of the bank is represented, and by
means of an opening cut here and there the course of the burrow is plainly seen.
In the foreground is an old mother opossum with several young ones riding on her
back, clinging to her gray coat, while the head of another protrudes from her
pouch. This represents the manner in which the opossum carries her young after
they have reached a certain age. From a small branch hangs another opossum, sus-
pended by its prehensile tail, sprawling in midair. This specimen is a female, and
shows the size and location of the wonderful marsupial pouch.t Another individual

* This I take to be the only real defect in this otherwise masterly piece of taxi-
dermic art. That cut, subcircular as it is, is constantly being mistaken for the real
entrance made by the animal to its burrow, and what is the true opening between
the roots of the tree often overlooked. The false cut should have been made on the
end of the bank, where the side glass covers its supposed section, and we could have
seen into the burrow through it. This can easily be remedied.

tThis individual does not appear in the group as it is now exhibited, but forms a
separate piece.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LIX,

Fig. 1. Gambel’s Partridge (C. gambeli, cf).

Act of preening and elevating of plumage. (From photograph of living bird.),

Fig. 2. Quail (CoUnus, $).

Elevation of feathers prior to shaking herself. (Cat. No. 112923, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum. 1892.— Shufeldt.

Plate LX,

Gambel’s Partridge (Callipepla gambeli, tf).
(From photograph of living bird.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LX1

California Partridge '(Callipepla californica, d).
Reduced. (Cat. No. 107407, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.— Shufeldt.

Plate LXII



Massena Partridge (Cytonyx montezumce, cf).
Reduced. In act of walking. (Cat. No. 126502, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXIIIReport of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeidt.

Plate LXIV

English Pheasant.

On elevated station, surveying objects below. (Cat. No. 116855, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXV,

Moor Cock (T. tetrix, o').

Reduced. (Cat. No. 1:20574. U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXV1.

Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus).

Oil bough. Reduced. (.Cat. No. S~09~, U. S. N.M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXVII.

Fig. 1. Dusky Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus).
Reduced. (Cat. No. 112682, U. S. N. M.)

Fig. 2. Richardson’s Grouse (Dendragapus canadensis richardsoni).
Reduced. (Cat. No. 126345, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXVIII.

Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo).
Reduced. (.Cat, No. 117389, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXIX,

Heads of Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).

Examples of pood and bad taxidermy. (Cat. Nos. 126113 and 68420, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

419

is climbing up the trunk of the tree. A fourth specimen, which has been disturbed
By another, is pausing to protest with widely opened mouth, while in the act of'
creeping into the mouth of the burrow.

Please notice the number of facts that are taught by this simple little group. It
shows that the opossum is a marsupial, and the female carries her young in a pouch
i 1 her own body; that when the young reach a certain age they ride upon the
mother’s back, clinging to her fur; that the animal is arboreal in habit and has a
prehensile tail, by which it is capable of suspending itself 5 that it burrows in banks
in dry situations, and sleeps curled up like a ball in a bed of dry leaves. It also
shows the full size of the adult, the young of the previous year, and the recent
brood. But for an unfortunate accident, which has yet to be repaired, it would
also show the number born at one birth. Of course in this group the grass and moss
are properly represented, and there are artificial leaves on the tree branches which
enter the group (pp. 240, 241).

Very truly Mr. Hornaday further remarks in the succeeding para-
graph:

Groups of this class can easily be made to show the ordinary nesting and breeding
habits of the animals represented. Now it happens that animals of some species
make a variety of nests, according to circumstances or caprice. In 1889 we prepared
a group in three sections, each of which shows one of the habits of the gray squirrel
in nesting. Each is composed of an actual nest, and in the identical tree in which
it was built by Bunny himself. One represents a nest in a hollow beech tree, in
which a pair of gray squirrels bred for years. Another is what might be called a
summer nest, made of cedar bark, in the top of a cedar tree. The third section
represents an outside nest of green oak leaves, placed on a branch of an oak tree.
These three groups are exhibited in one case, but while each is separated from the
others by a plate of heavy tinted glass, it is made apparent that they all illustrate
the habits of the same animal. The specimens composing the three groups were all
collected within a radius of 10 miles of the city of Washington. Besides teaching
what the nesting habits of the gray squirrel are, it also impresses upon the observer
the very important fact that the habits of different individuals of a given species
are capable of wide variation.* They show how dangerous it is for a student or
scientific investigator to generalize too freely from one or two facts, and that it is
dangerous for anyone to say what an animal will not do (p. 242).

Another scientifically mounted marsupial in the collection is seen m
the single specimen of the great Bock Kangaroo (Macropus robustus)
(Plate lxxiy). This piece of work was done by Mr. Jenness Bichardsoiq
then holding the position of taxidermist of the American Museum of Nat-
ural Historyof New York City, N. Y., where he produced some avian and
mammalian groups quite worthy of his distinguished instructor, the
artist from whom I have just been quoting. This large and thoroughly
life-like specimen, place din an attitude so natural to it, and with every
structural detail so perfectly preserved, is decidedly the best kangaroo
in the museum, and being so good, it has the effect of still further
depreciating the specimens of bad taxidermy of animals of the same

*And wbat is quite as important, the species, as it occupies a very limited geo-
graphical area. Had the place where these squirrels were collected been in an
unknown, locality, and recently explored, one naturalist might have come away
with specimens and one set of notes on breeding habits, and another, and a third,
come away with different accounts, none of the three of which would have agreed
in this particular.420

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

family kept in its proximity in the mammal hall. Some of these are so
bad that they have been ordered into the workshops for remodeling.
Such a one is shown in Plate lxxv, and it is a very good example of
how kangaroos ought not to be mounted.

About as near perfect as mammalian groups can be made is another
one in the collection seen in the armadilloes (Plate lxxvi). This has
three animals preserved in it, all in different positions, while the sur-
roundings, as plants, cacti, etc., are originals that have been collected in
the section where these interesting animals are found. So far as its taxi-
dermy is concerned, it may be said that the form of the armadillo is
more or less fixed, yet it presents problems to the taxidermist which
are quite as difficult to deal with as is the fitting the skin of a hairy
mammal to its manakin. If I remember (for the group has at the
present writing gone on to the World’s Pair at Chicago), some of the
accessories in it, as the cacti, are casts, but their reproduction is so
perfect, spines and all, that it is simply impossible to distinguish them
from the plants as they occur in nature. Speaking of cacti and this
group of armadilloes reminds me of a conversation that I had with
Mr. William Palmer, who is now doing such admirable work in the
taxidermy of mammalian groups at the Museum, in regard to the
reproducing in some group a specimen of the giant cactus of our
extreme southwestern territorial districts. It may be introduced with
great effect in some one of a variety of ways, either in the mammal or
the ornithological department, and it is to be hoped that that will be
done some time in the near future. Mr. H. W. Henshaw once remarked
to me that he found a species of our pigmy owls breeding in holes in
the giant cactus, and a group embodying this idea would certainly be
one of great value and interest.

A group of mammals requiring an entirely different kind of handling
from any we have thus far noticed is seen in the Cetaceans. Papier-
mache is here the material to reproduce its various species in the most
satisfactory manner, and a very fine example of this is seen in the cast of
Prodelphimis plagiodon (Cope), shown in Plate lxxvi a. Here much
depends upon the skill of the colorist, and the smooth surface of the
material used offers a beautiful ground to him whereupon to reproduce
the exact natural tints of the animal as it is seen in nature. Mr. Shin-
dler, of the Museum, is an adept at much of this, and examples of his
skill are best shown in some of the fishes which were noticed upon a
preceding page of this report. Incidentally it may be said that to the
zoologist this species of Dolphin is a very interesting one, and its char-
acteristics and relationships have been set forth by Mr. F. W. True in
Bulletin No. 3G of the IT. S. National Museum publications, entitled
FContributions to the Natural History of the Cetaceans, a Keview of
the Family Delphinidm” (p. 6G). By all odds the papier-mache cast
is the most effective way in which to reproduce the cetaceans for
inuseum exhibitions.

I desire now, at this point, to invite attention to one of the largerReport of National Museum, 1892_______Shufeldt.

Plate LXX,

Screech Owl (Megascops asio).

Reduced. (From a photograph of a living specimen by the author.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt

Plate LXXI

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus).
Greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 119367, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXII.

Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginicmus).

Reduced. (Reproduction of a drawing from a photograph of a living specimen.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXIII

Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula, $ ).
Somewhat reduced. (Cat. No. 103212, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

421

groups of mammals on exhibition at the Museum, and I will select that
magnificent piece of taxidermic work seen in the moose group. A
number of these massive cervidine animals have actually been mounted
with the most perfect surroundings of their natural habitat in one great
interesting collection, all under a single glass case. They are, probably
without exception, altogether the finest series of mounted moose in this
or any other country.

The act of the young buck riding down a sapling has been questioned
by some, but I believe that the practice of the animal to accomplish that
feat in order to reach the delicate foliage of the tree can be well sub-
stantiated.

Hornaday has said of this piece in his Taxidermy (pp. 246, 247):

Tlie setting represents a section of the moose woods of upper Canada, in which
the larger animals are browsing on the tender twigs of the white birch. The
animals have come together at the edge of a bog, which is growing full of a
gigantic species of grayish moss peculiar to that locality. The time represented is
the middle of autumn. The few leaves that remain on the maple saplings have
been painted with October's most gorgeous tints of crimson and yellow, mixed
with green, and the leaves of the white birch have turned pale yellow. The ground
is plentifully strewn with leaves of bright tints, through which the green moss of
moist banks shows in patches here and there.

Of the animals, the three largest—and huge beasts they are, truly—are feeding
upon the birch twigs. A yearling calf is licking the head of a tiny brown-coated
younger brother, while a two-year-old bull is in the act of “ riding down" a stout
birch sapling in order to get at the branches of its top, which would otherwise be
beyond his reach.

Three of these fiue specimens were collected by Col. Cecil Clay, of
Washington, and by him presented to the Museum for this group,
together with the trees, moss, and other accessories, which he collected
with infinite labor and care in the moose woods. He also furnished us
with field notes and critical advice throughout, which had much to do
in making the group what it is—a monument to Col. Clay’s skill and
prowess as a sportsman, and to his deep interest in Aloes malchis. It
is to be sincerely hoped that other sportsmen will follow the colonel’s
admirable example, and aid the museums in which they are most inter-
ested to secure some attractive groups. There can be no doubt what-
ever as to the perfectness in which these animals are mounted and pre-
served, and they are apparently in their external forms very true to
nature. While we have the taxidermy of the Cervidse under consid-
eration, however, it would appear to be as well to refer to one great
common defect that we have frequently observed made by taxidermists
in them, and that is the lack of care that is sometimes evident in the
proper handling of the lacrymal depression in these animals, or in
other, words, the pit which occurs in so many of them just anterior to
the distal canthus of the eye. I have seen plenty of deer heads which,
from an artistic standpoint were otherwise very creditable pieces of
work, but in which this fossa had been almost or quite obliterated. It422

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

is to the strict attention to such anatomical details that very often the
success and reputation of a taxidermist depends, and he can do no
befter than to see well to it that no such haws creep into his perform-
ances.

This group of moose is about the only notable thing of the kind that
the Hational Museum has for the Cervidee at present, but this does
not mean to imply that a general poverty exists in so far as that fam-
ily is concerned. There are a goodly number of individual pieces of
deer, some of which, however, are deplorable-looking objects, and
fitting relics of those days when taxidermy had not reached to what it
can do so well in these times. Among the better specimens we observe
a fine piece in that representative of the antelope group known as
Thomson’s Gazelle (Gazella thomsonii), Plate lxxviii. It has been
entered as Ho. 18964 of the collection of the Museum, and has been
recently described by Mr. True in his “An Annotated Catalogue of
the Animals Collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in the Kilima-Hjaro
Region, East Africa.” (Proc. U. S. Hate Mus. v, xv, p. 473., PI. lxxvii,
1892). The faults in the mounting of this specimen are of so trivial a
nature that it is not worth my while to enumerate them here, and were
all the deer and their kin preserved as well as this specimen is, it would
be far more of a pleasure to the sensitive naturalist to gaze upon therm
who is now pardonably often shocked upon viewing some of his favor-
ites in the museum cases.

But to return to the groups, we have now to notice perhaps one of
the very finest accomplishments that the art of taxidermy has produced
in this country. I refer to the case containing the several specimens
of our now nearly extinct bison or American buffalo. This triumph
in the preservation of mammals of ponderous proportions is almost
entirely due to the consummate skill and perseverance of Hornaday,
who has popularly described it in many places. This latter fact, taken
in connection with the fine Plate (lxxix) I have been permitted to give
of it, renders it obviously unnecessary for me to dwell upon the general
appearance of this life-like herd of bovines. They are all true to the
life, preserved by all the most efficient methods of modern taxidermy,
and, what is not generally known by people who are, or have been, priv-
ileged to see this case, that the very sod upon which these animals now
stand was brought for the purpose all the way from Montana, being
shipped direct from the buffalo ranges of that territory to Washington.
This applies also to the sage-brush which is made to ax>pear to be actu-
ally growing therein; and the broom-sedge, and the cacti. The skulls
and other bones of the buffalo lying about were gathered in the same
place; indeed, as a whole, it is a strip of a Montana prairie of an old
range of these animals, picked up piecemeal, and now again unfolded
in the case at the Museum just as it occurred in nature. Even the very
buffalo tracks seen about the pool of water in the case were made by
using a real buffalo’s hoof for the stamp to make the impressions. Ho■Report of National Museum, 1892_______Shufeldt.

Plate LXXIV.

Great Rock Kangaroo (Macropus robustus, c?)•
(Cat. No. 15295, U. S. N. M.)‘Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

PLATE LXXV

Defective Specimens, including a Badly Mounted Kangaroo.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXVI.

(TatusiaReport of National Museum, 1892 —Shufeldt.

Plate LXXVI (a).

From a papier-mache cast; greatly reduced. (Cat. No. 22017, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXVII

Flying Lemur, or Colugo (Galeopithecus volans).

An example of bad taxidermy. (Cat. No. 3946, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

423

art known to me lias ever accomplished a grander feat than this, and
it is as fully worthy of our unstinted admiration as is any form that has
ever materialized beneath the chisel of an Angelo or a Hiram Powers.
And were I to choose between being the author of Paul Potter’s bull
and these buffalo, I should without a moment’s hesitation decide in
favor of the latter.

They will be standing in as good order as they are at this writing^
long after the former has faded away from off its canvas.

Many fine groups of mammals were by the National Museum sent on
to the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago to form a part of the
Smithsonian exhibit. Most of these were as fine things of the kind as
have ever been seen in this country, and the writer of this report en-
joyed the unusual privilege of seeing many of these in the course of
their mounting. This was accomplished by a" corps of skillful work-
men, including such men as Mr. Joseph Palmer, William Palmer, George
Marshall, and others, the whole being under the direction of Mr. E. W.
True, curator of mammals.

It would be quite out of the question to even enumerate, not to say
describe, all of the groups or single pieces of mammals that now enrich
the collections of the U. S. National Museum. We can at the best put
in a word here and there about the most notable of them and the good
or bad points they offer us. Among those as yet unnoticed is the fine
case containing the three specimens of Ovibos moschatus, the musk oxen,
and I have heard various criticisms in regard to the forms that were
bestowed upon those animals by the taxidermist who preserved them.
Never having seen the animal alive, I hardly feel competent to judge in
the matter, but that the group is a most pleasing one there can be no
question. They are represented standing upon barren rock which has
recently been overlain by a light fall of snow. This last has been admi-
rably rendered by a composition compounded of starch, the pulp of white
blotting paper, and plaster-of-Paris—an invention of Mr. Joseph Pal-
mer’s that has produced a very realistic effect.

/Perhaps the best mounted specimen of a Musk Ox now extant is the
one in the possession of E. V. Skinner, esq., of the Canadian Pacific
Railroad Company, and valued at $2,500.

Mr. Frederic S. Webster published an account of this animal in
Forest and Stream, of New York, in its issue of January 26,1893, and
gave a figure of the Ox. Through the kindness of Mr. Skinner for the
waiving of copyright and loan of the electro of that figure we are
enabled to reproduce it here in Plate uxxx. Mr. Webster’s article in
Forest and Stream was entitled u An Arctic Rover,” and ran as fol-
lows:

The musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) is considered by naturalists one of the rarest of
our North American mammalia. In a clime of almost perpetual winter, within the
Arctic Circle, this animal lives and thrives. In a land which has been so fascina-
ting and so fatal to the many explorers who have sought to solve the mysteries of424

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

tliese desolate rocky ice-bound fields, in wliieli no animal, it would seem, could
exist, the hardy musk ox roams at will during the entire year. The ability to
stand the rigors of such a climate is a striking feature of its interesting life history.

The musk ox is at present found only in the most northern parts of North America,
where it ranges in small bands on the barren grounds between the sixtieth parallel
and the shores of the Arctic Sea. Its southern range is gradually contracting, and
it is no longer met with west of the Mackenzie River. It is found through the
Parry Islands and Grinnell Land to North Greenland, reaching on the west coast as
far south as Mellvile Bay. It was met with by all the polar exploring expeditions,
including the I)e Long, Hall, and Greely parties. Lieut. R. E. Peary in his late
Greenland journey secured several specimens of various ages, and reports it com-
paratively abundant. The German polar expedition of 1869-’70 found it at Sabine
Island on the east coast. In former times the musk ox roamed in other parts of the
world. Its fossil remains, or those of an allied species, have been found in northern
Siberia and the plains of Germany and France. It has also been found in the gravel
beds in several parts of England, as Bromley, Bath, and Freshfield, and also in the
brick earth of the Thames Valley at Crayford, Kent.

In size the musk ox equals the smaller varieties of Scotch and Welsh cattle, but
in structure and habits it is more like the sheep; and the combination of character-
istics is well expressed by its generic name, Ovibos. It is gregarious in habit, going
in herds of 20 or 30 head, and sometimes 90 or 100 have been observed. The bands
contain one or two full-grown bulls. Notwithstanding their short legs, they run
with considerable speed. When frightened, they gather together like a flock of
sheep, and follow a leader as sheep do an old ram. This habit makes the total
extermination of a herd an easy task, when it is the desire of its destroyers to
accomplish it. When thoroughly alarmed they easily ascend precipitous slopes,
their curved, sharp-edged hoofs greatly aiding them in gaining a foothold.

The name of musk ox is given on account of the musky odor exhaled by the ani-
mal. The odor does not proceed from any special gland, as in the case of the musk
deer and other animals which secrete a musky odor. The cause of this peculiar odor
has not been satisfactorily explained.

According to Sir John Richardson, “ when the animal is fat its flesh is well tasted
and resembles that of caribou, but has a coarser grain.;; According to other author-
ities the flesh of the bulls is highly flavored, and both bulls and cows, when lean,
smell strongly of musk. This odor does not seem to be confined to either sex, or to
any particular season of the year. At times the flesh of some of the animals is said
to be tender and very well flavored.

The carcass of a good-sized male will weigh 300 to 350 pounds. In summer they
accumulate considerable fat, and during winter use up this fatty tissue. The males
are considerably larger than the females. The covrs calve about June 1, giving
birth to one young one. The animal is also known as musk buffalo and musk sheep,
both very expressive names.

The animal has a very prominent tendency to a hump. The dorsal processes of
the vertebral column, as shown in the skeleton, indicate this. The dense, long, and
somewhat stiff bunch of hair over the shoulders plainly proves that the animal pos-
sesses a hump. All specimens which have been heretofore mounted do not show this
feature of the animal,. The head is large and broad. The horns in the old males
are extremely broad at the base, meeting in the median line and covering the whole
top of the head. They are directed, at first, slightly outward, and then suddenly
downward by the side of the head, and then they turn upward with a graceful curve,
and forward, ending in the same plane as the eye. The horns at the base are rough,
but gradually grow smooth from the center to the tips, which are round, glossy, and
black. At the base they are a dull white. The horns of the females are much
smaller, and at their base the space between them is much broader in the middle of
the forehead. The ears are small and are concealed in the hair. The space between
the nostrils and the upper lip is covered with a short, close hair, as in goats andReport of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXVIH,

Thomson’s Gazelle (Gnzella thomsonii, Gunther).
(Cat. No. 18964, U. S. N. M.)

{Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXIX.

(Cat. Nos. 15097, 15703, 15503, 15085, 15080, 15694, U. S. N. M.)Report of Naiional Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXX,

Musk Ox (Ovibos moschatus).Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeidt.

PLATE LXXXI



Head of Zebra (Equus burchellii).
(Cat. No. 15120, U. S. N. M.)425

scientific taxidermy for museums*

sheep, and lias no trace of tlie bare, “muffle” of oxen. The general color of tbe
liair is a rich brown, shading into black. It is long, matted, and rather curly at the
neck and shoulders. On the back and hips the hair is long and straight, on the sides
of the body exceedingly long, so long as to hang below the middle of the legs. In
some specimens which we have measured the longest hairs have been 20 inches long.
In the center of the back there is a patch of soiled brownish white, termed the
saddle.

There is a ■ closely-matted short under wool, exceedingly soft and fine of texture,
and so dense that it is impervious to snow and rain. On the chest the hair is long
and straight, and hangs down gracefully like fringe. The tail is short and hidden
in the long hair on the hips. On the legs the hair is short, stiff, and without any
underwool. The hoofs are much curved and larger than those of the caribou, which
they resemble in shape, and the eye of a skilled hunter would be taxed to detect the
difference between the tracks of-the two species in the snow. The bones of the ani-
mal are very dense; those of the legs have the weight and appearance of ivory.

The food of the musk ox is similar to that of the caribou, and consists of grass at
one season and lichen at another. The curved hoofs enable the animal to scrape away
the deep snows which cover their scanty food. Their sense of smell is very acute.
The illustration of the musk ox here given represents the character of the animal.
The specimen from which it is.taken is the largest in this country or Europe. The
skin of this specimen was obtained by E. Y. Skinner, esq., of the Canadian Pacific
Railroad, and placed in the hands of Messrs. Sowdon and Webster, of 14 East Forty-
second street, this city, who have prepared it, as faithfully rei>resented by the plate.
Through the kindness and by the permission of Mr. Skinner we have the pleasure
of placing before our readers this handsome likeness.

This specimen was sledded by natives over 1,400 miles near Fort Franklin, and was
received here in fine condition. The order for it was given three years since and
the specimen has been in transit most of this time. The few measurements may
serve to impress the reader with the proportions of this particular specimen. The
animal stands at the shoulder 4 feet 5 inches; the length from nose to stern is 6 feet
7 inches; height at the rump, 3 feet 10 inches; length of head from base of skull to
end of nose, 24 inches; length of horn from median line, followingthe outside curve
to tip, 24 inches; width of both horns at base, 12 inches; diameter of horns at base,
9-^inches; breadth of muzzle, 4f inches; circumference of muzzle, 14 inches; cir-
cumference of hoof of front leg, 17 inches; circumference of hoof of hind leg, 13
inches.

There are but four other mounted specimens of the musk ox in this country. One
is at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass., and three compose a group at the U. S.
National Museum, Washington, D. C. Of these, one is a male, one a female, and one
a two-year-old, none of them superior specimens,

Among the mounted speciesof the Eqtiidce at the N ational Museum none
can, in my estimation, in anyway approach the specimen of Burchell’s
zebra (Plate lxxxi). The animal has been given an attitude indicative
of moderate movement, with the evident idea in its mind of making an
attack or standing at bay, in which he will use his teeth to bite—a
habit so familiar to us in some cases of vicious horses. The short mane
is semierect, the ears are thrown back, the eye looks the owner’s intent,
while the quivering and nearly rigid lips drawn apart show the glisten-
ing upper u nippers” and the crowns of the iower ones; the nostrils are
somewhat closed by the elevation of the superior lip; finally, the entire
rendering of the whole animal is most perfect in all particulars. I am
enabled to present herewith the left lateral view of the head of this,
zebra, so its excellence may be the better appreciated.426

REPORT OF RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

But the climax of the taxidermist’s ambition is reached when he can
mount a hairless mammal, large or small, that is at once a perfect
reproduction of the original, and will keep indefinitely uninjured by
the ordinary ravages of time and pests. Of this kind of work the
Museum has several notable examples, and none of theSe can exceed in
beauty of design, and consummate skill and knowledge in workmanship
thenowfamous African elephant “Mungo” (Plate lxxxii). Chief among
the factors of success in mounting an animal of this kind is the fact
that the skin is laid over a thick coat of clay, which latter overspreads
the manikin. Through this ingenious device, after the skin is on and
the taxidermist essays to model the form to copy the live animal in
every particular, it is seen that all the depressions, wrinkles, lines, and
pits, and protuberances can be exactly reproduced by the proper sim-
ple instruments by working them on the skin through the agency of
the yielding clay beneath it. 1 have compared most critically this
specimen “Mungo” with photographs of living elephants in my collec-
tion, and find that in each and every particular it is anatomically cor-
rect, and that the attitude is most perfect. Another piece which shows
equally well the master hand is the specimen of the hairless Mexican
terrier (Plate xc). This dog had no hair at all apparently, and his
skin was as thin as ordinary writing paper,, but through the aid of a
plaster cast of his entire body as a model and the use of the clay-
covered manikin, a most remarkably fine thing has been produced.
This specimen has also been delicately tinted tvhere it became necessary,
and as now preserved will last without change for an indefinite length
of years. Hornaday mounted both “ Mungo ” and this terrier. The first
received the silver specialty medal awarded “ for the best piece in entire
exhibition ” at the New York exhibition of the Society of American
Taxidermists in 1883, which prize was nearly wrested from it by the
judges and given to the terrier, which had been entered in competition
against it. This process of using clay has also been employed by its
introducer in mounting the bison, polar bear, BurchelFs zebra, the
tiger, and the puma, figures of each of which illustrate this naper and
are the work of the same illustrious taxidermist.

Speaking of comparing “Mungo” with photographs of living ele-
phants brings up the use of the camera again as applied to mammals.
Now, I entirely dissent from Mr. Hornaday’s opinion as to the necessity
of taking photographs of all the mammals we can. I believe in photo-
graphing them in all positions, every possible species, wild and domes-
ticated, living and dead. In his Taxidermy (pp. 21, 22) he remarks:

To the taxidermist and collector, photographs of dead animals are of very little
value, unless it be a large picture of the head of a large specimen, such as a
moose, but that photographs of live animals, taken “broadside on,” as the sailors
say, are extremely valuable aids in mounting; but these you get only in the zoolog-
ical gardens. I never took a camera into the held with me, and have always been
glad of it, for it would not have repaid the trouble it would have involved.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXXII

phant “ Mungo” (.Elephas africanus, juv.).
(Cat. No. 13418, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXXIII

Fig. 1. Western “ Prairie Dog” {Cynomys columbianus, d").	Jig. 3. A\ estern Prairie Dog {Cynomys cohunbicams, rf).

(From photographs.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

PLATE LXXXIV

Jack Rabbit (Lepus callotis callotis, S).
(From a photograph by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt.)

Sill®SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOB MUSEUMS.	427

When a person writes in such a strain as this I am convinced he has
not made himself master of the instrument, and knows but very little
about its capabilities. Why, even my very earliest attempts in this
line, in the photography of living and dead mammals in the field, I still
claim are of some use, while others of them are highly suggestive. Take
the Cynomys or Prairie dog, shown in Plate lxxxiii, Figs. 1 and 2. I
made that photograph while the animal stood at the very entrance of his
burrow. It was in New Mexico. The relative position of the eye, the
ear, and the nose are well shown in Fig. 1, while the prominent cheeks
are clearly defined in Fig. 2. Whoever it was that mounted the group
of these animals at the National Museum I do not now just remember. It
may have been Mr. Hornaday, but whoever it was he did not appreci-
ate this prominence of the cheeks in Cynomys, and I must believe that
such a figure as here given would have enlightened him on the subject.

There is another structure that I have noticed that is rarely well
preserved, and that is the ears of large hares. These appendages, as
I have studied them in most museum specimens of Leiyus, always to me
appear to be more or less shrunken. This especially applies to the ears
of the American Jackass Babbits (Plate lxxxiv), and the proper preser-
vation of the form, size, and coloration of these is, of course, very impor-
tant. All these particulars are well shown in the plate, although it is
only a dead animal, it being a photograph I made of one of those hares
immediately after I shot it. Another example of the kind is seen in my
photograph of a dead Badger (Plate lxxxviii) . The attitude here shown
corresponds exactly with one which, among others, it assumes while in
the act of burrowing, and many a person whom I have shown this
picture has been deceived by it to the extent of mistaking it for a live
specimen. It gives a first-fate idea of the form of the badger’s head,
position of ears, etc. Had a full series of even such jdiotographs as
these been available, or had it been possible for the explorers in foreign
climes to have taken with them one of the many highly convenient forms
of cameras now manufactured, and used it intelligently, I am quite
confident that, had the older taxidermists the ability to avail themselves
of the pictures obtained in this way, we should not have had so many
abominable things to look at in the cases of our museums, and be told
on the labels that this represented that animal, and that this, and so
on. Things, for example, like the flying lemur, shown in Plate lxxvii.
Horrid is not the name for such work as it represents, and it is a pity
that that.taxidermist did not have a good photograph of the head of a
Galeojpitheous, living or dead, when he started in on the specimen.
Apart from the head, we see feet that seize nothing, shriveled ears,
protruding wires, distorted.form—and those eyes!

There is still another class of cases wherein the camera can be made
to do great service, and this is where we meet with an animal given to
building for its home a large and cumbersome nest, such as is seen in
the JSfeotoma group in the collection. With the enterprise now exhibited428	REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

upon tlie part of museum collectors and taxidermists, tire feat of trans-
porting such a structure from the wilds of the Southwest to the mammal
hall of the National Museum would he considered perfectly feasible.
But before disturbing such a nest in any way where the rats had orig-
inally built it, it would most assuredly be the thing to do to make a
good photograph of it, so that, in the event of having to restore or
arrange parts of it after its transportation and arrival, we would have
the photograph as a model, and the best that could be procured. In-
deed, with the material at hand the entire nest could be again rebuilt
by it, as for the matter of that.

From the standpoint of the introduction of groups of mammals,
illustrating habits, etc., such a nest as this presents the problem of
devoting a large piece of valuable space to a very small animal. But
we contend here, most emphatically, that the lesson it teaches is fully
worthy of it, and these are the very kinds of objects that we should
devote our very best pains to introduce, with a strict fidelity to nature,
into our zoological museums. I would go farther; I would go to the
extent of giving many square feet of museum space, and faithfully
illustrate in the very best possible manner, a group of beavers and the
dam they build. These animals are now being rapidly exterminated
in our country, and ere they are gone entirely it is surely our bouuden
duty to entertain such an idea with the view of carrying it out. Typ-
ical beaver dams are quite as scarce as the builders of them, but one
should be sought at an early date, photographed from various points
of view, and, cost what it may, reproduced at the National Museum.

Few, at the best, realize howr rapidly many of our mammals in this
country are being forever swept away. We are fortunate at the
National Museum in having preserved, in the very best manner, a num-
ber of them, but there yet remain a great many more demanding our
attention, and, in some cases, our immediate attention. It is the Gov-
ernment’s first duty to see to this matter, and Government aid should
not be withheld for a moment where such enterprises are on foot, but
should, on the contrary, not only propose them, but encourage the under-
taking in every possible way. I have always entertained the idea that
the education of the people of any country is one of the best, if not
the best investment that that country can make, and surely none of
us will question but what zoological and other museums are great
educators. We stand very much in need of a zoological museum in
connection with our other Government museums, one large building
devoted exclusively to everything in the animal series below man.
We have no such building at present. We have been very generous
to ourselves in these matters on a number of occasions in the past, but
the income from it has well repaid us each time, and the benefit there-
from as a whole is simply incalculable. The time is near at hand again
when we should think of repeating one of those wise acts, one of those
well-put investments.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate LXXXV,

White or Polar Bear (Thalassarctos maritimus).
(Cat. No. 13301, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	429

There is another, and now exceedingly rare animal, it being on the
very verge of extinction, which onr museum is exeeptionably fortunate
in obtaining a specimen, before the destructive and thoughtless hand of
man eliminated it entirely. I refer to the walrus. This animals status
is uoav pretty well known to the reading public, through the publications
of the National Museum, those of Mr. H. W. Elliot, of William Palmer,
and the daily press incidentally to the general question of the seal-fish-
ery problem. The Museum walrus was mounted in the light of all the
improvements and skill modern taxidermy could bring to bear upon
the undertaking, and the success was complete. It constituted when
finished one of the grandest subjects the Smithsonian sent on to the
Government exhibit at the Columbian Exposition, where at the pres-
ent writing it is. On Plates lxxxyi, Figs. 1 and 2, and lxxxvii I am
permitted to give a series of figures from photographs taken at various
times during the preservation of this colossal mammal. These so
clearly represent what I intend they should that special explanation of
any one of them becomes unnecessary. The series are destined to be
illustrations of the very highest interest for ages to come, and ere
another century rolls by, people will regard them with wonder, and
that men actually preserved such a brute, in the flesh, will read far
more like fiction than a reality. At a far remote period it will be
classed with such ideal scenes as prehistoric man engaged in slaying a
mammoth or rudely carving upon the tusks of one.

Some of the seals and other marine mammals in the Museum are very
fine in every particular, while, on the other hand, some of them sadly
need reduplicating, as they, too, are soon to be exterminated. This
applies also to the bears, of which there are some very handsome repre-
sentatives, but none more so than the Polar Bear (Plate uxxxv), of
which there is not a finer mounted specimen in the world. He is rep-
resented as walking up an ice floe at a slight incline, and from the free
upper margins of which hang many icicles. Ice is often wonderfully
well counterfeited by using a moderate coat of paraffin over sheet glass,
or even wood, and we gain the proper effect through its transparency.
The icicles are of glass, of course, and made especially for the purpose,
while the tout ensemble of the effect is perfect.

When another commodious zoological building is added to the pres-
ent group of Government institutions, I am of the opinion that the
correct idea is to not only show groups of animals composed of one
species, but to a certain extent faunal groups, wherein can be worked
with the greatest advantage many other natural productions' of the
country where the animals occur, as plants, topography, etc. Now
these large groups, if arranged round the wall space, with a varying
depth of 5 to 25 feet, may in some cases be made to advantageously
merge into each other—that is, to a certain extent, show regional groups
and their mergences. For instance, one large case might be cpm430

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

structed to represent an arctic realm, carried down in the foreground
and to one side to tlie seashore, and upon another rocks, glacial ice,
sheet ice, and what not, as representing the higher land. Then the
foreground should be merged with the background by a skillful artist,
so as to carry with it great depth, and offer the opportunity to show
peculiarities of a sky perhaps, and the effect of distance, as well as to
add other accessories, as a distant shore covered with seals, or, higher
up, a herd of caribou. Such a case could be made to contain an entire
marine mammalian fauna, and be made far more instructive and impos-
ing than single specimens uncomfortably huddled or scattered through
the various cases, absolutely ignoring any zoological arrangement.

We have the power and the understanding now to carry out such
bold designs, and it is high time that we were about it. The whole
tendency is in just such directions, and all it requires is skillful hand-
ling. What an object lesson or lessons such groups would be, and this
broad and deep country of ours, including every kind of a fauna and
flora from Alaska to Florida, thriving in every variety of climate,
includes the very series of zones, realms, and areas that should by just
such means be illustrated. It would represent ideas and groups of
ideas, and ideas are what we want. It would powerfully illustrate
literature as the biologist now makes it for us, and in an orderly man-
ner show our people Avhat we meau by faunal areas, Arctic realms,
geographical ranges, variations of animals under varying conditions of
altitude, desert areas, and shore lines. Museums, among other things,
are made to educate the people of a nation; but a favored few of the
people can study such things in nature. So it is the business of the
museum to bring whole living sections of nature witliin its Avails, Avliere
it can be studied and where books and labels are displayed in abun-
dance to help show how it ought to be studied.

When we can make such animals and groups of animals as those
shown in Plates lxxxix, or lxxix, or lxxxi, there can be no question in
the world but what the more extensive groups can be combined with
more telling effect. But to be successful in the highest sense of the
word there must be no cheap designers, cheap modelers, cheap artists,
or cheap anything employed; all must be of the very best that the
United States affords—and Ave have it in both talent and material.
Especially for the painted backgrounds should an artist of the very
highest ability be employed, Avitli a staff of others to assist in the intro-
duction of distant animals, forests, or marine effects. If refinement,
knowledge, science, and art are AAdiolesomely combined in such efforts
there is not one bit of danger of either producing a cheap museum
effect, much less anything that savors of the scenery of the theatrical
stage. In one sense it would be far more economical, in the same pro-
portion that it is far more so to make one large case of animals than it
is to build up six or eight small ones.

Then the space throughout the Museum halls, apart from the regionalReport of National Museum, 1892. —Shufeidt.

Plate LXXXVI

Fig. l. Manikin for a Walrus.
(Partly completed.)

Fig. 2. Walrus (Odobcenus obesus, rf).
Nearly completed. (Cat. No. 19245, U. S. N. M.)'Report of National Museum, 1892______Shufeldt.

Plate LXXXVII

Walrus (Oclobcenus obesus, cf).

In course of completion. (Cat. No. 19245, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDEKMT FOR MUSEUMS.	431

groups occupying the walls, could be advantageously devoted to cases
of the smaller species groups, single pieces, and other specimens.

Coming to the Felidce in the collection of the Museum we find it repre-
sented by specimens similar to those in the other groups, in other words
by the good, by the bad, and by the indifferent, and these are the most
undoubted examples of every genus of this provisional classification.
We see a specimen of the last-mentioned kind in the lynx shown in
Plate xc, wherein faults about the mouth, slightly wrinkled ears, and
some minor points debar it from the category of the best specimens of
taxidermy. While on the other hand the grand specimen of a tiger,
the head and forepart of which is given in Plate xci, has not its peer for
that species in any public museum in the United States. The Puma
is also another admirable preserved specimen of this group.

Of this group Hornaday has said that the u large Felidce (tiger, lion,
leopard, etc.) are the finest subjects for the taxidermist that the whole
animal kingdom can produce. They offer the finest opportunities
for the development of muscular anatomy, and the expression of the
various higher passions.” (Taxidermy, p. 171.) This may be very true,
but in my opinion the pieces left by this talen ted artist to commemorate
his name after his connection with the Museum was severed, and the
ones which will most surely pass his name down into history as a most
masterly taxidermist of his time, are the group of American bison, and
u Mungo” the African elephant, though his Bengal tiger, to gain a sim-
ilar place, be stepping in the very footprints of the latter as he leaves
them.

One who has not seen the feat performed in one of our larger museums
can have but little conception of the skill required in handling the
facial expression and all the structures that enter into the mouth parts.
The skinning of a tiger’s tongue and preserving it so as to make that
organ resemble the original as it appeared in the living subject ; the
cleaning of the teeth; the blending of the black part of the lips with
the delicate pink gums inside; to make the animal grin and not smile,.
and to lend to the eyes the. flash of anger, are all accomplishments that
demand of the artist his best judgment, knowledge, skill, and, what is
more, his infinite patience.

I agree with him when he says:

Some of the old-fashioned taxidermists have the habit of smearing a lot of nasty
lampblack in the eyes of every mounted mammal [and a variety of birds, too], for
what purpose no one knows, but possibly in imitation of actresses, some of whom
have the same unaccountable trick, and a hideous one in its results in both cases.
There is only one point in its favor: it is the easiest way in the world to give an
animal a black eye. (Ibid., pp. 177, 178.)

Many groups of monkeys and the higher apes now adorn the cases
in the mammal department of the U. S. National Museum. Some of
these are among the best groups of the kind in the hands of the insti-
tution. Among them is the now famous group of Orang-utans, too432

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

well known to require description in this place; andtliere are others of
equal beauty and interest.

Of recent years a great deal of well-directed energy and skill lias
been brought to bear to reproduce various races of men, and these
attired in their native costumes and represented in the pursuit of
various employments. They are, as a rule, the size of life, and so real
in the majority of instances as to excite the wonder and admiration of
all who chance to behold them for the first time. But this subject has
been found too extensive to handle in the present connection, and it
will no doubt furnish the material for another writer at some time in
the near future. If ever the Museum indulge in the mounting of such
groups, the propriety of which seems to be questionable, as Jules Ver-
reaux’s “Arab courier attacked by lions,” or John Wallace’s famous
“Horseman attacked by tigers,” and similar efforts, why this would
appear to be the more proper place for them, rather than any depart-
ment of zoology. If not showing too much or great activity, or other-
wise not too sensational, some such compositions are quite instructive,
and to the public always interesting.

So far as I am aware at.present, the Museum has never undertaken
to preserve man, by any other process than the ones now employed, of
clothed manikins, the faces and heads being obtained by casts or other
means. That the direct preservation of man’s body intact has been
elsewhere attempted, however, there can be no doubt, and with some
measure of success. On page 14 of Oapt. Brown’s little work on
taxidermy, I read:

Numerous have been the attempts of mankind to preserve the skin of their fellow-
creatures. The very best of these have been most disgusting deformities, and so
totally unlike the “ human form divine ” that none of them have found a place in
collections, with the exception of some parts of man, which form })art of the Euro-
pean anatomical collections. In the museum of the Jardin du Roi, at Paris, there is
one of the best things of this kind which we have seen, a human head injected and pre-
served in spirits of turpentine. This curious preparation was the production of Rintch,
a Dutch physician, highly celebrated for his pathological skill. The precise manner
this interesting preparation was originally preserved is not known. However, it
retains to the present day, all the original and natural colors. In winter, the cold
affects the spirit so much, in which it is preserved, that the head can not be distin-
guished, until the return of warm weather, which dispels its cloudy appearance. The
New Zealanders have a method of drying and preserving the heads of their chiefs,
with the flesh entire. Many of these are to be found in museums; but they are of
little use, and by no means calculated to produce pleasurable sensations.

We may safely predict that no method will ever be discovered, by which man can
be preserved so as to be fit for placing in a museum. (1870.)

Could Capt. Brown but see tlie host of thoroughly lifelike Indian s?
Africans, Japanese, Samoan, Aino, Esquimau, and Caucasian figures,
of all ages, and both sexes, that Prof. O. T. Mason now marshals in his
department, he could have but one opinion about it, and that is that
the necessity therefor had gone by.

As I closed upon a former page of this paper what I had to say
about the taxidermy of birds, I passed a few brief remarks upon theReport of National Museum, 1892________Shufeldt.

Plate LXXXVIII

American Badger (Taxidea a. americanus Boddasrt).
(From a photograph of a dead specimen.)Report of National Museum, 1 892.- -Shufeldt.

Plate LXXXIX.

A Group of Coyotes (Cams latrans Say).
(Cat. Nos. 15491, 15707, 15708, U. S. N. M.)^Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XC,

Fig. 1. Hairless Mexican Terrier.
(Cat. No. 116718, U. S. N. M.)

Fig. 3. Lynx (Lynx rufus).•Report of National Museum, I 892.— Shufeldt.

Plate XCI

of Tiger (Felis tigris).
No. 15387, U. S. N. M.)SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.	433

hall in which their cases were exhibited. In this particular the mam-
mal department is far better off. It being in the ISTational Museum
building proper., a comparatively more modern structure, it is both
well lighted and well ventilated. The casings are of the most recent
improved kinds, and set off their subjects very satisfactorily. An
object of great interest, and suspended from the roof, is the vertical
mid-section of a hollow papier mache whale, into which has been
placed a skeleton of the same species in situ. It renders a fine idea of
the position of the osseous framework of this huge marine mammal.

CONCLUSIONS.

Iii writing out the account of my observations and in giving my opin-
ions for this report on the x>resent status of the art of taxidermy, and
what may be hoped for it in the future, I have been very largely influ-
enced by what I have seen and been enabled to study in the collections
of the U. S. National Museum and Smithsonian Institution at Wash-
ington, D. G. When my labors were first undertaken it was the inten-
tion to incorporate herein descriptions of methods and work, with the
appropriate plates illustrating it, of many other museums, both here
and in Europe. In some few instances this has been acconrplished, while
from one reason or another it has failed in others. Often institutions
of the kind we speak are more or less sensitive on the point of submit-
ting their work for an impartial criticism, and so withheld it; while in
others such a very large proportion of the work was so far below the
standard of what taxidermy ought to be in these days, that for very
obvious reasons it has been placed aside without notice. Looking
broadly over the field and taking the subject as a whole, I am of the
opinion that there is, even in many of our first-class museums, very
wide room for imj)rovement in such matters. My aim has been through-
out this entile paper to accord full j)raise where it apx)eared to be justly
merited, and in those cases where the work was below what it ought
to be I have endeavored to keep myself above mere fault-finding by
simply indicating the only too apparent errors. AV e are to be congrat-
ulated that the art is making such very satisfactory progress among
us, and that at the present writing, in our most advanced institutions,
Government and otherwise, there is to be found so much to be praised
and recommended and so little to be condemned.

Much might be said here on the subject of suitable museums for the
exhibition of scientific collections of preserved animals, but this phase
of the question will be, as has been said, dealt with in another place.
Be it enough to say here in passing that our Government museums
are as yet very faulty in this particular and far behind some of the
better institutions in, for example, England and elsewhere. The old
ornithological hall in the Smithsonian building is already crowded to
overflowing, and is at the best but illy suited for the purpose, a large
H, Mis. Ill, x>t. 2-------28434

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

proportion of the recesses being so very dark that the specimens can
not be properly seen, much less studied. The National Museum build-
ing is better fitted for the exhibition of ethnological and other material
than it is for zoological. We stand in need, very much in need, of
a scientifically constructed zoological museum, for, in the first place,
to properly exhibit the superb collections that have within compara-
tively recent times grown up here, and, second, to relieve the buildings
already in use. As the British Museum threw off its South Kensington
Department of Natural History, so has, and from like causes, the time
come for us to make a similar step.

I have called attention to the fact that taxidermists should be thor-
oughly educated men, fully trained in all the technique of their art in
its broadest sense, as pointed out in the body of the paper; that with
respect to the art itself, the main factors of success to be observed are
the using of every means at our command to reproduce nature in
every particular, not only in the case of the specimens themselves, but
in the accessories used in connection with them; that they should be so
prepared as to resist in every way the ravages of time, or the attacks
of pests; that they should, in addition, not only show the appearance
of the animal itself, but aim to give a chapter in its life history, drawing
therefor either upon its habits or its habitat; that everything that in
any way whatever partaking of the grotesque or fanciful or extravagant
innovations should be promptly and forever discountenanced.

My studies have led me to believe that the art of taxidermy has had
a singular evolutionary growth peculiarly its own, the various phases
of which have, in one place or another, been pointed out in the forego-
ing pages, and that of recent years the strong tendency in our leading
museums has been to group animals, and for a variety of purposes. I
am convinced that in the future museums will carry this idea still fur-
ther, and that these groups will be so combined as not only to exhibit
single species, showing some of their habits and surrounding in their
natural haunts, but also to a very large extent to show faunal regions,
and the animal and plant life of various geographical areas. When thus
presented in the museums of large cities, and showing in that way the
distribution of the animal and plant life of the region wherein the par-
ticular city may be situated, or for the country at large in our Govern-
ment museums, the ever-present lesson they will present for study to
the thousands of men, women, and children who may see such an exhi-
bition during the course of a year will in its practicable value be sim-
ply beyond all calculation. By such arrangements the eye will be
enabled to take in and the mind appreciate the aspect and the biologic
forms of any particular region of the United States almost at a glance.

For the sake of economy, both for the present and the future, we should
employ only the very best materials in our work, and, what is quite as
important, secure the services of only the most skillful and advanced
artists in the country. Not mere plodders for pay, but men thoroughlySCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY FOR MUSEUMS.

435

in love with their work and possessing talents fully capable of improve-
ment and desirous of seizing upon each and every advance made in
the art. To this end, whenever proper opportunity offers, facilities to
inform themselves in all that directly relates to their work should be
extended to them.

In closing, I but acquit myself of a duty and a pleasure at once
when I extend my thanks to Prof. G. Brown Goode, long in charge
of the National Museum, not only for the advantages that have come
to me in the way of studying the material for this paper but for the
pleasure it Las been for me to write it, and for the many courtesies I
have received at his hands.

To Mr. F. W. True I am especially indebted for the assistance hehas
so freely given me upon every occasion. As the curator-in-charge of
the Museum, it has lain within his power to further my labors in numer-
ous ways, and this throughout has been done with such marked kind-
ness, promptitude, and cheerfulness that I find it difficult for me to ex-
press to him the gratitude I experience for it and so thoroughly feel.

My own work will have been amply repaid if it result in the further
encouragement and stimulation of the progress of the art of taxidermy,
now so firmly placed on foot in so many quarters of the civilized world.

APPENDIX.

After the manuscript of this paper had been completed, and had
been transmitted to the Museum for publication, there were received
for incorporation in it, through the kindness of Dr. J. A. Allen, of the
American Museum of Natural History, New York City, five photo-
graphs for plates. These photographs represent groups in the collec-
tions of the American Museum of Natural History, in which institu-
tion Dr. Allen has charge of the departments of ornithology and mam-
malogy. They came too late to be inserted in the body of this paper,
but owing to their general excellence and interest, and to the great
courtesy of their sender in submitting them, as wrell as to the trouble
which he had taken to write out their histories, it was decided to have
them engraved and xolaced together at the end of the paper. The first
of these added plates (Plate xcii) represents a group of Pied Ducks
(Gamptolaimus labradorius) wffiich were designed and prepared by
Jenness Richardson in 1889 at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory. The birds were mounted by Mr. H. 0. Denslow.

The group which is represented in the second plate of this series
(Plate xciii) is a more or less elaborate piece of work, also designed and
prepared by Mr. Richardson at the American Museum of Natural His-
tory in 1886. It represents very faithfully the side elevation of a bank,
part way down in which a pair of Loiiisiana wnter thrushes [Slums436

REPORT OE NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1892.

motacilla) have built their nest. The male and female birds are seen
approaching it, as they leisurely hop along the roots and twigs of
plants which protrude from the side of the bank.

Of all the specimens on exhibition in the collections of the American
Museum, none have a greater attraction for the observer and visitor
there than the admirable series of bird groups, and one of the most
life-like of these is the beautiful subject of the third plate in this series
(Plate xciv). It represents a pair of robins (Merida mujratoria) with
their nest in an apple tree, the latter being in full bloom of early sum-
mer.

The fourth plate in the supplemental series (Plate xcv) represents a
group of opossums (Didelphis virginiana), male, female, and a number
of young ones. In many respects it resembles the similar groups of
these animals which are to be seen in the U. S. National Museum, and
which have been described in the body of this paper. The group rep-
resented in this plate was prepared and designed by Mr. Jenness Rich-
ardson at the American Museum of Natural History in 1891. It is an
especially fine piece of work, and although it does not contain as many
specimens as the National Museum group, it is hardly the less instruc-
tive on that account.

In so far as the larger mammals are concerned, there is probably not
a piece in the entire collection of the American Museum of Natural
History that can in any particular compare with the superb specimen of
the huge pachyderm shown in Plate xcvi. It is the Indian rhinoceros
“Bombi” (Rhinoceros unicornis L.). This specimen was mounted at the
American Museum of Natural History in 1890 by Mr. Richardson and
his assistants. The data for the work consisted in measurements taken
from the animal when alive, and also from a photograph obtained at
the same time. After having been mounted, it was properly colored
after a living specimen in the Zoological Gardens of Philadelphia. It
is probably one of the best mounted specimens of this species in the
United States.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XCII

Group of Labrador Ducks (,Camptolaimns labrndorius).

(Fr0m an e]ectr°tPye lent by the American Museum of Natural History, New York CityReport of National Museum, 1892_______Shufeldt.

Plate XCIII,

A Pair of Louisiana Water Thrushes (Siurus motacilla) and Nest.
(From a group in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XCIV.

Group of Robins in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City.Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XCV,

Group op Opossums.

(From an electrotype lent by the American Museum of Natural History, New York City.)Report of National Museum, 1892.—Shufeldt.

Plate XCVJ

Indian Rhinoceros “Bombi” (Rhinoceros unicornis,SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

REPORT UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS
OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING
THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1893.

BY

G. BROWN GOODE,

Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the U. S. National Museum,

From the Report of the U. S.''National Museum for 1893, pages 1-334, with plates 1-59.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE*

1895.PART I.

REPORT

UPON THE

CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1893.

BY

G. BROWN GOODE,

ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, IN CHARGE
OF U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2-

1

1REPORT

UPON

THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
DURING THE YEAR* ENDING JUNE BO, 1893.

BY

G. Brown Goode,

Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U. S. National Museum.

I.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

The work of the past year in the Museum, though in many respects
unlike that of previous years, has nevertheless been the direct out-
growth of the activities of more than half a century, and it seems but
proper, before describing current operations, to speak briefly of the
origin and history of the Museum, of its aims and methods, and of its
relations to other national institutions, especially the Smithsonian
Institution, under whose control it was placed at the time of its formal
organization. .

A.—THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSEUM.

The history of origin and development has been discussed in previous
reports, and in a paper entitled “ The Genesis of the National Museum.” *
It will therefore be sufficient for our present purpose to repeat a few of
the most essential facts.

The idea of a national museum in the city of Washington was first
suggested by the Hon. Joel R. Poinsett, of South Carolina, Secretary
of War under President Van Buren, who in 1840 organized, for the
purpose of establishing such a museum, a society called u The National
Institution,” afterwards “The National Institute,” which was for four
years exceedingly prosperous and active. By this society the nucleus,
for a national museum was gathered in the Patent Office building in
Washington, and public opinion was educated to consider the estab-
lishment of such an institution worthy of the attention of the Govern-
ment of the United States. In 1846, having failed in securing the
public recognition at which it is aimed, the society became torpid, and
eventually, in 1861, passed out of existence.

■'"The Genesis of the U. 8. National Museum. Report of Smithsonian Institution,
JPart ii, National Museum, 1891, pp. 273-330.4	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

In January, 1847, the first Board of Regents, after many weeks of
consultation and deliberation over the plans for the organization of the
Smithsonian Institution, unanimously voted the following resolution:

Resolved, That it is the intention of the act of Congress, and in accordance with
the design of Mr. Smithson, as expressed in his will, that one of the principal modes
of executing the act and the trust is the accumulation of collections of specimens
and objects of natural history and of elegant art, and the gradual formation of a
library of valuable works pertaining to all departments of human knowledge, to the
end that a copious storehouse of materials of science, literature, and art may be
provided, which shall excite and diffuse the love of learning among men, and shall
assist the original investigations and efforts of those who may devote themselves to
the pursuit of any branch of knowledge.*

From 1844 until 1858, when the so-called “National Cabinet of Curi-
osities’’ passed into the charge of the Smithsonian Institution, the
term “ National Museum ” was notin use. From that time onward,
however, it was used, unofficially, to designate the collections in the
Smithsonian building. After the “National.Cabinet” was delivered to
the Regents, appropriations were made by Congress for its maintenance.
During the twenty-three years which followed, the collections were
greatly increased and were made the subjects of numerous important
memoirs upon the natural history and ethnology of America. The pub-
lic halls, with their arrangements for the exhibition of a portion of the
collection, also received a due share of attention, and a certain amount
of instruction and pleasure was afforded to visitors. The appropria-
tions, however, were meagre, the space limited, and the staff was so
inadequate that little could be done except to keep the collections in
good preservation.

The broad plan upon which the operations of the National Museum
are now conducted was, however, anticipated as far back as 1853, when
Prof. Henry wrote :

There can be little doubt that in due time ample provision will be made for a
library and museum at the capital of this Union worthy of a Government whose
perpetuity depends upon the virtue and intelligence of the peopled

The difficulties attending the formation of such a museum were
appreciated by Prof. Henry, who already in his report for 1849, had
spoken with much emphasis of the caution required in assuming under
the direction of the Institution the care of the national collections.

Prof. Henry, in the report of the Institution for 18704 again care-
fully expressed his opinion as to the character which should be given
to the National Museum.

There is [he wrote] scarcely any subject connected with science and education to
which more attention is given at the present day than that of collections of objects
of nature and art, known under the general denomination of museums. This arises
from their growing importance as aids to scientific investigation and instruction.

* Report of Committee on Organization, p. 20.

t Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1852, p. 245.

+ Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1870, p. 31.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

5

In the report for 1873 allusion is made to the enormons increase
in the national collections, u requiring the utmost exertions of the
limited force connected with the National Museum for its proper treat-
ment.”*

Although the appropriations for the Museum have of late years been
more liberal, it is certain, that, on account of the immense annual
increase in the quantity of material received, quite as much care and
caution is still needed.

The Smithsonian Institution from its foundation fostered explora-
tions, and its Museum was enriched by the numerous ethnological and
natural history objects brought home by the explorers. Many gifts
were received from private sources, and valuable objects were depos-
ited in its Museum for safe-keeping. The nucleus of its collections'
was a small but valuable cabinet of minerals formed by the Founder,
James Smithson, who was himself a chemist and mineralogist of good
repute, and a Fellow of the Eoyal Society of London.

At the time of the establishment of the Institution several naval
expeditions and surveys of the public domain were being organized
by the Government, and during their progress large collections of
ethnological and natural history objects were made. Important for-
eign material was obtained by the Pacific Exploring Expedition,
Perry’s Expedition to Japan, and the other naval expeditions, while
the naturalists attached to the Pacific Eailroad Survey, the Mexican
Boundary Survey, and the surveys under the Army Engineer Corps,
brought together great collections illustrating the natural resources
and ethnology of Forth America.

A new source of growth, subsequent to 1871, was the exploration
of the waters of Forth America, by the U. S. Fish Commission, whose
connection with the Institution has always been intimate.

At the close of the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 the exhibits of the
United States Government, and those of numerous foreign govern-
ments and of private exhibitors^ came to the National Museum.

A new period now began. The storage rooms and exhibition halls
of the Smithsonian building were already overflowing with the accu-
mulations of thirty years, and the small number of persons employed
in caring for them were overburdened and unable to do the necessary
work. The scope of the collections had become wider and a new and
broader classification was found to be necessary. The growth of the
country in wealth and culture was leading to the establishment of
many local museums, and the educational influences flowing from these
and from the Centennial Exhibition caused a demand for more efficient
methods of musuem administration.

The exhibition of 1876 had been indeed an event of great educational
importance to the people of the United States; and not the least of its

* Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1873, p. 48.6

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

good works was the lesson it tauglit as to the possibilities for good in
public museums.

The objects which, at the close of the Centennial were given to the
United States for its National Museum were of large intrinsic value,
and were also very important from the fact that the necessity of caring
for them led to the erection of a large building for the expansion of the
Museum itself.

In 1881, after the new building had been completed, the Museum
was entirely reorganized.

In the early years Prof. S. F. Baird, then Assistant Secretary, with
two or three assistants, was able to give all necessary attention to the
care of the collections, and the Museum was not formally divided into
departments.	>

When the reorganization was made in 1881, under the immediate care
of the present Assistant Secretary, the diversity of the collections
made it necessary to establish a number of departments, each of which
was placed in charge of a curator, and the staff has since been con-
stantly increasing. This is at present composed of the officer in charge
and thirty-two curators and acting curators, twenty-two of whom
receive no salary from the Museum. There are also eleven administra-
tive offices, each under its own chief, while in connection with the gen-
eral work of administration there is in the Museum a library, a chemi-
cal laboratory, a photographic laboratory, and various workshops for
taxidermy, modeling, and for the preparation of skeletons for exhibi-
tion.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE . MUSEUM IDEA.

The history of the National Museum may, then, be divided into three
periods :—

First, that from the foundation of the Smithsonian Institution to
1857, during which time specimens were collected purely and solely to
serve as materials for research, no special efforts being made to exhibit
them to the public or to utilize them except as a foundation for scien-
tific description and theory.

Second, the period from 1857, when the institution assumed the cus-
tody of the u National Cabinet of Curiosities,” to 1876. During this
period the Museum became a place of deposit for scientific material
which had already been studied, this material, so far as convenient,
being exhibited to the public and, so far as practicable, made to serve
an educational purpose.'

Third, the present period, beginning in the year 1876, within which the
Museum has entered more fully into the work of gathering collections
and exhibiting them on account of their value from an educational
standpoint.

In the first period the main object of the Museum was scientific
research; in the second, the establishment became a museum of recordREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

7

as well as of research, while in the third period js growing up the idea
of public education.

In closing this general statement it may be well to mention what
seem to be the things definitely accomplished since the time of reor-
ganization in 1881.

The definite steps of progress may be summarized as follows:

(1)	An organization of the Museum staff has been effected, efficient
for present purposes and capable of expansion and extension as occa-
sion may require, and many capable museum-experts have been trained
for work in other institutions.

(2)	Through the agency of this staff the materials in the Museum,
the accumulations of nearly half a century, have been examined, classi-
fied, and brought under control and arranged in such manner as to
insure their safely and make them available for study.

(3)	The collections have been increased to more than fifteen-fold their
former extent.

(4)	. A considerable beginning has been made toward the development
of a well labeled and effectively installed exhibition series, available
for the instruction of the public.

(5)	A thorough study of the organization and systems of classifica-
tion in other museums throughout the world has been made, the results
of which are beginning to appear in the work of the Museum staff and
which will be made available for other institutions through a report
upon the principles and methods of museum administration, now in prep-
aration.

(6)	Many new methods of installation have been developed by experi-
ment in the Museum, and the best and most available employed else-
where have been adopted. Our new methods are being adopted in
many similar establishments.at home and abroad.

(7)	The art of taxidermy and the making of museum models have
been advanced and dignified by the policy adopted in the treatment of
the experts in the employ of the Museum.

(8)	Science has been forwarded by the publication of some thousands
of papers describing the materials in the Museum, while the work of
specialists in the production of these papers has greatly enhanced the
value of the national collections.

(9)	Popular educational work of unquestionable value has been accom-
plished by participation in great expositions in Philadelphia, Berlin,
London, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Louisville, Madrid, and Chicago.

(10)	Hundreds of thousands of named specimens have been distrib-
uted to other museums and to colleges and schools.

THE POSSIBILITIES FOR THE FUTURE.

It is evident that a National Museum worthy of the dignity of the
nation must always be maintained in the city of Washington.

Every country has a museum or group of museums in its capital8

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

city—centers of scientific and educational activity—tlie treasure-liouse
of tlie people, filled with memorials of national triumphs in the fields
of science, art, and industrial progress.#

These are legitimate objects of national pride, for upon the .character
of its museum and libraries intelligent persons visiting any country
very properly base their judgment as to the nature and degree of the
civilization of the people.

Washington may without question be made the seat of one of the
greatest museums in the world. It may perhaps be neither practicable
nor desirable to gather together in this city extensive collections of
early works of art, but a representative series of such objects will
undoubtedly grow up which will tend to educate the public taste, and
promote the study of the elements of art and the history of civiliza-
tion, and forward the arts of design. . Attention must, however, be
directed mainly toward the exposition of the geology and natural
history of America and its natural resources, to the preservation of
memorials of its aboriginal inhabitants, and the encouragement of the
arts and industries of our own people.

It is evident that the National Museum of the United States will of
necessity have features peculiar to itself developed in response to the
peculiar needs of the people of this continent. It should be remem-
bered that the national collections of every principal European nation
are divided into several groups, each under separate administration,
though often within the general control of some central authority. In
France, for instance, most of the museums are under tlie ministry of pub-
lic instruction, and in England, to a less extent, under the department
of science and art.

In the great capitals of Europe the public collections are scattered
through various parts of the same city, in museums with distinctive
names and independent in their organizations. Much of the work
which should properly be done by such museums is omitted, because
no one of them has seen fit to undertake it; while, on the other hand,
much labor is duplicated, which is perhaps equally unfortunate, col-
lections of similar scope and purpose being maintained in different parts
of the same city. . One of the chief objections to such division of effort
is that much of the value of large collections in any department is lost
by failure to concentrate them where they may be studied and com-
pared side by side. . In Washington the national collections are all.
without exception, concentrated in one group of buildings. The Army
Medical Museum now occupies a building side by side with those under
the control of the Smithsonian Institution, and this proximity, in con-
nection with the long-established policy of cooperation between the
two organizations, renders them, for all practical' purposes, united in
interest.

,	* Most of the older nations have museums devoted to their military achievements

and triumphs, hut our country has no need or desire to enter into this field of work.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

9

Although the appropriations from the public treasury for the main-
tenance of the National Museum are small, comx^ared with those in
several European countries, the value of objects given by private indi-
viduals is proportionately larger. The actual value of such contribu-
tions for ten years past, has not, it is estimated, fallen short of $20,000
a year, and in some years has been greater.

Among important gifts may be mentioned such as the George Catlin
Indian gallery, of inestimable value to the American historian and
ethnologist; the Baird collection of North American vertebrates; the
collection bequeathed in 1887 by the late Isaac Lea, of Philadelphia, con-
taining, besides minerals and other objects, about 20,000 conchological
specimens, and appraised by the State at $10,000; the Bendire and
B-alpli collections of American birds7 eggs given to the Smithsonian
Institution; the Lacoe collection of fossil plants, and the collection
of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, for the transfer of
which from Philadelphia to Washington a special appropriation was
made by Congress.

Some exceedingly valuable collections in this country and in Europe
have been bequeathed to the Smithsonian Institution which have not
yet come into its possession. It is estimated that within the past fifteen
years individuals to the number of at least 2,000 have made gifts to
the Museum to the value of $100 or more.

Almost every day strangers, pleased with the work of the Museum,
voluntarily send in contributions more or less important.

The National Museum now contains over three millions of objects.

The late Prof. Baird was once asked whether the value of the collec-
tions in the National Museum was equal to the amount which had been
expended in its mainten ance. He replied unhesitatin gly that, although
it would be by no means a fair criterion of their value, he did not doubt
that by a judicious and careful system of sale the entire sum could be
recovered. What was said ten years ago by Prof. Baird is more than
true to-day.

One of the most striking features in the affairs of the Museum is the
manner in which its collections are increasing. In 1893 the number of
specimens is more than fifteen times as great as ten years before.

In the last fiscal year 1,200 new lots or groups of specimens were
entered upon the Museum catalogues.

This increase, as has been shown, is, in large degree, spontaneous,
only a small amount of money, having ever been available for the pur-
chase of new material.

As might be supposed, a considerable proportion of the objects given
are duplicates of material already on hand, and although these contri-
butions can, with the utmost advantage, be used for distribution to
museums and schools, they do not materially increase the value of the
collections for study by specialists and for general educational purposes.
The need of a larger fund for the purchase of specimens is yearly more10	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

manifest. Exceedingly important material is constantly offered at
prices very much below what it would cost to obtain it by collecting,
and in many instances, when refused, it is eagerly taken by the museums
and institutions of Europe.

The Museum in its present condition may be compared to a book from
which pages here and there have been omitted, so that the narrative is
disjointed and incomplete.

In certain museums of Europe more money is expended annually in
purchases than is represented by the entire appropriations for the
National Museum. There are instances even in this country in which
more money is expended for the improvement of private museums.
The officers of the Museum have repeatedly suffered the chagrin of
being compelled to refuse the offer of specimens necessary to complete
the collections, and to see them pass into the hands of private insti-
tutions in this country or the government museums in Europe. For
the purchase of specimens for the South Kensington Museum, from
1853 to 1887, $1,586,634 was expended, or a yearly average of nearly
' $47,000.

England is equally liberal toward her other museums. Exact
statistics are not at hand, but it is quite within bounds to assert that
her average expenditures for the purchase of new objects for museums
in London is not less than $500,000 a year.

The museums of Europe are rich with the accumulations of cen-
turies. The National Museum of the United States is young, and has
enormous deficiencies in every .department. It needs, more than any
museum in Europe, the opportunity to increase its resources through
purchase. The total amount expended for the purchase of specimens
for the National Museum since its foundation has not exceeded $20,000,
and never in one year more than $8,500.

Our treasures are the result of the activities of an enlightened Govern-
ment. Through a thousand channels materials for the formation of a
i museum come into the possession of the Government, and out of such
materials our Museum has been built. * A museum formed in this man-
ner, however, suffers sooner or later from immense accumulations of
objects of certain kinds and from the absence of others. This is true
of the National Museum. At the outset no additions were unwelcome,-
and-the expectation that all important deficiencies would be supplied
might properly be indulged in. As the years have passed, however, it
has become more and more apparent that many of these deficiences can
only be supplied by purchase.

More striking present results might certainly have been attained by
limiting the development of the Museum to special fields. We have,
however, had in view the future as well as the present, and no object
has been refused a place in the Museum which is likely to be needed
even in the remote future, in the development of whatever grand
museum plans the nation may ultimately be willing to promote.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

11

B.—ORGANIZATION AND SCOPE.

The National Museum is under the charge of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, and its operations are supervised by the Board of Regents of
the Institution.

The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is by law the “keeper
of the Smithsonian Museum,” and the Assistant Secretary, by the
usage of nearly fifty years, its executive head.

In the act of Congress passed in 1846 to establish the Smithsonian
Institution are contained the following provisions concerning the scope
of the museum to be placed under its charge:

1.	The act above referred to provides that “ all objects of art and
of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history,
plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens belonging, or
hereafter to belong, to the United States, which may be in the city
of Washington,” shall be delivered to the Regents of the Smithson-
ian Institution, and together Avith new specimens obtained by
exchange, donation, or otherwise, shall be so arranged and classified
as best to facilitate examination and study.

2.	It provides that, in proportion as suitable arrangements can
be made for their reception, these objects shall be delivered to such
persons as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive
them.

3.	It provides that they shall be arranged in such order and so
classified as best to facilitate their examination and study.

4.	It provides that they shall thus be arranged in the building
to be inclosed for the Institution.

5.	It authorizes the Regents to obtain new specimens, by exchange
of duplicate specimens, and by gift, and directs also that they shall
be appropriately classed and arranged.

The National Museum thus became the authorized place of deposit
for all objects of art, archaeology, ethnology, natural history, miner-
alogy, geology, etc., belonging to the United States or collected by any
agency whatsoever for the Government of the United States, when no
longer needed for investigations in progress.

The collections in the Museum are intended to exhibit the natural
and industrial resources, primarily of the United States and second-
arily of other parts of the world, for purposes of comparison.

The activities of the Museum are exerted especially in three
directions :

1.	The permanent preservation of the collections already in its
possession, which depends chiefly upon the vigilance of the curators
and the skill of the preparators.

2.	The increase of the collections which are acquired—

(1)	From the various Government surveys and expeditions, in
accordance with law

(2)	By gift from individuals, from other institutions, and from
foreign governments;

(3)	By exchange for its duplicate specimens or publications;

(4)	By the efforts of officers of the Museum, who make collections12

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

in connection with their regular duties, or are detailed for special
service of this nature;

(5) By purchase when appropriations are made by Congress for
that purpose.

3.	The utilization of the collections, which is effected by exhibiting
them to the public, and by- encouraging investigations on the part of
the officers of the Museum and other suitable persons, and facilitating
the publication of the results; also by the distribution to other museums '
and educational institutions of duplicate specimens, which have formed
the basis of scientific investigation, these being identified and labeled
by the best authorities.

The Museum by these means fulfills a threefold function:

1.	It becomes a museum of record, in which are preserved the mate-
rial foundations of a very great number of memoirs—the types of
numerous past investigations. This is especially the case with those
materials which have served as a foundation for the numerous Govern-
mental reports upon the resources of the United States. Types of
investigations made outside of the Museum are also incorporated.

2.	Ii becomes a museum of research, by reason of the policy which
aims to make its contents serve as fully as possible as a stimulus to
and a foundation for the studies of scientific investigators. Besearch
is a necessary part of the work, in order that the collections may be
properly identified and arranged. Its officers are selected for their
capacity as investigators as well as for their ability as custodians, and
its treasuries are open to the use of any trustworthy student.

3.	It becomes an educational museum, by reason of its policy of illus-
trating specimens of every group of natural objects and, so far as it may
prove practicable, such other collections as maybe found useful for the
instruction of the public, which are explained by displaying descriptive
labels adapted to the popular mind, and by its policy of distributing its
publications and its series of duplicates named, classified, and labeled.

The collections of the National Museum are made up to a very large
extent of the following materials:

1.	The natural history and anthropological collections accumu-
lated since 1850 by the efforts of the officers and correspondents of
the Smithsonian Institution.

2.	Collections which have resulted from explorations carried on
more or less directly under the auspices of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution or resulting from explorations carried on by the Smithsonian
Institution in connection with educational institutions or com-
mercial establishments.

3.	Collections which have been obtained through the courtesy of
the Department of State and the cooperation of United States
ministers and consuls.

4.	The collection of the Wilkes exploring expedition, the Perry
expedition to Japan, and other naval expeditions.

5.	Collections made by the scientific officers of Government sur-
veys, such as the Pacific Bailroad survey, the Mexican boundary
survey, and the surveys carried on by the Engineer Corps of theREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

13

U. S. Army, and by officers of the Signal Corps of the U. S. Army
stationed in remote regions.

6.	Collections obtained by the 17. S. Geological Survey, the U. S.
Fish Commission, and those resulting from the activities of the IT. S.
Department of Agriculture and other Departments of the IT. S. Gov-
ernment.

7.	The remnant of the collections of the old u National Institute.”

8.	The collections made by the United States to illustrate the
animal and mineral resources, the fisheries, and the enthnology of
the native races of the country on the occasion of the International
Exhibition at Philadelphia in 187G; the fishery collections dis-
played by the United States at the International Fisheries Exhi-
bition at Berlin in 1880 and at London in 1883, and the collections
obtained front various local expositions, as, for instance, the New
Orleans Cotton Centennial Exposition in 1884 and in 1885, and the
Cincinnati Exposition in 1887.

9.	The collections given by the governments of the several foreign
nations, thirty in number, which participated in the exhibition at

• Philadelphia in 1870.

10.	The industrial collections given by numerous manufacturing
and commercial houses of Europe and America at the time of the
Philadelphia exhibition and subsequently.

11.	The materials received, in exchange for duplicate specimens,
from museums in Europe and America.

12.	Collections received as gifts, deposits, or in exchange, from
individuals, numbering usually from 1,000 to 1,500 each year.

In connection with the general work of administration there is in the
Museum a library, a chemical laboratory, a photographic establishment,
and various workshops for taxidermy, modeling, and for the prepara-
tion of skeletons for exhibition. In connection with the department of
art aud industry two preparators are constantly employed.

The publications of the Museum consist of—

1.	The Annual Deport;

2.	The Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum;

3.	The Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum;

4.	The series of Circulars.

The Proceedings and ■Bulletins, have in part, been reprinted in the
volumes of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.

Papers prepared by the Museum staff, or based upon the collections,
have been printed in every scientific periodical in the United States
and in many of those of Europe.

TI-IE RELATIONS OF THE MUSEUM TO THE
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

The Smithsonian Institution, though it bears the name of a private
citizen and a foreigner, has' been for nearly half a century one of the
principal rallying points of the scientific workers of America. It has
also been intimately connected with very many of the most important
scientific undertakings of the Government.

Many wise and enlightened scholars have given to its service the
best years of their lives, and some of the most eminent scientific men14	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

our country has given birth to have passed their entire lifetime in work
for its success. Its publications, 9T0 in number, which when combined
make up over 200 dignified volumes, are to be found in every important
library in the world, and some of them, it is safe to say, on the working
table of every scientific investigator in the world.

Through these books, through the reputation of the men who have
worked for it and through it, and through the good accomplished by
its system of international exchange, by means of which within the
past forty-two years 1,380,075 packages of books and other scientific
and literary materials have been distributed to every region of the
earth, it has acquired a reputation at least as far reaching as that of
any other institution of learning in the world.

It is therefore representative of what is deemed in other lands the
chief glory of this nation, for whatever may be thought in other coun-
tries of American art, of American literature, or American institutions
generally, the science of America is accepted without question as equal
to the best.

In the scientific journals of Great Britain and other European coun-
tries the reader finds most appreciative reviews of the scientific publi-
cations of the Smithsonian, the Museum, the Bureau of Ethnology, the
Geological Survey, the Department of Agriculture, and the Fish Com
mission, and they are constantly holding up the Government of the
United States as an example of what governments should do for the
support of their scientific institutions.

It is surely a legitimate source of pride to Americans that their work
in science should be so thoroughly appreciated by other nations, and
it is important that the reputation should be maintained. Nothing can
be more in consonance with the spirit of our Government, nor more in
accord with the injunction of Washington in his Farewell Address,
admiringly quoted by Sir Lyon Playfair in his address as president of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science:

Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion
of knowledge.

In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion it should be
enlightened.

JSTo one has been able to show why Smithson selected the United
States as the seat of his foundation. He had no acquaintances in Amer-
ica, nor does he appear to have had any books relating to America except
two. Bhees quotes from one of these (Travels through North America,
by Isaac Weld, secretary of the Boyal Society), a paragraph concerning
Washington, then a small town of 5,000 inhabitants, in which it is pre-
dicted that “the Federal city, as soon as navigation is perfected, will
increase most rapidly, and that at a future day, if the affairs of the
United States go on as rapidly as they have done, it will become the
grand emporium of the West and rival in magnitude and splendor the
cities of the whole world.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	15

Inspired by a belief in the future greatness of the new nation, realiz-
ing that while the needs of England were well met by existing organi-
zations such as would not be likely to spring up for many years in a
new, poor, and growing country, he founded in the new England an
institution of learning, the civilizing power of which has been of incal-
culable value. Who can attempt to say what the condition of the
United States would have been to-day without this bequest?

In the words of JohmQuincy Adams:

Of all the foundations of establishments for pious or charitable uses which ever signal-
ized the spirit of the age or the comprehensive beneficence of the. founder, none can be
named more deserving the approbation of mankind.

The most important service, by far, which the Smithsonian Institu-
tion has rendered to the nation has been from year to year since 1846—
intangible but none the less appreciable—by its constant cooperation
with the Government, public institutions, and individuals in every
enterprise, scientific or educational, which needed its advice, support,
or aid from its resources.

There have been, however, material results of its activities, the
extent of which can not fail to impress anyone who will look at them.
The most important of these are the library and the Museum, which
have grown up under its fostering care.

The liorary has been accumulated without aid from the Treasury of
the United States. It has, in fact, been the result of an extensive sys-
tem of exchanges, the publications of the Institution having been used
to obtain similar publications from institutions of learning in all parts
of the world.

In return for its own publications the Institution has received the
books which form its library.

This library, consisting of more than a quarter of a million volumes
and parts of volumes, has for over twenty years been deposited at the
Oapitol as a portion of the Congressional Library and is constantly
being increased. In the last fiscal year 37,982 titles were thus added
to the national collection of books.

Chiefly through its exchange system the Smithsonian had in 1865
accumulated about 40,000 volumes, largely publications of learned
societies, containing the record of the actual progress of the world in
all that pertains to the mental and physical development of the human
family, and affording the means of tracing the history of at least every
branch of positive science since the days of revival of letters until the
present time.

These books, in many instances gifts from old European libraries,
and not to be obtained by purchase, formed even then one of the best
collections of the kind in the world.

The warning given by the fire of that year, and the fact that the
greater portion of these volumes, being unbound and crowded into
insufficient space, could not be readily consulted, while the expense to16

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

be incurred for their binding, enlarged room, and other purposes con-
nected with their use, threatened to grow beyond the means of the
Institution, appear to have been the moving causes which determined
the Regents to accept an arrangement by which Congress was to place
the'Smithsonian Library with its own in the Capitol, subject to the
right of the Regents to withdraw the books on paying the charges of
binding, etc. Owing to the same causes (which have affected the
library of Congress itself) these principal conditions, except as regards
their custody in a fire-proof building, have never been fulfilled.

The books are still deposited chiefly in the Capitol, but though they
have now increased from 40,000 to fully 250,000 volumes and parts of
volumes, and form one of the most valuable collections of the kind in
existence, they not only remain unbound, but in a far more crowded
and inaccessible condition than they were before the transfer.

This condition of affairs will happily soon be remedied.

The purchasing power of the publications of the Institution, when
offered in exchange, is far greater than that of money, and its benefit
is exerted chiefly in behalf of the National Library, and also to a con-
siderable, extent in behalf of the National Museum.

The amount expended during the past forty years from the private
fund of the Institution in the publication of books for gratuitous dis-
tribution has been fully half as much as the original Smithson bequest.

These publications have had their influence for good in many ways,
but, in addition to this, a library much more than equal in value to the
outlay has, through their buying power, come into the possession of the
nation.	*

In addition to all this, a large amount of material has been acquired
for the Museum by direct expenditure from the private fund of the
Smithsonian Institution. The value-of the collections thus acquired is
estimated^ to be more than equal to the whole amount of the Smithson
bequest.

The early history of the Museum was much like that of the library.
It was not until 1858 that it became the authorized depository of the
scientific collections of the Government, and it was not until after 1876
that it was officially recognized as the National Museum of the United
States.

But for the provident forethought of the Smithsonian Institution,
the United States would probably still be without a reputable nucleus
for a national museum.

The relations of the Museum to the system of popular lectures, for
many years established in Washington, which replaces the old Smith-
sonian courses, once so influential, and the assistance which it affords
each year to students of science, is referred to elsewhere in this report.

The Institution publishes many circulars giving information on scien-
tific subjects, which are distributed gratuitously to those who write to
. make inquiries, and this system is being continually extended. In adduREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

17

tion to this, a large correspondence is carried on with people in search of
information on scientific topics. Probably 6,000 letters a year go out
to people who write seeking to know the name of some object or other
scientific fact. Inquiries of this kind are always answered promptly and
fully; and frequently, to intelligent inquirers, books are sent which will
enable them to find out such names for themselves in future. This
work has not only an educational value, but often a great economic
importance as well; as, for instance, when some common mineral has
been mistaken for one of value, some useless plant has been wrongly
identified and supposed to be of service in medicine, or some harmless
animal feared as noxious.

The publications of the Institution and its dependencies reach every
State and almost every county in the United States. A careful study
of the subject, recently made by the president of one of the scientific
societies in Washington, seems to indicate that there are several States
which are reached by no scientific publications, whatever, except those
distributed gratuitously by the Government.

Speaking of the Smithsonian Institution proper, and not of the
Museum or any other trust which it administers, it may be stated that
nothing could be so desirable for the Institution as that Congress
should examine for itself whether, on the whole, in the execution of
the trust of Smithson, more has been given to the Government than
has been received ; for if, in attempting to increase and diffuse knowl-
edge among mankind, the machinery of the Institution’s action has
been such that it has incidentally paid over to the Government the
equivalent of much more than the whole original fund, these facts
should surely be known to those who have to ask themselves in what
spirit as well as for what purpose.the Institution expends money placed
in its charge.

Mr. Langley has pointed out that 44 although by the judicious
administration of the Smithson fund nearly $1,500,000—the fruits of
its investment—have been applied during the past forty years to the
advancement of science and education in America (in addition to the
principal, $911,000, larger now than ever before), it should be remem-
bered that the unrestricted income of the Institution is less than
$50,000 a year, a sum much smaller in its power to effect results than
ever in previous years.”

Can the United States fail to recognize its obligation to supplement
liberally this private contribution for public good, especially if it be
borne in mind that, as Mr. Langley has recently shown, the Institu-
tion has left in perpetual charge of the nation, in the Museum alone,
property acquired out of its private fund (and to which it has appar-
ently the same title) which is probably now more than equal in value to
the whole amount of the Smithsonian bequest.

Every museum has its special characteristics growing out of its form
of organization, its location, scope, and financial and other resources,
H. Mis. 184, pt. 2---------218	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

The character of the National Museum is fundamentally affected by its
connection with the Smithsonian Institution, its dependence upon Con-
gress for appropriations annually, and the necessity, under existing
laws, of its caring for all collections belonging to the Government.

Of the connection of the Museum with the Smithsonian Institution,
it should be said that it is in the highest degree advantageous. It
should be borne in mind that it is essentially a Smithsonian museum,
since, especially in its earlier history, the Institution expended large
sums of money in aiding explorations, with the distinct purpose of
increasing the collections in certain directions, while of late years it
has deposited all the valuable gifts and bequests of specimens it has
received. It has had in addition, for nearly half a century, the use of
the larger portion of the Smithsonian building, and what is of para-
mount importance, the guidance and influence of the officers of the
Institution, and the very valuable assistance of. its numerous corre-
spondents.

C.—THE WORK OF THE MUSEUM IN PUBLIC EDUCATION.

The work of the Museum, if it only performed the functions of an
institution for scientific investigation, would be of sufficient value to
justify its maintenance and extension. The Museum, however, not
only performs these functions, but also does a very great deal to ren-
der the resources of science available to the public at Large.

Prof. Huxley’s definition of a museum is that it is ua consultative
library of objects.”

The National Museum is a consultative library for the scientific man,
and it is something more. It aims to be an agency for the instruction
of the people of the whole country, and to keep especially in mind the
needs of those whose lives are not occupied in the study of science.

In a recent address before the American Historical Association, I
attempted to explain the idea of our work as follows:

(1)	That public institutions of learning are not intended for the few,
but for the enlightenment and education of the masses.

(2)	That the public has a right to full participation in the results of
the work of the scientific establishments which they are helping to
maintain.

(3)	That one of the chief duties of the officers of these institutions
is to provide means by which such results may be presented in an
attractive as well as an intelligible form.

No scientific institution is more thoroughly committed to the work of
the diffusion of knowledge than is the Smithsonian Institution, and no
department of its activity has greater possibilities in this respect than
is the National Museum.

The benefits of the Museum are extended not only to the specialists
in its laboratories and to the hundreds of thousands of visitors from all
parts of the United States who pass its doors each year, but to localREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

19

institutions and their visitors throughout the country, through the dis-
tribution of the duplicate specimens in the Museum, which are made
up into sets, accurately named, and distributed to schools and museums. *

In the next annual report it will be shown how many hundred thou-
sands of objects have been thus distributed during the past twenty
years. Every museum in the United States has profited in this way,
and by its system of exchange the Museum has, while enriching itself,
contributed largely to the stores of every important scientific museum
in the world.

Hot only are specimens thus sent out, but aid is rendered in other
ways. Within the last year not less than forty local museums in the
United States were supplied with working x>lans of cases in use in the
Museum, and similar sets of plans have been supplied within the past
few years to national museums in other countries.

Hot only do the people of the country at large profit by the work of
the Smithsonian, as made available to local institutions, but also to a
very considerable extent directly and personally.

The curator of each department in the Museum is expected to be an
authority in his own line of work, and the knowledge of the whole staff
of experts is thus placed without cost at the service of every citizen.

It is much to be regretted that many specialists, intent chiefly upon
the study of certain scientific problems in which they individually are
absorbed, are disposed to neglect the claims of the educated public to
the enjoyment and instruction which museums afford. They do not
hesitate to say that scientific museums should be administered for the
benefit solely of persons engaged in research. Such men would find no
welcome among us.

At a recent meeting of professional naturalists an eminent investi-
gator in natural science imblicly expressed his opposition to exhibiting
certain scientific collections to “the gaping clowns who form the
majority of the visitors to our museums.77 Such a spirit defeats its
own purposes and such a remark deserves rebuke. The experience of
Europe with its magnificent educational museums and the history of
the several expositions in the United States should be quite sufficient
to satisfy any one who has studied the matter, that the museum is an
educational power of no slight potency.

The venerable director of the South Kensington Museum, the late Sir
Philip Ounliffe Owen, speaking from an experience of thirty-five years,
not only in his own establishment, but in the work of building up the
score of sister museums now under its wing, located in the various
provincial towns of Great Britain, remarked to the writer:

We educate our working people in the public schools, and give them a love for
refined and beautiful objects, and a desire for information. They leave school, enter,
town life, see only dirty streets and monotonous rows of buildings, and have no way
to gratify the tastes which they have been forced to acquire. It is as much the
duty of the Government to provide them with museums and libraries for their higher
education as it is to establish schools for their primary instruction.20

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

In the same conversation, Sir Philip insisted very strongly that a
museum not actually engaged in educational work of some kind could
"not long survive, and as an example of one such held of activity pointed
to the great system of lectures and examinations connected with the
Science and Art Department of the Council of Education, of which the
South Kensington Museum is one of the chief agencies.II.—RECENT ADVANCES IN MUSEUM METHOD.

The importance of the Museum as an agency for the education of the
young and for the culture and enlightenment of the public in general
is each year becoming better understood.

The control of all museums is passing out of the hands of mere care-
takers, or showmen, and is being assumed by men of intelligence and
enterprise, whose purpose it is to elevate this agency of public culture
to a plane of higher usefulness.

Museum-practice has become to such an extent an art that some
years of training and experience in a well-organized general museum
are almost essential. Intelligence, a liberal education, administrative
ability, enthusiasm, and that special endowment which may be called
“the museum sense” are simply prerequisite qualifications.

Any museum which employs an untrained curator must expect to pay
the cost of his education in delays, experimental failures, and waste
of material.

A museum without intelligent, progressive, and well-trained cura-
tors is as ineffective as a school without teachers, a library without
a librarian, or a learned society without a working membership of
learned men.

Such facts as these are gradually becoming impressed upon the pub-
lic mind, and although the community within which a given museum is
located may not for a time concern itself actively about its shortcom-
ings, all the good work which it does is at once appreciated, and if
advances are in progress, their results are eagerly awaited.

The “Museums Association,” recently organized in England, is doing
excellent work in that country. Such an organization is perhaps not
yet necessary in the United States, where local museums are so few,
but in time one will doubtless be organized. In the meantime the
American Society of Naturalists is so situated that it can perform a
part of the work proper to such an organization.

Sir W. H. Flower, the superintendent of the British Museum of Nat-
ural History, in his address at the last meeting of the “Museums Asso-
ciation” remarked:

Of the museums of the United States of America much may he expected. They are
starting up in all directions, untramelled by the restrictions and traditions.which
envelope so many of our old institutions at home, and many admirable essays on
museum work have reached us from the other side of the Atlantic, from which it
appears that the new idea has taken firm root there.'"

* Report of the Museums Association, fourth general meetiug, 1893, p. 42.

2122

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

It is gratifying to know that even in the smaller towns of Europe
the ideals which we hold before us in our work are appreciated and '
quoted. The “Brighton Herald” of August. 18, 1894, contained the
following editorial comment:

All those remarkably constituted persons who maintain that we do not want a
museum in Brighton would do well to read a well-written little brochure by Dr.
Charles A. White, of the U. S. National Museum, entitled "The relations of biology
to geological investigations/’ It is a philosophical subject, philosophically treated,
demonstrating the important relation that museums hold to science and to civiliza-
tion as centers of learning and conservatories of the evidence concerning acquired
knowledge. Museums [he concludes] should not only be made safe treasure-houses
of science, but they should be what their name implies, temples of study perpetually
open to all investigators.

In our own country the spirit of museum extension is spreading, as
is shown by such articles as that by Prof. Morse in the “ Atlantic
Monthly,’7 entitled “If Public Libraries why not Public Museums,”
which is reprinted in a subsequent part of this report. It is the highest
ambition of the National Museum to be associated actively in the work
of museum reform, and to feel that we are standing shoulder to shoulder
in this respect with the older institutions of Europe, and that this fact
is recognized by them.

As we have worked along from year to year, always striving to do
the best thing possible under the circumstances, we have always taken
first into consideration the plans in use in other museums, and have
either cast them aside as unavailable, modified them for our own needs,
or frankly adopted them.

So it has come to pass that we have a large number of forms of cases
and devices for installation, fitted to meet almost every need of museum
or exposition administrators. These are always placed freely at the
disposal of those who need them. Working drawings and photo-
graphs of cases, and samples of fixtures of every kind are freely lent.
When the museum has bad made, for its own use, expensive tools, such
as molds for specimen jars or pedestal tiles, or dies for corrugating
metal for the sliding-racks of storage cases, these are placed without
charge at the service of public institutions, and the use of blocks for
illustrating reports is always accorded.

In this way the entire resources and experience of the National
Museum are placed at the disposal of even the smallest country muse-
ums, and this policy has, w^e hope, been very beneficial.

In pursuance of this policy some of the most instructive of our recent
experiments are described in this report, in advance of a fuller discus-
sion in a comprehensive work on the principles and methods of museum
administration, which has been in preparation for some years. This is
done with less hesitation because of the example set by Dr. A. B. Meyer,
whose papers on the methods of the Boyal Zoological and Anthropo-
logical-Ethnographic Museum in Dresden have proved so interesting to
all museum workers, and who, rightly thinking that, museums are
doing too much in the way of experiment and too little in utilizing theReport of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 1.REPORT OE ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

23

experience of others, publishes his own experiences for the good of
other workers in the same field.*

MUSEUM CASES.

Of all the practical questions which confront the museum adminis-
trator those relating to the form and construction of cases and the
methods of interior fitting are among the most perplexing and, so far
as the relationships of the museum to the public are concerned, the most
important. Each well-arranged case with its display of specimens and
labels is a perpetual lecturer, and the thousands of such constantly on
duty in every large museum have their effect upon a much larger num-
ber of minds than the individual efforts of the scientific staff, no matter
how industrious with their pens or in the lecture room.

Ever since the occupation of our new building very special attention
has been given to improving the cases,v and a system, peculiar in the
beginning to the National Museum, though since adopted by others, has
grown up—a system based upon a fixed and interchangeable unit of
construction; so that, to a very large degree, it is possible to transfer
cases from one department to another. This fixed unit is the storage
drawer or “unit drawer,” 24 by 30 inches in dimensions (PI. 1, fig. 1).
Modifications and extensions of this unit are very generally in use in
many forms of cases, both for exhibition and storage. (PI. 1, fig. 2.)

Exhibition cases.—The various kinds of cases now in use are indi-
cated in a general "way in the two accompanying plates. (Pis. 2 and
3.) Fuller descriptions of the cases and their manner of construction
will be reserved for a future report. It may be said, however, that the
tendency has been toward the use of the very best of glass in the largest
possible sizes, the woodwork being, as a rule, restricted to bases, corner
pieces, and cornices. The top of the case—no matter what its size—is
of glass. When possible, where two panes of glass are used in a single
case front, a narrow metal connecting strip is used instead of a wooden
bar.

The theory which has led to the development of this form of case is
that collections should be so arranged that each surface of glass, or
each panel of a long case, stands by'itself, its contents being grouped
with reference to a general descriptive label, either placed in their
midst or in the middle of the case-frame above. It is not considered
legitimate to arrange series of specimens on long shelves extending
from one end to the other in cases whose fronts are broken by panels
or doors; but, as has been said before, each panel or door stands for
itself, like the page of a book, the arrangement being without excep-
tion from left to right, as in a book.

* Meyek, A. B. Zweiter Bericht liber einige neue Einrichtigungen des koniglichen
zoologisclienund antliropologiscli-ethnographisclien Museums in Dresden. AMandl.
imd Bei'icftte K. Zool. Anth.-Ethnog. Museums Dresden, 1892—^93; Dresden, 1894. No.
1, pp. 1-28, Pis. i-xx.24

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

The breaking of the view of a specimen or an exhibit by a horizontal
bar is also avoided, and when horizontal sash-bars are necessary (as
in a cheap case where small panes of glass are used) the situation is
relieved as much as possible by placing a shelf behind this horizontal
bar, so that it is in effect a part of the shelf.

The form of case with which we are at present best satisfied is shown
in the illustrations of some of the groups of Indians. (Pis. 51 and 52.)
Where smaller objects are shown, a large proportion of the height of
the case is occupied by the base in which 44 unit drawers?? are fitted.

We have also introduced an inexpensive and practical adjustment
of the doors of the larger cases, by means of which these maybe raised
instead of swinging upon hinges, thus doing away with the exceedingly
objectionable swinging doors, so undesirable in narrow aisles and so
inconvenient to curators. With the new system the cost of the mechan-
ical appliances for swinging the sash is almost compensated for by the
saving in hinges, wrenehdocks, clamping-bars, and special contrivances
for dust-proofing. The general appearance of these cases is shown in
the accompanying plate. (PI. 4.)

So perfect is this adjustment that a glass door weighing more than
one hundred pounds may be lifted with one finger. The complicated
arrangement of cranks and levers used in many old-fashioned cases is
entirely unnecessary.

The advantages of iron and steel exhibition-cases have been urged
with so much enthusiasm of late that it seems proper to say that the
question of the use of iron has been constantly under consideration
here since 1879. All the different forms of iron cases have been studied,
including the Dresden cases constructed by Prof. Meyer which were
inspected by the writer in 1880, and the wooden-sheathed iron cases
in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. This was
before the system of wooden cases, which we now use, had been
adopted. - When the new Museum building was finished, in 1881, the
use of iron cases was practically decided upon, and sample cases were
made, in general accordance with the Meyer plans. They were found,
however, to be much more expensive than wooden cases, heavier, and
less easy to adapt to special uses. They offered no material advantage,
except, possibly, a greater durability. The limitations of iron in the
matter of design are manifest, and the impossibility of securing the
polished surfaces of wood, which add so much' to the attractiveness of
a museum case, was another reason against iron construction.

Looking back fourteen years to the time when iron was rejected, no
reason appears for regretting the decision then made.

The use of Mexican or Frontier mahogany which is well known as
softer and straighter grained than the West India variety so popular
for furniture, has been continued, and no other is so thoroughly suit-
able, so far as color is concerned, though the oaks when used have,
in other respects, given great satisfaction. When black cases are
required, cherry wood is employed and an ebony finish added.EXPLANATION OF PLATES 2 AND 3.

Standard forms of cases used in the U. S, National Museum.

Fig. 1. Pier Case.

Fig. 2. Alcove Case.

Fig. 3. Table Case (upright).

Fig. 3A. Table Case (upright), half size.

Fig. 4.	1 [Able Case (sloping).	^

Fig. 4A. Table Case (sloping), half size.

Fig. 5. Table Case (flat).

Fig. 6. rJ LVble Case (Gray pattern), storage base.

Fig. 7. Table Case (Gray pattern), glazed base.

Fig. 8. Kensington Case (Gray pattern).

Fig. 9. Unit Table.

Fig. 9A. Unit Table (Half size).

Fig. 9B. Unit Table (quarter size).

Fig. 10. Base Tables.

Fig. 10A. Base Tables (dwarf size).

Fig. 11. Floor Screen.

Fig. 11 A. Arch Screen.

Fig. 12. Table Screen.

Fig. 13. Slide Screen Case.

Fig. 13A. Slide Screen Case (half size).

Fig. 14. Door Screen Case.

Fig. 15. Case Top Screen.

Fig. 16. Half Column (for wing-frames).

Fig. 17. Glass Screen (sloping).

Fig. 18. Glass Screen (upright).

Fig. 19. Standard Bookcase.

Fig. 20. Standard Shelf-stack.

Fig. 21. Standard Pigeon-hole Stack.

Fig. 22. Standard Card-catalogue Drawer.

Fig. 23. Unit Drawers, 2" to 12" deep, 24" mode.

Fig. 24. Unit Boxes (glazed), standard.

Fig, 25. Wing Frames (standard).Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 2.

Standard Forms of Cases used in U, S. National Museum.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 3.

Standard Forms of Cases used in U. S. National Museum.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 4.

Case for Paleontological Specimens, with Suspended Door

Size of glass in door, 434 by 87£ inches.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 5.

Case of Plate Glass with moldings reduced to minimum of possibility.

Size of glass. 17 by 44 inches.Report of National Museum, 1893,

Plate 6.

Bracket Supports.

(See p. 25.)REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

25

Some cases liave been made in which corner pieces of wood or metal
have been entirely dispensed with, as in that containing the reproduc
tion of the Bryant Memorial Vase (PL 5). This ingenious method
requires mechanical skill of the highest quality,, and the expense is so
great that it is only justifiable in the case of very precious objects
which require to be hermetically sealed. The cost of this special recep-
tacle was $395. It is the most expensive case, for its size, in this museum,
and is an exceedingly beautiful piece of work.

In fitting cases with shelves the so-called u Gavit bracket,” invented
by Prof. Edward S. Morse, of the Peabody Museum, in Salem, which is
supported upon racks secured to the side, of upright bars, in the back
of the cases, has always been thoroughly satisfactory. In some instances
where heavy objects, like minerals, are to be shelved and the question
of protection against insects is not involved , the “ Jenks bracket,”
which fits with a triangular knob into an aperture of similar shape in
a metal plate secured to the back of the case, has been substituted.

Another kind of bracket support which seems to have great possi-
bilities is the invention of Mr. Henry Horan. It is constructed of iron
pipe and is exceedingly light and strong. The essential features of
this contrivance are shown in Plate 6.

The use of clear, strong colors for backgrounds is continued, the
only changes having been in the direction of better and purer pigments.
Many experiments have been made and the number of colors used
have been reduced to two—a maroon corresponding to that custom-
arily seen on the Avails of art galleries, for large cases in brilliantly
lighted halls where the installation is not crowded, and a light, warm
buff, somewhat resembling in tint the Solenhofen lithographic stone,
but somewhat warmer, in cases and halls where specimens are crowded
or where much light is for any reason desirable. This luminous butt' is
^lso used very largely upon ceilings and the upper parts of walls,
while the maroon is used on walls up to the level of the tops of the
cases, harmonizing admirably with the mahogany furniture. Glass
shelves are used when possible, even in cases for natural history objects.

The infiuence of the National Museum system of case construction
and labeling was manifest every where throughout the American exhibits
at the World’s Pair, particularly in the Government building, the Lib-
eral Arts building, the .Fisheries building (where Norway also had in
part adopted our style), the Woman’s building, some of the State build-
ings, and particularly in the exhibit of the Pennsylvania Railroad, where
our cases and labels were adopted under the direction of one of our
curators.

Storage cases.—A modification of the English form of sliding mechan-
ism, by means of which drawers of different depths are used inter-
changeably throughout a long series of storage cases, has been in use in
the Museum since 18.82. At least 30,0u0 of the standard drawers, 24
by 30 inches, are in use for the reception of minerals, fossils, and zoo-26

REPORT OF NATIOlSTAE MUSEUM, 1893.

logical specimens of all kinds, as well as in the departments of ethnology
and archgeology.

Besides these there are over 10,000 unit boxes fitted with glass fronts,
which also, when necessary, are worked into the same system.

The storage case, from which the idea was originally taken, was, I
believe, first invented by Prof. Strickland, of Cambridge, England, and
afterwards modified by Mr. Osbert Salvin. As at first constructed in
the National Museum, the sliding strips in the storage cases were tri-
angular pieces of hardwood, 1 inch in width, and one-half inch wide
at the top, sloping to one-eighth inch at the bottom. (PI. 7, fig. 3.)
These were nailed horizontally close together upon each side of the case,
while in the grooves thus formed were received the corresponding strips
nailed upon the two sides of each drawer—strips originally of the same
size but trimmed slightly in order that they might run smoothly.

The top, or thin edge, of the slide-strip was always placed 1 inch
below the top of the unit drawer, or 2 inches below the top of the glass-
covered unit box, and since the depth of these unit drawers and unit
boxes was always an even number of inches, a drawer of any depth
could be used, from 2 to 14 inches, and a corresponding drawer of any
depth could be placed above or below it. Any compartment could thus
be filled with unit drawers of any desired depth.

The first improvement in this mechanism grew out of the desire to
secure still greater tightness. The interior of the compartment was
lined with zinc, and the strips were nailed on the inside of the zinc.
This proved objectionable on account of the nail-holes.

The next step was to make the slide-strips at the sides also of metal,
and to accomplish this many experiments were tried, and finally
arrangements were made with a firm in Philadelphia engaged in manu-
facturing corrugated iron. It was necessary for the Museum to have
especially constructed a set of dies and rolls for rolling the metal into
the desired shape (PI. 7, fig. 1), and also to import Florence tin of extra-
ordinary thickness, the kind ordinarily used in the United States not
being sufficiently strong. This experiment proved satisfactory, and
150 cases of this type have been for four years in use in the Museum,
and have stood the test of wear. The only objections arise from the
slight roughness where the sheets of tin are joined together, which is not
serious, and the fact that the outer ends of the metal ridges, which
were of course hollow, had a tendency to bend when the drawers were
drawn so far as to make a strong leverage upon the points. This, how-
ever, has been satisfactorily remedied by the use of triangular, plugs
of hard wood, technically called “dutchmen,” which are driven into
the openings.

Out of these experiments still another form of storage case resulted, in
which the metal was placed outside of the woodwork instead of inside,
being soldered upon the outside of a substantial framework of wood,
while the strips upon the inside were of wood arranged in a new way.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 7.

bio

£

Sliding strips to Support Unit Drawers in Unit Table-cases.REPOET OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

27

Instead of separate triangular strips, 8-inch boards of oak or ash, one-
half inch in thickness, are glued and nailed close together upon the sides
of these strips. In these boards are worked at intervals of every half
inch grooves one-half inch in width and about one-half inch in depth.
(PI. 7, fig. 2.) The sides of the case are thus provided with a, series
of parallel, horizontal grooves separated by half-inch bars, which
represent the triangular strips formerly described. To correspond to
these grooves a new device is employed for the support of the trays..
Instead of the strip which was formerly nailed at the side, the lower edge
of the tray projects with a triangular section beyond the plane of the
sides, as shown in the diagram. (PI. 8, fig. 1.) This device is appli-
cable to light drawers not over 4 inches in depth. The drawer of the
old type, however, works advantageously in the same groove.

In both the metal-lined and Metal-covered cases, as just described, a
very effective means of closing the front is secured by the use of rub-
ber tubing fastened in a groove in the zinc-covered front edges of the
opening, against which a solid wooden door is firmly pressed by means
of a special form of combined bolt and lock, as shown in the accom-
panying sketch.* (Fig. 1.)

Many improvements have been made in the past ten years, not only
in the sliding mechanism, but also in the methods of making the cases
moth and dust-proof.

One moth-proof case is a modification of the form originally devised
by Mr. William Brewster, of Cambridge, Mass.

The most perfect example of the moth-proof case which has been pro-
duced, is one especially modified from designs by Mr. J. S. Goldsmith,
for the reception of the type specimens in the mammal collection. This
case contains 8 drawers, 3 by 4 feet. Most of the drawers are 2 inches
deep, but others of any required depth can be used. The drawers are
of pine and have a solid wooden bottom, although one of three-ply
veneer would doubtless be an improvement. The system of construction
is that already described, with grooved wooden boards inside of a zinc
cover. The drawers are provided with the ordinary triangular slide-
strips. The frame of the case which, supports the slide-racks inside is
covered with zinc outside, and is of pine 3 inches wide and seven-eighths
of an inch thick. The frame is covered with sheet-zinc, weighing 16
ounces to the square yard. The zinc-covered case, which is 38 inches
long, 51 inches wide, 31| inches high, is then placed in a case of hard
wood, whose dimensions in the clear inside are 2 inches longer and 2
inches higher than the case, which, when pushed into place, fits against
the back of the wooden case—the front edge of which projects about 3J
inches beyond the outer edge*of the zinc case—but is separated by seven-
eighths of an inch from its sides, bottom, and top. This space is filled
by pine strips, 3 inches in width and seven-eighths of an inchin thick-

*The text figures have been grouped into plates, following Plate 57.28

REPOET OF RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

ness, which are necessary for use in connection witli the device for dust-
proofing.

The device for dust-proofing is dependent upon a double door and a
double system of rubber tubing, The system by which the double
doors are made is shown in the accompanying sketch (Fig. 2). These
doors are separated by an air space of 2 inches. The inner one is of
soft wood, paneled, and lined with zinc. The outer one is of hard wood,
paneled. The pressure against the rubber tubing, which is necessary
for absolute tightness, is secured by three sets of stubs and plates, at
the bottom (Fig. 3), and by two bolts, one in each corner above. These
are so shaped that, when pressed, they have the effect of wedges (Fig. 4).

The outer door has the same system of stubs and plates, and a rod
lock of the ordinary type, fitted with a Yale key for the greater security
of the precious contents.

This case has been used for some months and has proved thoroughly
satisfactory, being practically air-tight, while its construction is such
that it will doubtless be as good fifty years hence as it is now.

Improvements have also been effected in the construction of the unit
drawers. At first these were joined at the corners by dovetailing.
This proved unsatisfactory, and the device of “fingering ” was substi-
tuted. (PI. 8, fig. 2.) The fingered corners have been secured in
two ways, one by wooden dowels, the other by the ordinary process of
gluing. The doweled trays were exceedingly strong and satisfactory,
but it has been more convenient to use the other method and this is
now exclusively employed.

The bottoms, which are inserted in grooves about a quarter of an inch
from the bottom of the tray, are of three kinds:

(1)	Of pine*or of poplar, seven-eighths of an inch in thickness, for the
minerals and heavy specimens and three eighths of an inch for light
specimens.

(2)	Of “ three-ply veneer,” such as is. used for the seats of chairs and
for the lining of cars and in other kinds of cabinetwork. These are
made of three layers of very thin, straight-grained wood glued together,
the central layer being of pine, the outer layers- of ash, maple, or other
hard wood. These layers are so adjusted that the grain of the
center layer runs at right angles with that of the two- outer layers.
They are solidly glued together under heavy pressure, the thickness
of the whole not exceeding a quarter of an inch. Although somewhat
more expensive than the plain wooden bottoms, they are stronger and
very much lighter and have the positive advantage of never cracking
or shrinking. The plain bottoms, it has been, found, often shrink away
from their attachments to the sides of the drawer, even when thoroughly
kiln-dried lumber is used. Many thousands of “three-ply” bottoms
are in use, and they have satisfactorily stood the test of hard use for
ten years or more.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 8.

Details of Construction of Unit Drawer.

Fig- 1. Triangular section of unit drawer.

^ ig\ 2. Corner section of fingered drawer, showing triangular strip on side.REPORT OF ASISSTANT SECRETARY.

29

(3) Of paper. This form, of bottom grew out of the desire for a
lighter and cheaper form of tray.# In the early storage cases deep
drawers were used, chiefly for reasons of economy, and small pasteboard-
bottomed trays, four of which covered the bottom of a unit drawer,
were used to contain birdskins and other small objects, these being
piled one above another in several layers. This was inconvenient and
detrimental to the specimens, and the real desideratum proved to be a
light shallow drawer of moderate cost, in which specimens could be
stored in a single layer. It should be said that the old system of deep
drawers was also in part the outgrowth of the necessity for making
the drawers themselves dust and moth proof. This was in the days
before air-tight cases had been developed, and skins of birds and mam-
mals were kept in glass-covered boxes, similar to the unit box. The
development of the light paper-bottom tray was simultaneous with that
of the moth-proof case.

In the search for a light and durable drawer of this kind many
experiments were made. The first stage was that of binders’ board,
then followed tin, then light three-ply veneering, then wire-gauze cov-
ered with paper, then cotton cloth painted, then cotton cloth covered
with paper, and finally the bottom made* of paper alone. These bot-
toms are made only in the Museum workshops, it never having been
found possible to get a contractor sufficiently careful to furnish sat-
isfactory drawers. The materials used and the process employed are
as follows:

Materials.—(1) Brown manila paper, 150 pounds to the ream. The
size of each sheet (from which two bottoms are made) is 40 by 48 inches;
(2) common flour paste; (3) brown shellac of commerce, dissolved in
alcohol.

Tools.—The tools are a bookbinder’s knife, a broad, flat paste brush,
a stout wooden stretcher, 27 by 33 inches, which is the size of the bot-
tom before it is trimmed. This stretcher is of pine, at least inches
in thickness, in order to resist the strain of the shrinkage of the paper
when drying. There should be, of course, a considerable number of
these stretchers (PI. 9, fig. 1).

The process.—A sheet of paper is pasted to the large wooden stretcher,

* The size and estimated cost of the trays with paper bottoms now in use in the
Museum and of the stretchers used in making the trays are here indicated f

Department in which used.	Size.	Estimated  cost.
Mammals 				Inches.  24 hy 30  24 hy 36  22 hy 28  28 hy 44£	Cents.  25
Do			30
Ornithology			25
Do				30
		

Sizes of stretchers for making trays with paper bottoms: 27 by 33 inches, 29 by
40 inches, 27 by 33 inches, and 31 by 46£ inches.30

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

extreme care being taken to avpid wrinkling, and is then set aside to
dry for a half hour or more. It is then taken up again, and another
sheet is pasted ‘co it, after which it is again set aside to dry. This is
repeated until four or five thicknesses of paper have been joined
together, five thicknesses being necessary for the heaviest drawers.
Each sheet, before being pasted on, is thoroughly soaked in water. The
combined sheets thus forming the bottom of the drawer are then allowed
to dry for twelve to twenty-four hours, according to the moisture of the
atmosphere. The inside of the bottom of the drawer is then thoroughly
coated with shellac. Then, without removing the sheets of paper from
the stretcher, they are tacked to the bottom of the frame of the drawer
with 6-ounce Swedish tacks, placed about a quarter of an inch apart
(PI. 9, fig. 2). Then another sheet of paper is pasted over, thus cov-
ering the heads of the tacks. This not only improves the appearance
of the bottom, but prevents the tacks from drawing out. Then the
bottom is also thoroughly shellacked, and the edges of the paper
trimmed close to the edge of the drawer, which is then complete. The
weight of the lightest 24 by 30-inch drawers for small bird skins, 2
inches in depth, is about 31J ounces, and the cost is about 25 cents.

The ordinary pine storage drawer, 3 inches in depth, costs on the
average about 50 cents; a 4-inch drawer, 55 cents; a 5-inch drawer,
60 cents, and so on in proportion. This, of course, refers to prices
where a large number of them are made by machinery at the same time.

Another feature in our cases, peculiar to this Museum, it is believed,
is that every case, no matter how large, is placed upon rollers, or can
be lifted from the floor on adjustable rollers of various forms. Even
the long wall cases, 9 feet in height, which have been recently con-
structed, are made in sections, so that they can be moved without the
assistance of carpenters.

‘The largest case in the Museum—that containing the group of buffa-
loes—is undoubtedly.the largest movable show case in the world. It is
16 feet 6 inches by 12 feet 5§ inches by 11 feet 1£ inches in dimensions,
and the weight of the case, with its contents, is about 9,300 pounds. This
is supported on 10 rollers, which are of the kind used on the heaviest
rolling platforms in warehouses, and are made of iron, the wheels being
4£ inches in diameter, with rims about 2 inches wide. They are of a
pattern called the u anti-friction ” castors, the bearing of the axle being
upon an arrangement of several wheels. This case can be readily
moved from one end of the Museum to the other by eight men.

There are other cases almost as large, and still others—in the mineral
hall—much heavier in proportion to their size. The mineral storage
case, 8 feet 6 inches long, 4 feet 4 inches wide, and 3 feet 3 inches high,
filled with unit drawers, loaded with minerals, has an estimated weight
of 2,000 pounds. Such cases as these are supported on 4 or 6 anti-fric-
tion castors of the pattern and size just described, one at each corner,
and can be moved by four men.Report of National Museum, 1893,

Plate 9.

Details of construction of unit drawer with paper bottom.

Fig. 1. Pine stretcher and drawer (front view).

Fig. 2. Pine stretcher, showing paper tacked to drawer (back view).REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

31

The ordinary lighter type of exhibition case is not provided with
independent rollers, but can be raised by wooden trucks with rubber
tires about 4J inches in diameter, and movable in every direction, like
furniture castors. There is an attachment of levers so accurately
adjusted that a case full of bottles can be moved from one end of the
building to the other without disturbing labels or specimens.

This system of trucks has been found of the greatest service in the
exposition work, in which the Museum is often called upon to take part,
since the cases can be arranged in cold or bad weather in skeltered,
warm rooms, and carried to their places on the floor.

Another form of case especially advantageous for exhibition work
is what is called the uknockdown” case, in which the parts are fast-
ened together by inns and escutcheons. These cases have all the per-
manence and strength of fixed cases, and can be put together and
taken apart with great celerity.

MOUNTINGS FOR INDIVIDUAL SPECIMENS.

One of the most convenient and ingenious devices is that invented
by Prof. Merrill for placing geological specimens, jars, and other similar
objects upon sloping shelves, in such a manner that both specimen and
label shall be easily seen, while at the same time resting on a level
surface 5 the objects are not in danger of sliding forward. This system
is shown in the accompanying illustration. (Fig. 5.)

In the plate referred to (PI. 10) the appearance of a number of speci-
mens thus arranged upon the shelves is shown, though not well. The
arrangement of this case is in many respects one of the most satisfac-
tory pieces of installation which has ever been effected in the National
Museum.

Each block or tablet has tacked to its front a small strip of tin, so
bent as to receive and hold the label and to allow its ready removal
when desired. This is painted the same color as the block, and is
thereby rendered quite inconspicuous. To prevent the sliding of the
specimens of the front row, which, in order to bring them below the
level of those in the back row, are without blocks, a continuous strip
of tin is tacked along the front edge of the shelf, bent as shown in the
cut. The full width of the strip is the average width of the labels. In
this series it is about one inch. The elevation of the back edge, which
is to check the sliding of the specimens, is from one-eighth to one-fourth
inch, while the front edge is folded over just sufficient to hold the label
in place, as before.

Among the other devices which have recently been adopted in the
department of geology two may be mentioned:

The first is the curator’s plan for showing the appearance of a cave by
setting up in its natural position a miniature grotto, with diminutive
stalactites and stalagmites, which he was so fortunate as to secure from
the Marengo Gave, in Indiana (PI. 11), placing at the sides of the32

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

case mirrors by whose reflections the general effect of an extended
miniature cave is produced. This is a very effective way of mount-
ing exhibits, and the use of the mirrors seems to be an aid to the imagi-
nation of visitors, especially to young people who have never seen a
cavern.

Another is for storing the great series of microscope slides of thin
sections of rocks which belongs to this department. It is thus described
by Prof. Merrill:

As it happened, we had in stock a number of pasteboard boxes, some 93 mm. wide,
143 mm. long, and 48 mm. deep, all inside measurements. The dimensions of our
standard slide are 48 by 28 mm. By means of two wooden partitions some 3 mm.
thick, running lengthwise, each box was divided into three equal compartments, the
partitions being held in place by glue reinforced by two small tacks at each end.
Heavy manila wrapping paper, such as we also had in stock, was then cut into
strips 25 mm. wide and as long as the sheet of paper would allow, in this case about
7 feet. These strips were then bent into a series of folds, as shown in the accom-
panying illustration, the apices being rounded, not pinched flat. If carefully done,
the folds "when crowded gently together act as a spring. Two of these folded strips
were then placed lengthwise in each compartment, and the slides introduced, stand-
ing on end, between the folds at the top. A box as thus prepared readily holds 3
rows of 50 slides in a row, or 150 altogether.

Each slide is separated from its neighbor in the same row by a double thickness
of manila paper, which, owing to its manner of folding, acts as a spring, and avoids
all possible danger of breakage. When all the compartments are filled, the space
between the tops of the slides in any row is but about 2 mm., but there is, neverthe-
less, no difficulty in removing a slide or in getting at it to read the label without
removal, since, owing to the yielding nature of the paper, the top may be readily
drawn apart. In this respect the box offers a great advantage over those with rigid
compartments, such as are commonly in use. The first box was made merely as an
experiment. It proved so satisfactory that, for the time being at least, it is the form
adopted for storing the several thousand slides forming the museum collections.

I have attempted to show the arrangement as above described in the accompany-
ing drawing (Fig. 6). In reality- the slides are held much more firmly than indi-
cated, since the paper bulges and comes against both the front and back of the
slides the full length of ‘the fold, instead of merely at the bottom. It will very
likely strike the reader that a better material than paper might be found. lean
only state that after considerable experimenting the paper was, all things consid-
ered, found most satisfactory."

The adoption of unglazed tiles, instead of wooden or paper blocks^
to support minerals, shells, and other small objects, is being considered,
and experiments, the result of which will be announced later, are being
made by Mr. Charles Schuchert, of the Paleontological Department.
These tiles are rectangular, and of a soft buff color, corresponding
closely to one of the standard shades used in the interior of our cases.

A form of exhibition tray which has been in use for a number of
years is provided with a bevel front of peculiar construction, as shown
in the accompanying plate (PI. 12). These trays are covered with
black binder’s-board, and a piece of colored paper or fabric is placed
on the bottom. This form of tray may replace the very objectionable

* This notice was printed in “ Science/’ November 25, 1892.Report of National Museum, 1893,

Plate 10

Arrangement of geological specimens on sloping shelves.Report of National Museum, 1893

Plate 11

Case of Stalactites, installed with mirror at back.Report of National Museum, 1893

Plate 12,

Black pasteboard trays with label-bevels.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

33

and unsightly pasteboard tray, usually white, which is so often seen in
collections of shells, minerals, and fossils. It is particularly well
suited for coins and other single objects which it is desired to dig-
nify by placing on a special mount with a pleasing back-ground.

The tray of sheet iron used in the Dresden Museum is much stronger
than the pasteboard tray customarily used in other museums, and for
large study collections is undoubtedly preferable, although less desir-
able for exhibition purposes.

For very precious objects, such as small bronzes, ivory carvings, and
small examples of metal-work, which lie flat upon the shelves, or at the
bottom of table case, our curators occasionally use cushions1 of maroon
or dark blue plush, bound with silk cord; this, however, is a refine-
ment in installation which is not recommended for use except in very
special cases, as when it is desired to install a loan or gift collection
very elaborately, or when the objects exhibited are of the greatest
intrinsic worth. Such cushions may be used to excellent advantage
on glass shelves.

EXHIBITION JARS.

The necessity for rectangular jars for the exhibition of alcoholic
preparations has long been felt, and for many years our people have
been in conference with the glass-blowers concerning them; but the
difficulties in the way of securing satisfactory results seem almost
insuperable.

The most desirable form of rectangular jar—one with a wide aperture
of the “salt mouth?? pattern—seems to be.unobtainable. This is to be
regretted, since a jar which can be closed with a circular ground-glass*
stopper is the most convenient for museum purposes. The plan of &
round opening closed by a stopper was proposed, and experiments
were made for improving the ordinary type of anatomical receptacle,
long in use in this country as well as in Europe, in which the large
opening at the top is closed by^a flat plate. Such receptacles as this
have been used for a number of years in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology and in the Army Medical Museum, and they have also long
been in use in Europe, both for round and rectangular vessels.

A modification of this device, by Mr. James E. Benedict, is described
as follows:

The lip is ground to a perfect plane, and the opening, closed by a
sheet of glass annointed with vaseline, is held in place by a cover which
just completes the rectangular shape of the jar, its edges filling the
shoulder, which is blown on the outer margin of the top of the jar, as
shown in the accompanying diagram (Fig. 7). This cap is sufficiently
heavy to hold the cover plate in place, and it takes the place of
the unsightly mechanical clamps of the jar customarily used in
museums for anatomical preparations. The arrangement is thor-
oughly satisfactory for exhibition purposes, and the cover being made
H. Mis. 184, pt. 2—334

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

of common window glass, which is somewhat irregular in its surfaces,
enough small openings occur around the edges for the escape of
gases, so that the somewhat unsightly vent-hole, usually made in
hermetically sealed jars to allow the escape of gas and the introduc-
tion of alcohol without removing the luting, is dispensed with.

The most serious difficulty, however, has not been in regard to the
cover, but rather in securing at the front of the jar a face sufficiently
smooth and well polished to display the specimens clearly and without
distortion. Some of the samples made for us by the glass manufac-
turers had this surface polished on the buffing wheel; but the grinding
was not sufficient to remove the inequalities in the glass, and the cor-
ners, furthermore, are not rectangular, but rounded to such a degree
as to cause some distortion of the specimens. Besides this, these are
irregular and unsightly, and even to secure this imperfect result the
glass is so thick that its transparency is somewhat impaired. This
method of polishing the front surface of the receptacle has been used
also in Europe. It is an alleviation but not a remedy for the evil,
and, furthermore, is exceedingly expensive and beyond the reach of
a museum which has to provide for a large number of wet prepara-
tions. Jars of this type, made in Edinburgh, are used in the Army
Medical Museum in Washington. The cost of these jars, 9 by 12 inches,
at the factory was about $105 a dozen. A firm in this country tried to
produce jars somewhat similar, but was unable to make them at this
price.

Every important factory in the United States which would under-
take work of this class has been consulted, and Mr. Benedict was
sent on a special mission to visit them and study in person the possi-
bilities. He soon became satisfied that in the present state of the
. glass-blowing industry nothing more can be done with blown jars,
and began investigations in another direction.

Experiments have been made by Mr. Benedict with a view to the
possibility of building receptacles out of plate glass. Something of this
kind had already been tried in Germany, with receptacles in metal
frames, and constructed on the principle of an aquarium tank. The
plan adopted here has been to dispense with entirely metal, and
to use silicate cements which are insoluble in preservative fluids, and
which unite so closely with the glass as to become, practically, a part of
it. The recipes for these cements used are, unfortunately, the property
of private individuals. In the process of manufacture the recepta-
cles are exposed to a heat of 350° F. for several hours. It is impossible
at the time of writing to say with certainty that these experiments have
been successful, although one large jar has been filled with alcohol and
specimens for eleven months and twelve others for six months. In jars
of this particular form the top is made of two pieces of plate glass, the
lower one beirfg smaller, and so attached to the other as to form a
shoulder all around; and the cover thus formed is luted to the openingReport of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 13

Cylindrical jar for preparations in spirits, showing distortion due to form of jar.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 14.

Square jar for wet preparations, showing absence c. distortion,REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

35

with vaseline. The junction thus formed is so perfect that it is neces-
sary to have a vent-hole in the top, though much smaller than is custom-
ary, it being only one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter. Jars made in
this way, of the size already alluded to as costing more than $100 a
dozen, can certainly be had for a little more than half the price and, if
they prove permanent, will be in every respect better.

Photographs have been made from jars filled with alcohol and speci-
mens, and the peculiarities of the two systems are shown without dis-
tortion or exaggeration in the accompanying plates (Pis. 13 and 14).

A small built-up jar, made in Germany, has been in use in the Army
Medical Museum and elsewhere as an accessory to the microscope.
These jars will hold all liquids and acids used in microscopic work,
and careful examination shows that the cement used is subjected to a
vitrifying heat. The use of hot water in the jars breaks them in the
corners, which make natural lines of cleavage. Just how large a jar
can be made in this way we have no information, but some of the
experiments tried by us demonstrate that they are not as reliable as
those made with cemented corners.

A convenient way of mounting specimens for the rectangular jars is
shown in fig. 8. The fish or other object to be mounted is fastened to
a pane of common window glass by means of threads passed through
the object, ordinarily by the use of a surgeon’s needle. These are
drawn through holes bored in the glass at the proper places, and
fastened by breaking off a soft wooden peg in the hole, biting and fas-
tening the thread in place. The holes are readily, bored by aid of a
solution of turpentine and camphor used as a lubricant, and a small file
as a drill, held in a small drilling machine. Any jeweler’s supply store
can furnish the requisite material.

THE PREPARATION OF LABELS.

The preparation of labels is one of the most difficult tasks of the
museum man. The selection of the descriptive matter to be printed
requires the best of judgment and the widest and most accurate
information; while to determine the form and size of the different
labels in a series, and to secure the best typographic effect, is equally
difficult, and requires abilities of quite a different order.

A label may contain a vast amount of exact and valuable informa-
tion, and yet, by reason of faulty literary and typographic arrange-
ment, have as little significance and value as a piece of blank paper.

Before a specialist is prepared to label a collection he must be a
complete master of the subject which the collection is intended to illus-
trate. After he has written the series of labels, if the collection is
complete, he will have the material under control which would enable
him to write a very complete book of reference upon the subject.

Ho task is more exacting than label writing. Hot only is it impossi-
ble to conceal any lack of precise knowledge, but the information must36

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

be conveyed in a terse, concise, and definite phraseology, such as is
not demanded in any other class of writing, unless it may be the prepa-
ration of definitions for a dictionary. He who writes definitions for a
dictionary, however, has usually the advantage of having before him
numerous other definitions of the same term, which he needs only to *
collate and rearrange. A good descriptive label, furthermore, should
do something more than impart information. It should be so phrased
as to excite the interest of the person who is examining the specimen
to which it is attached; to call his attention to the points which it is
most important that he should observe; to give him the information
which he most needs while looking at the specimen, and to refer him
to the books by means of which he can, if so disposed^ learn all that is
known upon the subject illustrated.

The labels describing the specimens in a collection are intended to
take the place of the curator of the collection when it is impossible for
him to personally exhibit the objects and explain their meaning.
When collections were small and visitors were tew, the curator or
owner of a cabinet was accustomed, in person, to conduct visitors
among the cases, to take the specimens in his hand, to tell their names
and where they came from, to indicate features of special interest, and
to answer questions.

This was in some respects an ideal way, when the curator was a man
of wide knowledge and so much of an enthusiast that he took pleasure
in talking without limit. The method was not without defects, how-
ever, since the lecturer (for such he was, in fact) selected for exhibi-
tion a limited number of objects which interested him, or which he
supposed might interest the visitors, and gave the latter no chance for
selection. Furthermore, the arrangement could not be such as to con-
vey a sequence of ideas, such as a selected and well-labeled series of
specimens can do, and the spoken descriptions, being as a rule full of
unfamiliar words, were not remembered. The printed label of to-day
maybe read over again and again, and is often copied into the visitor’s
notebook. Again, under the old system, examining a collection was
looked upon rather in the light of amusement than of study, and what
might have been possible in the way of instruction was rarely
attempted.

In these days, when the curator attempts verbal instruction, it is by
means of a lecture delivered in the Museum lecture hall, or, if a floor-
lecture, among the cases, surrounded by scores or hundreds of audi-
tors, who may either take notes or find the substance of the lecture in
some syllabus or printed text-book.

While one visitor might listen to the Museum lectures, tens of
thousands pass through the halls without a guide. They must depend
entirely upon the labels for information ; for guidebooks, if such have
been printed, are rarely bought, still more rarely used in the presence
of the specimens, and, though often taken home with the intention ofREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

37

studying them, are only in the rarest instances ever opened after their
purchaser has left the Museum.

The function of the label, then, is a most important one, since it is
practically only through the aid of the labels that visitors derive any
benefit whatever from a visit to a museum.

What has already been said indicates in a general way the office of
the descriptive label, and may be expressed more concisely as follows :

The label must—

(1)	Tell the name of the object; its exact and technical name always,
and if there be one, its common name.

(2)	It must call attention to the features which it is important for
the visitor to notice.

(3)	It must explain its meaning and its relations to the other objects
in the series. If it accompanies a natural history specimen, it should
explain its geographical distribution, which, if possible, should be
plotted on a small map, forming part of the label, and mentioning
peculiarities of structure or habit.*

If an ethnological object, then its uses and construction should be
explained, its materials named if they are not obvious, and supple-
mentary information given by means of pictures ; and, where pictures
are better than words, these may be substituted.

(4)	The exact locality, date of collection, and source of the specimen
exibited should be mentioned.

(5)	For the convenience of visitors it is well, in many cases, to give
the dimensions or weight of the specimen.

The art of label writing is in its infancy, and there are doubtless pos-
sibilities of educational results through the agency of labels and speci-
mens which are not as yet at all understood. It is clear, however, that
the advice of the negro cook in regard to making soup applies equally
well to a good label; to wit, that much more depends on what you leave
out than on what 3^ou put in. The value of this method of instruction
is perhaps better understood by the most advanced writers of school
text-books and dictionaries than even by the average museum worker.

In Dr. Edward Eggleston’s new u School History of the United States,”
engravings are plentifully interspersed through the text, as well as in
the margins,—portraits, pictures of historical localities, buildings, cos-
tumes, and archaeological objects;—and each of these has a label of the
museum type, surrounded by rules, and separated from the text with
which it has usually only incidental relationship. The originals which,
are thus illustrated, if brought together would make an admirable

* We have used in the National Museum, in years gone by, labels of different
colors to indicate geographical sources, and have also used for the same purpose
labels with printed borders of different colors. This, however, has long since been
abandoned as cumbersome and impracticable. In most cases a word upon the label
is sufficient to convey this idea. But when it is desired to convey fuller information,
a map has great possibilities, for even the exact range of each species may be shown
in this way without materially increasing the size of the labels.38

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

museum of American history, and the book itself could hardly be
improved upon as a handbook to such a collection.

.The modern illustrated dictionary owes much of its success to the
adoption of museum methods, due, perhaps, to the fact that so many
men, trained in museum work, have been engaged upon the preparation
of the latest American publications of this kind, the Century Diction-
ary and the more recently published Standard Dictionary. These
works impart instruction by methods very similar to those in use in
museums, except that they are placed much at a disadvantage by reason
of their alphabetical arrangement.

. There is, of course, one respect in which the museum exhibition-case
has the advantage over the lecturer, who can only present one subject
at a time, or over the writer of books, who is prevented by the size
of his pages from bringing a large number of ideas into view at once.
This difficulty has been in part overcome by the editor of the Standard
Dictionary, in the large plates, where are shown, in one case all the
principal varieties of precious stones; in another plate, all the races of
the domesticated dog, and in another, the badges of orders of chivalry.
Even this, however, is far fro mu reaching the possibility possessed by
the Museum (with its broad expanses of exhibition cases) of showing a
large number of objects so arranged as to exhibit their mutual relation-
ship, and so labeled as to explain the method of their arrangement.

As has already been said, the size and typography of the label aio of
the greatest importance. The best written label may be ruined by the
printer. Aot only must the letters be large enough to be legible from
the customary point of view, but the type must be x>leasing in form,
and so arranged as to lead the eye of the reader with pleasure from
one line to another, and so broken into paragraphs as to separate from
each other the topics discussed.

Furthermore, a system of subordinate sizes of type is essential, so
"that the most important facts will first meet the eye. In many of the
labels shown in the accompanying illustrations type of four or fi\ e dif-
ferent sizes is used, the largest giving the name of the object, tho next
size the name of locality and donor, the next its distribution, and so on,
much in the order of importance of the topics already proposed, while
the least essential illustrative matter at the bottom of the label is placed
in the smallest type. The theory is that the largest type short "	* ^

the information desired by the greatest number of visitors—by every
one; the next size, that needed by those who are studying the collection
in a more leisurely way, and so on.

Too much can not be said of the necessity of breaking the descrip-
tive matter into short paragraphs, which should never be more than
half a square in length. Where a label of great width is printed, it is
our experience that it is better to arrange the matter in two columns,
as is shown in one of the accompanying plates, rather than to weary
the eye by requiring it to follow back and fro across the card.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 15.

Family CH INCHILLI D/E
The Chinchillas

T ARGE or moderate-sized rodents, with elongated
^ hind legs, bushy tails, and long and extremely
fine fur.

The family includes three genera, each with a
single species-the chinchilla, prized for its fur, the
viscacha, one of the most characteristic animals of
the South American pampas, and a third species,
Cuvier’s chinchilla.

The common chinchilla and Cuvier’s chinchilla
inhabit the Andes of Peru and Chili. The viscacha
digs extensive burrows on the pampas.



THE GREAT AUK

Plautus impennis (Linne)

FUNK ISLAND, OFF THE COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 18,117.
^	Collected by F. A. Lucas.

The Great Auk was formerly common on the coast of Iceland, and
found in vast numbers off the coast of Newfoundland, especially at
Funk Island.

It formed an important article of food for the early navigators and
fishermen. Being incapable of flight it was easily captured on land and
was taken in great numbers at its breeding places. Systematic slaugh-
ter of the bird for its flesh and feathers caused the extermination of
the Great Auk about 1840.

y	(This skeleton is composed of bones from various individuals)

r^OVER FOR COFFIN OR ALTAR.
X<-J Made in the 18th century; used in
the Russian Church.

Province of Ekaterinenbourg, Ural Mountains,
Asiatic Russia,	154,784.

Collected by Mr. Geo. F. Kunz.

Specimen forms of labels.Report of National Museum, 1893.	PLATE 16.

jpOX TRAP (Model).—Wood, with
cord of vegetable fiber or sinew.

..  "T	Length,'! 1 ins. Breadth, 4 ins. Height, 5 ins. 1	—1	— I

----H BRISTOL BAY, ALASKA, 1882.	55.879-	^^=1

1 —1	Used by Tinneh Indians. Consists of a stake-pen closed at B 	■■

—1	one end by a net, in which the fox, becoming entangled and	~~~ f

~-~i	caught, is killed by the hunter who watches from “blind.”	—■ ■ — ■ I

'JpOBACCO POUCH.—Made of
miM	small, various colored glass beads

HU closely woven in a regular geometric jjgggi
pattern, fringe of similar beads strung
on variegated worsteds. Suspended from jjjjjjjjj

Length, including fringe, 514 ins. Width, 5 ins.	-.M

—	KHUILCHAN INDIANS, ALASKA, 1881.	72,841.

This pouch came from the Khuilchan (Athabaskan) tribe of	:	i

s^====:==i the interior of Alaska; this trihe has no connection with the sea

save through the Atwah, or Copper River, natives, from one gzzLjjjjdl
f of whom it was’procured-in 1881, at Huchek, Prince William	•• 1

Specimen forms of labels.Report of National Museum, 1893,

Plate 17,

■■ ORANG UTANSor MIAS. ■■

SIMIA SATYRUS,Linne.

Distribution: BORNEO AND EASTERN SUMATRA.

This group represents a scene among the
trees of a Bornean forest, at a height of about
thirty feet from the ground.

The group consists of the following individ-
uals:

Two adult male Orangs (13,962-63), repre-
sented as fighting in their characteristic
manner.

An adult female (13,965) escaping from her
nest, with a nursing babe (1 3,92 1) about
eight months old, clinging to her body in
the position usually adopted when the
mother is traveling.

A young male of two years [ 1 3,964),'rep-
resented as aroused from sleep and looking
down from his nest.

These1 specimens were obtained on the Sa-
dong River, / Sarawak Territory, Borneo', in
September and October, 1878, by the natural-
ists of an expedition sent to the East Indies by
Professor Henry A.’ Ward.

MOUNTED BY WILLIAM T. HORNADAY.

rr--	HELARCTOS EURTSPILOS, H ORSF.	^=1

Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Sumatra.

Specimen forms of labels,Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 18.

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.

Copies in bronze of the gold medal awarded by act of Congress January
28, 1864, to Cornelius Vanderbilt “for his unique manifestation of a fervid
and large-souled patriotism in presenting as a free gift to the Government”
his new steamship “Vanderbilt.”

Received from Bureau of the Mint.-1884.	75,302

POET, SCOTCH.

^yiLLIAM DRUMMOND, of Hawthornden.

Born at “Hawthornden,” near Edinburgh, Dec. 13,
1585 ; d. Dec. 14, 1649, and buried at Lasswade, two miles
from his birth-place.

Descended from an ancient Scotch family of noble blood.
Educated at the University of Edinburgh (M. A., 1605), and
in Law at Paris and Bruges; a man of wealth and a Royalist,
resident at Hawthornden, except from 1625-30, when travel-
ling on the Continent.

A Scotch poet of the Spenserian school,—author, among
other works, of Teaves on the Death of Maeliades, 1613;
Poems, 1616; Faith Feasting, 1617; Flowers of Sion and
The Cypresse Grove, 1623; and some forgotten historical
and political writings.

. “ Drummond was essentially a follower of Spenser, delighting in the descrip-
tion of outer nature, Put, amid all his sensuousness, and even in those lines most
conspicuously laden with lustrous beauty, there is a dash of melancholy thought-
fulness—a tendency deepened by the death of his first love. He was so success!
ful as a writer ot sonnets that he was called ‘the Scottish Petrarch,’ and his
sonnets are still ranked immediately after Shakespeare’s, Milton’s and Words-
worth’s _His poems are distinguished by pensive beauty, sweetness of versifica-
tion and nicely-worded descriptions, but lack vigour and originality. The Cyiresse
Grove, one of the noblest prose poems in literature, exhibits great wealth of illus-
tration, much fine thinking and an extraordinary command of musical English.”

Thomas GiLRAy.

See Drummond of Hawthornden, by David Masson, 1873.

Feast of Tabernacles (Photograph).—Showing the ofifer-

sanrnfi£\aCe ,bef°re the ™eal (known as Kiddush, or
sanctification) m a tent. The feast of tabernacles takes
place on the 15th of Tishri (September-October), and
c-.ntinncs according to Leviticus xxiii, 39_43, seven
da)s; most of the modern Jews observe eight days
The important feature ot the celebration was the com-
mand to dwell in booths, a practice still kept up In
ancient times this feast which was coincident with the

Sssthe most impomnt of the '■

Photographed from the original drawing by permission
ot the Century Co., New York.

Specimen forms of labels.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 19.

IT' ORAN STAND Inlaid with mother-
of-pearl. Inscribed with the usual
Mohammedan invocation before any re-
ligious act: “In the Name of God,”
and the.date. A, H. 1210.

Constantinople, Turkey.	154,757.

The Koran, the sacred book of Islam, is treated by
the Mohammedans with great external veneration
and reverence. They generally take care never
to hold it, and they deposit it upon a high and
clean place, and never put another book, or any-
thing else on top of it. When read it is placed on
a-stand. The reading of the Koran should com-
mence with legal ablution and prayer. The usual
prayer is: “I seek protection with God against
Satan the accursed,” followed by the invocation :

“ In the name of God the Merciful, th£ Compas-
sionate.” In the services of the mosque it is
chanted by the imam; or the leader in prayer.

• m wmm mm	111

r - lUj |

sgM t I C (-*.



r; v;nvA‘ot>'

VOTIVE RELIEF DEDICATED TO CYBELE

(Cast)

FOUND IN ATTICA, GREECE.

Representing the goddess seated on a throne holding in one hand a
bowl, in the other the flattened drum or cymbal, with a lion at her feet.
Before her stands a woman holding a bundle of twigs, and part of another
figure holding an amphora.

Original op Marble in the Royal Museum of Berlin.

154,656.



Cybele or Rhea was called the "Great Mother of the Gods.” The original home
of her worship was in Phrygia, (Asia Minor), in the district afterwards known as Galatia.
Her priests were called Corybantes, and her festivals were celebrated with wild dancesr,
and orgiastic excesses amid the resounding music of drums and cymbals. From Asia
her worship came to Greece, and at Athens she had a temple called the Metroun-, the
temple of the great mother.

In Rome her worship was introduced during the second Punic war in 204 B. C.
A yearly festival was instituted in her honor (April 2-4) called the Megalesia, and under
the empire another in March, which was. celebrated with the observance of mourning
followed by the most extravagant joy. In the second century A. D. the festivals Tau-
robolia and Criobolia were added.

Among the ceremonies observed in these festivals was a kind of baptism with the
blood of bulls and rams killed in sacrifice, with the object of cleansing and'bringing
about a new birth. The oak and the pine, as also the lion were sacred to her. She
was supposed to traverse the mountains riding on a lion, or in a chariot drawn by lions.
She is usually represented enthroned between lions, with a diadem on her head, and a
small drum or cymbal, the instrument used in her rites, in her hand.

Specimen forms of labels.Report of National Museum, 1893,



tfti

1



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* ** . ,**

SiSSSP

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Illpill
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FIRE-DRILL.—Used to make sacred fire.
Lower piece of agave stalk, a soft, pithy wood, with
harder longitudinal fibers, rendering it a good me-
dium for the purpose of making fire. Spindle, a
smaller piece of the same material.

Length of lower piece, 19^ inches; length of spindle,
18 inches.

ZUNI INDIANS (Zunian Stock), New Mexico.

127,708.

Collected by James Stevenson.

With this set sand was used by the Zuni in the fire-
cavity to increase the friction. The fire is preserved in
a piece of decayed wood. It is the custom of the priests
to moisten .the sticks before beginning to drill out fire.
This renders the success much more difficult and there-
fore more meritorious in the sight of their gods.

PRINTING BLOCK (Ban-jul-pan).—
■*- Wooden block; ends wedge-shaped for
fitting into a holder. Engraved.

Length, 17^ inches; width, 8 inches.

SEOUL, KOREA, 1885.	77,018.

Collected by Ensign J. B Bernadou, U. S Navy.

Blocks and movable type are both used in Korea. This is
a common block for printing the alphabet sheet from which
children learn the on-moun, or native Korean character. The
characters are arranged in vertical columns, and above each
is a rough pictorial representation of something containing the
initial consonant sound of the characters in the column. The
writing orr the left is astrological.

Satow says, “There are some Korean books dating back
to 1317 and 1324,-printed with movable type.”

HOATZIN.

OPISTHOCOMUS CRISTA TUS Gmelin.
BERBICE, DEMERARA.	,18,518.

Gift of Demerara Museum.

The most striking feature of the skeleton, and one peculiar
to the Hoatzin, is the shape of the breast-bone, the keel
being cut away in front where it is usually deepest.

The food of the Hoatzin consists mainly of leaves of the
arum, and as large quantities of leaves are eaten, a large
crop is required for their reception, and this crop completely
fills the space below the sternum where the keel is lacking.

The lower end of the furcula (wish-bone) is united with

the sternum, and its upper ends with the coracoids_the

bones to which the wings are articulated.

The Hoatzin is the sole member of the order Opisthocomi,
and is probably the representative of a once more numerous
group of birds of generalized structure.

Plate 20.

Specimen forms of labels.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 21.

SELENITE CRYSTALS.— From cave in
what is locally known as the South Wash, in
Wayne County, Utah.	60,881.

Received from J. E. Talmage, 1893.

The crystals occur in a cave which is inclosed by a
thick shell forming a mound which stands in relief on a
hillside as shown in the photograph. The crystals vary
greatly in size and weight, some being over four feet
long. Owing to the vandalism of visitors, it has been
found necessary to remove the finest specimens to the
Deseret, Museum, at Salt Lake City, to prevent their com-
plete destruction (See Science, Feb. 17, 1893.)

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CORRODED STALACTITE—The specimen is
partially dissolved by the corroding action of water
from the roof. It illustrates one of the latest stages
in the life history of a cave. The lime in the over-
lying roof has been so far removed that the water
percolating though it is still acid and attacks the
material of the stalactites as it drips over them.

Robertson’s Cave, Springfield, Missouri. 68,186.

Collected by George P. Merrill, 1892.

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36,974.

VOLCANIC DUST.

Volcano of Krakatoa, Straits of Sunda.

Gift of F. W. Houghton, 1889.

This ash was showered for three days in September, and
at the rate of one inch per hour, bn board ship Beacons-
field while in latitude o° 14' S., longitude 920 E., and at a

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O FORAGE BASKET (djelo).—Warp of osiers;
^ weft of the sides of split pine root, weft of the
bottom of osiers, both in twined weaving. The
weft strands are' overlaid with bright straws to
form the pattern. Margin strengthened on the
inside by a hoop of hard wood.

Heigh't, 3 feet; diameter, 28 inches.

HUm INDIANS, CALIFORNIA, 1889.

Collected by Jeremiah Curtin:

11 M33-

After these baskets are made they-are filled with hot wet sand
to give them a good form. They are set around the wall of the
semi-subterranean houses of the Hu pas upon a.banquette of earth
and filled with acorns for winter food. As many as Twelve may
be seen in one house.





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EMSHING CANOE (Mod el).—Wood, dug
*■’ out; sloping sides, slightly flared at top;
flat bottom; sharp ends; long overhanging bow,
terminating in a point; straight stern.

Length, 2234 inches. Beam, 534 inches. Height, including
figures, 6 inches.

NEAH BAY, Washington Territory, 188,3.	72,907.

Collected by James G. Swan, Port Townsend, W. T.

Made by Makah Indians, of Cape Flattery. Perfect m all its appoint-
ments, with figures of two Indians seated face to face, the position alwa\s
taken. Contains fwo paddles; two fishing-lines, complete; two baskets for
spare hooks and lines; two clubs for killing fish; five halibut hooks; one bailer,
two halibut. None of the objects are made to a scale to compare with the
canoe or with each other, the purpose of the Indians being simply to show the
various articles without regard to relative size,

Plate 22.

Specimen forms of labels.Report of National Museum. 1893.

Plate 23.

HOMOLOGIES OF THE PRINCIPAL BONES.

The series of which this specimen forms a part is
intended to show the corresponding bones in the
different classes of vertebrates. The spaced skeleton
should be compared with the mounted skeleton.

mm

SKULL OF SHARK, Carcharms sp., an example
of the simplest type of cranium. It consists entirely
of calcified cartilage, is immovably connected with the
backbone, and does not completely inclose the brain.
Neither cartilage bones nor membrane bones are de-
veloped.

26,164.

THE DOMESTIC FOWL.

npHE Anatomy of the domestic fowl

as shown on a large scale by the Turkey, Meleagris
gallopavo, one of the largest of the Gallinaceous Birds.
Model, natural size, by AUZOUX, Paris.

MODEL

Showing structure of
PRECIOUS CORAL, Cor allium rubrum.
GREATLY ENLARGED.

1.	Axial skeleton.

2.	Friable crust or Caenosarc, in which lie the tubes
connecting the body cavities of the individual
polyps.

3.	Individual polyps.

Specimen forms of labels.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 24.

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Costume of the Misericordia of Tuscany

This costume consists of a simple hooded cassock
of black, worn over ordinary citizen’s dress, and a
broad brimmed felt hat, used in outdoor service.

SIENA, 1892.	153.893.

Collected by G. Brown Goode.

The FRATERNITY OF THE MISERICORDIA (Pia Arcicon-
fraternita de Santa Maria della Misericordia) is a great society, with
branches in Siena, Florence, Pisa, and the other cities and towns of Tuscany,
which has for its sole object the alleviation of suffering and the furtherance
of all works of benevolence. Its most striking characteristic is that its
active work is carried on by its members in person, and not by paid deputies.
On its rolls are found the names of a large proportion of the adult males
of the community, without regard to rank or wealth. A certain number
of these are assigned to duty for each day in the year, and are expected
to respond at once to any call from the officer of the day, and while on
duty are under strict discipline.

The personal relationship of the wealthy and the powerful to the
charitable work of the community is productive of much good. All dis-
tinctions of rank are ignored in the organization, and to this end a costume
of the cheapest material is used, to disguise figure and face, and members
while on' duty neither speak nor are spoken to, except as a matter of
necessity. The money needed for the work is obtained by the mute appeals
of the members in public places and at the doors of churches, and from
the fees of membership. Each local society has its chapel for funeral
services, and all funerals with but few exceptions, are conducted by this
organization, the coffin being borne by its members in their peculiar dress.

One of the oldest of these societies, that to which the costume exhibited belongs, is that of Siena.
This was founded at the end of the fourteenth century by Bernardino Albizzeschi (San Bernardino) as a
society to perform works of mercy and to aid prisoners. In 1564 a statute prescribed the manner in which
their charitable offices might be exercised. It was suppressed in the time of Leopold I, and resuscitated
by royal permission in 1794- In 1829 it was reorganrzed upon the model of those in Pisa and Florence,
and in 1862 by popular subscription an endowment of 155,000 lira (831,000) was secured, which has since
been increased by other donations. Its membership is very large, including in a city of fifty thousand
inhabitants, about three thousand active members.

Its scope includes everything which comes within the term charity—the relief of those stricken by
misfortune of any kind at any tune or place. Owing to the precipitous character of many of the streets,
horses are comparatively few in Siena, and sick people, as well as coffins, must be carried upon men’s
shoulders. Invalids are taken by them to the Royal Hospital, three miles from the city, and they'have
control of an extensive cemetery, in which nearly all interments are made. A group of members is organ-
ized under the name of visitors to the sick (Convisitafori fnfrnmcn). They render aid to the ill at
home, supplying them with beds, underclothing, bandages, broths, easy chairs, trusses, and watchers or
nurses at night. In summer the Society dispenses mineral water for use in baths, and when necessary,
keeps open a room fur vaccination and dispenses the vaccine matter throughout the city and the surrounding
country. In the case of an accident of any kind, a squad of members is upon the spot to render service,
in other communities expected from the police and board of health.

The administration is in the hands of a brother called the Provveiiitore, who presides at the meet-
ings of the board of management, the Nlagntrato, composed of twelve brothers called Conservatori,
and also those of the council, composed of eighty councillors (Co>isrsrluri). A full financial report is
printed each year. T he Society has its house, in which is not only a chapel, but a vast warehouse for the
accessories of their work—litters and surgical appliances,—and a great room, surrounded by cupboards, in
which the cassocks of the members are kept ready to be put on when they are hastily summoned to duty
from their places of business.

The officers of the Society are an inspector (Jspatore). who controls the public and private' services; a
brother deputy (Dcputato), in charge of the Convalescent’s Home, a secretary ( Canc(liicrc’-Scx^t<J-'‘<>), who
supervises the business, archives and correspondence ; a treasurer (Camarlnign), and a steward (Massa/v)f
who has charge of all linen, furniture, and other property in the warehouse. There are fifty-two officers of
the guard, who in turn, day by day throughout the year, supervise the public services, and sometimes as
many as three hundred of the members are in active duty in a single day, under the charge of one of these
officers. All officers serve gratuitously except the secretary, a physician, two priests, two servants and a
letter-carrier.



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Report of National Museum, 1893,

Plate 26.

Specimen forms of labels.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

39

Labels, as a rule, seem to be most satisfactory when nearly square,
or with the height less than the width.

The relationship of the objects in a series to each other may usually
be indicated by the size of the labels, which should be uniform for
objects of the same general character in the same case. When a devi-
ation from this rule is necessary, if the size of the type remains the
same, more space may be obtained either by slight widening or slight
lengthening; but in the same series we must always lengthen or always
widen. Classification labels, which are placed, unattached, among the
specimens, increase in size with the importance of their grade in the
plan of classifieatiou, as is shown in the family labels illustrated.

There are limits to the possibilities of making labels speak by their
size. An object on the top of a case, or on a pedestal, or in a case by
itself, is always regarded as “out of classification/’ and its label arranged
solely with reference to its appearance or utility in the place where it
is to stand. It is also necessary to vary the size somewhat in the
same series, when, as in a long case of mammals, a small species and a
large one are placed side by side. Here, for aesthetic reasons, the rule
of uniformity is usually set aside.

Much attention has been given to the selection of type and color for
labels, it having been found that labels printed on white cardboard
become dirty or turn yellow, besides being dazzling and hard to read.
Many tints of cardboard which would otherwise be available may not
be used, because of their tendency to fade—objectionable in itself, and
doubly objectionable when it becomes necessary to put a fresh, bright
label by the side of one which has become faded in use. Almost every
sample of colored board which has been tried in the National Museum
has faded after a time. The most satisfactory has been one of greenish
gray. This is temporarily in use in the geological and mineralogical
collections, where a light gray color for the interior of the cases and
shelves seems preferable, and also , in the collection of birds, which is
installed by preference in a somewhat dark apartment.

The standard label-board, however, is a rough-faced manila. The
color, being that natural to the fiber, is quite unchangeable. There is
no fading, little tendency to become dirty, and its soft, rich, brownish-
yellow tone sets off admirably the heavy black lines of the antique-faced
type which is used, and harmonizes well with the buffs and maroons
which are our favorite colors for case interiors. The material at first
used was a somewhat soft though thick paper, made specially for genus-
covers in the herbarium. This did not prove thoroughly satisfactory,
since the labels, unless very small, had to be glued or tacked to some
solid support to prevent their bending and winding, and even then the
corners frequently rolled.

We now have a special cardboard of the material just mentioned,
heavily pressed, very stiff, and durable, which, though its surface
lacks somewhat the desirable softness, proves very satisfactory.*

* Samples of this board will be sent to any museum worker who may request it.40

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

It may be added that cartridge paper, such as is ordinarily used for
wall decoration, in any tint of gray or light brown, is an admirable
material for labels, especially large ones. It must, however, be glued
to a tablet. If this is made of dark wood with a bevel retreating from
the edge of the label, forming a dark border, the effect is very pleas-
ing. Labels thus prepared, and mounted upon metal rods, are used by
us for general classification labels in the interior of cases.

It is the plan in the National Museum to have a large label, glazed
and framed, at the top of each case, or in front of each panel. These
are printed on black or maroon paper in gold or silver letters.*

The labels in gold on black are printed from large wooden type, and
are used to indicate the general system of classification of the cases
upon the floor. When it is desired to use outside labels, glazed and
framed, which are not in this general-classification series, we print with
heavy-faced type in black upon manila or cartridge paper, such as have
been already referred to, since the black upon yellow is more legible
with comparatively small type than the gold upon black.

The National Museum owes many most important lessons in the
matter of labeling and the interior fitting of cases to the Art Museum
at South Kensington. Their system was studied with the greatest care
by the writer in 1880 and during a residence of seven months at South
Kensington in 1883, and, as will be evident to anyone who knows their
system, its influence has been very great upon that in use in Washing-
ton.

In the accompanying illustrations (Pis. 15-2G) are shown a number
of the forms of labels adopted in the National Museum. Others are
being developed from day to day; but it is thought advisable to place
these upon record as an indication of what has already been accepted
as measurably good.

ADVANCES IN GENERAL INSTALLATION.

The map devised by Mr. Merrill to show the extent and location of
the great ice sheet in North America during the glacial period is
described further on in this report.

The synoptical collection of invertebrates prepared by Mr. Lucas also
marks a positive advance in methods of mounting and labeling, to say
nothing of the success attained in showing the structure of certain
representative forms. This work will be described in the report for
1894, and a mere mention must now suffice.

The accompanying illustrations (Pis. 27, 28, 29), however, tell the
story better than words can do.

We have adopted two ideas already well carried out in the British
Museum of Natural History, and original with its director, Sir William
Flower, to whom we are indebted for other ideas equally good, soon to

* To produce silver letters, size is used instead of printer’s ink, and nickel powder
is applied before the size is dry. Tbe nickel is unchangeable and very effective.Plate 27



Report of National Museum, 1893,

OF INVERTEBRATES.

The boxes are 24 by 30 inches, outside measurement.Report of National Museum, 1893,

Plate 28.

Glass-covered Unit Box containing models of cephalopods.
Size of box, 34 by 30 inches, outside measurement.Report of National Museum, 1 893.

Plate 29.

Glass-covered Unit Box, containing models of marine worms.

Size of box, 24 by 30 inches, outside measurement.REPORT OK ASSISTANT SECRETARY,	41

bo materialized in Washington. One is the exhibit of skeletons of
man and horse (PI. 30), shown side by side, with the homologies of
the bones indicated by a parallel system of labeling, the other the
mounting of the races of domestic pigeons in one case upon a stand
in the form of a dovecote, the specimens being so arranged as to show
their relationship to each other and to the parent form, the rock dove.

A similar project is being worked out for the domestic fowl, but is
not yet in final shape.

Another advance is that effected by Mr. Lucas in showing, side by
side, all the principal variations of the vertebrate skull, the homologies
of the bones being indicated by a system of coloration modified from
that already in use in the Natural History Museum in Milan, Italy.

A minor feature which seems to add materially to the comfort and
convenience of many visitors is the reading table, a sketch of which
is here given as a substitute for a detailed description (Fig 9). There
are some thirty of these tables, one for each department, and about 500
books are thus placed at the service of visitors. The books on the tables
are text books, bibliographies, dictionaries, and standard works of refer-
ence, and each table is devoted to the subject illustrated by the special
collection in the midst of which it stands. In the rotunda is a book-
case containing cyclopedias, and visitors who desire fuller information
are at liberty to go to the Museum library, and thence, if need be, to the
sectional libraries in the curators’ laboratories.

It is pleasant to be able to say that although over a thousand vol-
umes are thus exposed without surveillance in the public halls, not
a single volume lias been stolen, though many of them have been u re^ad
to death.”

TAXIDERMY IN THE MUSEUM.

Allusion has been made from time to time in the reports to the work
of the Museum preparators in preparing objects for exhibition or study,
and the time seems now to have come for a consideration of what has
been accomplished and how this has been done.

As early as 1875, when, by means of the appropriations for the exhibit
of the Museum at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, it became
for the first time possible to employ competent taxidermists, an effort
was made to secure the very best men available, and to have prepared
better specimens than were at that time to be found in any American
museum. Mr. Joseph Palmer and Mr. Julius Stoerzer, excellent work-
men of the old school, were the chief agents in the preparation of the
exhibit of mounted animals and casts shown in Philadelphia, and the
results, though, so far as accessories are concerned, far below the pres-
ent standards, were in many instances quite equal to what has since
been done, as is indicated by the accompanying plate of the group of
fur seals (PI. 31). %Their work was greatly admired, and the influence of
the movement then just beginning soon spread to other institutions.42

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Tlie ideals in the National Museum were as high then as at the pres-
ent time, and Professor Baird, himself a very skillful taxidermist, was
not only the best of critics, but enthusiastic in the extreme upon the
whole subject. The time of preparation for the Philadelphia exhibition
was so short and the appropriations so limited, however, that it was
not possible at that time to accomplish the results desired.

In this same connection should be mentioned the very important
influence of Prof. Henry A. Ward, who, in the conduct of his natural
history establishment at Rochester, was always evidently actuated
quite as much by a love for natural history and the ambition to supply
good material to museums, as by the hope of profit, whieh was always
by him subordinated to higher ideals in a manner not very usual in
commercial establishments.

While the work from 1875 on was constantly advancing in Washing-
ton, and the antiquated and badly prepared specimens in the old col-
lection were being replaced as fast as possible by others as good as
could at that time be prepared, similar agencies were in activity in
Rochester, and under the influence of Prof. Ward a number of enthusi-
astic young men were brought together and employed in the various
branches of the work connected with the establishment. It was here
that, through the stimulus of association and in connection with the
immense work in preparing natural history specimens which was then
in progress, mental forces of another kind came into being; and here,
in 1879, and the years following, some very remarkable pieces of work
were accomplished, which for originality and strength far surpassed
anything hitherto attempted in America. - Among these may be men-
tioned Hornaday’s groups of orangs, one of which is now in the
museum in Kew York, and another here in Washington. These, though
lacking in the artistic repose which characterizes some of the later pro-
ductions of himself and his juipils, were extremely spirited and had all
the qualities of good workmanship and permanence which could be
desired.

A series of animals of the Rocky Mountains, mounted by Mr. F. S.
Webster to serve as models for the artist Bierstadt, and since destroyed
by fire, should also be mentioned in this connection. Work of this
kind demonstrated the triviality and false ideals of such ambitious
figure groups as those of Verreaux, of which certain examples had
reached this country and were up to that time greatly admired, and of
the work of the European school of mammal taxidermists in general,
well typified in, the celebrated Wurtemburg collection and in many of
the groups in the Liverpool Museum. It is not intended, however, to
disparage the very excellent work of Verreaux upon single specimens #

* A lion which since 1870, has been displayed in the American Museum in New
York City, is perhaps the best in this country. The National Museum has a hyena
mounted by him which, though not one of his greatest worksfis full of spirit.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 30.

A Group of Skeletons introductory to the series showing the homologies of the bones.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 31

Group of Fur Seals,-Callorhinus ursinus.

Mounted by Julius Stoerzer in 1875 and exhibited at the Philadelphia Exhibition.REPORT OF ASSISTANT 'SECRETARY.	43

mounted in attitudes of repose for case installation, nor is it intended
to ignore the wonderful work done under Paolo Savi for the University
of Pisa—work quite in the modern spirit, which the test of nearly a
century has shown to have all the qualities of good workmanship.* But
for the fact that these are buried in the midst of a poorly installed
collection in an inaccessible gallery in a small Italian city, possibly the
spirit of modern artistic taxidermy would not have remained so long
latent. The museum at Turin has also had. excellent taxidermists in
its employ.

At Leyden also much good work was done, and the animals were
mounted in varied positions. The birds at Leyden afforded a striking
contrast to those in the Natural History Museum at Bremen. These
were mounted in fixed conventional attitudes, and since the museum
possessed.an immense collection of birds, they were crowded together
side by side, heads toward the wall and tails projecting over the edges
of the shelves toward the spectator, so that they looked like horses in
a stable, .viewed from the rear. This museum, as I saw it in 1880, was
an eloquent teacher of methods to be avoided. It is to be hoped that,
before now, most of these skins have been unmounted and placed in
drawers in a study series, and a reasonable exhibition series substi-
tuted.

Mr. John Hancocx, of London, many years ago did excellent work,
combining artistic feeling with scientific accuracy, and Mr. E. T. Booth
somewhat later developed a marvelous collection of British birds in
his “Dyke Hoad Museum” at Brighton. These were mounted in life-
like attitudes in the midst of natural accessories, and were satisfactory
alike to artists and to naturalists. Following in the same course the
admirably mounted collection in the Town Museum at Leicester was
developed by Mr. Montagu Brown, and that in the British Museum of
Natural History under Dr. Gunther, beginning as early as 1880. . On
this side of the Atlantic, as early as 1870, most excellent work of this
kind was done by Mr. Andrew Downes in his private cabinet in Hali-
fax, Nova Scotia.

The Society of American Taxidermists was organized March 24,1880,
by Messrs. Hornaday, Lucas, Webster, Oritchley, Jules Bailly (a pupil
of Verreaux), Martens, and Fraine, all of Bqchester, and a number of
other taxidermists scattered through the country joined in the move-
ment. This society was the direct outgrowth of the aspirations of the
enthusiastic founders of the new American school, and had for its
object not only the improvement of taxidermy from the technical stand-
point, but the elevation and ennobling of the profession of taxidermy
and the establishment of loftier ideals for the work.

The intention was to hold annual exhibitions, to secure the award of

* A group of starlings around the skull of a sheep rivals the best bird group since
made, and a hoar attacked by hounds shows wonderful skill in mammal work.44

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

prizes for the most meritorious advances, and to publish, an annual
volume of Proceedings, devoted to the discussion of the principles
and methods of the art.

The ideals of the organization before very long developed to such a
degree that they could not be worked out to the best advantage in a
commercial establishment, and several members of the new school, hav-
ing found that their objects were thoroughly appreciated and their
efforts meeting with hearty support from the authorities of the U. S.
National Museum, began to look to Washington as a wider and more
promising field for their activities. In the National Museum, in the
meantime, constant progress had been made, especially in the work of
preparing casts and models in plaster. Some of the work prepared
for the International Fisheries Exhibitions in Berlin in 1880 and Lon-
don in 1883, would be regarded as admirable if done at the present time.

Soon after the reorganization of the National Museum in 1881 Mr.
W. T. Hornaday was appointed chief taxidermist, and he was soon fol-
lowed to Washington by Mr. F. A. Lucas, who, though an accom-
plished taxidermist, had given especial attention to tlie mounting of
skeletons and anatomical preparations. Somewhat later came Mr. F.
S. Webster, and others of the Boehester group would also have been
added to the Museum staff but for our feeling of unwillingness to inter-
fere with the important establishment at Boehester by taking away so
many of its most competent men.

In the meantime the Society of American Taxidermists had been
steadily at work. It held three annual exhibitions (in Boehester, in
Boston, and in New York), and in 1884 another exhibition was held in
connection with the Cotton Centennial Exposition at New Orleans and
under the auspices of the National Museum. Three numbers of the
reports were published. Since 1884, however, the society has been
dormant. Perhaps its work had been accomplished. At all events,
its influence was strongly felt, not only among taxidermists but through
the larger and smaller museums of the country, and during the five
years of its existence a decided change in public opinion had been
effected.

The necessity for the development of a great mounted collection of
mammals in the National Museum, and above all the execution of
the plan for preparing monumental groups of the animals which are
approaching extinction, mounted in natural attitudes and surrounded
by proper accessories, has given a very wide field for work in higher
taxidermy, and a number of young men from various parts of the
country sought admission to the Museum workshops, where they
received or completed their training. Among the most prominent of
these may be mentioned the late Jenness Bichardson, who was for three
years in the Museum, and went in 1886 to become the chief taxidermist
of the Museum of Natural History in New York City, where he accom-Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 32.

Skeleton of Megapode,- Talegallus Lathami, showing methods of mounting.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 33.

Skeleton of Bat,—Molossus rufus, sfiowing methods of mounting.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

45

plisked some very noteworthy pieces of work, especially in the mount-
ing of birds.

Mr. L. L. Hycke, now professor in the University of Kansas, also
passed several months here, and learned the methods which have
resulted in his excellent work upon large mammals shown in the
Kansas State building at the World’s Fair of 1893.

Mr. William Palmer, now chief taxidermist of the Museum, also
received his first training during these years, and began a career which
has resulted in the production of such remarkable work as the groups
of Caribou, prepared especially for Chicago, which, in the judgment of
the writer, have not been surpassed anywhere, marking as they do the
highest attainment in the imitation of nature, with that combination
of life with perfect repose which is the supreme, test of merit in tax-
idermy. Many other men have profited by work in our laboratories,
and are now scattered through the country, either attached to museums
or in private business as taxidermists.

The taxidermists previously attached to the Museum have produced
work in its way equal to that of their associates. The casts of reptiles,
fishes, and cetaceans made by Joseph Palmer are by universal admis-
sion unrivaled, and this perfection was reached under Prof. Baird’s
encouragement before the Society of Taxidermists began its work and
as early as 1876.

The bird work of Henry Marshall, though for the most part limited
to preparation of specimens for shelf installation, has not been sur-
passed. Mr. FT. R. Wood, who came from Rochester in 1888, has pro-
duced noteworthy work in groups of birds, and is especially skillful
in the mounting of the various breeds of domestic fowl, which he has
done with such painstaking accuracy that they may well serve as
fixed standards in the development of the races of poultry. His work
in restoring hair to skins which have become bare, is worthy of the
most painstaking Oriental.

In the mounting of skeletons and anatomical preparations the high-
est standard of excellence has been aimed at, and it is believed that
there is no collectiontof mounted skeletons in the world which can
show more perfect pieces of work or a higher average grade of excel-
lence. Mr. Lucas, under whose direction this collection has grown up,
and who with his own hands prepared many of the most remarkable
specimens (Pis. 32 and 33), has become curator of the department
of comparative anatomy, but *has transmitted the technical merits of
his methods to Mr. J. W. Scollick, whose, work upon minute osteolog-
ical preparations is little short of marvelous.

It might be said that these words of commendation would be in better
taste coming from outside and written by one who has not been, in the
matter of sympathy, so closely associated with the development of the
ideals of the higher taxidermy and the furthering of their accomplish-
ment. . This was in my mind when, a year ago, I requested Hr. R. W.46

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Shufeldt, U. S. Army, who had recently published some articles on
taxidermy in “The Great Divide,” and who was also a judge of awards
in the department of taxidermy at the Columbian Exposition, to pre-
pare an article upon the modern museum taxidermy. It was the idea
that Dr. Shufeldt, not being attached to any museum, would be able to
examine critically and discuss the subject without prejudice, taking
into consideration all that has been done elsewhere as well as in Wash-
ington, and this he endeavored to do. The predominance of illustra-
tions taken from specimens in our Museum, as finally published, was
not intentional, but was due to the difficulty of obtaining satisfactory
photographs from other establishments. An effort was made to obtain
illustrations from the New York Museum and from the British Museum.*
The illustrations obtained from these sources by no means did justice to
the specimens illustrated, and the efforts to secure photographs of the
Savi groups in Pisa, and of the rhinoceros mounted for the Medici
collection in Florence three hundred years ago, were unsuccessful.

Dr. ShufeldPs essay, which was published in the Museum report for
1892, lias attracted much attention, especially abroad, and the Ameri-
can taxidermic work, the excellences of which are suggested rather than
fully depicted in the illustrations, has received much praise from those
who are not familiar with it, and, if one may predict, the paper will be
useful in still further raising the standard of museum taxidermy.

A special illustrated supplement to Natural Science was published
in England on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science. This was entitled “ Taxidermy as a Fine
Art,” and was devoted not so much to a review of the Shufeldt article
as to critical comments upon the illustrations, of which a selection of
nine were reproduced. In closing his remarks the editor says:

In selecting tlie plates for this article we have paid hut small attention to the
many beautiful illustrations of birds. In respect to bird groups our home museums
do not require much teaching, though even they have yet to learn that a bird can
be mounted in the most natural manner on an ordinary museum perch or stand. It

*Dr. R. Bowdler Sharjie’s paper on “Ornithology at South Kensington,” in the
“English Illustrated Magazine,” December, 1887, pp. 166-175, gives an excellent idea
of the British Museum groups, though the illustrations, not being photographic, do
not afford the opportunity forjudging the degree to which the accessories simulate
natural effects.

We frankly admit that in the matter of environmental groups of birds, Great
Britain still surpasses the United States. So far as taxidermy is concerned, Ameri-
can workmen can hold their own, but the art of making and grouping accessories
we have yet to acquire. The only successful accessory work done in this country is
that by the Mogridges, who were trained at South Kensington, and who are repre-
sented extensively in the New York Museum and by one piece in Washington.

Many of the groups of this kind, even when made by the Mogridges, err in mak-
ing the accessories more prominent than the birds and filling the cases with artifi-
cial flowers and leaves to such a degree that the birds are entirely subordinate. An
excellent illustration of effective and legitimate use of accessories is to be seen in
the admirable group of king-rails in the New York Museum.Report of National Museum, 1893,

Plate 34.

Head of Tiger,—Felis Tigris.Report of National Museum. 1893

Plate 35.

Burchell’s Zebra,—Equus Burchelli.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

47

is in preparing the other classes of Vertebrata and the Invertebrata that American
taxidermists take the lead, and it is their excellence in this direction that we have
endeavored to set forth as an example.

But for the general approval of the American work, as shown in the
comments upon this paper, I should perhaps not venture to express so
frankly my own opinion as to what the American taxidermists have
done, and, as it is, this is done chiefly for the purpose of explaining the
causes which have led to its development.

The editor of Natural Science is quite right in questioning Dr.
Sliufeldt’s statement* that the development of taxidermy in the United
States is due to the stimulating influence of the World’s Columbian
Exposition. As a matter of fact, the. taxidermy at the Columbian
Exposition, with the exception of that in the Government building and
that of Prof. Dyche in the Kansas building, was decidedly poor. Cer-
tain mammal heads mounted by Mr. Stainsky were of high merit.
Beside these, there was scarcely a specimen of remarkable merit in the
general taxidermic display $ and many of the groups, so-called, illus-
trating the fauna of special States, belonged to the grotesque and
unworkmanlike period of twenty years ago.

Very important advances had been made before the Chicago Exposi-
tion was organized, and there was scarely a group among those shown
by the National Museum which had not been planned and partially
executed before preparation for the Exposition began. The Caribou
groups already referred to are possibly exceptions, but these were
simply advances along established lines.

To emphasize the fact that work of the very highest type was done
in the Museum as early as 1884, representations are given here of a
tiger (PI. 34) and a zebra (PI. 35) mounted by Mr. Hornaday and his
assistants at that time. These have all been engraved before, but so
unsatisfactorily that for the purpose of making a record in this place
new plates have been prepared.

The true explanation of our advance in taxidermy lies in the happy
relationship which was established in 1882 between the authorities of
the Museum and the representatives of the Society of Taxidermists.
These were based upon a recognition of the dignity of personal labor,
and a recognition of the fact that work of this kind could not be done
by men who counted their pay as the only remuneration for their
exertions. The taxidermist was recognized either as an artist or as an
expert artisan, as his individual capacities might merit, and he was
encouraged to do every part of the work with his own hands, trusting
nothing to laborers or ordinary mechanics. He was furthermore told
that one specimen well mounted would be more highly appreciated than
twenty u stuffed in the old way,” and that no expenditure of thought,

*Dr. Shufeldt assures me that his statement has keen misapprehended, and that he
quite agrees with the critic in his views as to the cause of the development of .the
higher taxidermy.—G. B. G.48

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

time, or material, was too great, if needful to secure tlie very best possi-
ble results which his abilities would enable him to produce. When he
had accomplished a really creditable and conscientious piece of work,
his name was placed upon the label as its maker. In this way a good
piece of taxidermy is placed in the same standing, in its way, as a book
printed by Mr. William Morris or one bound by Mr. Cobden-Sanderson.

One of the former members of the Museum staff of taxidermists, now
engaged in other pursuits, writes:

The fact that the National Museum gives the author of a really good group credit
for it ou the label has had a great influence for good. The American Museum is the
only other that I have ever known to do this; but if the museum officers generally
could only know the tremendous stimulus this is to even the humblest taxidermist
all would take advantage of it. And it costs nothing. If your plan in this respect
wrere universallv adopted it would be a constant and powerful stimulus to the pro-
duction of the finest kind of work.*

No taxidermist or modeler was placed in a responsible position who
was not himself a naturalist and whose own instincts did not lead him
to study a living model or the best attainable pictures or sculptures
of similar subjects before beginning his work, and whose painstaking
habits of research did not have an .influence upon his method of work
to such an extent that he would work out every muscle and bone with
reference to casts or skeletons before him in his workshop.

The workshops soon became filled with photographs and casts, and
among these would be seen models and sometimes originals from the
hand of Barye and other sculptors, whose art the taxidermist attempted
to adopt as far as possible into his own. These men were members of
the scientific societies, and some ot them have since become specialists
in science, although they have never lost their relationships to their
previous work. Prof. W. B. Scott, of Princeton University, and Prof.
F. H. Knowlton, of Columbian University, did excellent work in taxi-
dermy before leaving it for research-work, and Mr. L. L. Dyche, although
professor of zoology in the State University of Kansas, mounted with
his own hands most of the specimens in the great groups shown in the
Kansas State building at Chicago.

Incidentally it may be mentioned that many American naturalists
are amateur taxidermists, and that some of the most successful groups
of mammals and birds in the Museum have been done by workmen
not possessed of artistic skill though excellent in technique, whose
work has been designed and directed by the curators of the several
departments.

In connection with these discussions of American work it seems
desirable to refer to the extensive collection of South African mammals
and birds, exhibited at the Ur. Emil Holub’s South African Exposi-
tion in Prague in 1891.1 The mammals were mounted in groups in

* A label of tlie kind here referred to is illustrated in one of the plates.

I Dr. Holub’s South African Exposition was held in the building erected for the
National Jubilee in Bohemia in 1891. Here were exhibited the material results ofReport of National Museum, 1893

Plate 36.

Group of two species of African Kudus, Strepsiceros capensis and S. zambesiensis.
Collected by Dr. Kmil Holub and mounted under his direction for the South African Exhibition. Prague. 1893.Report of National Museum, 1893

Plate 37.

A " Nesting colony” of Merops rubicoides, on the lower bank of the Tshobe River,

NEAR ITS JUNCTION WITH THE ZAMBESI. (Mo-RUTSE KINGDOM.)

Mounted under the direction of Dr. Emil Holub for the South African Exhibition, Prague, 1892.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 38.

Group of Octopus—Octopus vulgaris.

Mounted in a glass ease to produce the effect of life under water.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. ‘	49

varied attitudes, and some of these groups were admirable. One of
them is here illustrated, as well as one group of birds (Pis. 36, 37).

Environmental groups of mar ine animals.—It has long been a favorite
idea of the writer that the appearance and habits of fishes and other
aquatic animals might be best shown by mounting some of our colored
casts among natural surroundings in a case resembling an aquarium
tank, and admitting most of the light from above through glass so
tinted that the appearance of being under water would be given. All
attempts in this direction failed, however, and it has remained for Mr.
Lucas, in his group of Octopus (PI. 38), to show that it is. possible.
It is intended to carry this still further, and especially to attempt fcq
show the life of the coral reefs.

Some groups of reptiles, colored casts in the midst of natural sur-
roundings, have also been completed, and these, though not realizing our
highest ideals, show that there are good possibilities in this direction.
The stuffing of skins of fishes has been carried to high perfection
in Europe, owing to the desire of anglers to preserve trophies of their
successful excursions in their own homes. Simple accessories, such as
suffice to represent the shores of a stream or lake, are used with them
with a very good degree of effect. A wonderful display of these ang-
ling trophies was shown at the International Fisheries Exhibition in
London in 1883. It is our experience, however, that it is scarcely
advisable to stuff a scaly fish or reptile. Sharks may be stuffed, but
fishes are neither satisfactory nor lasting. If casts can not be had, it
is best to be content with preparations in spirits.

The mounting of the Pacific walrus.—In the discussion of the recent
taxidermic work in the Museum which has appeared from time to time
during the past year in the scientific journals, the Pacific walrus,
which was exhibited at the World’s Fair, has been severely criticised,
and it has been said that it is inartistic and false to nature.

The preservation of a worthy memorial to the hforth Pacific walrus
is especially desirable, since this is one of the species threatened with
extinction. ^Numbered by tens of thousands and flocking together in
immense droves when the American whaling fleet first entered the
Arctic in 1854, they have now been reduced to a mere handful in
American waters, and the old males are now entirely extinct in the
Western Pacific, and it is doubtful whether this particular phase of the
species is to be found anywhere. The specimen shown at the World’s
Fair (PI. 39) is an admirable example of the old male, and since it was

Dr. Holub’s second exploring trip to South, and Central Africa in 1883-1887, which
were first exhibited in 1891 in Vienna. The exposition at Prague was the most
complete, 13,000 objects being exhibited in addition to the groups of mammals
which were mounted in accordance with measurements made by Dr. Holub in Africa.
There were a number of groups of natives exhibited in connection with their actual
dwellings and.the implements of their arts and industries. A large album of views
of this exposition and of the groups was presented to the Institution by Dr. Holub.

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2——450

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

acquired only after long and continued effort it seems but proper that
its truth to nature, as now mounted, should be vindicated.

The skin in question was mounted by a most skillful and conscien-
tious member of the staff, the chief taxidermist, Mr. William Palmer,
who spent some months on the Pribilof Islands making preliminary
studies in order to ht himself for this particular undertaking.

Capt. E. P. Herendeen, formerly of the IT. S. Coast Survey, who was
familiar with the Arctic Ocean for fifteen years, and who has seen tens
of thousands of walruses in the times when they were abundant, in
1854 and in subsequent years, and who has seen thousands of them
at one time upon the shore at Sandy Point, says of the specimen in the
Museum:

I am satisfied that the mounted walrus is true to nature and in every respect an
admirable piece of work. The only criticism which I would make upon it is that
an animal in the attitude of extreme attention and activity in which this is repre-
sented would be slightly smaller about the neck. The arrangement of the wrinkles
in the skin and the tuberculated appearance of its surface are perfect, and the attitude
of the limbs can not be criticised.

The following statement of the material upon which the treatment of
the skin was founded is supplied by Mr. Palmer:

(1)	Personal observations.—On August 7 we landed from the U. S. revenue-cutter
Rush on Walrus Island, having previously seen the remnant of a walrus herd, con-
sisting of eight individuals, on the island. We landed on the southern end of the
island and made our way over the rocky interior toward the walrus, but unfor-
tunately the vessel remained within sight of the animals, and the sailors from the
boat in which we had landed instead of keeping on the other side of the island
persisted in getting into view of the walrus, with the result that before we got
within shooting distance they made preparations to leave the rocks. Before us was
a wide crevice in the rocks full of water, so that it was impossible to get over it,
and there not being time to get around the head of it before the walrus took to the
water, I sat down on the rocks at the edge of the crevice and examined the animals
at leisure. Before they had reached the water I had succeeded in fixing in my mind
the most important features of their physiognomy. The walrus nearest to me was
the one that I examined most thoroughly, and I convinced myself of the fact that
the general positions of the walrus, as delineated in Mr. Elliott’s pictures, was true,
and in mounting this specimen I followed as closely as possible the picture which
remained in my mind of this particular walrus. I had a fine view of the animal,
which was distant not more than 20 rods and within easy gunshot. No attempt
was made to kill the animal, however, since it was so near the water that if it had
been struck it would have fallen and been lost. Then, too, I hoped that there
might be another opportunity of capturing a specimen.

(2)	Measurement from the fresh specimen.—The skin which was mounted was
obtained by the Rush ten days afterwards. This was after I left the island, how-
ever, and I was unable to study the animal in the flesh. Dr. White, the surgeon of
the cutter, however, made careful measurements in accordance with specifications
which I left in his hands, and I am satisfied that these measurements are accurate.
They met all the necessities of taxidermy, and are practically those which I would
have taken had I been present. The only thing lacking which I could have supplied
would have been casts and photographs of certain portions. I had, however, the ad-
vantage of the head already in the Museum, which was received from Alaska in pickle
and practically in the flesh, and was mounted in that condition after careful study
by Mr. Hornaday. I also had a photograph of the great-head of an Atlantic walrus.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 39.

Pacific Walrus,—Odoboenus obesus.

Mounted under the direction of William Palmer for the U. S. National Museum.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 40,

Mounting the Pacific Walrus.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

51

(3)	Pictures.—I had devoted some years to making a collection of tracings of all
the illustrations of the walrus in hooks of travel and natural history, and think I
had assembled some twenty of these, and am satisfied that I had, if not all, at least
all of the most important of those which made any claim to have been made by
observers. These were all quite unlike Mr. Elliott’s drawings, but, as I have said,
personal observation satisfied me that these drawings were true to nature and the
others not. I showed Mr. Elliott’s pictures to many of the natives and others on the
islands, who all expressed themselves as perfectly satisfied with them.

(4)	Anatomical indications— In mounting the specimen the large wrinkled folds
on the skin around the limbs and body were followed as closely as possible, and
these, as every anatomist knows, indicate in no uncertain way the customary atti-
tudes of thick-skinned animals such as the walrus, the rhinoceros, the elephant, and
the armadillo. The shape and position of the warts on the neck, which look so gro-
tesque and unnatural in the Elliott pictures, were clearly shown in the skin and
could not possibly have been very different from those which Mr. Elliott delineated.
Even the inflamed surface as shown in the drawings, giving such a ghastly and dis-
agreeable appearance to the animal, were manifestly true to nature, which is also
supported by the testimony of people on the island and by Capt. Herendeen.

The deep wrinkles at the base of the flipper have been criticised as unnatural,
but my own observations on many specimens of fur seal, sea lions, and walruses,
and which are confirmed by many competent observers whom I have consulted (in
fact, they can be readily found on any pickled skin), satisfied me that I was correct.

The thinness and smoothness of the skin in the center of these wrinkles, their
position and general direction, even as illustrated in the palm of one’s own hand, will
convince anyone who sees them that there must necessarily be wrinkles at those
points when by the position of the animal the skin and blubber is entirely released
of all tension and even crowded on itself; indeed, the most conspicuous feature of the
surface of an animal of this division of the pinnipeds as he moves about, is the rapid
change in the position and form of these wrinkles on many parts of the body.

The accompanying illustration (PI. 40) shows the manner in which the folds
appeared in the fresh skin, the process of making them permanent, and the manner
of preserving them as the mounting progresses.

Criticisms have been made also upon the shape of the nostrils. In regard to this
I can only say that my guide was the appearance of the nostrils in the skin before it
was fleshed, and when it was comparatively fresh. This I considered myself justi-
fied in doing, since I am not aware that anybody has made careful observations upon
the appearance of the nostrils close at hand, except Mr. Elliott, whose drawings cor-
respond with my interpretation, and Capt. Herendeen says that the walrus never
opens its nostrils wicie, and that it is only when breathing or excited that they are
open to any considerable degree.

It has been also said that the neck is possibly a little too large, but the dimensions
of the specimen as mounted are smaller in this part than is indicated by the measure-
ments made by Dr. White. In mounting it I took into consideration the probability
that the animal in life, standing with head erect and muscles rigid, would measure
somewhat less.

It should be clearly stated that the preparation under discussion was intended to
show the appearance ill life of the animal to wrhicli this skin belonged, namely, an
old male such as are rarely seen, and that none but old males assume the grotesque
attitudes of which this is one. A young male would never present the same appear-
ance even in the same attitude, because they are comparatively smooth, with thin-
ner skins, more hair, and fewer tubercular growths upon the surface.

It should be said also that this represents the animal upon land and in action^
just as it would appear after being aroused from sleep and just before making its
way to the water. The customary attitude in which walruses are mounted, with52

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

the flippers stretched out behind as in the hair seals, is not itself untrue to nature,
but is only assumed by them when in repose or asleep, while with the hair seal it is
constant.

It has been questioned whether it would be wise to mount a young Pacific walrus
in the same attitude as that of the old male under discussion, but Capt. Herendeen
states, from his experience, that all walruses, young and old, assume these positions
when in action.

REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HUMAN FIGHJRE.

For fifteen years the Museum has been constructing models of the
human figure for use in the exhibition series, and has been striving by
various means to secure the best results in this direction.

These figures are required for three purposes: (1) To show the char-
acteristics of the different races, (2) to display costumes, and (3) to
illustrate the methods of use of weapons, instruments, and processes
of various arts and handicrafts.

For the first purpose it is manifest that the greatest accuracy and
fidelity to nature is necessary, or the result will be useless. For the
others the same degree of accuracy is, perhaps, not essential, if the labels
clearly indicate that the faces are not portraits, but so far as possible the
figures intended chiefly to show costume and action should attain the
highest possible anatomical perfection.

■ The use of well-constructed figures in scientific museums is of quite
recent origin, though manikins of conventional type have long been
employed in collections of costumes and armor; and many very credit-
able efforts in this direction have been made in connection with expo-
sitions.

Before beginning our experiments we were familiar with the altogether
admirable gallery of historical figures in Castaffs u Panopticum” in
Berlin, and with those of Madam Tussaud in London, not so very
good in execution, but nevertheless of high interest to the masses. We
knew the representation of races of mankind at Sydenham and the
Swedish peasant figures which had been so popular at the Philadelphia
Centennial. We have since become familiar with the separate groups
showing the history of primitive man, made for the Paris Exposition in
1888-?89, and the figures of race types in the Trocadero Museum in
Paris. Indeed, we owe to the courtesy of Dr. Hamy the privilege of
having had made copies of several of the latter, one of which is here
illustrated (PL 41), and at the same time obtaining a replica of the
Roman warrior in armor, modeled for the Museum of Artillery in
Paris, by the sculptor Bartholdi.

It is scarcely worth while to mention the ghastly wax figures of
Kane, the arctic explorer, and his companions, in costumes of fur,
which were displayed in the old Smithsonian Museum as early as 1870.
These, a,nd the equally crude manikins of Eskimo Joe and his wife
Hannah, made in 1873, have long since been discarded and have no
place in the history of recent efforts.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 41.

i

Figure of Masai Warrior, upper Kongo.

From specimen in the U. S. National Museum : a replica of the figure in the Musee du Troeadero

Paris.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 42.

Japanese Man and Woman of the laboring class.
Manikins constructed in Japan for the U. S. National Museum.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 43

Figure of Japanese Man of the laboring class, undraped,
Manikin made in Japan for the U. S. National Museum.Report of National Museum, 1893

Plate 44.

Kan-ku-wash-te-win (The Good Road Woman), Yankton Sioux.

Plaster east, with hair, eyes, and costume in plaster. Modeled for the U. S. National Museum by M. Achile Colin,

and painted by A. Zeno Shindler.

Report of National Museum, 1893

Plate 45,

Che-ta-wau-kou-va-ma-ni (The Hawk That Hunts Walking), Medawankaton Sioux.

Plaster cast, with hair, eyes, and costume iti plaster. Modeled for the U. S. National Museum by
M. Achile Colin, and painted by A. Zeno Shindler.

(Cat. No. 76858, U. S. N. M.)Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 46.

Choctaw Squaw (Rosa White Thunder).

With artificial hair; sculptor’s eye in plaster; actual costume. Modeled by U. S. J. Dunbar for the

U. S. National Museum.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	53

The first advances were made in 1875, when four costumed figures
were imported from Japan. These were exceedingly spirited and effec-
tive, and when examined in detail showed such conscientious workman-
ship and such thorough fidelity to nature that they have served as an
inspiration and a model for our workmen up to this day. Two of these
figures, representing an actor and an actress in the costume of Japan-
ese nobility, were carved in wood, and seem to show the extreme limits
of this material in the construction of the human model. The other
two, a laborer and his wife (PL 42), are in papier-mache and are satis-
factory in the highest degree. The material is brought to an extreme
of hardness, strength, and delicacy of line which no American work-
man has been able to rival. Indeed, we have not yet progressed
beyond the use of tl e much heavier and clumsier plaster of Paris.
The modeling is almost perfect, as may be judged from the fact that
the figures, with or without clothing, stand poised upon their feet
without any attachment to the bottom of the case. The hair is
attached directly to the figures and has none of the wig-like appear-
ance which is almost universal in figures of this kind. The eyes,
though glass is used for the outer film, are not glass eyes. Even the
nails are cunningly fashioned of horn and inserted $ and the coloring,
of which more will be said hereafter, is as yet the despair of our work-
men. The figures as a whole exhibit such conscientious and painstak-
ing accuracy, and such fidelity to nature in the smallest details, that
too much can not be said in their praise. (See PI. 43.)

In 1881 some figures were made for us by M. Achille Colin, a French
sculptor living in Washington, on a new plan. These were executed
in accordance with the rules of sculpture, the hair and the clothing
to be of the same material as the head and body, and the sculptor’s
eye to be used instead of the customary one of glass.. They were
then painted by a portrait painter whose life had been spent in delin-
eating Indians. The result was thoroughly satisfactory, and nothing
better has since been done. (Pis. 44 and 45.) It is probable that
this method will be used more and more in the future, since many of
the races whose lineaments and costumes it is most desirable to per-
petuate can only be shown in this way. Their costumes no longer
exist, and must be supplied by the modeler and painter from such por-
traits as those of which we have a large number in the Catlin gallery.
When actual garments are not used, there is no reason for the unsightly
wig or the staring glass eye.

A modification of the same method was employed by Mr. IT. S. j.
Dunbar, a Washington sculptor, in modeling the face of a Sioux girl,
Rosa White Thunder, for a full-length figure to be clad in a modern
Sioux costume of blue cloth ornamented with elk ivory, obtained from
the original, at that time a pupil in the Indian school at Carlisle. In
this figure, although the sculptured eye is used, the hair is represented
by a wig. The result is only partly satisfactory, but the experiment is
an interesting one. (PI. 46.)54

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

More recently other methods have been employed. Mr. J. W. Hend-
ley, a man of great ingenuity and mechanical skill employed in mak-
ing models of fruit, produced a cast from life of a negro boy, which in
its way is something entirely unique. Although no portion of the fig-
ure was touched by the modeler or sculptor, it has the merit of abso-
lute accuracy, and yet is surprisingly spirited and life-like—a Samoan
youth (PI. 47), modeled from photographs under the direction of
Lieut. W. E. Safford, U. S. Navy, who is very familiar with these peo-
ple $ a Dyak warrior (PI. 48), produced in the same way under the
supervision of Mr. Hornaday, and an Indian in feather costume (PL
49), from a painting by an Indian artist of Chile, are thoroughly sat-
isfactory, as is also a Bantu negro boy, modeled by Mr. Theodore
Mills from life, by the aid of casts. (PL 50.)

A number of figures of the same general character were prepared
for the World’s Fair. None of these were so carefully made as those
already described, owing to the confusion and haste which always
attend the preparation for a great exhibition. A new feature of
the greatest interest was, however, introduced among the figures pre-
pared for this occasion, and a set of groups, unique and full of interest,
was the result. These, as shown in the cases, surrounded by proper
environmental accessories and engaged in the occupations peculiar to
the tribes which they represented, were no longer pieces of sculpture
but pictures from life, The success of these groups is due to the
supervision exercised by Prof. W. H. Holmes, artist as well as ethnol-
ogist, who gave life and pictorial expression to the figures already
accurately modeled and costumed by the Museum preparators, who
himself designed a spirited group of Powhatan Indians quarrying
material for the manufacture of stone implements, which was modeled
by Mr. U. S. J. Dunbar. To Mr. Frank Hamilton Cushing, whose long
residence among the Indians of the southwest has given him perfect
familiarity with their customs, and in whom mechanical skill supple-
ments an artistic temperament, is due the perfection of other groups
showing the life of these people. These are:

1.	The Zuni ritual of creation.

2.	The Zuni bread-makers and millers. (Pl. 51.)

3.	The Zuni potter.

4.	The Zuni basket-maker.

5.	The Zuni belt-maker.

6.	Navajo women, spinning and weaving.

7.	Indian women of the plains dressing hides. (Pl. 52.)

The first group of the new style made was the group of Kiowa chil-
dren at play, equally good in its way, designed some years ago by
Mr. James Mooney, of the Bureau of Ethnology, who also planned the
group of Navajo silversmiths. Dr. W. J. Hoffman’s “The Primitive
Scribe,” a Chippewa shaman in his lodge writing an incantation on
prepared birchbark, and another of a Crow Indian painting a blanket,
are worthy of notice.Plate 47.

Report of National Museum, 1893

Samoan Youth.

Modeled for the U. S. National Museum by Theodore Mills.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 48.

Dyak Warrior.

Modeled for the U. S. National Museum by Theodore Mills.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 49,

Xivaro Indian in feather costume.

Modeled for the U. S. National Museum by Theodore Mills.		

Plate 50.

Report of National Museum, 1893.

Bantu Negro Boy.

Modeled for the U. S. National Museum by Theodore Mills.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 51

Zuni Bread-makers.

Prepared under the direction of Mr. Frank H. Cushing.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 52,

Indian women dressing hides.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

55

The groups of Loueheux and Hupa Indians, arranged by Prof.
Holmes, were also effective artistically, though lacking the advantages
which a personal acquaintance with the tribe would have given the
designs ^

The relative values of costumes and implements displayed upon
manikins, and those shelved in cases with tickets explaining their uses,
need no discussion. A caution should be written to museum men, how-
ever, which is that it is very dangerous to try to make such groups except t
under the eye of an ethnologist who has been among the people to be
represented. The object of a reference to these groups is simply to
call attention to the fact that something has been done which was
never before attempted for the American Indian, and that the result
seems to more than justify the effort.

Experiments are still in progress, and it is believed that figures still
more truthful and life-like than any that have yet been produced will
be the result. The most serious difficulty to be overcome is in the
treatment of the surface of the figures and their coloring. We use
only plaster of Paris. Wax, which has been so often employed for faces
and hands, has been discarded as being too delicate, and not so well suited
for life-like effects as plaster. Papier-mache, as has been stated, our
workmen can not manipulate so as to produce sufficient hardness of
surface and delicacy of line. The gelatine which has been used for
natural history preparations offers no absolute permanence. Plaster of
Pafis has only one objection, which is the roughness of its surface. It
is ow believed that the smoothness and texture of the flesh can be
produced by the use of some of the mineral waxes.

Tt e question of coloring is a more difficult one. Our Japanese figures,
on >se examination, do not present a uniform hue, but have a solid
body color,' enlivened by innumerable dots of a much darker tone.
These are produced by some spatter-work process, either by spraying
from a stiff brush, or by blowing the pigment in a fine spray from the
mouth. When viewed at a short distance, the effect is precisely that
of living flesh. Experiments are now being made with the air brush,
which will doubtless produce the same effect.

The representation of human hair, especially of the beard, also pre-
sents great difficulties; but it is believed that in time the use of plas-
ter and paint will supplant the products of the wig factory.

It will be observed that the steps of progress in modeling man have
been very similar to those in the mounting of the lower animals, and
the influence of the skilful American taxidermist has been felt every-
where in this work also.

Allusion has already been made to the taxidermy at the Holub exhi-
bition in Prague. The mounting of anthropological groups was even
more ambitious and successful, and is illustrated here by three plates,
showing a group in action, a group in repose, and a single figure to
show details of modeling. [Plates, 53, 54, 55.] In the anthropological
as well as the zoological groups, the generous space of the exposition56

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

afforded opportunities which are not often available in museums.
Indeed the permanence of museum work seems to demand not only-
greater compactness, but more reserve, repose, and dignity than is
necessary in installation for a temporary exhibition.

ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS.

It is not expected that in the ethnographical museum of the future
the lay figure will supplant the show case as a means for displaying
ethnographic collections; but just as naturalists may feel it legitimate
to use a considerable number of cases of animals mounted in the midst
of natural surroundings to illustrate their habits or to make impressive
memorials of species which are rarely seen or likely to become extinct,
so will the anthropologist employ figures, not only for the education of
the public, but as a more sure means of preserving certain of the most
precious memorials of the primitive races of mankind.

It will soon be time to consider the question to what extent museums
arejustified in the use of environmental groups. It is evident that this
may be carried too far and be made tiresome instead of agreeable to
visitors, while at the same time producing an effect quite opposite to
that of dignified and systematic order, which should be characteristic
of every" museum. Furthermore, specimens thus mounted, unless the
workmanship is of the very best and the cases practically perfect and
impervious to air, are certain to deteriorate, since it is very difficult to
get at them in order to cleanse them and protect them from vermin.
The writer has seen neglected cases of this kind in some of the largest
government museums of the Old World, which were serious warnings
against departure from the practice of individual mounts in cases free
from the incumbrance of accessories.

In- the National Museum a definite limit has been fixed. Environ-
mental groups will only be made in the case of the larger mammals and
birds which are rarely seen and are on the verge of extinction, or for
the purpose of illustrating some very remarkable habit.

It has been found in the installation of our department of birds
that the series of Audubon’s plates, showing the habits of birds, framed
and hung near the exhibition cases, are almost as effective as the
groups mounted to illustrate the same phases in their habits.

CONCERNING COLLECTIONS AND SPECIMENS.

The following principles in regard to collections and specimens rep-
resent in a general way the ideas which underlie all our recent work:

Collections in general.—Any object which has a name may be used in
museum work. It does not follow, however, that any one museum
should attempt to include all such objects, nor that there are not many
which, in the present stage of museum practice, might not be entirely
neglected.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 53.

A Bushman in the act of engraving figures with a stone hammer on a diorite rock.'
Mounted under the direction of Dr. Emil Holub for the South African Exhibition, Prague, 1892./

Reoort of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 54.

.

South Zambesi tribe; Zulu nation.Report of National Museum, 1893,

Plate 55.REPOET OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

57

Specimens in a museum are like the types in a printing office. They
may be sorted in the cases in conventional order so as to be accessible
when needed, or they may be used to make intelligible almost any train
of thought or series of ideas, each being available in hundreds of dif-
ferent relationships.

Single or unrelated specimens, though valuable or interesting, are in
themselves of little moment in comparison with series of much less
precious objects which unite to teach some lesson to student or visitor.

Cumbersome and superfluous materials in collections.—One of the great-
est perils to a museum is the possession of vast collections.

Collections which are encumbered with conditions as to manner of
disposition and installation are usually causes of serious embarrass-
ment.

Not the least important duty of the curator is to prevent the acces-
sion of undesirable material.

Material not germane to the plan of a museum should be exchanged
or given to other museums which have use for it. What is expensive
and unprofitable to one may be of the greatest use to another.

Advances in any museum are effected not only by accession and
enlargement, but by the constant substitution of better specimens, by
advance in methods of display, labeling, and handbooks.

The principal uses of specimens.—A museum is rarely justified in
exhibiting all its materials. An exhibition series, when properly
installed, is more effective when limited than when extensive.

Specimens not needed in the exhibition series are much more useful
when placed in a reserve or study series, either to be used by students;
to be exchanged or given to other museums, or to be employed when
occasion may offer in forming new exhibition series.

The exhibition series.—The effectiveness of a museum for popular cul
ture depends chiefly upon:

(1)	A careful selection and effective arrangement of the specimens
exhibited (which implies the exclusion of many objects in themselves
attractive and interesting).

(2)	A thorough system of labels in simple language, supplemented
by pictures, diagrams, maps, and books of reference.

(3)	Specimens for exhibition should be selected solely with reference
to the lesson they can teach, singly or in combination.

(4)	To complete a series, any specimen is better than none.

(5)	A copy, model, or picture of a good thing is often more useful
than an actual specimen of a poor one.

(6)	A picture or model may often be shown to advantage in place of
a minute or unintelligible object.

(7)	Books, manuscripts, pictures, maps, etc., become specimens when
treated in the museum method.

The study series:

(1) Specimens in the study series should be acquired in series suffi-58

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

ciently large to meet the needs of students who are known to exist.
While nothing of value should be lost, it is questionable whether mate-
rial should be sought in large quantity, when there is no indication that
it will soon be needed.

(2)	Study specimens should be stored as compactly and economically
as is consistent with their safety and convenient use, and should be
accessible to every student.

(3)	The study series is the storehouse from which the exhibition
series may be replaced or extended and from which the needs of other
museums may be supplied.

Records.—The most important fact concerning any object is the local-
ity where it was found; next most important, the person from whom it
was received. Every specimen should have its catalogue number
indelibly engraved or marked upon it, and, when possible, the locality
and source. Specimens can be named at any time, buf the locality
once lost, the object becomes comparatively valueless. The record of
donors should be accurate and complete, so that the specimens from
any given source can be traced at once to their location.Ill,—SPECIAL TOPICS OF THE YEAH.

THE UNUSUAL CHARACTER OF THE YEAR’S WORK.

The activities of the entire staff have been in a large degree diverted
to exposition work, as they were last year and are likely to be for a year
to come. Many of the Museum halls have been closed, being needed
for the work of mounting and packing the collections. Many of our
employees have been transferred to the exhibition staff, and at the time
of this report are absent in Chicago, while a considerable number of
others have been detailed for special service at the fair, or have been
given special leaves of absence to attend the congresses or to act as
judges of awards.

A large number of specimens and cases have been withdrawn from
the exhibition halls and sent to the expositions in Madrid and Chicago,
and it has required the utmost ingenuity to fill the gaps thus caused,
so that the collections may be presentable iri the eyes of the visitors,
who are quite as numerous this year, and among whom are many from
foreign lands.

Indeed, the occasion is really a revolution in museum affairs, and it
will require fully a year after the return of the collections next winter
to readjust the collections and to reestablish customary routine.

All of this is accepted without complaint, because, though the
Museum undoubtedly loses much more than it gains on such occasions,
the opportunity for popular education is too important to be neglected,
and the anniversary is one for which no outlay of labor and expense
can be too great.

The effect of this upheaval, extending as it has and will over a period
of nearly four years, must, however, of necessity be manifest in this
report, and it should be read with the facts just mentioned in mind.

The responsibility of the Assistant Secretary in preparing for the two
expositions, and the completion of the report on the deep-sea fishes of the
Albatross and Blake expeditions, and his long absence from the city on
official duty, have rendered it impossible for him to attend, as usual, to
the details of museum administration, except in connection with the
present report. Mr. Frederick W. True, as curator in charge, has very
faithfully and successfully directed the work of this unusually trying
year.

CHANGES IN THE FORM OF THE ANNUAL REPORTS.

Each report upon the Museum is intended to convey to every one inter-
ested in its work, and especially to Congress, an exact idea of what
has been done during the year, the relation of the work done to that of

5960

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

previous years, and to the plans for the future. So far as it is deemed
likely to be of public interest, reasons are always given for the course
pursued, especially when there are changes in method and policy.

It is also intended to show fully what new museum materials have
come into the possession of the Government during the year and how
it has been assigned, what is being done to preserve and utilize the
old collections, and when, in accordance with law, material has been
distributed to other institutions, to show what has been done with it.

The report then must of necessity discuss hundreds of thousands of
small details, and it is exceedingly difficult to handle them so system-
atically that the reference to anyone of these details can be at once
found.

With the growth of the Museum the system has been becoming
yearly more complicated, and the body of the report constantly more
and more filled up with tables and statistical summaries.

In the attempt to avoid what is becoming a burden, many of the state-
ments heretofore included in the main report have this year been placed
in appendixes. The discussions of the gifts and other accessions have,
so far as possible, been assembled in a special appendix under the con-
trol of indexes, which show not only the source but the disposition of
each object by museum departments, and also group the objects by
geographical origin.

Still further concentration has been made by doing away with the
special reports of the curators upon their respective departments and
incorporating their substance in the general report upon the progress
of the Museum. This is an experiment, and it is not impossible that
hereafter the old system may, at least m part, be resumed.

THE MUSEUM STAFF,

There are at the present time thirty-two organized departments and
sections in the Museum under the care of curators and assistant cura-
tors, and eight administrative divisions.*

The following changes in the personnel of the scientific departments
have occurred during the year:

Dr. William S. Dixon, honorary curator of the section of,materia
medica, was detached by the Secretary of the Navyon January 5,1893,
for duty in the office of the Surgeon-General, and was succeeded by Dr.
0. H. White, U. S. Navy.

Mr. W. S. Yeates, who has for many years filled the position of assist-
ant curator of the Department of Minerals in the National Museum,
resigned on June 14, 1893, to accept the post of State Geologist of
Georgia.

Dr. George Vasey, honorary curator of the Department of Botany in
the National Museum, died March 4,1893, and Mr. Frederick Y. Coville,

'A list of the scientific and administrative officers is printed in Appendix r.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

61

who succeeded him as botanist in the Department of Agriculture, has
been placed in charge of the Department of Botany in the Museum.
A fuller reference to Dr. Yasey will be found in a subsequent page.

Mr. J. E. Watkins, curator of the section of transportation and engi-
neering in the National Museum, was granted leave of absence October
1, 1892, to take charge of the exhibit of the Pennsylvania Eailroad
Company at the World’s Fair, and the work of collecting and organiz-
ing the historical collections shown by that railroad in Chicago has since
occupied his time.

APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1893-?94.

The sum total of the appropriations is $166,000, which is $5,000 less
than for the previous fiscal year, and $47,500 less than for 1891-’92.
The items are as follows:

MUSEUM APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1893-794.

Preservation of collections............................................ $132,500

Furniture and fixtures................................................. 10, 000

Printing............................................................... 12, 000

Heating and lighting....................................................  11,000

Postage................................................................ 500

166, 000

It is a source of serious embarrassment that the appropriations have
been reduced, and but for the fact that this reduction is part of a gen-
eral system of economy growing out of the necessities of the Govern-
ment, and affects all branches of the Government alike, it would be very
discouraging. As it is, the situation has been accepted loyally and
cheerfully 5 and though the growth of the Museum and its efficiency
are of necessity greatly interfered with, the effort has been made to
accomplish the best results with the means available, while waiting for
a time of greater prosperity. One of the most serious inconveniences
has been the necessity of discharging a number of men, who have been
trained for the special work of the Museum, whose services are essential
to its efficiency, and whom it will be difficult to replace in the future.

INCREASE IN THE COLLECTIONS.

At the close of 1881 a census of the collections was taken, resulting
in the preparation of a table, published in subsequent reports, which
gave 193,362 as the approximate total number of specimens of all kinds
at that time entered in the catalogue books of the several departments
of the Museum. The census for the year ending June 30, 1893, places
the total number of specimens of all kinds at 3,306,020. It must, how-
ever, be stated that a large proportion of the material catalogued in
1884 and in later years had been in the custody of the Smithsonian
Institution for several years, but had remained in storage on account of
there being no opportunity to have it classified and entered in the cat-
alogue books.62

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

There still remains in the basement of the Smithsonian building and
in the old Armory building much material, consisting largely of gifts
from foreign governments and contributions from expositions, which has
not yet been brought under control, owing to lack of space and other
necessary facilities.

The number of accessions received in 1892-?93 was 1,266 (Acc. ISTos.
25885 to 27150, inclusive), embracing, in all, 82,148 specimens, distrib-
uted among the several departments as follows:

Departments.

Number of
specimens.

Arts and industries:

Materia medica..........................................

Domestic animals (for mounting)..........................

Historical collections, coins, medals, paper money, etc.

Musical instruments.....................................

Transportation and engineering...........................

Modern pottery, porcelain, bronzes, etc.................

Physical apparatus.....................................l .

Graphic arts............................................

Forestry................................................

Ethnology.............r....................................•-

American aboriginal pottery.................................

Oriental antiquities and religious ceremonial...............

Prehistoric anthropology....................................

Mammals (skins and alcoholics) .............................

Birds ......................................................

Birds’ eggs and nests.......................................

Reptiles and batrachians....................................

Fishes............................................■.........

Vertebrate fossils..........................................

Mollusks (including Cenozoic fossils).......................

Insects ....................

Marine invertebrates ...:---

Comparative anatomy

"Mammals.............

Birds...................

Reptiles and batrachians

Fishes............;.....

Invertebrate fossils:

Paleozoic...............

Mesozoic................

Fossil plants...............

Recent plants...............

Minerals...................

Geology....................

Total .............i..

27

31

1,000
263
37
312
18
260
725
5,094
889
458
3, 095
728
2, 255

2, 301
1,010
13
5, 600
7, 000
2, 690

630

1, 200
6, 440
2, 000
33,110
793
1,300

82,148REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	63

The following table shows the number of accessions to the Museum,
annually, since 1881:

Tear.	Accession  numbers  (inclusive).  !	Number of accessions during the year.
1  1881	:		9890-11000	.	1,311
1882	;		11001-12500	1, 500
1883			12501-13900	1, 400
1884		13901-15550	1, 650
1885 (January to June)			15551-16208	658
1886	'		16209-17704	f 496
1887		17705-19350	1, 646
1888			19351-20831	1, 481
1889..		20832-22178	1,347
1890		22179-22340	1,162
1891		22341-24527	1,187
1892		24528-25884	1, 357
1893		25885-27150	1, 266
		
A list of the accessions during the year, arranged alphabetically by		

names of contributors, and including indexes by locality and by depart-
ments, is printed as Appendix yi.

Special reference to the particularly valuable material obtained by
foreign exchanges seems desirable.

jEthnology.—Mr. Henry Balfour, of the Ethnographic Museum of
Oxford University, England, has sent a miscellaneous collection of eth-
nological objects.

Mr. William T. Brigham, curator of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop
Museum, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, sent a collection of about 500
specimen samples of Hawaiian kapas, or tapa cloth, especially inter-
esting as illustrating the great variety of patterns.

Mr. Edward Lovett, Croydon, England, sent ethnological objects.-

From Prof. Henry H. G-iglioli has been received a valuable and
interesting collection of ethnological and other objects from the Anda-
man Islands. A collection of American ethnological objects has been

sent in return.

Prehistoric anthropology.—Mr. Edward Lovett, Croydon, England,
has sent a collection of stone implements, flints, human leg and arm
bones, and fragments of crania obtained in England, Ireland, Ger-
many, and Belgium, for which an equivalent has been sent.

From the Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy (through Prof.
Henry H. Giglioli, director), have been received fragments of pottery,
shells, fragments of bone, and a piece of quartz from a kitchen-
midden, near Port Blair, South Andaman, for which archaeological
objects and publications have been transmitted.

Birds.—Hr. Robert Collett, director of the Zoological Museum, Chris-
tiania, Norway, sent specimens of fishes.64

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Mr. EL E. Dresser, London, England, sent 4 specimens of birds7 skins,
representing 3 species, principally from Japan, in return for specimens
already sent by tlie National Museum.

Birds7 skins Rave been sent to Mr. Louis Molnar, Molna Szecsod
Post, Egyharos, Hollos, Hungary, in return for similar material
received from Rim.

From tRe Bev. H. B. Tristram, TRe College, Durham, England, Rave
been received 3 specimens of birds7 skins, representing 3 species from
New Guinea, in continuation of an exchange.

Fishes.—From tRe Indian Museum, Calcutta, India (through Mr. A.
Alcock, curator), Rave been received in exchange specimens of deep-
sea fishes, collected by H. M. S. Investigator, types of his own recent
papers.

Mollushs.—Mr. M. Cossmann, of Paris, sent fossils from the Paris
basin, in return for Claiborne shell-marl already transmitted by the
National Museum.

From Mr. Hugh Fulton, of Chelsea, England, Rave been received
shells representing 25 species, for which an equivalent has been sent.

Insects.—Mr. E. Brunetti, London, England, sent specimens of Euro-
pean diptera, representing 90 species, for which an equivalent has been
returned.

Mr. H. du Buysson, Chateau du Yernet, per Brout Yernet (Allier),
France, transmitted specimens of European diptera, hymenoptera, and
coleoptera, representing 71 species, for which 69 specimens of Fla-
teridce have been sent in return.

From the Imperial Austrian Museum, Yienna, Austria (through Dr.
Brauer, curator), have been received type specimens representing 98
species of European Muscidcc, illustrating Brauer and Bergenstamm7s
classification, in return for 230 specimens of American Muscidee already
transmitted.

Marine invertebrates.—From the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch,
New Zealand (through F. W. Hutton, curator), have been received
Ophiurans, representing 3 species, also 7 species of starfishes.

Invertebrate fossils.—From the Australian Museum, Sydney (through
Dr. Edward P. Bamsay, curator), have been received Australian grap-
tolites, in return for specimens of a similar character already trans-
mitted by the National Museum. A specimen each of Polyodon and
Arnia calva have also been sent to the Australian Museum, in contin-
uation of an exchange.

Invertebrate fossils.—Prof. A. Pavlow, Moscow University, Moscow,
Bussia, has sent a collection of Mesozoic fossils.

Fossil plants.—From the University of Upsala, Sweden (through Dr.
Theo. Fries), has been received a large collection of herbarium speci-
mens, chiefly from Brazil, for which an equivalent has already been
sent.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

65

Botany.—From Prof. S. E. Lassimonne, a Yseure (Allier), France,
have been received dried plants from the interior of France, for which
a return has been sent.

Minerals.—From the Munich Academy, Munich, Bavaria (through
Prof. P. Groth), have been received minerals -in return for specimens
already transmitted.

The K. K. Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria (through Dr. A. Brezina,
custodian), transmitted minerals from various localities as an equiva-
lent for specimens already transmitted.

Geology.—From the Munich Academy, Munich, Bavaria (through
Prof. P. Groth), have been received rocks, in return for material
already transmitted, and Mr. H. J. Johnston-Lavis has forwarded in
exchange volcanic materials from Naples.

The following table shows the annual growth of the collections since
1882:

5

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2Table showing annual increase in the collections since 1882.

66

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

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- £% p	.9 C68	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

CATALOGUE ENTRIES.

The entries made in the catalogue of the departments during the
year have numbered 19,768. This is less than one-half of the number
for 1892, but the decrease in this direction is readily accounted for by
the fact that most of the curators were busily occupied during the
entire year with the preparation of exhibits for the World’s Columbian
Exposition, and that all collections received .have not yet been cata-
logued.

The following table shows the number of entries made in each depart-
ment of the Museum:

Departments.

Xumber of
entries.

Arts and industries:

. Materia medica...................

Domestic animals (for mounting)....

Musical instruments.............-..

Transportation and engineering.....

Modern pottery, porcelain, bronzes, etc

Graphic arts .. -..................

Forestry............•..............

Ethnology...............................

American aboriginal pottery.............

Prehistoric anthropology ................

Mammals (skins and alcoholics)..........

Birds....................:..............

Birds’ eggs and nests................

Reptiles and batrachians................

Fishes ......;..........................

Vertebrate fossils......................

Mollusks (including Cenozoic fossils)...

Insects.................................

Marine-invertebrates....................

Comparative anatomy:

Mammals ...........................

Birds....................’.........

Reptiles and batrachians...........

Fishes.............................

Paleozoic fossils.......................

Mesozoic fossils........................

Fossil plants...........................

Recent plants.............................

Minerals................................

Geology.................................

26
31
251
31
304
254
33
3,161
249
465
1,344
491
765
2,301
418
13
4, 578
219
962

630

159

790

29

567

348

1,349

19, 768

COOPERATION OF THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS
OF THE GOVERNMENT.

The growth of the Museum has always depended to a considerable
degree upon the friendly cooperation of the various Executive Depart-
ments, and the encouragement which they have given to their officers
to assist in the increase of the collections and to some extent in their
administration.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

69

With the exception of the special Museum ot Hygiene maintained by
the Ravy Department and the Army Medical Museum, the nucleus of
which are the surgical and pathological collections developed in the
course of the preparation of the medical and surgical histories of the
war, no departmental museums have been formed, and the collections
which have incidentally resulted from their activities have been
promptly transferred to the custody of the Smithsonian Institution.

The association of the Museum with the scientific bureaus whose
work requires the use ot Museum material, has always been intimate
and friendly.

The collections of the Geological Survey are deposited in the Museum
and incorporated with the general collection, while the interests of both
establishments are advanced through the detail of certain of the
scientific investigators connected with the Survey, to act as curators or
custodians of the combined collections. In this way, Prof. Marsh, Mr.
Walcott, Dr. White, Prof. Ward, and Prof. Clarke are attached to the
scientific staff of the Museum.

Between the Fish Commission and the Museum a similar and even
more intimate relationship exists, since the Museum undertakes to
publish all the results of work upon the Fish Commission collections,
except those which relate to economic fishes, or, have in some way a
positive economic value.' Dr. Rathbun and Dr. Bean, officers of the
Fish Commission, have been for many years in charge of departments
in the Museum.

With the Department of Agriculture the same kind of alliance has
always existed. The Rational Herbarium, the depository of all the
plants belonging to the Smithsonian Institution, as well as those which
have been obtained by the Department of Agriculture, is under the
charge of Mr. Coville, botanist of the Department and also an honorary
curator in the Museum, and this collection is deposited in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. The insects, on the other hand, with relation to
which Prof. Riley, the entomologist of the Department,.holds a similar
relationship, are in the Museum. The collections of the division of
Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy are also deposited in the
Museum, and are under the general control of Dr. C. Hart Merriam,.
chief ot the division, who is practically, though not nominally, a mem-
ber of the Museum'staff*. The chief of the Forestry Division of the
Department, Dr. Fernow, is in charge of the somewhat chaotic mass of
material illustrating the methods of forestry and the woodworking
industries, which has as yet no definite place in either establishment.

The Department has a temporary museum in a wooden building upon
its own reservation, in which are placed on view a large number of
objects of interest to agriculturists, and which is the source of the mate-
rial which the Department is often called upon to exhibit at expositions.
A considerable mass of technological material is also kept in the
Rational Museum, chiefly in storage, awaiting the time when it shall be70

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

found practicable to build up a technological collection in connection i
with the museum system of Washington.

Until within a few years, a military museum was maintained in one
of the buildings belonging to the War Department. When this was aban-
doned in 1888, its contents were distributed among the armories and
arsenals throughout the country, in each of which some sort of museum
is maintained, but a considerable remainder, of a purely historical char-
acter, was transferred to the National Museum.

The old a National Cabinet of Curiosities” was long in charge of the
Interior Department, this arrangement dating from the days when the
old National Institute occupied a room in the so-called Patent Office
building. This was transferred in 1858 to the Smithsonian Institution,
but a thread of administrative connection still attached the Museum
to the Department of the Interior until 1888, when, as narrated in the
Eeport of the Museum for that year, the Secretary of the Interior, hav-
ing investigated the law, decided that he had no official responsibility
in connection with the Museum, and that the entire control should be
left to the Smithsonian Institution.

These facts are mentioned simply to show that, by general consent,
the museum interests of the Capital are becoming yearly more concen-
trated, in accordance with the manifest intent of Congress in the act
establishing the Smithsonian Institution.

It seems proper in each Annual Eeport to make special acknowledg-
ment of the kindly cooperation of the Executive Departments in. the
general work of the Museum.

The Department of State has, as always in the past, encouraged its
consular officers to make collections, and has transmitted with favor-
able recommendations every request in behalf of the Museum, and these
officers have almost without exception responded enthusiastically to
the requests made of them. From such cooperation as this the Museum
has everything to hope in the future, and were it possible to expend a
few thousands of dollars through the consular service each year, addi-
tions of wonderful value might be obtained from every quarter of the
globe.

Among those who have rendered special service during the past year
should be mentioned Mr. Henry Andrews, U. S. Consul, Hankow; China;
Mr. E. M. Bartleman, U. S. Legation, Caracas, Venezuela; Hon. Trux-
ton Beale, U. S. Consul-General, Teheran, Persia; Mr. Erhard Bissinger,
U. S. Consul, Beirut, Syria; Hon. S. H. M. Byers, U.S. Consul-General,
St. Gall, Switzerland; Mr. J. Lyall, acting U. S. Consul, Singapore, Straits
Settlements; Mr. Lewis Dexter, U. S. Consul, Fayal, Azores; Mr. Louis
B. Grant, acting U. S. Consul-General, Cairo, Egypt; Mr. Augustine
Heard, U. S. Consul-General, Seoul, Korea; Mr. Frank von Phul, Vice-
Consul, San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, and Mr. Alexander Webb, U. S.
Consul, Manila, Philippine Islands. The character of their contribu-
tions is described under their respective names in the list of acces-REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

71

sions in Appendix vi, as is the ease also of those of the other persons
mentioned in this same connection.

The Treasury Department has rendered most important service by
facilitating the entry of material from foreign countries through the
custom-house. In this connection special acknowledgments are due to
Mr. John Quackenbush, by whom the packages received through the
New York custom-house have been forwarded, in connection with his
voluntary services as New York agent of the Smithsonian Institution.
The following officers of the Treasury have been especially efficient in
their efforts to increase the collections of the Museum: Dr. S. J. Call,
U. S. Revenue Marine Service; Mr. J. A. Clampitt, U. S. Life-Saving
Service; Mr. J. Q.Larner, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and Mr.
J. Henry Turner, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Under the War Department the Quartermaster-General of the Army
has greatly aided the Museum by furnishing transportation for bulky
and cumbersome collections from the Western States, which without
this assistance it would have been almost impossible for the Museum to
have acquired. To Capt. John F. Rogers, U. S. Army, of the Quarter-
master’s Department, is due especial acknowledgment for his super-
vision of the transportation of the Museum World’s Fair material from
Washington to Chicago. The following-named officers of the Army
have made valuable contributions: Dr. Timothy E. Wilcox, major and
surgeon; Dr. J. C. Merrill, captain and assistant surgeon; Dr. Edgar

A.	Mearns, captain and assistant surgeon; Capt. John G. Bourke,
Capt. Charles E. Bendire, Capt. Henry Romeyn, Capt. Sawyer, Lieut.
H. C. Benson, Lieut. Wirt Robinson, and Dr. R. W. Shufeldt.

To the Navy Department acknowledgment is due for the detail of a
medical officer to act as curator of the section of materia medica, while
the following-named officers have contributed to the collections: Lieut.
G. T. Emmons, Lieut. C. F. Pond, Ensign W. E. Safford, Dr. C. H.
White, Messrs. J. S. Carpenter, A. S. Greene, and W; S. Moore.

Under the Department of the Interior, with the exception of the
specimens contributed by Dr. Z. T. Daniel and Mr. Charles H. Thomp-
son, officials of the Indian Office, the chief assistance has been from the
U. S. Geological Survey. The extent of the accessions from this source
is fully shown in the list of accessions, and special acknowledgments
are also due the following officers of the Survey for their hearty coop-
eration: Maj. J. W. Powell, director; Mr. C. D. Walcott, Mr. Frank
Burns, Prof. F. W. Clarke, Mr. Whitman Cross, Dr. J. S. Diller, Mr.

B.	K. Emerson, Mr. S. F. Emmons, Dr. W. F. Hillebrand, Dr. W. P.
Jenney, Mr. L. C. Johnson, Dr. W. H. Melville, Dr. A. C. Peale, Prof.
S. L. Penfield, Prof. I. C. Russell, and Dr. R. E. C. Stearns.

Several large and interesting collections have been received from the
Department of Agriculture, its officers, and persons officially connected
with it. A fall report of the transmissions will be found in the list of
accessions. The names of the contributors of collections are given in72

REPORT OF NATIONAL .MUSEUM, 1893.

tlie folio wing list: Dr. G. Hart Merriam, Prof. G. Y. Riley, Mr. F. L. J.
Boettcher, Dr. A. K. Fisher, Mr. Albert Hassall, Mr. Frank H. Hitch-
cock, Mr. Theodore Holing Mr. J. F. James, Dr. George Marx, Dr. E.
Palmer, Mr. E. A. Preble, and Mr. H. E. Yan Deman.

The U. S. Fish Commission is so closely associated in its work with
the Museum, and each year contributes so extensively to its collections,
that it seems almost impossible to make special acknowledgments
apart from those in the list of accessions. Reference must however
be made to the assistance rendered by the following officers of the
Commission: Col, Marshall McDonald, IT. S. Commissioner of Fisheries;
Dr. Richard Rathbun, Dr. T. H. Bean (both honorary curators), Mr.
Yinal N. Edwards, Prof. B. W. Evermann, Dr. R. R. Gurley, Dr. Hugh
M. Smith, Mr. C. H. Townsend, and Mr. S. G. Worth.

Since the Bureau of American Ethnology is, like the National Museum,
a branch of the Smithsonian Institution, it is scarcely perhaps jumper
to refer to it under this head, except to say that its entire staff is con-
stantly in cooperation with that of the Museum. During the past year
special contributions have been received from the following persons con-
nected with the Bureau: Maj. J. W. Powell, director ; Mr. F. H. Cushing,
Dr. A. S. Gatschet, Mr. H. W. Henshaw, Mr. F. Webb Hodge, Dr. W.
J. Hoffman, Mr. James Mooney, and Mr. James C. Pilling.

SPECIAL EXPLORATIONS.

During the year special collections from various parts of the world
have been made by explorers who have offered their services to the
Smithsonian Institution, and many of whom have been supplied with
instruments and materials for collecting.

Among the most interesting groups of objects sent in from abroad are
those collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott in Kashmir and other parts of
India; from the Seychelles, from Aden, and from Aldabra, Glorioso,
and the adjacent islands. Dr. Abbott is a man of private means, whose
interest in exploration and in field sports is happily supplemented by
great enthusiasm for natural history work. His collections cover every
branch of natural history, as well as ethnology, and are sent to the
Museum with the understanding that they shall be promptly studied
and described and the results published. A number of papers descrip-
tive of his collections have already appeared, and others are in prepa-
ration. Dr. Abbott has previously sent much important material from
Kilima-Njaro and other important localities in Africa.

Equally important have been the explorations of a similar charac-
ter made-by Mr. William Astor Chanler, of New York City, who has
already sent in extensive ethnological, zoological, and botanical collec-
tions from Mashonaland, the Tana River, and other localities in East
Africa.

Mr. H. 0. Moore, while making explorations in South Africa, obtained
a valuable collection of skins, skulls, and horns of antelopes and other
large animals.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

73

The Hon. William Woodville Rockhill, Third Assistant Secretary of
State, brought with him from Tibet, as the result of his explorations
under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, a most valuable col-
lection of ethnological objects, which were acquired by the Museum,
and a special catalogue of which is published in this volume.

Mr. P. L. Jouy, of the National Museum, was sent to Mexico to make
special natural history collections.

Among the explorers within the limits of the United States, Dr. Edgar
A. Mearns, U. S. Army, who is attached to the Mexican Boundary
Commission, deserves special mention. . Dr. Mearns has been fur-
nished with every appliance for natural history work in the field, and
at the request of the Museum has received special facilities for scientific
work, and the material sent in by him, as shown in the list of accessions
and the curators7 reports, is of great value to science.

Prof. George P. Merrill, Mr. Barton A. Bean, and Mr. William Palmer,
of the Museum staff, have also made collections in the field.

No allusion is made at this time to the important collections obtained
especially for the exhibit of the Bureau of Ethnology and the Museum
at the World’s Fair. These will be referred to in the report of next
year.

Offers to collect specimens are frequently received from persons con-
templating a visit to some remote portion of the United States or to
foreign countries. In the event that the locality is one from which
material is desired, the National Museum has always been glad to sup-
ply collecting outfits, consisting of ammunition, traps, tanks, alcohol, etc.
In this way a considerable amount of valuable material has been added
to the collections, and the thanks of the Museum are due to its many
friends who have thus exerted themselves in its behalf.

During the past year collecting outfits and materials of various kinds
have been sent to the following persons: Mr. Harlan I. Smith, Madison-
ville, Hamilton County, Ohio; Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U. S. Army, Inter-
national Boundary Commisson, Bisbee, Ariz.; Mr. B. M. Bartleman,
U. S. legation, Caracas, Venezuela; Mr. C. W. Richmond, Greytown,
Nicaragua; Mr. J. H. Camp, Leopoldville, Congo District, Africa; Mr.
Henry D. Woolfe, Valparaiso, Chile; Mrs. F. E. B. Latham, Micco, Bre-
vard County, Fla.; Mr, Mark B. Kerr, Tumaco, Colombia; Dr. Einar
Lonnberg, Orlando, Fla.; Prof. S. E. Meek, Fayetteville, Ark.; Mr.
Frank X. Holzner, Nogales, Sonora; Mr. H. C. Canter, Mammoth Cave,
Kentucky; Dr. R. P. Bigelow, Kingston, Jamaica; and Dr. Leonhard
Stejneger, of the National Museum.

DEVELOPMENT AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION SERIES.

The overcrowded condition of the exhibition halls, which has been
referred to in the annual reports for the past few years, continues to
exist, and although it has been impossible to undertake any radical
improvements looking toward the extension and rearrangement of the
collections on exhibition, many minor alterations have been made.74	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1898.

The collections of oriental antiquities and religious ceremonial were
temporarily removed to the east hall, next to the rotunda. The work
of labeling the specimens on exhibition in the section of graphic arts
has been continued and is now nearly finished. Additions have been
made to the collection, but no new series have been begun. It was
found necessary, owing to the crowded condition of the north hall, to
place in temporary storage the entire collection of medals and coins.
The collection of historical objects now on exhibition includes auto-
graph papers and personal relics of many of the Presidents of the
United States, and of soldiers, statesmen, and other eminent Ameri-
cans, as well as memorials of important events in the history of the
country. A number of specimens were withdrawn from the exhibition
series in the section of transportation and engineering for exhibition
at the World’s Columbian Exposition, among them the locomotive
u John Bull” and the valuable collection of early typewriting machines.
In the section of materia medica some new material has been placed
upon exhibition during the year, and the condition of the collection is
very satisfactory.

The installation in the mammal hall of a collection of mounted heads
of African antelopes, deposited by Mr. William Astor Chanler, has
been commenced, and a few specimens have been purchased to fill gaps
in the exhibition series.

In the department of birds a number of new specimens have been
placed on exhibition. The work of mounting and labeling the collection
of vertebrate fossils has been carried on during the year. The prepara-
tion of a series of restorations of extinct animals of North America is in
progress, a number of specimens having already been completed. It
is proposed to utilize the wall space above the cases for their exhibition.
The work of arranging the material in the department of mollusks has
been finished, and the collection now presents a very satisfactory
appearance. A large portion of the exhibit series was sent to the
World’s Fair, requiring the preparation of fifty-six boxes of native and
exotic species, from the duplicates, to take their place. A new series
of North American insects, comprising 181 species, was placed on exhi-
bition in the early part of the fiscal year. The collection of the depart-
ment of marine invertebrates was overhauled after the completion of
the repairs in the west hall of the Smithsonian building. Considerable
time has been devoted to filling up gaps in the exhibition series in the
department of comparative anatomy, and the collection of mammal
skeletons is now nearly complete. The preparation of some new series
for the exhibition hall is under consideration.

A large quantity of material was temporarily withdrawn from the
exhibition series in the department of minerals for the World’s Colum-
bian Exposition. At the close of the exposition these specimens will
be restored to their old places and new material will be added, inyolv-75

REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

ing a general rearrangement of and a considerable increase in the
exhibition series. The material sent by the department of geology
to the World’s Columbian Exposition was prepared with a view to
making it fill a definite place in th e collection when returned. A large
proportion of the time of the curator has been devoted to the exhibition
series, and important improvements have been made in the manner of
displaying specimens in the table cases.

LABELS.

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, there were printed,
10,814 descriptive labels (aggregating nearly 250,000 copies), or more
than double the number usually printed in the course of a year. The
large increase was caused chiefly by the necessary preparation of labels
for the exhibit of the Museum at the World’s Columbian Exposition at
Chicago. All the departments of the Museum were represented in the
series.

LIBRARY.

The Museum maintains a working library, covering the. fields of
zoology, botany, paleontology, geology, geography, anthropology,
archaeology, and the arts. This library is kept in the Museum. build-
ings, and is quite distinct from the general library of the. Smithsonian
Institution, which is deposited in .the Library of Congress, which it to
a certain extent duplicates. A large proportion of the books in the
Museum library are lent by the Institution. During the past year the
number of publications added to the library was 501 volumes of more
than 100 pages, 1,457 pamphlets, besides parts of serials, of which 272
volumes, 821 pamphlets., and 6,981 parts of serials were those tempo-
rarily retained for the use of the Museum from the accessions of the
Smithsonian Institution. The remainder were obtained by gift,
exchange, or purchase.

Xii connection with the central library of reference, nearly every
department has its own u sectional ” or working library. The largest of
these are the sectional library of geology with 1,400 titles, of entomology
with 1,200, of ornithology with 880, of oriental antiquities with 862, and
of mineralogy with 650.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE YEAR 10 SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.

A large number of papers upon scientific subjects have been pub-
lished by officials of the Museum and other specialists. These are,
for the^most part, based on collections in the Museum, and are referred
to by title in the bibliography, Appendix vn. The authors of these
papers are ninety-two in number, thirty-seven of whom are connected
with the Smithsonian Institution or the National Museum. The papers76

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

referred to in the bibliography number 341, and relate to the following
subjects:

Subjects.

Administration........■.....................

American aboriginal pottery...............:

Archaeology..................................

Biography.................................

Birds.....................................

Chemistry...................................

Comparative anatomy.......................

Ethnology.................................

Eishes....................................

Fossils......................................

Geology......................................

Graphic arts...............................

Historical collections....................

Insects...................................

Mammals...................................

Marine invertebrates.........................

Materia medica...............................

Mineralogy................................

Mollusks.....................................

Oology......................:.............

Oriental antiquities and religious ceremonial .

Plants....................................

Reptiles and batrachians..................

Transportation and engineering....1.......

Miscellaneous.............................

Total...............................

By  Museum  officers.	By other investi- gators.
1	
1	
12	
3	*1
• 20	23
1	'
1	
10	7
16	13
33	6
14	2
6	
1	
40	11
3	4
3	3
1	
3	
15	3
1	
6	
12	20
6	8
3	
.21	7
233	108

PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM.

The publications are issued in four series, as follows:

Annual report.—This report constitutes the second part of the
report of the Smithsonian Institution to Congress, and, commencing
with the year 1884, has been printed as a separate volume. The reports
for 1881, 1882, and 1883 were printed in the reports of the Smithsonian
Institution for those years, and were reprinted in pamphlet form. The
series of Annual Reports of the Museum now consists of nine volumes
(1884-792, inclusive).

It is customary to send a copy of the report to each person who has
sent specimens to the Museum during the year.

In the appendix to each volume are printed papers, usually illus-
trated, and based upon, or explanatory of, collections in the National
Museum. A limited edition of each paper is printed in separate form
for special distribution, and is found especially useful in the encourage-
ment of gifts and in exchange for publications.

The edition of the report, which was in 1890 10,000, and in 1891
19,000, was in 1892 reduced to 10,000, thereby greatly diminishing its
usefulness. Of the 10,000 now printed, 7,000 copies are for the use of
the Institution and the Museum, the remaining 3,000 copies beingREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

77

reserved for distribution by Senators and Representatives. Tlie report
is sent to about 4,000 libraries at home and abroad, to contributors to
the collections, and to the correspondents of the Museum who are inter-
ested in its welfare.

Proceedings.—The series of “ Proceedings of the U. S. Rational
Museum” was begun in 1878, and was established for the purpose of
securing prompt publication of discoveries in the Museum, and is
printed in octavo. Yols. i and n were reprinted in Yol. xix of the
“Miscellaneous Collections of the Smithsonian Institution,” and Yols.
hi and iv were reprinted in Yol. xxn of that series. This method of
reprinting was, however, not carried beyond the fourth volume. Each
article in the series has its special number, and the total number pub-
lished up to August 1, 1894, was 1,000.

Since the beginning of Yol. xn, commencing with Ro. .761, the papers
in this series have been printed separately, in advance of the publica-
tion of the bound volume, and have been distributed among specialists
interested in the topics discussed.

The complete volumes are reserved for public institutions and libra-
ries.

List of volumes of Proceediiujs.

Volume.	Year.	Pages.	Plates.	Text  figures.	Papers.
	1878	iv, 520	8	5	1-61
II			1879	iv, 499	7		62-101
HI					1880	v, 589	2		102-184
IV			1881	v, 676	1	13	185-256
V		1S82	xi, 703	12	■52	257-342
VI		1883	vii, 530	14	10	343-396
VII 	-.	—		1884'	vi-ii, 661	2		397-469
VIII		1885	viii, 729	25	12	470-548
IX		1886	■ viii, 714	25	5	549-598
X		 				1887	viii, 771	39	H	599-675
XI	'				 ...	‘ 1888	xi, 703	. 60	T45	'	676-760
XII		.1889	viii. 686	- 23	. A	761-789
XIII		1890	. viii, 665	38	■ 11	790-841
XIV						1891	vi, 750	34	- 3	842-886
XV			. 1892	' vi, 508	84	5	887-918
XVI		1893	.x, 808	' - '84 '	13	• ‘ ' 919-975

Yol. xvn, for 1894, was in progress of publication when the manuscript
of this report was sent in, and is now in press. Papers 976-1000,- which
form parts of this volume, had already been published separately.

The Bulletin.—The publication of the “Bulletins of the U. S.
Rational Museum” was commenced in 1875 for the purpose of illus-
trating the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging tfr
the United States. Forty-six numbers have been printed; all in octavo.

The first 16 numbers of the Bulletin were reprinted in Yols. mi (Ros.
1-10), xxiii (Ros. 11-15), and xxiv (Ro. 16) of “ Miscellaneous Collec-
tions of *the Smithsonian Institution,” and were distributed in this form78

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

to institutions and libraries, but this method of reprinting and distri-
bution has been discontinued.

The Special Bulletins.—The “ Special Bulletin of the U. S. National
Museum,” a series in quarto, corresponding to the u memoirs” of many
similar establishments, was established in 1892 for the publication of
elaborate, illustrated monographs.

LIST OF SPECIAL BULLETINS.

No. 1. Life Histories of North American Birds, with special reference to their
breeding habits and eggs. By Maj. Charles Bendire, U. S. Army., pp. i-viii, 1-446.
Plates i-xii. 1892. This work treats of the game birds, pigeons, and birds ot prey,
the arrangement adopted being that of the American Ornithologists’ Union.

No. 2. Oceanic Ichthyology. By G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean. (In
press.) An exhaustive monograph of the deep-sea fishes of the world. The volume
will contain upward of 600 pages and will be accompanied by an atlas of 123 plates,
with more than 400 figures of deep-sea fishes.

At the time of sending the present volume of the annual report to
press the papers published in the Proceedings (including those belong-
ing to the sixteenth and seventeenth volumes, which have been issued
in separate form or are in type) have reached the number of 1,000, and
it is intended in a later report to print a list of all papers, with annota-
tions and indexes, based upon Museum material, which have been pub-
lished by the Museum, as well as by other departments and bureaus of
the Government.

TYPE SPECIMENS.

Those specimens which have been actually in the hands of investigators
engaged in original research, and especially those which have been
described in the establishment of new species and genera, and have
furnished the material for illustration, are recognized by all museums
as the most precious among their possessions. They form a part of
the archives of science; they are the vouchers for the accuracy of the
investigator who. has studied the material, and are invaluable to sub-
sequent students as a means for testing the accuracy of his conclusions.
They are, therefore, the foundation stones of the fabric of natural
science, and it is impossible to be too careful in preserving them.

The value of types is at present differently estimated in the several
branches of natural history, but with the adoption of the stricter
methods of modern work, and of more strenuous rules in regard to
priority in nomenclature, the value of types will constantly be more
highly appreciated. Unique specimens are, by common consent, price-
less. It often happens that investigators in other cities need to refer
to types, and applications are often made for their loan from our col-
lection. The Museum has always endeavored to aid its collaborators
in their researches by placing collections at their disposal for study,
and it seems ungracious to refuse such requests, especially when they
come from those who have lent types to us and are willing to do so in
the future. Still, the subject is a serious one, and it seems time that aREPOET OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

79

strong position should betaken, not only for the security of the treas-
ures in our own custody, but also to encourage other institutions to
care better for their own. It should also be said that a knowledge of
the fact that a given museum surrounds its types with the strongest
safeguards will lead investigators not connected with public museums
to place their types in its custody, and that the concentration of all
types in a few large museums will be extremely advantageous to •
science.

With these considerations it has been determined to establish certain
provisional regulations governing the preservation and loan of type
specimens belonging to the National Museum. The collaborators of
the Museum will not be restricted in their study of type specimens
further than may be necessary to insure their proper care. These
regulations are as follows.:

(1)	Each curator is responsible for the type specimens in his custody.

(2)	No types will be lent, or allowed to be taken out of the building, exceptions

being made only in the case of a limited number of museums with which
arrangements have been made for the interchange of type specimens.

(3)	Every type specimen in the National Museum should be distinguished by a

peculiar label.*

(4)	A special book should be kept by each curator in which all the types under his

' custody should be entered under their catalogue numbers, with full data,
including a reference to the place of description.

(5)	In the annual report of each department a statement should be made concern-

ing the condition of the types in its custody.

(6)	When, in the judgment of a curator, it is necessary for the safety of the types in

his custody that they be kept in a separate case, arrangements will be made to
enable him to do this, and curators are requested to call attention to such
necessity whenever it arises. They will be held responsible for injury to type
specimens resulting from a failure to take precautionary measures of this kind

(7)	The collection of types in the National Museum will be open to inspection and

study by any investigator. Curators may, however, impose such restrictions
as they deem necessary to protect themselves from losses for which they are by
these regulations held responsible, provided that the free use of the material,
under the provisions already laid down, is in no way impeded thereby.

In future discussions of this subject it may be said that a type in the
strictest sense of the word is one which has been used by the author
of a systematic paper as the basis for detailed study, and as the
foundation of a specific name. In cases where a considerable number
of specimens have been used, it is desirable to separate one or more as
being the primary types, while the other specimens which may have
been used in the same study for the purpose of comparison, may be
regarded as collateral types. It will not always be necessary to apply
the same rules to the use of the collateral types as to the primary types.
The importance of a type is, of course, greatly increased when it has
been used by a succession of authorities, and it is important that the
data regarding such use should be carefully recorded.

*Note.—Iu the department of mammals and of birds a red label is used, and it is
suggested that, as far as possible, a similar label should be used in the other depart-
ments.80	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

MATERIAL LENT FOR INVESTIGATION.

Ithas always been one of the aims of the National Museum to aid, as far
as possible, persons who are engaged in scientific investigation. A few
of the more important transactions of this character are here mentioned.

A number of specimens of insects of the genus Trypoxelon and family
Pemphredonidm were sent to Mr. William Fox, of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, to be used in the preparation of a
review, which was afterwards published in the Transactions of the
American Entomological Society. The African Myriapods, collected
by Dr. Abbott, were sent to Mr. O. F. Cook, Huntington, N. Y., for
study and special report. Forty-two specimens of birds of the genera
Myrmeciza, Synallaxis, Empidoehanes, Myiarchus, Thryothorus, and
Basileuterus were sent to Mr. Frank M. Chapman, of the American
Museum of Natural History, New York City, to be used in the prepara-
tion of a paper on the birds of the island of Trinidad.

A number of specimens of Scorpmnoid fishes were lent to Prof. C. H.
Eigenmann, Bloomington, Ind. There were forwarded to Lieut. Wirt
Bobinson, Atlanta, Ga., specimens of birds forming part of a collection
made by him in Cura9ao an d on the coast, of Colombia. This material was
desired for use in the preparation of an illustrated work on the ornithol-
ogy of the region indicated. , Skins and skulls of field, meadow, and
harvest mice were lent to Dr. J. A. Allen, of the American Museum of
Natural History, New York City; also specimens of the Thamnophiline
genus JDysithamnus, for comparison. Twenty-one specimens, represent-
ing 17 species of birds, were sent to Mr. Osbert Salvin, London, England,
for examination in connection with the preparation of Yols. xvi and xxi
of the Catalogue of Birds of the British Museum. They are mentioned
specifically in the latter volume. One hundred and four specimens of
birds were lent for examination to Mr. Witmer Stone, of Philadelphia, Pa.
These were to be used'in the preparation of a paper on the Birds of Brit-
ish Columbia, based on a collection made by Mr. S. N. Bhoads. Skulls
of bats were sent to Dr. Harrison Allen, of Philadelphia, who is engaged
in the preparation of a monograph on the North American species.

Dr. A. S. Packard, of Providence, B. I., who has been engaged in
the study of the North. American Bombycid moths, was allowed free
access to the Museum collections, and such species as required a more
detailed study were forwarded to him. Extended anatomical researches
have been made by Prof. E. D. Cope, in connection with his new
ophiological system. Prof. F. W. Goding, of Butland, 111., has been
aided in his study of Fitch’s types of insects. The collection of fossil
plants from the Trinity rocks, near Glen Bose, Tex., were studied by
Prof. William M. Fontaine, of the University of Virginia, who made an
elaborate report on the same. Dr. Samuel H. Scudder, of Cambridge,
Mass., has been engaged in an investigation of the Orthoptera of the
Galapagos Islands.. The work of Dr. O. P. Hay on. the Indiana reptiles
:was completed during the present year, The skulls of bears and furREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

81

seals in the Museum collection were studied by Dr. 0. Hart Merriam,
IT. S. Fur-seal Commissioner, in connection with the Bering Sea contro-
versy.

The Museum collection of plants in alcohol was temporarily trans-
ferred to the Department of Agriculture for the use of Mr. Theodor
Holm in connection with his studies on the life histories and growth
of North American plants. The sponges belonging to the Museum
collection of the family Hexactinellidse, collected in the Pacific Ocean
by the steamer Albatross, have been sent to Prof. F. E. Schulz, of
Berlin, who is preparing a revision of the group. He will submit
a paper, based on an examination of these specimens, for publication in
the Proceedings of the Museum. Arrangements have also been made
with Dr. Axel Goes, of Sweden, to study the Foraminifera collected in
the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean, and with
Mr. John Murray, of Edinburgh, to study certain deep-sea deposits
obtained by the Fish Commission steamers.

THE USE OF THE GOVERNMENT SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIONS
BY STUDENTS.

Congress, by a joint resolution approved April 12,1892, has formally
thrown open all the literary and scientific collections in Washington for
the use of students, with the definitely avowed purpose of encouraging
the establishment and endowment of institutions of learning at the
National Capital.

This most important and liberal action is in accord with the tendency
toward the establishment in Washington of a great national university,
or of a group of institutions practically national in their scope, for the
advancement of higher learning.

The new law does not in any respect modify the attitude of the Smith-
sonian Institution and National Museum, for from the very beginning
students and investigators have been welcomed and given every facility
for their work, and within the past fifty years thousands have availed
themselves of these privileges.

The action is significant, however, and especially welcome, because
it shows that the legislative branch of the Government is disposed to
encourage in everyway the use of the collections in Washington, already
vast in extent, for the one purpose for which, above all others, they are
adapted.

The resolution is printed below in full:

Whereas large collections illustrative of the various arts and sciences and facili-
tating literary and scientific research have been accumulated by the action of Con-
gress through a series of years at the National Capital; and

Whereas it was the original purpose of the Government thereby to promote research
and the diffusion of knowledge, and is now the settled policy and present practice
of those charged with the care of these collections specially to encourage students
who devote their time to the investigation and study of any branch of knowledge
by allowing to them all proper use thereof; and

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2----682

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Whereas it is represented that the enumeration of these facilities and the formal
statement of this policy will encourage the establishment and endowment of institu-
tions of learning at the seat of Government, and promote the work of education by
attracting students to avail themselves of the advantages aforesaid under the direc-
tion of competent instructors: Therefore,

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled, That the facilities for research and illustration in the following
and any other Governmental collections now existing or hereafter to be established
in the city of Washington for the promotion of knowledge shall be accessible, under
such rules and restrictions as the officers in charge of each collection may prescribe,
subject to such authority as is now or may hereafter be permitted by law, to the sci-
entific investigators and to students of any institution of higher education now incor-
porated or hereafter to be incorporated under the laws of Congress or of the District
of Columbia, to wit:

One. Of the Library of Congress.

Two. Of the National Museum.

Three. Of the Patent Office. .

Four. Of the Bureau of Education.

Five. Of the Bureau of Ethnology.

Six. Of the Army Medical Museum.

Seven. Of the Department of Agriculture.

Eight. Of the Fish Commission.

Nine. Of the Botanic Gardens.

Ten. Of the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Eleven. Of the Geological Survey.

Twelve. Of the Naval Observatory.

Approved, April 12,1892.

VISITORS.

The number of visitors to the Museum building during the year
ending June 30, 1893, was 319,930, an increase of 50,105 over the
preceding year; and to the Smithsonian building, 174,188, an increase
of 59,371 over the preceding year.

The monthly register of visitors during the fiscal year ending June
30,1893, is as follows:

July.....

August -. -
September
October.. -
November.
December.

Year and mouth.

National

Museum

building.

Smithsonian

building.

1892.

21, 846
18,776
122,484
28, 434
' 12,139
14, 992

10,132
8,704
75, 392
9,194
5, 229
7, 284

1893.

January..............................................

February.............■..............................

March...............................................

April...............................................

May.................................................

J une...............................................

Total..........................................

Approximate daily average on a basis of 313 days in the year

10,819
12,656
36, 760
12, 778
16, 662
11,584

5,291
5,869
25,544
7, 415
7, 970
6,094

319, 930	174,188

1,022	556REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

83

Number of visitors to the Museum and Smithsonian buildings since the opening of the for-
mer in 1881.

Year.	Museum  building.	Smithsonian building. *	Total number of visitors to both buildings.
1881 		150, 000		150, 000
1882 			167, 455	152, 744	320,199
	202,188	104,823	307, on
1884 		195, 322	91,130	, 286,452
1885 (January-June)				107, 365	60,428	167, 793
1885 ’86	'		174,225	88, 960	263,185
1886 ’87			216, 562	98, 552	315,T14
1887 ’88		249, 665	102,863	352, 528
1888 ’89		• 374,843	149, 618	524,461
1889 ’90		274, 324	120, 894	395, 218
1890 91	-		286, 426	111, 669	398, 095
1891-’92	;		269, 825	114, 817	384. 642
1892-’93		319,930	174,188	494,118
Total 		2, 9e8, 130	1, 370, 686	4, 358, 816

QUESTIONS OF CORRESPONDENTS AND REQUESTS FOR
IDENTIFICATION.

In an editorial in the London u Athenaeum ” not long ago, it was said
that there is not a department of the British Government to which a
citizen has a right to apply for information upon a scientific question.
This seems hard to believe, for I can not think of any scientific subject
regarding which a letter, if addressed to the scientific bureaus in Wash-
ington, would not receive a full and practical reply. It is estimated
that not less than 20,000 such letters are received each year. The
Smithsonian Institution and National Museum alone receive about
0,000, and the proportion of these from the new States and Territories,
which have not yet developed institutions of learning of their own, is
the largest. An intelligent question from a farmer on the frontier
receives as much attention as a communication from a royal academy
of sciences, and often takes more time for the preparation of the reply.

A large number of specimens are sent to the Museum each year by
correspondents in different parts of the country for examination and
report. Although very little benefit to the Museum is derived from
the labor thus performed, it has always been the policy of the Museum
to assist its correspondents in this direction as far as practicable. By
far the larger portion of the material received is geological. Quantita-
tive analyses, however, can not be undertaken, owing to lack of facilities
for such work. A record is kept of each package received for exami-
nation, and should the specimens prove to be of sufficient interest or
value, they are added to the collections of the Museum and given an
accession number.

There were received for examination during the present year 516
lots of specimens, embracing Nos. 1775 to 2290, inclusive. A detailed84

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

list of the material so received, arranged alphabetically by name of
sender, is given in Appendix v.

MEETINGS OF ASSOCIATIONS IN WASHINGTON DURING THE YEAR.

Washington has during recent years been selected as the place for
holding meetings of a large number of national and international socie-
ties of all kinds. Each year has seen an increase in this respect, and
the matter has now become of such importance (not so much, how-
ever, on account of the number as of the character of the societies)
that it seems proper to make mention of it in a report which is intended
to contain in a general way a reference to all efforts to develop and
encourage research, both from a scientific, economic, and a literary
point of view. There is probably no place in the country better suited
for such meetings. The seat of government and center of political
activity has become accustomed to receiving and entertaining organi-
zations.

Of late years numerous learned bodies have met in various halls in this
city. The many attractions of the capital, the opportunity of easy
access to public record offices and the Congressional Library, the gen-
eral interest of the Government buildings, combine to make Washing-
ton a favored city for such purpose. During the last year these con-
ventions were fewer than usual owing to the concentration of so many
interests in Chicago during the World’s Fair.

The meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union continued in
session for three days (from November 15 to 17), and during that time
a large number of interesting papers were presented.*

. As in previous years, the annual meeting of the National Academy
of Sciences was held in the lecture hall of the Museum, the session last-
ing four days, from April 18 to 21.f

The course of Saturday Lectures, which was discontinued two or
three years ago, was resumed in March, 1893, under the auspices of the
Anthropological Society of Washington. The course consisted of a
series of lectures, somewhat popular in their character, on various sub-
jects relating to ethnology. The lecturers were all men well known in
their chosen fields of investigation.!

* In Appendix viii the titles of these papers are given.

t A list of the papers read before the Academy appears in Appendix viii.

t A list of the lectures comprising this course will he fouiid in Appendix viii. .REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

85

The following table indicates the number and dates of Saturday lec-
tures since 1882:

Year.	Date of first and last lecture.	No. of lectures.
1882		March 11, April 29		8
1883		January 13, March 31			12
1884	i  1885...		January 5, April 26				  February 7 May 2				17  12
1886 	'		March 6, May 8			10
1887 		March 12, May 7		12
1888 	|	February 18, May 5		» 12
1889		•	  1890				|	March 9, May 11			  February 1, April 3		10  10
1891						
1892	'		

1893.................................j March 23, May 13................j • 8

Total

111

NECROLOGY.

Dr. George Yasey, botanist of the Department of Agriculture and
honorary curator of the Department of Botany in the U. S. National
Museum, died on March 4, 1893. Dr. Yasey was born on February 28,
1822, at Scarborough, Yorkshire, England. He graduated from Berk-
shire Medical College, at Pittsfield, Mass., in 1848,- was appointed bot-
anist of the Department of Agriculture in April, 1872. He also held
the position of honorary curator of botany in the U. S. National
Museum. His principal work has been upon grasses, and among other
papers he published a Descriptive Catalogue of Native Forest Trees of
the United States, 1876; Grasses of the United States: a Synopsis of
the Tribes with Descriptions of the Genera, 1883; Agricultural Grasses
of the United States, 1884; Descriptive Catalogue of the Grasses of
the United States, 1885; Beport of Investigations of Grasses of the
Arid Begions, two parts, 1886-?87; Grasses of the South, 1887; Agri-
cultural Grasses and Forage Plants of the United States, a revised
edition, with 114 plates of agricultural grasses, 1889; Illustrations of
North American Grasses: Yol. i, Grasses of the Southwest, 100 plates
with descriptions, 1891; Yol. n, Part i of the same, Grasses of the
Pacific Slope and Alaska, 1892; Monograph of the Grasses of the United
States and British America (Yol. hi, No. 1, Contributions from U. S-
National Herbarium), 1892. Dr. Yasey was a member of the Biological
and Geographical Societies of Washington, and a Fellow of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science. He was appointed
delegate from the Department of Agriculture and the Smithsonian
Institution to the Botanical Congress in Genoa in September, 1893.

At a meeting of the officers of the U. S. National Museum held on
March 6, 1893, the following minute and resolution were adopted:

In the death of Dr. George Yasey the National Museum has lost a faithful and effi-
cient officer and the science of botany an able and indefatigable worker. As bota-86

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

nist of the Department of Agriculture and curator of tlie National Herbarium for
twenty-one years, Dr. Vasey’s name lias become known to all botanists throughout
the world, and his contributions to science form an indispensable part of the work-
ing library of every botanist. His familiarity with the flora of all parts of the
United States, especially with the plants of the great West, was unrivaled, and
caused his opinion to be sought and respected upon all critical questions relating
thereto. He was the recognized authority on this side of the Atlantic in the impor-
tant department of grasses, and his publications relating to these have great economic
as well as scientific value.

Dr. Yasey was uniformly gentle and kind, manifesting a warm interest in the
progress of younger botanists and beginners^ always ready to give his valuable time
and counsels to those who went to him for assistance, and many who are now well
known in the science owe their success in large part to the encouragement and stimu-
lation received from him. In this way the circle of his influence was much wider
than would be naturally inferred from his quiet life and long confinement to a single
post of duty.

To the world at large Dr. Yasey was distinguished for. his modest and unobtrusive
character, his kindly disposition, and his genial manners. A model husband and
father, an estimable neighbor, and a good citizen, his loss will be deeply felt by all
who knew him: Therefore,

Resolved, That the sympathies of the officers of the National Museum and Smith-
sonian Institution be extended to the widow and family of the deceased, and that a
copy of this minute and resolution be transmitted to them.,

Oapt. John Melmoth Dow, who for many years, as agent of the Pacific
Mail Steamship Company at Panama, was a warm and valued friend
of the National Museum, died in New York City on November 4,1892-
Capt. Dow was an Honorary Fellow of the Zoological Society of Lon-
don, a member of the New York Geographical Society, of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of the Society of California
Pioneers, and of the Societe Humanitaire et Scientifique du Sud-Ouest
de la France.

Lieut. T. Dix Bolies, U. S. Navy, who for many years has cooperated
with the National.Museum, particularly in matters relating to ethnology,
and from whom valuable contributions to the collections have been
received, died during the year.

COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION IN MADRID.

In accordance with an act of Congress approved May 13, 1892,# the
President appointed a commission to represent the United States at
the Commemoration of the Fourth Centenary of the Discovery of
America, which took place in Spain in the latter part of 1893.

This commission consisted of Bear-Admiral S. B. Luce, U. S. Navy;
James C. Welling, ll.d., chairman of the executive committee of the
Smithsonian Institution, and the Assistant Secretary of the Institu-
tion.

The Spanish Government had, in pursuance of the royal decree .of
January 9,1891, provided for a series of international celebrations, most
prominent among which were two historical expositions to be held in

See Appendix x.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

87

Madrid simultaneously and in adjacent buildings—one the Exposicion
Historico- American a, the other the Exposicion Historico-Europea.*
This idea of two expositions, held simultaneously in the same building,
and each illustrative of the other, was a novel one, and proved in the
end a success. The plan is discussed in the report of his excellency
Don Antonio Oanovas del Castillo to the Queen Eegent, and the clas-
sification of the two expositions indicates fully the intention of the expo-
sition authorities.*

The Historic American Exposition was intended to illustrate the
civilization of the New Continent in the Pre-Columbian, Columbian, and
Post-Columbian periods, while in the Historic-European Exposition
were shown the civilization of Europe, and particularly of the Iberian
Peninsula, at the time when the New World was discovered and colo-
nized. It was intended that, by the aid of these exhibitions, students
and visitors might be enabled to understand the state of artistic and
industrial civilization in Europe and America in this important epoch,
and to realize the influence which the one may have exercised upon the
other.

The period which the authorities in charge of the Historic-European
Exposition desired especially to illustrate was that during which
American history was most closely identified with that of Europe.
This extends from 1492, when the Spanish caravels first reached the
Antilles, to 1620, when the Mayflower, setting forth from a Dutch sea-
port, brought the English Puritans to New England.

“The Columbian epoch,” extending from the end of the fifteenth
century through the first third of the seventeenth, includes most of the
principal initial efforts for the exploration and colonization of the new
continent by Europeans. By bringing together, in a retrospective
exhibition, what remains to illustrate the arts and industries of Europe
at this time, it was the desire of the Spanish authorities “ to teach the
people of to-day what were the elements of civilization with which, on
the side of the arts, Europe was then equipped for the task of educa-
ting a daughter, courageous and untamed, but beautiful and vigorous,
who had risen from the bosom of the seas, and who, in the course of a
very few centuries, was to be transformed from a daughter into a
sister—a sister proud in aspiration and mighty in power.”

The exhibits in this Historic-American Exposition were divided into
three great series: One to include American prehistoric remains, the
first indication of the existence of man in caves, neolithic monuments,
lacustrine dwellings, and the arms and utensils of this primitive age;
the second to illustrate the characteristics of the American aborigines
just prior to the discovery, and the third, the period of discovery, of
conquest, and of European influence, up to the middle of the seven-
teenth century.

It was arranged to have also a special group of objects illustrating

See Appendix x.88	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

tlie voyages of Columbus and his companions, as well as previous efforts
for the discovery of a new continent.

The expositions were held in the new building erected for the national
library and museums in the Paseo de Recoletos, and in the adjacent
grounds and buildings of the Parque de Madrid.

There were other celebrations in connection with the expositions,
beginning with a congress at Huelva, on the 2d of August, in com-
memoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the departure of the
vessels of Columbus from the port of Palos, followed by a session of
the Congress of Orientalists, which took place in the Alcazar in Seville,
continuing from the 1st to the 6th of October; and the Ninth Congress
of Americanists, in the Convent of La Rabida, at Huelva, from the
7th to the 11th of October. On the 11th of October was unveiled at
La Rabida a monument to commemorate the discovery of America.
There were other festivals and naval demonstrations at Huelva at
various times from the 3d of August to the 3d of November.

The management of the commemoration was vested in a royal commis-
sion, the president of which is the prime minister of Spain, his excel-
lency Don Antonio Canovas del Castillo. Commissions were organ-
ized in all of the Spanish-American republics, by which very extensive
exhibits were secured, and special commissions were also appointed by
the governors of the Spanish provinces and the governors-general of
the Antilles and the Phillippine Islands.

Our commissioners, by a circular issued June 1,1892, invited the coop-
eration of persons having objects of any kind suitable for exhibition on
this occasion, requesting them to be sent to the Smithsonian Institution
for transmission to Madrid. Objects intended for the World’s Colum-
bian Exposition in Chicago were, by a special arrangement, to be for-
warded direct from Madrid to Chicago in ample time for installation.

It was especially urged that authors and publishers of books relating
to the periods of discovery and conquest, and the colonial history of the
several European settlements in America, should exhibit them.

The executive,work was, by agreement between the three commis-
sioners, divided as follows: The commissioner-general to reside in
Madrid through the exhibition, and in addition to his ceremonial func-
tions to direct the return of the exhibits; Dr. Welling was to prepare
a general report upon the exhibition, and the writer to have charge of
the preparation of the exhibits, their transportation to Madrid, and
their installation in the exposition building.

In connection with this work, representatives of the two anthropo-
logical departments of the Museum were detailed to accompany the
exhibits of the Museum to Madrid, and to assist in the installation and
maintenance of the display. These were Dr. Thomas Wilson, curator
of prehistoric anthropology, and Dr. Walter Hough, assistant curator
of ethnology, who was sent to represent Prof. Mason, the curator, the
latter, on account of the preparations in progress for the Chicago Expo-REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

89

sition, iu which his department was so extensively concerned, being
unable to leave Washington.

The Department of State and the Bureau of American Republics
sent the extensive collection of portraits of Columbus, and of monu-
ments and historic localities connected with the discovery of America,
which had been prepared by Mr. William Eleroy Curtis, Chief of the
Bureau; and Mr. Curtis, in person, superintended the installation of
this exhibit while serving as special envoy of the Government to
invite the attendance of a representative of the royal family and the
Duke of Veragua, Columbus7 lineal descendant and representative, .to
attend the World's Columbian Exposition.

Mr. Stewart Culm, curator of the museum of archaeology and paleon-
tology of the University of Pennsylvania, was detailed by, the univer-
sity to represent the institution upon that occasion, and to install a
large collection of archaeological objects from its museum.

Mr. J. Walter Fewkes, director of the Hemenway Expedition, by
which an extensive display of ethnological objects from the Southwest
was exhibited, also accompanied the commissioner to Madrid and
remained during the entire period, m company with his assistant, Mr.
J. S. Owen.

Mr. Stewart Culin was appointed secretary of the commission; Lieut.
J. C. Colwell, U. S. Navy, was detailed by the Navy Department as
disbursing officer, amd Mr. Henry Horan, of the National Museum,
was sent to attend to the unpacking and the mechanical work of
mounting the exhibits in Madrid.

The writer sailed for Southampton August 4, accompanied by Dr.
Hough and Mr. Culin, and arrived in Madrid August 19, remaining
until the exhibits had arrived and the work of installation well begun.
In the meantime, the opening of the exhibition having been deferred until
October 30 and his share of the work having been practically accom-
plished, except what could be done even more satisfactorily by other
officers of the Museum already in Madrid, he left Madrid for Washington
September 17. Dr. Wilson was recalled, by reason of family troubles,
November 3. Dr. Hough remained until the close of the exhibition,
February 4, and superintended the packing and return of the exhibits,
the last of which reached Washington in April, in time, as had been
anticipated, for use m Chicago.

It should be said that a large part of the exhibits sent from the
National Museum to Madrid were selected from those already mounted
for display at the World's Fair, and that cases were sent from Wash-
ington for the accommodation of all the exhibits sent from the United
States, which occupied a floor space of 16,000 square feet. It was
found, however, that the Spanish Government had provided a certain
number of cases admirably suited for exhibition—an entirely unprece-
dented act of forethought and liberality in exhibition management—
and it was consequently found unnecessary to unpack all the cases
which had been provided.90

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

I)r. Welling, who had proceeded as far as London, was called home
by business connected with his university and was unable to return.
He therefore resigned, and Prof. D. G. Brinton, of the University of
Pennsylvania, was appointed to serve in his stead. Dr. Brinton,
accompanied by his assistant, Mr. H. G. Mercer, arrived in Madrid
December 1 and spent several weeks in studying the collections in
both expositions and writing his report.

Mrs. Zelia ISTuttall, well known for her remarkable studies in Mexican
archaeology, was present for a considerable time at the exhibition, and
made an exhibit in the section of the United States.

The exhibit of the United States was received with great favor, and
the friendly action of our Government in sending so extensive and
impressive, an exhibit was greatly appreciated. Among the results to
which it led were the acceptance of the invitations of the Government
to the royal family and to the Duke of Veragua, the liberal response
of the Spanish Government to the invitation to participate as an exhib-
itor in the World’s Fair, and, incidentally, the increased interest on the
part of the Latin-American Bepublics, many of which confessedly did
far more at Chicago, inspired by the example of the Government of
Spain, than they would otherwise have done; and, incidentally, may it
be also noted, the speedy completion of an important commercial treaty
between the United States and Spam, which had long been pending,
and which, until the action of Congress in connection with the Madrid
Exposition was known, seemed scarcely likely to be agreed to by
Spain.

The exposition was undoubtedly a most successful one, and in many
respects one of the most noteworthy international expositions ever
held, although from its very nature it appealed more to the scholar
than to the general public, and consequently, so far as popular attend-
ance and financial outcome were concerned, was not noteworthy. The
various governments which participated were represented by men of
character and high scholarship, and the catalogues published by Spain
and by the several governments were important contributions to his-
tory and archaeology, and several valuable reports have already been
printed by governments and specialists. Others are in preparation, and
the effects of the comparative display made will appear in historical
and archaeological literature for a long time to come. A most note-
worthy indirect result was the publication of a considerable number of
important historical monographs and collections of documents hitherto
unpublished, which appeared in Madrid during the period of the expo-
sition.

The Mnth Congress of Americanists, held at Huelva, was one of the
most successful which has been held, and American scholars partici-
pated prominently in the discussions. The report of this congress, when
published will contain much that is of importance to archaeology.

The customary system of medals and diplomas prevailed at the expo-REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

91

sition. A grand diploma of honor was given to the Government of the
United States. Twelve gold medals with diplomas, eighteen silver
medals with diplomas, thirteen bronze medals with diplomas, were
awarded, while thirty-six exhibitors received honorable mention. A
list of the medals and diplomas is given in the Appendix,* which con-
tains also a list of exhibitors.

It should be said in this connection that with the exception of the
exhibits sent by the Bureau, of American Republics, the University of
Pennsylvania, and the Hemenway expedition these mentioned in this
list were all sent at the request of the Smithsonian Institution, and
were mounted, labeled, and exhibited as a part of its display. Indeed,
as was recognized by the Government, but for the enthusiastic cooper-
ation afforded by the Smithsonian Institution it would have been impos-
sible in the short time between the passage of the appropriation and
the opening of the exposition, to have prepared and forwarded an
exhibit which would have been at all creditable to the United States.

Incidentally may be mentioned the award by the Queen Regent of
the grand cross of naval merit to Admiral Luce, and that of com-
mander in the Royal Order of Ysabel la Catolica to Mr. W. E. Ourtis,
Dr. Thomas Wilson, and the writer; and that of knight in the same
order to Messrs. Hough, Fewkes, and Culin, while the latter was also
honored by election to membership in the Royal Academy of History.

At the close of the exposition Admiral Luce, who remains in Europe,
dissolved his official connection with the commission, and the closing
up of the business of the commission is left in the hands of the writer
as Acting Commissioner-General, with the assistance of Dr. Hough as
executive officer, while the other commissioner, Dr. Brinton, is engaged
upon the preparation of the general report, which will be published
during the coming year, supplemented by a catalogue of the objects dis-
played by the Museum, by Messrs. Wilson and Hough, and papers by
Mrs. Zelia Ruttall, upon “ Ancient Mexican Feather Work;77 by Dr.
Hough, on u Ancient American Pottery as shown at the Exposition,77
and Mr. H. C. Mercer, on the u Chipped Stone Implements shown at the
Exposition.77

. In view of the great interest in this exposition, and of the fact that
the publication of the official report may be somewhat delayed, I include
here a discussion of the exposition in its general aspects from the pen
of Dr. Walter Hough.f

The display which was brought together in Madrid was the greatest collection of
Americana ever under one roof, and brought into contrast, side by side the art of the
Old World at the time of the discovery and that of the New World, roughly on
either side of the discovery.

Appendix, No. x.

t A description of the Exposition in some of its features was printed by Dr. Thomas
Wilson in the “American Naturalist” for September and October, 1893.92	REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Joined with its admirable historical and scientific motive, there was great taste
displayed in the presentation of the valuable material. No doubt a similar oppor-
tunity to compare the ethnological and archaeological products from so many
American sources will be far in the future.

The American exhibits dealt mainly with the archaeologic aspect, except that of
the United States, which was a comprehensive collection, setting forth in plain
terms the interdependence of archaeology and ethnology. The twenty-four States
and countries in large proportion displayed ethnological specimens only for deco-
ration or in an unsystematic way. There were*about 250,000 pieces on view, of
which the United States, Mexico, and Spain showed the larger number. The floor-
space measured 5,000 square meters ; of this space the United States and Mexico
occupied about one-third.

The United States section occupied six rooms, embracing a long list of exhibitors,
both institutions and private persons. The National Museum furnished a portion
of the large ethnological and arclneological collections destined for Chicago, selected
by Profs. Mason and Wilson. It furnished also specimens of the animals encountered
by the early explorers, maps, pictures, photographs, transparencies, illustrations from
books on American ethnology, publications of the Smithsonian Institution; enlarge-
ments, maps, paper money, medals, etc. There was also a library of historical
works, and a collection of writings on American archaeology and ethnology pre-
sented by the authors.

The Bureau of Ethnology contributed models of Indian pueblos, the great lin-
guistic maps, pottery, photographs, pictures, and four cases containing a fine series
from seven pre-Columbian mines and quarries explored by Mr. W. H. Holmes. These
especially attracted a great deal of attention, as did the splendid series of relief maps
exhibited by Mr. E. E. Howell.

Philadelphia was well represented in the exhibition. The University of Pennsyl-
vania displayed publications and monographic archeological collections from Penn-
sylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, and Florida. The enterprise of the Numismatic and
Antiquarian Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, is very
commendable. The former showed a large collection of. medals, paper money, and
publications. The Academy of Natural Sciences exhibited 44 crania from the Mor-
ton collection, representing 35 tribes and 14 American stocks. The Philadelphia
collections were in the efficient charge of Mr. Stewart Culin.

The Bureau of Latin American Republics showed a magnificent gallery of Icono-
graphia Columbiana, supplemented by Mr. Curtis’s own collection. These pictures
formed a well-arranged and attractive feature of the exhibition.

One large hall was devoted to the Tusayan pueblos and was filled with the collec-
tions made by Dr. Fewkes, under the munificent patronage of Mrs. Hemenway, and
presented especially the religion and symbolism of the Hopi. Sand pictures and
altars were shown for the first time. The ancient pottery was exceptionally fine,
and there was a large series of religious paraphernalia. Photographs, water-color
drawings, maps, and publications completed an exhibit for which Dr. Fewkes is to
be highly congratulated.

Mexico brought a magnificent collection of antiquities, chiefly pottery and stone
filling over 50 cases. There were casts of famous antiquities, copies of the codices,
pictures, models, and photographs of the ancient ruins, and notably a grand model
of the Temple Mayor of Cempoala (Vera Cruz), measuring 12 by 18 feet in area. A
fine central case held the gems of the collection, such as obsidian masks, vases, lab-
rets, mirrors, tiles, a carved notched femur (which is probably part of a musical
instrument like those used in New Mexico and Arizona), copper rings, jade objects,
etc. The series of obsidian rings of hour-glass shape, with wide, flat rims, worked
down to a thickness of one-sixteenth of an inch and highly polished, are very
remarkable specimens of lapidary work. They would tax Mr. McGuire’s skill and
ingenuity in stone-working. Many such problems confront one at every step inREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

93

this vast and practically unworked material. One room with 14 cases is devoted to
the Zapotecs. In the whole collection the relics of 23 ancient civilizations were
shown. Mr. Troncoso, director of the National Museum of Mexico, is a host in him-
self and has an efficient staff of collaborators.

There were a number of small collections from Cuba, San Domingo, the latter con-
sisting of human remains, weapons, idols, pottery, etc., of the aborigines, and histor-
ical relics of the age of the discovery, and from Bolivia, Argentine Repubiic, Brazil,
Chile, Honduras, Salvador, and Paraguay.

The bulk of the numbers from Guatemala were of pottery. There were many
finely carved stone images, an oval dish of polished quartz of bluish tint, and an
exquisitely carved bead of jade. There was also a curious globular pottery whistle
or flute, somewhat like an ocarina, with four holes, giving five tones, running from C
to F sharp, and a pottery trumpet, with four pipes blown from one mouthpiece. I
do not know who is to be held responsible for the exhibition of an Egyptian scarab
and a bronze shiibti as American relics. This collection contains three rare and
beautiful vases ornamented with Quiche Maya hieroglyphics. Dr. Brinton believes
that these are the only Quiche Maya inscriptions yet discovered.

Nicaragua displayed a small collection of pottery in red outlined with black, stone
implements, rude and polished, and a few pieces of jade and gold work.

Costa Rica occupied two halls with a fine collection, mostly of pottery and stone
carvings, contained in 40 cases. The walls were covered with paintings of the exca-
vations, maps, and photographs. This collection was shown at Chicago. The inter-
esting gold objects exhibited by Mr. Alfaro in Washington in 1891 were displayed in
one case, and two other cases held jade carvings. The pottery resembles that of
Nicaragua, and consists of burial jars, cups, vases, spoons, cooking pots, etc. The
stone carvings are particularly good ; they are principally of friable, volcanic rock.
The ornamented metates, skillfully worked stools with their seats upheld by human
figures ; the magnificent sacrificial stone, 6 feet long and 25 inches wide, finely
sculptured at the head and along the margins and edges, are especially noteworthy,
while the series of stone masks, standing and sitting figures, animal and human
heads, give an enlarged idea of the progress of the sculptor’s art in ancient Costa
Rica.

Seventy-two pounds of wrought-gold objects, 452 in number, and 383 objects of
copper, invested Colombia’s room with a peculiar interest. These consisted of
bowls, canteens with full-length human figures, necklaces, animal and human
forms, etc. There also was much pottery of a superior order from the Quimbayas,
Chibchis, Chiriquis, the Department of Tolma and Antigua; a fine series of photo-
graphs was also displayed. There was a small ethnological collection from the
Cunas and Guahibos. This collection was well installed and catalogued by Mr.
Ernest Restrepo, and was a great credit to the Republic of Colombia.

Of the 11 cases from Ecuador 10 were of the lustrous, dark, and usually indurated
pottery, which is very interesting from its curious forms, among which occur long,
narrow, amphora-like jars with lugs, tazzas sitting on a high, perforated foot,
exactly counterfeiting Korean mortuary pottery, and square jars of Chinese form,
giving this collection a strange phase. There was one case of copper axes, bored
stone axes, star club heads, labrets, and charms of worked stone. It is rather
remarkable if articles which are evidently separators for pottery are found in
ancient excavations in Ecuador.

Peru exhibited a large number of pottery bottles of red and black ware in human
and animal forms from the liuaeas of the Yuncas. Four of these are in the form of
human heads, m. which the nose is represented as having been eaten away, evidently
by some disease which a Spanish physician diagnoses as lupus. Dr. Brinton
expresses the opinion that the disease characterized is syphilis. The Yunca pot-
tery also shows trace of Spanish influence. There were some good specimens of
gold working, textiles, and wood carving.94

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1803.

Uruguay sent a small but well-displayed collection of stone implements, com-
prising bolas, club heads, arrowheads, scrapers, hammer stones, mortars,- stone and
pottery vessels, bone awls, pitted stones, and many polishers and grinders. There
were a number of probable club heads, square to oblong in shape, roughly broken
from schistose rock, which slightly resemble the obsidian heads Irom Easter Island
in the Thomson collection at the National Museum. The greater part of these
remarkably rude objects have four cusps, and are constricted midway apparently
for purposes of hafting. Some of the pebbles with one smooth central pit are
apparently head pieces of a drill. A good series of photographs of stone imple-
ments accompany this collection. These sx>ecimens are interesting, since they are
from a new field.

Spain showed the treasures of the Archeological Museum and the Museum of Nat-
ural Sciences, which are especially rich in Peruvian and Mexican archeology. From
the former country there were numerous mummies, hafted stone implements, and
other objects taken from graves, cult apx3aratus, stone and metal work, splendid
textiles and feather work, musical instruments, and an immense series of pottery, in
which are many groups of pieces evidently from the same mold. The exquisite
Peruvian coat from the Rryal Museum was a marvel, which for fineness of fabric,
color, ornamentation, and finish it is difficult to believe has ever been surpassed.
There were also many other examples of fine Peruvian textiles.

The famous Troano and Cortesiau codices were displayed, and also a great deal
of stone and metal work, pottery, etc., from Mexico. One case of pottery and some
stone idols, labeled “frauds,” were very suggestive. There were also small groups
of specimens from South and Central America, and ethnologica from various states.
The Alaskan and other Indian specimens were in few cases localized, the objects
having been collected before such information was deemed necessary. The museums
labor under this difficulty, and there is a good field for comparative work. The
Northwest coast masks, hats, adzes, carvings, armor, etc., were collected more than
one hundred years ago by the Malespina expedition and range from British Colum-
bia to Sitka. A collection of arrowheads, sent by Dr. W. J. Hoffman, occupied a
prominent j)lace. The museum of Natural Sciences had on exhibition a large collec-
lection of minerals and botanical sx>eeimens brought back from America by Spanish
explorers. The museums have been benefited by the infusion of new blood; Mr.
Narciso Sentenach and Jos<$ Rain6n Mffiida are young men, who promise to do excel-
lent work.

The-Portuguese exhibit contained a few American specimens used for decoration,
with other objects from different quarters of the globe, forming what was appar-
ently a fisheries exhibit. There were sx>lendid paintings and metal work of the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which should have been installed in the European
exj)osition upstairs. Two rare Sandwich Island feather cloaks and some helmets
were shown. The locality of few sx>ecimens was known.

Austria contributed an excellent exhibit of mound x>ottery and other objects from
the United States. This collection was under the care of Dr. Wilhelm Hein, of
Vienna, who is an enthusiastic worker in the field of ethnology.

Germany sent casts of the sculptures of Santa Lucia Cozumahualpa, in Guate-
mala, consisting of large bas-reliefs, monkeys’ heads, hunian figures, and a large
brazier in the Ethnographical Museum of Berlin. Two antique Mexican feather
shields from Stuttgart, and a great number of illustrations and q)hotographs were
displayed. The gold objects from Colombia in this collection were in an elegant
burglar and fire-proof case, so fitted that the tablets upon which the specimens
were mounted could be lowered into a steel vault and secured for the night. I)r.
Edward Seler, of the Royal Ethnographical Museum of Berlin, was in charge, and
most of the sx>ecimens were collected by him.

Sweden showed the fine collection of early max>s, globes, and manuscripts of Baron
Nordenskijold, the collections from the Chukchis and the Eskimo of Port Clarence,REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

95

procured on the voyage of the Vega, the photographs, models, and specimens result-
ing from the explorations of Gustav Nordenskijold in Colorado two years ago,
and the objects brought from Nicaragua and Costa Rica by Dr. Carlos Bovallius.
These gentlemen were in charge and arranged a very creditable display.

Norway exhibited a full-sized model of a viking boat. The original was taken
from a tumulus on the east coast of Norway in 1880.

The display of Denmark was composed of two parts, viz, one illustrating the life
of the Eskimo of Greenland, the other the grade of civilization of Iceland in the
middle ages. The collection was well presented, and showed in a small way the
Eskimo man and woman, their houses and utensils, methods of transportation, and
some of their arts. The wood carvings, textiles, and model of the house of the Ice-
landers were very interesting.

The documents under the efficient charge of Dr. Zaragoza were of the highest
interest, and included priceless letters of Columbus and other discoverers and con-
querors, with manuscripts of the early explorers and priests.

The exposition was visited by many of the Americanists after the meeting at
Huelva, among whom may be mentioned Dr. Hamy, Baron de Baye, M. Adam,
Charles Read, and others. The orator, Castelar, was a close student of the collec-
tions, and the intelligent interest displayed by many scientific men at the Spanish
capital was very gratifying.

On the whole, the exhibition was not well attended, as its patronage was largely
drawn from Madrid and the immediate vicinity, there being also little advertising
and no excursion rates offered by the railroads. This, however, does not detract
from the commendation which should be given to the Spanish Government for the
enlightened idea and the consummate ability with which this idea was carried out
by the delegate general, Sehor Don Juan Navarro Reverter,' Rev. Padre Fita, and
their colleagues.

When ifc comes to describe the sister exhibition, setting forth the state of European
culture at the era of the discovery, there is a great difficulty in merely indicating
the priceless rarities displayed. No one imagined that after the many spoliations
which the Iberian Peninsula has suffered, so many art works survived.

When inquiry was made for the relics demonstrating the splendor of Old Spain,
the church alone could respond with the evidences of her traditional fostering and
conservation of art.

Thus it happens that the exhibit largely comprised ecclesiastical objects from the
more important churches of Spain. . Without doubt not above one-fifth of the pre-
cious relics existing among the churches and religious institutions were repre-
sented in Madrid, due to the poor communications in Spain and no general anti-
quarian interest among the people.

There is a saying that “ tapestries are like weeds in Spain.” Mr. Charles H. Read,
of the British Museum, from whose admirable description of the exposition I shall
more than once quote, says: *

“The most striking feature of this part of the exhibition, and that which dis-
tinguishes it from any other, is the extraordinary display of Flemish and Spanish
tapestries and carpets and Persian and Arab textiles with which the walls of
every room on the upper floor are lined. Most of the Flemish tapestries from the
Escorial and the other royal palaces are already well known, both from their being
generally shown to visitors and from the excellent photographs published by M.
Laurent, of Madrid. But in addition to these, many from private collections and
from religious establishments, some of them fully as important as those of the royal
collections, have come to light and are now seen for the first time. The most strik-
ing case of this kind is probably that of the Cathedral of Zamora. The authorities

* Read, C. H., Report to the British Museum on the Historical Exhibition at
Madrid. London, 1893.96

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893,

at Zamora were asked to contribute to the exhibition some of their works of art,
and sent among other things several beautiful tapestries of the fifteenth century,
of great size, of fine design, and in a good state of preservation. With this con-
signment came a statement that if more tapestries were required for the decoration
of the walls, the, chapter possessed fifty others. It seems impossible that so won-
derful a series of precious tapestries could have lain entirely unknown for centuries,
and doubtless unseen except by such as attended the services at the cathedral on
certain special festivals. Such a case, and it seems to be by no means an isolated
one, illustrates in a forcible manner the unknown riches of the religious establish-
ments of Spain, unknown even to the -comparatively few persons in the country
who are specially interested in such matters."

The display of church vestments was very large, but the majority were overloaded
with embroidery in gold and silver and belong to the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. The older vestments are invariably of higher quality. One of these is
described by Mr. Read:

“First of these comes a cope of opus anglicanumofthe end of the thirteenth century,
belonging to the Cathedral of Toledo, and stated to have been the property of Cardi-
nal Gil de Albornoz (1367). It is of the usual semicircular shape, embroidered in
many colors with sacred subjects and figures of saints under canopies. Along the
straight side are six figures of bishops, a king and queen, and the rest of the surface is
entirely covered with a radiating design, the central subjects being the Coronation and
Assumption of the Virgin, the Nativity, the Annunciation, and the Virgin and Child,
and on either side of the outer edge figures of the following saints: John the Evan-
gelist, Edward the Confessor, Laurence, Mary Magdalen, Ethelbert, Dunstan, Mar-
garet, Catherine, Thomas of Canterbury, Clave, Stephen, Helen, Dionysius, Edmund
the King, John the Baptist, and a bishop without name. The inner circle is com-
posed of eight figures of apostles: Saints Paul, Simon, Philip, James, Andrew.
Thomas, Bartholomew, and Peter. The names are inscribed upon scrolls in Lom-
bardic capitals. In the spandrels are placed bird's, executed in brilliant colors. It
will be seen that certain of the saints are especially English, and thus help to con-
firm the cardinal's description of his own cope, as well as the internal evidence of the
design and method of work, both of which point to the conclusion that the cope is
of English work. In addition to this, however, I am able to add by the kind offices
of Senor Canovas del Castillo, through Don G. J. de Osma, the following extract
from the will of the original owner.: ‘Item lego eidem ecclesiae Conchensi caput
argenteum cum reliquiis beati Blasii ponderis quadraginti octo marchorum. Item
pluviale meum pretiosum de opere anglicaho. Volo tamen quod dicti decanus et
capitulum nunquam possint ilia alienare, vendere, seu impignorare, etc.'" *

The Cathedral of Mondohedo sent the sandals of Don Pelayo II, of Cedeira (1199-
1218). The shoes or sandals reach to the ankles, made of stuff originally purple,
with bands of gold thread across the instep and down the middle of the foot to the
toe. The soles are nearly 2 inches thick, somewhat like a Chinese shoe, and the
edges are ornamented with stiff interlacing floral scrolls of the style usually found
in works of art at this period.	x

In reference to the large, display of church plate, Mr. Read says:

“There can be no doubt that so rich a collection of material for the study of
Spanish gold and silversmiths’ work has never been before brought together. A great
proportion of the objects exhibited is naturally of the lain sixteenth and early sev-
enteenth centuries, but many fine pieces of earlier and more interesting periods are
to be found.. The silver chalice and paten of late thirteenth or early fourteenth
century from Toledo Cathedral are remarkable among these, both for the beauty of
the work and for the unusually large size of both objects. The chalice is more than
afoot in diameter at the base and 17 inches in height, while the paten is 16 inches

* Genesius de Sepulveda. Opera, Madrid, 1780.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

97

in diameter. The latter is sank in the center, the depression having twelve foli-
ations around the edge, and within it is engraved the crucifixion with the Virgin and
St. John, the whole inclosed within a stiff floral border. The chalice has a plain
howl, widening rapidly upward (and in this it differs conspicuously from Spanish
chalices of later date), the knob is ornamented with the evangelistic symbols in
repousse, and the stem is quite plain except for two bands of quarterfoil tracery.
The base is in design much like that of the Dolgelly chalice, viz, it has three con-
centric bands of flat lobes or scallops in slight relief, upon which are engraved
figures of angels, and the edge is molded in twelve foliations supported upon a
slight. tracery of quarterfoils, and in each foliation is a figure of an apostle. This
chalice is as early in date as any in the exhibition, and its large size renders it the
most remarkable. It is stated in the catalogue that it was probably used on Holy
Thursday, when two hosts are consecrated, one being reserved till Good Friday,
when it is consumed by the priest. This second host is usually kept in a chalice of
large size and ancient work.

“Another chalice and paten of much the same date is sent from the Cathedral of
Santiago, and possesses additional interest from the decoration of the knop being in
niello. The paten is of similar design to that from Toledo, but the central subject
represents Our Lord seated within an engraved quaterfoil, the engraved design
being all within a depression of eight foliations. The bowl of the chalice is again
of the shallow form, and the stem is slender and somewhat longer than is found in
English and other northern chalices. The knop has circular medallions with
nielloed scrolls, but without any sacred emblems. The base is plain, with the excep-
tion of a narrow engraved border of stiff scroll work, and on one side is engraved*
a group of the Virgin and Child seated, with a female figure kneeling in adoration
at the side. The presence of this group is the only instance in the exhibition of
the practice so common in English chalices, of placing a cross or other sacred sym-
bol upon the side of the chalice to be held next the priest during the celebration of
mass. The catalogue attributes this chalice and paten to the twelfth century, but,
it should, I think, be placed somewhat later, i. e., in the early thirteenth century.

“Of later chalices there are a great number, dating from the early sixteenth cen-
tury to the middle of the seventeenth, a period which would include by far the*
greatest proportion of all the church plate exhibited. It will be sufficient to notice
three of the sixteenth century as being fine examples of their kind, and at the same
time characteristic of the style peculiar to the period.	1

“The first, from the Cathedral of Seville (No. 49), is remarkable in having a cover
which fits closely into the bowl and hcs a central socket, into which the foot of some
object has been placed, perhaps a short cross. The bowl is deep and has round the
base outside a row of pear-shaped settings containing knot-work medallions of cloi-
sonne enamel, the patterns being an inheritance from the Moorish artists,, and their
prototypes are seen in perfection upon the sword of Boabdil, belonging to the
Marques de Viane. The stem, knop, and foot are Gothic in design, the tracery
being fairly pure in style; but the foot is ornamented with embossed designs of the
rich, floriated style, common in Spanish and Portugese objects of the Renaissance.
This mixture of Gothic and Renaissance motives is, in fact, the remarkable charac-
teristic of the church plate of the peninsula in the sixteenth century, and the exhi-
bition furnishes numberless examples of it. This chalice has upon the foot the arms
of an archbishop in enamel.

“Thesecond chalice, of about the same date, from the Cathedral of. Valencia (No.
50) is of a somewhat different design, and in many details recalls the drawings of
cups by Holbein, though here again the border at the foot is of Gothic tracery. But
for an unfortunate heaviness of the base this vessel would be of very graceful design.
It is singularly secular in its details, which are chiefly composed of festoons of
flowers, and fruit, and cherubs, and upon the knop tiny cupids riding dolphins. Tlie
only indications of its sacred character, apart from its shape, are six circular medal-
H. Mis. 184, pt. 2---------------7REPORT OF NATIONAL . MUSEUM, 1893,

98

lions let into the foot, which are engraved with the Crucifixion and other designs of
the same character. These have once been enameled, but the enamel has now
entirely disappeared, owing to the vessel having been passed through the fire to
freshen the metal, a practice which seems to have been common in Spain, as a large
proportion of the enameled details on church ornaments of all kinds are now bare
metal, owing to this somewhat barbarous practice. The third chalice, from the
church of Osuna,. has, perhaps, a more peculiar feature than either of the others, in
having the bowl and knop surrounded with small bells, ten on the former and six on
the latter. It is usually rich in detail, with the customary mixture of Gothic ele-
ments with florid Renaissance foliage. The knop is composed of rich canopy work
beneath, or rather inside, which are seated figures of apostles, and upon the foot are
highly-embossed scenes from the Passion. The inscription on the paten is a curious
instance of the misspelling of Latin, pax clomini sit senpir bobiscnm.

“ Among the paxes are several deserving of mention. The Cathedral of Valencia
sends the most beautiful of these. It is of fine gold, elaborately chased and enam-
eled in brilliant colors. The front is in the form of a chair, in which is seated the
infant Saviour, the whole of the figure being enameled ; the back of the chair is cov-
ered with elaborate scroll work of beautiful design and filled with enamel; the lower
part of the chair beneath the seat is hollow, and has two small doors which open
and display a group modeled in the round, and representing the Nativity. The ped-
iment above the back of the chair is edged with two elegant scrolls in openwork,
and at the base of the pediment on each side is a figure of a warrior standing. The
back is minutely engraved and enameled with sacred subjects, the Adoration of the
Magi, Christ among the Doctors, etc. This specimen is by far the most remarkable
of all the paxes exhibited, and its attribution to the hand of Cellini is much more
reasonable than is generally the case with works assigned to the artist. A certain
delicacy and refinement in the designs points rather to Italy than to Spain as the
country of its origin, though whether it is really by Cellini is a far more difficult
point to decide. This appears in the will (A. D. 1566) of Don Martin de Ayala, arch-
bishop of Valencia, who bequeathed it to the cathedral.

“A pax of perhaps greater interest, and of nearly equal beauty, is that from the
Cathedral of Ciudad Real. The interesting feature about this specimen is that it
has for its central subject a carving in black stone of Byzantine period, represent-
ing the Descent into Hell, with the legend above, H. Anactacic, i. e., Resurrection,
and...behind the figure of Our Lord stand the emperor and empress, crowned and
with halos round their heads. The frame is in the best style of the Spanish Renais-
sance, of silver gilt and enameled, and it. bears the date 1565. On either side are
square projecting stages supported on well-designed caryatid figures, and contain-
ing four figures of saints, and at the top is a frieze in relief representing a combat
between horsemen and men on foot; the pediment represents the Assumption of the
Virgin, with figures of Virtues at the sides, and the apex is surmounted by an
enameled figure of Our Lord holding the orb. The back, though by no means so
richly decorated as the front, is of great beauty. The handle is formed o'f a female
caryatid figure with wings, surmounted by Cross of Santiago, and toward the bot-
tom the terminal base of the figure divides into two serpent scrolls, which curve
toward the edges of the pax. For beauty of line this charming figure compares
favorably with any work of the period, and it would be difficult to speak in terms
-too high of the masterly character of the design.

“Another pax possessing unusual features is that from the Cathedral of Parazona.
The central portion, if not the whole pax, is certainly of north Italian work. It is
of silver gilt, and has in relief the subject of the Flagellation, a group of well-mod-
eled figures of late fifteenth century style. The peculiarity of the work is that the
flat background is painted in enamel with a mountainous landscape, in the style
common in north Italy at this period, and of which there are several good examples
in the British Museum collection. The inscription at the bottom of the central sub-REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

99

ject, ‘Borgia Car. Mon. Regal/ would seem to indicate that it was the property of
Cardinal Borgia, archbishop of Monreale, in Sicily, who died in 1503. The frame is
of uncommon design, and may.be of the same work as the center, but it is possible
that it was added in Spain. Two pilasters which form the sides are somewhat poor
in execution, and the cresting ronnd the curved top of the pax is curiously classical
in feeling, and consists of groups of two winged lion monsters, looped together at
the neck and tails, the junctions of the latter being surmounted by palinettes. There
is a certain clumsiness about the design which is scarcely Italian.

“The only other pax worthy of special note is that from the Cathedral of Madrid-
Alcala, an excellent example of Spanish Gothic metal ayork of the late fifteenth or.
early sixteenth century, without any trace of later style. The subject is the
Descent from the Cross, modeled in high relief and enameled; this is surmounted by
an elaborate canopy filled with rich tracery, and on each side are pinnacles with
buttressed bases, surrounded with figures of saints. The back is good.in design, the
handle being a plain semicircle pierced to represent a dragon, Avhile the edges, are
bordered with bold tracery in relief. The work of the whole is excellent, and little
is wanting to make it a beautiful object, but a certain squatness and want of ele-
gance of form in the design suffice to make it iall short of true beauty.

“One of the best specimens of Spanish Gothic, and a remarkable object for its great
size, is the monstrance from the Cathedral of Jativa, which, without the modern
silver base upon which it is now placed, stands 5 feet high. The occasion of its
construction Avas in itself notable. Pope Alexander VI was a native of Jativa, and
had this gigantic monstrance made for the Cathedral from the first consignment of
silver received from America. The shape is very graceful and consists of a stem
rising from a many-sided base and supporting a shaped oblong platform, the edges
of which are bordered by a light arcade. Upon this platform rest four pillars which
sustain the roof, and from this rise three slender toAvers pierced with tracery, with
rich canopy work at their bases. The actual monstrance, or receptacle for the Host,
is a circular disk of a size proportionate to the lest, with an elaborate opemvork
border of what in England would be called late Tudor style, and it is held up by
two angels kneeling on opposite sides. The effect of this beautiful object is much
destroyed by the whole having been regilt, and by the enamels in the foot haAring
been renewed; but in spite of this drawback it remains one of the most beautiful,
and it is the most conspicuous, objects of ecclesiastical art in the exhibition.

“The processional crosses, of Avhick a very large number are shown, form a
very interesting and instructive series, possessing many features differing from
similar objects in other countries. The Marques de Cubas exhibits a good col-
lection,, which is supposed to represent all the types from the eleventh century to
the seventeenth. Whether the series begins so early is perhaps doubtful, but some
of the examples may well be of the twelfth, or more probably, thirteenth century.
These earlier crosses are flat plates of copper, gilt, and decorated with champleve
enamels in the style of Limoges, but neither so well drawn nor so perfect in execu-
tion as the French examples, though it is by no means improbable that the Spanish
enamel of this kind is an imitation of that of Limoges. The most noticeable pecul-
iarity in design in the Spanish crosses of this period is the presence of four oval
plates upon the four limbs of the cross, projecting beyond the edges of the limbs,
and in each plate is a subject in enamel, but those upon the horizontal arms seem
always to bo the Penitent and Impenitent Thieves. The form of the cross remains
practically the same up to the sixteenth century, and the four oval plates-are fre-
quently found at that date, though these two are then no longer reserved for the
two thieves, but are sometimes devoted to figures of saints, the Evangelists, etc.

“A very large cross from the Diocese of Vich merits special notice. It is of silver, -
nearly 5 feet in total height, the surface quite plain, except for a circular disk upon
each arm, in the center of Avliich is a sixfoil Avith a subject in translucent ennmel;
This cross differs so much from all the others that it might be thought to be of for-100

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

eign make, but' the probability is that it was made in Catalonia, and perhaps near
Vich itself, where the influence of French designs would he more feltthan in. the more
southern parts of Spain. It is attributed, and, I think, rightly, to the fifteenth cen-
tury.

The Spanish crosses of the sixteenth and late fifteenth centuries have a character
fully as peculiar and national as those of earlier date. Those of the sixteenth cen-
tury are characterizedfliy a richness of detail that makes them look at a little distance
like filigree work, hut a closer examination shows that this rich effect is produced
by a multiplicity of canopies, edgings, and pendants, symmetrically designed in a
semi-Gothic style. The richest, and at the same time the best, in general design, of
this kind is that from the Cathedral of Osuna (Seville), though many others, from
Salamanca, Astorga, and-other cathedrals are very good. Nearly all, however, have
suffered, and their enameled details are destroyed by having been passed through
the fire to render them bright.”

Another class of objects are the caskets used as reliquaries. Some of them are of
pure Moorish work, with Saracenic designs and inscriptions. Mr. Read describes
the earliest and most important of these, a large casket of carved ivory with mounts
of champlev6 enamel, from the Provincial council of Valencia.

“The whole surface is carved in relief with scrolls of conventional leaves of the
style common in the ornamentation of the Alhambra, the stems being interlaced.
On the sides are hunting scenes; on the body of the casket are broad borders formed
of pairs of birds and deer, alternating, each pair facing, and above them a series of
triple arches. The cover is in the same style, but that the borders are much simpler,
and in one panel a piece from another casket has been inserted. The enameled
mounts are an interesting feature and form an important landmark in the history
of enameling in Spain. The patterns of these are the simplest geometrical designs,
and the colors blue and white; but there is every appearance of these being the
original mounts, and if this be the case they must be of the middle of the eleventh
century; for the great historical value of this object consists in its bearing the
date of its manufacture, A. H. 441 (A. D. 1049-50), the name, of its maker, Abd-er
Rahman ibn Zeyyan, who made it at Cuenca for Hosam-ud-Daulat Abu Mohammad.

“Another casket, of nearly equal importance, comes from the Cathedral of Gerona,
where it is usually placed upon the High Altar. This, though equally of Arab work,
is very different in style as well as material. It is entirely covered with plates of
silver gilt, embossed with open scrolls inclosing symmetrical flowers, the details of
which are inlaid with niello. Around the edge of the lid, as in the previous exam-
ple, is a Cufic inscription stating that it was made in Cordova by the order of
Al-Hakam II, the Caliph of Spain, more celebrated for his studious habits than for
warlike achievements, who died in A. D. 976. The inscription states that Al-Hakam
ordered it for his son, and gives the name of the maker (Riano, p. 12). But for this
inscription the style of the ornament would probably have led to the casket being
assigned to a later date.

“These two caskets are ^without any mixture of Western motives in their decora-
tion, and are of special interest in the history of art industries from the precision of
their date and country of manufacture.

“Among the altar caskets one of the most beautiful is a cylindrical ivory box
from the Cathedral of Saragossa. It is of Oriental work, the sides pierced with
delicate tracery, and with bands of Arabic, inscription in relief round the edge.
These boxes, though by no means common, are well known, and two in the British
Museum have always been thought to be of Persian origin, and it is possible that
the example now in question may be also of Persian work. It has, however, an
enrichment of bands of delicate filigree work, passing over and around it,' which
are certainly Moorish and of the late fifteenth century. This is decided by their
similarity in style and work to the mounts of the sword of Boabdil belonging to
the Marques de Wane. In both specimens there are Arabic inscriptions, outlinedREPORT OP ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

101

in thin wire, running over the surface, a peculiar method that seems to have been
employed only by the Moors, and about this period. At the Cathedral of Saragossa
this is used to contain a cylindrical pyx, which is also exhibited. The pyx is
quite plain, of silver gilt, and upon the flat cover is engraved and enameled a coat
of arms surrounded by an inscription.

“A painted ivory casket, of the style usually called in England Sicilian, is shown
by the Royal Academy of History. This bears upon it, many times repeated, the
arms of Aragon-Sicily, and is said to have belonged to the King Don Martin, of Ara-
gon, who died A. D. 1410. The ornamental scrolls between the shields are of unusual
beauty and freedom, and a band of carved Cufic letters of an ornate character gives
it an oriental aspect, which is but faintly seen in the other designs. Though the
painting is not in the best state of preservation, this box is a charming specimeti of
the Moorish art of Sicily.

“The mudejar style, that is, the combination of Moorish or Saracenic and Chris-
tian art, is perhaps even better shown in a pair of wooden doors with gilt bronze
fittings from the Cathedral of Seville. The paneling of these might be from a
Cairene mosque, so purely Saracenic are their design, while their borders are com-
posed of Biblical texts in well-carved biack letter, and the bronze fittings are in
accord wTith the ornament. The purity of the two styles is the lem ark able feature
of these doors, each keeping unmixed its own peculiar characteristics, and yet
remaining in perfect harmony.

“The very early and interesting ‘ Arquilla de los Reyes,’ the reliquary of King
Alfonso III (el Magno), and his Queen, Xirnena, * should properly have been mentioned
earlier, but that its style and work are quite foreign to the Moorish taste. Alfonso
the Great reigned as King of the Asturias and Leon from 866 to 910 A. D., and the
shrine is therefore interesting as an authentic monument of a period of which few
remains exist, though it can scarcely be said to have high claims as a work of art.
It is of the usual oblong form with pyramidal lid and nearly covered with silver
plates embossed and otherwise ornamented. Upon the lid is the inscription ‘Alde-
fonsvs Rex Scemena Regina,1, with a figure of the Agnus Dei between the two names.
Upon the sloping sides are embossed the symbols of the Evangelists, Lucas and Iohann
being upon the front slope (the eagle very like a dove),-and the angel of St. Matthew
on the left, with the word Angelvs in place of the name of the Evangelist. On the slope
at the back is a cartouche or frame of the last century, with the names of the Saints
Diodorus and Deodatus, whose relics were doubtless contained in the shrine. The
front is in two stages, each consisting of six round-headed arches formed of cloisons,
some of which still contain the triangular or pear-shaped slabs of glass and stone,
with which originally all were embellished. Within the arches are, upon the upper
ranges, embossed trees or plants more or less symmetrical, and in the lower, figures
of angels facing the middle, three in direction. The execution is throughout of the
rudest character, the figures of the angels being reduced to the most elemental rep-
resentations of the human figure and their wings more like leaves than any feathered
limb. The presence of the cloisonne work, as a survival of Visigothic methods,
gives the object a peculiar interest, though it should at the same time be pointed
out that it is not cloisonn6 enamel. There can be no doubt that the stones or glass
were cut and placed in position without the application of heat, and do not there-
fore constitute enamel.”

The description of other interesting altar ornaments is found in Mr. Read’s paper:

“The Cathedral of Astorga sends a very beautiful globular vessel of rock crystal,
engraved in the East with elegant scrolls in relief. This is attributed, and probably
with justice, to the eleventh century; its beauty is, however, much lessened by a
seventeenth century gilt mount, which has transformed it into a tall 2-handled

* This would serve equally well for Alfonzo IY, whose Queen also bore the name
of Xirnena. This King abdicated in 927, and his Queen died in the previous year.102

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

vase. An equally beautiful object, but by far different character, is the crystal.
Naveeilla, a crystal ship on wheels, with elaborate Gothic mounts of'silver gilt from
the Cathedral of Toledo. It is about 15 inches in length, the body of the vessel
made of rock crystal, above which is a considerable superstructure of silver gilt in
which the ribs of the ship are indicated. At the prow and stern the bulwarks are
formed of a band of elegant tracery surmounted by a cresting of leaves. The figure-
head is a wyvern in full relief, and the keel is formed of a band of boldly modeled
leaf-work. All the lines of the construction are very graceful, and the composition
is pleasing as well as unusual. It is said to have been the property of Dona Juana
laLoca, and probably became the property of the Cathedral as a votive offering.
Another ship, of which the bod}T is formed of a large turbo shell, is shown from
Saragossa, but this, though very quaint, and of perhaps a somewhat earlier date,
can not be compared for beauty with the crystal ship of Toledo.”

The painted enamels can not be better described than by the pen of Mr. head:

“ It is' somewhat surprising to find among the ecclesiastical objects from the
various cathedrals so few painted enamels that are worthy of note. A good trip-
tych belonging to the Cathedral of. Saragossa would seem to be from the hand of
Nardon Penicaud or of his school. The central subject is of the Adoration of the
Magi, painted in the usual manner, the faces somewhat round, and here and there
the small raised jewels or rosettes backed with foil. The Conde de Valencia has
also a triptych by the same artist, who seems to have been popular in Spain, to judge
by the comparative frequency of his works. Three other enamels in the collection
shown by the Conde de Valencia de Don Juan are, however, of far greater interest
and beauty. The first of these is of North Italian work of the fifteenth century, a
circular pectorial medallion, Avith a hinged , front displaying both inside and out
scenes from the Passion painted in the exquisite style characteristic of this period
and country, and of Avhich we have a feAAr good examples in the British Museum.
The back of this charming pendant is formed of a plate of pearl shell engraved with
the Crucifixion, and every part seems in perfect preservation. The two other
enamels are of Limoges, the more important being a brilliant triptych, unsigned,
but doubtless by Leonard Limousin, the second an equally brilliant but small plaque
painted by Pierre Reymond in 1537, with the Good Shepherd giving crooks to the
shepherds, and the exhortation to the shepherds is inscribed in two panels at the
top. The triptych represents -the Last Supper, and has the arms of Lorraine beneath
quarterly and an inescutcheon of pretence of Lorraine, while on the wings are the
arms of Lorraine (on a bend three alerions) and those of France, as well as a motto,
which would point to the piece having been made for a personage of distinction.
The Conde de Valencia also exhibits a large and interesting series of the small
champleve enamel plaques from horse trappings, most of which have devices of an
armorial character, both Moorish and Christian. These little ornaments were used
in all European countries in mediaewal times, and a large number, such as are to be
found here, could scarcely fail to produce some interesting results, if time were given
to their study •

“The absence of any large number of Limoges or Italian enamels is not so surpris-
ing as the entire Avant of Flemish plate of the period of Charles V or earlier. There
are no doubt some pieces which, on examination, Avould prove to be of Flemish
manufacture, but there is certainly nothing like a display of such objects, and it
seems scarcely credible that great quantities of church plate and objects of domestic
use were not brought from Flanders, a country where art of this kind had attained
. to such perfection.”

Mr. Read also describes two famous historical Arab standards, which I will give
in his words:

“The Monastery of Las Huelgas at Burgos has sent one of its greatest treasures
in the standard of the Almohade Sultan, captured by Alfonso VIII at the famous
battle of Las NaA^as in 1212, a wonderful specimen of Arab silk weaAung, still pre-REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

103

serving in many parts the original colors. Though much restored it still possesses
the most important of its original features. It is covered with verses of the Koran,
the Mohammedan formula and other Arabic inscriptions. This precious relic is tra-
ditionally stated to have been given by the victorious King to the monastery which
still possesses it, and it is only used in the procession of Corpus Christi. Sehor RianO
thinks it probable that ‘Alfonso VIII' should be ‘Alfonso XI' (1312-1350), as he con-
siders the banner to be of the fourteenth century work. An appropriate pendant to
this comes from the Cathedral of Burgos, the standard of Alfonso VIII carried at the
same battle, or, to speak more accurately, all that now remains of it, representing
the Crucifixion, the Virgin, and St. John.

“An Arab standard, of similar work to the first belongs the Cathedral of Toledo.
This is the Bandera del Salado, made in Fez in the year 1312 A, D. The central
design is very original, and the combinations of colors singularly beautiful. It is
formed of sixteen crescents of gold, arranged in four lines, each having within it, in
white on a green ground, the Mohammedan formula repeated eight times,, each cres-
cent containing one-half of the fornula; and around is a broad border formed by
chapters of the Koran, written in intertwined Cufic letters. The effect of the alter-
nating tints of gold, green, red, and white, which appear to be little affected by time,
is very rich and harmonious."

The rich armor was very striking. Among the collection was noted a complete
Gothic armor of the fifteenth century. Another suit of the same century had a
helmet with a human mask. The jousting harnesses of Charles V and Philip II,
elaborately chiseled and plated with gold, were displayed on manikins of horse and
rider. There were also a number of figures showing the equipment of the foot sol-
diers of the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. On the walls were helmets, tro-
phies of swords, daggers, arbalests, coats of mail, helmets, etc., displaying a remark-
able richness in form and ornamentations.

Sehor Don Jose Estrech, of Barcelona, sent a fine series intended to .show the his-
tory of arms and armor from the eighth century down to the present time.

Among other pistols, muskets, and firearms, chiseled, incrusted, and damaskeened,
was the pistol of Charles V, made by the famous Peter Pech.

The sword of Pizarro and of Cortes, with weapons and armor stated to be those of
tbe conquerors of Peru, formed an interesting group.

Several swords of Boabdil, the last Moorish King of Granada, shown are of remark-
able artistic value as well as of romantic interest. They are thus described by Mr.
C. H. Read:

“One of them has been already mentioned as coming from the Royal Armoury
but it is plain in make, and its principal interest is its history. It is far otherwise
with the beautiful swords belonging to the Marques de Vianeand the Marques Cam-
potejar, and another sword belonging to the Archaeological Museum of Madrid,
though somewhat older, belongs to the same class. This last is made entirely of
metal, the hilt and guard being of bronze with gilt details, the blade of steel, the
total length 40 inches. Thejjommel is globular, flattened on the two faces, on each
of which is a circular medallion engraved with ornamental Cufic characters; the
grip is fusiform, engraved with circles joined together by a single twist, and con-
-taining also Cufic letters. The guard is of the peculiar form characteristic of the
Moorish swords of the late fifteenth century, viz, rounded shoulders ending on
either side of the blade in a narrow limb running parallel with it, the outer edge of
the limb curving inward to the end, where it suddenly turns outward in a hook,
the hollow formed by this curving of the limb being filled up in this case with a
plate of metal pierced with circular holes. The faces of the guard are quite fiat,
and engraved with conjoined circles, like those on the grip, the spaces between
them being filled with engraved floral designs. The bands forming the circles are
in all cases gilt. The blade is straight and two-edged and has upon one face the
stamp of the armorer, a circle containing badly written characters which have104	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

not yet been read, but they are conjectured to be Hebrew, from the fact of the Jews
in Spain devoting themselves to the manufacture of arms. This sword came from
the Church of San Marcelo, the warrior saint, at Leon, and was there long con-
nected with him; It is believed that it may have been a gift by the King Ferdi-
nand the Catholic on the translation of the body of the martyr from Africa. The
Boabdil sword of the Marques Campotejar is of the same general type, but is infi-
nitely more sumptuous in execution, and, in addition, it retains its scabbard .com-
plete. The mounts, both of the sword and scabbard, are of silver gilt, embossed and
richly chased with formal floral designs of the same style as those of the ivory
casket of the Cathedral of Palencia {supra, p. 24), though, of course, the sword is of
a much later date. The mounts are further enriched with bands and medallions of
translucent cloisonne enamel, a feature which this sword has in common with that
of the Marques de Viane. An interesting, and to some extent peculiar, circum-
stance connected with this sword is that, notwithstanding the pure Moorish char-
acter of its ornament, yet it would seem to have been the work of a Christian artif-
icer, working for the Moors at Granada. The bonds of amity which existed
between Boabdil and Ferdinand, for some years before the final stand made by the
Moors for the possession of Granada, would account for the presence in the Court
of Boabdil of Christian workmen, who doubtless succeeded in serving two masters
in different capacities. Upon the plain backs of one of the . two tabs to which the
sword belt was attached is stamped, in characters of the period, the name Ivan
Abad, with the pomegranate of Granada, as well as another stamp not easy to inter-
pret. This Christian stamp illustrates a remark of Sen or Riano (in his introduction
to the Catalogue of Spanish Works of Art in the South Kensington Museum): 'The
continued contact of the Christian and Mohammedan races, notwithstanding the bar
barism of the time and the difference of creed, did not oblige them to live perpetu-
ally as enemies. This contact could not fail to influence works of art and industry,
and for this reason many archaeological objects of the Spanish Middle Ages possess
a peculiar character/

"The third sword of this type and, like the last, once the property of Boabdil, is
that belongingto the Marques de Yiane, who exhibits alsp the velvet jacket, another
sword, and a dagger, stated to have been taken from the Moorish King at his defeat
(in 1492) and given by Ferdinand the Catholic to one of the ancestors of the present
owner. One of these is the most perfect example in the exhibition of the refine-
ment and richness of effect of which Arab art is capable. It combines the highest
efforts of the enameler, the carver, and the goldsmith, and doubtless the blade is of
corresponding quality, and in every part it is well preserved. The actual grip is
of ivory, the rest of the hilt is of gold, entirely covered with granular work and
filigree, in which are set at intervals eight pointed and cruciform panels of translu-
cent cloisonne enamel. The ivory grip is deeply carved with geometrical designs
forming panels of various shapes, filled with Arabic inscriptions alluding to the
weapon, and ornamental leaves and other devices, and where the ivory joins the
metal are two broad bands of cloisonn6 enamel (the cloisons being here, as upon
other parts,of the mounting, of gold) composed of scroll work of the greatest beauty,
interrupted by shaped panels containing Arabic inscriptions, among which might
be expected the name of the artist, but this nowhere appears. The pommel is
spherical, but at the upper end is prolonged as a straight point, and is entirely
.covered with the granular work and enameled panels mentioned above. This
granular goldsmith’s work is of the same style as that of the bands of the Persian
•casket from the Cathedral of Saragossa and might in fact be the work of the same
.artist. The ground is filled with minute pellets of gold, through which run lines
-of Arabic inscriptions, outlined in flat gold wire, thus leaving the interior of each
letter empty. The enameled crosses upon the pommel are changed into a different
form by the exigencies of the shape of the x>ommel, the artist finding it necessary
to reduce the four limbs of the cross to three, and the corresponding outlines of theREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

105

eight pointed panels Are ingeniously altered and adapted to the same end. The sur-
face of The guard is ornamented with similar work, and it is only necessary to men-
tion that thetv o ends running parallel with the blade terminate in the heads of
monsters, from each of which springs an elegant openwork border of spiral scrolls,
enameled in white and other colors. The blade is straight, and has the stamp of
the armorer upon one side. The sheath is of red leather, though very little of this
foundation is visible, as one-half of its length is hidden by mounts matching those
of the sword itself, and these fit into each other so closely that when the sword is
in the scabbard it is impossible to distinguish where the guard ends and the scab-
bard mounts begin. This sword is described, and the inscriptions are given, by
Sefior Riano, p. 84.

“The enameled details Upon this sword are of peculiar interest, not only for
their intrinsic merits, which are very great, but also as serving.to decide the origin
of the beautiful stirrups in the Forman collection. These stirrups were exhibited
before the Society of Antiquities of London, and are described in their proceedings
(Vol. xiv, 169). It is sufficient here to say that they are of . Moorish form, of iron,
plated with silver, which is engraved with Oriental designs, while upon the sides
are semicircular plates of silver with nielloed designs somewhat in the style of
the arabesques of Aldegrever. Around these are borders of clo isonne enamel on gold,
in style and execution so like the sword just described that there can be little ques-
tion as to their common origin, though it is probable that the sword is earli^ in
date by perhaps a quarter of a century. The niello plates of the stirrups also
could very well be of a Spanish make, as the use of the niello is not uncommon, both
in Moorish and Christian work of medieval and later times. An example of this is
near at hand, in the second sword shown by the Marques de Yiane. This is more a
weapon for use than for parade, and is a simple form, by no means beautiful, though
the details are planned and carried out with the greatest skill. Like the other, it
has a straight blade, apparently also of Christian make, or at least not Moorish,* the
handle is entirely of ivory; the grip cylindrical, with a thicker cylinder above and
below, and forming the pommel, being slightly curved inward at the sides. The
whole handle is engraved with beautiful scroll work, brought into relief by an
inlay of black substance, probably akin to niello, and upon the sides of the pommel
is the shield of arms of the kings of Granada, as seen upon the azulejos of the
Alhambra. The scabbard is in keeping with the modesty of the sword, being a
plain leather sheath, tooled like a bookbinding with a scale pattern, and having a
silver mount and chape, the former engraved and nielloed with Arabic inscriptions
and the shield of Granada, and the chape engraved in a similar manner. The con-
trast between this simple and useful weapon and the gorgeous blade shown beside
it is most remarkable and instructive, and the fortunate owners of them both may
be congratulated on the possession of hereditary treasures of a kind and quality but
seldom seen.

“ There now remains to notice the collections of pottery, which are confined almost
entirely to the lustered, wares so well known and so highly appreciated all over the
world for their decorative qualities. Before describing these, however, it is desirable
to allude to an altogether unexpected, though by no means unimportant, exhibit of
mosque lamps of pottery and glass sent by the Imperial Ottoman Museum at Con-
stantinople. 01 the pottery lamps the most curious, though the least ornamental,.is
one with two rows of handles, covered with oil gilding, and decorated only with two
narrow bands of inscription in blue, the rest of the surface being plain white ,* prob-
ably a product of the potteries either at Cairo or Damascus. Far more beautiful,
and of unusually large size, are two richly-colored lamps of Rhodian ware, with
bosses round the lower part filled with elegant arabesque designs, the rest of the
surface covered with inscriptions and ornament. The red and turquoise colors are
of unusual brilliancy, and the execution of the ornament, as well as the outlines of
the lamps themselves, leave nothing to be desired. Four small lamps, painted entirely106

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

in palo blue, though neither so unusual nor so immediately attractive, are fine speci-
mens of their kind. Their principal decoration consists of hands of ornamental
Cufic, the spaces between being filled with delicately penciled devices that recall
the illuminated Persian manuscripts of the fifteenth century. The glass lamps seem
to be of Venetian manufacture, and probably of - the fifteenth or early sixteenth cen-
tury. They are all of lace glass of various patterns, somewhat coarse in make, and
they preserve the usual form of the mosque lamp. In addition to these there are
two trumpet-shaped lamps of the same kind of glass, which have been used either
as the oil receptacle of a pottery lamp or perhaps independently, as they would be
too large for any but the largest size of lamp. Some of these Venetian lamps have
been thought by their Mussulman owners to beffoo simple in style, and accordingly
they have been painted with flowing scrolls in gold, which gives them rather a tawdry
appearance.

“ Of Spanish wares the only collections of any note are those of the Conde de
Valencia de Don Juan, Seuor Don Guillermo de Osma, and of the Archaeological
Museum of Madrid. Unfortunately the latter collection must be dismissed with but
little notice, for the objects were arranged in panels upon the walls of the room,
reaching t.o the ceiling, and it was therefore barely possible to see them, and quite
out of the question to examine any of them closely. One of the plates is said to
have an Arabic word upon it, a most unusual thing, but as it was at least 12
feet from the floor it was not possible to verify this statement, which has already
been doubted. Among the objects nearer at hand was, however, one of the famous
Alhambra vases, a fine specimen standing more than 4 feet high, but unfortunately
wanting one of its handles. It is decorated in yellow or pale blue, with a profusion
of arabesque designs and inscriptions, one of the latter referring to its use as a
water jar. This vase came from the parish church of Hernos (Jaen), where it was
used as a holy-water vessel. A similar story is told of an equally fine vase, now in
the museum at Palermo. Another jar of Toledan make is interesting as bearing the
name of the maker. It is an oviform vessel of common clay, nea.rly 3 feet in height,
unglazed, and with two projecting ears or handles on the shoulders. The ornament
consists of impressions from oblong stamps, with animals, monsters, etc. Near the
neck are impressed three stamps inscribed in black letter en toled me feci dj perez.
This dates probably from the sixteenth century.

“The collections of the Conde de Valencia and Senor de Osma areshown together,
and comprise .. a superb series of the lustered wares of the various Spanish factories,
a number of tiles, interesting for their devices as well as for the technical processes
of their manufacture, and a large and unique series of a curious ware believed to
have been made in Andalusia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but of which
the history is at present somewhat uncertain. Among the lustered wares the most
remarkable pieces are two. dishes painted in blue and luster, with figures in fantastic
costumes of the fifteenth century, one of the dishes representing a fishing scene, car-
ried around the dish in a quaint fashion. Two covered bowls are also worthy of
remark, both from their rarity and the originality of their design, the covers being of
the same shape as the bowls, but somewhat larger in the mouth, and when placed
together the form is that of a barrel with narrow ends. Many other pieces of this
beautiful series deserve mention, if space permitted. The Andalusian ware, how-
ever, is less known, and therefore deserves more particular notice. Though it can
scarcely be said to possess so great a charm as the lustered wares, yet it has an origi-
nality and vigor which is rarely found in any but the earliest productions of Valen-
cia and Malaga. It recalls in appearance the Italian sgraffiato wares, though the
process of manufacture is of quite a different character. The method employed is,
however, not quite clear, but seems to have been to draw the outlines of the design
in some substance which was thrown off in the furnace, leaving little or no trace of
its presence, but whichr before the firing, possessed an antipathy to the colored
glaze used to fill up the design, so that these glazes could be applied close up to theREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

107

edge of the outlines without in any instance impinging upon them. In no case is
the clearness of the outline interfered with, though it'is rare to find an instance of
the glaze being otherwise than close to its edge. The glazes are thick and heavy,
probably with a base of tin, and the colors used are rich and full—amber, green,
slaty blue, yellow, and manganese. The collection' comprises five large, dishes,
twenty-four small, an oviform vase, two large panels with the arms of Castile-Leon
and Aragon-Sicily, as well as tiles. The designs of the dishes are vigorously, if
somewhat coarsely drawn, and include a head of a young man in the costume of the
late fifteenth century, a deer and other animals, heraldic lions, and motives derived
from plants and trees. Some of the tiles have inscriptions in black letter, and the
oviform vase bears the legend, Mjel rosado coad (Honey of roses). It may be of inter-
est to mention that this ware is being imitated in Spain at the present time, and a
good many examples of these imitations are to be found in the shops in Madrid;
and though the character of the work lends itself easily to imitation, there are essen-
tial differences between the old and the new.”

There were few musical instruments. Two organs of Charles V, shown for their
artistic cases; a Moorish rebeek of four strings, and af clavichord may be mentioned.
The latter is one of the most curious musical instruments belonging to the history
of music in the seventeenth century. The instrument exhibited is said to have been
made in 1625 by Fraz Raymundo Truchado. I heard several performances upon this
instrument and found the music not unpleasing.

Of music books there was a great number, the ponderous illuminated missals of
the Escorial and other cathedrals forming an attractive exhibit. A MSS. of the
thirteenth century, entitled “Himnos Religiosos,” is interesting as showing early
part music. The MSS. is preserved in the National Library. Another folio in vellum
from the Cathedral of Tuy contains the psalms of St. Augustine, with the first page
of ancient music without the pentagram (Sin pehtagrama).

There were in the exposition numerous documents, relating to the history of the
discovery of America, consisting of letters, charts, books, etc. The Papal exhibit
contained two famous charts on vellum of the Old an cl New Worlds, made in the
third decade of the sixteenth century. The better preserved map measures 85 centi-
meters. in height and 2.09 meters in width. It bears the inscription: “ Carta Vniver-
sal en que se contiene todo lo que del mundo se ha descubierto fasta agova, hizola Diego
Ribera, cosmographo de Su Majestad, aho de 1529, en Sevilla. La qual se deride en dos
partes conforme la eapitulaeion que hicieron los Catholicos Reyes de Espaha e el Rey Juan
de Portogual en Tordesillas, aho de 1494J On either side of the line showing the
division of the New World between Spain and Portugal are the b-anners of these
countries. In Peru the conquest had extended to Sierra Morena,, on whose southern
border is written in red ink the name of the last people then known,. Chincax Cibad—
that is, the city .of Chincha, founded by Almagro.

The other chart is perhaps older. It bears the famous liue of Alexander VI. It
shows the plan of the City of Mexico and the illuminated portraits of Montezuma,
Atahualpa, and Prester John, of the Indias.

The National Library exhibited 150 manuscripts comprising Greek, Persian,
Hebrew, and Arab codices, bibles, liturgical, and devotional works; works on
science, art, history, geography, literature, and the theater, autographs and codices
notable for the importance of the text, binding, ornamentation, etc.

Among the Hebrew manuscripts is an interesting Book of Esther, which the Jews
read on feast days. It is a roll of parchment 3.50 meters long and 29 centimeters
wide, dating from the beginning of the fourteenth century, written in 24 columns of
22 lines each.

Among the numerous Arabic manuscripts was the book of Alfarabi, entitled
“Music,” which explains the beginning of music, voices, tones, and instruments. It
contains drawings of instruments and figures of music. This remarkable codex of
the fourteenth century is the best of the three existing in Europe, one being in the
Ainbrosiana at Milan and the other in Leiden.108

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

The first edition of the polyglot bible of Cardinal Cisneros dated 1514-1517 and
the only copy of the first edition of Don Quijote were shown.

A few Jewish relies of interest were displayed. One of these was a precious frag-
ment of a roll of the Thorah or Hebrew Pentateuch of the fourteenth century; which
no doubt belonged to an ancient Spanish synagogue. The fragment contains the
last chapters of the Book of Leviticus and the first chapters of Numbers. Another
book from the Cathedral of Toledo, written in rabbinical characters, had (l7S hojas
de ar'bol llamado Parra van ensartadas en nna cuerda

There was an astrolabe of burnished bronze made by Philip II in the sixteenth
century, as the inscription shows.

There was a beautiful mosque lamp from the Alhambra, composed of four parts,
the upper formed by four apples in delicate openwork combining the motto of the
Al-Ahmares; the second below a kind of pyramidal chimney, each face of fine,
engraved fretwork; the third section is a large screen composed of four wings fretted
and engraved with the Al-Ahmares motto in African characters; the fourth section
is funnel-shaped, having attached eight fretwork arms. This lamp was ordered by
the Sultan Mohammed III of Granada in the year 705 of the Hegira, 1305 A. D.

From the same city is an oil holder covered with very delicate work with enamel
inscriptions in gold of the purest Grenadine handicraft. It dates from the fourteenth
century. The pieces just described belong to. the National Archaeological Museum
of Spain.

From Leon were shown two torch holders of four Tights. They are formed of a
disk of plate iron with fretted ogival ornamentation. In the center of the disk the
sockets to remove the links are grouped. These date from the fifteenth to the six-
teenth centuries.

The Escorial sent a very beautiful lamp of bronze and coral of the seventeenth
century.

Mention may be made of the unique series of royal, ecclesiastical, and municipal '
seals of wax and lead, the jewelry and miniatures and the large collection of artistic
ironwork for which Spain is so famous.

The naval and military museums made an. important chronological exhibit of their
respective subjects.

THE WOELD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

At the beginning of the fiscal year, preparations for the World’s
Eair had been in active progress for fifteen months, and many of the
exhibits h^d been completed, mounted, provided with labels, and were
being packed. Much progress had also been made in the construction
of cases, and the taxidermists had finished a number of the most
important groups of animals.

Uncertainty as to the amount of money which would ultimately be
appropriated by Congress for our exhibit, and similar uncertainty as
to the amount of space which would finally be available in the Govern-
ment building, the dimensions of which had already been much con-
tracted from those proposed in the original plan, owing to the costli-
ness of building in Chicago, made it impossible as yet to decide exactly
what would be sent. Indeed, the indefinite manner in which the
appropriations were made was a cause of great embarrassment, since
no positive plans could be made, and work, which otherwise could have
been done deliberately and at moderate expense, was delayed until the
last moment, to be finished in haste and at greater cost.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	109

After tlie adjournment of Congress in August, tlie character of the
exhibit was finally decided upon, and as soon as the Government build-
ing had been completed and the space allotted, the plans for installa-
tion were.made. It was not until December, however, that the build-
ing was so far completed that the space could be studied with reference
to the final arrangement of the collections.

The work of shipping .began in February, and continued until late
in April, when the last cars were loaded. Twenty-five carloads in all
were sent, among the last being the collections returned from the exhibi-
tion at Madrid. The total number of boxes was 1,305, aggregating 145
tons, or more than fj quarter of a million fiounds.

The amount of space finally occupied by the Institution was 21,250
square feet, of which 5,875 feet were set apart for main isles or thor-
oughfares. This was much less than had originally been planned for,
and necessitated the omission of many objects and the too great crowd-
ing of others. The work of installation was begun in March, at which
time Mr. Earll, the special agent in charge of the exhibit, went to
Chicago to remain through the Exposition. Sixteen expert mechanics
and preparators went from the' Museum in March, and about twenty
additional mechanics and laborers were constantly employed in Chicago
from that time until the installation was completed. Early in April a
number of the curators went on to superintend the arrangement of
their respective exhibits.

Notwithstanding the delays of the railroads, many of our cars having
been three weeks on the way, the exceedingly inclement weather, which
caused much sickness in the force, and the unfinished state of the
building, and the showers of rain and snow which found their way
through the roof upon the specimens as they were being unpacked and
upon the polished wood and glass of the cases, the installation was
practically ended before the opening of the Exposition, and at the
time when the doors were thrown open there was every appearance of
completion, although, owing to the causes already mentioned, a con-
siderable amount of work had to be done in May.

At the end of the fiscal year the Exposition had run only one-third
of its course, but the throngs of visitors* and the appreciative com-
ments of those qualified to judge of the merits of the exhibition indi-
cate that notwithstanding the many difficulties which it has been nec-
essary to face the participation of the Institution in the Exposition is
a successful one.

The character of the collections sent is discussed very fully in the
review of the work of the scientific departments of the Museum. The
description of the exhibit as a whole will be deferred until after the
close of the Exposition.

* u The popularity of the Smithsonian exhibit may be gauged by the difficulty that
a visitor experiences in forcing his way through the almost immovable crowd.” F. A.
Bather, in Natural Science, London, 1893.110	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

The exhibits of the Smithsonian Institution were designedly selected
so as to supplement and be supplemented by those displayed elsewhere
in Jackson Park. It was our purpose to avoid all rivalry, and, so far
as could be done without disobeying the implied requirement of the law,
that the exhibits should illustrate all the functions of Government
institutions, to show nothing which would be shown well by others.

In consequence, our exhibits can not w^ell be considered except in
connection with the others of a similar character. This has been well
done by Mr. William H. Dali, in a series of three letters on u Science
at the Fair,” published by the New York Nation, as being the result
of a careful review by an unbiased observer and the only really careful
report of the kind which has been made.*

The accompanying diagram of the floor space of the Government
building shows in a general way the assignment of our space and its
relation to that occupied by the other Departments of the Government.
(PI. 56).

The exhibit of the Government was made under the direction of a
board of control and management, appointed by the President in
accordance with an u Act providing for the celebration of the four
hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher
Columbus,” etc., approved April 25,1890. f This board was composed
of one member representing each Department. At the beginning of
the Exposition the board was composed of the original appointees, as
follows: Sevellon A. Brown, chief clerk, Department of State; A. B.
Nettleton, Assistant Secretary, Treasury Department; Maj. Clifton
Comly, U. S. A., War Department; Commodore B. W. Meade, II. S.
N., Navy Department; A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster^
General, Post-Office Department; H. A. Taylor, Commissioner of Rail-
roads, Department of the Interior; E. C. Foster, General Agent,
Department of Justice; Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary, Depart-
ment o fAgriculture; J. W. Collins, Assistant, U. S. Fish Commission,
and G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution;
but shortly after the opening of the Exposition Mr: W. E. Curtis
became the representative of the Department of State, Mr. F. A.
Stocks of the Treasury, Prof. F. W. Clarke of the Interior, and Dr.
Tarleton H. Bean of the Fish Commission.

The functions and responsibilities of this board were very different
from tho-se of the boards previously charged by Congress with the
preparation of Government exhibits, and it remains to be seen whether
the change is altogether advantageous, either in the matter of efficiency
or economy. In previous exhibitions the representative of each
Department has been looked upon as the representative of its official
head, and the Government exhibit has been an assemblage of indi-

*Dall, W. H. The Columbus Exposition.—Science. The Nation, Sept. 14, 21, 28,
1893.—(Nos. vii-ix of The Nation series of letters.)

t See Appendix ix.Report of National Museum, 1893.

Plate 56,

PATENT OFFICE

FISHING

BUREAU of

appliances

OFFICE

| COTTON

OFFICE

BUREAU OF

OEPT. OF JUSTICE

ROTUNDA

DEPARTMENT OF STATE

SIGNAL \

bureau

SMITHSONIAN IMSTITUTION

MUSEUM

Ban3, jIcKally it Co., TSugr'a, Chicago.

Ground Plan of the United States Government Buildings at the World's
Columbian Exposition, 1893.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	Ill

vidual exhibits, each illustrating, under the control of the Department
itself, its functions and administrative methods.

The Chicago board, apparently rather through the decisions of the
Treasury Department than by reason of the intent of the law, has. been
forced into quite another position. Under the provision of section 18,
which subjects the u itemized accounts and vouchers” to the approval
of the Secretary of the Treasury, jurisdiction in detail over the affairs
of the board was assumed by officials of that Department, and their
rulings have formed, of necessity, the dominant standard of judgment.
By virtue of. an early ruling based upon the provision of section 16,'
which empowers the heads of the Executive Departments and the
directors of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, and of
the U. S. Fish Commission, to designate the articles which should com-
pose the contributions of their respective branches, the initiative in
respect to each article exhibited was vested in the heads of the
branches. The power of final approval was retained in the Treasury,
the board of management serving as an intermediary between the two
authorities.

It is held by the Treasury that the board as a whole is responsible
for the exhibit as a whole, and that the relation of the heads of the
Executive Departments to the board and to their own individual repre-
sentatives is advisory rather than supervisory. The tendency of this
is to place the members of the board at times in embarrassing positions,
and in at least one instance has resulted in a complete alienation of the
Exposition work of a department from the Department itself, and an
open hostility between the head of the Department and his representa-
tive. Nothing could be more unfortunate, and nothing could more
thoroughly prevent the preparation of an exhibit which would be
thoroughly representative.

In connection with this policy has grown up also a disposition on the
part of certain elements of the board organization to criticise the con-
duct of the representatives of the Departments, and to attempt to
control their action under the plea of u securing harmony and prevent-
ing duplication.” The outcome has been far from satisfactory, when
contrasted with the direct, business-like, and less complicated methods
followed by previous boards of management.

The appropriation of an aggregate sum by Congress, instead of a
special appropriation to each Department, has also been a cause of
embarrassment. It is quite impossible for ten men, representing ten
distinct interests, to divide such a sum among themselves equitably
and to the satisfaction of all. Still more perplexing, especially in the
early days of the preparation for the Exposition, were the joint claims
upon the same appropriation of the G-overnment board of management
and of the National Commission. This was fortunately settled by
Congress in 1891, but the uncertainty as to the amount of money avail-
able during the first year of preparation was not the least serious of112

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

the many obstacles to effective work at the most important period of
exhibition work—the beginning.

It should also be said that the establishment of a board with inde-
pendent functions and a separate legal status seems likely to prove a
source of expense for general xmrposes, far greater in proportion than
has been found necessary in other exhibitions.

In addition to the $400,000 appropriated for the building, the aggre-
gate of the allotments for the use of the Government board was
$949,000, of which amount 5 per cent, or $47,450, were set apart for the
general expenses of the board of management, the remainder being
allotted among the several Departments. Tiie amount available for the
use of the Smithsonian exhibit, after deducting the 5 per cent con-
tributed toward the expenses of the board, was $133,807.50.

By the provisions of a joint resolution approved March 3, 1893,* the
secretary of the Smithsonian Institution was authorized to prepare
and send for exhibition in the Woman’s building any articles from the
Museum illustrative of the life and development of the industries of
women. In accordance with this authorization, a special exhibit was
prepared and installed in the Woman’s building under the direction of
Prof. Mason. The character of this exhibit is described in the discus-
sion of his department.

The original model of the colossal statue of Leif Erikson (the prop-
erty of the city of Boston), which had been presented to the National
Museum by the sculptor, Miss Anne Whitney, was also installed in the
Woman’s building at the request of the -Board of Lady Managers, as
well as a collection illustrating the history of lacemaking, prepared by
Dr. Thomas Wilson.

Very many requests were made by the authorities of the Exposition
and by exhibitors for the loan of objects from the Museum, to be exhib-
ited elsewhere than in the Government building, but these were with-
out exception refused, on the ground that the Government had already
provided for the exhibition of such objects as could be sent from Wash-
ington in a special building which was more nearly fireproof than any
other on the grounds, and that there was no legal authority for allow-
ing the Museum material belonging to the Government to pass out of
the custody of its officials. This limitation did not, of course, apply
to the Government building. Specimens were lent to almost every
department of the Government, especially to the Fish Commission, the
Patent Office, the Geological Survey, the War Department, the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and the Treasury Department. Certain historical
objects were also placed in the Convent of La Rabida, which was rec-
ognized as a Government building, forming part of the exhibit of the
Department of State.

It was perhaps regarded as a hardship by the officials in charge of
the Anthropological building that material should not have been sent
from the Government collections to swell the very interesting miscella-

* See Appendix ix.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

113

neous display of ethnological objects which were gathered there, but
setting aside the question of lack of legal authority, this building was
especially open to the objection of not being fireproof. Everything
possible was done, however, to avoid interference with this department,
by refraining from exhibiting in the Government building objects of a
kind similar to those which we were informed would be shown by the
Exposition authorities.

The ethnological and archaeological collections in the Smithsonian
space were the joint exhibit of the Museum and the Bureau of Ethnol-
ogy, and too much can not be said of the enthusiastic work of Maj.
Powell and the officers of the bureau in the development of this por-
tion of the display, and especially in the preparation of the group of
costumed figures of the aborigines of Rorth America.

In addition to the exhibits sent from the Museum and the Bureau of
Ethnology, a special alcove was devoted to the exhibit of the Smith-
sonian Institution and its methods of work. Here were shown photo-
graphs of the Smithsonian and Museum buildings; portraits of the
three secretaries—Joseph Henry (1846-1878), Spencer Fullerton Baird
(1878-1887), and Samuel Pierpont Langley; the publications of the
Smithsonian Institution, including the Annual Beports, the Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge, the Miscellaneous Collections, the Reports
of the Rational Museum, together with the Proceedings and Bulletins;
publications of the Bureau of Ethnology; the publications of the
Rational Academy of Sciences; the Beports of the American Historical
Association (affiliated with the Institution), and the reports of the
various scientific expeditions which have been conducted under the
direction of the Institution. There was also a screen of photographs
illustrating the discoveries of Prof. Henry, including those which led
to the invention of the electric telegraph.

.It had been intended to publish a series of popular handbooks
explaining the various collections exhibited, and also illustrated pam-
phlets in regard to the Smithsonian Institution and the Museum, but
the regulations issued by the local directory governing the distribution
of books and catalogues were found to be so oppressive that this was
abandoned, although much work had been done in the preparation of
this feature of the exhibition.

By the action of the Local Directory of the Exposition the whole
matter of catalogues and illustrative literature was placed in the hands
of a single firm of printers, who were unwilling to print anything with-
out a guaranty that their sales should considerably exceed the cost of
printing, and who refused to allow other publishers to enter the field.
This illiberal policy undoubtedly reduced very largely the extent of
the literature which usually grows out of such expositions, and is not
only its chief educational agency, but one of its most important per-
manent results, and it is to be hoped that no future exhibition will be
led into a similar error.

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2----8114

REPORT OF RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Acknowledgment should be made for assistance rendered by a num-
ber of friends of the Institution, who by their advice and cooperation, or
by the loan of objects for exhibition, , contributed materially to the
success of the occasion.

Mr. George F. Kunz assisted by his advice in the forming of the
collection of gems and animal products, and lent from his private col-
lection a number of Eussian eikons. shown in the collection of reli-
gious ceremonial objects.

Tiffany & Co., of Few York, lent an extensive collection of leathers,
prepared from the skins of animals not ordinarily used in the arts,
which was displayed among the animal products, and, as has always
been our experience on occasions of exhibits, exhibited a spirit of gen-
uine interest in the work

Dr. Marcus Benjamin, of Yew York, lent his collection of portraits
and autographs of the members of the National Academy of Sciences,
and Mr. Albert Eosenthal assisted in the formation of the collection of
American historical portraits.

Walter H. Harris, esq., ex-sheriff of London, and one of the 'Royal
Commissioners from Great Britain, lent his unique collection of British
war models.

Mr. Hieromich Shugio lent a number of Japanese porcelains aud
arranged the synoptical collection showing the history of the ceramic
art in Japan.

Mr. Fritz Kaldenberg, of Yew York, lent his collection of carved
and tinted ivories, and in other ways helped to build up the collection '
of animal products. Mr. Sulzberger, of Philadelphia, and Mr. Hadji
Ephraim Benguiat, of Boston, aided materially by loans from his private
collection to the collection of religious ceremonials.

Acknowledgment is also due to the officials of the exposition in
general, and especially to Mr. George E. Davis, Director General; to
Mr. Lyman J. Gage and Mr. William T. Baker, during their terms of
presidency of the Board of Directors: to Mr. J. W. Ellsworth, a mem-
ber of the board; Mr. Benjamin Butterworth, the first secretary of the
board, and to his successor, Mr. H. O. Edmunds; to Mr. Frank D. Mil-
let, director of decorations, and to Mr. W. H. Holcombe, general man-
ager of transportation, for numerous courtesies.

To the members of the Government board the staff of the Institution
were indebted for many acts of courtesies.

Mr. William E. Curtis, as chief of the Bureau of American Bepublics,
and subsequently as a member of the board, was especially helpful.IV.—REVIEW OF THE WORK OF THE SCIENTIFIC

DEPARTMENTS, INCLUDING THEIR PARTICIPATION

IN THE WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION.

DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND INDUSTRIES.

The Department of Arts and Industries was the immediate and
necessary outgrowth of the erection in 1881 of the new building intended
to receive the collections presented by foreign governments to the
United States at the Centennial Exposition. Most of these collections
could not with propriety be merged with any already in the custody
of the Institution, since they were neither geological, biological, nor in
a strict sense anthropological.

This new department was therefore formed, which was intended to
include all the collections illustrating the utilization of the earth and
its products by man, and the history and method of arts and industries
within historic times. At first all the anthropological collections
. except those classed as prehistoric were administered by this depart-
ment, but experience taught that there are large classes of objects
which can be best exhibited and studied when arranged ethnically,
and so in 1884 the Department of Ethnology was established.

The distinction between these two departments is not easy to define,
and is really not very strictly observed, and will perhaps in time disap-
pear. There are, however, certain classes of objects which either for
effective installation or for convenience it has been found better to
arrange, with reference to form rather than race. These are as a rule
those in which the arts of civilized man are predominant, and which
possess some special interest when arranged in progressive, or, as they
are sometimes in questionable propriety called, u evolutionary v series.
Among these are such collections as those of musical instruments, land
transportation, the models of boats and vessels, and the fishery appli-
ances.

Closely allied to some of these is another group of collections, pro-
perly technological, in which the idea of materials, and tools and proc-
esses of manufacture, together with the products of the processes, are
the most prominent.

It was at one time intended to develop this part of the Museum t.o
such an extent that every product of the earth useful to man—mineral,
vegetal, and animal—should be shown, in its natural condition and in
the various stages through which it may pass, in preparation by man
for his own use, together with the tools employed and illustrations of
processes. This project has not yet been fully realized, chiefly through

115116

REPORT OF RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

lack of room, though also because of practical difficulties of arrange-
ment and installation. It has not been abandoned, however, and the
Museum possesses the materials for an extensive technological display.

In the meantime the specimens of this class derived from the min-
eral kingdom are incorporated with the geological collections, those
from the vegetable kingdom with the textile, materia medica, and food
and forestry collections, besides a great mass nowin storage, while
those from the animal kingdom, with the exception of what are
arranged with the textiles, medicines, foods, and fishery collections,
are brought together in the animal products collection.

It is still an open question whether technological material is not
more useful and instructive, distributed among the scientific depart-
ments, than set aside in a special series. At the present time, this is
the only practicable plan. If it were possible to employ a special staff
of technological curators, trained to appreciate and to keep abreast of
the mechanical and chemical processes of modern industrial arts and
manufactures, and the arts of design connected with their develop-
ment, the case would be different.

1 When the need shall be felt for a technological museum in Washing-
ton, one of the best in the world can be erected upon existing founda-
tions, with comparatively slight expense and in a very short time.

In addition to those mentioned, there are certain other collections
which are still assigned to the Department of Arts and Industries,
which it would be difficult to place elsewhere—those composed of objects
made by civilized man, in which the idea of beauty predominates over
that of utility. Here belong porcelains, pottery, bronzes, enamels,
lacquer, laces and tapestries, musical instruments; in part, costumes and
their accessories, and the collections illustrating the graphic arts.

Such objects are often arranged in art museums, but may with equal
propriety remain in contiguity with ethnological collections, with which
they have innumerable points of contact. Indeed the separation of
. the aesthetic from the industrial aud ethnical series is, in the case of
aesthetic races like those of eastern Asia, merely arbitrary and a mat-
ter of convenience.

We value the specimens in an ethnological museum (writes Mr. C.F.Binns) because
they reveal to us the manners and customs of a bygone age. We regard them as steps
in education, as stages in the evolution of a people, but the moment that a work can
be judged as artistic we remove it from the Department of Ethnography and place
it upon a platform with the art work of all ages and all nations, to stand or fall by
another criterion.*

This is a fair statement of the practice of most museum workers.
Whether it is entirely justifiable, either on scientific or aesthetic grounds,
or is absolutely fair and advantageous, is a difficult question, which
deserves full consideration.

*Bistns, Charles F.: The Elements of Beauty in Ceramics. Journal of the Society
of Arts, xlii, 409, April 6, 1894.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

117

In addition to all these, there are the collections whose interest is
chiefly historical—personal relics, national relics, portraits, autographs,
coins, medals, memorials of past periods in the history of onr own and
allied races. These stand in a group by themselves, and are in popu-
lar estimation more interesting than anything else that can be shown,
and their influence upon the people who see them is not to be under-
valued. They are surely not without instruction, and beyond this, tend
to the development of lofty and ennobling sentiments.

In the report for this year, the various collections assigned to the
Department of Arts and Industries, except those which are under the
control of a special curator, will be referred to only in rapid review.

Fisheries collection.—The fishery hall has been almost dismantled by
the withdrawal of material to form part of the exhibition of the Fish
Commission in Chicago. The attention of Capt. Collins, the curator,
has been for two or three years devoted to other things, and few addi-
tions have been made to the collection.

The collection of naval models.—This, too, has been drawn upon
largely for the exhibit of the Fish Commission at the World’s Fair,
many of the models of American fishing vessels having been withdrawn
to be combined with a large number of additional models which have
been constructed by the Commission. The entire series will be returned
at the close of the Exposition.

The general collection of models is one of the most extensive in the
world, embracing, as it does, a very large number of boats of savage
and semicivilized races, and material for a very full exposition of the
vessels of America. The models of modern steamships and vessels of
war are very few, and no attempt will be made to extend the collection
in this direction until there is more space. Three times the amount of
exhibition room now available is desirable for the proper display of this
collection. Among the interesting additions have been models of the
historic ships Sally Constant and the Mayflower, prepared by the
National Museum for Chicago, and exhibited in connection with the
historical relics.

The animal products collection.—This collection, already referred to
as forming an important part of the technological material belonging
to the Museum, was transported to Chicago in its entirety and was
greatly enlarged. Much attention has been given to developing a collec-
tion illustrating the races of domesticated animals, and a specially good
series of the breeds of domestic birds has been gathered. To secure
the domesticated mammals is a more difficult matter, attended with
great expense and delay. Even this would have been carried much
further in Chicago but for obstacles interposed by the accounting officers
of the Treasury, who objected to the payment of vouchers for the pur-
chase of foreign material.

An extensive exhibit selected from this collection was sent to Chicago.
This exhibit is intended to illustrate the utilization of the various parts118	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

of the different animals and the uses of substances derived from the
animal kingdom in the arts and industries. It includes the following:

Collections showing the utilization of hair, wool, bristles, etc.

Feathers, quills, and their uses.

Fish scales and articles made from them.

Tortoise shell and its manufacture.

Furs of various kinds.

Collection of leathers (including a loan collection of rare leathers belonging to
Tiffany &. Co., New York).

Horns and antlers and articles made from them.

Hoofs and claws.

Teeth of various kinds and collections illustrating the uses of different kinds of
ivory.

Whalebone and its utilization.

Bone and objects made from same.

Shell, coral, and objects made from same.

Intestines and their utilization.

The collection of animal products is now fully equal to that in any
other museum, not excepting the Bethnal Green Museum in London,
which grew out of the London exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and was
classified and labeled under the direction of Dr. Edward Lankester.
With firoper space for exhibition, extensive enough to allow the addi-
tion of a series of the modern manufactured products, this collection
would have great interest and educational value.

The collection of fibers and textiles.—This collection, which is tolera.
bly complete, is being temporarily withdrawn from exhibition, in order
to relieve the crowded condition of the building. The specimens are
all admirably mounted and well labeled, and can, if necessary, within
a week’s time, be again displayed. Like the collection of animal prod-
ucts, it possesses much educational interest and is very attractive to
visitors,

The collection of foods.—This collection, for which there is a great
amount of material on hand, has never been developed for lack of room.
It is especially rich in the food substances of the North American abo-
rigines and of the Orient. A single group of objects from this collec-
tion was sent to the World’s Fair. This included the cases representing
the composition of the human body, the elements and chemical com-
pounds which make up the composition of the man of average size,
accompanied by supplementary exhibits showing a number of typical
rations and the daily income and outgo.

The collection of musical instruments. —This collection has been nearly
doubled within the past two years through the efforts of several of the
U. S. consuls abroad and the collections made by the Assistant Secre-
tary in southern Europe in the spring of 1892. A selected exhibit was
sent to the World’s Fair, which occupied a wall case 65 feet in length,
and which was intended to show the method of installation adopted in
the Museum and to illustrate the evolution of the various types ofREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	119

ni nsical instruments. This was arranged in accordance with the follow-
ing pi an:

Self-vibrating instruments:

Drums and tambourines, cymbal, gongs, castanets, u bones,” and rattles.
Xylophones.

Stringed instruments played with the fingers or plectrum :

~ Guitars, banjos, and mandolins.

Harps and lyres.

Zithers and dulcimers.

Stringed instruments played with a bow:

The violin.

The viola.

Mechanical instruments—hurdy-gurdy.

Stringed instruments, with keyboard. The predecessors of the piano, clavichord,
virginal, and harpsichord.

Wind instruments, with simple aperture or plug mouthpiece:

The trumpet and bugle.

The trombone.

The serpent and bagpipe.

Wind instruments, with bell mouthpiece, with keys—cornets, French horns, oplii-
cleides.

Wind instruments with complicated systems :

Accordions.

Harmonicas aud jewsharps.

Hand organs.

As soon as this material shall have been returned from Chicago, a com-
plete rearrangement of the collection will be made in the two great
wall cases in the main entrance hall, whose combined length is 150 feet.
This collection is one-of the most extensive in the world, being espe-
cially rich in the instruments of savage and semicivilized races, and the
primitive forms, which are especially interesting when arranged by the
progressive method as showing the types from which, in all probability,
all of our modern instruments are derived.

Costumes.—Especial attention was devoted in the early days of the
Museum to the collection of costumes, especially those of historical
interest. Such of these as have been placed on exhibition are at pres-
ent arranged with the ethnological collection, but there are many others.
It is probable that at the next exposition in which the Government
participates, a special display .from this department will be arranged.

The collection of ceramics.—This collection, though it contains many
valuable and important specimens, is exceedingly incomplete and
unsatisfactory. The Hippisley collection of Chinese porcelains still
remains on deposit, and it is hoped that through some good fortune this
may in time become the property of the Government. It is recognized
as one of the best for its size in existence, and is constantly examined by
connoisseurs, who find in it material for study. There is also a small
collection of Japanese porcelains, a selection from which was arranged
and labeled by Mr. H. Shugio and exhibited by the Museum at the
World’s Fair. In this collection were shown typical products of each120	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

of the principal pottery centers of Japan, arranged by provinces in
accordance with the following plan:

Ancient pottery.

Province.	Ware.	Province.	Ware.
		Idsumi		Idsumi.
	Arita.	Yamato 		Akahada.
	Hirada.	Survo		Survo.
	Nangawara.	Nagato	•		Hagi.
	Nabeshima:	Chikuzen		Takatovi.
	Kakiyemon.	Higo		Yatsushiro.
	Tsryi Gokushin.	Satsuma			Satsuma.
	Kameyama.	Settsu		Sanda.
	Bogasaki.		Kikko.
	Sbiraishi.		Kosube.
Taishiu (Island of Tsushima) -	Tsushima.	Iwaki		Soma.
O'VP’ari		-	-	Seto.	Kaga 		Kutani.
	Horaku.	Ise		Banko.
Eizcii	Bizen.	Sado			Sado.
Omi	-			Shigaraki.	Sanuki	..		Sbido.
	Koto.	Yam as biro		Bakn.
Kii		Zuisbi.		Kioto.
T era.				Iga.	TVTnsasTii 	 	 		Tokio.
-*-&**>- 				
Tamba		Tamba. ,		Ota.
Idzumo		Idzumo.	-	

In addition to the oriental porcelain and pottery, there are several
smaller groups ot objects, the most noteworthy of which is that illus-
trating the products of the imperial manufactory at Sevres, presented
by the French Government. This collection is of the greatest value to
students of the decorative arts and to a large number of other visitors
to the Museum, and it is hoped that it may receive extensive additions
hereafter and be arranged in a hall by itself.

In this same connection, as occupying adjacent cases, may be men-
tioned the very instructive special cases of Japanese lacquer, showing
the process of manufacture; of Japanese bronzes; of Eussian and
American casting in iron, and the cases of enamel and metal work
presented by the Siamese Government. All these together form a
nucleus which it is hoped in time will develop into a collection similar
to that which is the chief glory of the South Kensington Museum in
London, and which there has as yet scarcely been any effort made to
reproduce in this country, save in the art museums of Boston, New
York, and Cincinnati, whose plans, however, are somewhat different.

THE HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS.

A great portion of the time of Mr. A. Howard Clark, the curator, was
necessarily devoted to his other duties as editor of the Proceedings and
the Bulletins of the Museum, and in charge of printing descriptive
labels, the year being the busiest in the history of the Museum in theseREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

121

branches of work, so that it is impossible to report much special work
accomplished in advancing the historical collections, except in connec-
tion with the preparation of the exhibits for the World’s Fair.

The crowded condition of the exhibition halls has necessitated the
withdrawal and temporary storage of the entire collections of medals
and money, and the general series of autograph papers of eminent
Americans. The collections of historical objects remaining on exhibition
include memorials and personal relics of Washington, Jefferson, Adams,
Van Buren, Jackson, Lincoln,Grant, and other Presidents of the United
States, and of soldiers, statesmen, and other eminent Americans, as
well as memorials of important events in American history.

There have been 70 accessions to the collection during the year,
aggregating nearly 1,000 specimens. The principal objects were a folio
Bible belonging to Gen. Washington, with his autograph on the title
page; a large number of memorials and personal relics of President
Andrew Jackson; autograph letters of Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, of the
Confederate Army, and of Hon. G. W. Randolph, Secretary of War
of the Confederate States; specimens of the earliest copper money
coined in America, dating about 1525; medals presented by the corpo-
ration of the city of London, commemorative of events in the history of
that city; commissions bearing the signatures of Presidents John
Quincy Adams and James Madison; a large collection of engraved and
photographic portraits of eminent Americans, and a collection of the
decorations of the military and civic orders of Europe and America.
It was hoped that a large historical collection might be arranged for
the World’s Fair, but it was impossible to accomplish all that was
planned, owing to lack of exhibition space. The exhibits sent to Chi-
cago included—

(1)	About 1,800 engraved and photographic portraits of members of
the Continental Congress, the Federal Convention of 1787, the first
Congress of the Upited States, members of the National Academy of
Science, and of other eminent Americans—statesmen, jurists, philoso-
phers, Army and Navy officers, physicians, clergymen, educators,
artists, authors, merchants, and philanthropists ;

(2)	Medals, nearly 600 in number, illustrative of American history
from the earliest Colonial period through the Bevolutionary war to
events of recent years, collegiate and ecclesiastical medals, and medals
in memory of eminent Americans ;

(3)	A monographic collection of the metallic money of the colonies
prior to the establishment of the United States Mint;

(4)	A monographic collection of the American colonial and Conti-
nental paper money, and paper money issued by State and private
banks and by merchants ;

(5)	A series of early maps illustrating the development of geograph-
ical knowledge of America, and of the territorial growth of the United
States ;122

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

(6)	A series of water-color drawings, about 200 in number, of deco-
rated powder horns carried by soldiers of the American Bevolution;

(7)	Models of the Sally Constant and Mayftoirer, the first passenger
ships of the Virginia and Plymouth colonies ;

(8)	Engravings illustrating the settlement of Jamestown, Va., the
landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, and other colonial and later
events in American history.

THE GRAPHIC ARTS COLLECTION.

The collections illustrating the graphic arts have continued, as hitherto,
under the care of Mr. S. B. Koehler, who divides his time between the
National Museum and the Boston Museum of Pine Arts, where he has
similar responsibilities.

Nearly all the time available during the year has been devoted by him
to supplying the specimens placed on exhibition with written labels, and
this important task is so nearly finished that but for the Columbian
Exposition it would probably have been completed by this time. That
part of the collections which is not on exhibition is still awaiting its
definite arrangement and classification.

The material so far gathered is not especially available for use in
special researches. A useful series of notes on Japanese wood-cutting
and woodcut printing was received from Mr. Tokuno, the chief of the
Japanese Government printing office, which has been edited by Mr.
Koehler and printed in the Museum report for 1892. This publication,
which is fully illustrated, is the firsr treatise on this most interesting
subject, based on authentic information received from a competent
native Japanese source; it has all the value of a treatise based on
original research.

Some additional specimens have been placed on exhibition, which
serve to complete or better the series previously arranged, but no new
series have been begun, nor, indeed, will this be possible, so long as
the means and the space at command are as limited as they are at present.

Although the accessions by gift include a number of interesting and
instructive specimens, it is difficult to point out any of them as of special
importance, with the exception, perhaps, of an impression of Adolf
MenzePs celebrated original lithograph, Christ among the Doctors,
presehted to the Museum by Mr. J. W. Osborne, and a fine large photo-
gravure reproduction of Stuart’s portrait of Washington, known as the
Atheneum head, by Messrs. A. W. Elson & Co., of Boston. The
thirty-three prints by Schongauer, Dtirer, Goltzius, Bembrandt, Nan-
teuil, Wille, Bartolzzi, Walker, Mercuri, Gaillard, etc., which, together
with a number of technical specimens, were bought for exhibition at
the World’s Columbian Exposition, at a cost of about $1,100, will of
course add valuable material to the collections.

The exhibit prepared by Mr. Koehler for Chicago, though of necessity
small, was exceedingly choice and instructive.RE-PORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

123

An adequate presentation of tlie subject being out of the question,
the attempt was made to show the beginnings of the more important
processes used in the production of printable pictures, and to contrast
these with the latest achievements of the same processes, in the hope
that, by thus placing into juxtaposition the two ends of the line of
development, the advances made would become apparent at a glance.
The whole collection was therefore to be looked upon as a tableau
illustrating the condition of the multiplying arts at or about the time
of the discovery of America, and the condition of the same arts in the'
nineteenth century, with added specimens of the principal processes
introduced in the four hundred years intervening between these periods.

With this end in view, sixteen large frames were filled with prints,
each frame containing on an average about six prints, and arranged as
follows: Frame 1 contained woodcuts of the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries, while in frame 2, alongside of it, were shown wood-engravings
by American wood-engravers, produced within the ten or twelve years
last past. A similar arrangement was carried out for line-engraving
and etching, which filled, respectively, frames 3 and 4, and frames 5 and
6. The later processes, the origin or at least the general acceptance
and development of which dates from the seventeenth and succeeding
centuries, had to be treated even more summarily. Thus, frame 7 was
devoted to mezzotinting; frame 8 to dry-pointing and aquatinting;
frame 9 to the crayon manner and stippling; frame 10 to lithography,
and frames 11 and 12 to the various photo-mechanical processes. Frames
13 to 16 constituted a special division, in which the attempt was made
to give some idea of the history of color-printing.

The curator was far from satisfied with this display, as will be shown
by the following extract from his annual report, and it is not at all to
be wondered at, since the possibilities were so great and the resources
were so small, compared with those of any similiar collection in a Euro-
pean capital. I can say from personal observation, however, thaT the
collection was greatly appreciated, and not only deserved but received
much attention, as indeed a series of specimens so well selected and
admirably arranged and labeled could not fail to do in any exhibition at
home or abroad.

I can not well omit the curator’s own somewhat low-spirited estimate
of the value of his work for the Exposition, since his statement of the
great needs and great opportunities in this connection may verj^ possi-
bly attract the attention of persons who may be interested in improv-
ing the present condition of affairs.

I must reiterate [writes Mr. Koehler] my remarks upon the necessity of more lib-
eral appropriations for the section of graphic arts. The unfortunate consequences
growing out of the present condition of things made themselves very seriously felt
in connection with the World’s Columbian Exposition, and I shall therefore beg
leave to offer a few remarks on this subject.

Among the great achievements which make the fifteenth century one of the most
important epochs in the history of the human race, the development of the repro-124

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

ductive or multiplying arts is by no means the smallest. Like the art of printing
books from movable type, these arts were the outcome of the individualistic and
humanistic movement of the time, and like it they have been instrumental in dis-
seminating knowledge and training the human mind in the modern way of looking
at things—the modern u world conception”—not only by accompanying the printed
word by printed pictures in books of instruction, but still more by scattering broad-
cast among the people in vast numbers veritable works of art, which ministered
to the reawakened feeling for the beauty of nature, while they quickened at the
same time the powers of observation. It is worth noting, moreover, how closely the
dates of importance in the first period of the history of the arts in question cluster
around the date of the discovery of America. The first book illustrated with copper-
plate engravings, the Monte Sancto di Dio, appeared at Florence in the year 1477;
Martin Schongauer, the first truly great artist north of the Alps who was active as
an engraver, died in the year 1491, or thereabouts; the Nuremberg Chronicle, cele-
brated for its many illustrations by Wolgemuth, Diirer’s teacher, is dated 1493;
Diirer's Apocalypse, the first great woodcut publication ever produced, appeared in
the year 1498, and Andrea Mantegna, the first truly great engraver south of the
Alps, died in the year 1506. It would have seemed fitting, therefore, that in the
picture of the world's progress since the discovery of America, which the Columbian
Exposition was to present to its visitors, the history of the multiplying arts should
have been illustrated quite fully. The limitations of means and space, however,
made such an illustration impossible, and the result was an exhibition which com-
manded no attention, and, indeed, hardly deserved any.

Small and inadequate as this exhibition was,* its usefulness was still further crip-
pled by the impossibility of having the descriptive pamphlet printed which had been
prepared, and without which the fragmentary character of the collection must neces-
sarily have proved’puzzling,, even to well-informed visitors.

As to the specimens shown, while they were all good, and some of them, indeed,
very fine, there were nevertheless wanting quite a number of things which ought to
have been included, but instead of wTiich, from dire necessity, inferior examples
were exhibited.

When an institution like the U. S. National Museum, the only institution of its
kind under the care of the Government of the United States, attempts to illustrate
the beginnings of line-engraving, of mezzotinting, of color-printing from metal
plates, etc., it ought to be able to show the rarest and best things,—for instance, a
specimen of the best of Schongauer's, instead of only a late impression from a Schon-
gauer plate ; a mezzotint by Von Siegen, instead of merely a Wallerant Yaillant; color-
prints by Le Blon and Debucourt, instead of things of little importance by D'Agoty
and Jaminet, and so on to the end of the list. It is aggravating to be compelled
to appear before the assembled delegates of the civilized nations of the world with
such a confession of poverty, more especially when it is universally known that the
insufficiency of the efforts put forth is due, not to the poverty of the nation, but to
the neglect of the representatives of the people, into whose hands has been given
the welfare as well as the upholding of the reputation of the United States.

What the curator has said merits serious thought, for the collections
are undoubtedly pitifully poor in comparison with those of other
nations, and a national print collection ought to be maintained in
Washington worthy of the nation. It has, however, never been pro-
vided for, and what there is of that kind has grown up in connection
with quite another plan, which was to illustrate fully the technology

* This was due to the unfortunate system of printing concessions made by the
Exposition authorities, placing all printing privileges in the hands of a single
establishment.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

125

of the graphic arts. That the effort in this direction has been very
successful is certain. In confirmation of this statement I quote a few
sentences from the official report of Prof. William Roose, chief of the
chalcographical division in the German Government printing office,
who visited Washington and the Museum in the course of his mission
to the World’s Pair:

This wonderful collection in the National Museum [writes Prof. Roose] illustrates
the graphic arts from their beginnings to the developments of the present day. It
forms the most remarkable and unique collection of its kind, and probably stands
alone in the world. It is not a so-called collection of engravings or of the produc-
tions of the graphic arts in the generally accepted sense, for the emphasis is not placed
here ujrnn the artistic value of the specimens shown. The aim is rather to illustrate
how the graxDhic arts developed in the course of time, and how they are practiced at
present. All kinds of intaglio engravings, etchings, mezzotints, aquatint, wood-
engraving from its earliest products to the latest newspaper cut, lithography in all
its varieties, the latest photo-mechanical reproductions in copper, gelatine, zinc,
brass, etc., are shown in many hundred specimens, in all stages of development,
and arranged in chronological series, accompanied by detailed descriptions—partly
on the walls, partly in table cases—together with the plates, stones, electrotypes,
etc., needed for their elucidation. The purpose here is to exhibit the technical,
and to show how man managed to make pictures multipliable, what means he has
thought out and used with this aim in view, from the beginning down to our own
day. An original, one-sided, genuinely American, but certainly also a practical
and sensible idea.

THE MATERIA MEDICA COLLECTION.

The work of this section, which is now under the care of Medical
Inspector. 0. H. White, TJ. S. Navy, has been confined to the preserva-
tion of the collection in its present form and in the preparation of such
new specimens as were found desirable for exhibition. The collection
is in excellent condition for study, and the exhibition series is admira-
bly installed, the greater part of it being a most admirable display in
the field of economic botany.

The collection is so complete that novel additions are few.

DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY.

The ethnological collections are at present understood to include all
objects illustrating the history and activities of mankind, save those
classed as prehistoric and those which are assigned to the Department
of Arts and Industries. The division is somewhat arbitrary, and there
are of necessity constant changes of material, as the needs of the exhi-
bition series show them to be necessary.

The ethnological collections are x>articularly complete for North
America, but as years go by, through exchange and gift, they are
becoming fairly representative of the whole world. The North Amer-
ican collections are especially rich in respect to the Eskimo stock, the
stocks of the Northwest coast, the Shoshonean tribes of the Great Inte-
rior Basin, the buffalo-hunting tribes of the stocks along the Plains126

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

of the West, and those of the Pueblo region of the southwest, which
have been so thoroughly explored by the Bureau of Ethnology under
the direction of Maj. J. W. Powell.

Perhaps no portion of the Museum is so cramped by lack of space as
this. The material already mounted and labeled for exhibition would
fill five times the space which can now be assigned to it, and if installed
in rooms of sufficient capacity, would form one of the most instructive
and impressive ethnological collections in the world. At present, how-
ever, only a small portion of this- treasure can be shown, and the result
is far from satisfactory, since the effective display of such objects
depends largely upon the manner in which they are arranged with
reference to one another and to some great ruling concept, a result
which can only be accomplished in halls of ample dimensions.

The curator of the ethnological collection, Prof. O. T. Mason, has for
a number of years been bringing these vast materials under control,
so that any object with its full history can be consulted without delay,
a most ingenious system of storage, indexed by a card catalogue ren-
dering the material available for the use of investigators. At the same
time the material is at once ready for any new steps in the develop-
ment of the exhibition series, and were space available, in a few weeks
the entire collection could be placed before the public. If this could
be once accomplished, the result, I am satisfied, would astonish those
who are most familiar with the resources of the Museum in this field.

During the past year the entire time of the curator has been devoted
to the World’s Fair to the exclusion of any new Museum enterprises.
The usual routine of receiving new material and caring for the gen-
eral collection has gone on, but no new specimens have been put on
exhibition in the Museum. The number of specimens received during
the year was 5,094, and 3,161 entries were made in the departmental
catalogue.

As has already been said, the participation of the Museum in expo-
sitions is a detriment to its scientific work. A certain compensation
is found, however, in the opportunity to instruct the public by an
exhibit systematically arranged and labeled, and in the increase to the
collections.

Ill arranging for the ethnological and archaeological portion of the
exhibit at the World’s Columbian Exposition it was decided that the
efforts of this Department should be combined with those of the
Bureau of Ethnology, which is another branch of the Smithsonian
Institution, and which has already been so closely connected with the
Museum in its activities that it is impossible to separate the interests
of the two. In developing the plans for the Exposition, many projects
were discussed, and, but for the fact that a general ethnological display
had been arranged for under the direct control of the World’s Colum-
bian Exposition, a more comprehensive anthropological collection
would have been prepared. It being the first object, however, to avoid127

REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

rivalry and duplication, and to contribute so far as possible to the gen-
eral success of the fair, the scope of the National Museum exhibit was
limited to North America.

In order to bring into sharp comparison the concepts of race, speech,
and activities among the American aborigines, it. was proposed by
Prof. Mason that a special exhibit of arts and industries by linguistic
stocks should be the main feature, and that this should be founded on
the great linguistic map of North America, just then published by the
Director of the Bureau of Ethnology, as the crowning result of ethno-
logical labors on our continent during fifty years.

The details of this plan are quoted in the words of Prof. Mason, in
the discussion of the labors of the Department of Ethnology. In this
connection the staff of the Museum and Bureau of Ethnology cooper-
ated—Prof. Mason representing the Museum and Mr. H. W. Henshaw
the Bureau of Ethnology. This cooperation was interrupted for sev-
eral months by Mr. Henshaw’s absence from the city, but a month
before the opening of the exhibit Prof. W. H. Holmes was assigned
by Maj. Powell to represent the interest of the Bureau of Ethnology,
and by him most efficient services were rendered; not only in preparing
illustrations of his own remarkable investigations, but in advising and
directing the preparators in arranging groups of costumed figures, etc.
In this work Mr. Frank H. Gushing, through his familiarity with the
customs and arts of the Pueblo people, rendered also most valuable
services. Mr. James Mooney also participated, and the group of Kiowa
children, prepared under his direction, was among the most attractive
of them all. But for his absence in the field, collecting material, he
would have been able to devise others of similar excellence. Dr. W. J.
Hoffman superintended the preparation of groups of Northern Indians.

As has been stated, the plan upon which the combined exhibitions
of the Bureau of Ethnology and of the National Museum were arranged,
was developed by Prof. Mason, who describes in the following words
its principal characteristics:

The plan of setting up the products of aboriginal art in accordance with the lin-
guistic chart just published by the Bureau of Ethnology was carried out so far as
the material would admit. Some of the stocks have disappeared altogether, and it
would be impossible to give a picture of their arts. Others are reduced to such
small numbers, and they are living now under such enforced circumstances, that it
would be of little use to attempt to reproduce their primitive mode of life.

There are certain great stocks and groups of stocks, however, that are yet to be
found in respectable numbers, and they were formerly spread out over vast areas,
which in themselves constitute culture-regions. The stocks selected for represen-
tation at the Exposition were those which had developed unique types of culture;
for example, the Eskimo for the Arctic area; the Koloschan, Wakashan, Haeltzukan,
and Salishan stocks dwelling in the archipelagos and on the mainland of the north-
west coast of America; the Athapascan stock, dwelliug in three extremely different
culture areas, to wit: in northwest Canada and Alaska; in northern California,
and in New Mexico and Arizona; the Algonkian stock, whose tribes once covered
the entire region of northern and eastern North America, bounded on the south by
southern Tennessee and on the west by the 117th meridian; the Iroquoian stock, sur-128

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

rounding the Great Lakes; the Siouan stock, on the Missouri drainage; the Kiowan
stock, forming an intrusion from unknown source into the buffalo region of the
plains; the Shoshonean stock, covering the great interior basin and related to the
Aztecs of Mexico; the tribes of California occupying the acorn and pinon and bas-
ket-making area; the Piman and Yuman stocks about the Colorado mouth; the
Pueblo peoples in Arizona and New Mexico. These stocks enable the student to
examine the relations that may exist between geography, ethnology, glossography,
and technography. All technical and biological regions are covered by this arrange-
ment, and all of the leading nationalities and tongues, and all of the characteristic
Indian arts are also represented.

The result of this study is most interesting. In the supply of natural wants, the
various tribes have yielded to regional or geographic forces. This is well shown,
both in the plains of the great West and in the southern desert, and, indeed,
throughout the continent, as appears in comparing Powell’s map with Dr. Mer-
riam’s bio-geographic map, published by the Department of Agriculture. Along the
eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains were formerly to be found Algonkian, Siouan,
Kiowan, and Shoshonean tribes. Their languages were radically different. Their
tribal organizations, similar in plan, were still entirely unlike in their totemic sys-
tems. But the all absorbing occupation of buffalo hunting, combined with the
limitations of vegetal and mineral material, determined the diet, the dress, the house,
the tools, and the products of industry. That is, the materialistic activities were
controlled by the environment.

Superadded to this series of effects, as anyone could see at the Exposition, were
others of a more refined nature. The spiritualistic, metaphysical expressions in
these same specimens were overwhelmingly ethnical and linguistic. The arrow for
killing a buffalo must be of a certain material and form; nature determined that.
But the feathering, the streaking, the symbolism on the arrow, were distinct for each
tribe and tongue. The buffalo or bearskin robe was nature’s gift to all, and it was
cured after the same general fashion. But the paintings were national, totemic,
special, almost independent of the environment.

The Pueblo region teaches some interesting lessons in these same particulars.
Here are gathered also four stocks, the Shoshonean, the Tafioan, the Tewan, and the
Zufiian, differing essentially in language and totemic system and mythology. But
there are only certain articles of food to be had here naturally; the country lends
itself kindly to the cultivation of corn, beans, and pumpkins. The peculiar geolog-
ical formation, furnishing stone and adobe mud in abundance, almost forbade the
erection of other than one style of house, the pueblo. Clay of the finest quality
everywhere invited to the creation of pottery. As for textiles, the curious phenom-
enon is presented of tribes preserving their old arts in new areas. This remark
may be supplemented by the observation that the bringing of sheej) to this region
by Spanish missionaries stimulated the trade of frame and loom weaving in all the
linguistic stocks alike.

By the method of study pursued in this exhibit in Chicago, the lessons inculcated
by other stocks are emphasized. For instance, while the Moki or Hopi Pueblos of
northeastern Arizona are tenanted by Shoshonean tribes, the Utes, the: Shoshones,
the Bannacks, and even the Comanches, are of the same linguistic family. Now,
in one of thesb is presented a buffalo-hunting people, in another an Indian of the
woods, in a third the man of the desert, with corresponding occr^ations. The coun-
try has endowed and suggested the trades in each case. In one of the Hopi pueblos,
furthermore, two styles of basketry are to be seen that are unknown among the
other Shoshonean tribes. One of them, the coiled ware, resembled in technique,
but not in material, that of the wild Apaches or the southern Californians. The
other is a wicker type, really unknown among other tribes hereabout but common
everywhere in North America east of the Mississippi. . It is impossible to bring out
all the minor lessons taught in this first attempt ever made to bring the concepts ofREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

129

tribe, language, and industry into the same line of comparative study through series
of objects.

The following is a concise description of the exhibits. The plan was to set apart
a definite space or alcove for each linguistic family or stock, to place in the center
of each a group of lay figures of men and women or children, dressed in proper cos-
tume and engaged in typical occupations. About this group, in wall cases and
screens, would be assembled as many examples of the handiwork of that people as
possible. Especial attention was given to selecting.such arts as were quite charac-
teristic and distinctive in each case.

It is much to be regretted that the contracted space allowed in the Government
building at Chicago prevented the curator from giving to the idea its fullest expan-
sion. Enough was displayed, however, to bring into prominence the statement that
the earth, with its climate and natural resources, has much to say about the material
and the form of human industries. Blood and language and social life and religion
have their say also in the arts of life, but their influence is superadded, and not fun-
damental.

In the development of this collection, in accordance with these plans,
Prof. Mason was engaged for nearly three years, and a large amount
of effort, which under other circumstances would have appeared in the
form of contributions to the literature of ethnology, was devoted to the
preparation of the descriptive labels and the educational material to be
exhibited. In this work most effective assistance was rendered by
various members of the Bureau of Ethnology and the Museum staff.
Mr. James Mooney spent several months among the Moqui Indians of
Arizona, and Kiowas of Indian Territory, and while in the field was.
also instrumental in obtaining the Yoth collection from the Cheyenne,
and Arapahoes. The collections sent in embraced over one thousand
objects. Dr. W. J. Henshaw also collected among the Crow Indians, and
obtained among other things some very beautiful costumes, especially
the dress and outfit of a Crow warrior. Mr. Henshaw while in Cali-
fornia obtained an important collection of basketry and other objects
of the Californian tribes.

Another interesting and important outgrowth of the work of this
department was the result of the curator’s especial interest in the work
of woman in savagery, or woman’s share in primitive industry. This
subject was discussed by him in the lecture entitled “ Woman’s Share in
Primitive Culture,” delivered by him in the National Museum Satur-
day lecture course in 1888. The attention of many intelligent women
was thus attracted to the subject, and at the special invitation of the
Board of Lady Managers, and in accordance with the special resolu-
tion of Congress, an exhibit of woman’s industries was prepared and
installed in theWoman’s building. The idea which this collection was
intended to illustrate is described as follows:

The motive of this exhibit was to show woman’s work in savagery, or woman’s
share in primitive industries. Reviewing Mr. Spencer’s division of the course of
history into an age of militancy and an age of industrialism, it occurred to the
curator that this should rather be a sexual classification. This would give a sex
of militancy, which is masculine, and a sex of industrialism, which is feminine.
This is very clearly proved by this exhibit. The highest classific concept would be

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2------9130	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

craft or trade—for example, the harvester, the miller, the cook, the tanner, the
potter, the weaver, and so on. Under each of these heads, by a collection of speci-
mens, it was shown what women from every savage area are capable of doing. The
division was first technic and then ethnic. The whole title of the exhibit would
read, “ What women of savagery in each trade could do, and how these works
appeared when compared ethnically. '*	■

Reference has already been made to the participation of the Smith-
sonian Institution in the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid,
and to the fact that the larger portion of the material was lent from
tbe National Museum.

As a matter of fact, most of the matter sent from the Museum was
selected from the exhibits already prepared, mounted, and labeled for
the World’s Fair in Chicago, and but for the elaborate preparations
which had already been made, it would liave been impossible for the
United States upon so short a notice to have made so creditable a
showing .upon this most important anniversary. It was a matter of
much regret that the 'pressure of the preparation of the exhibit for
Chicago was so great that Prof. Mason could not accompany the col-
lection to Madrid, as it represented so much of his individual activity,
especially since he had been identified from the beginning with the
committee of organization, which was appointed by the Spanish min-
ister in Washington, and which had already done much to excite pub-
lic interest in this occasion. His assistant, Hr. Walter Hough, was
attached to the American commission, and was charged with the instal-
lation of the material from this department, as well as with the prepa-
ration of the Spanish catalogue, an English translation of which will
appear in the forthcoming report of the Madrid Exposition. This cata-
logue embodies the descriptive labels of a large portion of the collec-
tion which was sent to Chicago, and which will in time be utilized in
the preparation of various memoirs illustrative of the Exposition mate-
rial in the Museum.

Although allusion has been made to the Museum staff of preparators
in connection with the Chicago exhibit, it seems only proper to refer
here to the admirable work of those especially attached to the ethno-
logical collections, notably Mr. Carl Bergman, in the mounting and
costuming of groups of figures, and Mr. Thomas W. Sweeny in arranging
and labeling the cases containing the comparative collections. Mr.
Theodore A. Mills and Mr. Hunbar rendered excellent services in the
modeling and casting of the bodies, heads, and limbs of the figures in
groups.

All the activities of the department were so absorbed by the work
which has just been described, that this and the preceding year’s work
upon papers and monographs upon the collection was to a large degree
interrupted. A paper upon “The Ulu, or Woman’s Knife of the
Eskimo,” by the curator, in the Report of the Smithsonian Institution,
appeared during the year.* This paper was prepared especially for

* Report of tlie U. S. National Museum, 1890-91, pp. 411-416, Pis. lii-lxxxii.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

131

arch geologists, to enable them to understand the functions of many stone
implements in their cabinets.

An address was also delivered by him on u The Land Problem ” before
the Brooklyn Ethnological Society. During the year also appeared
Mr. Hough’s u Catalogue of the Bernadou, Allen, and Jouy Korean
Collections in the National Museum,”* and also by the same student
a paper on time-keeping by lighting and fire, and another upon the
method of fire-making. Mr. J. D. McGuire’s paper on the u Stone
Hammer ” was also written in connection with the Department of Eth-
nology and was prepared in the Museum. In this same connection
should be mentioned the essay by Surg. Washington Matthews, U. S.
Army, on the Catlin collection of Indian paintings in the National
Museum.! Mr. McGuire also prepared a series of objects for the
World’s Fair to illustrate the processes employed by the North Amer-
ican Indian in working stone, by battering, boring, sawing, chip-
ping, grinding, and polishing.

A series of these objects, together with the apparatus used, was
displayed at the Exposition, and an exact account given of the time and
method used in the preparation of each one on an accompanying label.
The case containing this collection occupied a prominent aisle in the
Smithsonian space, and attracted much attention, not only from Ameri-
cans, but also from Europeans.

The most important accessions of American material have been, as
usual, through the Bureau of Ethnology, including especially the val-
uable collection made in connection with the Exposition by Messrs.
Henshaw, Mooney, and Dr. Hoffman. Mrs. M. M. Hazen deposited an
exceedingly important collection of objects from the Sioux and Eskimo
tribes, collected by her late husband, and from Lieut. W. E. Safford
was obtained a most important collection of paintings of Peru by a
native artist, as well as a large collection of dress and native material,
including the very handsome feather costume, which is mounted upon
the single figure of a Xivaro Indian. This was one of the most beau-
tiful of the costumed figures shown in Chicago. The Museum obtained
by purchase the ethnological collection procured by Lieut. Cook during
his military services in the West; from Mr. Edward Palmer, a small
collection from the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico, and from the heirs
of Mr. J. Henry Turner, some interesting objects collected on the Upper
Yukon, Alaska. Of special interest in this connection, was a wampum
belt obtained from Mr. William Thompson, and said to belong to the
great Shawnee chief, Tecumseh.

A small African collection was received from Mr. William Astor.Cha.n-
ler, the result of his explorations in the eastern part of the continent,
and others were obtained for the National Museum at Loanda by Mr.
Heli Chatelain, and by Mr. Carl Steckelman, from Mayumba.

* Report of the U. S. National Museum, 1891, pp. 429-488, Pis. ii-xxxii.
t Report of the IT. S. National Museum, 1890, pp. 593-610, Pis. cxxx-cl.132	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Dr. W. L. Abbott, whose magnificent contributions to the Museum
are referred to elsewhere, sent an important collection of objects from
Bombay. Erhard Bissinger, esq., U. S. consul at Beirut, Syria, sent a
collection of Syrian games of chance.

Hon. W. W. Rockhill, Third Assistant Secretary of State, has placed
at the disposition of the Museum a large and exceedingly important col-
lection illustrative of the arts and customs of Tibet, which was obtained
by him in his two journeys in the interior, and which is to be the sub-
ject of an illustrated catalogue to be published in the present report of
the Museum. At Hoihow, China, Dr. Julius Neumann continued his
friendly cooperation by sending additional illustrations of the native
arts of northern China.

Polynesian collections were sent by Rounsevelle Wildman, esq., U. S.
consul at Singapore, who made special collections under the direction
of the Museum. Alexander B. Webb, esq., XL S. consul at Manila, sent
by request a collection from the Philippines, including a very excellent
series of games. Victor A. Jenny, esq., U. S. consular agent at Macassar,
secured specimens illustrating the arts of New Guinea, while our old
and valued correspondent, Prof. H. H. Giglioli, sent in exchange an
important collection from the Andaman Islands, including over 100
objects.

PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY.

The hall containing this collection is the largest and most impress-
ive in the Museum, and, owing to the extent and value of the material,
chiefly in American archaeology, it is one of the most noteworthy
features of the establishment. Since the death of Dr. Charles Rau in
1887, by whom the collection was organized and first arranged, it has
been under the charge of Dr. Thomas Wilson, who has increased it by
the deposit of his own cabinet of European material.

The number of specimens at the end of the year is reported by the
curator at 140,182, 1,164 having been added during the month of June.

Under the administration of the present curator many changes have
been made, especially in the fundamental plan of classification. The
collection is at present arranged in two series. The general principles
adopted apply more to prehistoric objects from the Old World and are
those of foreign archaeologists. It has been deemed unwise by the
curator to attempt any definite classification of the culture of antiquity
in the United States more than to put it generally into the neolithic
period.

1.	A synoptical series, with reference to prehistoric man, assembling
objects believed to have been employed during each given epoch of
early civilization. These epochs are then arranged in series, begin-
ning with the earliest forms and continuing down to historic times.

2.	Geographical series, in which the greater portion of the collection
is arranged with reference to political subdivisions. The objects fromREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

133

the provinces of Canada, the various States of the United States, and
the Latin Republics are brought together.

In this department, also, much of the energy of the year has been
devoted to preparing collections for expositions. The curator was
attached to the staff of the United States Commission at the Historical
American Exposition at Madrid from August, 1892, until December,
when he was unexpectedly called upon to return.

The exhibit prepared under his supervision for the World’s Fair
was shown also at Madrid, and is explained at length in the special
paper to be included in the report of the American Commission. It
is described in brief in the following statement from the pen of the
author:

The exhibit of this department at Madrid comprised 2,500 prehistoric objects,
which were displayed in 19 double slope-top cases in the main hall assigned to the
United States. The exhibit at Chicago comprised 1,250 specimens, arranged in 7
flat-top cases in an alcove belonging to the space assigned to the U. S. National
Museum. The general arrangement of objects in these two expositions was much
the same; that is, it was both chronological and according to function. The
implements and objects belonging to the earliest period showing human occupation
were arranged in the first cases, and consisted principally of those belonging to
that which is in England called the Alluvial or Drift Period; in France, the
Chellean Epoch of the Paleolithic Period. The various epochs of the Paleolithic
Age were represented‘by implements from northern and southern England; from
all parts of France; from Italy, Spain, and Portugal; from Egypt, by a loan display
from Prof. H. W. Haynes, of Boston; and from Hindostan, Asia. There were casts
of several prehistoric skulls from Europe—the Neanderthal, Olmo, Laugerie Basse
and Engis.

Implements similar in form, style, and manufacture to those of the Paleolithic
Age of European countries were shown as coming from the United States, which
objects, if found in Europe, would be undoubtedly accepted as paleolithic. The
investigations in this respect in the United States of America have not been so pro-
found as in Europe, and anthropologists are not unanimous concerning the conclu-
sions to be drawn therefrom. There were shown a fossil human thorax and a fossil
human skull and thigh-bone, the two latter changed to limonite, all from Florida,
found by Judge John G. Webb; a fossil pyrula shell, bearing the prehistoric engrav-
ing of a mammoth; implements from the auriferous gravels under Table Mountain,
California; others from the Walker River Canyon, in the extinct Quarternary Lake
Lahontan, Utah; still others from Fossil Lake, Oregon. These were followed by
prehistoric objects of the Neolithic or Polished Stone Age, those from Europe having
precedence. England, France, Spain, Italy? Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Swe-
den, Norway, Russia, the Island of Crete, Japan, and Cambodia were all represented.
The implements from these countries were much the same as those from the United
States.

In the display made from the United States every State and Territory was repre-
sented by objects belonging to prehistoric man—polished stone hatchets, grooved
axes and drilled axes, arranged in series according to form, style, and size; stone
mauls, adzes, gouges, some from the West Indies of shell; extensive series of caches
of leaf-shaped and other stone implements, principally from Pennsylvania and Ohio,
though some were from Tennessee and Arkansas; a full series of implements from
the quarries and workshops of, Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio; scrapers of all
kinds; arrow- and spear-heads arranged in the latest classification, leaf-shaped,
triangular, and stemmed, and those of peculiar form; large flint disks; ceremonial134

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

objects, ornaments and weapons, cup and pitted stones, drilled tablets, discoidal
stones (“chungkee”), sinkers, pendants or charms; perforators; tubes, beads and
pipes, shown as specimens of aboriginal drilling; club heads, digging sticks, riatas,
mortars, and grinding stones; pestles; steatite vessels and the implements with
which they were made; hematite objects; agricultural or digging implements,
arranged in series; aboriginal sculptures; objects in shell, horn, and bone; stone
daggers and swords; slate knives; copper implements from the United States;
stone collars and zeroes from Porto Pico; stone masks, clubs, and hatchets from
the West Indies; jade, turquoise, rock crystal from Alaska, Mexico, Central and
South America; obsidian from California and Mexico; gold objects and ornaments
from Chiriqui and Antioquia, Central and South America; plaster models of aborig-
inal towns and monuments belonging to Indian tribes; and, for purposes of com-
parison,-numerous objects from the modern North American Indians were shown
in the glass case, duly labeled with the tribe, locality, and special point of com-
parison indicated.

The collection was arranged in groups, so that a single label would comprise as
many objects as possible. The labels were prepared with care, printed on herbarium
board, and displayed with the objects so as to be easily read by the public.

The collection was described in the official catalogue as follows:

The exhibit under this head deals with man before the dawn of history, and com-
prises implements, .utensils, and other objects found in different parts of the world,
and recognized as his handiwork.

OBJECTS OF THE PALEOLITHIC OR CHIPPED-STONE AGE.

A series of about sixty chipped stone objects from Europe, Asia, and Africa, belong-
ing to the first, the alluvial or Chelleen Period of the Age, and representing the
earliest accepted implements made by man.

Objects of the second, the Eeindeer or Cavern Period.

Casts of four prehistoric human skulls, Neanderthal, Olmo, Engis, and Laugerie
Basse.

Implements of stone and bone from France and England (Cresswell and Kent’s cav-
erns, England; Moustier, Solutre, and La Madelaine, France).

Objects from the United States, of the same form as the preceding found in Post-
pliocene formations and on the surface, and believed by some students to be
implements of the same character as those of Europe. (Exhibited for compari-
son.)

OBJECTS OF THE NEOLITHIC OR POLISHED-STONE AGE.

A series from the Old and New worlds, comprising hammers, cores, flakes, hatchets,
scrapers, disks, chisels, poignards, arrow- and spear-heads—polished and unpol-
ished.

A collection to illustrate a classification of arrow- and spear-heads.

A series of objects of stone, including “ banner stones,” drilled tablets, and boat and
bird shaped stones, etc., the uses of which are unknown, but which are supposed
to have been connected with ceremonies, or used as ornaments or in games.
Objects of shell, bone, and horn.

Copper implements and ornaments of America.

Gold ornaments from Central and South America.

Bronze implements and ornaments from Europe.

A collection of ornaments, knives, hatchets, and other objects, of jade, turquoise, rock
crystal and obsidian, from Alaska, Central and South America, Australia,, and
New Zealand.

A series of prehistoric Carib implements, including stone collars, zem6s, stone
masks, clubs, hatchets, etc., from Porto Eico, West Indies.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

135

In connection with the Exposition work, Mrs. Wilson’s private col-
lection of laces, mounted, and with an elaborate series of descriptive
labels, was placed in the Woman’s building.

An interesting and valuable collection of prehistoric antiquities com-
prising 178 objects was given by Mrs. Schliemann on behalf of her
husband, lately deceased. They were gathered by the celebrated
explorer during his excavations on the hill of Hissarlik and came from
the buried cities on the site of Ancient Troy.

The curator continued his duties as editor of the department of
anthropology in the “American Naturalist” and also published a paper
upon “Anthropology at the Paris Exposition in 1889.” In addition to
the routine work already described, the preparation of a series of casts
of typical prehistoric stone implements for distribution to colleges and
museums has been continued.

THE COLLECTION OP ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES.

This collection is an outgrowth of the Department of Ethnology and
was established in 1888 under the honorary curator ship of Dr. Paul
Haupt, professor of Semitic studies in Johns Hopkins University,
chiefly for the purpose of calliug attention to the fact that the National
Museum was ready to receive and care for objects obtained by archae-
ological exploring expeditions in the East, and also to meet the con-
stant demand from visitors for collections corresponding to those
known in London as of Biblical archaeology.

Owing in part to lack of space, the specimens have not been a very
serviceable study collection. Special attention was given to the
making up of a study series of casts of Assyrian and Babylonian
seals, of which' a large number were found to be in private possession
of this country. It is hoped that in time this series will include a com-
plete representation of every seal in America, and that this material
of such importance for purposes of research will be ela-borate enough
to render it available for comparative study.

Owing in part to lack of space and still more to the fact that it is so
difficult to obtain genuine material, the growth of this collection has
been very slow, but it still occupies a prominent place in the Museum,
and every effort will be made for its improvement.

A number of objects have recently been withdrawn from this series
to form a portion of the collection of religious ceremonials which was
prepared as a special feature for the World’s Fair under the charge of
Dr. Cyrus Adler, assistant curator of this department.

Among the most important recent accessions are two squeezes of
ancient tablets at Persepolis, brought home by the Hon. Truxton Beale,
from which have been made the beautiful plaster casts figured and
described by Dr. Adler in another part of this report.

Another collection received during the year, which seems to deserve
special remark in this place, is referred to in a statement prepared by
the custodian of the collection:136

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

The most notable and welcome collection was obtained through the kindness of
Miss Olive Risley Seward, of Washington, who placed on deposit in the Museum an
interesting collection of Cypriote and Phoenician objects. Aside from their intrinsic
value these objects have a historical value, in that they were acquired at the actual
scene of the excavation.

THE COLLECTION OF RELIGIOUS CEREMONIAL OBJECTS.

Since 1889, objects of religious ceremonial have been exhibited in
connection with the collection of Oriental antiquities. A beginning
was made by the formation of. an exhibit to illustrate the Jewish
religion, but the scope has since been widened and may in the future-
include the lower types of religion, with the exception perhaps of those
which it would be difficult to illustrate by the separation of material
from the general ethnological series.

The idea of a collection of this kind was first taken up in this coun-
try by the National Museum, and a proposal is made in regard to it in
the Museum reports for 1881 and 1889.

In 1892 a similar project was taken up by the University of Penn-
sylvania, and an admirable loan exhibition was prepared under the
direction of Mr. Stewart Culin.

In the u Biblical World n for January, 1893, the following allusion is
made to the subject:

An important and indeed indispensable adjunct to the study of religions is the
Museum, which in its ideal form should represent a tableau of the course taken by
religious rites in their development. Credit is due to the U. S. National Museum for
having taken the initiatory steps in this direction. In his report for 1889/ the Sec-
retary of the Smithsonian Institution called attention to the importance of collec-
tions of articles of worship, and since that time an excellent beginning has been
made in the departments of American, and Oriental antiquities. Messrs. Fewkes,
Adler, and Rockhill have been instrumental in advancing the section of comparative
religions in the National Museum and with the admirable facilities possessed by a
Government institution for obtaining objects from all parts of the world, the scope
of this section ought at an early day to be made coequal with the universe. At
the University of Pennsylvania, also, the place of the Museum as the laboratory for
study of religions was emphasized by a special loan exhibition of objects used in
religious worship, which was opened last spring. The catalogue, which is of the
entire exhibition, is due to the energetic and well-directed efforts of Mr. Stewart
Culin, the director of the University museums, and is an admirable piece of work,
distinguished for its method, clearness, and accuracy. The exhibition, embracing
Egypt, India, China, Japan, America, and Mohammedanism, is noteworthy as the
first of the kind in the country.

. The history of the collection has been epitomized in a paper prepared
by Dr. Adler for the Anthropological Congress in Chicago, a revision
of which is printed in Part ii of this Eeport.

The special exhibit shown in Chicago is limited to a selection from
the religions of the nations inhabiting the Mediterranean basin, with
special regard to the ceremonies, as forming the starting point for a
comparative study of religions.

* The plan was first announced in the Report of the Assistant Secretary for 1881.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

137

The exhibit comprises the following religions: Assyro-Babylonian,
Jewish, Mohammedan, Greek, Roman, and Oriental Christian.
Assyro-Babylonian religion:

Bas-reliefs (casts) representing divinities and worshippers.

Seals (casts) engraved with representations of mythological and religious
scenes.

Photographs of divinities and scenes of worship.

Jewish religion:

Objects used in the service of the Synagogue.

Sacred books: Manuscripts of the Law (Pentateuch), of the book of Esther.

Ornaments, veils and curtains of the Holy Ark, mantles and covers for the
law; breastplates, bells, and pointers.

Outfit of the worshipper: Prayer-mantle, phylacteries, and prayer books.

Objects used on sacred occasions.

Sabbath: Kiddush cloth, habdalah set, lamps.

Passover: Complete set of the utensils of the passover meal, comprising glasses,
dishes, cups, saucers, serviettes, and covers. ' The liturgy of passover
evening.

New Year’s day and day of atonement: Cornets (shofars). Liturgies of the
Beni-Israel (Jews of Bombay in the Marathi language).

Feasts of tabernacles: Curtain of booth, palm branch (lulab), and citron
(ethrog).

Objects used on special occasions: Circumcision, knife and cup. Consecration
of child. Siyum. Marriage: Wedding rings, marriage contracts. Omer
tablet. Other religious observances. Knife used for slaughtering animals.
Hanukah (feast of dedication)—lamps. Mezuzah—tablet on the door post.
Amulets. Mizrach.

Graphic illustrations: Ceremonies and implements of the synagogue. Cere-
monies of festal days. Domestic ceremonies. Photographs of synagogues.
Photographs of Jewish rabbis. Photographs of Samaritan pentateuchs
and other MSS.

Mohammedan religion:

Objects used in the mosque: Koran, reading stand, crescent, lamps, ewer and
basin for ablutions. Dress and paraphernalia of religious persons. Cos-
tume of Imam and Dervish. Dervish staff and drum. Vessel, amulets. Set
of photographs of Mecca and the pilgrims. Photographs of mosques, foun-
tains, religious persons and feasts, and burial places.

Greek religion:

Objects of worship. Principal divinities. Minor or secondary deities. Mytho-
logical scenes. Religious practice. Festal scenes and processions. Altar
and sacrifices. Votive tablets. Sepulchral reliefs. Graphic illustration:
Picart plates representing divinities, priests, altars, and other utensils of
worship and various religious scenes.

Roman religion:

Objects of worship. Principal divinities. Minor or secondary deities.
Tombstone.

Oriental Christian religion:

Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopian, and Greek ceremonial vessels, votives, ikons,
manuscripts, etc.

The idea of a collection of religious ceremonial objects has excited
much interest, and cooperation most valuable and enthusiastic has been
given by a number of the friends of the Museum.138

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

THE COLLECTION OF AMERICAN ABORIGINAL POTTERY.

This collection, a portion of which would seem to belong to that of
prehistoric anthropology, has grown lip under the direction of Prof. W.
H. Holmes, of the Bureau of Ethnology, and in connection with his
studies of American art in clay. yEt is arranged in one of the central
courts of the Museum building by tribes and regions, including not
only the magnificent series of Pueblo objects obtained by the Bureau
of Ethnology, but also the general collection from the mounds of the
Mississippi Yalley and from the burial cemeteries of Central and South
America, and forming one of the most impressive exhibitions of the
kind ever brought together.

The series of vessels to represent the art of the Pueblo tribes was
sent to the World’s Fair They were grouped and arranged with life-
size figures representing Zuni women making and decorating pottery,
executed by Mr. F. H. Cushing. Mr. Holmes also prepared for the
World’s Fair illustrations of his other investigations upon the quarry-
ing and stone industries of the Indians.

The collections shown in Chicago illustrate the quarrying of stone
by the aborigines of the United States, for utensils, pipes, ornaments,
etc.; the manufacture of stone implements from flint, chert, novaculite,
quartzite, and rhyolite; and the mining of copper and mica.

Exhibit illustrating the ancient quarrying of quartzite bowlders (and the manu-
facture of implements from them) on Piney Branch, District of Columbia;
including a series of specimens, showing processes and progressive steps of manu-
facture; and photographs, drawings, and maps representing the site and nature
of the aboriginal operations and the method of exploration.

A group of exhibits illustrating by means of specimens, map^, photographs, etc.,
the quarrying and manufacture of chert in Indian Territory, together with a
mass of quarry refuse.

Exhibits representing the novaculite quarries of Garland County, Ark., including a
series of hammer-stones.

Exhibits representing the flint quarries of Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio, and
the manufacture of knives, spears, and arrow-heads.

An exhibit representiug the quarrying and shaping of rhyolite by the ancient
inhabitants of Pennsylvania.

Specimens illustrating .the use of flint nodules in implement-making by tribes of
Texas.

Specimens, photographs, and maps showing the aboriginal manufacture of soapstone
utensils in the District of Columbia.

Collections from the ancient copper mines of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, supple-
mented by photographs, maps, and drawings.

An exhibit representing the sacred pipestone quarries of Southwestern Minnesota.

A collection representing ancient mica mining in North Carolina.

Costumed figures—two negro workmen engaged in breaking up and flaking flint.

The accessions of the year include a large number of entries, tire most
important being that of a series of ancient pueblo vases purchased from
Mr. H. Hales, of New Jersey, to form a part of the department exhibit
of aboriginal ceramics at the Columbian Exposition. Small collections,
mostly shreds only, have been made by Mr. Gerard Fowke and Mr.REPORT OP ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

139

William Dinwiddle, of the Bureau of Ethnology in Virginia and Mary-
land, and Mr. 0. Mindeleff and Mr. James Mooney, of the same Bureau
have added to the collections of ancient and modern pueblo ware from
Arizona. Donations have been received from Messrs. Thomas Dow-
ling, W. H. Phillips, W. L. Abbott, C. Steckelman, E. A. Mearns,
Thomas Lee, S. L. Frey, J. A. Maxwell, P. L. Jouy, and Miss E. Mayer.

The important collection of ancient pueblo pottery madeby Mr. Thomas
Keam, of Arizona, which has for a number of years been exhibited as
a loan, was purchased by Mrs. Mary Hemenway, of Boston.

DEPARTMENT OP MAMMALS.

Very little regular work was done in the department during the
year, owing to the work for the Columbian Exposition, and the detail
of Mr. True, the curator, for general executive work of the Museum.

In preparing plans of this exhibit two considerations were kept in
mind: First, that the Exposition commemorated the discovery of
America, and hence that the exhibit ought, as far as possible, to be
American in character; and, secondly, that as the general display of
the Museum was intended to furnish an indication of the different
branches of its exhibition-work, it was desirable to show, as far as pos-
sible, the several classes of such work in which the department was
regularly engaged.

It was first proposed that a prominent feature of the exhibit should
be a complete series of mounted skins of North American mammals,
including every species, and also every variety that had received, a
distinctive name. It was intended that this exhibit should be a com-
plete representation of the mammal fauna of the country, and at the
same time should show the character and quality of the taxidermic
work done by the department. To bring into stronger relief certain of
the characteristic mammals of America, it was proposed, in addition,
to exhibit groups of specimens, with accessories indicating natural sur-
roundings. It was thought that these groups would also add to the
attractiveness of the exhibit, and bring into view another branch of the
taxidermic work of the Museum.

At a later date, in order to enhance the interest of the exhibit, it was
proposed to include a representation of some of the characteristic mam-
mals of Central and South America, or possibly the genera complete.

Finally, however, when the details of the allotment of space in the
Government building became known, the plan underwent considerable
modification.

The complete representation of species of North American mammals
was then abandoned in favor of a display of all the American families,
by genera, as a part of a general series of American animals, arranged
on the same plan. Thus the exhibit, as finally installed, consisted of—

1. A series of single mounted skins, representing the families of
American mammals, by genera.140

REPORT OF NATIONAL' MUSEUM. 1893.

2. A series of groups of characteristic North American mammals,
each confined to a single species, and consisting of several specimens
(adult males and females, and young of both sexes, in most instances),
accompanied by accessories, indicating the surroundings and habits
of the species in a state of nature.

It is unnecessary in this connection to give a detailed list of the genera
included in the family series, as, with no great number of exceptions,
the entire mammalian fauna of America was represented in this way.
Only the North American genera of bats were included, as these mam-
mals are, for the most part, small, and do not present salient external
characters. They would hardly repay, in. connection with an exposi-
tion, the time and labor which it would be necessary to bestow upon
them. The Cetaceans were omitted,.as not belonging strictly to the
American fauna.

Among the rarer genera exhibited were Ghironectes, Chlamiydophorus,
Xenurus, JElasmognathus, Lagidium, Microdipodops, Solenodon, and
Br achy urns (or Ouakaria),

Of some of the rarest families, such as JDinomyidm, no representa-
tives could be obtained. Pictures of some of these were introduced.

A large proportion of the specimens included in this systematic
family series were taken out of the Museum cases, but it was necessary
to purchase a considerable number to fill gaps.

The families shown are as follows:

Cebiclce, the American Monkeys.
Eapalidw, the Marmosets.

Felidce, the Cats.

Canidce, the Dogs.

Mustelidce, the Weasels.

Ursidce, the Bears.

Procyonidce, the Raccoons.

Cercolepiidw, the Kinkajous,

Otariidw, the Sea-Lions.

Phocidce, the Seals.

Odobcenidce, the Walruses.

Camelidce, the Camels and Llamas.
Bovidce, the Cattle. •

AviiilocapridcB, the Prong-horn Antelopes.
Cervidw, the Deer.

Dicotylidce, the Peccaries.

Tapiridce, the Tapirs.

Trichechidce, the Manatees.

Phyllostomidce, the Leaf-nosed Bats.
Emballonuridce, the Free-tailed Bats.
Vespertilionidce, the Typical Bats.
Talpidce, the Moles.

SoricAdce, the Shrews.

Centetidce, the Tenrecs and Almiquis. -
Sciuridce, the Squirrels.

Haplodontidos, the Sewellels.

CastoHdai, the Beavers.

Muridce, the Rats and Mice.

G-eomyidce, the Pouched Gophers.
Saccomyidas, the Pouched Rats.

Dipodidce, the Jumping Mice and Jerboas.
Octodontidce, the Spiny Rats.

Hystricidw, the Porcupines.

Chincliillidm, the Chinchillas.
Dasyprociidw, the Agoutis.

Dinomyidw (no English name; only one
specimen known).

Caviidce, the Cavies.

Lagomyidw, the Pikas.

Leporidce, the Hares.

Myrmecophagidce, the Ant-eaters.
Bradypodidce, the Sloths.

Dasypodidm, the Armadillos.

DidelphyidcUf the Opossums.

The groups shown were as follows:

A male Pacific Walrus, from Walrus Island, Bering Sea.

A group of California Sea-lions from the coast of California.

Steller’s Sea-lions, male and female, from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

141

A Sea-otter from Sannak Island, Alaska.

A family of Badgers from Kansas, with plants and ground-work, representing the
natural surroundings of these animals on the plains.

A group- of three Woodland Caribou, from Newfoundland, with accessories repre
senting the more open portions of that island.

A group of Barren-ground Caribou from Alaska, on the “tundras,” or treeless
plains.

A group of four Rocky Mountain Goats, from Montana and British Columbia, rep-
resented as standing on a ledge of a rocky mountain side.

A group of six Rocky Mountain Sheep, from Wyoming and Montana, represented'as
climbing about a mountain peak, near the snow-line.

A group of nine-banded Armadillos, from Texas, with accessories showing the
prickly vegetation of the arid regions.

A family of Virginia Opossums, showing nest and young.

Virginia Deer. A scene at the margin of a water-course in Virginia. A group,
comprising two bucks, a doe, and a fawn, with accessories, consisting of trees
and plants characteristic of Virginia, intended to convey an idea of the surround-
ings in which the Virginia deer was first seen by the European colonists.

Active work in installation was begun in May, 1891, when the curator
visited the establishments of the larger dealers in natural history sup-
plies, and obtained such materials and specimens as were needed to begin
the work. The force of taxidermists was increased from three to nine,
and divided into two parties, one of which worked on the groups and the
other on the single specimens intended for the systematic series. Mr.
William Palmer was appointed chief taxidermist, and had immediate
charge of the work under the general supervision of the curator; by
whose judgment and artistic taste the effectiveness of the groups was
greatly enhanced.

In preparing the groups every effort was made to produce an artis-
tic effect, not less than to secure complete fidelity to nature, and
sound and finished workmanship. Every one employed contributed
his share of special skill and knowledge, and advantage was taken, as
far as possible, of advice given by competent field naturalists.

Photographs of living animals and of characteristic scenery were
utilized when available. Special acknowledgment should be made to
Mr. George Bird Grinnell, of Hew York, for advice and assistance in
connection with the group of Mountain Goats; to Col. Cecil Clay, of
Washington, and to Rev. M. Harvey, of Halifax, in connection with
that of the Woodland Caribou. Mr. J. Stanley Brown obtained large
quantities of lichens and mosses in Alaska for the group of Barren-
ground Caribou.

A new feature in these groups was the introduction of natural leaves,
grasses, plants, and sea weeds, prepared by a process invented and
satisfactorily carried out by Mr. William Palmer. Yines with leaves
and tendrils which had never been detached from the natural stalk,
and other similar accessories, were used, producing effects which could
not be obtained by artificial leaves fastened on artificial stems.

The production of these groups is attended with many difficulties,
and the number which can be constructed in a given time would be142

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

disappointing to one unfamiliar with the conditions. It is often very
difficult to obtain the skins of animals of the proper ages, or of both
sexes. On account of the great geographical variation of American
mammals, the specimens for any one group must be from a single local-
ity. The obtaining of accessories—plants, characteristic rocks, soil,
turf, etc.—is often difficult. Photographs of living specimens for the
guidance of the taxidermists are not always accessible, and, further-
more, in many cases there is much diversity of opinion regarding
habits. All these circumstances, together with the mechanical difficul-
ties involved, cause the groups to be expensive both of time and labor.

While the taxidermic work was progressing, attention was given to
the preparation of labels. Those for the groups were descriptive, and
were in several instances accompanied by small maps on which the
geographical distribution of the species was indicated. The single
specimens in the systematic series were provided with labels through-
out, giving names, localities, etc., and, in addition, a larger label was
made for each family, in which a brief summary of the characters, dis-
tribution, and habits of the group was presented. All these labels were
uniform with those regularly used in the Museum, and were printed at
the Government Printing Office.

Mention has been made of the series of domesticated animals, in the
preparation of which this department gave some assistance. The series,
so far as mammals were concerned, was not so successful as was desired,
but some forms little known in the United States were, nevertheless,
exhibited. As examples, may be mentioned the yak, obtained in India
for the Museum by the late Dr. J. Wood-Mason; the zebu of India, the
domestic buffalo of Africa, and the paca of South America.

As ornaments to the general zoological exhibit a number of mounted
heads of the large game of the world were displayed. The following
species'are represented:

Eland, African.

Greater Koodoo, African.

Lesser Koodoo, African.

Argali, or wild sheep of Thibet, Asiatic.
Burhel, or blue wild sheep, Asiatic.
Thar, or Himalayan wild goat, Asiatic.
Asiatic Ibex, Asiatic.

Beisa Antelope, African.

Nylghau, Asiatic.

Clark’s Gazelle, African.
Waller’s Gazelle, African.
Dorcas Gazelle, African.
Sommering’s Gazelle, African.
Speke’s Gazelle, African.
Salt’s Gazelle, African.
Sassaby, or Iiartbeest, Africa.
Jackson’s Hartheest, African.
Siberian Boar, Asiatic.

While the arrangement of the exhibit was, on the whole, effective,
the necessity of crowding the cases together detracted considerably
from its appearance.

The curator has prepared the following statement of the events of
the year:

The accessions are, many of them, of a very interesting character. The Museum
is especially indebted to Dr. W. L. Abbott, for a collection from Aldabra, the
Seychelles, and other islands of the Indian Ocean, in which are included threeREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

143

skeletons and two skulls of tlie genus Prodelphinus, accompanied by notes on the
external coloration, which will doubtless throw light on the identity of the species
of this genus of dolphins. The collection also includes several specimens of Fruit -
bats, Pteropus, including some which appear to represent an undescribed species. Mr.
William Astor Chanler deposited a collection of about 35 mounted heads of African
antelopes. An excellent series of 31 skins of the large game of South Africa, includ-
ing the true zebra, hartebeestes, gnus, and other antelopes, lions, hyenas, wart-hogs,
etc., were presented by Mr. H. C. Moore. Dr. P. L. Sclater, secretary of the Zoolog-
ical Society of London, presented a number of pelts of antelopes, and other East
African mammals, collected in Berbera, Somali, by Capt. Swayne. Mounted speci-
mens of Anomalurus, Smutsia, Galeopithecus, and Bathyurgus were purchased to fill gaps
in the exhibition series. A number of small mammals of Burmah, from the collection
of L. Fea, were also purchased. Skins of Brown’s Kangaroo, the Spotted Cuscus, and
the Papuan wild hog, characteristic mammals of New Guinea, were obtained from
Bruno Geisler.

Dr.. E. A. Mearns, U. S. Army, continued his extensive collection of mammals
from the Mexican boundary. Mr. P. L. Jouy made a collection in Mexico, and Prof.
B. W. Evermann in South Dakota. Mr. C. H. Townsend, of the U. S. Fish Commis-
sion, obtained a Californian Sea lion (in San Luis Bay, Lower California), three Sea
elephants, and a Steller’s Sea lion. Prof. C. H. Gilbert obtained for the Museum,
near Monterey, Cal., a foetal specimen of the rare Steam’s grampus, Grampus
stearnsii. Forty-four mammals were received fioin the Zoological Park, including
4 bears, 2 Venezuelan deer, 3 llamas, a beaver, and several monkeys. A fine skeleton
and a skull of the extinct Artie Sea cow, Phytina, were purchased through the
U.S. Fish Commission. The commission also obtained a skull of a Walrus. A skele-
ton of the Rocky Mountain Goat was purchased.

As already stated, few changes were made in the exhibition hall during the year.
The collections presented a more or less chaotic appearance, owing to the necessity
of withdrawing specimens for the Columbian Exposition.

The regular routine work of the department was carried on as usual. The skulls
and skins deposited by the Department of Agriculture were entered; the work of
cleaning skulls belonging to these collections progressed continuously, and 122 skins
were made up, including 15 deer, 27 fur-seals, and other larger forms.

The system of cataloguing the skin and skull of the same individual under different
numbers, which had been in operation since 1852, has been abandoned so far as the
collections deposited by the Department of Agriculture were concerned, and all
specimens derived from a single individual, whatever their character, now receive
the same number. The same system will be applied to the regular series as soon as
the present volume of the catalogue is closed. The first number of the new series is
50,001. The old plan, which was satisfactory while the collection was small, had
become very burdensome, and was furthermore constantly producing confusion in
numbers.

A space in the upper part of the south-entrance laboratory was made available for
storage purposes by the construction of a gallery, or second floor, at the south end
of the room.

As soon as they were relieved of work for the World’s Fair, the taxidermists
proceeded to overhaul the skins which had accumulated in the vats for the previous
two years, and also early accessions. It was found that many had deteriorated
more or less for lack of attention, and a few were entirely ruined. As many as pos-
sible were dried for the study series and others were laid aside to be mounted at the
earliest opportunity. This work was still in progress at the close of the year. The
mounting of two antelopes, a gnu, and a hartbeest was begun. During the year
82 dry skins were made up for the study series of the Museum, and, as already
stated, 122 skins belonging to the Department of Agriculture deposit.

Dr. E. A. Mearns, U. S. Army, with the aid of an assistant, continued for some144

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

months to make collections.for the Museum on the Mexican boundary. Mr. P. L.
Jouy was also engaged in field work in Mexico for a part of the year.

The specimens lent for study, dissection, or other purposes during the year were
as follows:

To Dr. J. A. Allen, American Museum of Natural History, New York, 9 skins and
10 skulls of Field mice (Sitomys); 24 skins and 15 skulls of Pouched Gophers
(Thomomys); 1 skin and 1 skull of Meadow mouse (Arvicola); 1 skin and 1 skull of
Field mouse (Sitomys); 1 skin and 3 skulls of Harvest mice (Ochetodon). For study.

To Dr. Harrison Allen, Philadelphia, Pa., 3 skulls of hats (Dasypterus). For study.

To Prof. Dr. Wilh. Leche, Stockholm, Sweden, 2 young Star-nosed moles in alcohol;
2 young moles in alcohol. For dissection.

To the Madrid Historical Exhibition, Madrid, Spain, 10 mounted mammals charac-
teristic of the North American fauna; 7 pairs of antlers. For exhibition.

To S. N. Rhoads, Philadelphia, Pa., 2 skins and 1 skull of Cooper’s mouse (Synap-
tomys). For study.

The number of specimens in the several series, June 30, 1893, was as follows:

Mounted skins in the exhibition series.................................... 842

Skins and alcoholic specimens in the study and reserve series............. 10, 204

Skins and alcoholic specimens received during the year*................... 728

The last entries in the several catalogues, June 30, 1893, were as follows:

Regular series—

Catalogue of skins and alcoholics...................................... 20, 994

Catalogue of skulls and skeletons........................:............. 36,052

Department of Agriculture deposit:

Old series—

Catalogue of skins and alcoholics.................................. 36, 939

Catalogue of skulls and skeletons.................................. 49,328

New series—

General catalogue (beginning with 50001)........................... 54,102

DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS.

The year’s work consisted chiefly in preparing the exhibit of birds
for the Columbian Exposition. This work, owing to the impossibility
of securing an adequate number of skilled taxidermists, and extreme
difficulty of obtaining necessary materials and specimens, and the
elaborate character of the labels prepared, absorbed all the time of the
curator and his assistants and stopped the regular operations of the
department.

More than 1,300 birds mounted on pedestals, representing nearly 900
species, were sent to Chicago; but owing to a reduction of exhibition
space many of these had to be repacked and stored. This collection
of mounted birds contained representatives of every one of the families
of birds found in the Western Hemisphere (104 in number), except the
American ostrich family, which was represented by water-color pictures.
Among the smaller birds, each family was represented by sufficient
number of species (mostly of different genera) to show the extreme
variations of size, form, and coloration.

* These statistics do not include the collections deposited by the Department of
Agriculture, which are not directly in the custody of the curator. Forty-six speci-
mens were received on deposit from other sources.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

145

BIRDS.

The systematic series, showing representatives of all the families of
birds occurring in America, was arranged as follows :

Fringillidce, the Finches.

Icteridce, the Hangnests.

Sturnidos, the Starlings.

Corvidce, the Crows and Jays.

Mniotiltidce, Wood Warblers.

Coere~bido3, Honey Creepers.

Tanagridce, Tanagers.

Hirundinidce, Swallows.

Yireonidcb, Vireos.

Laniidce, Shrikes.

Dulidw, Palm Chats.

Ptiliogonatidce, Silky Flycatchers.
Ampelidce, Wax-wings.

Cmclidce, Dippers.

Troglodytidce, Wrens.

Certhiidce, Creepers.

Sittidce, Nuthatches.

Paridce, Titmice.

Cha7iiceidw, Wren-Tits.

Sylviidce, Warblers.

Mimidw, Mocking Thrushes.

Tur didos, Thrushes.

MotaciUidce, Wagtails and Pipits
Alaudida, Larks.

Oxyrhamphidce, Sharp-bills.

Furnariidce, Oven Birds.

De7idrocolaptidce, Wood-hewers.
Formicariidm, Ant Birds.

Pte7'ojptochidce) Tapacolas.

ConopoplxagidoB, Ant-Pipits.

Phytotomidce, Plantcutters.

Cotingidcej Cotingas.

Pipridm, Manakins.

Tyrannidas, Tyrant Flycatchers.

TrochiUdas, Humming Birds.

Micropodidw, Swifts.

TrogoTiidce., Trogons.

Pividce, Woodpeckers.

Capitoxiidce, Barbets.

Bhamphastido3, Toucans.

G-albulidce, Jacamars.

Bucconidw, Puff Birds.

Alcedmidw, Kingfishers.

Momotidce, Motmots.

Todidw, Todies.

Caprimulgidm, Goatsuckers.'
JSteatoi'nitMdce, Oil Birds.

CuculidcB, Cuckoos.

Psittacidw, Parrots.

Bubondice, Owls.

Strigidce, Barn Owls.

Pandionidm, Ospreys.

Buteonidm, Hawks, Kites, Eagles, and
Vultures.

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2----------10

Falconidce, Falcons.

Columbidce, Pigeons or Doves.
Cx'acidce, Curassows.

Perdicidce, Partridges and Quails.
Tetx'aonidce, Grouse.

Meleagridce, Turkeys.

Opisthocoinidce, Hoatzins.
Caiha7*tid(B, American Vultures.
Phaethontidce, Tropic Birds.
Fregatidce, Man-o’-War Birds.
A7ihingid(B, Anhingas.
Phalacrocoi-acidce, Cormorants.
Sulidce, Gannets.

Pelecanidw, Pelicans.

Ardeidce, Herons.

CoGhlea7'iid<je, Boatbills.

CiG07iiidce, Storks.	'

Plataleidce, Spoonbills.

IbididcB, Ibises.

PhoeniGopteridw, Flamingoes.
Anatidw, Ducks, Geese, and Swans.
AnhimidoSj Screamers.

Balliddw, Rails.

Arcimidce, Courlans.

GruidcB, Cranes.

PsophiidcB, Trumpeters.

Cariamidw, Cariamas.

Furypygidce, Sun Bitterns.
ODdionemidcBj Thick-knees.
Recurvii'ostridce, Avoeets and Stilts.
PhalaropodidcB, Phalaropes.
Scolopacidw, Snipes.

JagcinidcB, Ja§anas.

Hcematopodidce, Oyster-catchers.
AphrizidcB, Turnstones.

Charadriidce, Plovers.

Thinocoriidce, Partridge-plovers.
Chionidw, Sheath-bills.
Pelecanoididce, Diving Petrels.
Procellarildce, Petrels.

DioxnedeidcB, Albatrosses.

Laridce, Gulls and Terns.
BynchopidcB, Skimmers.
/Sterco7'ariidcB, Skuas.

Alcidce, Auks.

TJ7'mato7'idod, Loons.

Helio7'nithidcB, Sun Grebes.
Colymbidce, Grebes.

Spheniscidce, Penguins.

Tin amides, Tinamous.

Bheidce, Rheas.146

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Besides the synoptical collection there were shown the following
special collections:

A Collection of Humming Birds comprising species of sixty-four genera.

A Collection of Birds of Paradise, embracing the following species:

Astrapia nigra, Incomparable Bird of
Paradise.

Chlamyderamaculata, Spotted Bower Bird.

Chlamydera nuchalis, Greater Bower Bird.

Cicinnarus re'gius, King Bird of Paradise.

Diphyllodes magnifica, Magnificent Bird of
Paradise.

Drepanornis Albertisi, D’Albertis’s Bird of
Paradise.

Epimachus speciosus, Grand Promerops.

Lophorina superba, Superb Bird of Para-
dise.

Manucodia atra, Black Bird of Paradise.

Paracligalla earunculata, Wattled Bird of
Paradise.

Paradiswa apoda, Greater Bird of Paradise.

Paradiscea Augusta-Victoria*, Empress Au-
gusta Victoria’s Bird of Paradise.

Paradiscea minor, Lesser Bird of Paradise.

Paradiscea Baggiana, Raggi’s Bird of Par-
adise.

Paradiscea sangtiinea, Red Bird of Para-
dise.

Parotia sefilata, Six-wired Bird of Para-
dise.

Phonygama Goulcli, Gould’s Bird of Para-
dise.

Ptilonorhynchus violaceits, Satin Bower
Bird.

Ptilorhis AIberti, Prince Albert’s Rifle Bird.

Ptilorhis magnifica,Magnificent Rifle Bird.

Ptilorhis paradisea, Rifle Bird.

Schlegelia Wilsoni, Wilson’s Bird of Para-
dise.

Seleucides nigra, Twelve-wired Bird of
Paradise.

Semioptera Wallacei, Wallace’s S andard
Wing.

Sericulus melinus, Regent Bird.

Xanthomelus ardens, Fiery Bird of Para-
dise.

A collection of Game Birds, including representatives of the following families

Anatidce, Ducks, Geese, and Swans.
Charadriidie, Plovers.

Cohnnbidce, Pigeons or Doves.
Cracidce, Curassows.

Gouridce, Crowned Pigeons.
Megapodidae, Mound Fowls.
Meleagridce, Turkeys.

Numididce, Guinea Fowls.

Otklidae, Bustards.

PtrcUcidce, Partridges and Quails.
Phasianiclm, Pheasants.

Ballidce, Rails.

Scolopacidce, Snipe.

Tetraonidw, Grouse,

Tinamidce, Tinamous.

A collection illustrating the confusion caused by the application of the same pop-
ular name to different species of birds. The following birds are represented: Bee
Bird, Buzzard, Chimney Swallow, Goldfinch, Jacksnipe, Martin, Ortolan, Pheasant,
Redstart, Robin, Screech Owl, Tree Sparrow, Woodcock, Blackbird, Carrion Crow,
Coot, Jackdaw, Kingfisher, Oriole, Partridge, Quail, Redwing, Rook, Sparrow Hawk,
Turtle Dove, Yellow-hammer.

Special groups, with natural accessories, as follows:

North American species approaching extinction: Carolina Paroquet, Ivory-billed
Woodpecker, Passenger Pigeon.	^

To illustrate protective coloration: Ptarmigans in summer, Ptarmigans in winter.

To illustrate remarkable habits: Swallow-tailed Kite feeding, Carolina Paroquets
roosting, California Woodpeckers and their storehouse, Jaganas walking on lily-pads,
Prairie Chickens courting, Flamingoes and their nests, Bower Birds and their play-
house, Crocodile Birds and crocodile, Lyre Birds and dancing mound of the male,
Butcher Birds and their larder.

English Song Thrushes and their nest: An artistic group, presented by the artists,
Mr. H. Minturn and Mrs. Mogridge, though the birds wei'e mounted by the Museum
taxidermist, Mr. H. C. Denslow.

The value of the entire exhibit, as an educational feature, is greatlyREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	147

enhanced by the careful and explicit labeling, in popular language, of
every object contained in it.

The gifts of material in this department have been so numerous and
valuable that it is not practicable to mention in this place even by
name all the contributors. They are enumerated in the list of acces-
sions in Appendix Vi.

Among the collections containing more than fifty specimens may be
mentioned those of Dr. W. L. Abbott, from Kashmir and Baltistan;
of Dr. W. L. Abbott, from the mountains and vale of Kashmir; of P. L;
Jouy, from Jalisco, Mexico; of Dr. E. A. Mearns, U. S. Army, from
northern Mexico, and the adjacent parts of Rew Mexico, Texas, and
Arizona, including 823 skins; of Lieut. Wirt Eobinson, IT. S. Army,
from Colombia and Cura§ao.

Mr. Ridgway reports as follows upon the state of the collection:

The present state of the collection is very satisfactory as regards preservation, hut
quite otherwise so far as the arrangement of the skin collection of the larger birds, stored
chiefly in the west basement, is concerned. This is due to causes almost beyond con-
. trol, the chief of which is the congested state of the collection,which has far outgrown
the space available for storage. The difficulty is, moreover, constantly increasing.
To remedy the trouble considerable progress has, however, been made in rearrange-
ment; but the space is so much overcrowded with cases that work can only be done
slowly and at great disadvantage. At least five times the space now occupied by
the collection would be necessary for its proper arrangement, without consideration
of future accessions.

It has long been intended to make an extensive distribution of duplicate specimens,
both to relieve the congestion of our storage facilities and to advance the study of
ornithology in the various institutions of learning throughout the country; but this
has been delayed until the entire collection can be rearranged, since the two being
simply different parts of the same undertaking, are necessarily carried on together.

The total number of specimens was, at the end of June, 1893, substantially as follows:

Total skin series at end of June, 1892..................................... 60; 532

Additions during 1892-’93 *................................................ 1, 985

Total skins at end of June, 1893.................................... 62, 517

Exhibition collection at end of June, 1893.............1................... 8,154

Total specimens at end of June, 1893................................... 70, 671

Total specimens at end of June, 1892................................... 68, 416

Increase during 1892-793................................................. 2, 255

The last entry at end of June, 1892, is 126,361.

The last entry at end of June, 1893, is 128,852.

Specimens were sent for study to the American Museum of Natural
History, to Osbert Salvin, esq., and Count Salvadori, London; to Grur-
doii Trumbull, of Hartford; Witmer Stone, of Philadelphia, and other
specialists.

DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS7 EGOS.

The collection of birds7 eggs still remains in the charge of Maj. C.
E. Bendire, IT. S. Army, retired, who, since the gift of his own unsur-

*Less additions to mounted collection (370 in number) and specimens distributed
(136).148

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

passed private collection to the Smithsonian Institution in 1884, has
devoted his entire time to the development of the national collection
and the preparation of the treatise upon the eggs and nesting habits
of North American birds, for which the Institution has been collecting
material for nearly fifty years.

Maj. Bendire has continued the preparation of his work on the Life
Histories of North American Birds, and the text for another volume,
which will include the Cuckoos, the Woodpeckers, the Goat-suckers
and Swifts, the Humming Birds, the Flycatchers, the Horned Larks,
the Crows, Jays, Magpies, Blackbirds, and Orioles, is well in progress,
and the illustrations are being prepared under his direction by Mr.
John L. Ridgway.

The first volume of this work has been received with much favor,
and it is gratifying that American work in illustration should receive
such hearty commendation from European authorities as have the
colored plates accompanying this Bulletin.

Dr. Blasius, in the “'Rundschau,” February 4, 1893, says:

The chromolithographs are perfect. The shading is so perfect; especially near
the outlines of the eggs, which appear to he resting upon a light-gray surface, that
one imagines himself to he looking at the original eggs. I am not acquainted with
any work in English, German, or any other language, that has presented pictures
of eggs approaching these in execution. One can not hut express the highest regard
for a scientific establishment like the Smithsonian Institution which produces so
excellently executed a hook, and we can hut wish and hope that the entire work
may he completed, so that we may have as comprehensive a treatise on North Amer-
ican oology as we have of its ornithology in Baird, Ridgway, and Brewer’s History
of North American Birds, published in 1874.

Dr. Hermann Schalow, of Berlin, in the “Ornithologisclie Monats-
berichte,” January, 1893, wrote:

The original water-color drawings were made from nature by John L. Ridgway,
and are reproduced in lithography in a most admirable fashion. The plates far sur-
pass the best with which we are familiar.

Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe, of the British Museum, in “Nature,” Novem-
ber 2, 1893, wrote:

The figures are beautifully rendered by chromolithography, and the publication
is altogether a notable one. The letterpress is the work of Capt. Charles Bendire,
who is known to be one of the most practiced oologists of the present day. He has
described and figured "in the present volume the eggs of all the North American game-
birds, pigeons, and birds of prey, and he has used his opportunity to the greatest
advantage by giving an excellent account of the life-histories of the species, together
with the latest information respecting their geographical distribution. Capt. Ben-
dire’s work forms one of the most important of the recent contributions to ornitho-
logical knowledge, and the succeeding volumes will be awaited with interest by
ornithologists.

Special allusion should be made to the very important cooperation
of Dr. William L. Ralph, of Utica, N. Y. Dr. Ralph has for twenty
years been forming a collection of the eggs and nests of North American
birds, very complete for the entire continent, though especially rich in
southern and extremely northern forms. This collection, which is oneREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

149

of the most important and most beautifully prepared in existence,
is especially valuable to the student on account of the thorough and
scholarly , manner in which it is catalogued and labeled, has been given
by him to the Smithsonian Institution, and nearly half of it, numbering
about 3,250 eggs, has already been transferred to the custody of the
curator.

The collection is being constantly increased, and Dr. Ralph spares
no expense in obtaining representatives of rare species. By thi s agency
alone at least sixty species, either not at all represented or represented
by worthless specimens, have up to the present time been added.

A large number of other gifts have been received, of which those of
Dr. A. K. Fisher, Dr. E. A. Mearns, U. S. Army, Lieut. H. G. Benson,
E. S. Army, and Walter F. Webb are the most extensive, including each
over fifty specimens.

The curator prints the following statistical memorandum:

Present state of the collection.

Specimens in North American series...................................... 37, 338

Specimens in North American duplicates.................................. 11, 759

Specimens on exhibition................................................. 1, 491

Total.............................................................. 50,588

Species and subspecies in the North American series................1---- 781

Specimens in foreign series............................................. 4, 419

Specimens in foreign duplicates............................................. 231

Total...............'............................................. 4,650

Species in foreign series............................................... 624

Nests in North American reserve series.................................. 2, 656

Nests on exhibition......................................................... 235

Total..............................................................	2, 891

Last catalogue entry in June, 1892, 25,170.

Last catalogue entry in June, 1893, 25,935.

DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES AND BATRACIIIANS.

Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, the curator of these collections, reports that
if the progress of the department be measured by the number of speci-
mens received and entered upon the books, the activity of the past
year has been unprecedented, no less than 2,302 specimens having
been catalogued.* Some of these have furnished types for quite a num-
ber of recently described species, both from this country and abroad.

As a consequence of the greatly increased number of specimens
received during the present year, the routine work of installing, identi-
fying, caring for, labeling, and reporting upon them has been more
than twice as great as during any previous year. The department has

*For comparison it may bo mentioned that the number of entries in 1891-92 was
1,055; in 1890-;91, 908; in 1889-J90, 705; inl888-’89, 784; inl887-J88,19; inl886-;87,138.150	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

also had on hand the preparation of its part of the exhibit for the
World?s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, so that the curator and his
assistant have had their time fully occupied without much chance of
effecting a better arrangement of the old collections.

The curator has been specially engaged in the care of. the collection
of reptiles obtained in Death Yalley by the expedition sent out from
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in charge of Dr. C. Hart Mer-
riam, and has furnished a special report which, accompanied by four
plates, was published in North American Fauna, No. 7, May, 1893.
In this are described 11 new species and subspecies, while a number
of forms described by previous authors are more fully reported upon.

Among the most interesting additions to the collection is a new
species of Xantusia, described by Dr. Stejneger as X. Henshawi* This
lizard belongs to a genus peculiar to California, two species only being
previously known. The new species is remarkably distinct and forms
altogether one of the most interesting herpetological novelties obtained
in this country during recent years. I may add that the present species
is only part of a very valuable collection sent home by Mr. Henshaw
from southern California.

There has also been received another collection which throws con-
siderable light on the geographical distribution of species in the south-
western portion of the United States and contains many rare species.
This was presented by Dr. Timothy E. Wilcox, U. S. Army, who col-
lected at Fort Huachuca, Ariz.

Of extralimital collections obtained during the present year may be
mentioned those made by Mr. P. L. Jouy in various parts of Mexico;
by Mr. Charles W. Richmond in Nicaragua, and by Mr. Harry W.
Perry in Honduras.

Especially important have been the collections received from Africa.
The Museum has been particularly deficient in material from that part
of the world, but thinks to the zeal and generosity of two American
gentlemen, this deficiency is now gradually being remedied. Mr.
William Astor Chanler has sent collections from the east coast of the
mainland between the mouth of the Tana River and Hameye, about 300
miles inland, and Dr. W. L. Abbott, others from the Seychelles and
various other groups of islands off the east coast of Africa. The study
of the former collection by Dr. Stejneger reveals many rare and
undescribed species, while the latter furnishes the material for a full
list of the herpetological fauna of the islands in question, which also
shows a number of new species.

Among, other prominent contributors are Profs. J. T. Scovell and A.
J. Woolman; Julius Hurter, St. Louis, Mo.; F. Stephens, Santa
Ysabel, Gal.; Herbert Brown, Tucson, Ariz.; Dr. E. A. Mearns, of the
United States and Mexican Boundary Commission; George E. Harris,

* Discovered in southern California by Mr. H. W. Henshaw.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

151

Cassville, Mo.; Prof. B. W. Evermann, of tlie U. S. Pish Commission;
L. Belding, Stockton, Cal.

The work of Dr. Stejneger on the proposed supplementary volume
of the ^omenclator Zoologicus has progressed as fast as could be
expected, and by the end of the year more than 17,000 generic terms
had been card-catalogued and arranged alphabetically by classes. It
is evident that the original maximum estimate of 20,000 genera will be
reached or even exceeded.

Excellent facilities for studying the collections have been extended
to Prof. E. D. Cope, who, among other subjects studied, made extended
anatomical researches for his new ophiological system, and to Dr. O.
P. Hay, for finishing his work on the Indiana reptiles.

The estimate of the curator shows the status of the collection on
June 30,1893, to be as follows:

<	Specimens.

Reserve series........................................................  18,222

Duplicate series...................................................... 8, 705

Unassorted and exotics................................................   6,313

Grand total......................................................  33,240

Last catalogue entry in June, 1892, 18,191.

Last catalogue entry in June, 1893, 20,493.

The exhibit of the reptiles and batrachians at the World’s Colum-
bian Exposition comprised two classes of objects, viz: (1) Groups of
casts and mounted specimens, and (2) a series of specimens illustrating
representative American families.

Owing to lack of space and time three groups only were exhibited,
though work on several more had been planned and partly begun.

The first group consisted of 14 casts of some of the more typical
poisonous snakes occurring within the United States, as for instance,
various species of rattlesnakes, the water moccasin, the copperhead,
and the harlequin snake. The snakes were shown coiled or crawling
among rocks, roots of trees, dead leaves, moss, etc. The accessories
were not intended in every case to represent the actual surroundings of
the species, as the specimens belonged to species inhabiting widely sepa-
rated localities, and were exhibited together for the purpose of contrast-
ing the various types. The casts composing the group were mostly of
plaster, while two were made of a glue composition. They have in every
instance been made from specimens sent alive to the Museum, several
of them expressly for the Chicago exhibit. Among these I would call
special attention to the magnificent Texas rattlesnake (Grotalus atrox)
and the red California rattler (C. rubidus) from southern California.

The second group comprised 33 casts and mounted specimens of
different types of land and fresh water turtles inhabiting the United
States, including gophers, box tortoises, terrapins, mud turtles, soft-
shelled turtles, etc., the accessories, as in the snake group, illustrating in
a general way only their natural surroundings, water and sandy beaches
consequently predominating.152

REPORT OF RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

The third group showed a hue yellow boa, from Jamaica, in the act of
climbing the branches of a tree, typifying the non-venomous snakes in
contrast to the group of poisonous ones.

The second class of objects consisted of 68 species in alcohol, this
series' being destined to illustrate by typical specimens the families of
reptiles and batrachians occurring in the Western Hemisphere. Alto-
gether 48 families were shown, several of the larger ones being repre-
sented by a series of species to illustrate the extremes of forms included
in them. All the specimens were carefully mounted upon glass plates,
in imitation of the natural positions of the animals, and displayed in
square glass jars, the* larger ones in Dorhinger jars, the smaller, in
Benedict plate-glass jars. The great advancement of this mode of
exhibiting alcoholics over the old one of simply suspending the animal
in a round jar, was very striking. The plate-glass jars especially are
so beautiful and the animals show to such an advantage that it is hoped
that the experiments which are now being made for improvements in
their manufacture may meet with success. Each jar was provided with
two printed labels, one family label giving in a few terms the scientific
characteristics of the family, in addition to a brief popular account of
its other peculiarities, as well as the geographical distribution, the
other label being the specimen label containing the popular and scien-
tific names, locality, Museum number, and donor’s or collector’s name.

A systematic series of alcoholic specimens, representing the following
families of American reptiles and batrachians:

REPTILES.

Crocodiles, Crocodilidw.

Tortoises, families Chelydridce, Kinosternidce, Testudinidw, Emydidce, Cheloniidce,
Dermochelydidce, and Trionychidce.

Lizards, families Eublepharidw, Gekkonidce, Anolidce, Iguanidce, Helodermatidce, Angu-
ida?, Anniellidce, Xantusiidce, Teiidce, Scineidce, Bipedidce, Amphisbamidce.

Snakes, families Typhlopidm, Leptotyphlopidce, Ilysiidce, Boidce, Charinidce, Natricidce,
Nothopsidce, Amblycephalidce, Boigidce, Elapidce, Hydrophidce, Crotalidce.

BATRACHIANS.

Salamanders, families Proteidce, Cryptobranchidce, Amblystomaiidce, Plethodontidai,
JDesmognathidce, Salamandridce, Amphiumidw.

Csecilians, family Cwciliidce.

Sirens, family S-irenidce.

Toads and frogs, families Bufonidce, Pelobatidce, Hylidce, Cystignathidce, Engystomat-
idce, Dendrobatidce, Ranidce.

Although not very extensive, the herpetological exhibit attracted
much attention, particularly the two large groups, wdiich were con-
stantly surrounded by a crowd of interested and appreciative visitors
to the Fair.

DEPARTMENT OF FISHES.

The honorary curator, Hr. Tarleton H. Bean, was placed in charge
of the exhibit of the IT. S. Fish Commission at the World’s ColumbianREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

153

Exposition, and this, together with his other duties in connection with
the Commission, has enabled him to devote but little time to the work
of the Museum. He has cooperated with the Assistant Secretary in the
preparation of a Museum publication, u Oceanic Ichthyology,’7 which
is now in press. Mr. Barton A. Bean, assistant curator, has been
engaged in the routine work of the department in the preparation of
the exhibit for the Exposition at Chicago, and in the arranging of
drawings of deep-sea fishes for publication. A general rearrangement
of the collection of the department is needed, and will be undertaken
this fall. There have been 418 catalogue entries; the number of speci-
mens received is about 1,000.

The most important collections contributed have been received from
the IT. S. Fish Commission, especially the additional deep-sea and oceanic
forms collected by the steamer Albatross.

This exhibit at the World’s Fair consisted of 154 families and sub-
families, represented by 197 species of the fishes of North and South
America. The specimens were displayed in rectangular glass jars, to
which were attached labels giving a diagnosis setting forth the family
characters, followed by a statement of the number of the genera and
species in the family, their geographical range, and an account of their
habits, food, and uses. Small species labels were also attached to desig-
nate individuals or groups of individuals. The object was to make a
popular and instructive exhibit of the fishes of the Western Hemi-
sphere, which aim was satisfactorily carried out by the means employed
for the display.

The following is a list of the families and subfamilies represented:

FISHES.

Orthagoriscidce, the Ocean Sun-fishes.
Tetrodontidce, the Swellfishes.
Diodontidw, the Porcupiue-fishes.
Ostracionidai, the'Trunk-fishes.
Balistidw, the Trigger-fishes.

JBlippocampidw, the Sea-horses.'
Syngnathidce, the Pipe-fishes.
Malthidce, the Bat-fishes.

Lophiidw, the Anglers.

Ceratiidcu, the Small Anglers.
Antennariidce, the Frog-fishes.
Soleidce, the Soles.

PleuronectidcB, the Flounders.
Macruridce, the Grenadiers.
Fierasferidm, the Fierasfers..
Ophidiidcv, the Donzellas.

Brotulidw, the Brotnlids.

Gadidce, the Cod-fishes.

Merhicidce, the Whitings.

Lycodidce, the Eel Pouts.
Ammodytidm, the Sand Lances.
Cryptacanthidce, the Wry-mouths,
Stichiidce, the Eel Blennies.

Xiphidiontidm, the Butter Eels.
Anarrhichadidce, the Wolf Fishes,
Cebedichthyidce, the Monkey Blennies.
Blenniidce, the Blennies.

Opisthognathidce, the Big-eyed Blennies.
Batrachidce, the Toad-fishes.
Leptoscopidce, the Small Star-gazers.
Uranoscopidw, the Star-gazers.

Bathymaster idee, the Ronquils.
Chiasmodontidce, the Great Swallowers.
Thichodontidce, the Sand-fishes.
Gobiesocidce, the Clinging Gobies.
Liparididw, the Sea Snails.

Cyclopteridce, the Lump-fishes.
Callionymidw; the Dragonets.

Gobiidw, the Gobies.

Triglidce, the Gurnards.

Agonidw, the Alligator-fishes.

Cottidcv, the Sculpins.

Hemitripteridce, the Sea Ravens.
Scorpcenidce, the Rock-fishes.

Chiridcc, the Chiroids.

Scaridce, the Parrot-fishes.154

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Labridm, the Wrasses.

Pomacentridw, the Demoiselles.
Cichlidas, the Ciehlids.

Embiotocidce, the Viviparous Perches.
Gerridce, the Moharras.

Polynemidw, the Thread-fins.
Acanthuridce, the Surgeons.
Chcetodontidce, the Chaetodens.
Ephippidce, the Angel-fishes.

Xiphiidce, the Sword-fishes.
Trichiuridw, the Cutlass-fishes.
Scombridcv, the Mackerels.

Carmgidce, the Pompanoes.
Coryphaenidce, the Dolphins.
JStromateidcv, the Butter-fishes.
Pempherida?, the Pemplierids.

Zenidce, the Dories.

Bramidce, the Pomfrets.

Xomeidm, the Nomeids.

Latilidce, the Tile-fishes.

Mullidce, the lied Mullets.
PLoloceniridce, the Squirrel-fishes.
Berycidce, the Beryxes.

Scicenidce, the Drum-fishes.

Sparidce, the Sea Breams.
Pinielepteridce, the Rudder-fishes.
Pristiptomatidw, the Grunts.
Centrarchidw, the Sun-fishes.
Elassomatidce, the Elassomes.
Serranidce, the Sea Basses.

Percidw, the. Perches.

Apogonidcv, the Coral Fishes.
Cenfropomidce, the Snooks.
Pomatomidce, the Blue-fishes,
jElacatidce, the Cobias.

Priacanthidm, the Big-eyes.
Aphredoderidce, the Pirate Perches.
Sphyramidw, the Barracudas.
Echeneididoi, the Remoras.
Trachypteridm, King-of-the-H err ings.
Atherinidw, the Silversides. ■
Mugillidce, the Mullets..

Gasterosteidce, the Stickle-backs.
Aulorhynchidce, the Flute-mouths.
Fistulariidce, the Trumpet-fishes.
Centriscidce, the Snipe-fishes.
Belonidw, the Silver Gars.

Exocoetidw, the Flying Fishes.
Amblyopsidce, the Cave Fishes.
Luciidce (Esocidae), the Pikes.
TJmbridai, the Mud-minnows.
Dallidce, The Dallias.

Cyprinodontidcv, the Mummichogs.
Characinidce, the Characines.
Percopsidce, the Trout Perches.

Halosauridce, the Halosaurids.
Chauliodontidce, the Tiger Fishes.
SternoptycMdce, the Hatchet-fishes.
Stomiaiidce, the Stomiatoids.

Scopelidce, the Pearl Fishes.

Synodontidw, the Snake-fishes.
Argentinidce, the Smelts.

Salmonidce, the Salmons and Trouts.
Alepidosauridce, the Handsaw Fishes.
Alepocepthalidce, the Alepocephalids.
Hiodontida, th’e Moon-eyes.

Albulidm, the Lady-fishes.

Elopidcv, the Big-eyed Herrings.

Chanidce, the Milk-fishes.

Clupeidce, the Herrings.

Dorosomidwy the Gizzard Shads.
Evgratdidce, the Anchovies.

Catostomidce, the Suckers.

Cyprinidce, the Minnows.	«

Sternopygidce, the Electric Cat-fishes.
Gymnotidcv, the Electric Eels.

Siluridai, -the Cat-fishes.

Loricariidce, the Loncarions.
Symbranclndce, the Symbranchids.
Congridce, the Conger Eels.

Anguillidce, the Eels.

Muraenidm, the Morays.

Nemichthyidce, the Snipe Eels.
Synapliobranclvidce, the Synaphobranch
Eels.

Simenohelyidce, the Pug-nosed Eels.
Saccopharyngidce, the Gulpers.
Eurypharyngidce, the Pelican Fishes.
Notacanthidce, the Spiny Eels.

Amiidos, the Bow Fins.

Lejndosieidw, the Gar Pikes.

Polyodontidce, the Paddle-fishes.
Acipenseridw, the Sturgeons.

ChimoeridcB-, the Chimaeras..

Myliobatidce, the Eagle Rays.

Trygonidce, the Sting Rays.

Torpedinidce, the Torpedoes.
liaiidce, the Skates. -
Pristidm, the Saw-fishes.

Squatinidce, the Angel Sharks.
Heterodontidce, the Port Jackson Sharks.
Alopeeiidce, the Thresher Sharks.
Sphyrnidm, the Hammer-headed Sharks.
Galeorhinidce, the True Sharks.

Spinacidw, the Dog Sharks.

Scymnidoe, the Sleeper Sharks.

Petr omyzonf idee, the Lampreys.
Myxinidce, the Hag-fishes.
Branchiostomatidce, the Lancelets.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

155

DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE FOSSILS.

The work in this department of the Museum during the past year
has been partly devoted to mounting' and labeling the specimens
already placed in cases in the exhibition room, and this work has been
under the special charge of Mr. F. A. Lucas.

The preparation of specimens secured by the honorary curator, Prof.
O. G. Marsh, during his explorations in the West for the U. S. Geologi-
cal Survey, has been continued at New Haven, and good progress has
been made, but the want of proper space to exhibit such specimens
has prevented any of these being placed on exhibition in the National
Museum during the past year.

The curator proposes to use the wall space above the cases for a
series of life-size restorations of the large extinct animals especially
characteristic of North America, and an important beginning has been
made by the production of a series of six restorations under the imme-
diate direction of Prof. Marsh. These restorations represent on canvas
the skeletons, natural size, of 2 gigantic Dinosaurian reptiles from the
Jurassic formation, Geratosaurus and Stegosaurus; 2 others from the
Cretaceous, Glaosaurus and Triceratops; and 2 huge mammals from the
Tertiary, Tmoecras and Brontotherium. These restorations have been
made with great care, from type specimens, and this exhibition will be
of much interest to the general public. Similar restorations of other
extinct animals are in preparation.

The curator has published, during the past year, several papers
relating indirectly to the collections of vertebrate fossils mentioned
above, though more intimately in connection with the U. S. Geological
Survey. In memoirs now in preparation, however, he will describe
fully the more important specimens he has already deposited in the
National Museum.

There have been 13 specimens received during the year, involving
the same number of catalogue entries.

DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS.

The curator, Mr. W. H. Dali, reports that satisfactory progress has
been made in routine work during the year. The arrangement of
specimens in the exhibition cases in the lower hall has been completed.
The general collection has been revised, the species conveniently
arranged for reference, and index sheets for each drawer, containing a
list of the genera and species in each tray, have been prepared. At
the same time the names of the species have been checked off on an
interleaved copy of PaetePs Catalogue of Mollusks, thus facilitating
reference to the collection and indicating deficiencies more clearly.
Duplicates have been eliminated and packed away in their proper
boxes, as described in my last annual report. New material has been
examined, labeled, and distributed to its proper place in the collection156	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

after registration. Much attention lias been paid to tlie Tertiary fos-
sils, in which the collection is very rich, and which were urgently
needed for comparison with the material brought in by the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey. The entire collection of Tertiary fossils has been
arranged for easy reference, and a provisional card catalogue of locali-
ties and horizons has been prepared. Much of the material from the
Miocene has been cleaned, separated, arranged, and registered, and
provided with labels showing locality, collector, etc., though in many
cases the names had to be omitted until the specimens shall have been
more thoroughly studied. A large part of the registration for the year
has related to this class of specimens. The amount of registration is
shown in the following table:

Species of duplicates catalogued............................................ 281

Card catalogue of the same.................................................. 281

Drawings registered..............f.......................................... 29

Envelopes filled out for drawings...;....................................... 29

Total................................................................. 620

Adding to these the number of actual registrations for the year we
have a grand total of about 5,738 entries, as against a similar total of
7,700 for 1891-92.

The number of accessions during 1892-?93 was 72, against 85 in
1891-’92. Several of them were of importance and many of great inter-
est, but, as a whole, the accessions during the past year do not comprise
any very large single masses of material compared with those of some
previous years.

The most important contribution to the collection has been the result
of a decision by the Rev. L. T. Chamberlain and Mrs. Frances Lea
Chamberlain to contribute the means necessary to bring up to date
and keep as complete as practicable the Lea collection of fresh water
mollusks, especially the TJnionidm. In pursuance of this very desira-
ble object, they have generously furnished the means for the purchase
of several unique series of Asiatic and African unios, and have author-
ized the ordering of others, when necessary, for the object in view.
Kearly all the material thus acquired is rare and new to the collection,
and of the utmost value for the study of the group to which it belongs.
Looking forward to the publication of a catalogue of the Lea Collection
as one of the special bulletins of the Museum, Mr. and Mrs. Chamber-
lain have also generously added to the sectional library by authorizing
the purchase of such works of recent date on the JJnionidce as are
necessary to the studies involved and not yet contained in the Museum
library. Several costly and important works have already been
ordered or received under this arrangement, and more will follow. Our
sincere thanks are due to Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain for their wise
and considerate generosity, which not only benefits science and the
Museum, but continues the association of the name of Lea with prog-REPORT OF ‘ASSISTANT SECRETARY,

157

ress in the study of these groups of animals in a graceful and most
gratifying way.

In completion of an exchange sometime since entered into between
Mr. Dali and Mr. Maurice Cossmann, of Paris, the successor of Deshayes
in the minute study of the successive eocene faunas of the Parisian
basin, the latter has sent to the Museum about 700 named species of
mollusks from that formation, which, coming from him, have the authen-
ticity of types. Several desiderata of the Museum have been supplied
by Mr. Hugh Fulton, of London, through an exchange arranged with
him, all of which were new to the collection, and several of extreme
rarity and value.

From Dr. W. L. Abbott has been received an interesting and very
attractive lot of shells from the Seychelles and adjacent islands.
The California Academy of Sciences, through Dr. J. G-. Cooper, has
donated about 75 specimens of land shells from the peninsula of Lower
California, most of which were very acceptable additions to the col-
lection. Our faithful correspondent, Mr. I. G-reegor, has continued his
contributions to the Museum by donating specimens in alcohol of the
rare Mur ex fulvescens Sby., from Fernandina, Fla., and a number of inter-
esting pathological specimens showing how mollusks repair the injuries
they occasionally receive. Dr. H. von Ihering has contributed some
interesting land and fresh-water shells from Brazil, and Eev. H. Loomis
others from Japan. Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, of the International Bound-
ary Survey between the United States and Mexico, has forwarded the
mollusks collected by the party, including a new species of Anodonta,
with a view to the preparation of a report on the expedition and its
collections. From Mr. J. D. Mitchell and Mr. J. A. Singley, and also
the State geological, survey of Texas, have been received interesting
miscellaneous collections, including several species not before reported
from the Texas coast, and a few which appear to be undescribed. Mr.
Charles W. Richmond has furnished a few interesting species from the
Nicaraguan region. Mrs. Ada M. Walton sent to the Museum a col-
lection of specimens from the coast of California, which, from certain
circumstances connected with the donation, deserves special mention,
though the collection added little to the Museum series which was not
already represented there. Mr. Ed. Saxon Wyard presented a few
large ornamental shells, which, from their unusual size and beauty, were
very desirable for exhibition purposes. Mr. William Moss, of Ashton-
under-Lyne, England, contributed some microphotographs of the rad-
ula, etc., of various British mollusks, which were exceptionally success-
ful in showing difficult anatomical details. An exchange with Mr. B.
H. Wright added a few desirable Unionidse to. the collection. The
Department of Agriculture and the U. S. Fish Commision have con-
tributed several lots of mollusks collected by members of their staffs.

Besides the work above referred to, the general operations of the
department include the preparation of special reports on collections158

REPORT OF RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

made under governmental auspices by various organizations, sucli as
the U. S. Fish Commission, the U. S. Navy, the Eevenue Marine, the
Department of Agriculture, and special expeditions. Among them are
two which bear particularly on the Tertiary geology and paleontology
of the southeastern border of the United States. One of these (Bulle-
tin 84 of the U. S, Geological Survey, by William H. Dali and Gilbert
D. Harris) summarizes our knowledge of the post-eocene Tertiary
geology of the United States, including Alaska, up to about 1890, the
manuscript having been delayed in printing nearly two years. The
other is the second part of a report by the writer on the Tertiary fauna
of Florida, including the gastropods and containing much new mate-
rial. A third part, to comprise the Pelecypods and a geological sum-
mary, will conclude the work. In addition may be mentioned certain
reports on faunal collections of the Southern States and a small collec-
tion from eastern Siberia, and further researches by Mr. Simpson on
the Unionidce.

Mr. Dali speaks as follows of the state of the collection:

In previous reports I have explained why it is not possible to give the exact num-
ber of species, specimens, duplicates, etc., contained in the collection. In my last
report it was estimated that the collection contained about 482,725 specimens, of
which about 100,000 are preserved in alcohol. During the year about 5,600 speci-
mens were received, which, would make a present total of 488,325 specimens now
contained in the collection. The number of entries in the register for 1892-93 is
4,578, as shown in the appended table, representing some 13,734 specimens.

Volume.	From—	To-	Total.	Remarks.
XXIII			106, 904	106,981 115, 307 125, 425	77	Volume in use.
XXIV		112,401 124, 663		2,906	Reserved for fossils.
XXVI				762	Volume filled.
XXVII 		125,426	126, 259	833	Volume in use.
				
Total .					4, 578	
				

The total number of registrations to date, deducting all duplications and omis-
sions in the register, is 107,591, representing about 322,800 specimens catalogued t*o
date. The number of workers and their distribution in the building render it nec-
essary to use simultaneously several volumes of the register, which explains why
the foregoing table is necessary to show the total registrations for the year. The
formal registration, with the gaps alluded to, terminates June 30, 1893, with the
number 126,259.

The work of assisting students in various parts of the country to
identify their local fauna, to intelligently direct their studies, and to
answer their numerous queries on different branches of the subject has
always been regarded as an important function of this department, and
has been made a special care by Mr. Dali, who states that correspond-
ence of this kind was conducted in 1891-D2 with 166 different persons,
involving over 300 letters and 600 to 700 pages of writing, besides the
identification of many hundred specimens, while inl892-’93,96 different
persons received 330 communications, involving some 800 pages of writ-REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

159

ing? nearly all of wkieli was the work of the curator. For want of time,
owing to the press of work and absence of sufficient clerical assistance,
the number of species identified for. students has not been recorded.
In 1891-’92 the number amounted to over 3,000 species, for each of
which a label had to be written. During the past year the number
sent for identification was considerably less.

DEPARTMENT OF INSECTS.

In this department, under Prof. 0. Y. Biley, honorary curator, consid-
erable time has been devoted to the preparation of exhibits for the
World?s Columbian Exposition. In this work the Museum has cooper-
ated with the Division of Entomology in the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture. The exhibit, while devoted largely to the science of entomology
economically considered, also contained much material of purely educa-
tional or scientific value. The systematic collection of North American
families and the collection of insects injurious to forestry were rear-
ranged. A large amount of material has been identified for correspond-
ents, and many students have been aided in their work by means of
loans and exchanges.

Among the most important accessions were:

From Prof. A. L. Montandon, Bucharest, Roumania, 374 species, including 2,332
specimens, mostly exotic hemiptera not previously represented in our collection,
and especially valuable as being identified by this well-known specialist.

Coleoptera, representing the saline fauna of Great Salt Lake Basin, Utah, 30 species
from H. G. Hubbard, Detroit, Mich., and E. A. Schwarz, Washington, D. C.

A collection of East African insects of all orders (more than 300), from William
Astor Chanler, Harney e-on-Tana, East Africa. Donated on condition of having them
studied and afterwards divided with the Imperial Museum in Vienna, Austria.

A collection of miscellaneous insects (66 species), from Kashmir, from Dr. W. L.
Abbott.

A collection of European Muscidse (98 species), illustrating Brauer and Bergen-
stamnfis classification of this group, from the Imperial Museum of Vienna, Austria,
through Dr. F. Brauer.

North American Noetuidi-e (63 species), from Prof. J. B. Smith, New Brunswick,
N. J., mostly types of new species described by him either in the Museum Bulletins
or in the journals especially devoted'to North American entomology.

A collection of insects, mostly Coleoptera (296 specimens), collected in Mexico by
J. T. Mason, Jalapa, Mexico, from the curator.160

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

The following statement as to the condition of the collection is pre-
sented by the curator:

The following table indicates the number of specimens in the reserve, exhibition
and duplicate series:

Specimens.	Collection.	Native or exotic.	Species.
		Native		3, 500 1,000
		Exotic		
			
			
		Native		500  200
		Exotic		
			
		Native		600  400
Coleoptera			Exotic	i...	
			
	Exhibit						]	
	Reserve	-		-	-------	Native		7, 200  7, 300
Lepidoptera		rl o	- 	 _ 							Exotic		
			
	Exhibit		
	RA^P/pVA		-		 		Native		• 4,500  3, 000
TTprm'pfp.ra	_■ ..	r] n				Exotic		
			
	L 				
		Native		2,500 2, 000
Diptera	-- - 	  rltt			Exotic		
	"Fin nil no f a	_		
	T7.vhilu<	•	L			
	Reserve	>		Native.			4, 000  800
A pppn jvTa	do 		Exotic		
	Duplicate	--							
	Exhibit			
	__ 					Native		350  150
TVTyri ft pnd ft.	do 		Exotic		
	Exhibit			
	Reserve 		Native	:.	200  50
Tnfnl	do		Exotic		
	Exhibit			
			38,250
			

Examples.

20. 000
2, 000
2, 000
1, 000
2, 000
500
200
6, 000
2, 000

3,	000

1,000

50, 000
30, 000.
300, 000
10, 000
60, 000
10, 000

35.000

4,	000
20, 000

5,	000

3.000
1, 000

20.000

2.000
2, 000
1, 000
2, 500

500
200
2,000
200
100

598,200

INCREASE OF THE COLLECTION.

The collection has increased daring the year by the addition of about 7,000 specimens.

The last catalogue entry for June, 1892, was No. 1041.

The last catalogue entry for June, 1893, was No. 1260.

The routine work of the year has consisted chiefly of making up collections for
exchange; reports on accessions for examination and report, about 100 such reports
having been made during the year; naming of specimens for collectors (about 50
larger and smaller series of insects of all orders have been identified for correspond-
ents, representing more than 2,000 species); the selection of material to send to
specialists for study and determination; mounting and labeling of specimens; iden-
tifying the material of the accessions and incorporating it in the collections. This
is generally done in connection with the work of arranging all the collections in
permanent shape.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

161

(a)	Reserve collections.—In the Diptera, rearrangements have been made principally
in the families Tachinidce and Bombyliidce. To the Lepidoptera much time has been
devoted in all groups, both in the systematic and biologic series. In the Coleoptera
several groups like the Eumolpini and Hydrobinii have been rearranged. In the
Hymenoptera accessions have been incorporated. In the Homoptera all the unar-
ranged material has been incorporated and the entire collection has been arranged.

(b)	Duplicate collections.—These are generally arranged in connection with the cor-
responding reserve collections, but an exception was made this year in selecting a
special series of North American Coleoptera, containing two specimens each of all
the species (2/212) available from the general duplicate collection. This will facili-
tate exchanges.

(c)	Exhibit collections.—In order to temporarily fill up the vacancies in the Museum
exhibition hall caused by the transportation to Chicago of the larger portion of the
material, 56 exhibit boxes were prepared from duplicates of native and exotic insects.
At the beginning of the fiscal year a series of North American insects were selected,
showing 181 species that have more commonly-used vernacular names. These were •
arranged in 7 boxes and put on exhibition.

Several of the papers by the curator, enumerated in the Bibliography (Appendix
vii), are based largely on Museum material. Dr. A. S. Packard, who is engaged in
the study of the North American Bombycid moths, has been allowed free study of
the Museum collection, and was granted the loan of such species as required a more
detailed investigation. Various papers have already appeared in the Canadian Ento-
mologist and in the Journal of the New York Entomological Society on this sub-
ject. Mr. William Fox, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, has
borrowed the collection of the genus Trypoxelon of the family Pemphredonidce, to
assist him in his review of this group, published in the Transactions of the Ameri-
can Entomological Society. Prof. A. L. Montandon, of Bucharest, Roumania, has*
by exchange material from the Museum, been assisted in studying the North Ameri-
can Hemiptera-Heteroptera, and as a result has published in the Proceedings of the
Museum, Vol. xvi, pp. 45-52, “Notes on American Hemiptera-Heteroptera.” Dr. F.
W. Goding in his “ Synopsis of the Subfamilies and Genera of the Membracidte of
North America” has studied Fitch's types, especially in the Museum collection, and.
his “Membracidae of St. Vincent Island, West Indies,” in the Canadian Entomolo-
gist for February, 1893, pp. 53-56, contains seven new species from types in the
Museum collection. Mr. 0. F. Cook has studied the Lithobiidce in the collection and
borrowed the African Myriapods of Abbott’s collection for study and special report.
Mr. Samuel H. Scudder has studied the Orthoptera of the Galapagos Islands, and
Mr. William H. Ashmead has completed a valuable monograph of the Proctotrypidce,
based on material in the Museum.^ Mr. L. 0. Howard has continued his work upon
the host relations of parasitic Plymenoptera, and has also prosecuted certain special
studies on the Chalcididce, while Mr. C. L. Marlatt has been engaged upon the revis-
ion of the Tenthredinidce.

Prof. Riley also contributes the following notice of the exhibits in
entomology in the Government building at the World’s Fair:

The fact of the intimate connection of the Department of Insects in the National
Museum with the Entomological Division of the Department of Agriculture, led to
a certain and necessary commingling of interests in the arrangement for the repre-
sentation of the two at the World’s Columbian Exposition. The main Government
exhibit in entomology was therefore brought together in the agricultural section of
the Government building, and while largely devoted to the economic phases of the
subject, in which particular it more closely represented the Department of Agricul-
ture, it contained also a large number of exhibits purely educational or scientific in
scope, which appertained more strictly to the Museum material and work. Of the
former also practically all the insect material was drawn from the Museum, largely,

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2------11162

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

however, from, the biologic and other collections transferred from the Department
of Agriculture at or subsequent to the practical union of the two branches of Gov-
ernment work in entomology. The expense attending the preparation of all these
exhibits, the securing of new cases, and the purchase of much new material, was
defrayed, however, from the appropriation for the Department of Agriculture. In
addition to the above, and to properly represent the Department of Insects in the
National Museum, in conjunction with the exhibits of . the Department of Agricul-
ture, a showing was made in the Museum section covering a branch of the subject
not included in the displays in the agricultural section. This consisted of a very
elaborate and complete exposition of the characteristics of the families of American
insects and their allies among the Arthropods. The general charge of the prepara-
tion of the exhibit of the Department of Agriculture was assigned to Mr. G. L. Mar-
latt, who'also attended to its installation at Chicago, as well as of the Museum
exhibit proper, which Prof. J. B. Smith was employed to prepare. The exhibits of
the Agricultural Department and of the Museum may be described somewhat in
detail as follows:

That of the Museum occupied 24 boxes of the standard Museum size, and consisted
of a graphic representation, by means of specimens and figures, of the grosser fea-
tures of the classification of insects and their near allies in the subkingdom Arthro-
poda. Included in this were illustrations of the subclasses, orders, and minor
groups down to and including the families of the classes Insecta, Malacopoda, Myria-
poda, Acarida and Arachnida. In addition to sample representative exhibits with
each of the groups from class down to family, in many cases also with figures illus-
trating typical specimens or structural details, were brief but intelligent and accu-
rate definitions of the groups, carefully prepared and in the form of large labels.
The amount of labor thus entailed will be better appreciated from the fact that to
do this required the preparation of over 500 group characterizations. This exhibit
while not a large one m the amount of space occupied, was much more complete
than anything hitherto attempted of its kind, and was most instructive in repre-
senting and defining in small space the entire scheme of the more general features
of classification of Arthropods, other than Crustacea.

The larger and main display in the agricultural section, representing primarily the
Division of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture, may be described under
the several sections into which it naturally divides itself, viz: (1) Injurious and
beneficial insects; (2) systematic and biologic entomology; (3) professional ento-
mological exhibits; (4) insecticides and insecticide apparatus; (5) entomological pub-
lications, and (6) illustrations, maps, and charts. Of these the first three sections
contain material drawn from the National Museum, with the addition of much new
and original matter; the others are entirely original, and were prepared especially
for the exhibit of the Division of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture.

The economic series, namely, insects injurious to agriculture, had, as a basis,,the
old economic material which has hitherto been exhibited at various previous expo-
sitions, but which, on account of its great educational value, could not well be
omitted. It was, however, greatly extended and made to include the results of the
later studies of life-histories and remedies, and was entirely remodeled and rear-
ranged in new cases, with new labels, and was for the most part fresh material. It
included over 600 special exhibits of injurious species, affecting 31 distinct cult.i-
wated plants, in addition to insects injurious to live stock and household pests. The
number of exhibits of injurious species affecting some of the leading plants repre-
sented were cabbage, 34; apple, 35; orange, 36; cotton, 37; grape, 43; plover, 67;
and Indian corn, 129. Each of these exhibits gave a life-history, illustrated by
specimens and figures, natural enemies, together with references to the literature
and instruction as to remedies. In this same category comes the collection of forest
insects, which occupied eight standard Museum drawers, and included the principal
insect enemies of the leading forest trees of economic importance.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

163

A very prominent; if not the main feature of the present exhibit, distinguishing it
from all its predecessors, was the special display of wax models of plants showing
the perfect development in conjunction with representation of the results of insect
injury, and the enlarged models of some of the more important of the injurious and
beneficial species. Most noteworthy in connection with the many plant models
were those of Indian corn, cotton, and hop. These three iflants were selected and
elaborated because representing typical and leading American crops; the corn more
particularly as the leading staple of the Northern Central States, the cotton for the
Southern belt, and the hop as . a leading industry of the Northeast and Northwest*
They were all intended to illustrate and draw attention to the affecting insects dis-
played in connection with them, which purpose they served admirably.

The important models of injurious insects comprised the Hop Louse, Chinch Bug,
and Oyster-shell Scale, each represented in all of their several stages. The benefi-
cial insects were represented by models of the imported Australian Ladybird ( Vedalia
cardinalis), showing life-history; structural models of the domestic silkworm, moth
and larva; and of the Honey Bee, all stages and economy. A similar anatomical model
of the European Cockchafer was also exhibited. A further exhibit of useful insects
was the showing of silk moths, the larvae of which either now furnish an important
article of daily necessity or may be capable of doing so, comprising a representation of
the different stages, in some cases with silk, of 12 important native and foreign species.

More strictly appertaining to the National Museum were the displays in system-
atic and biologic entomology and miscellaneous exotic and native insects, com-
prising Section 2. The systematic and biologic series were represented by means
of some 23 sample boxes taken from the national collection and indicating the
actual present condition of the collections in different orders and the system fol-
lowed by the curator in the disposition and arrangement of the material, and was
intended for the edification of visiting entomologists, who would be interested in
the standard national collections as much if not more than the special educational
displays in the economic series for the general public. Here also may be classed the
general insect display consisting of some 28 boxes filled with the striking insect forms
of Central America, Venezuela. Honduras, and Brazil, much of the material for which
was recently collected by Mr. H. H. Smith, and is undetermined and undescribed.
It was found possible to Secure this valuable collection out of the fund allotted for
this Department, and by so doing at once greatly enrich the national collection in
Central and South American insects, and secure material for the making of a showy
exhibit to represent the beautiful and varied forms and colors assumed by insect
life near the tropics. With this last, and serving a similar purpose, may be
classed the display of Golden-rod insects, which was designed to appeal to the
aesthetic taste of those who see or are interested in the beautiful aspects of nature’s
handiwork, rather than in practical applications in the arts and sciences. The vast
number of insects that frequent the Solidago, either to breed on the different parts
of the plant or merely attracted to its bloom, together with the great beauty of the
plant itself and its wide distribution and distinctive American habitat, led to its
special treatment. A very realistic model plant, in wax, served as a center about
and on which to display its more characteristic or common insect frequenters.

The .remaining sections of the exhibit were economic in character and pertained
more strictly to the Department of Agriculture, and may be very briefly referred to.
What has been termed the professional exhibit was a display of the diverse appa-
ratus and methods for collecting, rearing, mounting, and preserving insects, includ-
ing in all some 66 displays of different styles of butterfly, sweeping and water nets,
collecting umbrellas, sieves, collecting and pinning forceps, collecting bottles and
boxes, breeding cages or vivaria of all sorts; spreading, drying, and mounting
apparatus; preservative and mounting substances, vial-holders, and insect boxes.
The insecticides and apparatus for applying these to plants comprised of the former
120 and of the latter 125 exhibits.164

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

A display was also made of the official entomological publications of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and the U. S. Entomological Commission, and some 129 frames
of entomological illustrations, maps, charts, and bromide enlargements. These
illustrations will probably become Museum property, and are for the most part in
standard Museum frames. They include 69 plates of illustrations of insects made up
from figures published m Prof. Riley’s reports on the insects of Missouri, and from
illustrations from the reports of the Division of Entomology, Department of Agri-
culture, and the U. S. Entomological Commission. . There were also a series of ordi-
nal charts representing classification and transformations; charts of important insect
pests representing life history; maps showing range of leading insects; views of
insecticide operations and insect ravages, and a series of bromide enlargements rep-
resenting exterior and interior views of the insectary of the Department of Agricul-
ture and interiors of the entomological rooms in the Department of Agriculture and
National Museum.

A detailed catalogue of 121 pages, covering the entire exhibit of the Department
of Agriculture, was issued in midsummer as Bulletin 31 of the Division of Entomology,
and was distributed to interested visitors during the remainder of the Exposition.
In it a full statement of the exhibits is given, and much information relative to them
which could not be well displayed with the exhibits themselves. This was supple-
mented by the stationing of some member of the division force at Chicago from time
to time during the summer to more fully explain the exhibit.

MARINE INVERTEBRATES.

The honorary curator, Dr. Eichard Bathbun, on account of his respon-
sibilities to the.TJ. S. Fish Commission, has been unable to give more
than a general supervision to the work of this department during the
year, but substantial advances have been made. The number of acces-
sions have been larger than usual, one of which will add a new and
interesting feature to the display collection. Early in the year it again
became possible to open the exhibition hall to the public, and while
circumstances prevented any extensive improvement in the arrange-
ment of the cases, the chief cause of interference in that matter, the^
preparation of material for the World’s’ Columbian Exposition, will
necessarily prove of great benefit in the future. The introduction of a
new style of rectangular glass jar for the display of alcoholic speci-
mens will also permit of the extension of the exhibition series in a very
important direction.

Much progress has been made by Mr. Benedict and Miss Bathbun
in their studies of the higher crustaceans belonging to the department,
and several papers bearing upon these subjects have been completed
for publication. Arrangements have also been made with three well-
known authorities in Europe for the study of our large collections of
foraminifera, hexactinellid sponges, and deep-sea deposits, and it is
expected that the assistance of other collaborators will soon be secured,
a result which is greatly to be desired, in view of the large amount of
original material from recent explorations now contained in our store-
rooms.

The accessions made to the collection number 56, an increase of 10
over last year. The most important one, from the standpoint of theREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	165

exhibition series, consists of a large number of beautiful preparations
obtained by purchase from the zoological station at Naples, Italy/
These will add an interesting feature to the display collection, as the
specimens are chiefly soft and delicate organizations, which few have
learned the art of preserving in a manner at all presentable to the gen-
eral public. Many groups are represented. From the U. S. Fish Com-
mission have been received the collection of actinians made during the
voyage of the steamer Albatross from Norfolk to San Francisco, and
described by Prof. J. Playfair McMurrich, and a series of crustaceans
resulting chiefly from recent explorations of the same vessel in the
North Pacific Ocean.

Mr. W. L. Abbott has contributed a fine series of crustaceans, echin-
oderms, corals, and sponges from the Indian Ocean; Eev. H. Loomis,
of Yokohama, crustaceans, echinoderms, and hydroids from Japan;
Mr. Lewis Dexter, IT. S. consul at Fayal, crustaceans, worms, and echin-
oderms from the Azores; Mr. H. R. Saunders, of Nassau, New Provi-
dence, 76 specimens of commercial sponges, representing the different
Bahama grades; and Mr. Harlan I. Smith, many crayfishes and other
fresh-water crustaceans from Ohio and Michigan. Other collections
which also deserve mention here are specimens of crustaceans and
leeches from the fresh waters of Mexico, presented by Mr. P. L. Jouy;
crustaceans and worms obtained in Nicaragua by Mr. Charles W. Rich-
mond; bird parasites from Mr. .Walter Brett, of Lakeport, Oal.; blind
crayfishes, including a new variety, from caves in Indiana, presented
by Mr. W. P. Hay; microscopic slides of fresh-water crustaceans from
Wisconsin, contributed by Prof. 0. Dwight Marsh; crustaceans and
worms collected in East Africa, from Mr. William Astor Chanler; and
a number of starfishes and ophiurans from Canterbury Museum, Christ-
church, New Zealand. While the remaining accessions are of smaller
size than those above mentioned, containing only one or a few spec-
imens each, they add altogether many interesting features to our
collections.

The completion of the repairs in the west hall of the Smithsonian
Institution during the summer of 1892 permitted the temporary cov-
erings of the cases to be removed, and steps were at once taken to
place the display collection in presentable condition, in order that the
room might be reopened to the public. This was soon accomplished,
but not without considerable work and a general overhauling of the
specimens. At the beginning of the repairs, the large wall cases
which surrounded the hall were boarded over and covered with a
sloping metal top, which it was supposed would prevent the entrance
of any moisture. Considering, therefore, that no harm could come to
them, the stony and large gorgonian corals, the sponges, and some of
the other groups were allowed to retain their places upon the shelves,
as no other safe means of storing them could be provided. This sup-
posed protection, however, proved entirely inadequate, and when the166	REPORT OF RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

cases were finally uncovered it was observed that much damage had
been occasioned by the rain. The sponges and gorgonians were covered
thick with mold, and the glue used to repair many of the branching
stony corals had become softened, allowing the different pieces to fall
apart.

Before winter the exhibition room had been restored to its previous
condition, but any improvement or increase in the display collection had
to be temporarily deferred in consequence of the necessity of beginning
preparations for the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago.

The renewal of alcohol on the large collection now possessed by this
department, the cataloguing of new accessions, and the continuation
of the card or systematic catalogue as specimens are identified, have
occupied much of the time of Mr. Benedict and Miss Bathbun, and,
notwithstanding the crowded condition of the storeroom, it can be said
that the entire collection has been maintained in good condition
throughout the year.

Not taking into account the very small organisms, which it is impos-
sible to enumerate, the number of specimens received by the depart-
ment has been 2,690. The entries made in the serial catalogue books
have been as follows:

G-roup.	Entries to—		Number of entries dur-
	June 30,1892.	June 30, 1893.	ing year.
Crustaceans				■ 16. 987	17, 815	823
Worms		4. 958	4, 967	9
Bryozoans and Ascidians			2. 869	2, 887	18
Echinoderms and Coelenterates			,	17,759	17, 858	99
Sponges and Protozoans				6,318	6, 326	8
Total						962
			

Mr. Benedict, the assistant curator of the department, has continued
during the year his work upon the large family Paguridce, or hermit
crabs, of which he is preparing a complete monograph, the same being
now well under way. He has also spent much time in a study of the
larger forms of anomura of the Pacific Ocean, belonging to other
groups than the above, and has classified the sponges recently collected
in the North Pacific, by a microscopic examination of their spicules, in
order that the different groups may be sent to specialists for study.

The following papers by Miss Bathbun, completed during this period,
have been submitted for publication in the Proceedings: uCatalogue
of the Grabs of the family Maiidce in the U. S. National Museum;”
uDescriptions of new genera and species of crabs from the west coast
of North America and the Sandwich Islands,” based chiefly upon
material recently collected by the steamer Albatross; and u Descrip-
tions of new species of American fresh-water crabs.” She has also
completed the identification of the collection of Brachyura made in theREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	167

Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea by the steamer Albatross since the spring
of 1888, with the object of preparing a catalogue of the same, having
special reference to the faunae of the fishing grounds, for publication
by the Fish Commission.

The following specimens, have also been identified, namely, the
Abbott collection of crabs from the Indian Ocean, the invertebrates
from Japan, contributed with a request for names by Bev. H. Loomis,
both mentioned among the accessions, and a collection of crustaceans
belonging to the Provincial Museum of Victoria, British Columbia,
transmitted for examination and report.

The sponges belonging to the family Heocactinellidce, collected in the
Pacific Ocean by the steamer Albatross, have been sent to Prof. F. E.
Schulze, of Berlin, the well-known authority on this subject, who is
now preparing a couqfiete revision of the group. He will also submit
a special paper for the Museum Proceedings, describing the specimens
supplied from here. Similar arrangements have been made with Dr.
Axel Goes, of Sweden, to work up the foraminifera collected by the
same vessel in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Pacific Ocean;
and with Dr. John Murray, of Edinburgh, Scotland, to study the deep-
sea deposits obtained by the Albatross and other United States ves-
sels. The collections have accordingly been shipped to them. These
same experts reported upon the corresponding subjects in the exten-
sive series of volumes covering the results of the voyage of H. M. S.
Challenger, and the Museum is therefore fortunate in. securing their
cooperation at this time.

Prof. Walter Faxon, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har-
vard University, has continued to identify the crayfishes received from
time to time by this department, and Dr. C. W. Stiles, of the Agricul-
tural Department, has undertaken to study the intestinal parasites,
which have now been set aside for his examination.

The Fish Commission steamer Albatross has been employed during
the past year chiefly in connection with the sealing investigations in
the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, but she has also had the
opportunity of doing some dredging work in the same region, from
which imj)ortant collections of natural history were obtained. Some
of these have already been turned over to the National Museum. The
natural-history work of the steamer Fish Haivh has been confined
mostly to the oyster beds of Long Island Sound and Chesapeake Bay,
and that of the schooner Grampus to surface towing and fishing off
the New England coast, and to an investigation of the habits of the
mackerel during the spring migrations. Mr. Benedict took part in
the examination of the oyster beds in Long Island Sound, and through
his own efforts was enabled to secure a much larger series of the
smaller animals desired by the Museum than would otherwise have
been obtained.

The duplicate specimens belonging to the regular Series No. IV,168

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

which have been distributed to institutions of learning during several
years past, are now nearly exhausted, only a few sets still remaining.
The following schools and colleges were supplied during the year:
State Normal School, Oshkosh, Wis.; Clark University, Atlanta, Ga.;
Columbia College, Yan Allstyne, Tex. ; Grammar School, Salem, Mass.
A large general collection of marine invertebrates, representing mainly
the dredging work of the Fish Commission, was also sent to the Impe-
rial University, Moscow, Russia, and smaller collections were distributed
as follows: Anomuran crustaceans to the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Harvard University; hermit crabs to Leland Stanford
Junior University and the University of California; miscellaneous
specimens to Clark University, Atlanta, Ga.; University of Georgia,
Athens, Ga.; Normal School, Hampton, Va.; and Miss Mary Y. Wors-
ted, New York City; two species of sea urchins to Prof. Cuenot, Nancy,
France; edible crustaceans to the Museum of Hygiene, Washington,
through Hr. Howard E. Ames, U. S. Navy; echinoderms to Prof. A. J.
Woolman, South Bend, Ind.; foraminifera to Smith College, Northamp-
ton, Mass., and Prof. E. R. Boyer, Englewood, 111.

Collections were also sent to the following authorities for study and
report, as mentioned /elsewhere: To Prof. F. E. Schulze, Berlin, Ger-
many, the hexactineliid sponges collected by the steamer Albatross in
the Pacific Ocean, between 1887 and 1890; to Dr. Axel Goes, Linkoping,
Sweden, a large collection of foraminifera from the Caribbean Sea,
Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific Ocean, obtained mostly by the steamer
Albatross j to Dr. John Murray, Edinburgh, Scotland, a large series of
deep-sea soundings, representing the character of the bottom in dif-
ferent oceans, and collected by the steamer Albatross and other explor-
ing vessels of the United States; to Prof. Walter Faxon, Cambridge,
Mass., the specimens of crayfishes recently received by the Museum.

The exhibit from this department at the World’s Fair consisted of
a synoptic series, showing by means of specimens, models, drawings
and explanatory labels, important forms and anatomical details of the
orders of invertebrates, contained in the groups Protozoa, Porifera,
Coelenterata, Vermes, and Pchinodermata.

Marine invertebrates. A systematic series of specimens of marine invertebrates
. in alcohol, including representatives of 125 families, of the following classes:

Spongia, Sponges. Anthozoa, Coral Polyps. Folypomedusce, Hydrozoa. Crinoidea,
Sea Lilies. Asteroidea, Star fishes. Echinoidea, Sea Urchins. Holothuroidea,
Sea Cucumbers. Annelida, Worms. Crustacea, Crabs, Shrimps, etc. Bryo-
zoa, Moss Animals. Tethyodea, Ascidians. Arachnida, Sea Spiders.

A collection of marine invertebrates in alcohol, from the Bay of Naples, received
from the Naples Zoological Station.

Mediterranean Octopus, a group, with accessories, representing the Octopus in its
natural surroundings.

A series of economic marine invertebrates and of other specimens illus-
trating the principal features of the fishing grounds was likewise with-
drawn by the Fish Commission for the same purpose. Mr. BenedictREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

169

was in Chicago during about four weeks in April and May, arranging
the collections sent by this department, and otherwise assisting in the
preparation of the National Museum exhibit.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.

The time of the acting curator, Mr. F. A. Lucas, has been chiefly
spent in the preparation and installation of material for the World’s
Columbian Exposition and in preparing copy for the numerous labels,
especially the somewhat lengthy descriptive labels for that portion of
the synoptic series of invertebrates there shown.

There have been few important accessions, the most noteworthy
being a comparatively complete skeleton of the extinct Steller’s Sea
Cow (Ehytina Stelleri), received through the instrumentality of Prof. B.
W. Evermann, of the IT. S. Fish Commission. Dr. W. L. Abbott sent
4 skeletons of cetaceans (Prodelphinus) from the Indian Ocean, and
also a fine example of the Aldabra Tortoise (Testudo elephantina). An
important series of skulls of African mammals, collected by Mr. H. C.
Moore, is mentioned in the report of the curator of mammals. A fine
old male Mountain Gloat (Mamma americana) was procured from Mr.
Allen Eupert.

A series of Sandwich Islands birds in spirits was secured by purchase
and gift from Mr. Scott B. Wilson, and it is hoped that a study of
these may* throw a little light on the relationship of the avifauna of
those islands.

Attention has been given to filling up gaps in the exhibition series,
the additions being forms representing families, or important divisions
of families. The general exhibition series of mammal skeletons is now
fairly full, but few important forms being needed, while a limited num-
ber of pieces might perhaps be withdrawn. Many additions are neces-
sary to the series of birds, while the collection of skeletons of fishes is
very incomplete. The number of mounted skeletons is designedly
restricted, as the distinctive features of various groups can be more
clearly shown by a moderate than by a large number of specimens. On
the other hand, the study series can not be too large, for only by large
series of specimens can the relationships of species and the amount of
individual variation be determined.

Among the series supplementing the general collection of skeletons,
and illustrating various points of anatomy and morphology, that show-
ing the homologies of the principal bones was completed for the Chicago
Exposition.

Among the projected series is one showing some of the modifications
of the skeleton for offense or defense, one to illustrate the morphology
of the hyoid and branchial arches, and one to show the relations of the
bones of the ear.

Work on the study series has been mainly confined to such rearrange-
ment of material as has been rendered necessary by the steady growth170

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

of the collections. Owing to the lack of storage room it frequently hap-
pens that specimens are temporarily placed wherever space can be
found for them and rearranged when room can be made available.

Mr. Lucas has been unable to devote any time to special researches,
but the skulls of bears and of fur seals have been carefully studied by
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, the latter in connection with the presentation of
the case of the United States in the Bering Sea question.

The curator submits the following statement of the condition of the
collections:

The condition of the collections is good; the increase, as indicatedby the cata-
logues, is as follows:

	Last entry—		Increase.
	June 30,1892.	June 30,1893.	
Mammals			 - - - -.			35, 526	36, 051 19,185 29, 340	525
Birds		. .	19,105 29, 325  26,149		80
Reptiles and Batrachians	•				15
Fishes and Elasmobranches ...		26,159	10
			
Total.	....	..					630
			!	

The number of specimens oil exhibition June 30, 1893, was as follows:

Skeletons of—

Mammah................................................................ 196

Birds................................................................   83

Reptiles............................................................    41

Batrachia............................................................. 9

Fishes..,.......................................•..............•-..... 37

Elasmobranches.......................................................... 3

Skulls and specimens illustrating points of morphology, structure, etc... 292

Anatomical models.........................................................  25

Total..............;.........1...................................... 686

This total included museum specimens withdrawn for exhibition at the World’s
Columbian Exposition, but not those which have been purchased especially for that
purpose.

In the World’s Fair exhibit from this department an effort has been
made to illustrate the methods adopted by the Museum to render the
exhibition of anatomical material instructive and attractive. To this
end the material exhibited comprised several fully labeled series, illus
trating various points of morphology or structure, grouped under the
following heads:

(1) HOMOLOGIES OF THE PRINCIPAL BONES IN THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF VER-
TEBRATES.

(a) General homologies.—Mounted skeleton of a man and a horse*
having the principal bones of each labeled. Mounted and disarticulated
skeletons of cat, crow, turtle, iguana, frog, and fish arranged in cases
side by side, the disarticulated skeletons having the principal bones

* Illustrated in Plate 30.' REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

171

labeled, thus rendering it possible to recognize the corresponding bones
of each almost at a glance.

(b)	Special homologies; the skull.—Skulls of sturgeon, gar pike,
grouper, menopoma, frog, boa constrictor, turtle, alligator, p^enguin,
goat, and puma, haying the corresponding bones similarly colored.
While this plan is not new, special attention was given to securing a
harmonious color scheme, and the smaller skulls were represented by
accurately enlarged models, thus showing details that wouldotherwi.se
have been invisible.

(c)	Special homologies; the limbs.—Articulated limbs of grouper, sea
turtle, alligator, eagle, and dog, having the larger bones labeled and
the smaller bones numbered, the specimens being accompanied by cor-
respondingly numbered labels giving the names of the various bones
of the wrist and ankle. Limbs of fish, sea turtle, manatee, cormorant,
great auk, sloth, bat, monkey, and man, showing the homologies of
limbs specially modified for various methods of locomotion. Manus
and pes of a horse, camel, moose, tapir, seal, bear, and lion, with the
larger bones labeled and the smaller numbered alike, intended to make
clear the correspondence of parts in mammals having from 1 to 5 digits.

' (2) LOCATION, GROWTH, AND STRUCTURE Of TEETH.

Series of skulls of mammals, reptiles, and fishes, exhibiting the teeth
in various stages of growth, many having the outer surface so cut away
as to show the young teeth not yet in place. Specimens illustrating the
mode in which the teeth are replaced in some animals, and single teeth,
or sections of teeth, displaying the varying proportions and disposition
of the dentine, enamel, and cement, as well as some of the simpler and
some of the more complicated patterns of tooth structure.

(3)	STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OF HORNS.

Exampdes of horns which are merely outgrowths of the epidermis,
as is the case in the rhinoceros; those which are permanent outgrowths
of the frontal bones covered with hard epidermal structures, such as
are found in sheep, goats, and oxen; and those which, as in the deer,
are outgrowths of the frontal bones and are grown and shed annually.
Sections of these various classes of horns are shown also.

(4)	STRUCTURE OF THE LONG BONES.

A series of bisected humeri and femora exhibiting the light, hollow,
structure of the long bones in animals of rapid movement, and the more
or less dense character of the limb bones of aquatic animals or those of
sluggish movements.

(5)	STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Series of skulls of dogs, showing something of the cranial variations
in different breeds. Series of skeletons illustrating the more marked172

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893'.

differences in size and proportions among domestic dogs. Oasts of
brain cavities of wolf, fox, and dog, exhibiting the greater frontal
development of the latter.

(6) ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND VARIATION OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL.

{a) Anatomy.—Skeletons of different breeds. Model displaying
muscles, blood vessels, and viscera.

(b)	Embryology.—Model of genital organs of hen. Sixteen models,
some enlarged to give details, showing various stages in the develop-
ment of the fowl from the beginning of incubation to the newly hatched
chick.

(c)	Variation.—Wild jungle fowl, the stock from which the various
breeds of domestic fowls have been derived. Mounted examples of
several breeds to illustrate the marked differences of proportions, size,
and color among domestic fowls.

(7) COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY.

Series of specimens and models showing the various elements and
their proportions in the body of a man weighing 150 pounds.

This department was also charged with the preparation of the
exhibit of domesticated birds, which are shown in two series:

(1) DOMESTIC PIGEONS.

Series of 34 specimens, including an example of the Wild Rock
pigeon, grouped about a dovecot, and used to illustrate variation under
domestication. The following races and breeds are represented:

Pouters.—Red; Blue; Isabella Pigmy Pouter.

Carriers.—Black Barb; Dun Carrier; Blue-rock Carrier.

Tumblers.—Booted White English Pan tail; Blue-tailed Turbit; Yel-
low-winged Turbit; Yellow shell-crested Turbit; White Owl; Turbiteen;
Black Tumbler; Red Parlor Tumbler; Black Bald Tumbler; Black
Jacobin; Bluette; Salinette.

Trumpeters.—Common pigeons; Homers; Red-winged Swallow;
Barred Blue-winged Swallow; hTun; Helmet; Archangel; Ice pigeon;
Black Magpie; Yellow Magpie; Russian Trumpeter.

(2) BREEDS OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL.

American breeds.—Plymouth Rock, cock and hen; Black Java, cock
and hen; Silver Wyandotte, cock and hen; Jersey Blue, cock and hen.

Asiatic breeds.—Light Brahma, cock and hen; Black Langshan, cock
and hen; Partridge Cochin, hen; White Cochin, cockerel.

English breeds.—Silver-gray Dorking, cock and hen; White Dorking,
cock and hen.

Hamburghs.—Silver-spangled Hamburgh, cock and hen.

French breeds.—La Fleche, cock and hen.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

173

Games.—Reel Pile Exhibition Game, cock and hen; Maroon Game,
cock | Black Sumatra Game, cockerel and pullet.

DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS (PALEOZOIC).

The. honorary curator, Mr. 0. D. Walcott, has been obliged to devote
his time almost exclusively to work connected with the IT. S. Geological
Survey. The department cooperated with the Survey in the prepara-
tion of an exhibit for the World’s Columbian Exposition. Such time
as could be spared to laboratory work was given to the preparation of
a collection to be exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition. A
description of this exhibit is given at the close of this report. .

The year’s work upon the collections was mainly in the direction of
working out and putting in condition for study the collections that had
previously been made by the Geological Survey. Over 200 drawers of
Upper Cambrian fossils have been worked up, preparatory to study in
connection with the preparation of a monograph on the Upper Cam-
brian fauna. A large number of Middle Cambrian fossils were received
from the field, cleaned, and record numbers entered upon them. Rone
of this material, however, was transferred to*the Rational Museum, as
I thought it desirable to complete the study of the same before trans-
mitting it.

In the laboratory, attention was given to painting the record numbers
on the specimens belonging to the accessions, and to the recording of
material which will be transferred from the Geological Survey as soon
as the work upon it is completed.

The publications of the year based on Museum material are noticed
in the Bibliography.

The catalogue numbers taken up were from 24153 to 24311, both
inclusive. About 1,200 specimens have been added to the collection.

Owing to the pressure of other work, a number of the recent acces-
sions to the Museum exhibition series have not yet been entered, but
special instructions have been given to attend to this matter early in
the next fiscal year.

Among the most interesting additions were the collections made by
Mr. Walco.tt. One hundred and fifty specimens of fossils of the Oriskany
formation, at Cumberland, Md., and 100 specimens of Lower Devonian
corals, from Genesee County, R. Y., from the Geological Survey. Also a
large collection of 325 individual crinoids, together with 12 magnificent
crinoid slabs from the Lower Carboniferous at Crawfordsville, Ind., from
Charles E. Beecher, Yale College, Rew Haven, Conn. Dr. A. L. Bene-
dict, of Buffalo, R. Y., sent 24 specimens of fossils characteristic of the
water-limestone of Buffalo, and L. W. Stuart, Monmouth, Iowa, a con-
siderable collection of Riagara fossils from Monmouth, Iowa.

It was decided that the Museum should unite with the U. S. Geolog-
ical Survey in the preparation of a paleontological exhibit for the
World’s Columbian Exposition. A large number of specimens belong-174

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

ing to the Survey were used for this purpose, and a number came from
the collections of the Museum. All of the material has now, however,
been transferred to the custody of the latter, and is now on exhibi-
tion in the Department of Geology.

The principal feature of the exhibit was the collection of characteris-
tic fossils and rocks arranged stratigraphically. This contained about
i,850 species (probably 6,000 specimens) of fossils, and 548 rocks. There
were also exhibited a restored skeleton of Dinoceras mirabile, 4 large
slabs with Lingula, Protichnites, Climaehtiehnites, and Lactyloidites, 2
large casts of Orthoeeras, 1 large specimen of BacMlites grandis, 1 large
special case containing showy specimens of Grinoids, Trilobites, Euryp-
terus, Ammonites, Corals, etc., and 2 special cases of showy fossil
plants, principally Carboniferous, with a few from the Cretaceous and
Tertiary.

DEPARTMENT OF MESOZOIC FOSSILS.

Comparatively little work has been done in this department during
the past year. Owing to the fact that its personnel is only nominally
or incidentally connected with the Museum, it has been impracticable
to devote much more time to it than the most imperative of the routine
forms required. This work has been mainly confined to the examina-
tion of and report upon accessions, and to the transference of certain
collections to the Museum from the U. S. Geological Survey.

The most important accessions to the Museum through this depart-
ment are those received from the Survey. Among these are the type
specimens of fossils which have formed the basis of Bulletin No. 106 of
the Geological Survey, of which Mr. T. W. Stanton is the author. This
collection embraces 179 type specimens, all of which are figured in that
bulletin;

During the past year the entries in the record book of this depart-
ment have ranged from 22,170 to 22,959. There have been catalogued
6,440 specimens of fossils, 5,392 of which came from the U. S. Geological
Survey, and 1,048 from all other sources.

Dr. C. A.. White, the honorary curator, has during the past year been
engaged in the preparation of a work upon the Bear Biver formation
of Wyoming and Idaho, which is largely of a paleontological character.
This work is not yet published, and no work based upon the collections
of this department has been published during the year.

DEPARTMENT OF RECENT PLANTS.

Dr. George Yasey, honorary curator and botanist of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, died March 4, 1893, after a long and faithful
service in connection with the National Herbarium and with the U. S.
Department of Agriculture.* Mr. Frederick Y. Coville, his successor,

* Notices of his life and scientific work have been published in the Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 20, 1893, pp. 218 to 220, and in the Botanical Gazette,
vol. 18, 1893, pp. 170 to 183.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

175

was appointed honorary curator of the Department of Botany in the
National Museum, March 28, 1893.

During the past year, up to the time of his death, Dr. Vasey was
engaged upon researches in connection with a publication entitled
^Monograph of the Grasses of the United States and British America,
basing his work upon the very full collection of Graminem in the
National Herbarium. The work on this subject was about four-fifths
completed at the time of Dr. Vasey?s death. The report oh the botany
of the Death Valley expedition, in preparation by Mr. Frederick Y.
Coville, was also continued during the first part of the present year
and was finished in December, 1892. Work on the collections made by
Dr. Edward Palmer in western Mexico during the years 1890 to 1892
was continued by Dr. J. JST. Bose.

The Herbarium collection, which is deposited in the Department of
Agriculture, consists of study and duplicate series only, no specimens
having been prepared for exhibition purposes. In general the her-
barium is in excellent condition, the system of classification being so
carried out as to greatly facilitate access to the material contained
in it.

During the year about 33,000 specimens were received, involving
567 catalogue entries. Specimens to the number of 14,308 were sent
out as exchanges, and 4,117 mounted sheets were added to the Her-
barium proper.

Mr. Coville reports as follows upon the important accessions re-
ceived during the year:

A large collection of specimens from northwestern Idaho, collected by Dr. J. BY
Sandberg and assistants. The whole collection contains 1,035 numbers.

A collection of 168 numbers from Yakutat Bay, Alaska, made by Frederick Fun-
ston during the summer season of 1892. These specimens are in excellent condition
and excel in their value as specimens any collection, heretofore received from
Alaska.

Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, captain, U. S. Army, has continued to send in collections
made upon the International Boundary Commission (United States and Mexico),
which, although not yet critically examined, will furnish material for a future
report on the botany of this region.

Dr. H. E. Hasse of Soldiers’ Home, Los Angeles County, Cal., has contributed a set
of 255 specimens from the southern portion of the State of California.

Mr. G. C. Nealleyhas continued his collections in Texas, having sent in about 1,650
specimens from that State.

Through Mr. P. A. Rydberg have been received a valuable collection from the
Black Hills of South Dakota, containing about 2,500 specimens.

From Dr. Edward Palmer has been received a collection of specimens from middle
California in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, and in the Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys.

From Mr. J. W. Tourney, of Tucson, Ariz., was received a series of specimens col-
lected on a journey from Tucson northward past San Francisco mountain to the
Grand canyon of the Colorado and return.

From Dr. E. F. Franchschi was purchased a collection of 214 plants from Attica,
Greece, the specimens in by far the best condition of any yet received from Europe.

From Mr. John Macoun, Ottawa, Canada, was purchased a set of 100 Canadian
lichens and 100 Canadian mosses.176	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

From Prof. C. S. Crandall, Fort Collins, Colo., lias been received a collection of
587 Colorado plants.

From Mr. G. AV. Letfcerman, of Allentown, Mo., was received a small but interest-
ing and valuable collection consisting of 71 grasses of the genus Poa, collected at
bigh altitudes in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

From C. G. Pringle, of Charlotte, Vt., was purchased a collection of his plants of
1892 from southern Mexico.

From Dr. Franz Bochenau, of Berlin, Germany, was received a collection of 164
specimens of the genus Juncus.

From Dr. H. H. Rushy, of New York City, a set of Miguel Bang’s Bolivian plants
was received.

Fascicles 8 and 9 of Mr. W. N. Suksdorf’s collections made in the State of AYashing-
ton have been acquired by purchase.

M. C. Copineau.has sent in 260 specimens of French plants as an exchange.

From Dr. B. L. Robinson was secured a set of 420 specimens collected by the late
Mr. H. E. Seaton, of Cambridge, Mass., on Mount Orizaba, Mexico.

In addition the first installments of several collections have been received from
collectors which are more properly mentioned, together with the remainder of those
collections,.in the report for the succeeding year.

Through the Smithsonian Institution has been received fromM. S. E. Lassimonne,
of France, a collection of 200 specimens of plants from that country.

From Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, Melbourne, Australia, have been received
several packages of Australian plants, in most cases new to the Herbarium.

From Miss Elizabeth Taylor, of Troy, N. Y., were received a set of 115 specimens
collected by herself in a journey down the McKenzie River, British America, during
the season of 1892.

From the U. S. Fish Commission was received a package of 650 specimens from
the mainland and islands of Alaska, collected by Dr. B. W. Evermann.

In addition to these specimens many others, small in number but no
less valuable in quality, have been received and incorporated in the
Herbarium.

DEPARTMENT OF FOSSIL PLANTS.

The.work of the year has been a continuation of that of the two
preceding years, that is, the object kept constantly in mind has been
u the arrangement of the specimens in such a manner as to facilitate
their consultation and study.7’

Prof. Lester F. Ward, of the Geological Survey, continues his services
as honorary curator, and Prof. F. H. Knowlton svas reappointed assistant
curator of this department in August. He was, however, only able to
devote one-half of the time to this work for several months, but since
December his whole time has been given to the Museum. Later by an
arrangement made between the National Museum and theU. S. Geological
Survey, Prof. F. H. Knowlton exchanged work with Mr. David White.
The actual period of this exchange extended from -November 28 to June-
27. During this period Prof. Knowlton continued the revision of the
flora of the Laramie group, mentioned in my last report, and at the
end of the year he had settled the status of 241 species and had written,
about 450 pages of the preliminary manuscript. He has had prepared,
a large number of drawings to illustrate the new species, or those pos-
sessing peculiar or curious features. The work thus far accomplished.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

177

represents all but about 25 of the species recorded in Lesquereux’s
Tertiary Flora. The whole flora of this group, as now known, will
probably embrace about 350 species, and when completed it will repre-
sent, it is thought, one of the most satisfactory aids to geology that
has been afforded.

Mr. White’s work for the Museum has been entirely on the great
Lacoe collection, and at the end of the year about 125 boxes, weighing
15,000 pounds, had been shipped to Washington. As the magnitude
and value of this collection was stated at length in the report for last
year, it is unnecessary to again refer to it. The larger part of this
donation has now been labeled and sent to Washington, but much
remains, especially in the way of duplicates It is probable that a fur-
ther arrangement will be perfected whereby Mr. White will be enabled
to complete the transfer.

Ho especially important accessions have been made during the year,
the lots received being either single specimens or small collections from
limited areas. The Museum has, ho wever, obtained by purchase a very
fine series of fossil cycadean trunks from Lower Cretaceous strata near
Hot Springs, South Dakota. They are six in number, and range from
10 inches in length and 6 inches in diameter, to over 3 feet in length
and 2 feet in diameter. The finest specimen, which weighs 721 pounds,
is undoubtedly the largest example of the kind ever found. The speci-
mens have been photographed in various positions, and will be made
the subject of a special monograph.

The routine work in arrangement and classification of the collections
has been of the same nature as in several previous years. We had
constructed in the west tower-room a large storage-case, capable of
accommodating about 500 3-inch unit trays. The entire miscellane-
ous Carboniferous collection, which is being studied by Mr. White,
was put in this case, and the room on the balcony floor reserved for the
Mesozoic and Tertiary plants. Five quarter-;:::it table cases were also
placed in the west tower room, and the whole collection of fossil wood
was placed in them. At the present time everything in the department
is perfectly accessible. This condition is only brought about, however,
by storing in the Armory building all that can not be accommodated
in the cases. This arrangement, while probably the best that the
present division of space will admit of, often causes serious inconven-
ience, as collections or specimens desired for study or comparison are
in storage. When the great Lacoe collection is installed, the need of
additional space will be much greater than now.

Prof. Ward’s work during the year has been practically a continua-
tion of that recorded as in hand in his last report. He has continued
the exploration of the Potomac formation, both in the immediate vicinity
of Washington and below Eichmond, Va., with the result of discover-
ing a number of new plant beds, from which a large number of new
and interesting plants were obtained. The specimens from the Potomac
H. Mis. 184, pt. 2----------12178

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

formation, exclusive of those on which Prof. Fontaine based his mono-
graph on the Younger Mesozoic Flora of Virginia, now fill 113 of the
standard unit trays of the National Museum. These later specimens
have come from Alabama, Virginia, the District of Columbia, Mary-
land, and New Jersey, and, combined with the earlier ones, make
probably as complete a flora as that known for any formation. The
results of their study will be embodied in a work on the correlation of
the Cretaceous plants, now in preparation.

Besides the work of revision above mentioned, Prof. Knowlton has
also studied collections and made reports as follows: Ee-examination of
the fossil plants at Silver Cliff, Colo.; list of the plants of the Post-Lara-
mie beds of Colorado; report on a collection of fossil plants from Ellens-
burg, Wash.; report on fossil plants obtained by J. S. Diller in western
Washington; report on two species of fossil plants from Oregon; identi-
fication of a collection of fossil plants from the auriferous gravels of
California, obtained by H. W. Turner; report on the bearing of the fossil
plants of the auriferous gravels on the question of the temperature and
elevation at the time of their deposition; determination of fossil plants
collected by W. H. Weed in the Crazy Mountains on Big Timber Creek,
Park County, Mont.; report on collection of fossil plants from Cookville,
XJtah; report on fossil plants from Huefano Park, Colorado, as well as
numerous reports relating to accessions received by the Museum.

Prof. William M. Fontaine, of the University of Virginia, has studied
and made an elaborate report on a collection of plants from the Trinity
rocks near Glen Eose, Tex. He has determined no less than 23 species,
of which number 6 are new to science. His paper, illustrated by 8 plates,
is published in the proceedings of the National Museum.

The last catalogue entry in June, 1892, is 555.

The last catalogue entry in June, 1893, is 584.

Total number of specimens added to the collection during the year
is estimated at 2,000.

DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS.

Prof. Clarke reports that apart from the usual routine little was done
in the department except to prepare, pack, and install its share of the
exhibit made by the Museum at the World’s Columbian Exposition.
To that work all else was subordinated. The preparation of the crys-
tallographic series for Chicago, by Mr. W. S. Yeates, involved the care-
ful measurement and description of a large number of characteristic
crystals, representing many mineral species. The data thus obtained
appear upon the printed labels of the specimens, which have thus
acquired new value for the permanent collection. Toward the end of
April Mr. Yeates went to Chicago to install the collection; but early
in May he resigned as assistant curator, to become State geologist of
Georgia, and the work of installation was completed by Mr. Wirt Tassin
and the Curator. The collection shown at the Exposition filled 2REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

179

Liverpool eases and 4 slope-top cases, and consisted entirely of choice,
selected characteristic material. For the time being, of course, the
exhibition series in Washington was perceptibly weakened.

During the year 348 entries were made in the catalogue of the depart-
ment, representing 579 specimens. Of these a considerable number
were bought with reference to exhibition at Chicago, especially a fine
group of representative gems from Amelia County, Va., a superb series
of crystallized sulphurs from Sicily, and a suite of anglesite crystals
from Monteponi, Sardinia. Some remarkable Sicilian selenites and
celestites, and the groups of fluorites from the Wilcox collection were
also obtained in this way.

By gift, little was received during the year. The most notable
accession of this kind was a series of 7 cut turquoises and 1 specimen
of turquoise in the matrix, presented by the American Turquoise Com-
pany, of New York. The exchanges also were few in number. Six-
teen specimens of miscellaneous minerals were thus obtained from Mr.
E. E. Howell, and 51 specimens, all of European origin, were received
from Prof. P. Groth, of Munich, in return for a collection previously
sent to him. Still another exchange collection came from Prof. A.
Brezina, of Yienna, but it was not catalogued during the year covered
by this report.

When the collections now in Chicago shall have been returned to
Washington, the incorporation of the new material obtained into the
perman ent series will involve a general reorganization of the exhibition
hall. Much old material will be retired to the study and duplicate
series, to make room for new and finer specimens. Until that work
has been done, no satisfactory census of the mineral collection can be
made.

The last catalogue entry of the preceding year, June 30, 1892, was
No. 80640. The last entry of the present year, June 30, 1893, is No.
80991.

EXHIBIT OF MINERALS AT THE 'WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

The exhibit consisted of minerals, gems, and semi-precious stones,
illustrating the principles of crystallography and those physical prop-
erties of minerals which apply to the eye, and included the following
series:

Crystallography and the physical properties of minerals.

A series of crystallized minerals (with the principal forms in models of wood) to
illustrate crystal form.

A series to illustrate parallel growths.

A series to illustrate the twinning of crystals.

A series to illustrate the imperfections of crystals.

A series of crystalline aggregates.	\

A series of pseudomorphs.

A series to illustrate structure.

A series to illustrate bleavage and fracture.

A series to illustrate diaphaneity, color, and luster.

A collection of gems and semi-precious stones, embracing two series, as follows :

A general series, arranged in the order of their intrinsic value.

A series of American gems and semi-precious stones.180	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY.

A very large portion of the year was devoted by Prof. George P.
Merrill, the curator, and his assistants, to the preparation of an exhibit
for the Columbian Exposition, a general outline of which was given in
the curator’s report for 1892. Lack of space necessitated a certain
amount of curtailment in the original plans, but as carried out the
exhibits were classified and arranged as below:

I-. VULCANOLOGY.

(a)	A map of the world showing in red the distribution of active and
recently extinct volcanoes, compiled mainly from Meumayer’s Erdges-
chichte.

(b)	A geological map of the United States showing in red the areal
distribution of recent volcanic rocks in the United States, compiled by
Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, in 1886>, and published in the Transactions of
the American Institute of Mining Engineers.

(c)	A model of the Ice Spring Craters, a group of recently extinct
volcanoes near Fillmore, Utah, modeled from surveys made under the
direction of the U. S. Geological Survey,' scale, 100 feet to 1 inch, hori-
zontal and vertical the same,- size of model, 5 feet square.

(d)	A large series of photographs showing characteristic volcanic
phenomena, as below:

(1)	Two enlarged views of the volcano on Bogoslof Island, Bering
Sea.

(2)	A series of views of Bogoslof and mounts Shishaldin and Maku-
shin, in Alaska.

(3)	A series of views of Hawaiian volcanoes and lava flows.

(4)	A series of views of Yesuvius, Italy, and the volcanoes of the
adjacent islands, including Stromboli, Etna, and Yulcano, in various
stages of volcanic activity.

(5)	Yiews of a recent volcanic cone and lava fields near Snag Lake,
California.

(6)	Three views of the grand volcanic neck known as Mato Teepee,
Bear Lodge, or the Devil’s Tower, in Wyoming.

(7)	Yiews of columnar volcanic rocks in the Yellowstone National
Park, in the vicinity of Orange, N. J., and at Bonn, Prussia.

(8)	Yiews of geysers and hot springs in the Yellowstone National
Park.

(e)	A series of specimens of volcanic products in characteristic forms,
as lavas, fragmental ejectamenta, and sublimation products, as fol-
lows : *

(1) Columnar basalt, from Bonn, Prussia, and the Giant’s Cause-
way.

* These collections were accompanied, whenever possible, by photographs-of the
immediate regions from which they were collected.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

181

(2)	Slaggy and glassy lava, from the Hawaiian Islands and the Yel-
lowstone National Park.

(3)	Pumieeous and glassy lavas (obsidians), from the Yellowstone
National Park and the Mono craters, California; vesicular lava, from
near Flagstaff, Ariz.

(4)	Lava showing the aa, pahoehoe, and other structures dependent
upon their varying degrees of viscosity; lava stalactites and driblet
cones from the Hawaiian Islands.

(5)	Yolcanic bombs, from Lipari, Etna, the extinct volcanoes of Mount
Trumbull and Sunset Peak, Arizona; lapilli, from Ice Springs Buttes,
in Utah, and Sunset Peak, Arizona.

(6)	Sand, rock fragments, ash, etc., from Bogoslof Island.

(7)	Fine pumieeous dust, from beds in Montana and Nebraska.

(8)	A series comprising 40 hand specimens illustrating the various
kinds of lavas, and also 2 large specimens of polished paleozoic lava
(felsite), from eastern Massachusetts.

(9)	Yolcanic sublimation products, including sulphur, ammonium
chloride and iron oxides from various American and foreign sources.

(10)	Siliceous and calcareous sinters from the geysers and hot springs
of the Yellowstone National Park, and travertines from extinct hot
springs in Arizona. The possible economy of volcanoes was illustrated
in the sulphur and other sublimation products, pozzuolani (a natural
concrete) building-stone, and the beautiful “onyx marblesor traver-
tines.

II. GLACIERS AND GLACIAL PHENOMENA.

(а)	Yiews illustrating living glaciers and icebergs.

(б)	A relief map of the United States, showing the theoretical resto-
ration of the ancient ice sheet at the stage of the Glacial period follow-
ing the Main Silt epoch.

(c)	A large series of photographs' and other illustrations showing
characteristic glacial phenomena, as below:

(1)	Yiews of glacial deposits, as moraines, drumlins, and kames.

(2)	Yiews of large drift bowlders the source of which has been traced
with approximate accuracy.

(3)	Yiews of glaciated rock surfaces.

(d)	Actual specimens illustrating the transporting and eroding
power of glaciers, as:

(1)	Specimens of glacial clays, sands, and drift bowlders. Of partic-
ular interest in this series are bowlders taken from various altitudes
in the White and Oatskill mountains, and bowlders of peridotite and
other rocks in Bhode Island, Ohio, and Illinois, the original source of
which is known with approximate accuracy.

(2)	Scratched and scarred bowlders from glacial till.

(3)	Scratched and scarred bowlders from glaciers still existing.

(4)	Glacial flour.182

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

(5)	Slabs of stone, grooved, scratched, or polished by glacial action.

(0)	The possible economy of glacial products as shown in the utili-
zation of glacial bowlders for building, and the glacial clays for brick-
making.

(7) The destructive effects of glaciation, as illustrated by fields
covered by drift bowlders and other glacial debris, the stripping of
the surface of soils, and the burial of forests; shown by photographs
only.

III. LIMESTONE CAVERNS AND ASSOCIATED PHENOMENA.

(a)	Actual plans and sections of Howe’s Cave, hi. Y; the Luray
Caves, Va.; Mammoth Cave, Ky., and Wyandotte Cave, Ind.

(b)	A series of photographs showing cave interiors, as follows:
Howe’s Cave, K. Y.; the Luray Caves, Ya. j The Grottoes, Ya.; Mam-
moth Cave, Ky.; Wyandotte and Marengo caves, Ind.

(0)	A large series of cave deposits as below, many of the stalactites
and stalagmites being cut and polished to show structure.

(1)	Stalactites and stalagmites from the Luray Caves and The
Grottoes, in Virginia.

(2)	Gypsum rosettes and incrustations from Mammoth Cave, Ky.

(3)	Gypsum incrustations and rosettes, epsom salt, and stalactites
and stalagmites, from Wyandotte, Ind.

(4)	Stalactites and stalagmites from Marengo, Ind.

(5)	Stalactites and stalagmites from the Percy and Eobertson caves,
near Springfield, Mo.

(6)	Botryoidal stalactitic masses from caves in the Organ Mountains,
Kew Mexico.

(7)	Stalactites from the Copper Queen Mines, Arizona.

(8)	Large translucent selenite crystals from a cave in Wayne County,
Utah.

(9)	The possible economy of cave products, shown by cut, turned,
and polished blocks of cave marble (stalagmite); nitrous earth, from
Mammoth Cave, Ky., together with a small vial of calcium nitrate
extracted from the same by leaching.

(10)	A series of specimens in alcohol illustrating the fauna of caves.

(11)	A small series of photographs, bone breccia and flint chips,
illustrating the occupancy of caves by human beings.

(12)	A section of a cave, some 2 by 4 feet, and feet high, con-
structed from materials collected in Marengo, Ind., the materials
occupying their original positions as taken from the cave.

As completed, the exhibit occupied two wall-cases, each some 30
feet in length, and three special bases carrying relief-maps and cave-
section. One of the most impressive and unique of these exhibits is
the relief-map of the United States, modeled by Howell, and showing
the restoration of the ice sheet of the Glacial epoch. This map isReport of National Museum, 1893

Plate 57

Relief Map showing the restoration of the ice sheet of the glacial epoch.
Modeled for the U. S. National Museum, under the direction of Mr. George P. Merrill, by E. E. Howell.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

183

shown in the accompanying illustration (PI. 57), the legend being
reproduced below, as it is too illegible in the illustration:

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
MODEL OF THE | UNITED STATES

showing the theoretical restoration of the ] Ancient Ice-Sheet | at the stage of
the Glacial Period | following the Main Silt Epoch. | Constructed from data fur-
nished by T. C. Chamberlain and associates | of the U. S. Geological Survey;
the outline of the ice follows | the outer terminal moraine next north of the main
slit deposits; and | probably does not represent a strictly synchronous stage
throughout, as later | advances of the ice at some points overrode earlier ones,
making it difficult | to trace a perfectly synchronous line. The slope of the sur-
face of the ice is j based on an adaptation of that of Greenland, as given by
Nansen. |

The scale of the model is 1 inch to 40 miles. | It shows the correct curvature
at sea-level, and is a section of a globe | 161 feet in diameter; elevation and
depression above and below sea-level exaggerated five times.

At the beginuing of the fiscal year tlie curator was in soutliwest
Missouri searching for materials to illustrate cave phenomena. This
work was interrupted by leave of absence from July 8 to August 1, to
be resumed again at a later date. On August 18 the curator, returned
to Washington. The materials collected during these trips are noted
under the head of u important accessions.” Mr.W. H. Newliall, assist-
ant, made in November a trip to Weyer’s and Fountain caves in Vir-
ginia, and obtained a fine series of products from these sources, which
are also mentioned under the head of accessions. Our thanks are due
to the managers of these caverns, as well as to those of Luray, Mam-
moth, Wyandotte, Marengo, Percy and Kobertson’s, for the lively inter-
est manifested and the assistance afforded in procuring as fine a series
as possible both for the Columbian Exposition and for the Museum.
We are also greatly indebted for assistance of a high order to Prof.
W. O. Crosby, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and to Mr.
F. W. Crosby, of this city. Prof. Crosby was instrumental in procuring
a large proportion of our series, of glacial products, and to the enthusi-
asm of Mr. F. W. Crosby we owe a large and exceptionally fine series of
Sicilian sulphurs and associated rocks and minerals, volcanic bombs
from Lipari, and other materials elsewhere noted. From April 15 to
May 15 the curator was in Chicago, engaged in the work of installing
the exhibit there.

Below is given a list of the more important accessions of the year:

A series of typical iron ores from Santiago, Cuba. Gift of tbe Sigua Iron Com-
pany.

A collection.of asphalts and assorted rocks from Trinidad. Gift of Mr. Clifford
Richardson.

A collection of rocks and ores from Texas. Gift of W. H. Streeruwitz.

A collection of glacial materials made by Prof. W. O. Crosby for the World’s
Columbian Exposition.184

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Eruptive rocks from the vicinity of Montreal, Canada.,, Received from Henry
Lampard.

A collection of stalactites, and stalagmites from the grottoes, Shendnn, Ya. Col-
lected for the World’s Columbian Exposition by Mr. W. H. Rewball.

A fine, large collection of lavas from the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands. Col-
lected for the World’s Columbian Exposition by Mr. A. B. Lyons.

A large collection of stalactites and stalagmites from the caverns of Luray. Col-
lected for the World’s Columbian Exposition by Mr. J. H. Morrison.

A large and valuable series of cave products from caves in Virginia, Tennessee,
Kentucky, Indiana, and Missouri; also onyx marbles from Arizona and Lower Cali-
fornia. Collected by the curator.

A collection of rock types from the vicinity of Hot Springs and Magnet Cove,
Ark., as described by the late Francis Williams.

A beautiful series of the wonderful selenite crystals from Wayne County, Utah.
Obtained from Dr. J. E. Talmage.

A series of septarian nodules, stylotites, volcanic bombs, fulgurites, and onyx
marbles. Obtained from Mr. H. L, Ward.

A fine mass of drift copper, weighing 55 pounds, found in the Earnshaw quarries,
some 20 miles southwest of Chicago. Obtained from Ossian Guthrie.

An exceptionally fine collection, comprising Elban iron ores, volcanic bombs from
Lipari, miscellaneous volcanic products from Stromboli, Vulcano, and Etna; basaltic
columns from Bonn, Prussia, and a large and beautiful series of sulphur and associ-
ated rocks and minerals from Sicily. Collected by Mr. F. W. Crosby.

A collection of cave products from the Wind Caves of South Dakota. Gift of A.
F. McDonald.

Eighty-five views of volcanic phenomena in the Hawaiian Islands. Obtained
from I. Williams for the World’s Columbian Exposition.

Sixty-six views of South Italian volcanoes. Obtained from Dr. H. J. Johnston-
Lavis.

Twenty-five views in Howe’s Caves, Hew York. Obtained from S. R. Stoddard.

Fifty-eight views of Mammoth, Wyandotte, and Marengo caves. From Ben.
Hains, jr.

Twenty-six views of Mammoth Cave. Obtained from Miss F. B. Johnson.

Seventeen views of Alaskan glaciers. Obtained from Prof. H. F. Reed.

Thirty-five views of Luray Caves. Obtained from Mr. C. H. James.

Thirty views of glacial phenomena. Obtained from Prof. W. O. Crosby.

Fifty-three views of glacial phenomena. Obtained from Prof. G. F. Wright.

The character of the routine work has varied but little from that of
previous years. Especial effort was made in planning the World’s
Fair exhibit to so arrange the labels that, when returned to Washing-
ton, it could be made to fill a definite place in our regular system of
installation. Thus, excepting that it was impossible to devote a large
portion of the time to a preparation of the three exhibits there
included, and to work them out in considerable detail, almost no
departure was made from ordinary museum methods, and but little
labor actually lost. Copy for .1,175 labels was sent to the printer and
1,391 printed forms received.

A large proportion of the routine work of this department consists
in the examination of geological material transmitted to the Museum
for this purpose. During the year 130 packages of this character
were examined and reported upon. The total number of packages of
material of all kinds received during the year for examination was 516,REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

185

and it is therefore evident that this department has its full sharp of
this kind of work. A detailed list of the receipts of this character
will be found in Appendix v.

It may be observed that although this class of work is recognized as a
regular part of the duties devolving upon the officers of the Museum,
and is always promptly performed, it is probable that no work under-
taken by the Museum produces less beneficial results to itself. ^The
Museum can not charge for making these examinations, and it rarely
happens that any of the material transmitted has any value for addi-
tion to the collections.

The fact that the collections are now divided, a portion being in Chi-
cago, renders it impossible to give accurate figures regarding the num-
ber of specimens either in the reserve, exhibition, or duplicate series.
The clerical force of the department has not been sufficient to keep the
records in shape to furnish this information otherwise than by an
actual count. The accumulation of material has been greater than
during any equal space of time since Mr. Merrill’s connection with the
department. The amount of new material that has been actually added
to the Museum collections can3 however, be scarcely in excess of that
withdrawn for the World’s Columbian Exposition. The catalogue num-
bers for the fiscal year run from 60,001 to 60,927, inclusive, and from
68,050 to 68,471, inclusive.

As during the year previous, Mr. Merrill has been assisted by Mr.
W. H.Newhall, to whose energy, states the curator, is due much of the
progress made.eport of National Museum, 1893

Plate 58

Details of fixtures for Storage Cases.

ml: I: oTne^sectton ofstoragtcS, showing method of dust proofing, etc (p. 28).
Fig. 3. Stub and plate (p. 28).

Fig. 4. Wedge bolt for binding doors (p. 2b).Plate 59.

7

Details of installation methods in the U. S. National Museum.

Fig. 5. Showing arrangement of specimens on sloping shelves (p. 31).

Fig. 6. Device for storing microscopical slides (p. 32).

Fig. 7. Rectangular jar (p. 33).

Fig. S. Mounting fish in rectangular jar (p. 35).

Fig. 9. Reference table in exhibition hall (p. 41).V.—ADMINISTRATION.

JREVIEW OF THE WORK OE THE ADMINISTRATIVE BUREAUS.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF CLERK.

The chief clerk’s office remains under the supervision of Mr. W. Y.
Cox. The duties belonging to this office are mainly of an executive or
administrative character. Among these duties are the general super-
vision of the expenditure of the appropriations; the preparation of
proposals for supplies or labor; the opening of bids; awards of con-
tracts; issuing orders for the purchase of supplies and employment of
labor; the settling of accounts; the supervision of correspondence
other than that of a scientific nature, or of that relating to specimens;
the general supervision over employes and their assignment to duty;
the granting of leaves of absence and other matters affecting the per-
sonnel of the Museum; the issuing of passes to the buildings; the
conducting of boards of inquiry, inspection, and survey; the investiga-
tion of complaints, etc.

In Appendix n to this report a statement is presented showing the
disposition of the unexpended balance on hand at the close of the year
ending June 30, 1892. This is followed by a statement indicating the
disbursements on account of the appropriation for the year ending
June 30,1893.

Since his last annual report, the chief clerk, the superintendent ot
buildings and labor, and the property clerk have had much of their time
and that of their force occupied in the preparation of exhibits for the
Columbian Historical Exposition in Madrid, and the World’s Colum-
bian Exposition at Chicago. Yet the extra work incident to the many
additional requisitions made, and orders issued for supplies required
to be purchased, together with the work to be done in the shops of the
Museum by reason of these preparations, were all attended to by the
regular employes, without additional cost to the Exposition, notwith-
standing the fact that every purchase of supplies thus made and every
order for work required the stating of a bill, and also involved a large
amount of other incidental work. In the office of the chief clerk 666
vouchers, aggregating more than $78,000, were stated and otherwise com-
pleted for settlement, and transmitted to the Board of Managers for
payment. To perform this amount of extra labor the clerks were com-
pelled to devote longer hours to their duties.

CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTS.

This division of the administrative work remains under the charge
of Mr. R. I. G-eare. At the beginning of the year the force consisted
of 2 stenographers, 1 accession clerk, 1 record clerk, 1 index clerk, 3
typewriters and a messenger.

187188	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

The amount of correspondence has largely increased each year since
the establishment of this division. In 1886, the total number of official
papers prepared for signature was a little over 2,000. In the year
covered by this report the total was 10,040. The reason for this growth
is readily explained. Every letter asking for information is answered
as promptly as possible, and the information, if obtainable, is always
supplied. The fact that requests of all kinds are thus noticed, soon
spreads among the acquaintances of the writers, and before long they
also are led to correspond with the Museum on some subject in regard
to which they may desire information. Another reason for the large
increase this year is that since May, 1892, the distribution of Museum
publications has been added to the work of this office, necessitating a
large number of letters on matters relating to the subject of Museum
publications.

The correspondence of the Museum also includes letters pertaining
to the acquisition of specimens, and to their acknowledgment when
received ,* also letters reporting the results of examination of material
submitted for qualitative analyses.

The preparation and general supervision of the proof of the Annual
Report of the Museum is also a part of the work which has been
assigned to this division.

Distribution of Museum publications.—The edition of the Proceedings
and Bulletin is entirely inadequate to supply the numerous demands
made upon it, and in order that the edition might be increased, an
estimate of $18,000 for printing was made for the year ending June 30,
1892, an increase of $8,000 over the appropriation for the preceding
fiscal year. The amount granted by Congress, however, was only
$15,000. For the present fiscal year the sum of $18,000 was again
asked for. The following extract from a letter accompanying the
estimate will show how urgently this appropriation is needed:

The sum of $18,000 was asked for last year, for the purpose of enlarging the
mailing list so as to include in it the more important public libraries and educa-
tional institutions, and to render it possible, in response to urgent requests, to send
the publications of the Museum to individuals who need them for use in connection
with scientific investigations. The sum appropriated ($15,000) enabled the Museum
to enlarge considerably its mailing list, but the full amount estimated for will be
necessary to insure a satisfactory distribution.

The amount carried by the appropriation bill, as passed by Congress,
however, was $12,000, and as a necessary consequence, this branch
of the Museum work has been much crippled.

The report for 1890 was distributed during the year. Copies have
been forwarded to all individuals and institutions upon the mailing
lists for Museum reports, to the consular and other officers of the Gov-
ernment who have cooperated with the Museum, and to persons who
contributed to the collections during the fiscal year covered by that
report. Editions of 500 copies each of several ethnological papers
included in thereports for 1890 and 1891 have been sent out. The four-REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

189

teentli volume of the Proceedings of the National Museum has been
mailed to all addresses upon the regular list for Proceedings volumes,
and to more than 2,000 domestic and foreign libraries. Five hundred
copies each of Proceedings Separates, Nos. 887 to 915, 919, 920, 922 to
926, 928, 929, 931, and advance copies of No. 944 have been sent to
recipients upon the regular mailing lists and to persons making special
application. Parts F and G- of Bulletin 39, and Bulletin 40, have been
distributed, and parts A to G-, inclusive, of the former have been sent
to all institutions upon the foreign and domestic library lists. Special
Bulletin No. 1, entitled u Life Histories of North American Birds,” by
Major Charles Bendire, has been distributed. In addition to the regu-
lar distribution of Museum publications, more than 1,500 special send-
ings have been made during the year.

REGISTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Mr. S. C. Brown, registrar, states that the total number of packages
of all kinds received during the year was 29,409. The entries covering
these receipts number 2,830, 863 of these packages containing speci-
mens for the Museum, the others consisting of exchanges, supplies,
etc. The record of outgoing packages for the year embraced 1,315
entries, covering 3,309 boxes and 902 packages, of which 853 contained
specimens from the Museum, sent out as exchanges, gifts, and loans $
347 packages of specimens returned to owners, and 396 boxes con-
tained material, exhibits, and cases sent to the Madrid Exposition.
During the months of March, April, and May the exhibits prepared for
the World’s Columbian Exposition were shipped to Chicago. There were
1,340 iiackages of exhibits and cases transmitted by freight (twenty-
six carloads), while packages containing the most valuable portions
of the exhibits were forwarded by express. The storage record shows
that 174 packages were stored and 51 were turned over to the curators.

The total number of accessions, i. e.7 lots of specimens received for
the Museum during the year, was 1,226. In addition, 516 packages of
specimens were received for examination and report.

The records show that 13,581 specimens were sent out, including
exchanges and specimens distributed to universities and colleges.

COLLECTIONS TRANSMITTED TO EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS.

It has for many years been customary to distribute to educational
establishments, as far as practicable, the duplicate material contained
in the collections of the National Museum. Owing to the fact that there
had accumulated a large number of applications for specimens from
colleges and universities throughout the country, the curators of several
of the departments were requested to separate into sets, for distribu-
tion, such of the duplicates in their charge as might be available for
this purpose. The time necessary for work of this character could,190	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

however, be spared only with great inconvenience, on account of the
fact that the preparation of exhibits for the World’s Columbian Exposi-
tion demanded the greater part of the attention of the curators. It is
expected that within the course of a few months collections of fishes,
marine invertebrates, and birds’ skins will be ready for distribution.
A number of sets, of minerals, rocks, and ores, and casts of prehistoric
stone implements have been already prepared.

During the months of March and April, 1893, the work of distribu
ting the collections of rocks and ores recently prepared by the curator
of geology was undertaken, there being among the pending applica-
tions many requests for geological material. In a number of instances
in which it was not apparent that the institution which had made the
application was still in need of specimens, a letter requesting informa-
tion on this point was addressed to the Senator or Representative who
had indorsed the application. The reply in nearly every instance was
to the effect that a collection would be acceptable.

There have been distributed during the year 130 collections of all
kinds, including a large number of sets of minerals and rocks.

GEOGRAPHICAL STATEMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIMENS DURING THE
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1893.

In Appendix in a geographical statement is given showing in detail
the distribution of specimens of all kinds during the year. A brief
summary of this statement is presented in the following table, which
indicates the number of lots of specimens transmitted to institutions
in the United States and in foreign countries:

United States:

Alabama............

Arkansas...........

California......

Connecticut........

Colorado...........

District of Columbia

Florida ...........

Georgia............

Illinois...........

Indiana............

Iowa...............

Kansas..........

Kentucky...........

Maryland...........

Maine..............

Massachusetts......

Michigan...........

Minnesota..........

Missouri...........

Nebraska...........

New Jersey.........

New York...........

2

3

4
1
1

10

1

5
7
5

13

>

1

2

4

14

5

3
5

4
2

11

United States—Continued. •

Ohio.................

Pennsylvania.........

Rhode Island.........

South Dakota.........

Tennessee............

Texas................

Vermont..............

Wisconsin............ ..

Wyoming..............

Other countries:

Australia............

Austria..............

Canada ..............

England..............

France...............

Germany..............

Italy................

Russia...............

Sweden...............

Total..............

5

12

1

4

4

6
1
6
2

1

2

4

4

3

3

3

2

1

171REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

191

BUILDINGS AND LABOR; POLICE AND PUBLIC COMFORT.

The force of watchmen, mechanics, and laborers is under the charge
of Mr. Henry Horan, superintendent. In Mr. Horan’s annual report
there is included a statement of the work accomplished by the me-
chanics and laborers during the past year, a list of the machines, tools,
and other property in his care, and a statement of the supplies pur-
chased through his office. Extracts from his report, designed to indicate
the character of the work performed by the employes connected with
this department, will be found in Appendix XY.

WORK OF THE MUSEUM PREPARATORS.

TAXIDERMISTS.

Mr. William Palmer, chief taxidermist, reports that a large proportion
of the time of his force has been devoted to completing and installing the
exhibits for the World’s Columbian Exposition. The actual work of
mounting the specimens had already been finished, but the grouping of
the pieces and the arrangement of the accessories remained to be done
this year. Thirteen groups were prepared with great care, especial atten-
tion being given to making their surroundings as natural as possible.
Some progress has been made toward reducing the number of skins in
pickle, and two new lead-lined tanks have been provided for the better
accommodation of those which are still awaiting attention. Numerous
casts of various kinds have been made, and other incidental work attended
to. The number of skins received during the year was 266, the total
on hand June 30, 1893, being 427; 271 skins have been worked up.

About 30 specimens of fowls and pigeons have been added to the series
of domestic animals during the year.

OSTEOLOGICAL PREPARATORS.

Mr. F. A. Lucas, in charge of this work, reports that the preparation
of specimens for the exhibition series was interrupted somewhat by
work for the World’s Columbian Exposition, but still compares favor-
ably with the records of previous years :

Number of specimens received, cleaned and mounted.

Received as fresli specimens:

Entire skeletons........

Incomplete skeletons....

Cleaned:

Entire skeletons........

Incomplete skeletons....

Skulls..................

Mounted:

Skeletons...............

Limbs and other pieces ...
Skulls..................

Mammals.	Birds.	Reptiles.	Batra-  chians.	Eislies.	Total.
3	19	2		3	27
	1				i
7	35	3			25
		2			2
634	3	3	1	4	645
1	12	2	2	6	23
2	2				4
2	1	5	| 2	3	13
649	53	1 17	1 5	1 16	740

Total192	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

It may be stated that the labor involved in mounting the skulls is
but partially indicated by the figures which appear in the table, since
the mountings in most cases were complicated in their character and
the component bones of the skulls were distinctively colored. In addi-
tion to osteological work, there have been made 3 anatomical models,
and 45 casts of reptiles, invertebrates, and combs and gills of domes-
tic fowls. Besides this a group was completed, showing the common
octopus and its surroundings, and a large number of specimens have
been mounted for the synoptic series of invertebrates.

PHOTOGRAPHER.

Mr. T. W. Smillie, the photographer, reports that 857 negatives and
3,402 silver prints have been made during the year. A large propor-
tion of these was for the departments of ethnology, mammals, geology,
reptiles and batrachians, and prehistoric anthropology.

In addition, 281 extra prints were mounted and 147 cyanotypes, 22
lantern-slides, and 4 enlargements were made.

The National Museum, as heretofore, has rendered assistance to the
U. S. Fish Commission in photographic work, the Commissioner fur-
nishing the material necessary, and one assistant to aid the photog-
rapher. In this connection there were made 645 silver prints, 121
cyanotypes, and 57 lanteru-slides.

COLORIST.

During the early part of the fiscal year, Mr. A. Zeno Shindler con-
tinued his work on the series representing the races of man. Thirty
paintings of this series have been finished and turned over to the
Department of Ethnology, while five more are in course of completion.
About fifty figures have been painted for use in groups for the exhibit
of the Department of Ethnology at the Columbian Exposition. These
include, among others, a Sioux warrior mounted on a horse, a Navajo
woman spinning, a Navajo silversmith, a Ute woman burden-bearer,
a South American Indian, and a Zuni warrior.APPENDIX I.

The Scientific and Administrative Staff.*

DIRECTOR; EX OFFICIO.

S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Executive Officers.

G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of
U. S. National Museum, 1887.	(1872.)

Frederick W. True, Executive Curator, 1892.	(1879.)

W. V. Cox, Chief Clerk, 1886.	(1879.)

R. E. Earll, Special Agent for World’s Columbian Exposition, 1891.

Scientific Staff.

Department of Arts and Industries: G. Brown Goode, Curator, 1879.	(1872.)

Section of Materia Medica: C. H. White,! Medical Inspector U. S. Navy, Curator,
(1893).

Section of Animal Products: R. E. Earll, Acting Curator, 1889.	(1878.)

Section of JSTaval Architecture: J. W. Collins,! Curator, 1891.	(1880.)

Section of Foods : W. 0. Atwater,! Curator, 1884.

Section of History : A. Howard Clark, Curator, 1882.	(1879.)

Section of Transportation and Engineering : J. E. Watkins, Curator, 1887.	(1885.)

Section of Graphic Arts: S. R. Koehler, Curator, 1887.

Section of Forestry: B. E. Fernow,! Curator, 1889.

Section of Physical Apparatus: W. C. Winlock, Curator, 1889.

Department of Ethnology : O. T. Mason, Curator, 1884; Walter Hough, Aid, 1885;
W.H.Ryland, Aid, 1893.

Section of Oriental Antiquities: Paul Haupt,! Curator, 1888; Cyrus Adler, Assist-
ant Curator, 1888.

Section of American Aboriginal Pottery: W. H. Holmes,! Curator, 1889.
Department of Prehistoric Anthropology : Thomas Wilson, Curator, 1889.
Department of Mammals: Frederick W. True, Curator, 1881.	(1879.)

Department of Birds: Robert Ridgway, Curator, 1880.	(1872); P. L. Jouy,

Aid, 1887.	A876.)

Section of Birds’ Eggs: C. E. Bendire,! Major, U. S. Army (retired), Curator, 1884.
Department of Reptiles and Batrachians : Leonhard Stejneger, Curator, 1889.
(1884); Mr. F. C. Test, Aid, 1890.

Department of Fishes: Tarleton H. Bean,! Curator, 1880.	(1874); Barton A.

Bean, Assistant Curator, 1889.	(1881.)

Department of Mollusks: William H. Dali,! Curator, 1880.	(1866); R. E. C.

Stearns, Associate Curator, 1884; C. T. Simpson, Aid, 1889.

Department of Insects: C. V. Riley,! Curator, 1882; M. L. Linell, Aid, 1889.
Department of Marine Invertebrates: Richard Rathbun,! Curator, 1880; James
E. Benedict, Assistant Curator, 1890.	(1879); M. J. Rathbun, Aid, 1893.

(1886.)

* The date following each official title is that of appointment to the office now held;
that within parentheses indicates the time of first-connection with the museum.

! Honorary.

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2-----13

193194	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Department of Comparative Anatomy: Frank Baker,! Curator, 1890; Fred-
erick A. Lucas, Assistant Curator, 1886.	(1882.)

Department of Botany (National Herbarium): F. V. Coville,t Curator, 1893.

Department of Vertebrate Fossils: Otkniel C. Marsh,t Curator, 1887.

Department of Invertebrate Fossils :	.

Paleozoic Section: C. D. Walcott,t Curator, 1882.

Mesozoic Section : C. A. White,! Curator, 1885.

Cenozoic Section: William FI. Dall,t Curator, 1880.	(1866).

Section of Fossil Plants: Lester F. Ward,! Curator, 1881; F. FI. Ivnowlton,
Assistant Curator, 1887.

Department of Mineralogy: F. W. Clarke,! Curator, 1883; W. S. Yeates, Assist-
ant Curator, 1886.	(1879.)

Department of Geology: George P. Merrill, Curator, 1890.	(1880); W. II. New-

liall, Aid, 1887, (1885).

Library: Cyrus Adler, Librarian, 1892.	(1888).; N. P. Scudder, Assistant Librarian,

1882.	(1879.)

Administrative Staff.

Chief Clerk: W. V. Cox, 1886.	(1879.)

Chiefs of Division :

Correspondence and Reports : R. I. Geare, 1890.	(1880.)

Registration and Storage: S. C. Brown, 1881.	(1876.)

Printing and Labels: A. II. Clark, 1882.	(1879.)

Disbursing Cleric: W. W. Karr, 1888.	(1879.)

Property Clerk: J. S. Goldsmith, 1891.	(1886.)

Photography: T. W. Smillie, 1872.

Superintendent of Buildings: Henry Horan, 1880.	(1857.)

Prepara tors.

William Palmer, Chief Taxidermist, 1880.	(1874.)

Joseph Palmer, Chief Modeler, 1889.	(1873.)

A. Z. Shindler, Colorist, 1876.

J. W. Scollick. Osteologist, 1884.

Henry Marshall, Taxidermist, 1875.

N. R. Wood, Taxidermist, 1888.

A. H. Forney, Taxidermist, 1880.

APPENDIX II.

Finance, Property, Supplies and Accounts.

The disbursements from the unexpended balances of the appropria-
tions for the previous fiscal year, ending June 30, 1892, are as follows:

PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS.

From the balance of $8,818.14, the following disbursements have
been made:

Salaries or compen ;ation, $440; special or contract services, $330.11 •
supplies, $337.50; stationery, $375.80’; freight and cartage, $593.30;

! Honorary.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

195

travel, $89.69* specimens, $6,220.23,* books and periodicals, $414.46;
a total expenditure of $8,801.09, leaving a balance, July 1, 1893, of
$17.05. *

FURNITURE AND FIXTURES.

The disbursements from the unexpended balance of this appropria-
tion, $3,300.37, are as follows:

Special or contract services, $30; exhibition cases, $1,454; storage
cases, $324; drawers, trays and boxes, $56.05; frames, stands, etc.,
$166.50; glass, $1,038.14; hardware, $43.88; tools, $19.48; cloth, cot-
ton, etc., $8; glass jars, vials, etc., $22.29; lumber, $47.97; office furni-
ture, $6; tin, lead, etc., $2.94; leather and rubber goods, $13.32;
apparatus, $36.32; travel, $3.70; a total of $3,272.59, leaving an unex-
pended balance, July 1, 1893, of $27.78.

HEATING AND LIGHTING.

From the balance of $424.91, the following expenditures have been
made:

Special services, $3; gas, $89; telephones, $201.55; electric work,
$15; electrical supplies, $14.44; rental of call boxes, $20; heating sup-
plies, $81.57; a total of $424.56, leaving a balance, July 1, 1893, of 35
cents.

On July 1, 1892, the unexpended balance of the appropriation for
removing the old boilers under the Museum hall of the Smithsonian
building, replacing them with new ones, and making necessary altera-
tions, etc., was $61.53, and there has since been expended for brick-
work previously contracted for, the sum of $60, leaving a balance of
$1.53.

Of the appropriation for removing the decayed wooden floors in the
Museum building, and substituting therefor granolithic or artificial-
stone pavement, there was a balance of $525.36. Liabilities, amounting
to $522.53, have since been paid, leaving an unexpended balance, July
1, 1893, of $2.83.

The appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, and the
disbursements on account of the same, are as follows:

PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS.

The appropriation u for continuing the preservation, exhibition and
increase of the collection from the surveying and exploring expeditions
of the Government, and from other sources, including salaries or com-
pensation of all necessary employes/7 was $132,500, together with a
deficiency appropriation of $2,000, making a total of $134,500. The
expenditures were as follows:

Salaries or compensation, $116,177.15; special or contract services,
$2,224.83; supplies, $1,888.31; stationery, $723.25; freight and cart-
age, $1,889.75; travel, $407.88; specimens, $3,630.02; books and period-196	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

icaJs, $144.28; a total expenditure of $127,085.47, leaving an unex-
pended balance, July 1,1893, of $7,414.53 to meet outstanding liabili-
ties.

FURNITURE AND FIXTURES.

The amount appropriated “for cases, furniture, fixtures and appli-
ances, required for the exhibition and safe keeping of the collections of
the National Museum, including salaries or compensation of all neces-
sary employes,was $15,000. The following expenditures have been
made from this appropriation:

Salaries or compensation, $7,903.47; special or contract services,
$91.22; storage cases, $556.53; designs and drawings for cases, $34.50;
drawers, trays and boxes, $252.60; frames, stands and miscellaneous
woodwork, $16; glass, $774.92; hardware and interior fittings for cases,
$649.50; tools, $25.08; cloth, cotton, etc., $47.53 ; glass jars,bottles,etc.,
$438.10; lumber, $501.44; paints, oils, glue and brushes, $383.35; office
and hall furniture and furnishings, $48.22; tin and lead, $30.89; brick,
plaster,etc., $6.50; leather and rubber goods, $21.86; apparatus, $118.20;
skylights, $160; a total of $12,059.91, ieaving a balance on hand, July
1,1893, of $2,940.09 to meet outstanding liabilities.

The following is a list of cases made in the Museum shops during
the year:

Two card-catalogue cases, 1 pine bookcase, 1 walnut bookcase, 2 small special
cases, 2 unit storage cases, 12 unit table cases.

CASES REPAIRED AND ALTERED.

Four door-screen cases, 2 Cbinese cases, 3 flat-top cases, 19 Kensington cases, 1
mahogany bird case, 6 slope-top cases, 9 storage cases, 5 upright cases, 3 wall cases,
1 walnut case, 1 card-catalogue case, 36 pine unit table cases, and 1 half-unit table
case. In addition, 25 cases were glazed, and 231 'were painted and cleaned.

Miscellaneous furniture and fittings made during the year:

Seventeen bases, 416 blocks for mounting specimens, 1 large storage rack, 100 pack-
ing boxes, 176 drawers for cases, and 115 frames for labels.

Miscellaneous furniture and fittings repaired and altered:

Fire bases, 424: blocks for mounting specimens, 247 drawers for cases, 51 frames for
labels, and 130 locks.

In addition to the work indicated above, many shelves, label-holders,
screens, sash, ventilators, skylights, etc., were repaired or altered.
Bepairs were also made to the floors and roofs of the various buildings,
and considerable painting was done from time to time.

HEATING! AND LIGrHTINGr.

The appropriation “ for the expense of heating, lighting, electrical,
telegraphic and telephonic service for the National Museum,” was
$11,000, to which was added a deficiency appropriation of $2,000 for
heating, making a total of $ 13,000. From this appropriation the follow-
ing disbursements have been made:REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

197

Salaries or compensation, $4,764; special services, $19; coal and
wood, $5,003.04; gas, $1,253.64; telephones, $730.09; electric supplies,
$67.73; rental of call boxes, $100; beating supplies, $222.47; a total of
$12,159.97, leaving, July 1, 1893, an unexpended balance of $840.03, to
meet outstanding liabilities.

During the year the watcli boxes, burglar alarms, time clocks and
call-bell system were overhauled, and the unserviceable wire connected
therewith removed. The latter was replaced with okonite wire, nearly
8,000 feet being required for this purpose. The telephone system has
also been overhauled, the old wires having been removed and new
ones substituted. Owing to the small appropriation for heating, light-
ing, and electrical service, it was found necessary to reduce the number
of telephones in service. This was reluctantly done, as the telephone
has been.very useful in taking the place of messengers.

APPENDIX III.

Statement of the Distribution of Specimens during the
Year ending June. 30, 1893.

NORTH AMERICA.

CANADA.

Dr. John H. Gamier, Lucknow, Ontario: Siredons (2 specimens). For study. (D.
7341.)

College of St. Laurient, Montreal: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (76 speci-
mens, set 146). Gift. (D. 7766.)

Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa: Bones of Great Auk. Gift. (D. 7852.)

University College, Toronto: Duplicate collection of alcoholic fishes (160 speci-
mens, set 29). Gift. (D. 7662.)

UNITED STATES.

Alabama. Blount College, Blountsville: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (71
specimens, set 191). Gift. (D. 7666.)

State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Auburn: Duplicate collection of
rocks and ores (66 specimens, set 196); duplicate collection of alcoholic fishes
(106 specimens, set 40). Gift. (D. 7659.)

Arkansas. Arkansas Industrial University, Fayetteville: Duplicate collection of
rocks and ores (68 specimens, set 198); duplicate collection of alcoholic fishes
(106 specimens, set 42); duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 143).
Gift. (D. 7567.) (D. 7594.) (D. 7667.)

California. Belmont School, Belmont: Duplicate collection of minerals, (57 speci-
mens, set 134). Gift. (D. 7611.)

Leland Stanford Junior University, Menlo Park: Hermit crabs (13 specimens);
alcoholic fishes (10 specimens). Gift. (D. 7-186.) (D. 7764.)

Connecticut. Hartford Theological Seminary, Hartford: Duplicate collection of
rocks and ores (75 specimens, set 174). Gift. (D. 7702.)

Colorado, University of Colorado, Boulder: Duplicate collection of rocks and
ores (77 specimens, set 164). Gift. (D. 7733.)198	REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

District of Columbia. George H. Boehmer, Washington, D. C.: Bird-skin.
Exchange. (D. 7344.)

Eastern High School, Washington: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 speci-
mens, set 141). Gift. (D. 7664.)

Public Schools, Washington: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (104 speci-
mens, set 2). Gift. (D.7547.)

E. E. Howell, Washington: Ores (2,550 pounds); minerals (54 specimens);
Lepidosteus osseus (1 specimen); rocks (18 specimens). Exchange. (D.
7337.) (D. 7373.)	(D. 7572.)	(D. 7593.')

J. J. Jones, Washington :. Indian pottery (1 specimen). Exchange. (D. 7549.)
Bladen T. Snyder, Washington: Indian pottery (3 specimens). Exchange. (D.
7821).

Florida. I. Greegor, Jacksonville: Copy of engraving ^Ariadne.” Exchange.
(D. 7548.)

Georgia. University of Georgia, Athens: Brachipods, corals, hydroids, etc. (42
specimens). Gift. (D. 7556.)

Clark University, Atlanta: Duplicate collection of marine invertebrates (640
specimens, series IV, set 192); duplicate collection of marine invertebrates
(2 boxes, special set); duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 147);
duplicate collection of rocks and ores (75 specimens, set 173). Gift. (D.
7489.)	(D. 7701.)

Central Grammar School, Augusta: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 speci-
mens, set 150). Gift. (D. 7776.)

Emory College, Oxford: Duplicate collection of minerals (37 specimens, set
136*). Gift. (D. 7663.)

Illinois. Carthage College, Carthage: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 speci-
mens, set 140); duplicate collection of alcoholic fishes (106 specimens, set 39);
duplicate collection of rocks and ores (174 specimens, set 181). Gift. (D.
7645.)

C. F. Adams, Champaign: Birds’skins (66 specimens). Exchange. (D.7449.)

E. R. Boyer, Chicago: Small collection of foraminifera. For study. (D. 7382.)
Lake Forest University, Lake Forest: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores
(77 specimens, set 159). Gift. (D. 7737.)

University of Chicago, Chicago: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (104
specimens, set 7); duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 137).
Gift. (D. 7637.)

University of Illinois, Champaign: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (57
•specimens, set 195). Gift. (D. 7658.)

Anastasio Alfaro (Costa Rica Exposition Commission), Chicago: Mounted birds
(268 specimens). Exchange. (D. 7753.)

Indiana. Earlham College, Richmond: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (68
specimens, set 194); duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 135).
Gift. (D.7657.)

Hanover College, Hanover: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (104 speci-
mens, set 5.) Gift. (D. 7638.)

Indiana University, Bloomington: Alcoholic fish. Gift. (D. 7553.)

Capt. H. L. Johnson, New Albany: Pair of Canadian snowshoes. Exchange.
(D. 7538.)	' •

Wabash College, Crawfordsville: DuxDlicate collection of minerals (57 speci-
mens, set 153); duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77 specimens, set 141).
Gift. (D. 7843.)

Iowa. Iowa State Normal School, Cedar Falls: Duplicate collection of rocks and
ores (77 specimens, set 158). Gift. (D. 7736.)

Coe College, Cedar Rapids: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set
133); duplicate collection of rocks and ores (197 specimens, set 197). Gift.
(D. 7590.)REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

199

low a . Museum of State Library, Des Moines: Duplicate collection of minerals (57
specimens, set 126) § duplicate collection of casts of prehistoric stone imple-
ments (107 specimens, set 12); stone mortar and pestle; duplicate collection of
rocks and ores (104 specimens, set 4); Indian pottery (3 pieces). Gift. (D.
7366.)	(D. 7612.)	(D. 7853.)

Des Moines College, Des Moines : Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77 speci-
mens, set 142). Gift. (D. 7836.)

High School, Emmetsburg: Duplicate collection of minerals (76 specimens, set
149); duplicate collection of rocks and ores (76 specimens, set 148). Gift.
(D. 7754.)

Jefferson County Library Association, Fairfield: Skull of finback-whale; 46
mounted birds. Gift. (D. 7618.)	(D. 7734.)

Iowa College, Grinnell: Duplicate collection of casts of prehistoric implements
(set 14). Gift. (D. 7591.')

Hubert E. Brock, Mason City: Arch geological objects (44). Exchange, (D. 7444.)

Public School, Paulina: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77 sj>ecimens,
set 144). Gift. (D.7780.)

Western College, Toledo: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (74 specimens,
set 178);- duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 138). Gift.
(D. 7643.)

Kansas. College of Emporia, Emporia: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77
specimens, set 165). Gift. (D.7714.)

University of Kansas, Lawrence: Duplicate collection of minerals (set 122);
duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77 specimens, set 154). Gift. (D. 7324.)
(D. 7749.)

Oswego College, Oswego: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77 specimens,
set 145). Gift. (D.7774.)

Kentucky. Capt. J. R. Johnson, Louisville: Indian bow, quiver, and arrows.
Exchange. (D. 7476.)

Maryland. Baltimore Manual Training School, Baltimore: Duplicate collection of
rocks and-ores (77 specimens, set 161). Gift. (D.7730.)

Loyola College, Baltimore: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (70 sj)ecimens,
set 193). Gift, . (D. 7656.)

Maine. II. C. Merrill, Auburn: Marble (2 specimens). Exchange. (D. 7517.)

South Paris High School, South Paris: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 sx>eci-
mens, set 128). Gift. (D. 7387.)

Prof. W. S. Bayley, Waterville: Rocks (38 specimens). Exchange. (D.7563.)

Colby University, Waterville: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (103 speci-
mens, set 49). Gift. (D. 7729.)

Massachusetts. Amesbury High School, Amesbury: Duplicate collection of rocks
and ores (70 specimens, set 147); duplicate collection of casts of prehistoric
implements (107 specimens, set 49). Gift. (D. 7767.)

Cushing Academy, Asburnham: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77
specimens, set 143). Gift. (^D.7819.)

Prof. W. O.'Crosby, Boston : Rocks (36 specimens). Exchange. (D.7592.)

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: Impression from Pelham’s plate of “ Cotton
Mather.” Gift. (D.7321.)

High School, Brookline: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 124)/
Gift. (D. 7342.)

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. Hermit-crabs (15 specimens);

. Liihodes spinosisimus (2 specimens), Exchange. (D.7513.)	(D.7633.)

Memorial Hall of Pacomtuck Valley Association, Deerfield: Arrow and spear-
heads from Georgia (24 specimens). Gift. (D.7508.)

Natural History Society, Lawrence; Duplicate collection of minerals (set 123);
duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 132). Gift. (D.7333.)
(D. 7559.)200	REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Massachusetts. J. V. Jackman, Marlboro: Rocks (12 specimens). Exchange. (D.
7475.)

Smith College, Northampton: Foraminifera (12 vials). Gift. (D.7454.)

Grammar School, Salem: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set
139); duplicate collection of marine invertebrates (640 specimens, series IV,
set 193). Gift. (D.7660.)

George B. Frazar, West Medford: Red mercury ore. Exchange. (D. 7676.)

Michigan. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor: Duplicate collection of rocks and
ores (143 geological specimens, set 1). Gift. (D.7470.)

Peter Lepp, East Saginaw: Birds7 skins (4). Exchange. (D. 7550.)

Masonic Library, Grand Rapids: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 speci-
mens, set 148); duplicate collection of casts of prehistoric implements (107
specimens, set 18). Gift. (D. 7706.)

. Western Michigan College, Grand Rapids: Duplicate collection of alcoholic
fishes (166 specimens, set 36). Gift. (D. 7681.)

Michigan State Normal School, Ypsilanti: Duplicate collection of casts of pre-
historic stone implements (107 specimens, set 15). Gift. (D. 7661.)

Minnesota. Albert Lea College, Albert Lea: Duplicate collection of rocks and
ores (71 specimens, set 190). Gift. (D. 7655.)

Hamline University, Hamline: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (75 speci-
mens, set 172.) Gift. (D. 7700.)

Stevens Seminary, Glencoe: Duplicate collection of alcoholic fishes (106 speci-
mens, set 44); duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 131); dupli-
cate collection of rocks (66 specimens, set 199). Gift. (D. 7510.)

Missouri. Missouri Wesleyan Institute, Cameron: Duplicate collection of rocks
and ores (77 specimens, set 157). Gift. (D. 7735).

University of Missouri, Columbia: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (71
specimens, set 190); duplicate collection of fishes (106 specimens, set 41).
Gift. (D. 7654).

Hooper Institute, Clarksburg: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (76 speci-
mens, set 171). Gift. (D. 7707.)

Missouri Valley College, Marshall: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (71
specimens, set 189). Gift. (D.7653.)

Missouri School of Mines, Rollo: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (72
specimens, set 188). Gift. (D. 7652.)

Nebraska. F. C. Kenyon,Lincoln: Myriopods (3 specimens). Exchange. (D. 7792.)

Lincoln Normal University, Lincoln: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores
(104 specimens, set 46). Gift. (D. 7589.)

Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln: Duplicate collection of rocks and
ores (76 specimens, set 169). Gift. (D. 7718.)

University of Nebraska, Lincoln: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (76
specimens, set 170). Gift. (D. 7719.)

New Jersey. George F. Kunz, Hoboken: Package of iron ores. Exchange. (D. 7525.)

E. M. Museum of Geology and Archaeology, Princeton: Duplicate collection of
rocks and ores (103 specimens, set 50). Gift. (D. 7640.)

New York. Union Free School, Canandaigua: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores
(74 specimens, set 127). Gift. (D. 7641.)

Hamilton College, Clinton: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (104 speci-
mens, set 2). Gift. (D. 7551.)

Union School and Academy, Cooperstown: Duplicate collection of minerals (57
specimens, set 144); duplicate collection of rocks and ores (74 specimens, set
176); duplicate collection of fishes (160 specimens, set 36); duplicate collection
of casts of prehistoric stone implements (set 16). Gift. (D. 7671.)

Union School, Lockport: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (75 specimens,
set 180); duplicate collection of alcoholic fishes (160 specimens, set 37). Gift.
(D. 7644.)REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

201

New York. College of tlie City of New York, New York City: Duplicate collection
of rocks and ores (104 specimens, set 6). Gift. (D. 7639.)

Columbia College, New York City: Duplicate collection of alcoholic fishes (16 )
specimens, set 27). Gift. (D. 7458.)

J. D. Sherman, jr., New York City: Coleoptera (18 dry specimens). Exchange.
(D. 7777.)

Miss Mary V. Worstell, New York City: Corals, Echini, starfishes and forami-
nifera. For study. (D. 7815.)

Bertin A. Wright, Penn Yan: Unios. Exchange. (D. 7674.)

Phelps Union School, Phelps: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (74 speci-
mens, set 178). Gift. (D. 7642.)

Prof. H. A. Ward, Rochester: Rocks (6 specimens). Exchange. (D. 7619.)

Ohio. Case School of Applied Sciences, Cleveland: Duplicate collection of minerals
(57 specimens, set 154); duplicate collection of rocks and ores (78 specimens,
set 140). Gift. (D. 7845.)

Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores
(76 specimens, set 168). Gift. (D.7717.)

Hopedale Normal School, Hopeclale: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 speci-
mens, set 127). Gift. (D.7380.)

Mansfield Memorial Museum, Mansfield: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores
(76 specimens, set 167). Gift. (D. 7716.)

Scio College, Scio: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77 specimens, set
163). Gift. (D. 7732.)

Pennsylvania. Wilson College, Chambersburg: Duplicate collection of rocks and
ores (73 specimens, set 187). Gift. (D. 7651.)

Central State Normal School, Lock Haven: Duplicate collection of rocks and
ores (73 specimens, set 186). Gift. (D. 7650.)

Dr. Harrison Allen, Philadelphia: Skull of Phoccena communis. For study.
(D. 7379.)

Stewart Culin, Philadelphia: Apache Indian playing-cards. Exchange. (D.
7346.)

H. F. Moore, Philadelphia: Alcoholic mollusks (15 specimens). For study. (D.
7722.)

Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia: Pliocene fossils. Exchange
(D. 7768.)

Central High School, Pittsburg: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77
specimens, set 156). Gift. (D.7742.)

Curry University, Pittsburg: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (76 speci-
mens, set 150). Gift. (D.7713.)

Duquesne College, Pittsburg: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (76 speci-
mens, set 149). Gift. (D.7712.)

Pennsylvania State College, State College: Duplicate collection of rocks and
ores (77 specimens, set 155). Gift. (D. 7746.)

Warren Public Schools, Warren: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (73
specimens, set 185). Gift. (D. 7649.)

Rhode Island. Brown University, Providence: AmpMuma means (2 specimens);
Accipenser sturio (4 specimens). Gift. (D. 7526.)

South Dakota. Red field College, Redfield: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores
(77 specimens, set 153). Gift. (D. 7757.)

State Normal School, Spearfisb : Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77 speci7
mens, set 152). Gift. (D. 7756.)

State Normal School, Valley City: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 speci-
mens, set 146); duplicate collection of rocks and ores (74 specimens, set 175).
Gift. (D. 7688.)

State University, Vermillion; Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (77 speci-
mens, set 151). Gift. (D.7755.)202

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Tennessee. U. S. Grant University, Athens: Duplicate collection of minerals (57
specimens, set 125); duplicate collection of rocks and ores (74 specimens, set
184). Gift. (D. 7359.)	(D.7648.)

University of Tennessee, Knoxville: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (74
specimens, set 183). Gift. (D. 7647.)

Maryville College, Maryville: Duplicate collection of alcoholic fishes (106 speci-
mens, set 43). Gift. (D. 7541.)

Texas. University of Texas, Austin: Duplicate collection of rocks and ores (76
specimens, set 166.) Gift. (D.7715.)

Public School, Bastrop: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 142).
Gift. (D. 7665.)

Agricultural and Mechanical College, College Station: Duplicate collection of
rocks and ores (77 specimens, set 160). Gift. (D. 7738.)

Columbia College, Van Alstyne: Duplicate collection of minerals (130 speci-
mens, set 130); duplicate collection of marine invertebrates (640 specimens,
set 191); duplicate collection of rocks (67 specimens, set 200); duplicate* col-
lection of alcoholic fishes (135 specimens, set 33); duplicate collection of casts
of prehistoric stone implements (107 specimens, set 20). Gift. (D.7417.)
(D. 7773.) (D. 7801.)

Vermont. Brattleboro Society of Natural History, Brattleboro: Duplicate collec-
tion of rocks and ores (74 specimens, set 182). Gift. (D. 7646.)

Wisconsin. High School, Arcadia: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens,
set 152). Gift. (D.7820.)

Jefferson High School, Jefferson: Duplicate -collection of minerals (57 speci-
mens, set 151). Gift. (D.7775.) -

High School, Linden: Duplicate collection of minerals (57 specimens, set 145);
duplicate collection of casts of stone implements (107 specimens, set 17).
Gift. (D. 7675.)	'	-

State Normal School, Oshkosh: Duplicate collection of marine invertebrates
(Series IV, set 190). Gift. (D. 7367.)

Sparta High School, Sparta: Duplicate collection of alcoholic fishes (166 speci-
mens, set 34). Gift. (D. 7686.)

H. P. Hamilton, Two Rivers : Indian pottery (20 pieces). Exchange. (D. 7546.)

Wyoming. University of Wyoming, Laramie: Duplicate collection of casts of pre-
historic implements (107 specimens, set 13); duplicate, collection of rocks and
ores (77 specimens, set 162). Gift. (D. 7384.)	(D. 7731.)

transmissions to eoreign countries.

AUSTRALIA.

NEW SOUTH WALES.

Australian Museum, Sydney : Specimen each of Pohjodon and Amia calva.
(D. 7583.)

EUROPE.

Exchange.

AUSTRIA.

Dr. E. Keck, Aisterheim: Dried plants (2 packages). Exchange. (D. 7808.)

Dr. A. Brezina, Vienna: Specimen case of gypsum and photographs. Exchange.
(D. 7569.)

ENGLAND.

Edward Lovett, Croydon : Ethnological objects (45). Exchange. (D. 7578.)

IJ. E. Dresser, London: Birds’ skins (4 specimens). Exchange. (D. 7351.)

Hugh Fulton, London: Shells (25 specimens); shells. Exchange. (D.7409.)
(D. 7817.)REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

203

FRANCE.

Prof. Lucien Cuenot, Nancy: Echini (2 specimens). Exchange. (D.7445.)

A. C. Bonnet, Paris: Archaeological objects (132). Exchange. (D.7741.)

S. E. Lassimonne, a Yseure (Allier); Botanical specimens (205). Exchange.
(D.7457.)	•	*

GERMANY.

Zoological Institute of the University, Berlin: Hexactinellicl sponges (3 boxes).
Exchange. (D. 7606.)

Dr. W. Kabelt, Schweneim am Main: Land-shells (8 specimens). Exchange.
(D. 7752.)

Ludwig Molnar, PIollos: Birds’skins (15 specimens). Exchange. (D. 7477.)

ITALY.

Royal Museum, Florence: Archaeological objects (48). Exchange. (D. 7338.)

Dr. H. J. Johnston-Lavis, Naples: Rocks (7 specimens). Exchange. (D. 7600.)

RUSSIA.

Dr. A. Krassnow, Charkow : Dried plants (3 packages). Exchange. (D. 7807.)
University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg: Cast of Trilobite {Asaph us megistos'y.
Gift. (D. 7325.)

SWEDEN.

Prof. W. Leohe, Stockholm: Alcoholic moles (4 specimens). Exchange. (D. 7816.)

LIST OF RECIPIENTS OF SPECIMENS TRANSMITTED, CHIEFLY FOR STUDY, DURING

THE YEAR.

Dr. Harrison Allen, Philadelphia, Pa: Skulls of three bats. (D. 7840.)

Dr. J. A. Allen, American Museum of Natural History, New York City: Mammal
skins and skulls (37 specimens, including 8 type specimens). (D. 7696.) Six
skins and 7 skulls of Hesperomys sitomys. (D. 7834.) Three skins and skulls of
Hesperomys. (D. 7851.)

Frank M. Chapman, American Museum of Natural History, New York City: Birds’
skins (18 specimens). (D. 7460.) Birds’ skins (24 specimens). (D.7814.)
Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.: Nine typewriting machines (for
exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposition). (D. 7469.)

W. E. Curtis, Washington, D. C.: Door of the convent of La Rabida, a bolt by which
Columbus was chained, label for the same, and a piece of wood from the dun-
geon (for exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposition). (D. 7635.)

Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, Cal.: Alcoholic fish. (D. 7764.)

G.	L. McKean, Chicago, 111.: Oil portrait of George Washington (for exhibition at the

World’s Columbian Exposition). (D. 7558.)

H.	A. Piisbry, Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pa.: Specimens of chitons.

(D. 7673.)

Hon. James B. Randal, Chicago, 111.: Model of a quicksilver mine in California (for
exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposition). (D. 7636.)

S. N. Rhoads, Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pa.: Synoptomys cooperi
skull (2 type specimens). (D. 7576.)

Arthur Ruster, Baltimore, Md.: Bird-skin. (D. 7641.)

Prof. T. Salvadori, British Museum, London, England: Bird-skin. (D.7423.)
Osbert Salvin, London, England: Birds’ skins (21 specimens). (D.7424.)

Witmer Stone, Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pa.: Birds’ skins (29
specimens). (D.7450.) Birds’ skins (63 specimens). (D.7531.)

Gordon Turnbull, Hartford, Conn.: Birds’ skins (14 specimens). (D. 7574.)

U. S. Patent Office, Washington, D. C.: Three models of locomotives and fifteen
firearms (for exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposition). (D. 7573.)204	REPORT OF' RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Prof. A. J. Woolman, South Bend, Ind.: Squid, shell, starfish, and sea-urchins (0
specimens). (D. 7516.)

Prof. A. A. Wright, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio: Rock sections (14 specimens).
(D. 7482.)

APPENDIX IV.

Buildings and Labor—Police and Public Comfort.

The following statement from the records of the Superintendent of
Buildings is intended to indicate in a general way the character of the
work performed by the mechanics and laborers during the year covered
by this report:

1892.

July,—The labor involved in packing and shipping exhibits for the Madrid Expo-
sition consumed a large amount of time during the month. The tinner was engaged
for several days in making necessary repairs to the roof of the Museum building.
The valves connected with the steam-heating apparatus have been repacked and
the radiators overhauled.

August.—The lecture hall was cleaned and put in order after the completion of
the work of preparing the exhibits for the Madrid Exposition. The windows of
the east and west balconies were placed on pivots to provide better ventilation.
The carpenters were engaged for a time in making packing cases for the shipment
of exhibits to the World’s Columbian Exposition. Considerable paving was done
in the basement of the Museum building, and this necessitated the temporary
removal of the material stored there.

September.—The buildings were suitably decorated on the occasion of the encamp-
ment of the Grand Army of the Republic, and the laborers were busy for many days
preparing for the reception of the crowds of persons visiting the buildings. The
furniture and apparatus of the chemical laboratory connected with the U. S. Geo-
logical Survey have been removed from the northeast pavilion, the Survey having
found it necessary to make many changes on account of reduced appropriations.

October.—Improvements have been made in the system of installation of the
telephone and other electric wires. To increase the efficiency of the telephone serv-
ice it was found necessary to remove a number of instruments about the buildings.
Various improvements have been made in the laboratory of the department of mam-
mals, in the department of prehistoric anthropology, and in the telephone room.
The exhibition cases throughout the Museum were cleaned during the month.

November.—A wagon shed was constructed south of the Smithsonian building.
The exhibition cases in the north hail of the Museum were rearranged, and a num-
ber of specimens were withdrawn for transmission to the World’s Fair. Work of a
similar character in many of the departments demanded the attention of the
laborers, and it was found necessary to use the lecture hall and several of the
courts of the building for the preparation of exhibits. A workroom was fitted up
for the use of the assistant curator of oriental antiquities.

December.—A number of specimens were transferred from the north hall to the
department of prehistoric anthropology. The shed south of the Smithsonian build-
ing was painted, and also the hallway of the south tower. A number of storage-
cases were removed from the northeast pavilion to the department of mammalsREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

205

1893.

January.—Several extra carpenters and laborers have been employed in connection
with the World's Fair work. A large number of specimens in the exhibition hall of
the section of graphic arts were transferred to new cases. An air-shaft was con-
structed in the northwest pavilion. The buildings were draped in mourning in respect
to the memory of ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes. Screens were placed between
the pillars, above the wall cases, on both sides of the north hall, to provide a back-
ground for the collection of busts which has been arranged on these cases.

February.—An apparatus for the distillation of alochol was set up in the boiler
room, and a new dynamo placed in the carpenter shop. Improvements were made
in the laboratory of the mammal department at the south entrance. The shipment
of exhibits to Chicago, for exhibition at the World's Columbian Exposition, was
commenced on the 27th.

March.—Three of the basement rooms in the east wing of the Smithsonian build-
ing, which have been used by the registrar for storage purposes, were cleared out,
to be refitted for the use of the Bureau of International Exchanges. The east shed
was moved a short distance farther from the south wall of the building, in order to
provide better light in the basement. On the 25th the lecture hall was prepared for
the first lecture of the course to be delivered under the auspices of the Anthropolog-
ical Society. The superintendent, and a number of men connected with his force,
was ordered to Chicago, for the purpose of installing the exhibits.

April.—The material sent to the Exposition at Madrid was returned during the
month, and a portion of the specimens were repacked for transmission to the Colum-
bian Exposition. The last shipment of exhibits to Chicago was made on the 29th,
the total number of carloads sent being twenty-four. Necessary repairs were made
to the roof of the Smithsonian building.

May.—The carpenters were engaged for a time in constructing storage cases on the
north balcony for the use of the department of historical collections. New copper
gutters were laid on the roof of one of the towers of the Smithsonian building, and sky-
lights were placed in the roof of the southeast pavilion of the Museum building,
the work being done by outside contract. The steam-heating apparatus in the base-
ment of the Smithsonian building was extended, and the entire basement white-
washed. The window frames around the roof and the skylight of the Museum were
painted.

June.—The work on the roof and in the basement of the Smithsonian building was
continued during the month. Awnings were put up at the windows of both build-
ings for the summer. The firemen were engaged in making repairs to the steam
pipes and radiators. Twenty-six incandescent lamps were hung in the lecture hall,
the current being supplied by the dynamo in the carpenter shop.

APPENDIX V.

Specimens Sent to the Museum for Examination and Beport.

The following is a complete list of the specimens received for exam-
ination and report during the year ending June 30,1893:#

* Thefirstnumber accompanying the entries in the above list is that assigned to send-
ings “ for examination" on the Museum records. The number in Arabic figures, in par-
entheses, relates to the record of permanent accessions. The third number, in Roman,
and also in parentheses, indicates the department in the Museum to which the mate-
rial was referred for examination and report.206

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Adams, Robert E., Hunting toil, W. Va.: Petrified wood. 1936 (XIV).

Alb right, W. H., Detroit, S. Dak.: Insect. 1852 (X).

Allen, D. E., Baylis, 111.: Ores. 1854, 1901, 1969 (XVII).

Allen, Prof. J. A., American Museum of Natural History, New York City: Birds’
skins from Central America and other localities. 1996, 2010 (V-a).

Andiv, Charles, Boon’s Path, Ya.: Insect. 2085 (X).

Andrews, J. O., Gainesville, Fla.: White substance found after a heavy rain. 1919
(XV).

Ankeny, William D., Mammoth, Pa.: 2 lead buttons. 1836 (XVII).

Anthony, A. W., Denver, Colo.: 4 birds. (Returned.) 1917 (V-a).

Ashcroft, M. E., Farmington, W. Va.: Insect. 1847 (X).

Atherton, F. J., Lodi, Cal.: 3 birds’skins.' (Returned.) 2065 (V-a.)

Ayres, H. B., Carlton, Minn.: 3 fragments of pottery found in a mound in Aiken
County. 1942 (III),

Babbitt, C. J., Flagstaff, Ariz.: Rock. 1812 (XVII).

Baker, A. J. &Moseph, Eversole, Ky.: Ore. 2183 (XVII).

Baker, F. H., Martinsburg, W. Va.: Insect. 1829 (X).

Baldwin, A. A., Star, Kans.: 2 archaeological objects found by William Hodges.
(Returned.) 1910 (III).

Baldwin, A. P., Newark, N. J.: Abnormal egg of hen. 2066 (I).

Baldwin, Charles, Great Falls, Mont.: 2 specimens of minerals. 1802 (XVI).
Balster, F. S., Ouray, Colo.: Concretion. (Returned.) 1865 (XVII).

Bammer, W, S., Fort Apache, Ariz.: Insects. 2029 (X).

Barksdale, W. M., Mooresville, Ala.: Fish-skin. 1951 (VII).

Barnes, B. E., Boyett, N. C.: Minerals. 1868. (Returned.) 2037 (XVI).
Batchelder, C. F. (See under F. Stephens.)

Bates, J. R., Greenville, Miss.: Ancient coin. 2241 (1).

Becker, M. J.,Fort Scott, Kans.: Fossils. (Returned.) 2263 (XIII-a).

Beckwith, M. H., Newark, Del.: Hydroids. . 1912 (26284) (XI).

Bed well, Ethel, Pentwater, Mich.: 2 insects. 1850 (X).

Behrens, Charles M., Dallas City, Pa.: Clay. (Returned.) 2257 (XVII).

Bertelsen, Mrs. H., Maquoketa, Iowa: Old-style watch. (Returned.) 2161 (II-a).
Betts, George W., Cumro, Nebr.: Moth. 1878 (X).

Biederman, C. R., Bonito, N. Mex.: Ore. 2087 (XVII).

Binkley, S. H., Alexandersville, Ohio: Stone from bowlder clay. (Returned.)
2106 (XVII).

Bird, Frank G., Park City, Utah: Ore. (Returned.) 1822 (XVII).

Bishop, U. S. Grant, Texas, Ky.: Fragment of stone. 2272 (XVI).

Blish, W. G., Niles, Mich.: Branches and leaves from American Arbor-Vitse hedge.
1957 (XV).

Boisseau, Sterling, Crewe, Va.: Insects injurious to pine trees. 1914 (X).

Bonnett, E. H., Stonewall, Colo.: 2 stone implements. 1938 (III).

Borden, D., Somerset, Ky.: Mineral. 2163 (27190) (XVI).

Botsford, Z. E., Nordmont, Pa.: Moth. 2254 (X).

Bowie, Allen W., Clark’s Gap, Va.: Earth and rock. 1807 (XVII).

Bowman, D. A,, Bakersville, N. C.: Minerals. 1939, 2146 (XVI).

Boyd, G. W., Waynesboro, Tenn.: Geological material. 2079 (XVII).

Boyd, Stephen D., Leesburg, Va.: Minerals. 1961 (XVI).

Bradley, Rev. D. L., Cape Vincent, N. Y.: Egg-shaped stone. 2102 (XVII).
Bradley, Terrill, Lester Manor, Va.: Indian canoe and specimens of pottery. 1992
(26600) (II—a).

Branch Hydrographic Office, U. S., Lieut. O. E. Lasheer, in charge. (See under C.
F. Pearson.)REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

207

Brantley, R. A., Milano, Tex.: Concretions. 2179, 2188 (XVII.)

Bresslir, D. W., Chattanooga., Tenn.: Minerals. 1796 (XVI).

Brett, Walter, Lakeport, Cal.: Duck’s breast infested with parasites. 2082 (1).
Brimley, II. H. &■ C. S., Raleigh, N. C.: Mammal skins and 2 snakes. 1869 (26135).
2202 (IV, VI).

Brooke, Mrs. M. E., San Diego, Cal.: Stone head taken from a well. 1968 (III).
Brooks, Allan C., Mount Forest, Ontario, Canada: Skin of magpie. (Returned.)
1843 (V-a).

Bruce, H. W., Man gum, Tex.: Ore. (Returned.) 2286 (XVII).

Bruce, W. L., Nogal, N. Mex.: Rock. 1851 (XVII).

Brunot, H. S., Greensburg, Pa.: Skull of a fish. (Returned.) 2132 (VII).

Bryan, W. A. C., Nephi, Utah: Ore. 1924 (XVII).

Bryant, Walter E., Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal.: 2 birds’ skins.
(Returned.) 2137 (V-a).

Butt, William F., Lehi City, Utah: Fossils; rocks and clay. 2285 (XIII-a, XVII.)
Caldwell, E. K., Monero, N. Mex.: Ore. (Returned.) 2259 (XVII).

Calfar, Frank H., Roswell, N. Mex.: Ore. (Returned.) 2070 (XVII).

Callihan, Dr. R., Rohnerville, Cal.: Stone. (Returned.) 2177 (XVII).

Campbell, J. J., Marshall, N. C.: Minerals.- 2154, 2260 (XVI).

Campfield, C. H., Duizura, Cal.: Mineral. 1786 (XVI).

Canute, James, Jacksonville, Fla.: Crustacean. 1795 (26062) (XI).

Capute, W. W. (See under Miss L. Maltern.)

Capwell, V. L., Luzerne, Pa.: Mineral. 2049 (XVI).

.Carmicheal, J. J., Dallas, Colo.: 2 specimens of ore. 2043 (XVII).

Carpenter, F. E., Omaha, Nebr.: Skull of-mammal. (Returned.) 2126 (IV).

Carter, E. I., Pittsburg, Pa.: Copper coin. 2191 (I).

Chapman, Frank M., American Museum of Natural History, New York City: 6
birds. (Returned.) 2004 (V-a).*

Chesterman, W. D. (See under R. E. Robinson.)

Chidsey, Charles E., Scranton, Miss.: Plants. 1953 (XV).

Clayton, J. H., Summer Lake, Oreg.: Ins.ect. 1895 (X).

Cole, Fred H., Hot Springs, S. Dak.: Fossil cycad trunk. 2131 (27013) (XIV).
Collier, D. C., San Diego, Cal.: Crystals and rock. 2135 (XVII).

Colson, Eugene H., Washington, D. C.: Mineral. (Returned.) 2091 (XVI).
Converse, H. D., Campo, Cal.: Supposed lithographic stone, and ores. 2053 (XVII),
Cook, R.E., Newton, Colo.: Fossil. 2242 (XIII-a).

Cooke, Joseph, Washington, D. C.: Mineral. 2145 (XVI). ’

Cooper, Dr. M., Wadena, Minn.: 5 specimens of minerals. (Returned.) 2092
(XVI).

Copp, Mrs. A., Burkeville, Va.: Sand. 1809 (XVII).

Corbett, E., Clarendon, Tex.: Ore. (Returned.) 2005 (XVII).

Cornett, Henry B., Greenville, Ky.: Stone implement. (Returned.) 2239 (111).
Corum, J. C., Spikenard, Oreg. Clay. 1785 (XVII).

Cory, C. B., Boston,- Mass.: Birds’ skins from Tobago. (Returned.) 1841 (V-a).
Crenshaw, J. W., Phoenix, Ariz.: Supposed lithographic stone. 2035 (XVII)..
Crevecoeur, F. F., Onaga, Kans.: Insects. 1965 (X).

Crew, Henry, Lick Observatory, University of California, Mount Hamilton, Cal.:
Negative from which a photograph was made of a curious piece of sculpture
found in San Antonio Valley. 1844 (III).

Criswell, D. R., Buckholts, Tex.: Fiber-bearing weed. 2170 (XV).

Crouse, C. M., Syracuse, N. Y.: Celt and handle. 1782 (III).

Dana, D. S., Payson, Utah: Clay. (Returned.) 2120 (XVII).

Dann, Raymond G., Honeoye Falls, N. Y.: Indian beads. 2155 (II-a).208

REPORT OF RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Davis, John W., Crescent City, Fla.: Butterfly. 1791 (X).

Davison, W., Tenafly, X. J.: Botanical specimens. 1879 (XV).

Day, E. L., Buckhannon, W. Va.: Ore. (Returned.) 2074 (XVII).

Detwiler, H. L., Jacksonville, Oreg.: Mineral. 2250 (XVI).

Dickey, Dr. J. A., Bristol, Tenn.: Ores. 1970 (XVII).

Dickson, L. E., Geological Survey of Texas, Austin, Tex.: Supposed fossil tootli of
mammal from Iowa. (Returned.) 2045 (XII).

Doty, W. F., Mariohville, Mo.: Rock. 1804 (XVII).

Dow, Mrs. Elizabeth K., New York City: 7 skins of Paradise Trogon. 2164 (27125)
(V-A).

Draper, E. A., Litchfield, Nebr.: Insect. 1833 (X).

Drew, C. V., Ouray, Colo.: Rocks. 1985 (XVII).

Duffy, H. J., South Bend, Wash.: 5 specimens of ores. (Returned.) 1946 (XVII).
Dughs, Prof. A., Guanajuato, Mexico: Insect. 2227 (X).

Durock, P. H., Pecos City, Tex.: Mica. 1905 (XVII).

Dutcher, William, New York City, through Dr. Leonhard Stejneger: 2 young loons.
(Returned.) 2221. (V-a).

Ebaugh, Jeremiah, Carrollton, Md.: Minerals. 3 specimens of ore; 1940 (2052,
returned) (XVI, XVII).

Edwards, B. M., Marshall, N. C.: Insect. 1825 (25156).	(X.)

Egleston, Dr. T., Columbia College, New York City: Minerals. 2006 (XVI). 1
specimen retained (26514), and the remainder returned.

Elliott, J. D., Young Island, S. C.: Insect. 1870 (X).

Elting, R. Q., Kansada, Ivans.: Mineral flakes. 1824 (XVI).

Enos, Mrs. D. C., Saratoga, N. Y.: Moths.' 1805 (X).

Evans, Creed, Low Gap, N. C.: Minerals. 1874, 1959, 1976, 2025 (XVI).

Evans, H. Clay, Chattanooga, Tenn.: Ore. (Returned.) 1884 (XVII).

Fairchild, James H., Chicago, 111.: Concretion. (Returned.) 2042 (XVII).

Finn, John, Washington, D. C.: Alcoholic fish. 1881 (VII).

Fish Commission, U. S. (See under W. R. Harris.)

Fisher, William H., Baltimore, Md.: 2 birds. 2008 (V-a).

Fitcher, E. C., Monarch, Colo.: Minerals. (Returned.) 2129 (XVI).

Fitzpatrick & Strickfaden, Anaconda, Mont.: Mineral. 2038 (XVI).

Fletcher, W. A., Rhodelia, Tenn.: Ore. 1803 (XVII).

Flood- Brothers, Malden, Mass.: Coleoptera from North America and Tasmania.
1855 (X).

Floyd, C. H. B., Savannah, Ga.: Indian pottery and two stone implements. 2121
(27333) (II—b).

Foote, Dr. A. E., Philadelphia, Pa.: Minerals. 2122 (26833), 2123 (26834) (XVI).
Forester, S. N., Norcross, Ga.: Fragments of supposed aerolite. 2143 (XVI).
Forrester, Robert, Castle Gate, Utah: (Returned with one exception). 1973 (26690);
shells, fossils, fossil I>one, 2024; fossil (portion returned, and some retained) 2214
(27054); fossils, shells (returned) 2243 (XIII-a; IX; XIII-b).

Forristel, James, Bozeman, Mont.: Ore. 2201 (XVII).

Fowke, Gerard, U. S. Bureau of Ethnology: 2 axes found near the mouth of Straight
Creek, Ohio. 2133(111).

Foye, G. D., Hyattsville, Md.: Mineral. 2117 (XVI).

Fry, L., Rinkerton, Va.: Ores. 1960, 2021, 2048 (XVII).

Gant, A. B., Graham, Tex.: Grass. 2234 (XV).

Garrett, A. I., Lawrence, Kans.: Plants. 1999 (XV).

Gardner, Frank A., Riverside, Cal.: Insects. 1966 (X).

Gardner, W. D., Seattle, Wash.: Ore. (Returned.) 1863 (XVII).

Geological Survey of Texas, Austin, Tex.: Fossil unionidae for study. 2211 (IX).
Gerndt, F. L., Paris, Ontario, Canada: Insects. 2036 (X).

Gilbert, Prof. Charles H., Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto Cal.: Rep-
tiles and batrachians. (Returned.) 2078, 2182 (VI).REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

209

Gilbert Brothers, Omaha, Nebr.: 4 birds. 2028 (26677, 26767) (Y-a).

Glenn, Harvey L., Livingston, Mont.: Mineral. 1975 (XYI).

Godbcy, S. M., Chapel City, Tex.: Shells. 2144 (26852); shells from Texas and Cal-
ifornia 2166 (26979); shells (returned). 2195 (IX).

Goldsmith, I., Duncan, Ariz.: Coal. 2278 (XVII).'

Gorman, AY. A., West Chester, N. Y.: Worms. 2290 (X).

Goudie, Robert, Nashville, S. Dak., through Mr. Whitcomb: Conglomerate and
rocks. 2023 (XVII).

Granger, Dr. F. C., Randolph, Mass.: Insect from Washington, D. C. 1915 (X).
Greer, Dr. L. H., Yorktown, Ind.: Insect. 1778 (X).

Griffith, G. W., Wilmington, Del.: Shells. 2063 (IX).

Guilford, PI. M., Minneapolis, Minn.: Bird. (Returned.) 1900 (Y-a).

Haas, Miss H. Y., Pekin, 111.: Butterfly. 1788 (X).

Hale, C.E., Marble Hill, Ga.: Bird’s claw. 2169 (IV).

Hales, Henry, Ridgewood, N. J.: Collection of ancient pueblo pottery and implements.
2114 (26917) (II—b).

Hanunitt, J. M. , Pittsburg, Pa. : Perforated mussel shell found in an old Indian fort;.
1988 (26515) (III).

Hammond, L. F., Rensselaer Falls, N. Y.: Butterfly. 2246 (X).

Hampton, J. H., Chelsea, Ga.: Mineral, clay. (Returned.) 2105, 2118 (XYI, XVII).
Hardwick, W. P., Amarillo, Tex.: Nut. 1987 (XY).

Hardy, Manly, Brewer, Me., Bird-skin. (Returned.) 2019 (Y-a).

Harper, John, Dye, Tex.: Insect. 2245 (X).

Harris, Frank, La Crescent, Minn.: Birds7 eggs. 2026 (26573) (V-b).

Harris, G. E., Cassville, Mo.: Ore. 2162 (XVII;.

Harris, T. S., Boston, Mass.: Mineral. 1780 (XYI).

Harris, W. R., Southwestern Academy of Sciences, Tyler, Tex., through U. S. Fish
Commission. Shells (returned); shells (retained). 1913,2101 (26759).	(IX).

Harvey, Rev. M., St. John’s, Newfoundland: Birds’ skins. 2109 (26901, 26902>
(Y-a).

Hassett, E. B., St. Paul, Ark.-: Ores. 2020, 2039, 2046 (XVII).

Hedges, IP. S., Douglas City, Wash.: Minerals. 2229 (XYI).

Henley, Charles, Central City, S. Dak.: Mineral. 1982 (XYI).

Henselbecker & Bedell, Red Bluff, Mont.: Ore. (Returned.) 2208 (XVII;.
Herbert, Dr. George, Richfield, Utah: Minerals. 2283 (XYI).

Herrera, Prof. A. L., Mexico, Mexico: Insects. 2062 (X).

Hershberger McD., East Marcus, Wash.: Mineral sand. 2147 (XVI).

Higdon, Hugh L., Globe, Ariz.: Ore. (Returned.) 2097 (XVII).

Hines J. J., Wilkesbarre, Pa.: Clay. (Returned.) 2175 (XVII).

Hodge, H. G., York, 111.: Insects. 2200 (X).

Holt, Andrew, Stelicoom, Wash.: Substance of a mineral character. 2058 (XVI).
Holton, W. W., Shenandoah, Va., through Mr. William Palmer: Insects. 1815 (X).
Hood, Miss Jessie L., Lynn, N. C.: Butterfly. 2136 (X).

Ploppe, E. G., Cairo, 111.: Silk cocoon (?).	1943 (X).

Hopping, Ralph, Kaweah, Cal.: Coleoptera. 1810. (Returned with the exception of
10 specimens which constitute acc. (26029); 62 species of Californian coleoptera
1899 (26193); 47 species of coleoptera 2196 (27028).	(X).

Hours ton, Joseph, Hudson’s Bay Company, Cumberland House, Canada: Minerals.
1837 (XYI).

Hunt, J. A., Eureka, Utah: Mineral. 2064 (XYI).

Hunt, W. E., Greenville, Miss.: 2 specimens of pottery. 2016 (III).

Hutchins, Miss H. B., Chicago, 111.: Plant.. 1932 (XV).

Hutt, AY. H., Casnovia, Mich.: Ore. (Returned.) 2217 (XVII).

Hux, M. AY., AVeldon, La.: Silver coin. 2247 (I).

Hyde, G. L., Eureka, Utah: Asphalt. 2270 (XVII).

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2------14210

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Ingraham, D. P., Elmira, N. Y.: 3 birds. 1931 (26269) (V-a).

Intram, Robert, Chenowitli, Wash.: Plant. 1872 (XV).

Jacquemin, C. B., Helena, Mont.: Minerals. 1927, 2098 (XVI).

Jaskc, Hermann, St. Mary’s Convent, Dayton, Ohio: Minerals and zinc products.
(Returned.) 1986 (XVI).

James, A. J., Dallas, Tex.: Mineral. 2258 (XVI).

Jameson, W. C., Rixeyville, Va.: Insects. 2251 (X).

Jenkins, J. M., Westfield, Iowa:' Supposed clay. 1991 (XVII).

Jerome, Charles W., Minneapolis, Minn.: Plant. 1816 (XV).

Johnson, Joseph, Stafford, Mo. : 3 specimens of rock. 1983 (XVII).

Johnson, Dr. W. C., Micanopy, Fla.: Alcoholic specimen of snake. 2244 (VI).
Jones, Rev. C. J. K., Louisville, Ky.: 2 worms. 2127 (X).

Jones, Mrs. J. G., Bushnell, Fla.: Butterfly. 1891 (X).

Jones, M. PI., Guaymas, Sonora, Mex.: Beans. 1860 (XV).

Ream, T. V., Ream’s Canon, Ariz., through AV. J. McGee, U. S. Geological Survey:

Fossil bones from Arizona. 2158 (27072) (XII).

Rearney, R. A., Alexandria, Va.: Mineral. 2138 (XVI).

Reeler, C. A., San Francisco, Cal. : Crustacean from the Farallone Islands.
(Returned.) 1813 (XI).

Kelly, R. A., "Webster City, Iowa: Illinois third-vein coal with impressions of sup-
posed human footprints. 2274 (27152) (III).

Rent, W. F., Lockport, X. Y.: Birds’skins. (Returned). 2153 (V-a).

Ivenyon, F. C., Lincoln, Nebr.: Myriopocls. 2193 (27005) (X).

Kerr, W. C., New Brighton, N. Y.: Sponge. 2150 (26940) (XI).

Kimball, S. D., Canton, N. Y.: Herb—supposed cure for the bite of the rattlesnake.
2224 (XV).

Kirnber, Rev. A. C., New York City: Crab. 1776 (XI).

Rinley, Charles, Crescent City, S. Dak.: Mineral. 1982 (XVI).

Kirker, Miss A. J., Portland, Me.: Human skull, buttons, and other objects. 2248
(27468) (III).

Kirkland, Jacob, Thorp Springs, Tex : Ore. (Returned.) 2215 (XVII).

Kitterman, G. B., Ottumwa, Iowa: Interglacial plants. 2213 (XIV).

Knight, L. R., St. Joseph, Mo.: Insect. 2203 (X).

Knight, W. C., Laramie, Wyo.: Stone implement, and 2 arrow-points. 2225, 2096
(2684-4) (III).

Knox, W. D., Hillsboro, Tex.: Insect. 1954 (X).

Kramer, E. D., Dayton, Ohio: Insect. 2081 (X).

Krflsi, Graf, Gais, Switzerland: Butterfly-net. 2199 (27249) (X).

Labouve, J. T., Derouen, La.: Insects. 2279 {X).

Lacoe, R. I) , Pittston, Pa.: Fossil plants, type specimens of Volkinann’s praelogue.

1893, 1903 (returned). (XIV).

Lake, G. H., Lewiston, Idaho: Ore. 2275 (XVII).

Lander, W. Tertsh, Williamston, S. C.: Tuckahoe or Indian bread. 2017 (26589)
(XI—a).	’	'

Lartigue, Dr. G. B., Blackville, S. C.: Plants. 1827 (XV).

Laws, PYanklin, Windom, N. C.: Mineral. 1819 (XVI).

Lee, M. H., Thurber, Tex.: Coal (?).	1937 (XVII).

Lesser & Sawyer, Winslow, Ariz.: Meteoric iron. 2204 (27105) (XVI).

Lewis, B. and W. A., Express, Oreg.: Ores. 1853, 2041 (XVII).

Lewis, H. B., Fairhaven, Wash.: Plant. 1823 (XV).

Lewis, S. M., Fort Worth, Tex.: Skull of mammal. (Returned.) 1963 (XII).

Lind, Hon. John, Plouse of Representatives. (See under E. E. Stoeckert.)

Linell, N. L., Fruita, Colo.: 3 species of locusts destructive to fruit trees. 1818 (X).
Livingston, Knox, Bennettsville, S. C.: Insect found destroying hickory tree, and
sample of its work. 1904 (X).REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

211

Logan, Robert, Moapa, Nev.: Stone. 1922 (XVII).

Longeneelier, B. F., Maria, Pa.: Arrow-head. 1984 (III).

Loomis, Rev! Henry, Yokohama, Japan: Fish. 2134 (VII).

Loomis, L. M., Tryon, N. C.: 7 specimens of new Junco from southern California.
2015 (V-a).

Loringshoff, H. F., Notor, Nescliim, Government Tsernigoff, Russia: Book. 2228 (I).
Love, Dr. T. B., Gnusight, Tex.: Mineral. 1806 (XVI).

Lowrey, Col. W. L., Asheville, N. C.: 12 small fragments of minerals, mineral. 1801,
2013 (27176) (XVI).

Lucia, I. W., Lexington, Mich.: Insect. 1885 (X).

Lusk, Dr. P. B., Lewisburg, Ala.: Insect, leaf, stem, and root of plant. 1866, 2264
(X,XV).

Lyman, Miss M. E., Middlefield, Conn.: Leaves of plant. (Returned.) 1941 (X).
Lyon, James, Montpelier, Idaho: Oysters and small black mollusks. 1907 (XIII-a).
McConnel,'E. A., Boise City, Idaho: Gills of fishes. 1861 (XII).

McGee, W. J. (See under T. V. Keam.)

McGregor, H. B., Pontiac, 111.: 2 wax impressions of silver medal. (Returned).
2226 (I).

McGregor, R. C., Denver, Colo.: Birds’ skins, and skin of Junco. 1995 (returned),
2061 (V-a).

McLellan, H. K., Hamilton, 111.: Bone. 2069 (XII).

McManner, Dr. C. S., White Springs, Fla.: Mineral. 2115 (XVI).

McManus, J. E., Everett, Wash.: Coal. 1848 (XVII).

McNeill, Frank, Herndon, Va.: Worm. 1890 (X).

Maddox, R., Fort Wrangle, Alaska: Supposed ore. 1928 (XVII).

Maltern, Miss Luella, Forestville, N. V, through W. W. Capute: Insect. 1952 (X).
Marsh, Charles H., Dulzura, Cal.': Brown rat 5 skin of bat. 1779 (25942 ), 1887 (26117)
(IV).

Marshall, Dr. D. M., Williamstown, N. Y.: Insect. 1947 (X).

Marshall, John, Flagstaff, Ariz.: Mineral. 2076 (XVI).

Mathewson, J. O., & Co., Augusta, Ga.: White sand. 1877 (XVII).

Mattocks, J. FI., Albuquerque, N. Mex.: Mineral. 1811 (XVI).

Maxwell, J. A., Fulda, Minn.: Fragment of pottery. 2216 (27060) (II-b).

Meeker, Dr. J. W., Nyack-on-Hudson, N. Y.: Plants. 1799, 1967, 2207, 2240, 2271
(XV).

Mellier Drug Company, St. Louis, Mo.: Plant. 2077 (XV).

Merrill,'V. D., Bear Grove, Iowa: Bone and tooth of mammal ( ?).	1856 (IV).

Mevran, Barney, Moscow, Idaho: Ore. 2124 (XVII).

Mendenhall, M. O., Hot Springs, S. Dak.: Fossil skull of mammal. (Returned.) 2018
(VIII).

Miles, Cyrus, West Middlesex, Pa.: Rock. 2095 (XVII).

Miller, Charles, jr., Grand Rapids, Mich.: Insects, minerals, ores, minerals, minerals
and clay. 1846, 2159 (2252 returned), 2072 (2090 returned). (X, XVI, XVII.)
Miller, C. F., Wolcottville, Ind.: Insect. 1908 (X).

Miller, Mrs. E. V. D., Washington, D. C.: Ores from Virginia. 1948 (XVII).

Miller, L. H., Little Falls, Wash.: 7 specimens of chemicals made by the aid of the
new solvent of vegetable origin by Mr. Miller. 2253 (XVI)

Miller, W., Grand Rapids, Mich.: 5 specimens of minerals. 2027 (XVI).

Millis, F. T., Lehi, Utah: Ore. 2047 (XVII).

Minor, Dr. T. C., Cincinnati, Ohio: Insects. 1876 (X).

Mitchell, R. IF., Memphis, Tenn.: 2 small fishes. 1956 (VII).

Mitchell, Dr. Weir, Bar Harbor, Me.: Salmon gills with parasites attached. 1787
(VII).

Mitchell, W., Prince Albert, Northwest Territory, Canada: Bird-skin. (Returned.)

2060 (V-A).

Mode. N. W., Leavenworth, Ind.: Ore. (Returned.) 1989 (XVII).212

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Moffett, Roscoe, Livingston Manor, N.Y.: Supposed meteoric stone. 1950 (XYI).
(See under E. C. Welton.)

Morgan, T. M., Cliff Mills, Ya.: Mineral. 2034 (XYI).

Morin, J., Hockinson, Wash.: Clay supposed to contain aluminum. (Returned.)
2280 (XVII).

Mosier, C. A., Seattle, Wash.: Head, wing, and tail of bird. 1955 (26369) V-a).
Mudge, E. H., Belding, Mich.: 6 small shells taken from a mound. 1933 (III).
Munson, M. S., Yelasco, Tex.: Gorgonian. 2030 (26645) (XI).

Musser, R. W., Cynthiana, Ky.: Large bowlder impressed with tracks; residium from
sap of sugar. 1862, 2151 (XVII, XY).

Myer, W. E., Carthage, Tenn.: Fossil. 1888 (XIV).

National Museum of Costa Rica, San Jos6, Costa Rica: 2 birds’ skins. 1873 (V-a).
Nay, Dr. IL E., Bristol, Conn.: Seed. 2057 (XV).

Neal, Dr. J. C., Stillwater, Okla: 3 specimens of ores. (Returned). 1840 (XVII).
Nelson, Peter, Charlotte Harbor, Fla.: Fish. 2194 (VII).

Newlon, Dr. W. S., Oswego, Kans.: Fossils. 2237, 2249, 2273 (XIII-A, XII, XIII-a),
Nielsen, J. A., Kooskia, Idaho: 3 specimens of minerals. 1958 (XYI).

Nier, H. F., Livingston, Mont.: Mineral. 2012 (XYI).

Nile, William, Dutch Flat, Cal.: Butterfly, with cocoon and eggs. 2235 (X).

Nye, S., Station Camp, Tenn.: Clay. 2054 (XVII).

Nye-Galbraitli Drug Company, Boise City, Idaho: Plant, said to be cure for fevers.
2269 (XY).

Ober, F. A., Washington, D. C.: 22 stone implements. 2073 (26798) (III).

Odeneal, A. T., Paris, Tex.: Metal. 2119 (XVI).

Ogilvie,-Dr. J. W., Allendale, S. C.: Fragment of jaw of fish. 2152 (VII).

Ohlwiler, F., Cooiier Tract, Pa.: Fossil plant. 2080 (XIY).

Olmstead, Mrs. F. C., Stillwater, N. Y.: Stone implements from Ireland. 2112 (III).
O’Neal, W. IL, Virginia Beach, Va!: Fish. 2093 (VII).

Orcutt, C. R., San Diego, Cal.: Bowlder taken from a well* showing material among
which a stone head was found. 1909 (III).

Osman, Miss L. E., Hillsborough, New Brunswick: Plants. 1849, 2238 (XV).

Owens, Miss M. J., Jacksonville, Fla.: Specimen of earth supposed to contain kaolin.
(Returned.) 2281 (XVII).

Owsley, Dr. W. T., Glasgow, Ky.: Living rattlesnake. 1789 (26071) (VI).

Paine, J. B., Ontario, Wis.: 7 specimens of minerals. 2222 (XVI).

Paine,"O. J., Durango, Colo.: Clay and other material. 2276 (XVII).

Palmer, William. (See under W. W. Holton.)

Pasada, J. C., Medellin, United States of Colombia: 39 gold ornaments. (Returned.)
2165 (III).

Pattee, Orson. Jarbalo, Kans.: Supposed worm. 2174 (XI).

Patton, J. D., Cleveland, Tenn.: Fossil tooth of mammal. 2099 (XII).

Payn, Elias, J., Tres Piedras, N. Mex.: Bituminous coal and supposed tin ore'. 2003
(XVII).

Peabody, P. B., Owatonna, Minn.: Bird. (Returned.) 1997 (V-a).

Pearson, C. F., Portland, Oreg., through U. S. Branch Hydrographic Office, Lieut.
O. E. Lasheer, in charge: Waxy substance found on the inner beach at the
mouth of the Nehalem River; sample of coal. 2032, 2108 (XVII).

Pennypacker, C. H., West Chester, Pa.: Mineral. (Returned.) 2068 (XVI).
Perkins, F. S., Burlington, Wis:. Fluted stone. 1790 (III).

Perry, A. K., Beverly, N. J.: Insect. 2256 (X).

Pfeiffer, F., Rock Springs, Wyo.: Supposed petrified hand and forearm of a man.
2107 (III).

Phillips, A. II., Hulberton, N. Y.: Stone. 1993 (XVII).

Pierce, G. W., Wellsville, N. Y.: Clay. (Returned.) 1797 (XVII).

Pitcher, Mary E., Madison, Ind.: Birds’ skins. 2190 (V-a).REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

213

Pleasants, J. H., jr., Baltimore, Md.: Birds' skins. (Returned.) 2157 (V-a).

Poole, J. E., Haskell, Tex.: Insects. 2284 (X).

Poole, Ricliard, Poolesville, Md.: Mineral. 2094 (XYI).

Pope, PI., Quebec, Canada: 2 skins, skulls, and bones of seals. 1839 (26021) (IY).

Potter, William, jr., New York City: Bird-skin from Africa. (Returned.) 2167(V-a).

Price, Hon. Andrew, M. C., House of Representatives: Coal, 1859 (XYII).

Price, J. K., Holly Brook, Ya., through D. W. M. Wright: 2 specimens of ores
(Returned.) 2282 (XYII).

Price, W. H., Gainesville, Ga.: Worm. 4889 (X).

Pride, W. J., Lynchburg, Ya.: 2 specimens of mineral. 1800 (XYI).

Putnam, J. H., Abbeville. La.: Substance found on the beach at Marsh Island. 2178
(27053) (XYII).

Qualey, E. J., & Co., McMinnville, Oreg.: Mineral. 2180 (XYI).

Raber, C. A., Prescott, Ariz.: Supposed rock, ore. 1911,1925 (XVII).

Ragsdale, G. H., Gainesville, Tex.: Breast of bird, sterna of swans. 1972 (V-a, XII).

Rambo, M. E., Lower Providence, Pa.: 2 fossil bones from Bad Lands, South Dakota;
stone. 2059, 2128 (XII, XVII).

Randall, C. W., Lockport, N. Y.: Insect. 1902 (X).

Rathbone, C. F. and E. H., Eureka, Utah, Ore. (Returned). 1798 (XYII).

Ray, Mrs. C. H., Philadelphia., Pa.: Suit of clothing supposed to form portion of a
costume of South Sea islander. (Returned). 2187 (11-a).

Ray, G. D., Burnsville, N. C.: Mineral. 1820 (XYI).

Ray, J. B., Burnsville, N. C.: Mineral. 1794 (XYI).

Read, M. C., Hudson, Ohio: Crustacean. 1857 (XI).

Reeves, R. C.,SaltLake City,Utah: 2 specimens o f ores. (Returned.) 2113(XVII).

Reich, M., Union Star, Mo.: Insects. 1883 (X).

Resler, Arthur, Baltimore, Md.: Bird. (Returned.) 1930 (V-a).

Rhodes, W. H., Placerville, Idaho: 2 sx>ecimens of rock. 2192 (XYII).

Richmond, C. W., Bluefields, Nicaragua: Birds' skins, reptiles, fishes, insects, crus-
taceans ; 2 skins of Cebus monkey with skulls, birds' skins, birds' nests and eggs,
reptiles and batrachians, fishes, shells, insects, crustaceans, and worm parasites;
through W. J. McClellan; 3 birds' skins, collection of mammal skins, birds' skins
and skulls, humming bird's nest, reptiles, fishes, insects, and crustaceans from
Nicaragua. 1830 (26252) (V-a, YI, YII, X, XI); 1994 (26738) (except mammals)
(1Y, V-a, V-b, YI, YII, IX, X, XI); 1998 (V-a) ; 2083 (28121) (IY); (26809) (V-a) ;
(26726) (Y-b); (27382) (YI); (28042) (YII); (28181) (X); (27128) (XI).

Robinson, R. E., Richmond, Ya., through W. D. Cbesterman : Mineral. 1882 (XYI).

Robinson, Lieut. Wirt, U. S. Army: Mammal skin and photograph of mammal,
birds' skins; humming birds, chiefly from Bogota. (Returned.) 1897, 1974
(IY, V-a).

Rockhill, W. W., Washington, D. C.: Ethnological objects. 2084 (27007) (II-a).

Rose, M. E., Washington, D. C.: 2 specimens of minerals, from Florida. 2033 (XYI).

Rose, J. T., Ubly, Mich.: Fossil tooth of supposed mammal, from South Dakota.
2055 (XII).

Ross, S. E., Cabin Hill, Ya.: Ore. (Returned.) 2031 (XYII).

Rowe, C. H., Malden, Mass.: 25 specimens of North American coleoptera; insects.
1896, 2236; 1926, 1978. (Returned.) (X.)

Rost, Charles, Indianapolis, Ind.: Tree-frog. (Returned.) 2210 (YI).

Rynearson, W. S., Indian Valley, Idaho: Rock. (Returned.) 1777 (XYII).

Sackrider, C. A., Napoli, N. Y.: Mineral. 2181 (XYI).

Salvin, Osbert, London, England: Birds. (Returned.) 1935,2002 (V-a).

Sandrook, W. J., Buffalo, N. Y.: Insects. 1858 (X).

Sayer, A. J., Mouut Olive, Ya.: Ore. (Returned.) 2268 (XYII).

Sayre, S. B., Elizabeth, W. Ya.: Mineral. 1962 (XYI).214	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Scharf, W..I., Washington, D. C.: Worm from Virginia. 1898 (X).

Schmidt. Walter, White Plains, Va.: Ore and alkali. 1916 (XVII).

Schultz, B. F., Tazewell, Tenn.: Bulb or egg plowed up in a held. 2261 (XV).

Seliwiertz, John, Marseilles, 111.: Insect. 2267 (X).

Science College Imperial University, Tokio, Japan: Birds’ skins. (Returned.)
*1808 (V-a).

Scott, O. C., Oskaloosa, Iowa: Plant. 2289 (XV).

Scott, Tessia, Fort Klamath, Oreg.: Collection of butterflies. 1783 (X).

Seward, Percy L., Lawrenceville, 111.: Chrysalis. 1894 (X).

Shaw, Lieut. C. P., U. S. Navy (retired): Plant supposed to be an antidote for the
bite of a rattlesnake. 2220 (I).

Sherman, J. D., jr., New York City: 25 specimens of North American coleoptera.
2197 (27027) (X).

Shriver, Howard, Cumberland, Md.: Material resembling slate or plumbago; fossils,
2255 (returned) (XVII); 2288 (returned with exception of 1 specimen) (27390)
(XIII—a).

Shutt, G. W., Hillsboro, Va.: Rock. 1934 (XVII).

Simpson, D. J., Sunnyside, Utah: Ore. (Returned.) 1864 (XVII).

Simpson, Stewart, Ruthburg, Idaho : Mineral. 2173 (XVI).

Singlcy, J. A., Austin, Tex.: 43 specimens, representing 13 species of birds; 91
archaeological objects. (Returned.) 2071, 2141 (V-a, III).

Slack, C. W., Globe City, Ariz.: Ore. (Returned.) 1838 (XVII).

Smith, Mrs. F. A„ Elizabethtown, N. Y.: Insects. 2230 (X).

Smith, G. H., Minneapolis, Minn. : Ore. 2223 (XVII).

Smith, H. I., South Lebanon, Ohio : Crayfish, crayfishes, spiders. 1826 (26350),
1871 (26104), 1880 (XI, X).	!

Smith, J. P., Price’s Fork, Va.: Ore. 1981 (XVII).

Smith, J. B., Brown, Colo.: Mineral. 2277 (XVI).

Smith, Dr. L. H., Easton, Md.: Beetle. 1828 (X).

Smitherman, S. J., Troy, N. C.: Supposed clay. (Returned.) 2001 (XVII).

Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology: Collection of ethnological objects;
black steer robe painted with tribal history by a Piegan Indian. 1821 (26105),
1990 (II—a).

Snow, C. C., Farmington, Utah : Ore. (Returned.) 1875 (XVII).

Snyder, H. E., Beaver Dam, Wis.: 47 species of coleoptera. 1845 (X).

Spencer, E., Big Pine, Cal.: Chalk. 2185 (XVII).

Spray, S. J., Salida, Colo.: 4 specimens of minerals; 3 specimens of ores. 1945,
2100. (Returned.) (XVI, XVII.)

Sprinz, R., El Paso, Tex.: 2 antique ivory figures from Mexico. (Returned.) 2212
(II-B).

Stahl, M., Bayley, Iowa : Butterfly. 1831 (X).

Stedman & Co., Minnesota Lake, Minn.: Plant. 1832 (XV).

Stejneger, Dr. L. (See under William Dutcher.)

Stephens, F., San Bernardino, Cal., through C. F. Batchelder: 7 birds. (Returned.)
2007 (V-a).

Steward, A., Bridgeport, Conn.: Insects. 2051 (X).

Stewart, J. H., Broken Bow, Nebr.: Insect. (Returned.) 1793 (X).

Stoeckert, E. E., through Hon. John Lind, M. C., House of Representatives: Sand
supposed to contain gold. 1784 (XVII).

Stouffer, Jeremiah, Wooddale, Pa.: Mineral. • 1944 (XVI).

Strinegger, Alexander, Phoenix, Ariz.: Rock. (Returned.) 2176, 2184 (XVII).

Stump, J. M., White Oak, Ohio: Supposed bone of fossil mammal. 2219 (XIII-a).

* A description of these birds’ skins and also of No. 1712 sent previously, has been

published in the Proceedings of the National Museum, Vol. xvi, No. 957.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

215

Squyer, Homer, Mingusville, Mont.: Fossil sliells. (Returned.) 2089 (XIII-b).
Swan, J. W., Bozeman, Mont.: Ore. 2287 (XVII).

Swingle, Mrs. 0. H., Dudley ville, Ariz,: 2 specimens of ore. (Returned.) 2168 (XVII).
Talcott Brothers, Olympia, Wash.: Black sand; 2 specimens of ores. 1775; (2160
returned.) (XVII).

Tally, M. E., Parkersburg, W. Va.: Pods from pine tree. 1906 (XV).

Tappan, Mrs. C. C., Brooklyn, N. Y.: Flower. 2231 (XV).

Taylor, Miss E., Troy, N. Y.: Dress of Eskimo woman. (Returned.) 2011 (II-a).
The Druggists’ Circular, New York City: Plant; portion of root, stem, and flower of
a plant from Texas. 2022, 2198- (XV).

Thomson, N. A., Victoria, Tex.: Plant. 2110 (XV).

Thompson, E. E., Toronto, Canada: Birds’ skins. (Returned.) 1923 (V-a).
Thompson, W. F., La Luz, N. Mex.: Rock. 2111 (XVII).

Thornton, M. E., Hickory, N. C.: Worm. 1979 (26419) (XI).

Thropp, Miss Amelia, Oil City, Pa.: 4 beetles from Brazil. (Returned.) 1971 (X).
Thurlow, Paul, Stamford, Colo.: Residuum left after the evaporation of a goblet
. full of snow. 2116 (XVII).

Tichar, G. C., New York City: 2 specimens of so-called Mexican onyx. (Returned.)
1964 (XVII).

Tilton, W. L. R., Prairie, Ohio: Plant. 2265 (XV).

Tristram, Rev. H. B., Canon of Durham, The College, Durham, England: Various
specimens of Procellaridce. (Returned.) 1892 (V-a).

Turnbaugh, I., Panaca, Nev.: 2 specimens of dendrites. 2209 (XVII).

Turner, A. C., Ellensburg, Wash.: Sand. 2086 (XVII).

Turner, J. IT., Jonesville, Tex.: 2 specimens of minerals and seed of plant. 1867
(XVI, XV).

Tweed, J. W., Ripley, Colo.: Stone implements. 1817'(III).

Vanoy, E., Springdale, Ark.: Ore. (Returned.) 1920 (XVII).

Vinson, J. S., Pendleton, Oreg.: Clay. 2205 (XVII).

Voorhees, C. J., Millersburg, Ohio: 2 fossil bones of mammal from Texas. 2125
(XII).

Voss, C. F. E., Portland, Oreg. Clay. 2218 (XVII).

Wagner, Luther, Ruby, Wash.: Mineral. 2067 (XVI).

Wall, W. A., Champion, Ala.: Supposed slug. (Returned.) 2186 (XVII).

Walters, Bryon, Circleville, Ohio: 13 archaeological objects. (Returned.) 2142

(HI).

Ward, Rev. Philip J., Wyoming, Ohio: Insect.- 1918 (X).

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, N. Y,: Human skull. (Returned.)
1842 (XII).

Wardell, Caroline, Tougaloo, Miss.: Insect. 2014 (X).

Ware, C. T., Johnson City, Tenn.: Portion of a hen. 2140 (XII).

Wayne, A. W., Wallace, Idaho: 4 specimens of ores. 1949 (XVII),

Weaver, J. T., & Co., Lyerly, Ga.: Sample of geological material. (Returned.) 2075
(XVII).

Wells, G. H., Washington, D. C.: Copper knife found in a field in Michigan.
(Returned.) 2050 (III).

Welton, E. C., and Roscoe Moffett, Livingston Manor, N. Y.: Supposed meteoric stone.
1950 (XVI).

Wheeler, E. S., Troy, N. Y.: Clay. (Returned.) 2189 (XVII).

Whitcomb, Mr. (See under Robert Goudie.)

White, Dr. C. D., Lexington, Minn.: Insect. 2139 (X).

White, G.W., Webster, Miss.: Clay. (Returned.) 1814 (XVII).

Whitehorn, Worth, Sizer, Nebr.: Mammal skin. 2130 (IV).

Wilkinson, E., Mansfield, Ohio: Mineral. 2088 (XVI).

Wilkinson, J. B., jr., New York City: Supposed marble. 1792 (XVII).216

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893,

Willard, C. D., Cottonwood, Ariz.: Stone. 1921 (XVII).

Willard, G. M., Cottonwood, Ariz.: Mineral. 2103 (XVI).

Williams, J. A., Cloud Chief, Okla.: Mammal bone; wings, tail, and head of bird.
2040 (26722) (XII)f 2149 (V-a).

Williams, W. A., Puyallup, Wash.: 2 stones. (Returned.) 1977 (XVII).

Wilson, Samuel, Richland, Tex. : Fossil tooth of mammal and fossil shells. 2232
(XII).

Wilson, S. B., Surrey, England: Birds’skins from Hawaiian Islands. (Returned.)
1835 (V-a).

Wilson, Thomas, U. S. National Museum: Collection of 145 implements, ornaments,
and pottery from Indo-China. 2262 (III).

Win ton, G. B., San Luis Potosi, Mexico: 3 skins of imperial woodpecker. 2148
(26893) (V-a).

Wood, Miss C. M., Middleboro, Mass.: Plant from southern California. 2171 (XV).

Woods and Johnson, Jasper, Colo.: Ore. 1980 (XVII).

Woodward, Albert, Dayton, Wash.: Supposed silica. 2266 (27132) (XVII).

Wortlien, C.JL, Warsaw, 111.: Mammal skins; 126 alcoholic bats and shrews; 100
alcoholic mamma lskins; skin, skull, and leg-bones of Felisyaguarundi; mamma]
skins. 1781, 1834, 2056, 2104 (26763), 2172 (IV).

Wooster, A. F., Norfolk, Conn.: Mineral. (Returned.) 2233 (XVI).

Wright, D. W. M. (Seeunder j. K. Price.)

Wright, J. W., Principal, Livingston Military Academy, Livingston, Ala.: Plant;
insect; plant. 2156, 2206 (XIV, X, XV).

Wright, O. F., Chicago, 111.: Supposed quartz. 2000 (XVI).

Yauger, E. R., Rockwood, Tenn.: Mineral. 1929 (XVI).

Yoder, George, Rosendale, Mo.: Deposit.supposed to contain mineral. 2044 (XVI).

Young, J. W., Burnsville, N. C.: Mineral. 1886 (XVI).

Yount, Henry, Uva, Wyo.: 3 specimens of ores. (Returned.) 2009 (XVII).

Index to list of specimens sent for examination and report,.arranged geographically.

Source.

Nortli America:
British America
'Central America

Mexico........

Newfoundland...
United States:

Alabama........

Alaska.........

Arizona........

Arkansas-------

California.....

Colorado............

Connecticut.........

Delaware............

District of Columbia.

Florida............

Georgia............

Idaho...............

Illinois............

No. of lot.

Total.

1887,1839,1843,1849,1923, 2036, 2060, 2238.

1830,1873,1994,1998, 2010, 2083.........

1860, 2062,2148,2227.....'..............

2109....................................

8

7

1

1866,1951, 2156, 2186, 2206, 2261........................

1928, 2187..............................................

1812,1838,1911,1921,1925, 2029, 2035, 2076, 2097, 2103, 2158, '
2168, 2176, 2184, 2204, 2278.

1920,2020, 2039,2046.....................................

1779,1786,1810,1813,1844,1887,1899,1909,1966,1968, 2007,
2015, 2053, 2065, 2078, 2083, 2135, 2137, 2166, 2171, 2177,
2182, 2185, 2191, 2235.

1817,1818,1865,1917,1938,1945,1980,1985, 2043, 2061, 2100,
2116, 2242, 2276, 2277.

1941,2051,2057,2233......................................

1912,2063................................................

1881,1915, 2073, 2091,2145...............................

1791,1795,1891,1919, 2033, 2115, 2194, 2244, 2281....:...

1877,1889, 2075, 21C5, 2118,2121, 2143, 2169.............

1717,1861 1907,1949,1958, 2124, 2173, 2192, 2269, 2275...

1781, 1788,1834,1854,1894,1901,1932,1943,1969, 2000. 2042,
2056, 2069, 2104, 2172, 2200, 2226, 2267, 2274.

C

16

4

25

15

2

5

8

10

19REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

217

Index to list of specimens sent for examination and report, etc.—Continued.

Source.	No. of lot.
United States—Continued.	1778,1908,1989, 2190, 2210..
	1831,1856,1991, 2045, 2166, 2213, 2289	
	1824,1910,1965,1999, 2174, 2237, 2249. 2263, 2273
	1789,1862, 2127, 2151, 2163, 2183, 2239	
	1859, 2178, 2247, 2279	
	1787,2019,2248	
	1828,1930,1940, 2008, 2052, 2094, 2117, 2157, 2255, 2288.
	1780,1855,1896,1926,1978, 2236	
	1846,1850,1885,1933,1957, 2027, 2050, 2072, 2090, 2159, 2217, 2252.  1784,1816,1832,1900,1942,1997, 2026,2092,2139, 2216, 2223. 1814,1953, 2014, 2106, 2241	
Minnesota		
	
Missouri		1804,1883,1983, 2044,2077, 2162, 2203	
Montana		1802,1821,1927,1975,1990, 2012, 2038, 2089, 2098, 2201, 2208, 2287.  1793,1838,1878, 2028, 2126, 2130, 2193	 i
Nebraska	f.		
Nevada		1922,2209	
	1879, 2066, 2114, 2256	
New Mexico		1811,1853,2003, 2070, 2087, 2111, 2259 	
New York		1776,1782,1792,1798,1799,1805,1842,1858,1902,1931,1947, 1950,1952,1964,1967, 1993, 1996, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2102, 2150, 2153, 2155, 2164, 2181, 2189, 2197, 2207, 2221, 2230, 2231,2240, 2246, 2271, 2290.  1794,1801,1819,1820,1825,1868,1869,1874,1886,1939,1959, 1976, 1979, 2001, 2013, 2025, 2037, 2136,2146,2154,2202, 2260.
North Carolina		
Ohio		
Oklahoma		1826,1857,1871,1876,1880,1918,1986, 2081, 2088, 2106,2133, 2142, 2219, 2265.
	1840, 2040, 2149	
Oregon 		  Pennsylvania 		1783,1785,1853,1895, 2032, 2041, 2108, 2180, 2205, 2218, 2250.
South Carolina		1836,1893,1903,1944,1984,1988, 2049, 2068, 2080, 2095, 2122, 2123, 2132, 2175, 2191, 2254, 2257.
	1827,1870,1904, 2017, 2152	
OUUtli	........	  Tennessee	1852,1982, 2018, 2023, 2055, 2059. 2128, 2133
Texas		1796,1803,1884,1888,1929,1956,1970, 2005, 2054, 2079, 2099, 2140, 2261.  1806,1867,1905,1913,1937,1954,1963,1972,1987, 2022, 2030, 2071, 2101, 2110, 2119, 2125, 2141, 2144, 2166, 2168, 217o| 2179, 2195, 2198, 2211, 2212, 2215, 2232, 2234, 2245, 2258, 2272, 2284, 2286.  1798,1822,1S64,1875,1924,1973, 2024, 2047, 2113, 2120, 2164, 2214, 2242, 2270, 2283, 2285.  1800,1807,1809,1882,1890,1898,1914,1916,1934,1948,1960, 1964, 1981, 1992, 2021, 2031, 2034, 2048, 2085, 2093, 2138, 2220, 2251, 2268, 2282.  1775,1823,1848,1863,1872,1946,1955,1977, 2058, 2067, 2086, 2147, 2160, 2229, 2253, 2266, 2280.  1813,1829,1847,1906,1936,1962 2072
Utah 	 •	
Virginia		
1  Washington	  West Virginia		
Wisconsin		1789,1790,1745, 2222 ■
Wyoming		2009,2096,2107.2225..
West Indies		1841	
South America:  Brazil		1971	
United States of Colombia		' 1897,1974,2165	

Total.

5
7
9
7
4
3

10

6

12-

11

5

7

12

7

2

4

7

37

22

14

3

11

17

5

8

13

34

10

25

17

7

4

4

1

1

3218

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

:Index to list of specimens sent for examination and report, etc.—Continued.

Source.

Ho. of lot.

Total.

Europe, including—

Great Britain____

'.Russia.........

Switzerland.....

Asia:

China...........

Indo-China......

Japan ...........

Africa..............

Oceanica:
Hawaiian Islands.
Tasmania.........

1892,1935, 2002, 2112

2228.................

2199................

2084.................

2262......'.........

3808, 2134...........

2167.................

3835.

1855

Total

4

* 1
1

1

1

2

1

1

1

518

The numbers of lots of specimens referred to the various depart-
ments in the Museum, for examination and report, are indicated below:

Department.

! Humber of
lots.

Arts and industries........

Ethnology..................

American aboriginal pottery
Prehistoric anthropology —

Mammals....................

Birds......................

Birds’ eggs...............

Reptiles and batrachians .. -

Eishes.....................

Vertebrate fossils.........

Mollushs...................

Insects ...................

Marino invertebrates......

Comparative anatomy........

Invertebrate fossils:

Paleozoic..............

Mesozoic...............

Eossil plants..............

Botany.....................

Minerals..................

Geology...............

Total...............

8

9

4

27

14

44

3
9

12

1

9

85

14

15

9

4
8

38

94

130

538REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

21&

APPENDIX VI.

List of Accessions to the U. S. National Museum during
the Year ending June 30, 1893.

The accessions daring the year embrace Xos. 25,885 to 27,150 inclu-
sive. All material especially acquired for incorporation with the
exhibit of the National Museum at the World’s Columbian Exposition,
and received during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, is included in
this-list. The objects acquired for this purpose previous to July 1,
1892, are grouped separately and follow the list.

Abbott, Miss Gertrude (Philadelphia,, Pa.). Collection of ethnological objects,
consisting of a buffalo head, antelope heads, ostrich feathers, a cloak made of
the skins of the tree-coney, skins of black and white monkey from Mount Kilima-.
Njaro, and lion skins. Deposit. 25936.

Abbott, W. L. (Bombay, India). Collection of ethnological objects, bones of
Lammergeyer and crow, 2 specimens of Limax, alcoholic reptiles, 183 birds’ skins
from Kashmir and Balt-istan, and a large and valuable collection of mammal
skins, skulls, and alcoholic mammals from Kashmir, including specimens of
Vigne’s wild sheep, Himalaya ibex, Himalaya bear, and new species of Voles and
others (25997); dried skin of Cyprinoid, 28 inches long; mammal skins, skulls and
bones; pottery; 52 birds’ skins, representing 34 species from the Vale of Kashmir
and adjacent parts of northern India, and a collection of insects from Kashmir?
consisting of lepidoptera, nenroptera, hymenoptera, liomoptera, diptera, and col-
eoptera; model of boat (26251); ethnological objects from Comoro, Seychelles
. Islands, 206 birds’ skins, representing 69 species, from Aden, Seychelles, Alda-
bra, Glorioso, and adjacent islands; a ffne collection of rare birds’eggs, consist-
ing of 107 specimens, representing 19 species, several of which are new to science;
also 23 birds’nests, 74 lishes, reptiles, and batrachians *, coral limestone, crus-
taceans, radiates and sponges, skeletons of Testudo, Clxeloma, Eretmochelys, and
Emys, and 2 skulls of sharks, collections of dry and alcoholic insects, mammals
and shells, from the localities above named (27085--).

Abel, John C. (Lancaster, Pa.). Collection of archaeological objects, consisting
of2 hammer-stones of quartzite, 2 grinding-stones of the same mineral, 2 rude
implements of white quartz, 5 worked flakes of jasper, 10 arrow or spear-heads,
of porphyritic felsite, and a sample of calcareous sandstone (natural formation)
from near Lancaster (26183); 51 hammer-stones, rude chipped implements,
arrow-heads, perforators, worked flakes and fragments of pottery from the same
locality (26259); 73 rude implements, spear-heads, worked flakes of quartz,
quartzite, and jasper, drilled tablet, an untinished ceremonial object, and water-
worn pebbles from the Conestoga Hills (26463.)

Academy of Sciences (San Francisco, Cal.), through Dr. J. G. Cooper. Land-
shells, representing 5 species from Lower California (gift) (26485); land-
shells from Lower California (exchange) (26688).

Adams, C. F. (Champaign, 111.). Specimen of Sphenodon punctatum from New
Zealand. Purchase. 26212.

Adams, W. H. (Chase, 111.). Cocoon of Cecropia. silk-moth. 26912.

Adler, Dr. Ctrus (Smithsonian Institution). Six musical instruments, comprising
a zurna from Constantinople; dymbelek from Cairo, raha’b el Mooghun’nee, with
bow; rebab with bow, biz man from Cairo, gaida from Tunis (gift) (25935)f

* Special reports published in Vol. xv, and Vol. xvi, of Proceedings U. S. National
Museum.220

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

shofar or Jewish horn (gift) (25947); 52 photographs representing religious scenes
in Turkey, Syria, Egypt, Tunis, and Algiers (deposit) (25950) | facsimile of a docu-
ment belonging to the Jews of Cochin India, written in the Tamil language
(deposit) (25962); drum and staff used by the dervishes in Egypt (deposit)
(26106); 3 Mohammedan talismans from Damascus (deposit) (26171).

Agriculture, Department of. Crayfishes from North Carolina, Mississippi, and
Texas; Isopod parasitic on a shark, from San Diego, Cal. (26355)’, fresh-water
and land-shells from California and Mexico, collected by Edward Palmer
(26386); guinea pig in the flesh, obtained by Dr. F. L. Kilborne, director of
Government Experiment Station, Bureau of Animal Industry, and transmitted to
the Museum, through Mr. Albert Hassall, of the Department; living guinea pig
(26910) ; crustaceans and starfishes obtained principally from Texas (27002).

Through Dr. A. K. Fisher: Land-shells, representing 5 species, from Minnesota and
Mexico (27113).

Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy (through Dr. C. Hart Merriam). Seven
hundred and seventy-four specimens, representing 46 species of reptiles and
batrachians, collected by the Death Valley Expedition in California, Nevada,
and Utah (deposit) (26017); land and fresh-water shells from the southwestern
border of the United States (gift) (26339); specimen of Microdipodops megacepha-
lus,< and a specimen of Arvicola (Chilotus) or eg onus (gift) (26343); fish-crow (gift)
(26656).

Division of Entomology (through Prof. C. V. Riley). One hundred miscellaneous
specimens of insects, collected in Texas by Mr. F. G. Schaupp (26239); 304 speci-
mens, representing 60 species of Californian coleoptera (among which are 11
species new to the collection), collected by Mr. D. W. Coquillet (26422); 206
specimens, representing 80 species of coleoptera from southern California, also
collected by Mr. Coquillet (26562).

Aiken, J. B. (Breckenridge, Minn.). Stone mallet used by the Indians for break-
ing buffalo bones in order to obtain the marrow for making “pemmiean ;” col-
lected by E. Connolly. 26189.

Alaska Commercial Company (San Francisco, Cal.). Skin of sea-otter, Enhydris
luiris, with skull and bones of feet complete, obtained by the company and
purchased for the Museum exhibit at the World’s Columbian Exposition. 26526.

Allen, Dr. H. N. (Chicago, 111.). Twenty-seven specimens of Korean pottery, 2
bronze bowls, and a stone pot. Deposit. 27062.

Allen, Ira R. (Fair Haven, Vt.). Five specimens of spessartite from Amelia Court-
House, Va. Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26904.

Allen, J. S. (Chicago, 111.). Drum, sticks, and a rattle. 26632.

American Turquoise Company (New York City), through Mr. John R. Andrews,
president. Specimen of turquoise in gangue, and 7 cut stones of turquoise
from the Cerillos Mountains, near Santa Fe, N. Mex. 26804.

Andrews, Dr. E. A. (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.). Larval form of
conger eel, from Maryland (26046); crab (Sesarma angustipes Dana) (26061).

Andrews, Henry W. (U. S. consul, Hankow, China), through Department of State.
Two specimens of painted snipe, Eostratula bengalensis, from the Province of
Hupeh, and 2 butterflies from the Province of Sgohuen, China. 26124.

Andrews, John R. (See under American Turquoise Company.)

Andrus, W. J. (Hackensack, N. J.). La Fleche fowl. 26607.

Angus, James (West Farms, N. Y.). Six rude implements and a fragment of stea-
tite, from an aboriginal quarry at Johnstown, R. I. 26500. .

Anthony, A. W. (San Diego, Cal.). Nine eggs (3 sets) of Townsend’s junco, 2 eggs
(1 set) of San Pedro partridge, and 4 eggs (1 set) of Guadalupe house-finch,
with nest, new to the collection; also 4 eggs (1 set) of black-throated gray
warbler, with nest, 3 eggs (1 set) of black-throated sparrow, 4 eggs (1 set) of
Lincoln’s sparrow, and 3 eggs (1 set) of streaked horned lark. Deposit. 26758.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

221

Anthony, W. A. (Denver, Colo.). Egg of Xantus's murrelet, Bracliyramjphus bypo-
leueus, from Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Deposit. 26174.

Appleton, D., & Co. (New York City). Centennial memorial volume of Washing-
ton’s Inauguration, April 30, 1789-1889. Purchase. 25992.

Appleton, Capt. Nathan (Boston, Mass.). Four photographs of the autograph of Sit-
ting Bull, with letter and translation (26245); 2 copper coins, minted in Mexico
or Santo Domingo about 1522, a letter mailed by balloon from Paris, January 1,
1871, during the siege of that city, photograph of the house at Pittsfield, Mass.,
whicli contained the clock that was made the subject of a poem by Longfellow,
“The Old Clock on the Stairs”, and a photograph of the yacht Alice, which made
the first yacht trip across the Atlantic in 1866 (26250); 10 Spanish-Mexican copper
coins, dated 1523-1535—found near the Ozuma River, outside the walls of Santo
Domingo, and supposed to have been coined under authority of Cortez. (26374).

Arizona Onyx Company (Chicago, 111.), through J. P. Sanxay. Two slabs of
onyx marble from the quarries near Prescott. 26530.

Armstrong, John S. (See under Smithsonian Institution. U. S. Bureau of Eth-
nology.)

Armstrong, Thomas J. (Jersey City, N. J.). One-dollar Confederate note pre-
sented to Mr. Armstrong by Gen. Richard Taylor, of the Confederate army, for
a cup of coffee. 26206.

Ashby, Scott (Delaplaine, Va.). Albino red-tailed hawk, Buteo borealis, in the
flesh. 26549.

Association of Inventors and Manufacturers (Washington, D. C.). Portrait
of Alfred Vail. Deposit. 26469,

Attwater, IP. P. (Rockport, Tex.). Two sets of eggs of gray-tailed cardinal, rep-
resenting 6 specimens new to the collection, and 2 nests of the same bird; egg ol
wood-thrush, 3 nests of painted bunting, nest each of verdin, yellow-throated
vireo, Western blue grosbeak, and Acadian flycatcher (26609); 7 eggs of Texan
horned lark, Otocoris alpestris Giraudi with nest, 4 eggs of rose-breasted gros-
beak, Sabia ludoviciana from Chatham, Ontario, Canada (26126); 5 specimens
of an undescribed species of Southern prairie hen, Tympanuclms attwateri Ben-
dire sp. nov., from Texas (27012).

Audenreid, Mrs. M. C. (Washington, D. C.). Military sash worn by Gen. W. T. Sher-
man at Atlanta, Savannah, and at the grand review of the Army in Washing-
ton City in 1865, and presented by Gen. Sherman to Mrs. Audenreid. 26566.

Australian Museum (Sydney, New South Wales), through Dr. E. P. Ramsay, cura-
tor. Australian graptolites. Exchange. 26775.

Avery, S. P. (New York City). Portrait of Franklin, taken from a terra-cotta medal-
lion by T. M. Ren and. 27069.

Avery, W. C. (Corinth, Vt.). Butterfly (Papilio asterias) and a moth (Arctia virgo).
26041.

Baar, Dr. H. (New York City). Silver inkhorn from Jerusalem (deposit) (26534);
2 manuscript copies of the Hebrew Pentateuch, with silk cloaks and silver plate
(lent for exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposition) (26108). Returned.

Bache, Rene (Washington, D. C.) Book containing decalcomanie pictures. 26385.

Bailey, G. E. (Chicago, 111.). Fragment of meteoric-iron from Baenbirito, Sinaloa,
Mexico, weighing 14.4 grams. 26014.

Bailey, Maj. J. J. (Dansville, N. Y.). Bat (AtalapUa noveboracensis).	26221.

Baker, Dr. Frank. (See under Smithsonian Institution. National Zoological Park.)

Baker, L. L. (Colesville, Md.), through C. A. Stewart. Red-tailed hawk, Buteo
borealis, in the flesh. 26345.

Baldwin, A. IP. (Smithsonian Institution). Skeleton of alligator. Purchased for
World’s Columbian Exposition. 26360.

Baldwin & Gleason Company, Limited (New York City). Collection of speci-
mens of printing on celluloid. 26998.'222

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Balias, C. 1L (Fort Huackuca, Ariz.), through Dr. T. E. Wilcox, U. S. A. Alcoholic
si^ecimen of Nyciinomus femorosaccas Merriam. 26236.

Balfour, Henry (Oxford Museum, Oxford, England). Collection of ethnological
objects. Exchange. 26027.

Barakkat, Mrs. Layyah (Old Orchard, Me.). Collection of objects illustrating
religious observances in Syria. Purchase. 25934.

Barnes, B. E. (care of Prof. F. W. Clarke, U. S. Geological Survey). Fragment of
meteoric stone found in Boyett, Wilson County, N. C. 26015.

Barrows, W. B. (Department of Agriculture). Nest'of chimney swift, Chadura
pelagica (25981); nest and 4 eggs (1 set) of olive-backed thrush, and nest and
5 eggs (1 set) of slate-colored junco, from New Brunswick (26796).

Bartleman, R. M. (II. S. Legation, Caracas, Venezuela). Thirty specimens of
insects, principally coleoptera. 26213.

Baskett, J. N. (Mexico, Mo.). Skin of flicker (Colaptes ciuratus), with obscured
plumage. 26873.

Bassett, George W. (Mattawoman, Mel.). Larva of royal walnut-moth, Cithcronia
regalis. 26209.

Baur, Dr. G. (Worcester, Mass.). Collection of insects from the Galapagos Islands.
26662.

Bay, W. L. (Watrous, N. Mex.). Tree-boring beetle, Acanthocinus spectabilis (Lee.).
25922.

Beal, Kenneth F. (Washington, D. C.). Crawfish from Mount Marshall, Ya. 26354.

Beale, Hon. Truxton. (See under Madame Schliemann.)

Bean, Barton A., andHARRON, L. G. (U. S. National Museum). Fishes collected at
Fortress Monroe, and representing the following species : Micropogon, Liosto-
mus, Bairdiella, Centropristes, Stenotomns, Orthoprisiis, Sphyrccna, Henhlla, Stol-
ephorus, Brevoortia, Barmins, Tautoga, Ilemirhamphus, Tylosurus, SqAwstoma, Ahi-
tera, Monacantlms, and BaraUchthys. 25957. (See under Fish Commission, IT. S.)

Bean, Dr. T. H. (See under Fish Commission, IJ. S.)

Beckwith, M. H. (Newark, Del.). Statoblasts of fresh-water polyozoans (Bectlna-
tella). 26284.

Bednall, W. T. (Adelaide, Australia). Specimen of Cyprcc eximia from the Eocene
formation of Victoria, Australia. 26620.

Beecher, Charles E. (See under Vale College Museum.)

Beecher, M. W. (Babylon, N. Y.J* through J. E. Watkins. Piece of wood from
deck-beams of the steamship Savannah, wrecked October 22, 1822.	2685.E

Belding, L. (Stockton, Cal.). Collection of reptiles and batrackians from southern
California. (26637, 27052.)

Bell, Judge James (Gainesville, Fla.). Specimen of Florida wild turkey, Melectgris
gadlopavo osceola. 27010.

Bement, C. S. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Crystal of apatite from Renfrew, Ontario, Can-
ada. 26824.

Bendire, Maj. Charles E., U. S. Army (U. S. National Museum). Nest and 4 eggs
of Junco hyemalis carolinensis from West Virginia (26167); 5 egga of Audubon’s
shearwater from Ragged Island, Bahamas, West Indies (26238); 2 specimens of
Sarracenia purpurea and one specimen of Viburnum den tat um (27141). (See under
H. P. Attwater, D. B. Burrows, Lattin &. Co., E. Kirby Smith, and F. FI. Toby.)

Benedict, Dr. A. L. (Buffalo, N. Y.). Fossils from the Waterlime Group of Buffalo.
26038.

Benedict, James E. (U. S. National Museum). Skin of Cooper’s hawk, Accipiter
cooperi, from Virginia (26784); snake {Oplubolus rhombomaculatus), from Wood-
side, Md. (27111).

Benguiat, Hadji E. (Boston, Mass.). Collection of objects illustrating Jewish cere-
monies (26388); tapestry, cloth for synagogue, desk, pointer, and coin (26946).
Deposited for exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposition.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

223

Benjamin; W. E. (New York City), Collection of maps illustrating early explora-
tions in America. Purchased for exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposi-
tion. 25990.

BensoN; Lieut. Harry, U. S. Army (Three Rivers, Cal.). Five sets of birds’ eggs
(25904); collection of eggs from Sequoia National Park, Tulare County, Cal.,
consisting of 47 specimens, representing 6 special; also bird’s nest (26149) j
2 specimens of California junco, Junco hy emails Thurberi from Sequoia Park
(26153); 4 eggs of Thurber’s junco; 4 eggs of California woodpecker; 4 eggs of
spurred towhee, and 8 eggs of black-headed grosbeak (26615).

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands), through William
T. Brigham, curator. Two specimens of Aeriilocercus mobilis, and 1 specimen
of an undetermined species (gift) (26874); 2 volumes containing specimens of
Hawaiian kapa cloths (exchange) (27074).

Berry, E. W. (Passaic, N. J.). Specimens of Hippa talpoida and Talorchestia mega-
lophthahna from Asbury Park. 25963.

Bibbins, Arthur. (See under the Woman’s College of Baltimore.)

Biederman, C. R. (Bonito, N. Mex.). Ores; scraper from the glacial debris of Sierra
Blanca, N. Mex., and piece of petrified wood. 26781

Bishop, Dr. Louis B. (New Haven, Conn.), through J. E. Watkins. Egg of American
crow, with unusual coloration. 26663.

Bishop, T. S. (New Britain, Conn.). Ribbon badge of Stanley Post No. 11, G. A. R.
26962.

Bissinger, Erhard (U. S. Consul, Beirut, Syria).

"'Games of chance (“Mankaleh,” “Duk-Watah,” “Damah,” “Barjiss”); wooden
puzzle and wire-ring puzzle from Syria; musical instruments, consisting of
“Oud” (lute), “Bizug” (lute long-neck), “Faggeishah” (castanets), 2 pairs;
“Urgun” (double-pipe reed instrument); “Mijwiz” (double pipe reed instru-
ment); “Derbouka;” (earthenware drum); “Manjairah” (vertical flute); “Rikk”
(small tambourine); iron “ Drali” or Pic; wood “Dra” or Pic; set of iron weights;
set of copper weights; “Mud,” cereal hollow measure and its fraction; scale of
copper; copper pans; steelyard of iron; petrified clams obtained from Mount
Lebanon at an elevation of from 2, 500 to 3, 000 feet aboAre the level of the sea
(gift). 25902.

Blackburn, Dr. J. W. (Government Asylum for the Insane, Washington, D. C.).
Copperhead snake, Andstrodon contoririx, juv. (26197); 2 snakes (26348).

Blair, Ti-iomas (Shelbyville, Tenn.). Distorted specimens of Unio plicatus. 26039.

Blake, Lady Editi-i (King’s House, Jamaica, West Indies). Four human skulls, 36
leg and arm-bones, and 67 fragments of ribs, vertebrae, etc., obtained from a cave
near Pedro, parish of St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. 25976.

Blaney, Henry R. (Boston, Mass.). Three plates and a tracing, illustrating the
dry-ground aquatint process. Purchased for exhibition at the World’s Colum-
bian Exposition. 26897.

Blatchley, Prof. W. S. (Terre Haute, Ind.). Specimens of reptiles and batrachians
from Mexico. 26198.u

Blau, H. E. (Washington, D. C.). Sandstone concretion. 26216.

Blunck, A. E. (Johnstown, N. Y.). Red-pile exhibition game fowls, duck-wing game,
black-breasted red exhibition game fowls, black-breasted red game fowls (26748);
brown-red game chicken (26845); golden duck-wing game fowl (26855).

Boettcher, F. L. J. (Department of Agriculture). Frog. 26175.

Boston Art Students’ Association (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass.). Three
pamphlets relating to drawings for process reproduction. 26605.

Bos.well, Henry (Washington, D. C.). Black fantailpigeon. 26657.

Boswell, R. H. (Washington, D. C.). Blondinette pigeon. 26188.

*A description of new species will be found in Prof. Blatchley’s paper in Pro-
ceedings, Yol. xvi, No. 922, pp. 37-42. 1893.224

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893. -

Boucard, A. (London, England). Birds’ skins from Central and South America,
India, Formosa, and Borneo. Purchase. 26953.

Boukke, Capt. John G., U. S. Army (Fort Ringgold, Tex.). Copper cannon-hall.
(25896); saddle obtained from the Garza revolutionists, and a 3-legged metate and
grinder (26024).

Bowman, D. A. (Bakersville, N. C.). Two specimens of anthophyllite in chlorite,
from Bakersville. 26281.

Boyle, John (U. S. National Museum). Opossum (Didelphys marsupialw). 26701.

Bradley, Terrill (Lester Manor, Ya.). Collection of pottery, pipes, Sora house,
and Indian dugout canoe. Purchased for exhibition at the World’s Columbian
Exposition. 26600.

Brady, Gen. T. J. (Colonial Beach, Ya.). Lincoln banner, used in the Presidential
campaign of 1860. 25927.

Braida, Hon. S. C. (See under Hon. Frank von Phul.)

Bramblitt, Dr. W. H. (Pulaski, Ya.). Two human skulls, 19 fragments of pottery,

2 flint chips, 6 fragments of jaw-bone of Virginia deer, jaw-bone of gray fox, 2
split bones and 2 burnt bones of an animal exhumed at Saltville, Ya. 26866.

Brauer, Dr. F. (Seeunder Imperial Austrian Museum, Vienna.)

Braverman, M. (Visalia, Cal.). Section of a corktree grown at Visalia. 26467.

Breninghr, George F. (Table Rock, Colo.). Skins of Mexican crossbill, with set
of 4 eggs and nest (gift) (26752); skin of American crossbill, Loxia eurvirostra
minor, with set of eggs and nest, from El Paso County, Colo, (purchase)
(26936).

Brett, Walter (Lakeport, Cal.). Specimen of double-crested cormorant, Phala-
crocorax dilophus, from Clear Lake, Cal. (26177); bird parasites (26819).

Brezina, Dr. A. (See under K. K. Hofmuseum, Vienna, Austria.)

Brigham, William T. (See under Bernice Paualii Bishop Museum.)

Brimley, C. S. (Raleigh, N. C.). Snake (Ophibolus rhombomaculatus).	27135.

Brimley, H. H. &C. S. (Raleigh, N. C.). Four mammalskins (purchase) (26135);
24 specimens, representing 4 species of reptiles and batrachians (gift) (26439);
Salamander (Amblystoma tigrinum) (gift) (26682).

Brinton, Mrs. Emma G. (Chicago, 111.). Collection of ethnological objects illus-
trating home life in the Black Forest, Germany. 26983.

Britts, Dr. J. H. (Clinton, Va.). Fossil plants. 26619.

Broadway, W. G. (Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, British West Indies). Two shells,
.and 6 eggs of a large land snail. 26507.

Brock, Dr. R. A. ^Richmond, Va.). Five-dollar bill issued by James River and
Kanawha Company, of Richmond, of which corporation Gen. Washington was
the first president. 26919.

Broemer, William (Baltimore, Md.). Archangel pigeons (26991, 27134).

Brooks, A. C. (Mount Forest, Ontario, Canada). Eight specimens, representing
7 species of birds’ skins from British Columbia (26011); 2 skins of little grebe,
Golymbus fluviatilis, from India (26909).

Brothers, Dr. L. J. (Washington, D. C.). Black tumbler pigeon (26187) ; white
owl pigeon (26358); 2 bluette pigeons and 1 satinette pigeon (26391).

Brown, Edward J. (Washington, D. C.). Seven specimens of seaside-sparrow,
Ammodramus mariiimus, from Cobb’s Island, Va. (26194); skin of Australian
robin, Petroica phamicea (26370); skin of purple sandpiper, Tringa maritima,
from Penobscot Bay, Maine (26880); skin of Scott seaside-sparrow, Ammo-
dramus mariiimus peninsula:, from Tarjion Springs, Fla. (27133).

Brown, G. S. (Vandalia, N. Y.). Stone implement, 12 arrow-heads and piece of pot-
tery. 26346.

Brown, Herbert (Tucson, Ariz.). Two species of snakes from Arizona. 26211F

*One of these snakes is the second specimen of Phyllorhynchus Browni which has

been obtained. The species was described in 1890.REPORT OP ASSISTANT SECRETARY*

225

Brown, Jasper (Norway, Iowa). Birds’ eggs. Exchange. 26610.

Brown, J. Stanley. (See under Treasury Department, U. S.)

Brown, R. W. (Washington, D. C.). Two land-snails from Jamaica (26097) | scorpion
(Biitlius mrolinianus Beam) (26141) ; mud-turtle from Virginia (27030); spider
(Phidipjpus trijmnciaius) (27147).

Brunetti, E. (London, England), through Prof. C. V. Riley. Specimens of Euro-
pean diptera, representing 90 species. Exchange. 26996.

Bryant, Henry G. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Summer costume of an adult male of the
most northern Eskimos of the Whale Sound region, North Greenland, collected
by Mr. Bryant during the summer of 1892 while connected with the Peary Relief
Expedition. 26841.

Bullman, Charles (New York City.). Two sheets of Chinese tracing-cloth or
paper. 26205.

Bulloch, Mrs. (See under National Society of the Daughters of the American
Revolution J

Bullock, Edgar (Guiney’s, Va.). Stone implement from Virginia. 26310.

Bureau of American Republics (Washington, D. C.), through William E. Curtis.
Two skins of motmots (Momotus parensis ScI.) from Para, Brazil, collected by
Capt. Sawyer, U. S. Army. 26783.

Burger, Peter (Washington, D. C.). Bat (Adelonycterus fuscus). 26002.

Burnham, Williams & Co. (Philadelphia, Pa.). . Framed photograph of engine No.
385, Central Railroad of New Jersey, which made amile run in 39£ seconds. 25921.

Burns, Frank (Washington, D. C.). Fossil coquina from the Upper Eocene for-,
mation, Vicksburg, or white limestone group (26214); specimen of selenide
of mercury (Tiemamte) from near Marysvale, Utah (26557). (See under Interior
Department. U. S. Geological Survey.)

Burrows, D. B. (Lacon, 111.), through Capt. Charles E. Bendire, U. S. Army. Skin
of Mexican black hawk, Urubitinga anthracina, from Starr County, Tex. 26178.

Buttikofer, Dr. J. (Rejks Museum, Leiden, Holland). Ten specimens of birds’
skins, chiefly Ploceidce, representing 10 species, from Liberia, Africa. Pur-
chase. 27040.	.	*.

Byers, Hon. S. H. M. (U. S. consul-general, St. Gall, Switzerland). Two Swiss alpine
horns. Purchased for the World’s Fair. 26757.

Cadle, W. W. (Harrisburg, Pa.). Collection of African ethnological objects.. Pur-
chase. 26446.	/

Calcutta Botanic Garden (Calcutta, India), through Dr. G. King, superintendent,
transmitted by Consul-General Samuel Merrill, of Calcutta. A valuable collec-
tion of plants (25983); herbarium specimens (27112). f .	:

Call, Dr. J. S. (U. S. Revenue Marine steamer Bear, UnaktShka, Alaska). {Collection
of birds’ eggs, consisting of 17 specimens, representing^ 6 species ; also bird’s
nest. 26150.	' P ;■ ; ’v

Cameron, John (Washington, D. C.). Twenty-three ribjybii badges of the G.A. R.
(26559); collection of badges and medals of thd4G.^>:R. and other patriotic
organizations in the United States, and decqrationS: of the Legion of Honor
and other military and civic European orders (26203:) .- DepositY \ Returned.

Cameron, S. T. (Washington, D. C.). United States. Springfield, muzzle loading
musket with flint-lock altered to a breechloader. 26112.

Canfield, Mr. (Washington, D. C.). Staghound, in the flesh. 26334.

Canterbury Museum (Christchurch, New Zealand), through F. AV. Hutton, cura-
tor. Three species of ophiurans, and 6 species of starfishes. Exchange. 26947.

Canute, James (Jacksonville, Fla.). Specimen of SeyllarUs ceqainoxialis (Fabr.) found
near Cape Florida. 26062.

Caracciolo, Id. (Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, West Indies), through Prof. C. V. Riley.
Lizard (Anolis bifiircatus). 27092.

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2-------lo226 ’	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

- Caracristi, C.F. Z. (Washington, D. C.). Specimen of marble from Scott Countv,
Va. 26457.

Cardeza, Dr. J. M. (Claymont, Del.). Specimen of cleavage feldspar from Brandy-
wine Summit, Delaware County, Pa*. Exchange. 26503.

Carpenter, J. S. (Paymaster TJ. S. Navy). Skeleton and skull of sea-cow (Bhytina
gigas). Purchase. 26094.

Cary, William B. (North Stonmgton, Conn.). Letter of Gen. J. E. P. Stenart,
dated June 20,1862, to Hon. George W. Randolph, Secretary of War of the Con-
federate States, recommending Lieut. J. S. Mosby for commission of captain.
26270.

Caulfield, W. L. (Cloppers, Md.). Eggs of hog-nose snake. 26240.

Central New York Naval Veteran Association. (Amsterdam, N. Y.), through
F. W. Rawdon. Badge and button of the National Association of Naval Vet-
erans. 26679.

Chamberlain, Dr. L. T. and Mrs. Frances Lea (Philadelphia, Pa.). Specimens of
Unionidce from* Asia and Africa, representing all varieties, many of which are
new. 27004A

Chambers, W. N. (England). Pair of gaiters and a pair of overshoes. 27058.

Chanler, William Astor (through Hon. AVinthrop Chanler, of New York City).
Thirty-seven mounted heads of large game from Masailand, East Africa, col-
lected by Mr. Chanler (deposit) (26908); collection of ethnological objects,
dry and alcoholic insects, alcoholic specimens of Ambassis Commersonii and Pevi-
ophthalmus Koelreuteri, collected by Gustav Denliardt at the Island of Lamu,
East Africa; specimens of lichens (Usnea angulata Ach., Theloschistes flavleans
Wallr., and Parmelia perforata (Ach) Jacq.); 3 crabs, a shrimp, and earth worms,
collected by Gustav Denhardt; specimen of Ampullaria sp. und., and a specimen
of Achatina acuta Ferussac from the Tana River, East Africa; 3 specimens of
sand, either loose or slightly consolidated and more or less strained by iron
oxides, specimen of rare bat (Yesperugo Bendalli), and a new species of Eliomys
(Miomys parvus, True), also a new specimen of mouse (Mus tana True); collection
of alcoholic reptiles. (26939).

Chanler, Plon. Winthrop. (See under William Astor Chanler.)

Chatelain, Helx (New York City). Collection of ethnological objects and articles
illustrating the house auu industrial life of the negro tribes of Angola (purchase)
(26802); reptiles, marine shells, 13 specimens of woods and alcoholic specimens
of insects front Loanda, West Africa, and alcoholic specimen of flying-fish, Exo-
coctus from near St. Thomas Island (26803).

Cherrie, George K. (National Museum, San Jose, Costa Rica). Nest and 3 eggs (1
set) of Giraud’s flycatcher, nest and 3 eggs (1 set) of yellow-green vireo, both
new to the collection. 26382. (See under National Museum of Costa Rica.)

Christie, James C. (Scotland). Three photographs of meteoric iron. 27043..

Claflin, E. K. (Wichita, Kans.). Sx>ecimen of salt and barite. 25960.

Clampitt, John A. (See under Fish Commission. U. S. Life-Saving Service, and
Treasury Department.)

Clark, John A. (See under Mrs. James Grimshaw.)

Clark, John H. (New Orleans, La.). Manuscript: ‘ ‘ Daguerreotyping in old times.7*
26556.

Clarke, Prof. F. W. (U. S. Geological Survey). Drillings of meteoric iron from
Pulaski County, Va. 26604. (See under L. H. Igelstrom and Interior Depart-
ment. U. S. Geological Survey.)

Cleveland, Rev. E. F. X. (Dundee, 111.). Thirty-six photographs of Mexican scenery
(27061); 10 photographs of native Mexicans (27136).

* These sx>ecimens were purchased from a fund contributed by Dr. and Mrs. Cham-
berlain to complete the Isaac Lea collection m the National Museum.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY

227

Clisby, Capt. (See under Capt. J. 0. Spicer.)

Close, A. J. (Dulinsville, Va.). Specimen of great leopard moth, JEcpanfheria scri-
bonia. 25969.

Cohen, Rev. Henry (Galveston, Tex.). Ritual of the Day of Atonement in Marathi
(deposit) (26060); Jewish Propitiatory Prayer in Marathi, Jewish New Year’s
Prayer in Marathi, Jewish daily prayers—Spanish, Jewish prayers for New
Year’s and Day of Atonement—Spanish (deposit) (26095); Jewish cornet (shofar)
(deposited for World’s Columbian Exposition) (26430).

Colburn, Mrs. Rollinson (Washington, D. C.). Portrait of Seminole Indian, sup-
posed to he that of Osceola, painted by King. Purchase. 26582.

Cole, F. H. (Hot Springs, S. Dak.). Six fossil cycad trunks. Purchase. 27013.

Cole, G. M. (Washington, D. C.). Engraving by Ormsby of Turnbull’s oil painting,
“Declaration of Independence.” Purchased for World’s Columbian Exiiosition.
25926.

Coleman, J. I. (Aqua Fria, Ariz.). Larva of swallow-tail butterfly, Papilio turnus.
26159.

Collett, Dr. R. (See under Zoological Museum of Christiania, Norway.)

Collins, Horace F. (Tucson, Ariz.). Specimen of Gecko (Coleonyx variegatus) from
Canon del Rio, Pinal County, Ariz. 26685.

Colson, Eugene H. (New York City). Shells found on Mosquito coast, and 2 caps
made of palm from Nicaragua. 26997.

Columbian Historical Exposition (Madrid, Spain), through Department of State.
Bronze commemorative medal conferred by the Columbian Historical Exposition
at Madrid, 1892, in recognition of the exhibit of the U. S. National Museum.
26990.

Comstock, Cheney & Co. (Ivoryton, Conn.). Collection illustrating the manu-
facture of elephant ivory (gift) (26601); elephant’s tusk for World’s Columbian
Exposition (lent) (26602).

Conge, B. M. (New York City). Elephant tusk from West Africa. 26771.

Conner, Earl (Eastland, Tex.). Specimen of spider (PMdippus 8-punctatus). 25913.

Connolly, E. (See under J. B. Aiken).

Cooke, Lieut., U. S. Army. (See under Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnol-

ogy.)

Cooke, A. C. (Fort Recovery, Ohio). Tooth of hippopotamus, carved by a native
from Mayomba, southwestern coast of Africa, and specimen of silkmoth (Telea
polyphemus). 25980.

Cooke, Dr. Clinton T. (Minneapolis, Minn.). Eight eggs (2 sets) of little fly-
catcher, Empidonaxpusillus, from near Salem, Oreg. 26169.

Cooper, Dr. j. G. (See under Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.)

Copp, J. B. (Chicago, 111.). Articles of wearing apparel worn by Mr. Copp’s ances-
tors during the years 1760-1800. 27084.

Cooper, W. B. (Washington, D. C.). Medal badge, “First Defenders, Washington,
1861.” 26261.

.Coquillet, D. W. (See under Department of Agriculture.)

Cornell University (Ithaca, N. Y.). Rocks from Magnet Cove, Hot Springs, Ark.
Exchange. .26659.

Cory, Charles B. (Boston, Mass.). Twenty-six specimens, representing 14 species
of birds’ skins, principally from Tobago and Grand Cayman, West Indies. 26624.'

Cossmann, M. (Paris, France). Fossils from the Paris Basin, France. Exchange.
26425.

Cotjes, Dr. E., U. S. Army. (Washington, D. C. ), through James Whyte. Specimens
of whooping crane, Grus americanus, in the flesh, from Texas. 26633.

Coville, F. Y. (Department of Agriculture). Vegetable products from California.
26195.

Coyne, P. J. (Greaterville, Ariz.). Stone resembling the conical pipes common on
the California coast. 26020.228

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Cox, Philip (St. John, New Brunswick, Canada). Four specimens of a cryprinoid
fish (Couesius jirosthemius) from Lock Lomond, near St. John, (27086); alcoholic
specimens of fishes (Phoxinus and Semotilus atromaculaius) (28080); 2 specimens
of winninisli (Sahno solar, var) from Loch Lomond (27127).

Cox, P. E. (Franklin, Tenn.). Eight arrow-heads and a perforator (26881). (See
under W. E. Cullum.)

Cox, W. Y. (U. S. National Museum). Specimen of rhinoceros beetle, Dynastes tityus,

. from Brightwood (25916); 10 photographs (26063).

Cham, Jacob (Sheldrake, N. Y.), through Fish Commission, TJ. S.) Alcoholic speci-
men of amud-puppy/; Necturus maculatus, from Cayuga Lake. 25972.

Crawford, John B. (Swanville, Ind.). Specimen of Luna.silk-moth. 26976.

Crew, H. W. (Hardin Yalley, Tenn.). Pileated woodpecker, in the flesh. 25907.

Crites, George W. (See under W. W. Scott.)

Crosby, F. W. (Yfoshington, D. C.). Specimens of hematite from the Isle of Elba
(purchase) (26869); 2 columns of basalt from Bonn, Prussia (xiurcbased for the
World’s Columbian Exposition) (26889); collection of geological materials from
Messina, Italy (purchased for the World’s Columbian Exposition) (27015); col-
lection of yolcanic material from Italy and adjacent islands (gift) (27065). (See
under Dr. Krantz.)

Crosby, Prof. W. O. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.). Speci-
mens of Cumberland iron ore from Newport, R. I. (26288)*; specimens of clay
and concretions from Croton Point, N. Y. (26289)*; geological material from
Frye’s Hill, Lebanon, N. Y. (26290)*; glacial material from Mount Washington
(26291)*; glacial material from the Catskill Mountains (26292)*; specimens of
clay from New' YTnclsor, near Newburg, N. Y. (26293)*; specimens of pegmatite
and kaolin from Blanford, Mass. (26294)*; iron ore and hard asbestus from Tilly
Foster mine, Tilly Foster, N. Y. (26295)*; calcareous cement, cut on Fitchburg
railroad, near Pownal, Vt. (26296)*; glacial material (26297)*; geological mate-
rial from Narragansett Bay (26298)*; granite fragments from Cape Ann, Mass.
(26299)*; specimens of zinc, iron, and manganese ore from Brandon, Yt. (26300)*;
stratified clay from Gardiner, Me. (26301)*; glacial material from Buffalo, N. Y.)
(26302)*; vein material from Port Henry, N. Y. (26303)* ; glacial material from
near Buffalo, N. Y. (25304)*; bowlders and clay from New York (26305); speci-
mens of glacial materials (26'596)*; large polished slab of verdantique marble
from Roxbry, Yt. (exchange) (26603); through G. P. Merrill, specimen of balti-
morite from Tilly Foster mine, Putnam County, N. Y., collected by Mr. Crosby
(26626); photograph negatives of glacial phenomena (26650)*; 5 photographs of
diabase dike at Medford, Mass., showing phases of rock decomposition (exchange)
(26884).

Cross, Whitman. (See under Interior Dex>artment. U. S. Geological Survey.)

Culin, Stewart (Philadelphia, Pa.). Four packs of American cards and 1 x>ack of
English domino cards (exchange) (25908); set of time-sticks from Hongkong
(gift) (26003); “The Waterloo Medal,” a quarto illustrated volume, by Isaac
Myer, descriptive of the Nax>oleon medal known as the YYiterloo medal (dexiosit)
(returned) (26012); pack of old English playing-cards (gift) (26928); 7 x>hoto-
graphs representing objects used in religious observances (27071).

Cullom, W. E. (Dickson, Tenn.), through P. E. Cox. Discoidal stone from Tennessee.
Deposit. 26882.

Cunningham, Burton L. (Fort Klamath, Oreg.). Lepidoptera. 26157.

Curtin, Hon. Jeremiah (Queenstown, Ireland). Photograph of an Irish quern, or
hand-mill. 27117.

Curtis, William E. (See under Bureau of American Republics.)

Cushing, F. H. (Bureau of Ethnology). Parts of aboriginal weaving (deposited for
World’s Columbian Exposition) (26513); rabbit-skin robe (gift) (26963).

Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

229

Cutler, H. D’B, (Glenwood, Mo.). Hen’s egg. 26848.

Ball, W. H. (See under Interior Department. U. S. Geological Survey; and J. D.
Mitchell.)

Dalsi-ieimer, Simon (Baltimore, Md.). Photographs of paintings illustrating Jew-
ish ceremonies (26054); arba Kanforth—Jewish ceremonial garment (26165).

Dana, Prof. E. S. (See under Yale College.)

Daniel, F. M. (Mammoth Spring, Ark.). Moths. 25971.

Daniel, Prof. E. (Omaha, Nebr.). Shells, plants, woods, minerals, rocks, and soils
from Mexico. 27131.

Daniels, L. E. (Morris, 111.). The counterpart of type of Neuropteris Clarksoni, Lx.,
var. minor D. W. 26966.

Daniels, William H. (Fairhaven, Wash.). Two specimens of Rosalia funebris.
26052.

Davis Brothers (Diamond, Ohio). Two stone implements from Mahoning County
and 1 from Portage County. 26621.

Dawes, Mrs. W. C. (Tip Top, Ariz.) Red mite (Trombidium, sp). 26125.

Day, Dr. David T. (See under Charles de Struve.)

Deming, N. L. (New York City). Specimen of tree-cricket, Ocanthus bipunctatus,
De Geer. 26190.

Denhardt, Gustav. (See under William Astor Chanler.)

Deseret Museum (Salt Lake City, Utah), through J. E. Talmage. Selenite from
the southern part of Utah (gift) (26768); selenite crystals (exchange) (27087).

De Struve, Mr. Charles (Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from
Russia), through Dr. David T. Day. Cinnabar from Ekaterinoslav, Russia.
26089.

Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company (Detroit, Mich.). Framed
picture of steamer City of Detroit. 26342.

Deutscii, Prof. G. (Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio). Manual of domestic
devotion (Hebrew in manuscript). Lent for World’s Columbian Exposition.

' 26616. Returned to owner.

Devereux, Mrs. (See under National Society of the Daughters of the American
Revolution.)

Divine, William (San Antonio, Tex.). Vegetable substance resembling cotton
from mountains in San Luis Potosi. 26495.

Dexter, Lewis (U. S. consul, Fayal, Azores). Shells, crustaceans, worms, sea-
urchins, starfishes, and other marine invertebrates (26026); alcoholic specimen
of Troehosa madeirana, alcoholic and dry marine invertebrates, and alcoholic
mollusks (27016); 60 dried specimens of starfishes, alcoholic starfishes, sea-
urchins, and specimens of Scyllarus (27129).

Deyrolle, Emile (Paris, France). Series of models showing development of fowl.
Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26664.

Dickey, F. W. (East Smithfield, Pa.). Specimen of Spirifera disjuncta. 26886.

Dille, Frederick M. (Denver, Colo.). Eggs of American magpie, showing varia-
tion in size, shape, and color. 26761.

Diller, Dr. J. S. (See under Interior Department. U. S. Geological Survey).

Dilyard, Albert (Fredericksburg, Ohio), through I. Greegor. Primitive lamp.
26019.

Dismukes, G. W. (St. Augustine, Fla.). Specimen of sphinx-moth, Chcerocampa
tersa. 26226.

Dodge, Mrs. K. T. (Fort Bayard, N. Mex.). Coleoptera (Eleodes longicollis and
Prionus californieus). 26152,

Dorsey, Rev. J. Owen. (See under Mrs. Helen McMurdy.)

Dow, Mrs. E. K. (New York City). Seven skins of Paradise trogon, Pharomacrus
Moccini, from Guatemala. Purchase. 27125.

Downs, A. C. (Realitos, Tex.). Armadillo, in the flesh (purchased for World’s230

REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Columbian Exposition) (26079); specimens of cactus for armadillo group (for
World's Columbian Exposition) (26082); armadillo, in the flesh (purchase)
(26098).

Dresser, H. E. (London, England). Four birds' skins, from India and Korea.
Exchange. 25966.

Dubois, James T. (Washington, D. C.). Ochre from Patuxent Camping G-round,
Anne Arundel County, Md. 27046.

Duges, Prof. A. (Guanajuato, Mexico). Eel, Symbranehus sp., from Tapijulapa River
(26707); 2 specimens of Penceus setiferus, 2 specimens of Pseudothelphusa, and 1
specimen of Cambarus (27048). (See under William Hampton Patton.)

Durand, John (Paris, France). Seventeen plaster casts of objects representing
Greek, Roman, and Assyrian religious observances. Purchased for World's
Columbian Exposition. 26818.

Durden, Henry S. (San Francisco, Cal.). Aragonite “ onyx marble" from Sulphur
Creek, Colusa County, Cal. 26588.

Du Buysson, H. (Chateau duVernet, per Brout-Vernet (Allier), France). Seventy-
one species of European diptera, hymenoptera, and coleoptera. Exchange.

. 26181.

Easterbrook, F. D. (Warren, R. I.). Water-worn pebble. Deposit.. 27100.
Returned.

Edwards, B. M. (Marshall, N. C.). Specimens of rhinoceros beetle, Dynastes tityus.
26156.

Edwards, J. (Ramelton, Ind.). Stag-beetle, Lucanus elaphns. 26438.

Edwards, Vinal N. (Wood's Holl, Mass.) Alcoholic specimens of Spanish sardine
(Cliqiecipseudohisjpanica). 26351. (See under Fish Commission, U. S.)

Egleston, Dr. T. (Columbia College, New York City). Limonite carving from
Japan. Purchase. 26514.

Elliott, William F. (DeKalb, 111.). Powder-horn. Deposit. 26455.

Ellis, C. C. (acting consular agent, Rangoon, India). Collection of Burmese
musical instruments and 2 photographs; 2 Burmese games. 26703.

Elrod, Prof. M. J. (Des Moines, Iowa). Birds'skins. Exchange. 27126.

Elson, A. W. & Co. (Boston, Mass.). Photogravure “Portrait of Washington," after
Stuart. 26717.

Elvin, R. J. (Indianapolis, Ind.). Two original parchment commissions of U. S.
land officers, signed by President John Quincy Adams and President James
Madison; also a series of State bank notes, national fractional paper money, and
Confederate States paper money. Deposit. 26413.

Emerson, B. K. (See under Interior Department. U. S. Geological Survey.)

Emerson, Charles H. (Whitehall, N. Y.). Four boomerangs, and boomerang gun.
26725.

Emmett, Mrs. R. A. (London, England). Model of rock weed for octopus group
(26868); skin of Swallow (Chelidon rustica) from England (27039). Purchased
for World's Columbian Exposition.

Emmons, Lieut. G. T., U. S. Navy. “ Steel" forstrike-a-light, from Sitka, Alaska,illus-
trating one of the kind made by the Russians for trading (26453); photograph
of Upper Lake doctor with his wives, and horn spoon of the Tlmgit Indians
(26494); unhairing tool used by the Tlingit Indians (27063).

Emmons, S. F. (U. S. Geological Survey). Twenty-flve specimens of cretaceous
and eocene fossils from Lower California. 27057.

English, F. PI. (Colfax, Wash.). Horntail (Tremax columba Fab.). 26031.

English, George L. & Co. (New York City). Slab of grossularite and vesuvianite
in calcite from Morelos, Mexico, pyroxene in calcite from St. Lawrence County,
N. Y., agate from Brazil, smoky .quartz from St. Gothard, Switzerland, 3 speci-
mens of erocidolite quartz from GriquaLand, South Africa, and a specimen of
prehnibe from New Jersey, (26540) ; 3 cut stones of willemite from New Jersey,REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

231

ealcite from Egremont, Cumberland; England; and sphalerite from the same
locality (26586); stalactites from Copper Queen Mine (26861). Purchased for
World’s Columbian Exposition.

EslicK; James A. (Helena; Mont.). Frog. 26597.

Evans, J. M. (Kentucky). Rhinoceros-beetle, Dynastes tityus. 26359.

Evans, W. H. & Son, (Knoxville, Tenn.). Marble from Champion and Knox quar-
ries, also rain-eroded limestone and cement rock from near Knoxville, collected
by Mr. George P. Merrill. 25951.

Evermann, Prof. B. W. (U. S. Fish Commission). Three eggs (1 set) of European
snipe, sets of eggs of pintail-duck, Lapland-longspur, and sandwich-sparrow
from Alaska (26658); 4 specimens of Etheostoma Shumardl from Indiana, 4 speci-
mens of Etheostoma evides from the same locality, and 4 specimens of Aphredode-
nis Say anus from Texas (26789). (See under Fish Commission, U. S'.).

Falconer, J. M. (Brooklyn, N. Y.). Ball of etching ground (part) wrapped in silk,
and a silk dapper for laying ground. 26170.

Farrington, 0. C. (Arlington Heights, Mass.). Photograph negative of glacial
phenomena in Massachusetts (26660); glacial pot-hole (27079). Purchased for
World’s Columbian Exposition.

Fea, L. (Museo Civico di StoriaNaturelle, Genoa, Italy). Collection of mammal skins.
Purchase. 27003.

Ferxald, Prof. C. H. (Amherst College, Amherst, Mass.). Type specimen of Choreli-
tes coloradella fern. 26693.

Fewkes, J. Walter (Boston, Mass.). Photographs illustrating Moki ceremonies.
27102.

Figgins, J. D. (Washington, D. C.). Box-turtle from Maryland. 27031.

Fish Commission, U. S:

Through Col. Marshall McDonald, Commissioner: Amber-fish, Seriola Lalandi, from
Wood’s Holl, Mass. (25909); collection of alcoholic actinians made by steamer
Albatross during the voyage from Washington to San Francisco, 1887-1888 *
(25924); 11 specimens, representing 3 species, of crustaceans from North Caro-
lina, collected by Dr. Hugh M. Smith during April, 1892 (25973); builders’ model
of steam-yacht (deposit) (26092), builders’model of steam-launch (deposit) (26093),
skull of sturgeon (26264); fur seal from St. Paul Island, Alaska (male); Steller’s
sea-lion from Light-house Rocks, Alaska, and skull of walrus and bones col-
lected in the summer of 1890-by the steamer Albatross; lithological specimens
fr^m Herendeen Bay, Alaska, collected by the Albatross; fossil shells and fos-
sil plants! from Herendeen Bay, collected by.Mr. Charles H. Townsend of
the Albatross (16375); shells from Guadalupe Island, Lower Califoruia, col-
lected during the cruise of the schooner .Santa Barbara, under charge of Mr.
Charles H. Townsend; volcanic rocks, adult, male and female sea elephant and
young male, collected from the same locality and during the same cruise (26376);
40 specimens,'representing 25 species, of birds’ skins from South. Dakota and
Wyoming, collected by Prof. B. W. Evermann; 12 mammal skins from South
Dakota, including 2 specimens of Cinomys, 3 specimens of Sciurus, 4 specimens
of Tamias, one specimen of Mas, and 2 specimens of Neotoma, also collected by
Prof. Evermann (26449); 6 specimens of young sturgeon (Accipenser sturio)
from the Delaware River (26461); types of marine fishes from the collections
of the Fish Commission, described by Dr. David S. Jordan and Prof. Charles
H. Gilbert; fishes collected by* U. S. Fish Commission schooner Grampus from
the Gulf of Mexico (26479); collection of fishes made by the Grampus on the

*This collection is described in Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. xvr,

1893, p. 119.

tA report on the specimens is published in Proceedings U.-S. National Museum,

Yol. xvii, 1894, p. 207.232

REPOET OF RATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

tile-fish grounds, during the summer of 1892, consisting of Squalus aeanthias,
Scylliorhinus retifer, Conger conger, Phycis tenuis, Phycis chuss, and Merhtcius
bilinearis (26552); crustaceans obtained chiefly by the steamer AIbatross in the
North Pacific Ocean * (26567); type specimens of 27 new species of fishes col-
lected by the Albatross in the Pacific Ocean, principally off the coast of Lower
California (26574); water-snake, Natrix, collected by Dr. Henshall in wes^
Florida (26669); alcoholic specimens of reptiles and batrachians collected in
Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota by Prof. B. W. Evermann (26699); skin and
skeleton of California sea-lion, Zalophus, obtained by the steamer Albatross in
San.Luis Gonzales Bay, Gulf of California (26710); 31 specimens of birds’ skins
collected by Mr. C. H. Townsend and Prof. Evermann in Alaska during the cruise
of the Albatross in the summer of 1892 (26739); 11 specimens of Pacific# coast
fishes from the collections of the Albatross, consisting partly of the types of new
species described by Prof. C. H. Gilbert, comprising Icelinus cavifrons G; Citha-
richthys frag ills G; Citharichthys xanthostigma G; Icelinus filament os us G; Symphu-
rus'fasciolaris G; Plectobranchus evides G; Ilyophis brunneus G; Zaniolepis frena-
tus Eigenmann; Platyglossus dispilus Gunther; Chcemomugil proboscideus Giinther
(26745); 2 specimens of grunt and a parrot-fish (26766); specimen of lumpfish
(Cyclopterus lump us) captured by John A. Clampett, keeper of life-saving station
at Lewes, Del. (26840); bronze commemorative medal conferred by the Colum-
bian Historical Exhibition at Madrid, 1892, in recognition of the exhibit of the
U. S. Fish Commission (deposited by the Fish Commission) (26987.)

Through Richard Rathbun, Acting Commissioner: Eggs of conch-shell and a col-
lection of pressed plants, lichens and mosses, obtained by Prof. B. W. Evermann
from Alaska during the summer of 1892, while engaged as naturalist on steamer
Albatross (26822); specimens of pteropods and heteropods collected by the Alba-
tross during the voyage from Norfolk to San Francisco in 1887-1888 (26961).

Through Dr. T. H. Bean: Alcoholic specimens of fishes used in connection with
the exhibit for the WorkFs Columbian Exposition (26792); 34 birds'* skins, repre-
senting 16 species, collected by Vinal Edwards at Wood’s Holl and alcoholic
specimen of reptiles collected by Theodor Holm (26820).

Through Mr. Barton A. Bean: Land and fresh-water shells, representing 6 species,
from Spokane, Wash. (26788). (See under Jacob Cram, W. C. Harris, and Wil-
liam Ross Harris.)

FishKr, Dr. A. K. (Department of Agriculture). Four hundred and ninety-six
specimens (157 sets) of birds7 eggs, and 19 nests. 26531. (See under Depart-
ment of Agriculture,)

Fisi-ier, John (Deer Lodge, Mont.). Specimen of beetle (Ergates spiculatus Lee),
26110.

Flanagan, A. H. (Radford, Va.). Black-capped night heron. 26970.

Flechter, Victor S. (New York City). Harp-lute from England (26427); Viola
d’amore (26484). Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition.

Flint, H W. (New Haven, Conn.). Twenty-eight specimens, representing 7 species
of birds7 eggs (26173); set of eggs of seaside-sparrow, nest of blue-winged war-
bler, and nest of short-billed marsh wren (26273).

Flood Brothers (Malden, Mass.). Eighty specimens of coleoptera, mostly from
Tasmania. 26191.

Flugel, Dr. Felix (Leipzig, Germany). Two volumes and photographic atlas—
Mekka, by Dr. C. Snouck Hurgronje. 26242: Purchased for World’s Columbian
Exposition.

Foote, A. E. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Engraved portraits of Chevreul, D’Arcet, Brong-
niant, and nine other men of science (purchase) (25946); 2 photographs of

* Specimens identified by J. E. Benedict and Miss M. J, Rathbun, of the National

Museum,REPORT OP ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

233

meteoric iron from Canon Diablo, Arizona (gift) (26144); 18 specimens of min-
erals from various localities; specimens of spinel, quartz after coral, selenite,
celestite, laumontite, hematite, and a slab of hypersthene; specimens of crocoite,
native sulphur, and brookite; 32 specimens of minerals from various localities
(26539, 26833,26834, 26875) (purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition); speci-
men of anglesite on galena from Sardinia (gift) (26876).

Ford, H. Clay (Washington). Grayliound, Canis familiaris, in the flesh. 26806.

Ford, T. C. (Aberdeen, S. Dak.). Five sketches of stone circles and figures from
McIntosh County, N. Dak. 26779.

Forest and Stream Publishing- Company. (See under J. Ridler.)

Forrester, R. (Scofield, also Castle Gate, Utah). Specimen of Pholadomya Kingii
(26000); fossil plants from ihe Laramie group (26096); rocks (26411); fossil
Ophiuran (26690); 6 specimens of Chemnitzia Coalvillensis, Meek? (27054).

Fowler, F. Hall (Fort Huachuca, Ariz.). Set of eggs of white-necked raven; set
of eggs of scorched horned lark (the latter new to the collection) 26219.

Fox, William J. (Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pa.). Three type
specimens of Odynerus Aldrichii Fox (gift) (26952); 64 specimens, representing
19 species of hymenoptera, 6 species of hemiptera, and 3 species of diptera from
Jamaica (exchange). (26274.)

Franciolini, Leopold (Florence, Italy). Collection of musical instruments. Pur-
chase. 26256.

Francis, Joseph (Minneapolis, Minn.). Books and papers pertaining to Mr. Francis’
inventions and travels. 26760.

Frazar, G. B. (West Medford., Mass.). Three hundred archaeological objects con-
sisting of rude and leaf-shaped implements, arrow and spear-heads, hammer-
stones, rubbing-stone, broken hatchet and pebbles slightly worked from Black-
man’s Point, Marshfield, Mass.; also small, rude, chipped implements, worked
flakes, and other objects from '‘Goat’s Acre,” Arlington, Mass.; specimen of peat
mndpuece of volcanic rock, two specimens of chabazite and stilbite from Nova
Scotia. Exchange. 26569.

Fredd, John J. (Pottstown, Pa.) Specimens of “ringing rocks” from Montgomery
County, Pa. 26217.

Freeland, John J. (Washington). Copper mold for making pewter spoons, sup-
posed to be over 80 years old. 26599.

Friedenwald, Dr. A. (Baltimore, Md.). Kiddush cloth. 26371.

Fries, Dr. T. (See under University of Upsala.)

Fry, Mrs. H. L. (New York City). Cane used by Ebenezer Fry, a soldier of the
Revolution, who was wounded at the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17,1775. 26776.

Fulton, Hugh (London, England). Two beetles (purchase) (27020); shells, repre-
senting 25species (exchange) (27123).

Gabel, T. R. (Albuquerque, N. Mex.). Three specimens of onyx marble. 26684.

Gabrill Chicago Portrait and View Company (Chicago, 111.). Eight photographs
representing volcanic xihenomena. Purchased for the World’s Columbian Expo-
sition. 26155.

Ganteb, H. C. (Mammoth Cave, Ky.). Cave materials from the Mammoth Cave, col-
lected by George P. Merrill for the World’s Columbian Exposition (26154); 3
large and 1 small blind-fish, Amblyojisis spelaeus (26794).

Gatschet, Dr. A. S. (Seneca, Mo.). Modoc bow and arrow made by Sam Modoc, of
Quapaw Reservation. 26323. (See under Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of
Ethnology.)

Geological Survey of Texas (Austin, Tex.), through J. A. Singley. Shells
(26613); land-shells, representing 10 species, identified by Dr. Sterki (26813);
fresh-water shells (26960).

George, W. A. (Forney, Tex.). Four specimens of an undetermined species of
,SjAtceridites, and 1 specimen of Ananclujtes texana, Cragin. 27139.234

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893

Gerrard, Edward (London, England). Three specimens representing 3 species of
game birds (purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition) (25996); 3 specimens
of reptiles and amphibians (purchase) (26858).

Giglioli, Prof. H. H. (Royal Museum, Florence, Italy), through'Dr. G. Brown Goode.
Two alcoholic specimens of scopeloid fishes (Myctopham metapoclampum and M.
Gemellari), from the Mediterranean Sea. 25925. (See under Royal Museum,
Florence, Italy.)

Gilbert, Prof. Charles H. (Leland Stanford Junior, University, Palo Alto, Cal.).
Skull of common porpoise (Delphimts delphis). 26736. Returned. (See under
Fish Commission, U. S.)

Gilchrist, F. C. (Fort Qu Appelle, Canada). Alcoholic specimens of Salmo mykiss,
Salvelinus malmct, Coregonus tullibee, Coregonus Williamsoni, Pogonichthys, Phne-
phales, and Pucalia inconst an s. 26972.

Gilman, Dr. C. (See under Johns Hopkins University.)

Glenn, Roscoe H. (Plankintom S. Dak.). Specimens of miscellaneous insects from
South Dakota. 26890.

Godbey, S. M. (Chapel Hill, Tex.). Shells from Texas and California (26852, 26979).

Godding, Dr. W. W. (Washington, D. C.). Copperhead-snake, Ancistroclon contortrix.
25920.

Goode, Dr. G. Brown (Assistant Secretary, U. S. National Museum). Decoration of
the Legion of Honor of France, with crown and fleur-de-lis, as conferred during
the Empire, and decoration of the Austrian Order of the Iron Crown (25906J.;

’ New York Recorder solargraph (26037); musical instruments from Genoa, Italy
(26410); 2 pair of castanuelas from Madrid, Spain; guallo and aborro from Gran-
ada; 5 perritos from Madrid (26532); string of imitation elk-teeth made from
shells (26536); 3 dial compasses from Burgos, Spain, representing the time-pieces
used there at present (purchased) (26543); a series of medals conferred for mili-
tary service in Belgium, Italy, and Spain, and decoration of Belgian military
order under Leopold in 1830, including Cuban-Spanish campaign, 1873; Alfonso
XII; Defenders of Bilboa; Pope Pius IX;. Military Merit Medal of Belgium;
Belgian Order, 1830; (26647); specimen of j)ine-mouse. Arvicola pinetorum, from
Lanier Heights (27149); Dulzama, from Biarritz, France. (See under Prof. H. H.
Giglioli.)

Goward, G. (Chicago, 111.). 'Three specimens of Korean pine nuts and one of
tobacco. 26341.

Grant, Louis B, (vice consul-general, Cairo, Egypt). Skin, skull, and leg-bones of
Egyptian buffalo (purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition) (26723); collec-
tion of Egyptian musical instruments QDurchased for the National Museum
by Mr. Grant at the request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution)
(25998).

Greegor, Isaiah (Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio). Five-barreled pistol, patented in 1849
(deposit) (26545); 2 alcoholic specimens of Mur ex fulvescens and 5 marine-shells
showing pathologic growth, mostly from Florida and the West Indies (26989); 4
specimens of shells showing interesting pathologic characters (26994). (See
under Albert Dilyard.)

Gregory, James R. (London, England). Photograph of the large Youndegin
meteorite (metoric iron; found at Youndegin, western Australis, in 1891.	27034.

Green, Ernest S. (San Diego, Cal.). Stalactite needles from Fort Stanton Cave,
Lincoln County, N. Mex. 26078.

Greene, A. S. (U. S. Navy). African spear. 26222.

Greene, F. W. (Washington, D. C.). Pair of antlers of moose (Aloes machlis).
Deposit. 26790. Returned.

Grider, R. A. (Canajoharie, N. Y.). Collection of water-color'sketches of historic
powder-horns (26510); 30 sheets of water-color paintings of powder-horns
(26639). Deposit.REPORT OP ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	235

Grierson, A. R. (Ellsberry, Oliio). Moiiticnliporoid coral growing on a gasteropod.
26821.

Griffin, M. R. (Fredericksburg, Va.). Skin of muskrat and 2 skins of wood-
chuck. 26077.

Grimsiiaw, Mrs. James (New Orleans, La.), through John A. Clark. An original
daguerreotype of John James Audubon, taken at the age of 81 years. Deposit.
25915.

Grotii, Prof. P. (See under Munich Academy, Munich, Bavaria.)

Gundlach, Dr. J. (Puentes Grandes, Havana, Cuba). Siiecimen of Agelaius assimi-
Us (desiccated) from the Isle of Pines, Cuba. 27148.

Gunther, C. F. (Chicago, 111.). Etching and photograph of Columbus’portrait by
Sir Antonio Moro. 26493.

Gurley, Dr. R. R. (U. S. Fish Commission). Specimens of fishes from Four Mile
Run, Carlin’s, Virginia, consisting of Noturus, Phinichthys, Catostomus, Phoxinus,
and Notropis. 26576. (See under E. 0. Ulrich.)

Gurlitt, Fritz (Berlin, Germany). Ten casts of Tanagra figures, illustrating Greek
religions. 26944. Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition.

Guthrie, Ossian (Chicago, 111.). Copper drift bowlder (26856); bowlder from
glacial drift (26899.) Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition.

Haines, Benjamin (Hew Albany, Ind.). Twenty-five photographs of Wyandotte
caves (purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition) (26128); 34 photographs
of the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, for the World’s Columbian Exposition (26306).

Halderman, Gen. John A. (Metropolitan Club, Washington). Siamese news-
paper and story. 26462. (See under Dr. S. J. Smith.)

Hales, Henry (Ridgwood, N. J.). Silver-grey dorking fowl (gift) (26564); collec-
tion of ancient pueblo pottery and implements (purchased for World’s Colum-
bian Exposition) (26917).

Hallocic, Charles (Goshen, Mass.). Certificate of book copyright issued in the
southern district of Georgia, entitled “Confederate States of America,” June
13, 1863. 26004.

Hamlin, Homer (San Diego, Cal.). Post pliocene fossils from Coronado Beach,
San Diego. 26013.

Hammerbacher & Norris (Baltimore, Md.). Pair of shoes. 26478.

Hammitt, J. M. (Pittsburg, Pa.). Perforated mussel shell found in what is sup-
posed to have been an old Indian camp or fort. 26515.

Harriman, D. G. (See under Wyandance Brick and Terra Cotta Company.)

Harrington, Mark W. (See under Capt. Frank P. Spratt.)

Harris, Frank (La Crescent, Minn.). Birds’ eggs (exchange) (26573); set of eggs
of prothonotary warbler (gift) (26636).

Harris, George A. (Chicago, 111.). Specimen of cecropia silk-moth. 25892.

Harris, George E. (Cassville, Mo.). Salamander from Giddis Hollow, Mo. (26045);
17 salamanders (26090); through Dr. L. Stejneger, larva of royal walnut-moth,
Citheronia regalis, (26161); sand for glass-making (26857); 2 specimens of zinc
ore (26883).

Harris, W. C. (Hew York City), through U. S. Fish Commission. Specimen of
little cusk, Ophidium grwllsi, from Cedar Keys, Fla. 27140.

Harris, William R. (Tyler, Tex.), through U. S. Fish Commission. Unios from
Texas (26759) ; Unios principally from fresh waters of. Texas (25987).

Harron, L. G. (See under B. A. Bean.)

Hartman, Joseph (Pittsburg, Pa.). Three specimens of Euryomia inda from near
New Galilee, Pa. 26100.

Harvey, Rev. M. (St. John’s, Newfoundland.) Five specimens of Allen’s NewYound-
land ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus Alleni, and 2 specimens of Welch’s ptarmigan,
Lagopus welohi (26901, 26902).236

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Hasbbouck, E. M. (U. S. National Museum). Snake (Lampropeltis rhombomaculatus)
from Bethesda Park, Md. (26357); 2 specimens of flying-squirrel, Sciuroptertis
volucella (26925); specimen of Henslow's sparrow, Ammodramus Henslowi, from
the vicinity of Washington, D. C. (27090).

IIassall, Albert. (See under Department of Agriculture.)

Haupt, Prof. Paul. (See under Johns Hopkins University.)

Hawkins, Andrew. (See under Dr. W. T. Owsley.)

Hawkins, A. P. (New York City). English guitar and lyre-guitar. 26512. Pur^
chased for World's Columbian Exposition.

Hay, W. P. (Washington, D. C.). Salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum) from
Mount Vernon, Virginia (26314; large conglomeration of clay-cells of the mud-
wasp (Pelopams cementarius) (26447) ; alcoholic specimens of Cambants pelhicidus
from Shiloh Cave, Indiana, and Cambarus pdluoidus Testii (types) from Mayfield’s
Cave, Indiana (26992).

Haynes, J. E. (Newark, N. J.). Photographs of “Early Settlers Monument"
erected by the city of Newark in 1889, in memory of the first settlers of the
town in 1666. 26971.

Haywood, Howard (Raleigh, N. C.). Stone implements. 26653.

Hazen, John McLean (Washington, D. C.). Military uniform, epaulettes, shoul-
der-straps, sash, field-glasses, and headquarters flag, used by Gen. Hazen; also
captured Confederate flags. Deposit. 26913.

Heard, Augustine (U. S. Legation, Seoul, Korea). Twelve musical instruments
from Korea. 26255.*

Heliotype Printing Company (Boston, Mass.). Pliotolitliograph. 26714.

Hemphill, Henry (San Diego, Cal.). Cuttlefish, with two extra specimens of the
endostyle. 26914.

Henshall, Dr. (See under U. S. Fish Commission.)

Hensiiaw, H. W. (Witch Creek, Cal.). Collection of reptiles and batrachians,
scorpions and hair-worms (26995); herbarium specimens (27006); stone imple-
ment found near Santa Ysabel (27008;; rattlesnake, lizards, and a spider
(27049); reptiles (27076); nest of Myiarchus cineraseens formed in a stump of a
tree (27120); 8 reptiles, 1 specimen each of Vespertilio nitidus and Vesperugo
hesperus (27137). (See under Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology.)

Heroux, A. A. (Lawrence, Mass.). Jacobin pigeon. 26847.

Hewlett, S. G. (Eastbourne, Sussex, England). Collection of rude chipped flint
Implements, worked flakes, scrapers, cores, hammer-stones, broken polished
hatchets (retouched), pieces of calcined flint from plowed lands near Brachy
Head, South Downs, Sussex, England, also a scraper made of ox-hoof with edge
of iron. Exchange. 26537.

Herrera, Prof. A. L. (Mexico, Mexico). Two eggs of Pipiio fu-seus. 26542.

Hill, Dr. W. Scott (Augusta, Me.). Ten fragments of pottery from an Indian fire-
place in the vicinity of Augusta. 26076.

Hillebrand, Dr. W. E. (See under Interior Department. U. S. Geological Sur-
vey.)

Hitchcock, Frank H. (Department of Agriculture). Two eggs of Accipiter velox
from Sandy Spring, Md. (26166); 2 skins of fox-sparrow, Passerella iliaca
(26832); nest and 3 eggs of yellow-throated vireo from Medford, Mass. (27009).

Hitchcock, Romyn (Washington, D. C.). Fourteen spectographic photographs
made by Mr. Schumann, of Leipzig, Germany, in 1888, with a rough descriptive
memorandum of each f26501); seolian dust collected from a house in Tien-Tsin,
China, after a dust-storm (26509); clays and paint ores from Pennsylvania
(27118).

. * These objects were purchased by Mr. Heard for the National Museum at the
request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

237

Hoase, Hugh P. (National Military Home, Ohio). Tobacco 'hawk-moth, Protoparce
celeus Hub. 26030.

Hodge, F. Webb (Bureau of Ethnology). Eleven arrows of the Pima Indians of
southern Arizona. 26535.

Hodge, H. 0. (York, 111.). Chrysalis of milk-weed butterfly, Danais gPexippus
(26065); larva of walnut-moth, Citheronia regalis (26142).

Hoffman, Dr. W. J. (Bureau of Ethnology). Eleven decorations and medals con-
sisting of the Order of the Crown of Steel, of Arancanea; Royal Order of Melu-
sine; Order of Nicahu-et-Iftikhar, of Tunis; Order of the Liberator,, of Vene-
zuela; Royal Order of the Crown, of Prussia; Order of the Zaehringen Lion, of
Baden; Ancient and Illustrious order of St. James, of Portugal; Great Golden
Medal of Merit for Science and Art, Austro-Hungary; Royal Norwegian Golden
Medal of Merit, with crown, Norway; Royal Ludwig Medal for Science and Art,
Bataria; and Military Medal of Merit for service as Surgeon in Franeo-Prussian
War. Deposit. 26982.

Hollis, Fred S. (Boston, Mass.). Quartzite bowlder from Deerfield River Valley.
26058.

Hollis, George F. (See under H. C. Moore.)

Holm, Theodor (Department of Agriculture). Soft-shelled turtle from Eustis, Fla.
26811. (See under U. S. Fish Commission.)

Holt, H. R. R (Takoma Park). Great Dane hound (Canis familiaris). 26741.

Holzner, Frank X. (See under Smithsonian Institution. U. S. National Museum
and Dr. E. A. Mearns.)

Hook, Fridolf (Vladivostock, Russia); through J. Lyall, acting U. S. consul, Singa-
pore. Stone implements, fragments of pottery, shells, and other objects from
Vladivostock. 27089.

Hopping, Ralph (Keweah, Cal.) Ten specimens of coleoptera (26029); specimens
of Californian coleoptera, representing 65 species (26193); Californian coleoptera,
representing 47 species (27028).

Hourston, Joseph (Cumberland House, Saskatchewan, Canada). Green garnet.
26057.

Hough, Walter (U. S. National Museum). Four chromolithographic posters of
the Madrid Columbian Exposition. 26999. (See under Smithsonian Institution.
U. S. National Museum.)

Howard, L. O. (See under J. B. Lenibert.)

Howell, E. E. (Washington, D. C.). Minerals and other geological material
(exchange) (26127); cleaned skeleton of striped bass, 18 inches long (pur-
chased for World's Columbian Exposition) (26265); 14 specimens of minerals
from various localities, consisting of rutile, harmotome, chalcopyrite, marca-
site, massive rutile, chrysolite, hyalite, and anhydrite (exchange) (26529);
specimen of pink tourmaline in lepidolite from San Diego, Cal. (exchange)
(26713); 48 specimens of minerals from various localities (purchased for World's
Columbian Exposition) (26827); specimen of rubellite in lepidolite from San
Diego County, Cal. (gift) (26828); slab of glacial polished limestone from
Rochester, N. Y. (purchased for World's Columbian Exposition) (26938).

Hubbard, Mrs. H. G. (Detroit, Mich.). Seventy-two specimens, representing 30
species of coleoptera illustrating the saline fauna of Great Salt Lake. 26032. .

Hubbard, L. L. (Cambridge, Mass.). Five specimens of noseliteand haiiynite from
Prussia. 26390.

Hunter, Mrs. Lida (Dayton, Ohio.). Four specimens of fungus-beetle, Boletophagus
cornutus Fab. 26140.

Hurter, Julius (St. Louis, Mo.). Rattlesnake (26049); 12 specimens of Unios from
Missouri, 2 turtles from Missouri, and a salamander from Alabama (26394).
Exchange.238

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Hutton, F. W. (See under Canterbury Museum.)

IglestrOm, L. J. (Sunnemo, Wermland, Sweden), through Prof. F. W. Clarke.
Specimen of friedelite. 26431.

Illinois and Mississippi Canal Company (Moline, 111.), through G. W. Vinton.
Spade with which the first earth was thrown in the construction of the Illinois
and Mississippi Canal. 27130.

Imperial Austrian Museum (Vienna, Austria), through Dr. F. Brauer. Types of
98 species of European Muscidce, illustrating Brauer and Bergenstamm’s classi-
fication. Exchange. 27104.

Indian Museum (Calcutta, India), through A. Alcock. Alcoholic specimens of deep-
sea fishes from the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea (exchange) (26671);
through J Wood Mason, superintendent, specimen of domestic yak (Bos grun-
niens), from Kalinpoug, India (purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition)
(26887).	'

Ingraham, D. P. (Elmira, N. Y.). Three skins of American flamingo, Phamicopterus
ruber, from the Bahama Islands. Purchase. 26269.

Interior Department:

From J. J. Noah: Original printed copy of the.Ordinance of the Board of Treasury,
dated April 16, 1787, signed by Samuel Osgood anti Walter Lexington, appoint-
ing five commissioners “for stating the accounts” of the several States against
the United States for moneys due on account of the Revolutionary Avar (26672).

U. S. Indian Office. From Dr. Z. T. Daniel (Cheyenne River Agency, S. Dak.;
Blackfeet Agency, Piegan, Mont.; Keshena, Green Bay Agency, Wis.; Pine
Ridge Agency, S. Dak.), through Prof. 0. T. Mason: Rattlesnake (26048); stone
pipe made by “Petrified,” a Piegan Indian woman; primitive skin-scraper of
polished elk-horn, also made by a Piegan squaw, and a shell ornament worn by
brave's of the same tribe (26282); medicine-pouch of a Blackfeet Indian (26349);
small leaf-shaped implement found on Wolf River, Wisconsin (26470); 6 brass
bracelets obtained from an old burial-mound of the Blackfeet Indians (26750);

, catlinite napkin-ring and 2 marbles of catlinite made by the Sioux Indians
(26797); quirt held by Keokuk in his treaty with Gen. Scott, at Fort Armstrong,
111., September 21, 1832 (27064); fruit-picker (27124); wooden pipe (27142).
From Charles H. Thompson (special agent Indian Service), through Hon. John
Noble, Secretary : Ghost-shirt taken from a ghost-dancer, and a gun also obtained
from a participant in the Custer massacre (26235).

UPS. Geological Survey. Minerals from Colorado, collected by Prof. S. L. Penfield
(25894); 150 specimens of Oriskany fossils from Schriver’s Hill, Cumberland,
Md., collected by C. D. Walcott (25945); specimen , of babingtonite from Buck-
land, Mass., collected by B. K. Emerson (25986); 2 specimens of powellite from
Seven Devils Mines, western Idaho, collected by Dr. W. H. Melville (26088); pho-
tograph of the Monticellite locality at Magnet Cove, Ark., collected by Dr. W. P.
Jenney (26146); 39 mounted photographs taken by Prof. I. C. Russell, during
his work in the State of Washington under the auspices of the Survey (26204);
3 specimeus of diaspore and 1 specimen of corundum in emery, collected in
Chester, Mass. (26280); specimen of mixed iron sulphates from near Las Vegas,
N. Mex., collected by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand (26435); specimen of flint from the
- chalk-beds near Austin, Tex., collected by Dr. J. S. Diller (26137); 31 specimens
of ptilolite from near Silver Cliff, Custer County, Colo., 28 specimens of crys-
tallized alunite and 23 specimens of crystallized diaspore from the Rosita Hills,
Custer County, Colo., collected by Whitman Cross (26456); specimen of amesite
with diaspore in emery, specimen of diaspore with corundophilite, specimen of
margarite, large crystal of ilmenite, from Chester, Mass.; 4 specimens of cerite
from Bastnas, Sweden; 3 specimens of warwickite in calcite from Edenville,
Orange County, N. Y., collected by Prof. F. W. Clarke (26190); gold in mala-
chite from Peacock Mine, Seven Devils district, Idaho, collected by Dr. W. H.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

239

Melsulle (26584); 17 photographs, (26916); large collection, consisting of 34
specimens of Jurassic invertebrates, representing 4 species, from Wyoming and
California, and 5,358 specimens, representing 56 species, of cretaceous inverte-
brates from the Western States and Territories (27094).

Through Prof. F. W. Clarke: One specimen, consisting of 54 pebbles, of josephinite
(original material), from Josephine and Jackson counties, Oreg. (26016); 9
specimens of minerals from various localities, consisting of xenotime, ulexite,
gummite, uraniinite altering to gummite, cyrtolite, stalagmite marble, stibi-
conite, topaz, and fergusonite (26436); monozite from North Carolina (26587).

Through William H. Dali: Fossil mammalian bones from the Miocene formation of
Maryland and Virginia, collected by Frank Burns (26119).

Through C. D. Walcott: One hundred specimens of Lower Devonian corals from
Genesee County, N. Y. (25891).

International Boundary Commission. (See under Smithsonian Institution.
U. S. National Museum.)

Intram, Robert (Chenowith, Wash.). Specimen of gordius. 26648.

Jackman, J. V. (Marlboro, Mass.). Four specimens of green talc on steatite.
26432.

James, J. F. (Department of Agriculture). Barnacles and bryozoans from Asbury
Park, N. J. 26S81.

Jarvis, J. F. (Washington, D. C.). Four stereoscopic views of the Giant's Cause-
way, coast of Ireland. 26894.

Jenney, Dr. W. P. (See under Interior Department. U. S. Geological Survey.)

Jennings, F. H. (Washington, D. C.). Bottle of Chinese medicine in original pack-
age. 26492.

Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md.), through Dr. D, C. Gilman, president;
cast of the Chaldean Flood Tablet, as reconstructed by Prof. Paul. Haupt (gift)
27146.

Johnson, Prof. E. H. (Chester, Pa.). Two albums of American celebrities. Deposit.
26218.

Johnson, H. L. (Louisville, Ky.). Collection of 249 archaeological objects, consist-
ing of leaf shaped implements, perforators, scrapers, worked flakes, arrow and
spear-heads, fragments of pottery (26285); collection of rude stone implements,
flakes, and chips from an Indian workshop in Stewart County, Tenn. (26392).
Exchange.

Johnson, J. H. S. (Kent, Wash.). Specimen of Papilio zoUcaon. 26158.

Johnson, Judge L. C. (U. S. Geological Survey). Pitted stone found in Prentiss
County, Miss. 26253.

Johnson, Paul J. (Globe, Ariz.). Specimen of Perezia Wrightii. 25978.

Johnston, F. B. (Washington, D. C.). Twenty-six photographs, representing views
m and about Mammoth Cave, Ky. Purchased for the World’s Columbian Expo-
sition. 26130.

Johnston, Mrs. William Preston (New Orleans, La.). Baskets made by the Choc-
taw Indians of Black Bay, near Bay St. Louis, Miss, (gift) (26362); 14 baskets
obtained from the Attacapas Indians of southern Louisiana (exchange) (26698).

Johnston-Lavis, H. J. (Naples,.Italy). Marialite from near Naples (gift) (26055);
67 photographs, representing views of south Italian and Icelandic volcanoes
(purchased for the World’s Columbian Exposition) (26132).

Jones, J. J. (Department of the Interior). Eight photographs of famous English
inventors. Exchange. 26568.

Jones, J. T. (Washington, D. C.). Specimen of Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula.
26313.

Jones, Dr. L. C. (Melrose, Mass.). Five birds’ skins, representing 4 species, consist-
ing of green heron, Butorides virescens; pectoral sandpiper, Tringa metadata; red
phalaropes, Crymojphilus fulicarius, common tern, Sterna Mr undo. 26641.240

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Jordan, Dr. D. S. (Palo Alto, Cal.). Two type specimens of Salmo mykiss aqua-bonita
from California, and type specimens of Salmo kamloops from Kamloop Lake,
British Columbia (26379); type specimens of Couesius G-reeni and Pollachius chal-
cogrammus (wall-eyed variety) (26985). (See under U. S. Fish Commission.)

Jouy, P. L. (U. S. National Museum). Two hundred obsidian flakes or knives from
Jalisco, Mexico. 27143. (See under Smithsonian Institution. U. S. National
Museum.)

Kaldenberg Company, F. J. (New York City). Collection of objects illustrating
the utilization of pearl, ivory, and horn (purchased for World's Columbian
Exx>osition) (26772 and 26773); pearl-shell cut to illustrate its manufacture into
buttons (gift) (26862).

Kaldenberg, F. R. (New York City). Whale and walrus tusks, with Japanese and
Chinese carvings (purchased for World's Columbian Exposition). 26770.

Kayser, William (Wapakoneta, Ohio). Insects, representing 35 species. 26377.

Keam, Thomas V. (Kearns Canon, Ariz.), through W. J, McGee. Collection of fossil
bones, collected by Mr. Keam in Arizona. 27072.

Keely, Thomas (Washington, D. C.). Living bat. 26622.

Keith, John (San Jose, Costa Rica), through Lieut. George P. Scriven, U. S. Army.
Collection of beetles, representing 70 species of coleoptera from Central Amer-
ica. 26734.

Keller, F. (Philadelphia.,^Pa.). Arabic mosque lamp and Moorish candlestick.
Purchase. 25911.

Kellogg, W. A. (Norwalk, Conn.). G. A. R. badge of Buckingham Post No. 12, rep-
resenting the oyster industry, twenty-sixth National Encampment at Washing-
ton. 26229.

Kemp, Prof. J. F. (Columbia Cpllege, New York City). Specimens of eruptive rocks
from New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts. 26378.

Kempton, C. W. (Ore Blanco, Ariz.). Beetle (Strategics julianus Burm.). 26287.

Kenyon, F. C. (Lincoln, Nebr.). Seven species of myriopods. 27005.

Keppel, F. & Co. (New York City). Etching by Samuel Coleman (26729); soft-
ground etching by “old Crome ” (26896). Purchased for World’s Columbian
Exposition.

Kerr, M. B. (New York City). Specimen of crested grasshopper, Tropidacris dax,
from Panama. 26583.

Kerr, Walter C. (New Brighton, N. Y.). Sponge from South Beach, Staten Island.
26949.

Kershaw, C. E. (Holmesville, Miss.). Indian bead, found in afield near Holmesville.

25898.

Keyer, W. D. (Sprinfield, Mass.). G. A. R. badge of E. K. Wilcox Post No. 16,
twenty-sixth National Encampment at Washington. 26231.

Kilborne, Dr.F. L. See under Department of Agriculture.

Kimber, Joseph F. (Williamsport, Md.). Two specimens oflunar-moth, Aetias luna.
26006.

Kimmel & Voigt (New York City). Collection of electrotypes, matrices, and
proofs to illustrate the electrotypying and printing of etchings, aquatints, etc.
Purchased for the World’s Columbian Exposition. 26952.

Kincaid, Trevor (Olympia, Wash.). One hundred and twenty-one species of North
American insecis (mostly coleoptera). 25967.

King, Dr. G. (See under Calcutta Botanic Garden.)

Kingsbury, C. H. (Allen, Ind. T.). Fossil tooth of mastodon, dug out of a bank near
Allen. 26107.

Kinney, Mrs, L/C. (Washington, D.C.). Ten pictures belonging to the “Catlin Col-
lection.” Deposit. 27051.

Kirby & Smith (Passaic, N. J.). Pair of Langshan fowls. Presented for World’s
Columbian Exposition. 26676.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

241

K, K. Hofmuseum (Vienna, Austria), through Dr. A. Brezina, curator. Fifty speci-
mens of minerals from various European localities. Exchange. 26488.

Kloeber, Charles E. (Washington, D. C.). Quartz crystal from Crystal Moun-
tain near Hot Springs, Ark., and a specimen of manganopectolite from Magnet
Cove, Ark. 26575.

Knight, W. C. (Laramie, Wyo.). Two specimens of rough arrow-points, found on
the west shore of Cooper Lake, Albany County (26844); 5 rude chipped imple-
ments (27055).

Koch, F. W. (Twin Oaks, Cal.). Red rattlesnake. Purchased for World's Colum-
bian Exposition. 26163.

Koch, Capt. (See under Dr. D. B. Northrup.)

Koehler, S. R. (U. S. National Museum). Forty-eight prints (lent for exhibition at
World's Columbian Exposition) (26721) (returned); 21 specimens illustrating
the etching processes (lent for World's Columbian Exposition) (26926); 3 speci-
mens illustrating methods of color-printing (27070).

Kohl, Henry (Boston, Mass.). Photochromo-lithograph “ Japanese Girl," after R.
Blum, proof. Lent for World's Columbian Exposition. 26719. (Returned.)

Krantz, Dr. (Bonn, Prussia), through F. W. Crosby. Basaltic column. Purchased
for World's Columbian Exposition. 26921.

Kuehling, J. H. (Washington, D. C.). Two specimens of hog-nose snake (25974);
2 snakes from Mount Vernon, Va. (26279); 2 flying-squirrels, in flesh (26384);,
snake (Diadoplris punctatus) (26691).

Kulle, Albert (Washington, D. C.). Two turtles. 27032.

Kunz, George F. (New York City). Fifty brass eikons, 2 priests' robes, altar-
covers, 2 silver ceremonial objects, gilded jar, glass jeweled crown, 6 wooden
eikons, and embroidered insignia of an altar-boy (purchase) (25900); 2 etchings
of meteoric iron from Glorieta Mountain, Santa F6 County, N. Mex., showing
widmanstiitten figures, one printedulirect and the other from a copper electro-
type (gift) (26143); 4 samples of platinum and platinum gravels from the
Demidoff estate, Perm, Ural Mountains, European Russia (gift) (26617). (See.
under Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology; and J. L. Story).

Lacoe, R. D. (Pittston, Pa.). Paleozoic plants (26102, 26965*).

Lamb, T. F. (Portland, Me.). Photograph of a tourmaline.^crystal in quartz from.
Auburn. 26147.

Lamborn, Dr. R. H. (Washington, D. C.). One-dollar gold coin, 27 G (A. Bechtler,.
Carolina gold); one-dollar gold coin, 30 G(C. Bechtler, Carolina gold); five-
dollar gold coin, 128 G (C. Bechtler, Georgia gold). Deposit for World's Colum-
bian Exposition. 26935.

Lampard, Henry (Montreal, Canada). Rocks from near Montreal, and 8 specimens-
of calcite from the same locality. 26363.

Lander, W. Tertsi-i (Williamston, S. C.). Specimen of tuckahoe, or Indian bread..
26589.

Lane, Mert (Waynesville, Mo.). Spider (Argiogoe rijparia), with egg-cocoon (26308);,
specimen of Lycosa sp. (26458).

Langdale, J. W. (Washington, D. C.). Native sulphate of iron (gift) (26383);:
stalactitic calcite and aragonite from Weyer's.Cave, Virginia (exchange) (26733);;
concretions from Lamond Station, Metropolitan Branch, Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad (gift) (27116).

Langsiiaw, J. P. (Lawrence, Mass.). Two cocoons of cecropia-moth, and 9 cocoons
of promethea-moth. 26825.

Lansinger/W. H. (Littletown, Pa.). Royal walnut-moth, Citheronia regalis. 26005.

* These two sendings form the second and third installments of a large collection

of selected paleozoic plants presented by Mr. Lacoe.

H. Mis. 184, pt, 2------16242

EEPOET OF NATIONAL* MUSEUM, 1893.

Lano, Albert (Madison, Minn.). Nineteen specimens, representing 12 ^species of
birds’ skins, from Minnesota and Oregon. Exchange. 26554.

Lanthier, L. A. (New York City). French harp. Purchase. 26533.

Earner, John Q. (U. S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Washington). Coot
(Fnlica americana). 26389.

Eartigue, Er. G-. B. (Blackville, S. C.). Arrow-head of quartz crystal. 25984.

Eassimonne, S. E. a Yseure (Allier), France. Dried plants from the interior of
France. Exchange. 26208.

Eattin & Co. (Albion, N. Y.), through Capt. C. E. Bendire, U. S. Army. Two speci-
mens (male and female) of Magathan yellow-throat, Geothlypis poliocephala
from Brownsville, Tex. 27011.

Lattin, Fount (Staatsburg, N. Y.). Pair of black Java fowls. Gift for World’s
Columbian Exposition. 26667.

Lattine, George W. (Newburyport, Mass.). G. A. R. badge, Department of Massa-
chusetts. 26230.

Fee, Thomas (care of U. S. Fish Commission). Ethnological objects obtained from
graves and through other sources in southeastern Alaska. 27106.

Leighton, J. F. (See under Ozark Onyx Company.)

Lembert, J. B. (Yosemite, Cal.), through L. 0. Howard. Two specimens of Collets
JBehrii. 26051.

Lentz, W. M. S. (Allentown, Pa.). Blue-tailed turbit pigeon. 26477.

Lesser & Sawyer (Winslow, Ariz.). Typical specimen of Canon Diablo meteorite.
27105.

Levy, L. E. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Pamphlet entitled 11A new Photo-Intaglio Pro-
cess ” by Mr. Levy. 26612.

Levy, R. J., Tarakdjilar Han, Stamboul, Constantinople. Illuminated Koran.
Deposit. 26953.

Lewis, G. A. (Wickford, R. I.). Lumpfish (Cydopierus lumpus). 27035.

Lightfoot, Jerome (Terrace Heights, Washington, D. C.), through Dr. Leonhard
Stejneger. Two specimens of Helgrammites (larvte of Corydalus cornatus). 26225.

Lincoln, J. M. (New York City). Fossil teeth of Oxyrhina hastaia and Caroharodon
megalodon. 26594.

Little, Dr. J. W. (Washington, D. C.), through Prof. O. T. Mason. Spider
(Epeir a insular is Hentz). 26364.

Littlejohn, Chase (Redwood City, Cal.). Egg of Nelson’s ptarmigan from Una-
lashka Island, Alaska. New to the collection. 26352.

Logan, Mrs. W. P. (See under Caroline M. Northam.J

Loomis, Rev. Henry (Yokohama, Japan). Crustaceans, echinoderms, hydroids,
and shells from Japan. 26708.

Lonnberg, Dr. E. (Orlando, Fla.). Alcoholic specimens of Etheostoma quiescens
Jordan and Elassoma evergladei. 26678.

Lovett, Edward (Croydon, England). Stone implements, flints, human leg and
arm-bones, fragments of crania from England, Ireland, Germany, and Belgium;
also ethnological objects and a photograph. Exchange. 27077.

Lowdermilk, W. PI. & Co. (Washington, D. C.). Five Japanese scroll pictures,
illustrating Aino life. Purchase. 25889.

Lyall, J. (See under Fridolf Hook.)

Lyon, Mrs. Eliza (Williamport, Pa.). Two large globes and stands, formerly the
property of Dr. Priestley. 27050.

Lyon, Mrs. Dr. Thomas (Williamsport, Pa.). Piece of electrical apparatus belong-
ing to Dr. Priestley. 26974.

Lyons, Prof. A. B. (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands). Volcanic materials (26356,
26611). Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition.

McAstro, H. T. (See under Mrs. B. F. Poston.)

McConnell, Albert E. (Washington, D. C.). Snakes from Virginia. 26782.243

REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

McCormick, L. M. (Smithsonian Institution). Specimens of Necturus maculatus
from Lake Erie (26709); mounted specimens of Mexican crossbill, Loxia curviros-
tra StricJcJandi, from Omaha, Nebr., (26878). Exchange. (See under C. A.
Whitney.)

McDonald, A. F. (Wind Cave, S. Dak.). Stalactitic and stalagmiticmaterial. Pur-
chased for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26969.

McDonald, Col. Marshall. (See under U. S. Fish Commission.)

McFarland, R. (Cumberland House, Hudson’s Bay Company, Canada). Two albino
minks (Putorius vison).	26380.

McGee, W. J. (See under Thomas V. Ream.)

McGuire, J. D. (Ellicott City, Md.). Apparatus for the manufacture of stone imple-
ments. 26504.

McIlhenny, E. A. (Avery, Ha.), Set of eggs of bobolink from southern Louisiana.
(This gift is exceedingly interesting on account of the locality, extending the
breeding range of this species much, farther south than had been previously
known.) 26683.

McMurly, Mrs. Helen (Oneonta, N. Y.), through Rev. J. Owen Dorsey. Specimen
of Proteus from Germany. Deposit. 25885.

Macfarland, Miss Alice TU. S. National Museum). House-sparrow (Passer domesti-
cus), in the flesh. 26318.

Mager, Miss Ernestine (St. Boniface, Manitoba, Canada), through Dr. Cyrus
Thomas. Temperance medal, 26160.

Mann, Rev. Albert (Newark, N. J.). Microscopic slides of diatoms. 26516,

Mann, Miss E. (Washington, D, C.). Collection of portraits of eminent men.
26595.

Mapel, H. B. (Columbus Grove, Ohio). Small leaf-shaped implements found en
cache near Columbus Grove. 26765.

Marion Phosphate Company (Dunnellon, Fla,). lo-moth (Byperchiria io). 26083.

Marsh, C. D. (through C. T. Simpson, U. S. National Museum). Slides of fresh-water
crustaceans.from Wisconsin. 27088.

Marsh, Charles H. (Dulzura, Cal.). Specimen of Western bat, Yesperugo hesperus,
specimens of dusky-footed woodrats, Neotoma fuscipes, and 2 bats (25941, 26335)
(purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition), specimen of brown bat, Yes-
pertilio (?) nitidus, specimen of Adelonycierus fasciis, and skin of bat (25942,
25943,26117) (purchase).

Marshall, George (Smithsonian Institution). Two specimens of Sciurus hudsonius
(25932); 2 specimens of hoary bat, Atalapha cinerea, and a specimen of shrew
(Blarina hrevicauda) from Laurel, Maryland (26336); 2 specimens of shrew
(26397); specimen of pine-mouse, Arvicola pinetorum (26444); shrew (Sorex -sp.),
and red squirrel, Scimms hudsonius (26517).

Marshall, Henry (Washington, D. C.). Birds’ skins, representing 4 species from
Laurel, Maryland (25944) j American goldfinch, Spinus tristis (25961).

Marx, Dr. George (Department of Agriculture). Gossamer spider-web from
Florida. 26769.

Mason, H. D. & Sons (Fabius, N. Y.). Golden Wyandotte fowl and hen (26846,
26980).

Mason, J. T. (Jalapa, Mexico), through Prof. C. Y. Riley. Two hundred and eighty-
eight specimens of coleoptera, 3 specimens of hemiptera, and 5 specimens of
orthoptera. 26948.

Mason, J. Wood. (See under Indian Museum.)

Mason, Prof. O. T. (U. S. National Museum). Specimen of emperor-moth Eacles
imperialist from Mount Vernon, Va. (25970); robber wasp, Sphecius speciosus,
and specimen of dog-day cicada, Cicada tihicen (26067). (See under Dr. Z. T.
Daniel, Dr. J. W. Little.)

Matthews, W. (Fort Wingate, N. Mex.). Salamander (Amblystoma tigrinum). 26009.244	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Maxwell, J. A. (Fulda, Minn.). Fragment of pottery found on the shore of the-,
lake. 27060.

Mead, C. H. (Sayreville, N. J.). Small collection of fossils from- the Potomac for-
mation (26047); fossil plants (26075, 26118, 26192, 26311). Exchange.

Mearns, Dr. Edgar A., U. S. A. (International Boundary Commission). The fol-
lowing collections have been obtained by Dr. Mearns for the Museum, while-
engaged with the International Boundary Commission: Collection of mammal
skins, skulls, rocks; 48 specimens, representing 38 species, of birds’ skins from
the Mexican boundary (26022); 168 specimens, representing 53 species of birds,
from New Mexico, 7 specimens of miscellaneous insects and myriapods, 4 eggs-
of scaled partridge, 8 eggs of white-necked raven, nest and fragments of eggs
of the hepatic tanager, and a nest of the western wood pewee; also nest of
Arkansas flycatcher from near the boundary line between Mexico and the United
States, alcoholic specimens of Ashes, reptiles, mollusks, mammal skins, skulls,
bones, and horns (26371); through F. X. Holzner, fragments of pottery and
other objects of a similar character found near cave-dwellings in the vicinity of
Camel Mountain, near El Paso, collected by Dr. Mearns and Mr. Holzner; frag-
ments of pottery, collection of birds’ skins, fossil shells, ores and rocks, plants,
shells, birds’ eggs, all collected as above stated (26499); stone implement “ sinew
comb” from Mexican boundary line south of Bisbee, Ariz., 8 alcoholic specimens-
of insects, 261 specimens, representing 105 species of birds’ skins, fishes, fossil
shells, fossil wood, alcoholic reptiles, rocks, shells, mammal skins, all obtained
from the boundary line between Mexico and the United States and collected by
Dr. Mearns and Mr. Holzner (26608); 18 specimens, representing 12 species, of
birds’ skins from Fort Worth, alcoholic specimens of fishes and reptiles, and
collection of mammal skins and skulls (26689).

Meder, F. (New York City). Eleven prints (26728); soft-ground etching, “The-
Passing Storm,” by C. A. Yanderhoof (26838). Purchased for World’s Columbian.
Exposition.

Melson, Henry (Crisfield, Md.). Piece of board from a house occupied by Rev..
Joshua Thomas at the time he preached to the British soldiers on Tangier Island
in 1814.	26724.

Mellichamp, Dr. J. H. (Bluffton, S. C.), through Prof. C. V. Riley. Tubes made by-
crustaceans, from May River, South Carolina. 25897.

Melville, Dr. W. H. (See under Interior Department, U. S. Geological Survey, and
William Tate Taylor.)

Mengel, Levi W. (Reading, Pa.). Set of eggs of king eider, Somateria spectabilis,.
from North Greenland; 2 sets of eggs of night hawk, Chovdeiles virginianus;-
set of eggs of sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter velox, from Berks County, Pa-
Exchange. 26687.

Merck & Co. (New York City), through Dr. D. AY. Prentiss. Four-gramme speci-
men of pure Pilocarpine, Merck. 27019. (See under Dr. D. W. Prentiss.)

Merriam, Dr. C. Hart (Department of Agriculture). Cap worn by a squaw
belonging to the Montagnais tribe of Indians, and iron tomakawk-blade found in
the grave of an Indian belonging to the same tribe. 26441. (See under Depart-
ment of Agriculture.)

Merrill, George P. (U. S. National Museum). Fence-lizard, Sceloporus unchdatus,.
and worm-snake Ccirphophiops Helence, from Wyandotte, Ind. (26L76); onyx,
marbles and rocks from Lower California, below San Quentin, and a sample
of fire-clay from Elsinor, Cal.; tree-frog, Hyla regillci and 8 specimens of
miscellaneous insects from the same locality (26319); specimens of cave-sala-
mander, Spelerpes maculiGaudus, from Little Wyandott Cave, Ind. (26423).*
(See under Prof. W. O. Crosby, W. H. Evans & Son, H. C. Ganter, Sal Mountain
Asbestus Company, Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum.)

* This species, only recently described, is yet quite rare.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.	245

Merrill, H. C. (Auburn, Ale.). Glacial views. Exchange. For. World’s Colum-
bian Exposition. 26487.

Merrill, Dr. James C., U. S. A. (Surgeon-General’s office). Wing of sora rail, Por-
zana Carolina, from Fort Canby, Wash. 26666.

Merrill, L. H. (Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Ale.). Negatives of gla-
cial views (deposit), and photographs representing the same objects (exchange).
26387.	-	*

Merrill, Hon. S. (See under Calcutta Botanic Garden.)

Mertz, Frank C. (Weissport, Pa.). Arrow-heads from Carbon County. 26696. .

.Messikommer, PI. (Zurich, Switzerland). Bronze helmet from Greece. 26428.

Meyer, Abraham (Logan House, Pa.). Yiews of “Signal stations” in use during
the war of 1861-1865. 26778.

Micheli Brothers (Berlin, Germany). Casts of Greek and Roman antiquities.
Purchased of World’s Columbian Exposition. 26651.

Middleton, Prof. J. Henry (Director, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England).
Photographs of a Phoenician altar. 26164.

Miller, Charles, Jr. (Grand Rapids, Mich.). Travertine (26791); jasperized wood
from Woodruff, Ariz. (27025).

Miller, H. D. (Plainville, Conn.). Archaeological objects, consisting of rude chipped
implements, worked flint flakes, scrapers, perforators, arrow and spear-heads, and
fragments of potstone vessels. 26043.

Miller, Thomas (Heron Lake, Minn.). Twenty-one sets of eggs of Franklin’s
gull (58 specimens). 27095.

Miller, W. (Grand Rapids, Alich.). Iron ring, coin, button, sleigh-bell, and some
hand-forged nails found on the camping-ground opposite Queenstown Pleights,
where the Americans were encamped prior to the battle of 1814. 26810.

Miles, IP. E. (Racine, Wis.). Photcgraph of a basket-carrying frame used by. the
Alojave Indians of Arizona. 26572.

Millis, S. B. (Lockport, N. Y.). Large arrow-head from Orleans County. 26751.

Miner, S. 0. (Brattleboro, Vt.), through Robert Ridgway. Pair of silver-spangled
Hamburg fowls (20565); feathers of silver-spangled Hamburg fowl (26668).

All not, James (Concord, N. H.). Badge of G. A. R., Department of New Hamp-
shire. 26248.

AIitci-iell, J. D. (Victoria, Tex.). UnionkUe from Texas (26081); shells and marine
invertebrates (26114); through W. H. Dali, 2 dry specimens of crabs (Sesarma
cinerea and Petrolisthes armatns) (264.14); shells and other similar specimens
(26959).

Mohrman, J. H. (Talmage, Nebr.). Chrysalis of morning-cloak butterfly, Vanessa
antiojya. 26224.

Monckton, Sir John B. (See under Smithsonian Institution.)

Montandon, Prof. A. L. (Bucharest, Roumania), through Prof. C. Y. Riley. Alco-
holic specimen of bat, land shells, 26 specimens of reptiles and batrachians,
including a fine series of Molge Montancloni, a salamander recently described and
named in honor of the donor, collection of insects consisting of 2,200 specimens
of lieteroptera, 110 specimens of liomoptera, and 22 specimens of European
. coleoptera. 25994.

ATontane, Dr. Luis (Havana, Cuba), through W. Hallett Phillips. Photographs
of stone implements and carvings, fragments of pottery and human skulls, and
12 plates, the originals of which were collected by Dr. Montane near Cape Maisi,
Island of Cuba. 26934.

Montgomery, Prof. Henry (Salt Lake City, Utah). Photographs representing
views in Utah. 26927.

Mooney, James. (See under Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology; and
Rev. II. N. Yoth.)

Moore, Clarence B. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Archaeological objects, consisting of246

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

fragments of human and other hones found in excavating a shell-heap on
Hitchen's Creek, Florida, fragments of pottery from shell-deposits in Volusia
and Lake counties, and pieces of painted pottery from a sand burial-mound
near Volusia.. 26520. .

Moore, H. C. (Cape Town, South Africa), through George F. Hollis, U. S. consul at
Cape Town. Valuable collection of skins, skulls, and horns of antelopes and
other large mammals, collected by the donor in South and South Central Africa.
26704.

Moore, Prof. Joseph (Earlham College, Richmond, Ind.). Photographs of hones
of Castoroides ohioensis. 26420.

Moore, W. S. (U. S. Navy). Sea lily. 26767.

Morais, Rev. Hr. S. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Silver habdalah set. Lent for World's
Columbian Exposition. 26815.

Moran, Peter (Philadelphia, Pa.). Plates, tracing, and three proofs to illustrate
the etching process. Purchased for World's Columbian Exposition. 26837.

Moreland, Walter (Washington, D. C.). Specimens of silver gar, Tylosurus
caribbams, from Chesapeake Ray, with parasitic crustaceans found in its mouth.
26007.

Morgan, Dr. Edwin L. (Washington, D. C.). Large parflesch, obtained from the
Colispel Indians. 26808.

Mono, Sir Antonio. (See under C. F. Gunther.)

Morris, Mrs. Mary B. (See under National Society of the Daughters of the Ameri-
can Revolution.)

Morris, William (Tucson, Ariz.). Specimen of Masena quail or partridge {Cyr-
toinjx montezumm). 26440.

Mosby, Lieut. J. S. (See under William B. Cary).

Mosier, Cyrus A. (Seattle, Wash.). Head, wing, and tail of Clarke’s crow or nut-
cracker (Picicorvus cohimbianus).	26369.

Moss, William (Ashton-under-Lyne, England). Photographs showing anatomy of
mollusks. 26753.

Mungen, Theodore (Washington, D. C.). Snake. 27029

Munich Academy (Munich, Bavaria), through Prof. P. Groth. Rocks and minerals.
Exchange. 26276.

Munson, M. S. (Velasco, Tex.). Gorgonians found on the Gulf coast near Velasco.
26645.

Museum oe Fine Arts (Boston, Mass.). Lithographs, “Portrait of a Lady," by
Kriehuber, and u Feeding the Birdies," by Lasalle after Breton. Lent for
World's Columbian Exposition. 26720. Returned.

National Museum of Costa Rica (San Jos6, Costa Rica), through George K.
Cherrie. Type specimen of a supposed new species of Zeledonia (Zeledonia
insperata Cherrie), from the Volcande Irazu, Costa Rica (26087); type specimen
of Cypseloides Cherriei, a new species from the same locality (26262). ■

National Society of ti-ie Daughters of the American Revolution (Washing-
ton, D. C.), through Mrs. Devereux and Mrs. Bulloch. Chinaware decorated in
red and gold belonging to Mrs. Mary Bartelemy Morris, wife of Captain Daniel
Morris of the Revolutionary war. Deposit. 26993.

Neograph Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). Collograph, 1 ‘The Burgomaster."
26737.

Neumoegen, B. (New York City). Specimens of Nyctemeridce. 26860. .

Neville, W. R. (Houston, Tex.). Hermit-crab and shell. 26561,

Newhall, W. H. (See under The Grottos Company.)

Newlon, Dr. W. S. (Oswego, Kans.). Malachite in a partially decomposed granite,
from the Chickasaw Nation, and favosites from the same locality. 25917*
Returned.

.Newman & Son (Washington, D. C.). Three caligraphs. 26113.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

247

Newton, Prof, H. A. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Meteoric stone from
Winnebago County, Iowa. Purchased for the World's Columbian Exposition.
26920.

Newton, William (Salt Lake City,’Utah). Block tin from the Newton American
tin mines in Utah, and a lithographic stone from the Newton American'litho-
graphic stone quarry. 27109.

New York Coin and Stamp Company (New York City). One hundred and sixtv-
two medals commemorating events in the early history of the. colonies and the
United States (purchased for World's Columbian Exposition) (25954); 9 gold
and silver coins of the United States (purchase) (26366).

Noah, John M. (U. S. National Museum). Bremen silver coin (one grote), dated
1749. 26368. (See under Pelham and Lloyd.)

Noble, Hon. John W. (See under Interior Department. Indian Office, Charles H.

. Thompson.)

Northam, Caroline M. (Philadelphia, Pa.), through Mrs. W. P. Logan. Pair of
earrings made from the Charter-oak of Hartford, Conn. 26743.

Northrup, Dr. D. B. (San Diego, Cal.). Silk-moth secured by Capt. Koch from
Cedros Island, Mexico. 26580.

Nuttall, G. H. F. (Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md.). Birds' skins and
mounted birds from California and Mexico. 26877.

Nuttall, Mrs. Zelia (Florence, Italy). Models of the yoke and pails used by Vene-
tian water-carriers. 26984.

Nye, Willard, jr. (New Bedford, Mass.). Shells, hint hake, and fragments of pot-
tery from the surface of a mound on the Government reservation at Tampa, Fla.
26891.

Ober, F. A. (Washington, D. C.). Carib stone implements (26798); collection
of Spanish-American gold, silver, and copper coins (26799). Purchased for
World's Columbian Exposition.

Oppenheimer, S., & Co. (New York City). Intestinal products and articles manu-
factured therefrom. 26774.

Orti-i, George S. (Pittsburg, Pa.). Birds'skins from Colorado. Exchange. 26661.

Osborne, J. W. (Washington, D. C.). Electrotypes made by Jewett & Chandler’s
wax process, plate ready for electrotyping by Maucli’s process, electrotype made
by Mauch's process (26548); lithograph, 11 Christ among the Doctors," by Adolf
Menzel (26606).

Owen, H. S. (Washington, D. C.). Rear-driving safety bicycle, and a woman’s bicy-
cle. Deposit. 27018.

Owens, Prof. J. G. (See under Peabody Museum.)

Owsley, Mrs. W. T. (Glasgow, Ky.), through Dr. W. T. Owsley. Humming-bird, in
the hesh. 25948.

Owsley, Dr. W. T. (Glasgow, Ky.). Rattlesnake captured near Mammoth Cave, Ky.,
by Andrew Hawkins of Glasgow Junction. 26071. (See under Mrs. W. T.
Owsley.)

Ozark Onyx ^Company (St. Louis, Mo.), through J. F. Leighton, president. Slab of
stalagmite. Purchased for World's Columbian Exposition. 26888.

Palmer, Dr. Edward (Washington, D. C.). Collection of ethnological objects
obtained from the Coahuillos Indians, Lower California, and also from other
tribes (26324); specimens of crustaceans from Byron Hot Springs, Cal., and
geological material (26372); sample of paper made from Yucca filamentosa and
straw, from Golden, Colo. (26426). (See under Department of Agriculture.)

Palmer, Joseph (U. S. National Museum). Mink (Putorius vison) (26072); Miocene
fossils from Papaw Hollow, near Leonardtown, Md., on St. Clement Bay (26103);
raccoon (Procyon lotor), from Henrico County, Va., and 2 flying-squirrels, Sciurop-
terus volucella (26326); chipmunk'(Tamias senate), from Virginia (26329); ermine
(.Putorius erminea), from Arlington, Va. (26331).248

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Palmer, William (U. S. National Museum). Specimen of red bat, Atalapha novebo-
racensis (26330); red squirrel, Sciurus hudsonius, from Mount Yernon, Ya.
(26337); 3 skins of hooded-warbler, Sylvania, mitrata, from Hanover County, Ya.
(26433); meadow-mouse, Arvicola riparius, and liouse-mouse, Mus musculus
(26541); bird and snakes (26911); 2 specimens of flying-squirrel, Seiurojjterus
(26923). (Seeunder Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum, and National
Zoological Park.)

Park, J. T. (Warner, Tenn.). Six specimens of purple and bronzed grackle, Quisca-
lus qaiseula and Quiscalus ceneus, and hybrids from Tennessee. 26115.

Parry, Maggie (Carbondale, Pa.;. "White spider (Misumena vatia Clark) belong-
ing to the family Thomisidse. 25890.

Patter, F. B. (Yalley Springs, Cal.). Set of eggs of killdeer (JEgialitis vocifera).
26151.

Pattee, Orson (Jarbalo, Kans.). Leech. 27075.

Patton, William H. (Hartford, Conn.). Wasp (Astata montana) representing a
species new to the collection, obtained by Prof. A. Duges, of Mexico. 27037.

Pavlow, Prof. A. (Moscow University, Moscow, .Russia). Fossils. Exchange.
26069.

Payn, Elias J. (Tres Piedras, N. Mex.). Bituminous coal from New Mexico. 26468.

Peabody Museum (Cambridge, Mass.), through Prof. J. G. Owens. Two stuffed
lizards, 4 specimens of birds, 10 nests of Gymnostinops Montezumw,. collected by
Mr. J. G. Owens while connected with the Peabody Museum Honduras expedi-
tion. 26025.

Peale, Dr. A. C. (U. S. Geological Survey). Photographs of oil portraits of
Charles Yrilson Peale, Titian Ramsay Peale, Chief Justice Edward Shippen,
James Peale, Raphael Peale, and Dr. William Stoughton. 26871.

Pearson, C. F. (Portland, Oreg.). Samples of wax (?) and specimens of coal
from Nehalem River, Tillamook County, Oreg. 26673.

Pechim, E. C. (See under The Grottos Company.)

Pelham & Lloyd (Washington, D. C.), through John M. Noah. Soapstone from
Fairfax County, Ya. 26033.

Pelton, C. A. (Middletown, Conn.). Photograph of gravestone of Dr. Joseph Bar-
ratt, botanist. 26842.

Penfield, Prof. S.L. (Yale College, New Haven, Conn.). Minerals from Branchville,
Conn. 26040. (See under Interior Department. U. S. Geological Survey.)

Perry, Harry W. (New Orleans, La.). Alcoholic reptiles, mammals, and bats;
fishes consisting of Batrachoicles, Querimana, Heros, Citharichthys, Tetrodon, PJiyp-
ticus, Symbranchus, Carcharhinus, and saw of' Pristis pectinaiiLS; beetles, spiders,
and crested grasshopper, crabs, specimen of Orthalicas zebra (26975); skull of
pelican, mammal skins and skulls, hammock made of bark, and bottle of hair-
oil made from palm; stone implement, alcoholic insects, rostrum of sawfish (Pris-
tis pectinatus), and dried gorgonian from Honduras (27078).

Perry, R. S. (Piedmont, Ala.). Beauxite. 26735.

Perry, W. G. (See under Post-Office Department.)

Pesoa, Miss (Philadelphia, Pa.). Embroidered cloth (Spanish) used at the cere-
mony of circumcision. Deposited for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26429. Re-
turned.

Peters, Mrs. S. D. (Washington, D. C.). Common marmot (Hapale jacchas) (26417).
26630.

Pettigrew, J. A. (Chicago, 111.). Skin of manatee (Trichechus latirostris) from
Florida. Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26442.

Phillips, W. Hallett (Washington, D. C.). Aboriginal pipes (one from North
Carolina and the other obtained from the Blackfeet Indians, Idaho) (lent for
World’s Columbian Exposition) (26680); alcoholic reptiles and insects from
Nicaragua and this country (26695). (See under Dr. Luis MontanA)REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

249

Picher, Miss Annie B. (Pasadena, Cal.). Fourteen photographs illustratinglndian
life in California. 26627. (See under The Pasadena Loan Association.)

Pilling, James C. (U. S. Bureau of Ethnology). Photograph of the interior of a
Maori Wharf Rumanaga, or Council Chamber, at Te Ore Ore, Wairarapa, New
Zealand. 26955.

Pilsbry, H. A. (Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.). Land and fresh-
water shells, representing 7 species, from Florida and the Catskill Mountains.
26070.

Pollock, George F. (Washington, D. C.). English bloodhound, 26915.

Pond, Lieut. Charles F. (U. S. Navy). Skin of lizard. 25895.

Pope, H. (Quebec, Canada). Skins and bones of gray seals, from the Island of
Anticosti. 26021.

Post-Office Department:

Wanamaker, Hon. John (Postmaster-General). Persian lantern. Purchase.

(25930).

Dead-Letter Office, through W. G. Perry, chief clerk: Millepeds found in the mail.

(27083).

Poston, Mrs. B. F. (Washington, D. C.). Piece of biscuit baked in camp by H. T.
Me Astro, a Confederate soldier. 26199.

Potter, Rev. J. A., U. S. Army (Fort Clark, Tex.). Lizards and insects. 27138.

Powell, Charles P. (Baltimore, Md.). Yellow turbit pigeon. 26405.

Powell, Maj. J. W. (Director, U. S. Geological Survey). Photographs of a jade
card-receiver with ebony base. 25985. (See under Interior Department. U. S.
Geological Survey, and Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Ethnology.)

Powell, S. L. (John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.). Volcanic rocks from
South Mountain, Pennsylvania. Exchange. 27091.

Praetorius, Charles (London, England). Facsimiles in water-color of original
drawings made by John White for Sir Walter Raleigh, and now m the Granville
collection in the British Museum. Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposi-
tion. 26851.

Prang, L. & Co. (Roxbury, Mass.). Three chromolithographs and one photochro-
molithograph. 26715.

Preble, E. A. (Department of Agriculture). Three reptiles (27059); short-tailed
shrew, Blarina brevlcaiidco (27145).

Prentiss, Dr. D. W. Alkaloids and salts made from Pilocarpine pinnatifolus, manu-
factured by Merck & Co. 27022. (See under Merck & Co.).

Priestley, Dr. (See under Mrs. E. Lyon and Mrs. Dr. Thomas Lyon.)

Putnam, J. Henry (Abbeville, La.). Hydrocarbon closely related to asphalts.
27053.

Quanitance, A. L. (Lake City, Fla.). Whip-scorpion, Thelyphonus giganteus.
26675. •

Rabbitt, Samuel E. (Washington, D. C.). Red pouter-pigeon. 26409.

Ralph, Dr. William L. (Utica, N. Y.). An exceedingly valuable collection of birds’
eggs and nests, consisting of 1604 specimens (420 sets), representing 161 species
and subspecies; also 37 nests, several of which are new to the collection (27026);
9 specimens, representing 5 species of birds’ skins, and 1 mounted bird from
Florida (27056).

Rambo, M. Elmer (Lower Providence, Pa.). Fungus (Polyporus sulplmreus, Bull.)
26742.

Ramsay, Allan (Constantinople, Turkey). Collection of objects used in the Arme-
nian church, consisting of staffs, musical instruments, and crosses. Purchased
for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26945.

Ramsay, Dr. E; P. (See under Australian Museum.)

Randall, Mrs. Belinda L. (Boston, Mass.). Hydrogen lamp. 26452.

Randolph, Miss Cornelia (Washington, D. C.). Ring of gold wrought by the Ash-
antee negroes of Africa with their 1eeth. 25968.'250

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Randolph, Hon. G. W. (See under William B. Cary.)

Ransdell, Harry (Washington, D. C.). Four living sjDecimens of Argiope riparia
Hentz. 26184.

Rathbun, Richard. (See under U. S. Fish Commission.)

Rawdon, F. W. (See under Central New York Naval Veteran Association.)

Rawolle, Miss Bertha. (See under Dr. T. E. Wilcox, U. S. Army.)

Ray, G. D. (Burnsville, N. C.). Quartz containing garnet of the almandine variety,
from Ray’s Mica mine. 25959.

Raynor, N. (Hampston, Va.). Congo-snake, Amphiuma means. 26393.

Renaud, P. M. (See under S. P. Avery.)

Reynolds, 0. L. & O. A. (Covington, Ky.). G. A. R. badge of department of Ken-
tucky. 26232.

Rhoades, S. N. (Haddenfield, N. J.), through Allen Ruppert. Skeleton of a male
Rocky Mountain goat. 26744.

Rice, Mrs. M. E. (Coryville, Pa.). Arrow-head, perforator, broken arrow-head, chip
or flake of chalcedony, rude point, fragment of a drilled sfcone object, possibly
part of a bead (25914); specimens of hawk-moth, DeilepMJa lineata, and 12
archaeological objects consisting of arrow-heads and flint flakes from Clinton
and McKean counties (26182); specimen of hawk-moth, Protoparce celens (26412).

Richards, T. W. (Washington, D. C.). Sets of eggs of fish-crow, American oyster-
catcher, and prairie-warbler. 26321.

Richardson, Clifford (Washington, D. C.). Asphalt from La Brea, Island of
Trinidad, British West Indies. 25923.

Richmond, A. G. (Canajoharie, N. Y.). Feather necklace. 26958.

Richmond, C. W. (Washington. D.U.). Alcoholic reptiles, 144 specimens represent-
ing 45 species, 3 specimens of Panopeus serratus Saussure, Cardisoma, sp. and
Palcemon sp., 139 specimens of birds’ skins, 5 specimens of fishes (purchase)
(26252); volcanic rocks, breastbones of wood ibis and oriole, and an alcoholic
specimen of Synallaxis (gift) (26460); 2 birds’ skins from Nicaragua, represent-
ing types of Trogon chrysomelas and Malacoptila fuliginosa (26496); 3 breastbones
(gift) (26711); collection of birds’ eggs and nests, consisting of 50 specimens and
16 nests (purchase) (26626); 2 skins of Cebas hypolencus, with skulls, 49 specimens,
representing 30 species, of reptiles and batrachians in alcohol, mollusks, repre-
senting 30 species, alcoholic specimens of marine invertebrates, insects, 114
specimens of birds’ skins, egg of Giraud’s flycatcher, Hyozetes texensis, 24
alcoholic specimens of fishes from the Escondido River (purchase) (26738); 22
specimens, representing 22 species of birds’ skins from Nicaragua (purchased
for World’s Columbian Exposition) (26809); crab, Pseudoihelphusa sp. nov.
(gift) (27128).	'

Richmond, W. L. (Washington, D. C). Specimens of Anolis principalis, from Savan-
nah, Ga. 26732.

Ridgway, Audubon (Brookland, D. C.). Snake and salamander^. 26940.

Ridgway, Robert (U. S. National Museum). Birds’ skins Horn Richland County,
111., and Knox County, Ind., (26275); nest of wood pewee, Contopus virens, from
Brookland, D. C., (26642); 4 specimens of red-breasted nuthatch, Sitta canaden-
sis (26646). (See under S. O. Miner; and Smithsonian Institution. U. S. National
Museum.)

Ridler, J. (St. Paul, Minn.), through Forest and Stream Publishing Co. Small-
mouthed green bass, Micropteras Dolomieu from Lake Ida, Minnesota. 25912.

Riley, Prof. C. V. (See under Department of Agriculture, E. Brunetti, H. Carac-
ciolio, William J. Fox, J. T. Mason, Dr. J. H. Mellichamp, and Prof. A. L. Monta-
don.)

Rittenhouse, L. C. (Louisa, Ky.). Sigillaria with fragments of catamites on the
reverse side.. 26937.

Robbins, Irvin (Indianapolis, Ind.). Badge of G. A. R. 26246.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

251

Roberts, H. (Tryonville, Pa.). Fossil bones of Elephas Colombi. 26271.

Roberts, W. F. (Washington, D. C. ). Snakes. 25940.

Robinson, Amos G. (Fort Mitchell, Ala.). Snake. 26068.

Robinson, H. A. (Kingston, N. Mex.). Juniper wood carved by termites. 26854.

Robinson, T. B. (Des Moines, Iowa). Badge of G. A. R. 26249.

Robinson, Lieut. Wirt, U. S. Army (Fort McPherson, Atlanta, Ga.). Humming-birds
from Bogota,, South America, (26592); 127 specimens of birds’ skins from Colom-
bia and the Island of Curasao (26700); land-shells from the Island of Curasao,
West Indies (26986).

Rockhill, W. W. (Berkeley Springs, W.Va.). Photo-negatives (deposit) (26505);
collection of ethnological objects from China and Thibet (purchase) (26511); small
box from Lancliou Fu, capitol of Kansu, used by opium smokers to hold the
pills which are taken after smoking (gift) (26571); Colt’s revolver and holder
(deposit) (returned) (26625); books and specimens relating to Thibetan subjects,
Thibetan spear (purchase) (26712); collection of about 300 Mongolian and
Thibetan ethnological objects, with classified and detailed descriptions (pur-
chase) (27007).

Romeyn, Capt. Henry, U. S. A. (Mount Vernon, Ala.). Lubber-grasshopper,
Dictyophorus mieropteras Serv. 26064.

Rommel, F. A. (Baltimore, Md.). White Russian, or Bokhara, trumpeter fowl.
26243/

Root, Mrs. E. C. (See under Wallace and Earl Root).

Root, Wallace and Earl (Streetsboro, Ohio), through Mrs. E. C.Root. Devonian
fossils. 25965.

Rosebrook, Joseph W. (Toledo, Oreg.). Bird’s nest and eggs; 3 species of
lepidoptera. 25979.

Rosenthal, Albert (Philadelphia, Pa.). Collection of etched and lithograph
portraits of members of the Federal Convention of 1787, the Congress of 1787,
the Congress of 1789, and of other prominent Americans (26800); etched and
lithograph, portraits of members of the Continental Congress (26801). Deposited
for the World’s Columbian Exposition.

Rothrock, D. M. (Wyandotte, Ind.). Stalactites from Wyandotte Cave. Pur-
chased for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26172.

Rowlands, Walter (Allston, Mass.). Collograph “Charles I demanding the five
impeached members”, from the painting by Copley. 26272.

Royal Museum (Berlin, Germany). Collection of casts of Assyro-Babylonian and
Greek religious objects. Purchased for W'orld’s Columbian Exposition. 26943.

Royal Museum (Florence, Italy), through Prof. Henry H. Giglioli, director. Two
musical instruments, 100 archaeological objects, consisting of fragments of
pottery, shells, fragments of bone, piece of quartz from a kitchen midden near
Port Blair, South Andaman Islands; ramus of lower jaw, teeth, and bones of
Ursiis spelceus, from a cave near Breonis (Verona); collection of ethnological
objects from the Andaman Islands, and additional objects from different parts
of the world. Exchange. 25949.

Rumple, J.W. (Grottoes, Va.). Section of stalactite. Purchased for "World’s Colum-
bian Exposition. 26787. (See under The Grottoes Company.)

Ruppert, Allen. (See under S. N. Rhoades. )

Russell, Prof. I. C. (See under Interior Department. U. S. Geological Survey.)

Ryus, Floyd E. (Childress, Tex.) Specimens of Clmracampa tersa and Arctia arge.
26111.

Safford, Prof. J. M. (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.). Two fragments of
the Safford meteorite from Tennessee. 26056.

Safford, W. E. (ensign, U. S. N.). Collection of Indian portraits and costumes
(purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition) (25958), ethnological objects from
the Indians of Peru (deposit) (26315).

Sage, John H. (Portland, Conn.). Nest and eggs of golden-winged warbler. 26755.252

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Sal Mountain Asbestus.Company (Chicago, 111.), through G-. P. Merrill. Ashestns
from mines near Nachoochee, Ga. 27042.

Sandberg, C. P. (London, England). Sections of Sandberg Goliah-rail and splice*
bar. 26634.

Sanxay, J. P. (See under Arizona Onyx Company.)

Saunders, H. R. (Nassau, New Providence). Nassau sponges. 26814.

Sawyer, Capt., U. S. A. (See under Bureau of American Republics )

Schaupp, F. G. (See under Department of Agriculture.)

Schliemann, Madame (Athens, Greece), through Hon. Truxton Beale. Antiquities
obtained by the late Prof. Schliemann from the site of ancient Troy. 27023.

. Schluter, Wilhelm (Halle, Germany). Two skins of pheasalit (Phasianus mongol-
icus and Phasianus principalis) from Asia, 2 specimens of Mlokosiwiczi’s black
cock, Tetrao Mlolcosiiviczi from Caucasus Mountains, 14 birds’ skins (chiefly
trogons and toucans) from various countries (purchased for World’s Colum-
bian Exposition) (26010, 26116, 27021); specimen of Xenopus miilleri from East
Africa (purchased) (26506).

Schmid, Edward S. (Washington, D. C.). Gray African parrot and golden oriole
(gift) (26472); 2 specimens of lesser prairie Jhen, Tynpanuchus pallidicinctus
(purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition) (26590); monkey (Papale
rosalia) (gift) (26629); lizard (Tupinambis teguixin) from South America (gift)
(26649); parrot (Nymphicus novcehollandice) (gift) (26655).

Schofe, S. A. (Greenfield,' Mass.). Etching, “ Portrait of Mrs. Otis,” after Stuart.
27107.

Schulz, Dr. Auvel (Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa). Gold-bearing con-
glomerate and ferruginous rock from the Johannesburg Mines. -26546.

Schumann, Mr. (See under Romyn Hitchcock.)	<

Schwarz, E. A. (Washington, D. C.) Coleoptera, illustrating the Saline fauna of
Great Salt Lake (gift) (26032); North American coleoptera, all new to. the
collection (exchange) (26424); specimen of Sesia pictipes (gift) (27110).

Science College Imperial University (Tokio, Japan). Two birds from the
province of Owari, Japan. 25937.

Scollick, J. W. (U. S. National Museum). Skeleton of cochin fowl, and external
skeleton of Pseudopus Pallasii. 26473.

Scott, W. W. (Canal Dover, Ohio), through George W. Crites. Siliceous concretion.
26968.

Scriven, Lieut. George P. (U. S. A.). (See under John Keith.)

Seaney, O. E. (Fort Wayne, Ind.). Collection of old-fashioned hats and bonnets.
26694.

Seer, A. S., Theatrical Printing Company (New York City). Poster, cut on
wood (portrait of Alexander Salvini). 26036.

Sellers, John, & Sons (New York City). Collection of tools and material used for
etching. Purchase. 26850.

Sewtall, H. F. (New York City). Two prints, representing Mantegna’s “ Madonna
and Child,” and Marcantonio’s “Virgin on Clouds.” Lent for exhibition at
World’s Columbian Exposition. 26718. Returned.

Seward, Miss Olive Risley (Washington, D. C.). Cypriote collection, including
specimens of Phoenician pottery, glasswork, Roman pottery, and other objects
(25918); 104 specimens of Cypriote pottery, lamps, vases, dishes, glass jars, and
other ethnological objects (25988). Deposit.

Shepard, Dr. C. U. (Charleston, S. C.). Minerals, including rutile, from Graves
Mountain, Georgia, staurolite from Morgan ton, and apatite, augite, and tit an -
ite from Canada. 26547.

Shepard, Miss Ida (Long Beach, Cal.). Marine shells (25919). Pleistocene fossils
(26907).REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

253

Sherman, Charles A. (Wyoming). Blades of stone skin-scrapers. 26618.

Sherman, John D., Jr. (New York City). Coleoptera (exchange) (27000); North
American coleoptera (gift) (27027).

Sherman, Gen. (See under Mrs. M. C. Audenreid.)

Shotwell, J. R. (Rahway, N. J.). Skull of t( Obenobbe,” a Pottawatamie chief-
26593. (Transferred to Army Medical Museum.)

Shufeldt, Dr. R. W., U. S. A. (Takoma Park, D.C.). Reptiles, and 5 specimens of
common shiner, or red-tin dace, Notropis megalops. 25888. (See under W. Wynd-
ham.)

Shugio, Hieromich (New York City). Forty-three pieces of Japanese pottery, 2
pieces of Chinese pottery, and 1 piece of Spanish pottery (gift) (25910); >28'
pieces of Japanese pottery (purchase) (26929); 100 specimens of Japanese por-
celains and pottery (deposit) (27066).

Sibasio, Unger (Cape Colony, South Africa). Musical how. Purchase. 26185.

Sibley, Mr. (No address given). Shell from the Dry Tortugas. 26023.

Siemens, William (Beilin, Germany). Facsimile of a letter, dated November 20,.
1833, written by Prof. Gauss, in relation to the installation of the first electric,
telegraph in Gottingen. 26086.

Sigourney, C. F. (Washington, D. C.). Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Sphyropicus
varius, in the flesh. 26312.

Simonis, M. L’Abbe Paul Muller (Strasburg, Germany). Photograph represent-
ing the festival of Beiram Ali, as practiced by the Persian Mohammedans. 26555.

Simpson, Charles T. (U. S. National Museum). Six species of Strepomatidoe from dif-
ferent parts of the United States (new to the collection). 26099. (See under
C. Dwight Marsh and Bryant Walker.)

SingleY, J. A. (Austin, Tex.). Fresh-water shells (26831); skin of California gull,.
Larus californicus (26692); birds’ skins from Galveston (26697). (See under Geo-
logical Survey of Texas.)

Sizer, Frank L. (See under Capt. F. P. Spratt.)

Skinner, A. (Smithsonian Institution). Specimen of a partial Albino bob-white, Coli~
nus virginianus, from the vicinity of Washington (26416); 2 pieces of flint (26465).

Skinner, O. E. (Claremont, Va.). Cocoon of cecropia-moth. 25903.

Skow, Lawrence (Omaha, Nebr.). Hybrid tanager (Piranga rubra erythromelas).
Exchange. 26677.

Smith, E. Kirby (Vera Cruz, Mexico), through Capt. C. E. Bendire, U. S. Army. Fos-
sil shell, Hippurites calamitiformis Barcena, from a cave at the headwaters of
the Rio Coatzacoalas, Mexico. 26730.

Smith, H. I. (Madisonville and South Lebanon, Ohio, Ann Arbor and Saginaw, Mich.).,
Fossils from the wash on the rock exposures near Madisonville (25939); cedar-
root grown around a rock (26035); crayfishes (26104); crayfish from Little Chain
River (26350); crayfish from near South Lebanon, and surface crustaceans and
other specimens from Saginaw River and vicinity (26353); fresh-water crusta-
ceans from First Sister Lake, near Ann Arbor (26551); crayfishes (26570); cray-
fishes from Michigan and Ohio (26644).

Shith, Dr. H. M. (See under Fish Commission, U. S.)

Smith, H. S. (Saginaw East Side, Mich.). Helgrammites, or larvae of Corgdalus
cor nut us. 26223.

Smith, Prof. John B. (New Brunswick, N. J.). Noctuidae (chiefly type specimens).
25977.

Smith, R. W. Kirby (Sewanee, Tenn.). Birds’ eggs, representing 5 species, from
the vicinity of Jataplan, State of VeraCruz, Mexico. 26581.

Smith, Dr. S. J. (Bangkok, Siam); through General John A. Halderman. Speci-
mens of Siamese writing. 26489.

Smith, William G. (Loveland, Col.). Long-tailed weasel, Putorius longicauda, and
Fremont’s squirrel, Sciurus hudsonius Freinoutl. Purchase. 26445.254	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

. Smithsonian Institution. Medal to commemorate the one-hundredth anniver-
sary of the battle and massacre of Wyoming, July 3, 1778, to July 3, 1878,
presented to the Smithsonian Institution by the Wyoming Historical and
Geological Society, of Wilkesbarre, Pa. (gift) (26263); old custom tariff of
the Republic of Texas, as modified by the Second Congress, obtained by F. J.
Stringfellow, Crewkerne, Somerset, England (gift) (26266); medal in com-
memoration of the visit of His Imperial Majesty the German Emperor to the
city of London, on July 10, 1891, a gift to the Smithsonian Institution from
the Corporation of the City of London, through Sir John Monckton (gift)
(26524). Through W. C. Winlock: Bronze commemorative medal conferred
by the Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid in 1892 in recognition of
the exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution (deposit) (26988).

Bureau of Ethnology, under direction of the Smithsonian Institution, Maj. J. W.
Powell, director.

An interesting collection of ethnological objects, consisting of a papoose cradle
(porcupine embroidery), pair of traveling-bags, bottle, ball, spoon,. orna-
mented horn spoon, stiletto case, pair of garters, pair of moccasins, ornamented
turtle, a tobacco-pouch and small bag (for World’s Columbian Exposition)
(26105); ethnological objects from the Kiowa tribe of Indians, apparatus
belonging to the ghost dance, and miscellaneous objects obtained from the
Sioux and other Indian tribes, by James Mooney (for World’s Columbian Expo-
sition) (26286); collection of Indian costumes, war-clubs, saddles, and other
objects, collected by Lieut. Cooke, U. S. Army, for exhibit at the World’s Colum-
bian Exposition (purchase) (26404); collection of Navajo Indian silverware,
collected by George F. Kunz (purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition)
(26475); black steer robe, painted with tribal history by a Piegan Indian,,
transferred from the Bureau of Ethnology to the National Museum for
World’s Columbian Exposition (26525); carrying-basket obtained from the
Pima Indians, and transferred from the Bureau of Ethnology to the National
Museum for the World’s Columbian Exposition (26631); fine collection of
Indian baskets obtained by II. W. Henshaw, and deposited in the National
Museum (26635); plaited, woven, and coiled baskets, silversmiths’ tools, and
other objects obtained by Mr. James Mooney from the Moki Indians of
New Mexico (purchase) (26756); 13 ethnological objects collected in Okla-
homa by Dr. A. S. Gatschet, and transferred from the Bureau of Ethnology
"to the National Museum for the World’s Columbian Exposition (26843); 8
blankets obtained from the Navajo Indians, and transferred from the Bureau
of Ethnology to the National Museum for the World’s Columbian Exposition
(26905); 3 baskets made by the Biloxi Indians of Louisiana (27108); collec-
tion of costumes and ceremonial objects belonging to Indian tribes (deposit
for World’s Columbian Exposition) (25905). (See under Rev. H. N. Voth.)

U. /S. National Museum, under direction of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. G.
Brown Goode, assistant secretary in charge.

Collected by Frank X.Holzner: Birds’ skins and mammal skins and skulls
from the United States and Mexican boundary, and.transmitted by the Inter-
national Boundary Commission to the National Museum (26471); 38 specimens,
representing 16 species of birds’ skins, mammal skins, and skulls obtained
from the same localities (26528); 17 specimens, representing 10 species of birds’
skins from Arizona, and mammal skins (26553).

Purchased by Walter Hough for the National Museum: Collection of ethnolog-
. ical and sociographic articles from Spain also 16 musical instruments and 12
pieces of Spanish earthenware (26981).

Collected by P. L. Jouy: Birds’ skins, pottery, specimens of ConorMnus dimidiatus,
toggle used in drawing the cinch tight over a pack-load, crustaceans, reptiles,
specimens of Spermophilus grammurus and Sciurus sp., and specimens of Ami-REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

255

urus dugesi, Algansea, Hudsonius, Fundulus, Charaeodon, Menidia, from Mexico
(25887); 14 mammal skins with, skulls and 2 extra skulls, birds’ skins from
Mexico (25901); skins and skulls of mammals, turtles, and alcoholic specimens
■of reptiles, plants, alcoholic crabs, leeches, and shrimp, pair of gaffs used in
cock-fighting', comb used by weavers to separate threads in weaving “ Rebozo,”
il quactacomate,” alcoholic specimens of birds for skeletons, obsidian spear-
head, specimens of pottery, fragments of pottery and clay figures, bird-skin
from Mexico (26207); mammal skins ancl skulls, alcoholic specimens of lizards,
plants, birds’ si ins, alcoholic specimens of fishes from Mexico (26956); fishes,
birds’ skins, miscellaneous alcoholic insects and a Morpho-butterfly, crabs,
shells, reptiles, mammal skins, and skulls from Mexico (26967).

Collected by G. P. Merrill; Cave material from Wyandotte Cave, Indiana,
obtained for the World’s Columbian Exposition (26101, 26134); land-shells from
Wyandotte, Inch, and San Quention, Lower California (26123); cave material
from Marengo, Inch, obtained for World’s Columbian Exposition (26133); cave
material from Percy & Robertson’s cave, S}:>ringfield, Mo. for World’s Columbian
Exposition (26215); stalactites and stalagmites, from Andersonville, Tenn.,
for World’s Columbian Exposition (26260); geological specimens from north of
Phcenrx, Ariz., (26344); 2 specimens of aragonite from onyx quarry, Yavapai
County, Ariz., (26464).

Collected by William Palmer: Skin and skull of Tamias siriatus, specimen of
young guinea-fowl, Numida meleagris, 21 eocene fossils from Pamunky River
marlbeds, and 3 snakes from Hanover County, Va. (25928).

Collected by Robert Ridgway: Two specimens of turkey-buzzard, Cathartes
aura, and of crow (Corvus amerieanus) (26686).

Through William Palmer: Parrot (Amazon a farinosa) (26066).

National Zoological Park, under direction of the Smithsonian Institution.

Through Dr. Frank Baker, acting manager: Cariacus virginianus (25933); bay
lynx, Lynx rufus (26073); coyote (Cams latrans) and llama (Lama glama)
(26074); prong-horned antelopes, Antilocapra americana (26139); bird-spider,
Eurypelma Bentzii (26162); macaw (Ar a sever a) (26179); monkey(Cebus sp.),
male juv., from South America, and red foxes, Vulpes fulvus, male, juv.
(26325); cinnamon-bear, Ursus amerieanus, from Mammoth Hot Springs
(26327); peccary (Dicotyles tajacu) (26328); coyote (Canis latrans), male, and
llama (Lama glama), female, from'Peru (26332); 2 specimens of coyote (Canis
latrans), female, 3 deer (Cariacus, sp.), 2 males and 1 female, monkey (Chry-
sothrix sciurea), male, and a llama (Lama glama) (26338); monkey (Hapale
jacchus) and porcupine (Erethrizon dorsatus) (26396); white ibis, G-uara alba
in transitional plumage (26407); bear (Ursus, sp.), (26450); sulphur-crested
cockatoo (26482); peccary (Dicotyles tajacu) and monkey (Cerocebus fuliginosus)
(26523); peccary (Dicotyles tajacu) (26544); specimen each of red-fox, Vulpes
fulvus, and skunk (Mephitis mephitica) (26563); golden eagle, Aqitila chrysaetos
in the flesh (26640); skunk (Mephitis mephitica), 2 specimens of kit-fox, Vulpes
velox, and a monkey (Cebus hypoleucus) (26654); raccoon (Procyon lotor) (26702);
skunk (Mephitis mephitica) (26740); specimen each of beaver (Castor canadensis)
and porcupine (Erethrizon dorsatus) (26762); Humboldt’s monkey, Lagothrix
Humboldtii (26793); specimen each of spermophile (Spermophilus grammurus),
Angora-goat, Capra hircus angorenis, and hedgehog (Erinaceus europmus)
(26807); specimen of prairie-dog, Cynomys ludovicianus (26823); magpie in
the flesh (26872); American magpie, Pica pica hudsonica in the flesh (26879);

' white-throated sapajou, Cebus hypoleucus (26900); squaw-duck (26957); 2 spec-
imens of monkey (Cebus and Chrysothrix) (27044); Amazon parrot, Amazona
amazonica in the flesh (27068); salamander (Spelerpes ruber) (27114); 2 speci-
mens of Ursus amerieanus, and a llama (Lama glama) (27144).

Smolinski, Joseph (Washington, D. C.). Starfish from the Adriatic* Sea, 2 shells,256

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Pinna carbea from the Isle of Lida, off the city of Venice, and a dried specimen
of sea-horse, Hippocampus heptagonus from the Adriatic Sea (26836); specimen
of Gnaphalium leontopodium, the “ Edelweiss ” of central Europe (27045).

Snyder, Bladen T. (Paris, France). Bill of lading dated Bristol, July 5, 1765.
Exchange. 27093.

Souhami, Sadullah & Co. (Tarakdjiiar Han, Constantinople, Turkey). Collection
of objects representing-Mohammedan and Jewish religious observances and
costumes of Greek and American priests. Purchased for World's Columbian
Exposition. 26942.

Southwick & Critchley (Providence, E. I.). Two skins of heath-hen, Tijmpa-
nnchus cupido, from Martha’s Vineyard, Mass. (26502, 26591). Purchased for
World’s Columbian Exposition.

Spainhour, J. M. (Lenoir, N. C.). Collection of 697 small leaf-shaped implements
found en cache, stone with worked flat surface on side and end, an unfinished
stone pipe, and 15 large leaf-shaped implements found en cache. 27001.

Spears, J. E. (Northwoocf, N. Y.). Collection of photographs. 26109.

Spencer, Emmons (Big Pine, Cal.). Infusorial earth. 27099.

Spicer, Capt. John O. (New London, Conn.). Eskimo coat and pants obtained by
Capt. Clisby. 26309.

Sprague, John C. (New York City). Sets of eggs of sharp-tailed sparrow, chicka-
dee, kingfisher, and red-tailed hawk. 26186.

Spratt, Capt. Frank P. (Helena, Mont.), through Frank L. Sizer and Mark W.
Harrington. Fragments of sapphire. 26950.

Sprinkel, J. W. (Dulinsville, Va.). Dried salamander (Diemyctylus miniatus). 26638.

Squyer, Homer (Mingusville, Mont.). Fossils (26933,27122) ^specimens of Anodonia
plana Lea (26941); land and fresh-water shells (26973).

Stabler, Harold B. (Sandy Spring, Md.). Blue-jay, Cyanociita cristata in the flesh
(26268); barred-owl, Syrnium nebulosum, and field-sparrow, Spizella pusilla, in
the flesh (26498).

Stabler, Harold B. and James (Sandy Spring, Md.). Star-nosed mole, Condylura
cristata. 26210.

Stabler, James (Sandy Spring, McL). Eed-tailecl hawk, Puteo borealis, in the-
flesh. 26408.

Staling, F. (Harrisonburg, Va.). Stalagmatic marble. 26085.

Stanton, T, W. (IT. S. Geological Survey). Concretions from near Castle Gate and.
Scofield, Utah. 26476.

Starin, John H. (New York City.) Large colored crayon of Saratoga Battle Monu-
ment at Schuylersville, N. Y. 26954.

State, Department of. (See under Henry W. Andrews, Columbian Historical Expo-
sition, and Treasury Department.)

Stearns, Dr. E. E. C. (U. S. Geological Survey). Piece of Japanese pottery. 26932..

Steckelman, Carl (Mayumba, Africa), through George C. Webster. Pottery and.
collection of ethnological objects and musical instruments from Africa. 26257.

Steinbeck, William (Hollister, Cal.). Set of eggs of Elanus leucurus. 26122.

Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard (U. S. National Museum). Two specimens of Chasiempis
Gayi Wilson, sp.nov., from Oahu, Sandwich Islands (26497); 10 specimens of
birds’ skins from Bering Island, Kamtschatka (26558); specimen of Catocala
relicta Walk, from San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, obtained at an elevation of
8,000 feet (27081). (See under George E. Harris and Jerome Lightfoot.)

Stephens, F. (Santa Ysabel, Cal.). Fossil wood from the Colorado Desert, about-
6 miles east of Borego Springs (26805); 27 reptiles from Colorado Desert,
including 4 specimens of the horned toad, Phrynosoma McCallii (25989).

. Sterki, Dr. (See under Geological survey of Texas.)

Sternburg, Baron H. S. (charge d’affaires of Germany, Pekin, China). Skin of
antelope (Nemorhcedus caudatus) from the mountain region of north China. 27121.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

257

Steuart, C. A. (See under L. L. Baker.)

Steuart, H. B. (Garrettsville, Ohio). Butterfly (Papilio ajax). 26277.

Steuart, Gen. J. E. P. (See under William B. Cary.)

Stevenson, Mrs. Cornelius (Bryn Mawr, Pa.). Photograph of Ramses. 25956.

Stilwell, L. W. (Deadwood, S. Dak.). Fossil from Suggs, Wyo. 26091.

Stoddard, S. R. (Glens Falls, N. Y.). Photograx)hs illustrating views in the vicin-
ity of Howe’s Cave, N. Y. Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26129.

Story, J. L. (The Dalles, Oreg.), through George F. Kunz. Two specimens of opal.
26434.

Stringfellow, F. J. (See under Smithsonian Institution.)

Stuart, L. W. (Monmouth, Iowa). Collection of 125 Niagara and Silurian fossils
from Iowa. 25929.

Sturge, Joseph (Birmingham, England). Fruit-eating hat, Brachyphylla caverna-
rum. 27119.

Sulzberger, D. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Knife used for the slaughter of cattle, accord-
ing to the Jewish rite. Deposit. 26398.

Sulzberger, Mayer (Philadelphia, Pa.). Eleven volumes illustrating the cere-
monies and religious costumes of the world (26121); miniature copy of the Pen-
tateuch (26817).

Swingle, Mr. (See under H. J. Webber.)

Taber, Charles, & Co. (New Bedford, Mass.). Nine collographic prints, “Arto-
types.” 26527.

Takayanazi, T. (New York City). Eight pieces of Japanese pottery. Purchase.
26931.

Talmage, J. E. (Deseret Museum, Salt Lake City, Utah). Two microscopic slides of
male and female specimens of the brine-shrimp, Artemia fertilis Yerrill, and a.
photo-micrograph of the female Artemia. 26459. (See under Deseret Museum.)

Tait, Mrs. Lizzie J. (See under The Woman’s College of Baltimore.)

Tate, Willie B. (Washington, D. C.). Four specimens of Argiope riparia Hentz..
26184.

Taylor, Charles (New Britain, Conn.). G. A. R. badge of Stanley Post No. 11.
26227.

Taylor, Miss Elizabeth (Troy, N. Y.). Birds’ skins from western Manitoba and.
the Mackenzie River delta (26518); 'birds’ nests and eggs from British North
America; birds’ skins from western Manitoba; harlequin duck from the rapids of
Drowned Slave River; bird skeleton, Eskimo needle-case, and 115 specimens of
plants from the Mackenzie basin. (26519).

Taylor, Rev. George W., D. D. (St. Barnabas Rectory, Victoria, B. C.). Specimens-
of Acmcea from British Columbia and Japan. 26136.

Taylor, Gen. Richard. (See under Thomas J. Armstrong. J

Taylor, Mrs. V. W. (Leitchfield, Ky.). Silk-moth, Telea polyphemus, and 2 swallow-
tail butterflies. Papilio troilus. 25993.

Taylor, William Tate (Bannack City, Mont.), through Dr. W. H. Melville. Gold
in calcite, and two specimens of tiemannite from Piute County, Utah. 26585.

Tegima, S. (University of Tokio, Tokio, Japan). Two photographs of a meteoric
stone which fell at MaLrne, Hishgori County, Province of Satsuma., Japan, in
1886. 26145.

Test, Frederick C. (U. S. National Museum). Green frog, Pana pipiens, from Ocean
City. 25995.

Ti-ie Alaska Indian Bazaar (Chicago, 111.). Net-maker’s outfit, consisting of grass,
hackle, shuttle, spindle, and net. Purchase. 27101.

The Art Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). Twenty-seven specimens of photo-
mechanical process work. 26716.

The Colorado Turkey Hone Stone Company (Denver, Colo.). Four whetstones
and a grindstone. 26560.

H. Mis. 184, pt, 2------17258

REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

The Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company (Boston, Mass.). Sixteen
specimens of photo-lithographic work, etc. 26421.

The Grottoes Company (Skendnn, Va.), through J. W. Rumple, president, and E.
C. Pechim, general manager. Collection of cave materials from grottoes, collected
by W. H. Newhall, of the National Museum, for World’s Columbian Exposition.
26481.

The Knapp and Cowles Manufacturing Company (Bridgeport, Conn.). Eight
mincing-knives. 26283.

The Massachusetts Arms Company (Chicopee Falls, Mass.). Objects illustrat-
ing the composition of the Maynard rifle. Deposit. 26835.

The Pasadena Loan Association (Pasadena, Cal.), through Miss Annie L. Pitcher.
Plants used in their arts hy the aborigines of Los Angeles and San Fernando,

. Cal. 26474.

Ti-ie Scott Stamp and Coin Company (New York City).- Colonial and other
American medals (purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition) (25975); colo-
nial and continental paper-money. Purchase. (25991.)

The Woman’s College of Baltimore (Baltimore, Md.), through Arthur Bibhins,
curator. Specimen of Branchiostoma lanceolatum, obtained from Fort Tampa,
Fla. by Mrs. Lizzie J. Tait, and specimens of Cordyloplwra lacustris Alim.,
bearing gonophores, collected from the pier of Fort Carroll, Patapsco River.
26785.

The Wyoming Historical and Geological Society (Wilkesbarre, Pa.). Medal
to commemorate the 100th anniversary, July 3, 1878, of the battle and massacre
at Wyoming, July 3, 1778. 26254.

Thomas, Dr. Cyrus. (See under Miss Ernestine Mager.) _

Thompson, J. PI., Jr. (Patterson, N. Y.). A young barred Plymouth Rock cock, in
the flesh. 26521. (See under R. P. Thompson.)

Thompson, R. P. (Patterson, N. Y.), through J. H. Thompson, jr. A young White
Cochin cock, in the flesh (26522); 2 white cochin hens (27024).

Thompson, William Nelles (Chatham, Ontario, Canada). Wampum belt said to
have belonged to Tecumseh. Purchase. 26237.

Thornton, II. R. (New York City). Ivory coat of mail belonging to the Eskimo
tribe of Cape Prince of Wales, and plates of iron dug up from the same locality.
Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26018.

Thornton, M.E. (Hickory, N. C.). Gordius from a fish-pond at Bridgewater, N. C.
26419.

Thorpe, Dr. H. H. (Liberty Hill, Tex.). Oyster shells cemented together (25886);
fossils (25964); collection of pearls and corals, also string of-coral (26764).

Tiffany & Co. (New York City). Silver Koran case and 2 silver Mohammedan
talismans (26347). Purchased for the World’s Columbian Exposition.

Tinkham, Asa W. (Brockton, Mass.). G-. A. R. knapsack badge. 26228.

Tisdel, W. P. (Washington, D. C.). Marimba from Santiago de Yeragua, Province
of Chiriqui, Colombia. 27067.

Toby, F. H. (Fort Huachuca, Ariz.), through Ca.pt. C.E. Bendire, U. S. A. Frontal
bone of Lepidosteus. 26316.

Todd, E. R. (U. S. National Museum). Chipmunk (Tamias striatus), (26137); barred-
owl, Syrnium nebulosum, in the flesh, from near Lower Cedar Point, Maryland.
(26258.)

Townsend, C. H. (U. S. Fish Commission). Alcoholic specimens of crayfishes; larva
of crane-fly, alcoholic reptile, and fishes, representing the genera Campostoma,
BMnichthys, Notropis, Semotilus, Phoxinus, Hybognathus, Catostomus, and Btheos-
toma, from Westmoreland County, Pa. (27014); mammal skins (27017). (See
under Fish Commission.)

Traill, W. E. (Ashcroft, British Columbia). Specimen of Sorex sp., and alcoholic
specimens of small salmon (Oncorhynchus Kennerlyi, Roach, and BichardsonhisREPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

259

lateralis) and dace {Apocope vulnerata), (25938); alcoholic specimens of fishes from
Stuart’s Lake, British Columbia, consisting of TJranidea, Bichardsonius, Salmo
mylciss, and Salmo Kennerlyi (27103).

Treasury Department, U. S. Three skins of female seals and skin of pup seal,
collected by J. Stanley Brown, while acting as agent in charge of the Seal Islands;
for use in connection with the Bering Sea arbitration, and also skin of seal (Phoca
vitulma), (26395); fur-seal skins, skulls, and bones, collected by the revenue
steamer Corwin during her summer cruise, collected at the request of the Secre-
tary of State in connection with the Bering Sea arbitration (26418).

Tristram, Rev. II. B. (The College, Durham, England). Birds’ skins from New
Guinea. Exchange. 25982.

Tritsci-i, Albert (Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa). Copies of the Rhodesia
Chronicle and Mashonaland Advertiser, the Mashonaland Herald and Zambesian
Times, printed in cyclostyle. 26747.

Turner, J. Henry (through Alaska Commercial Company). Skulls of bear and
moose, 4 birch-bark canoes, skin canoe, sled and ethnological objects, also fossil
bones of Elephas {Bison laiifrons), from Alaska. Purchase. 26892.

Tylor, Dr. Edward B. (Museum of Natural History, Oxford, England). Two pho-
tographs of-pottery made by the Santa Clara Indians. 26491.

Ulrich, E. 0. (Newport, Ky.), through R. R. Gurley. Five specimens of Inocaulis
arbuscula Ulrich, from Cincinnati group (lower beds). 26754.

University of Upsala (Upsala, Sweden), through Dr. Theo. Fries. Large collec-
tion of dried plants, principally from Brazil. Exchange. 26148.

Valentine, E. Iv. (U. S. Senate). Copies of official programmes and Senators’
tickets used in the Cleveland inaugural ceremonies in 1893.	26830.

Vance, Dr. J. R. (Stanton, Tex.). Texas rattlesnake. Purchased for World’s
Columbian Exposition. 26400.

Van Deman, H. E. (Department of Agriculture). Asphalt from Emery County,
Utah. 26924.

Van Epps, Percy M. (Glenville, N. Y.). Copper key bugle. 27073.

Van Rensselaer, Mrs. W. King (New York City). Specimen of Trombidium from
Weekawken, N. J. 26454.

Vaughan, T. Wayland (Cambridge, Mass.). Fresh-water shells from Louisiana and
Texas. 26903.

Vinton, George W. (See under Illinois and Mississippi Canal Company.)

Von Ii-iering, Dr. II. (Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Land, fresh-water,
and marine shells from Southern Brazil (26577); shells (26028).

Von Mueller, Baron Ferdinand (Melbourne, Victoria). Specimens of Banksia
odorata and Corysanthes unguiculata (26034, 26120); herbarium specimens from
Australia (26951).

Von Phul, Hon. Frank (vice-consul, San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua), through S.
C. Braida, U. S. consul. Spider {Gasteracantha cancer Hentz), from Greytown.
26373.

Von Streeruwitz, W. H. (Austin, Tex.). Specimens of marble from the Sierra
Diablo and volcanic and metamorphic rocks from Van Horn Mountains, El Paso
County (25999); ores and rocks (26080).

Vormus, Albert (Greenville, Miss.). Flint chips, fragment of bone, 5 fragments
of pottery, and 6 pieces of burnt clay from a mound near Greenville. 27096.

Votii, Rev. II. N. (Lehigh, Kans.), through U. S. Bureau of Ethnology. Collection
of Cheyenne Indian material, obtained by James Mooney and transferred from
the Bureau of Ethnology to the National Museum. 26674.

Wade, Mrs. Levi (Allegheny, Pa.). Song by Mrs. Wade, dedicated to the ladies
of New England. 26042.

Waggaman, Thomas E, (Washington, D. C.). Three pieces of Japanese pottery.
26930.260

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Walcott, Charles D. (See under Interior Department. U. S. Geological Survey.)

Walker, Bryant (Detroit, Mich.), through C. T. Simpson. Specimens of Anoclonta,
representing 7 species. 26894.

Walker, Dr. R. L. (Mansfield, Pa ). Thirty-three photographs of living animals.
26578.

Wallace, Samuel (Washington, D. C.). Homing pigeon. 26483.

Walnut, Mrs. Ada U. (Los Angeles, Cal.). Collection of shells. 26399.

Wanstall, William (Washington, D. C.). Baker’s tally-sticks (four) used in
Philadelphia in 1818. 26317.

Ward, Rowland & Co. (London, England). Mounted heads of Strepsiceros kudu,
Oreas canna, Gazella walleri, Strepsiceros imbeibis, Paniholops Hodgsoni, Capra
megaceros, Ovis polii, Boselaphus tragocamelus (26898); 12 large mounted heads
of mammals (26922). Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment (Rochester, N. Y.). Game birds, chiefly
foreign (25893)*; skull of boa constrictor (26138)*; specimen of precious coral
(26200)*; 2 enlarged models of skulls, one of a penguin and the other of a frog
(26233)*; peccary from Texas, sewellel from Washington, and meadow-mouse from
Tennessee (26333)*; model of skull of Menopoma (26401)*; shell of argonaut, a
paper nautilus (26402)*; raccoon skin (26466)* ; disarticulated skeleton of horse
(26598)*; five mounted birds, viz, Bengal vulture, Ggps bengalensis, black
vulture, Catharista atrata, English pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, emu, Dro-
maius novce-hollandice, adjutant, Leptoptilus clubius (26643)* ; Auzoux model show-
ing complete anatomy of a turkey (26665)*; mounted skeleton of man (26812)*;
geological material from various localities (exchange) (26853); spiny-tailed
squirrel, Anomalurus pelii; pangolin, Smutsia temminrkii; mole-rat, Bathgurgus
maritinus; wild ass, Asinus onager (purchase) (26864); 8 mounted mammals, viz,
African mungoose, Herpestes ichneumon, Indian mungoose, Herpestes griseus, genet,
Genetta vulgaris, fat-tailed sheep, Ovis aides, steatopyga, domestic goat, lop-eared
rabbit, Lepns citniculus var., guinea-pig, Cavia aperea, zebu, Bibos indicus (26867)*;
geological material (26885)*; slab of serpentine and one of luxullianite from
England, and slab of rapckivi granite from Finland (26895)* ; mounted specimen
of colugo, Galeopithecus volans (purchase) (27130).

Warneke, C. W. (Washington, D. C.). Specimen of Putorius erminia, in the flesh.
25931.

Warren, S. (White Springs, Fla.). Larva of bombycid-moth, Lagoa crispata. 26365.

Wasi-i'ington, Lawrence (Marshall, Va.). Washington’s Bible (folio volume with
autograph of George Washington on title-page, and his name printed in the list
of subscribers at the end of the book; oil portrait of Maj. Lawrence Wasking-
ton (half-brother of George Washington, who built the mansion and named the
estate Mount Vernon, and who bequeathed the property to George Washington;
commission of Lawrence Washington as major in the King’s army on the expedi-
tion under Admiral Vernon. Deposit. 25899.

Washington Onyx Mining and Milling Company (Pomeroy, Wash.). Three
specimens of opal from the “Onyx” mines in Garfield County, Wash. 26681.

Watkins, J. E. (See under M. W. Beecher and T. S. Bishop.)

Weaver, O. R. (Indianapolis, Ind.) Badge of the G. A. R., Department of Indi-
ana. 26247.

Webb, Alexander R. (U. S. consul, Manila, Philippine Islands). Thirty-six pho-
tographs representing natives and houses, streets, and other scenes at ike
Philippine Islands (26220); 4 native games, Manila milkman’s outfit consisting
of 6 pieces, native costume, hat, shirt and breeches, pair of shoes for wet
weather, and a collection of clay kitchen vessels. 26320. t

* Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition.

t These objects were purchased by Mr. Webb for the National Museum at the
request of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

261

Webb, Walter F. (Geneva, N. Y.). Six eggs of Audubon’s shearwater, 10 eggs of
man-o’-war bird, 20 eggs of sooty tern, 13 eggs of noddy tern, 12 eggs of booby
from Bahama Islands, 3 eggs of cinnamon teal from California. 26278.

Weber, F. C. (Chicago, 111.). Spider {Argiope transversa Hentz). 26180.

Webber, H. J. (Eustis, Fla.). Turtle, in the flesh, obtained by Messrs. Webber and
Swingle. 26906.

Webster, George C. (See under Carl Steckleman.)

Weed. Clarence M. (Hanover, N. C.). Tyx>e specimens of North American harvest-
spider, Phalangiidce.	26978.

Weed, Walter L. (Washington, D. C.). Kaolin from near Bethesda Park, Mont-
gomerj7- County, Md. 26826.

Weems, David G. (Baltimore, Md.). Photograph of Mr. Weems, inventor. 26406.

Wesley, William & Son (London, England). Illustrated catalogue of the Anglo-
Jewish Historical Exhibition (purchase) (26059) | book entitled lt Etching and
Mezzotint Engraving,” by H. Herkomer, London, 1892, illustrated (purchase)
(26084); 6 photographs of Jewish antiquities (purchased for World’s Columbian
Exposition) (26241).

White, Dr. C. H., U. S. Navy. Butterfly (Timetas chiron), obtained 200 miles off the
northwestern coast of Mexico, 2 sphingid-moths, dragon-fly, and a specimen of
Hydrophilus from Peru. 26964.

White, E. H. (Astoria, Oreg.). Land and fresh-water shells. 26340.

Whiteaves, J. F. (Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada). Specimen of
Thetis affinis Whiteaves, from Skidgate Inlet, British Columbia. 26623.

Whitelaw, W. H. (Hartford, Conn.). Nutmeg, made from the original Charter Oak
tree. 26480.

Whitney, Miss Anne (Boston, Mass.). Original plaster model of statue “ Leif
Erikson.”

Whitney, C. A. (Piedmont, S. Dak.), through L. M. McCormick. Dry skin of bat
(Conynorkinus Toumsendii). 26652.

Whittier, Joseph H. (Manchester, N. H.), through S. S. Yoder. Badge of tho Union
Veterans Union, Department of New Hampshire. 26451.

Whyte, James. (See under Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. Army).

Wicks, M. L., Jr. (Los Angeles, Cal.). Skin of short-tailed albatross, Diomedea
albatnis. Exchange. 26550.

Widmann, Otto (Old Orchard, Mo.). Nest of Baltimore oriole, 3 nests of Traill’s
fly-catcher, and 3 nests of Acadian fly-catcher from the vicinity of St. Louis.
26839.

Wilcox, Mrs. Mary E. D. (Washington, D. C.). Collection of Jackson relics, con-
sisting of a walking-stick presented to Gen. Andrew. Jackson by a friend; Turk-
ish scimetar presented by the Sultan of Turkey to Gen. Jackson; watch worn
by Gen. Jackson at the battle of New Orleans; bead watch-guard presented to
him by his wife; comb presented by the ladies of New Orleans to Mrs. Jackson;
card-case used by Mrs. Jackson; racing-purse used by the general; veil pre-
sented by the ladies of Cincinnati to Mrs. Jackson; sleeve of a dress worn by
Mrs. Jackson at the grand ball in New Orleans in 1816; nullification proclama-
tion, printed on satin; copy of appendix to Blackstone used by Gen. Jackson
when studying law in Salisbury, N. C.; copy of Koran; card of trinkets belong-
ing to Mrs. Jackson; miniatures on ivory of President and Mrs. Jackson.
Deposit. 26196.

Wilcox, A. C. (Washington, D. C.). Two arrow-heads found near Upper Marlboro,
Md. 27097.

Wilcox, Glover P. (Fort Huachuca, Ariz.). Eggs of Ieteria virens longicauda and
Icterus parisorum. 26168.

WTlcox, Jones (East Chatham, N. Y.). Two silver Wyandotte fowls in the flesh
(26628, 26670); silver-spangled Hamburg fowl.262

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Wilcox, Dr. Timothy E., U. S. A.(Fort Huachuca, Ariz.). Arachnida and myriop-
oda, alcoholic specimens of mammals, leeches, birds, and reptiles, collected by
Dr. Wilcox, Master Harry Lawrence, Master Fred Ebert, Master Fred Fowler,
Miss Bertha Rawolle, Miss Florence Scott, Messrs. Leahy and Walerius, hospital
stewards, and E. Jenks, hospital corps (26403); insects from the vicinity of Fort
Huachuca (26579). (See under C. H. Bales).

Wilkinson, E. (Mansfield, Ohio). Fossil tooth of mammal. 26044.

Willcox, Joseph (Philadelphia, Pa.). Minerals from various localities. Purchased
for World’s Columbian Exposition. 26829.

Williams, F. H. (Greene, N. Y.). Two hammer-stones, 2 rude chipped implements, 3
notched sinkers, 20 knives, scrapers, and other objects (27082); 60 stone imple-
ments, fragments of pottery, and three vessels of steatite (27115).

Williams, J. A. (Cloud Chief, Okla.). Fifth neck vertebra of an elk (Cemus cana-
densis). 26722.

Williams, J. W. (Springfield, Mo.). Specimens of stalactites and stalagmites for
the World’s Columbian Exposition. 26307.

Williams, Mrs. Talcott (Philadelphia, Pa.). Costume of man, costume of woman,
a boy’s costume, and man’s cloak from Morocco. Purchased for World’s Colum-
bian Exposition. 26053.

Williams, T. (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands). Eighty-five photographs representing
views of Hawaiian volcanoes. Purchased for World’s Columbian Exposition.
26131.

WiLLisrMerritt (Bronx Mills, West Farms, N. Y.). Chipped flint dagger or spear-
head from Illinois, 12 arrow-heads from West Chester, 1ST. Y., 1 from Indiana,
and 1 from California. 26008.

Willson, George A. (Ashton, Md.). American barn-owl, Sirix pratincola. 26050.

Wilson, F. E. (Greenville, Ohio). Musket flint and small arrow-point, also 2 buttons,
supposed to be relics of campaigns under Gen. St. Clair and Gen. Anthony Wayne
during the Revolutionary War. 26746.

Wilson, Scott B. (Surrey, England). Seventeen birds in" alcohol from the Sand-
wich Islands. (26201,26202), (Purchase, gift.)

Wilson, Thomas (U. S. National Museum). Archaeological objects, consisting of
scrapers, arrow-heads, and similar objects from Le Teil, Selles-sur-Cher, Loir-et
Cher, France, obtained from the collection of A. Bonnet (26538); bronze sword
and bronze hatchet from near Norfolk, England, (26795); 187 rude and leaf
shaped implements, perforators, scrapers, arrow-heads, polished hatchets, grooved
axes, pierced tablets and boat-shaped articles, hematite mullers, and a disk of
banded slate from Ohio (26870). Deposit.

Wiltberger, Jacob (Brookland, D. C.). Rude implements and spear-heads of
quartzite. 26443.

Winlock, W. C. (See under Smithsonian Institution.)

Winton, George B. (San Luis Potosi, Mexico). Skin of pectoral bob white,
Colinus pectoralis (gift) (26614); skins of imperial woodpecker, Campephilus
imperialis, from Michoacan, Mexico (purchased for World’s Columbian Exposi-
tion) (26893).

Witchell, S. B. (San Antonio, Tex.). Cocoon of bag-worm, Thyridopteryx sp.
26001.

Wittkugel, Erich (San Pedro Sula, Honduras). Sixty specimens, representing 25
species of rare lepidoptera. Purchase. 26322.

Wittich, B« (Moline, Ind.). Fifty-four photographs illustrating the life and indus-
tries of the Indians of Arizona, New Mexico, and Lower California. 26244.

Wood, Miss E. M. (Cheshire, England). Six colored drawings of gregarinida
(small parasitic invertebrates) (26234); five drawings of sponges and worms
showing details of structure (27038). Purchased for World’s Columbian Expo-
sition.REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY.

263

Wood; Nelson (U. S. National Museum). Sumatra pullet. 26486.

Woodward; Albert (Dayton, Wash..). Volcanic dust. 27132.

Woodward; Karl W. (Washington; D. C.). Trunk of fossil tree from the Potomac
formation of the District of Columbia. 26918.

WOOSTER; A. F. (Norfolk; Conn.). Specimens of Diceroa chrysea, Nyctobates pensyl-
vanicus, and Lebia grandis. 26777.

Worth, S. G. (U. S. Fish Commission). Specimen of Unio hyalinus Lea? fromTygart's
River, West Virginia. 26448.

WortileN; Charles K. (Warsaw, 111.). Skin and skull of Yaguarundrs cat, Fells
yaguarundi, Purchase. 26763.

Wright, Berlin H. (Penn Yan, N. Y.). Collection of shells. 26780.

Wright, Prof. G. F. (Oberlin, , Ohio). Glacial material from Ontario, Canada
(26749); photographs illustrating phenomena of glacial drifts from Ohio to
Canada (26786). Purchased for World's Columbian Exposition.

Wunderlich, H. & Co. (New York City). Seventeen prints (26727); plate from
Turner’s “Liber Studiorum,” and an etching by Jacque (26863). Purchased for
World’s Columbian Exposition.

Wunsten, Carl (Silver Cliff, Colo.). Nickel ores from Gem Mine, Fremont County,
Colo. 27098.

Wurtele, F. C. (Quebec, Canada). Bromide enlargement of a photograph of work-
ing model of S. S. “ Royal William,v and a copy of transaction No. 20 of the Lit-
erary and Historical Society of Quebec, Canada, sessions of 1889-1891, containing
the account and certified statement of steamship. Purchase. 27036.

Wyandance Brick and Terra Cotta Company (New York City), through D. G.
Harriman, secretary. Pyrite deposited on wood. 26508.

Wyard, E. Saxon (Washington, D. C.). Eight large ornamented shells from the
Indo-Pacific Ocean. 25966.

Wynant, W. P. (Bealeton, Va.). Horned grebe, Colymbns auritus. 26706.

Wyndiiam, W. (H. B. M. consul, Surinam), through Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, LF. S. A.
Two crania of catfish, known as “ crucifix " fish. 26267.

Wyoming Historical and Geological Society. (See under Smithsonian Insti-
tution.)

Yale College Museum (New Haven, Conn.), through Charles E. Beecher, curator.
Twelve slabs of crinoids from Crawfordsville, Ind. (26415); 325 specimens of
fossil crinoids, brachiopods, and mollusca from the same locality (26977).

Yale College (New Haven, Conn.), through Prof. E. S. Dana. The Henry magnet.
Deposit. 26705.

Yoder, S. S. (See under Joseph H. Whittier.)

Young, R. J. (Chrystoval, Ariz.). Two snakes. 27033.

Zoological Museum op Christiania (Christiania, Norway), through Prof. R. Col-
lett, director. Alcoholic specimens of Raia nidrosiensis, Raia fullonica, Chimcera
monstrosa, Spin ax spinax, JBothus rhombus, Coitus scorpius, Callionymus lyra,
Argentina sphyroma, Salvelinus alpinus, Onos mustela, On os cimbrius, Gadus
esmarMi, and Raniceps ranimus. Exchange. 26865.

Zoological Station (Naples, Italy). Collection of marine invertebrates. Pur-
chase. 27047.264	REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

INDEXES TO ACCESSION LIST.
INDEX A.—BY LOCALITY.
AFRICA.

Accession number.

Adler, Dr, Cyrus.............. 25835, 25950, 26106

Buttikofer, Dr. J....................... 27040

Cadle,W.W ....................'......... 26446

■Chamberlain,Dr.L. T.,andMrs. Frances Lea 27004

Chanler, "William Astor............ 26908, 26939

Cbatelain, H61i.................... 26802, 26803

Conge, B. M............................. 26771

Cooke, A. C...................-......... 25980

English, G-eorge L., &Co................ 26540

Grant, Hon. Louis B................ 25998, 26723

Greene, A. S., TJ. S. Navy.............. 2622

Accession number.

Keller, F............................... 25911

Moore, H. C ............................ 26704

Randolph, Miss Cornelia................. 25968

Sibasion, Unger..........................26185

Schliiter, Wilhelm ...........----- 26010,26506

Schulz, Dr. Auvel....................... 26546

Steckleman, Carl........................ 26257

Tritsch, Albert......................... 26747

Wanamaker, Hon. John.................... 25930

Wright, B.H............................. 26780

AMERICA.

NORTH AMERICA.

British

Attwater, H. P...........................26126

Barrows, Prof. W. B..................... 26796

Bement, C. S............................ 26824

Brooks, Allan C......................... 26011

Cox, Philip................. 27080, 27086, 27127

Gilchrist, F. C......................... 26972

Harvey, Rev. R. M.................. 26901, 26902

Hourston, Joseph........................ 26057

Jordan, Dr. J. S .......................• 26379

Lampard, Henry.......................... 26363

Me:

Academy of* Sciences, San Francisco, Cal.. 26688

Agriculture, Department of......... 26386, 27113

Anthony, W. A............................26174

Appleton, Capt. Nathan............. 26250,26374

Bailey, G.E............................. 26014

Blatchley, W.S.......................... 26198

- Cleveland, Rev. E. F. X.......... 27061,27136

Daniel, Prof. E.............1...........27131

Devine,.William......................... 26495

Duges, Prof. A..................... 26707, 27048

Emmons, S. F................r........... 27057

English, George L. & Co................. 26540

Fish Commission, U. S....... 26376, 26574, 26710

Herrera, Prof. A. L..................... 26542

MacFarlane, R........................... 26380

Mager, Miss Ernestine....................26160

Merriam, Dr. C. Hart.................... 26441

Pope, H.................................-26081

Taylor, Miss Elizabeth............. 26518, 26519

Taylor, Rev. George W................... 26136

Thompson, William Nelles................ 26237

Traill, W. E....................... 25938, 27103

Whiteaves, J. F......................... 26623

Wurtele, F. C.........................   27036

CO.

Jouy, P. L.....................•........ 27143

Mason, J. T............................. 26948

Mearns, Dr. E. A., U. S. Army...... 26022, 26689

Merrill, G. P........................... 26319

Northrup, Dr. D. B...................... 26580

Nuttall, George H. F.................... 26877

Palmer, Dr. Edward...................... 26324

Patton, William Hampton................. 27073

Smith, E. Kirby, Jr..................... 26730

Smith, R. W. Kirby...................... 26581

Smithsonian Institution. U. S. National
Museum... 25887, 25901, 26123, 26207, 26956, 26967

White, Dr. C. H., U. S. Navy............ 26964

Win ton, George B.................. 26614, 26^93

United States.

Alabama :

Hurter, Julius.................... 26394

Perry, R. S....................... 26735

Robinson, Amos G.................. 26068

Romeyn, Capt. Henry, U. S. Army.... 26064

Alaska :

Call, Dr. S. J.................... 26150

Emmons, Lieut. G. T.,U. S. Navy. 26453, 26494

27063

Evermann, Prof. B. W.............. 26658

Fish Commission, U. S... 26375, 26739, 26822

Lee, Thomas....................... 27106

Littlejohn, Chase................. 26352

The Alaska Indian Bazar, Chicago___2710 L

Thornton, H. R.................... 26018

Treasury Department, U. S.... 26395 26418

Turner, J. H...................... 26892

Arizona :

Arizona Onyx Company, Chicago....... 26530

Bales, C. B......................... 26236

Brown, Herbert...................... 26211

Coleman, J. 1........................26159

Collins, H. F....................... 26685

Dawes, Mrs. W. C.....................26125

Foote, Dr. A. E..................... 26144

Fowler, F. Hall..................... 26219

Hodge, F. Webb............... 26631, 26635

Johnson, Paul J..................... 25978

Keam, Thomas Y...............-...... 27072

Kempton, C. H....................    26287

Lesser & Sawyer..................... 27100

Miles, H. E......................... 26572

Miller, Charles, Jr................. 27025

Morris, William..................... 26445265

INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST.

Accession number.

Arizona—C on tin ued.

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of

Ethnology........................... 26631

Smithsonian Institution. U. S. National

Museum.................. 26344, 26464,26553

Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard.............. 27081

Toby, E.H. .......................... 26316

"Wilcox, Glover P.....................26168

Wilcox, Dr. T. E., U. S. Army . .. 26403, 26579

Young, K. J.......................... 27033

Arkansas :

Cornell TTniversity, Ithaca, N. Y.... 26659

Daniel, E. M......................... 2597L

Interior Department. D. S. Geological

Survey...............................26146

. Kloeber, Charles E................... 26575

California:

Academy of Sciences..................  26485

Agriculture, Department of..... 26017, 26355,

26386,26122,26562

Alaska Commercial Company, San

Erancisco.......................... 26526'

Anthony, A. W.......................   26758

Belding, L.................... 26637,	27052

Benson, Lieut. H. C.,D. S. Army. 25904,26153

26615

Braverman, M......................... 26467

Brett, Walter................. 26177,	26819

Coville, E. V.........................26195

Coyne, P. J"......................... 26020

Durden, Henry S...................... 26588

Gilbert, Prof. Charles H............. 26736

Godbey, S. M......................... 26979

Hamlin, Homer........................ 26013

Hemphill, Henry...................... 26914

Henskaw, H. W....... 26995, 27006, 27008, 27049,

27076, 27120, 27137

Hopping, Ralph........... 26029, 26193, 27028

Howell, E. E.................. 20713,	26828

Interior Department. 17. S. Geological

Survey.............................. 27094

Jordan, Dr. J. S..................... 26985

Hock, F. W........................... 20163

Lembert, J. B........................ 26051

Marsh, Charles H____ 25941,25942, 25943, 26117

26335

Merrill, G. P........................ 26319

Nuttall, George H. E................. 26377

Palmer, Dr. Edward................... 26372

Pattee, E. B......................... 26151

Richer, Miss Annie B................. 26627

Pond, Lieut. C. A., U. S. Navy....... 25895

Shepard, Miss Ida............. 25919,	26907

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of

Ethnology........................... 26631

Spencer, Emmons...................... 27099

Steinbeck, William....................26122

Stephens, E.......................... 25989

The Pasadena Loan Association........ 26474

Walton, Mrs. Ada U................... 26399

Webb, Walter E....................... 26278

Wicks, M.L.jr ....................... 26550

Willis, Merritt...................... 26008

Colorado:

Breninger, George E............ 26752,26936

Dille, F. M.......................... 26761

Accession number.

Colorado—Continued.

Interior Department. IT. S. Geological

Survey........................ 25894,26458

Palmer, Dr. Edward.................... 26426

Smith, William G...................... 28445

Stephens, E........................... 28805

The Colorado Turkey Hone Stone Co .. 26560

Wunsten, Carl......................... 27098

Connecticut :

Bishop, Dr. L. B...................... 26663

Bishop, T.S........................... 26962

Comstock, Cheney & Co.......... 26601, 26602

Cary, W. B............................ 28270

Flint, H. W.................... 26173,	26273

Kellogg, W. A......................... 28229

Miller, H. D.......................... 28043

Northam, Caroline M................... 28743

Pelton, C. A.......................... 23842

Penfield, Prof. S. L.................. 28940

Sage, J.H............................. 23755

Spicer, Capt. J. O.................... 26309

Taylor, Charles....................... 26227

The Knapp and Cowles Manufacturing

Company, Bridgeport................. 26233

Whitelaw, W. H........................ 28480

Wooster, A. E........................ 26777.

Yale University....................... 26705

Delaware:

Beckwith, M. H........................ 26284

Cardeza, Dr. J. M..................... 26503

Eisli Commission, U. S......... 26461, 26840

District of Columbia:

Adler, Dr. Cyrus...................... 25947

Agriculture, Department of..... 26339, 26343

26656, 28910

Association of Inventors and Manufac-
turers ...............................26469

Audenreid, Mrs. M. C.................. 28566

Baclie, R4n6.......................... 28385

Bailey, Maj. J. J..................... 28221

Baldwin, A. H......................... 23360

Barrows, Prof. W. B................... 25981

Blackburn, Dr. I. AY............ 26197,26348

Boettcher, E. L. J.................... 26075

Boswell, Henry........................ 26657

Boswell, R. H..........................23188

Boyle, John.........................   28701

Brothers, Dr. S. J....... 28187, 27358, 26391

Brown, R, W.................... 26141,	27147

Burger, P............................. 23902

Cameron, J...................... 26203,26559

Cameron, S. T..........................26112

Canfield, Mr.......................... 26334

Colburn, Mrs. Rollinson............... 285S2

Cole, G.M......................’..... 25926

Cooper, W. B.......................... 26261

Cox, W. Y....................... 25916,26063

Cushing, E.H.................... 26513,26963

Doming, N. L...........................28190

Fish Commission,U. S..... 25924,26264. 26461

26479,26552, 26567, 26745,26766, 26792, 26961'

Fisher, Dr. A. K....................   28531

Ford, H. Clay......................... 26806

Francis, Joseph....................... 26760

Freeland, J. J........................ 26599

Godding, Dr. W. W..................... 25920266

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Accession number.

District of Columbia—Continued.

Goode, Dr. G-. Brown........... 26037, 26410

26536, 27149

Greene, F. AY..........................26790

Halderman, Gen. John A................ 26462

Hasbrouck, E. M....................... 26925

Hay, AY. P............................ 26447

Hazen, John MoL....................... 26913

Hitchcock, Frank H.................... 26832

Hitchcock, Romyn...................... 26501

Hoffman, Dr. AY. J.................... 26982

Holt, H. P: R......................... 26741

Howell, E. E................... 26127,	26265

26529, 26827, 26938

Interior Department. TT. S. Geological

Survey.........•....... 26436, 26916,27094

Jones, J. J........................... 26568

Jones, J.T...........................  26513

Keely, Thomas......................... 26622

Kinney, Mrs. Louise Catlin............ 27051

Kuehling, J.H................... 25974,26384

Kulle, Albert......................... 27032

Lamborn, Dr. B. LI.................... 26935

Langdale, J. AY................ 26383,	27116

Earner, J. Q.......................... 26389

Lightfoot, Jerome..................... 26225

Little, Dr. J. AY..................... 26364

Macfarland. Miss Alice................ 26318

Mann, Miss M. E....................... 26595

Marshall, George... 25932,26397, 26444, 26517

Mason, Prof. O. T..................... 26067

Morse, AY. S., U. S. Havy............. 26767

Moreland, AYalter..................... 26007

Morgan, Dr. E. L...................... 26808

Mungen, Theodore...................... 27029

Hational Society of the Daughters of

the American Revolution............. 26993

Hewman & Son.......................... 26ll3

Hoali, Judge J. J..............- 26672

Osborne, J. AY................. 26548,	266C6

Owen,H. S........-................... 27018

Palmer, Joseph.......................  26072

Palmer, AYilliam.......... 26330,26541,26911

Peale, Dr, A. C....................... 26871

Peters, Mrs. S. D..................... 26630

Pollock, G. F......................... 26915

Poston, Mrs. B. F'„................... 26199

Post-Office Department, U. S.......... 27083

Powell, C. P.......................... 26405

Powell, Maj. J. AY.................... 25985

Preble, E. A................... 27059,	27145

Babbitt, S. E......................... 26409

Bandsell, Harry....................... 26184

Richards, T. AY....................... 26321

Eidgway, Audubon...................... 26940

Ridgway, Robert................ 26642, 26646

Roberts, AY. F........................ 25940

Safford, AY. E., Ensign, TJ. S. Navy. 25958

Seward, Miss Olive Risley............. 25988

Schmid, Edward S................ 26472,26590

26629, 26655, 26678

Schwarz, E. A. -............... 26424,	27110

Scollick, J. AY....................... 26473

Sliufeldt, Dr. R. AY., TJ. S. Army.... 25888

Sigourney, C.F........................ 26312

Simpson, C. T ........................ 26099

Accession number.

District of Columbia—Continued.

Skinner, A..................... 26416,26465

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of
Ethnology ... 26105, 26286, 26404, 26635, 26905
Smithsonian Institution. IT. S. national

Museum............................ 26686

Smithsonian Institution, national Zoo-
logical Park .......25933, 26066, 26073, 26074

26139, 26162, 26179, 26328, 26338, 26396, 26407
26450, 26482, 26523, 26544, 26563, 26640, 26654
26702, 26740, 26762, 26793, 26807, 20823, 26872
26879, 26900, 26957, 27044, 27068, 27114, 27144

Tate, AYillie B.......................26184

Thompson, Charles H.................. 26235

Todd, E. R........................... 26137

Treasury Department, H. S............ 26418

Yalentine, E. K...................... 26830

AYallace, Samuel..................... 26483

AYarneke, C. AY...................... 25931

AYilcox, Mrs. M. E. D.................26196

AYiltberger, Jacob................... 26443

AYood, nelson R...................... 26486

AYoodward, Karl AY................... 26918

Florida :

Brown, E. J.......................... 27133

Canute, James........................ 26062

Dismukes, G. AY...................... 26226

Fish Commission, H. S................ 26669

Floyd, C. H. B.....................   27333

Grecgor, Isaiah...................... 26989

Harris, AY. C.......................  27140

Holm, Theodor........................ 26811

Lonnberg, Dr. Einar.................. 26678

Marion Phosphate Company, Dunnel-

lon................................ 26083

Marx, Dr. George..................... 26769

Moore, C. B.......................... 26520

Hye, AYillard, jr.................... 26891

Pilsbry, H. A........................ 26070

Quanitance, A. L..................... 26675

Ralph, Dr. AY. L..................    27056

Sibley, Mr........................... 26023

The AYoman’s College of Baltimore---- 26785

AYarren, S .......................... 26305

AYebber, H. J........................ 26903

AYright, Berlin H.................... 26780

Georgia: •

Richmond, AY. L.....................  26732

Sal Mountain Asbestos Company........ 27042

Idaho:

Interior Department. TJ. S. Geological

Survey ...................... 26088,26584

Phillips, AY. Hallett................ 26680

Illinois :

Adams, AY. H......................... 26912

Allen, Dr. H.n.....................   27062

Allen, J. S.......................... 26632

Copp,J. B............................ 27084

Daniel, Dr. Z. T .. ...............   27064

Daniels, L. E........................ 26966

Elliott, AY. F....................... 26455

Grabill Chicago Portrait and Yiew

Company............................ 26155

Gunther, C. F........................ 26493

Guthrie, Ossian................. 26856, 26809

Harris, G. A......................... 25892INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST,

267

Accession number.

Illinois—Continued.

Hodge, H. a.................... 26065, 26142

Illinois and Mississippi Canal Com-
pany, Moline.............-.... 27150

Illinois State Museum of Natural His-
tory, Springfield................... 26387

Levy, R. J.......................... 25953

Palmer, William............... 26911,26923

Perry, Harry W.....................  27078

Pettigrew, J. A..................... 26442

Ridgway, Robert..................... 26275

Weber, F. C..........................26180

Willis, Merritt.'................... 26008

Witticb, B.......................... 26244

Wortfien, C. K...................... 26763

Indiana :

Crawford, John B................... 26976

Edwards, J......................... 26438

Elvin, R. J........................ 26413

Evermann, Prof. B.	W............. 26789

Hains, Benjamin.....................26128

Hay, W. P...........-.............. 26992

Merrill, G. P................. 26176, 26423

Moore, Prof. Joseph...............  26420

Ridgway, Robert.................... 26275

Robbins, Irvin..................... 26246

Rothrock, D. M..................... 26172

Seaney, O. E....................... 26694

Shotwell, J. R..................... 26593

Smithsonian Institution. H. S. Na-
tional Museum .... 26101, 26123, 26133,26134

Weaver, O. R....................... 26247

Willis, Merritt.................... 26008

Yale College Museum........... 26415, 26977

Indian Territory :

Kingsbury, C. H.................... 26107

Newlon, Dr. W. S................... 25917

Iowa :

Brown, Jasper...................... 26610

Elrod, M. J........................ 27126

Fish Commission, U. S.............. 26699

Newton, Prof. H. A................. 26920

Robinson, T. B..................... 26249

Stuart, L. W....................... 25929

Kansas:

Claflin, E. K........................   25960

Pattee, Orson.......................... 27075

Yoth, Rev. A. N........................ 26774

Kentucky:

Evans, J. M........................ 26359

Ganter, H. C.................. 26154, 26794

Hains, Benjamin.................... 26306

Johnston, F.B.......................26130

Owsley, Dr. W. T................... 26071

Owsley, Mrs. W. T.................. 25984

Reynolds, O. L. and O. A........... 26232

Taylor, Mrs. Y. W.................. 25993

Louisiana :

Clark, J. H........................ 26556

Grimshaw. Mrs. James............... 25915

Johnston, Mrs. William Preston..... 26698

Mcllhenny, E. A.................... 26683

Perry, Harry W....................  26985

Accession number.

Louisiana—Continued.

Putnam, J. Henry..................... 27053

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of

Ethnology......................... 2710

Yaughan, T. Wayland.................  26903

Maine :

Brown, E. J.......................... 26880

Crosby, Prof. W. O................... 26391

Farrington, O. C..................... 27079

Hill, Dr. W. Scott................... 26076

Lamb, T. F............................26147

Merrill, H. C.......................  26487

Merrill, L. H........................ 26387

Maryland :

Andrews, Dr. E. A............. 26046,	26061

Baker, L. L.......................... 26345

Bassett, G. W........................ 26209

Benedict, J. E........................27111

Broemer, William.............. 26991,	27134

Caulfield, W. L...................... 26240

Dalsheimer, Simon............. 26054,	26165

Du Bois, J. T........................ 27046

Figgins, J. D........................ 27031

Friedenwald, Dr. A................... 26731

Hammerbaclier & Norris............... 26478

Hasbrouck, E. M...................... 26357

Hitchcock, Frank H....................26166

Interior Department. U. S. Geological

Survey....................... 25945,26119

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. 27146

Kimber, J. F......................... 26006

■ McGuire, J. D........................ 26504

Marshall, George..................... 26336

Marshall, Henry............... 25944,	25961

Melson, Henry........................ 26724

Palmer, Joseph........................26103

Rommel, F. A......................... 26243

Stabler, Harold B............. 26268,	26498

Stabler, Harold B. and James P....... 26210

Stabler, J. P........................ 26408

Test, Frederick C.........................*	25995

The Woman’s College of Baltimore---- 26785

Todd, E. R ........................... 2625

Weed, L. Walter...................... 26826

Weems, D. G.......................... 26406

Wilcox, A. 0 ........................ 27097

Willson, G. A........................ 26050

Massachusetts :

Appleton, Capt. Nathan......... 26245,26250

Benguiat, Hadji............... 26338,	26946

Blaney, H. R......................... 26897

Boston Art Students’ Association.... 26605

Crosby, Prof. W. O....... 26294, 26297,26298

26299, 26303, 26596, 26603, 26650, 26884

Edwards, Yinal N..................... 26351

Elson, A. W., & Co................... 26717

Farrington, O. C..................... 26660

Fernald, Prof. C. H.................. 26693

Fewkes, Dr. J. Walter................ 27102

Fish Commission, U. S......... 25909,	26820

Frazar, G. B......................... 26569

Hallock, Charles..................... 26004

Heliotype Printing Company, Boston.. 26714
Heroux, A. A................... 26847268

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Accession number.

Massachusetts—Continued.

Hitchcock. F. H....................... 27009

Hollis, F. S.......................... 26058

Interior Department. U. S. Geological

Survey.....-............ 25986,26280,26490

Jackman, J. V......................... 26432

Jones, Dr. L. C...................... 26641

Keyer, W. D.......................... 26231

Kohl, Henry........................... 26709

Koehler, S. R............ 26721, 26926, 27070

Langshaw, J. P........................ 26825

Lattine, G. W........................ 26230

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.......... 26720

Neograph Publishing Company,Boston. 26737

Prang, L. & Co........................ 26715

Randall, Mrs. Belinda F............... 26452

Rowlands, 'Walter..................... 26272

Schoff, S. A ......................... 27107

Southwick & Critchley.......... 26502,	26591

Taber, Charles, & Co.................. 26527

The Art Publishing Company, Boston. 26716
The Forbes. Lithograph Manufacturing

Company, Boston..................... 26421

The Massachusetts Arms Company ... 26835

Tinkham, A. W......................... 26228

Michigan :

Detroit and Cleveland Steam Naviga-
tion Company........................ 26342

Miller, Charles, jr.....................'...	26791

Miller, W............................. 26810

Smith, Harlan I....................... 26035

26223,26353, 26551, 26570, 26644

Walker, Br}rant....................... 26849

Minnesota

Agriculture, Department of............ 27113

Aiken, J. B........................... 26189

Harris, Frank.................. 26573,	26636

Lano, Albert.......................... 26554

Maxwell, J. A......................... 27060

MiAler, Thomas........................ 27095

Ridler, J............................. 25912

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of

Ethnology........................... 25905

Mississippi :	. ,

Agriculture, Department of............ 26355

Burns, Frank ......................... 26214

Johnson, L. C......................... 26253

Johnston, Mrs. William Preston........ 26362

Kershaw, C. E......................... 25898

Vormus, Albert........................ 27096

Missouri :

Baskett, J. N......................... 26873

Cutler, H.D’B......................... 26848

Gatschet, A. S........................ 26323

Harris, G. E.......................... 26045

26090, 26161, 26857, 26883

•	Hurter, Julius.................... 26049,	26394

Lane, Mert...................... 26308,26458

•	Ozark Onyx Company, St. Louis...... 26888

Smithsonian Institution. H. S. National

Museum........,.................... 26215

Widmann, Otto......................... 26839

Williams, J.W......................... 26307

Montana :

Daniel, Dr. Z. T......... 26282, 26349, 26750

Eslick, J. A.......................... 26597

Accession number.

Montana—Continued.

Fisher, John..................... 26110

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of

Ethnology................... 25905, 26525

Spratt, Capt. Frank P............ 26950

Squyer, Homer..... 26933, 26941, 26973, 27122

Taylor, William Tate............. 26585

Nebraska:

Fish Commission, H. S............ 26699

Kenyon, F. C..................... 27005

McCormick, L. M.................. 26878

Mohrman, J. H..................   26224

Skow, Lawrence.................   26677

Nevada:

Agriculture, Department of....... 26017

New Hampshire :

Crosby, Prof. W. O................. 26291

Minot, James....................... 26248

Weed, C.M.........................  23978

Whittier, J.H...................... 26451

New Jersey:

Andrus, W. J................. 25635,26607

Armstrong, T. J.................... 26206

Baur, Dr. George................... 26817

Berry, E. W........................ 25963

Burnham, Williams & Co............. 25921

English. G. L., & Co.......... 26540, 26586

Hales, Henry....................... 23534

Haynes, J. E....................... 26971

James, J. F........................ 26381

Kemp, Prof. J. F..................  26378

Kirby & Smith ..................... 26676

Mann, Bev. Albert.................. 26516

Mead, C. H..... 26047, 26075, 26118, 26192, 26311

Rhoades, S. N...................... 26744

Smith, Prof. J. B ................. 25977

New Mexico:

American Turquoise Company, New
York................................ 26804

Bay, W. L........................... 25922

Biederman, C. R..................... 26781

Dodge, Mrs. K. T.....................26152

Gabel, T.R.......................... 26684

Green, E.S.......................... 26078

Hales, Henry........................ 26917

Interior Department. U. S. Geological

Survey............................ 26435

Kunz, G. F.....................A... 26143

Matthews, W......................... 26009

Payn, E. J ......................... 26468

Robinson, H. A...................... 26854

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of

Ethnology.............. 26475, 26756, 26905

Tylor, Dr. E. B..................... 26491

New York:

Appleton, D., & Co.................. 25992

Avery, S. P......................... 27069

Baar, Rev. Dr. H.................... 26108

Baldwin & Gleason, Co., Limited..... 26998

Beecher, M. W....................... 26859

Bendire, Capt. C. E., H. S. Army....27141

Benedict, Dr. A. L.................. 26938

Benjamin, W. E.............•.......  25990

Bluhck. A. E...... 26748,26845,26855

Brown, G. S......................... 26346

Central New York Naval Veteran Asso-
ciation, Amsterdam.................. 26679INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST.

269

Accession number.

New York Continued.

Cram, Jacob........................... 25972

Crosby, Prof. W. O.. 26289, 26290, 26292, 26293
26295,26302, 26304,26305, 26026

Emerson, C. H......................... 26725

English, G. L., & Co............ 26540, 26861

Falconer, J. M........................ 26170

Flechter, Y. S........................ 26484

Fry, Mrs. H. L. M..................... 26776

Fulton, H............................. 27020

Grider, R. A.................... 26510, 26639

Hawkins A. P.......................... 26512

Interior Department. U. S. Geological -

Survey........................ 25891,26490

Kaldenberg, F. J., Company............ 26772

26773, 26862

Kaldenberg, F, R...................... 26770

Kemp, Prof. J. F ..................... 26378

Keppel, F., & Co................ 26729,26896

Kerr, W. C............................ 26949

Kimmel & Voigt........................ 26952

Kunz, G. F........................... 2590'0

Lanthier, E. A........................ 26533

Lattin, Fount......................... 26667

Lincoln, J. M......................... 26594

Mason, H. D., & Sons............ 26846,26980

Meder, Ferd.................... 26728,	26838

Merck & Co............................ 27019

Millis, S. B........................   26751

Ncumoegen, B.......................... 26860

New York Coin and Stamp Co... 25954, 26366

Oppenkeimer & Co...................... 26774

Pilsbry, H. A ........................ 26070

Prentiss, Dr. W. W.................... 27022

Ralph, Dr. William L.................. 27026

Richmond, A. G........................ 26958

Seer, A. S., Theatrical Printing Com-
pany ................................ 26036

Sellers, John, & Co................... 26850

Sherman, John D., jr........... 27000,	27027

Sewall, H. F.......................... 26718

Spears, J. R.......................... 26109

Sprague, J. C.....................     26186

Starin, J. H.......................... 26954

Stoddard, S. R........................ 26129

The Scott Stamp and Coin Co .. . 25975, 25991

Thompson, J. H., jr................... 26521

Thompson, R. P................. 26522,	27024

Tiffany & Co.......................... 26764

Van Epps, Percy....................... 27073

Van Rensselaer, Mrs. W. King.......... 26451

Ward’s Natural Science establishment,

Rochester..........25893, 26138, 26200, 26202

26233, 26401, 26466, 26598, 26643, 26665
26812, 26853, 26864, 26867, 26885, 27130

Wilcox, Jones.................. 26628,	26670

Williams, F. H................. 27082,	27115

Willi's, Merritt...................... 26008

Wunderlich, H., & Co........... 26727,	26863

Wyandance Brick and Terra Cotta Com-
pany, Ntw York.................. 26508

North Carolina: •

Agriculture, Department of............ 26355

Barnes, B. E.......................... 26015

Bowman, D. A.......................... 26281

Accession number.

North Carolina—Continued.

Brimley, C. S....................... 27135

Brimley, H. H., & C. S..261 '5, 26439, 26682

Eawards, B. M....................... 26156

Fish Commission, D. S............... 25973

Haywood, Howard .:.................. 26653

Interior Department. U. S. Geological "

Survey............................ 26587

Phillips, W. Hallett................ 26680

Ray, Garrett D...................... 26959

Spainhour, Dr. J. M................. 27001

Thornton, M. E...................... 26419

North Dakota:

Ford, T. C.......................... 26779

Ohio

Davis Bros.......................... 26621

Deutsck, Prof. G.................... 26616

Dilgard, Albert..................... 26019

Grierson, A. R...................... 26821

Greegor, Isaiah.........•...... 26545,26994

Hoase, H. P......................... 26030

Hunter, Mrs. Lida....................26140

Kayser, William..................... 26377

McCormick, L. M..................... 26703

Mapel, Harry B...................... 26765

Root, Wallace & Earl................7 25965

Scott, W. W......................... 26968

Smith, Harlan1.25939, 26104, 26350, 26353. 26644

Steuart, H. B....................... 26277

Ulrich, E. O........................ 26754

Wilkinson, E........................ 26044

Wilson, F. E........................ 26746

Wilson, Thomas...................... 26870

Wright, Prof. G. F............. 26749, 26786

Oklahoma Territory.-

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of

Ethnology......................... 26843

Williams, J. A...................... 26722

Oregon:

Cooke, Dr. Clinton.................. 26169

Cunningham, Barton L................ 26157

Interior Department. U. S. Geological

Survey................:........... 26016

Pearson, C. F-...................... 26673

Rosebrook, J. W..................... 25979

Story, J. L......................... 26434

White, E. H......................... 26340

Pennsylvania :

Abbott, Miss Gertrude............... 25936

Abel, J. C.............. 26183, 26259, 26463

Blair, Thomas...........^........... 26039

Culin, Stuart........ 25809, 25908, 26012, 27071

Dickejr, F. W....................... 26883

Foote, Dr. A. E. 25946, 26539, 26833, 26834, 26875

Fox, William.........................25952

Fredd, J. P........:................ 26217

Hammitt, J. M....................... 26515

Hitchcock, R.......................  27118

Johnson, Prof. E. H................. 26218

Lacoe, R. D................... 28102,26965

Lansinger, W.H...................... 26005

Lentz, W. M. S...................... 28477

Levy, Louis E....................... 26612

Lyon, Mrs. Eliza R.................. 27050

Lyon, Mrs. Dr. Thomas............... 26974270

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Accession number.

Pennsylvania—Continued.

Mengel, L. W........................ 26687

Mertz, E. C......................... 26696

Meyer, Abraham ..................... 26778

Morais, Pev. Dr. S.................. 26805

Moran, Peter............'........... 26837

r Orth, G.S.............................. 26661

Parry, Maggie....................... 25890

Pesoa, Miss......................... 26429

Powell, S. L........................ 27091

Pambo, M. Elmer..................... 26742

Pice, Mrs. M. E......... 25914, 26182, 26412

Poberts, H.......................... 26271

Posenthal, Albert............. 26800, 26801

Smithsonian Instituti in............ 26263

Sulzberger, D................. 26398,26816

Sulzberger, Mayer............. 26121, 26817

Stevenson, Mrs. Cornelius........... 25956

The Wyoming Historical and Geological

Society, Wilkesbarre............... 26254

Townsend, C. H...................... 27014

Wade, Mrs. Levi .................... 26042

Walker, Dr. P. L.................... 26578

Wamstall, William................... 26317

Willcox, Joseph..................... 26829

Williams, Mrs. Talcott.............. 26053

Phode Island:

Angus, James........................ 26500

Crosby, Prof. W. O................   26288

Easterbrooke,E. D....................27100

Lewis, G. A.......................   27035

South Carolina-.

Blau, H. E.......................... 26216

Lander, W. Tertsh................... 26589

Lartigue,-Dr. G. B.................. 25984

Mellichamp, Dr. J. H................ 25897

Shepard, Dr. C. II.................. 26547

South Dakota:

Cole, E. H...............*.......... 27013

Daniel, Dr. Z. T... 26048, 26797, 27124, 27142

Eish Commission, TJ. S........ 26449, 26699

Glenn, P. H......................... 26890

McCormick, L. M..................... 26449

McDonald, A. E...................... 26969

Whitney, C. A....................... 26652

Tennessee :

Cox,'P.E............................ 26881

Crew, H. W.......................... 25907

Cullom, W. E........................ 26882

Evans, W. H......................... 25951

Johnson, H.L.................. 26285,26392

Park, J. T.......................... 26115

Safford, Prof. J. M................. 26056

Smithsonian Institution. IT. S. National

Museum............................. 26260

Ward’ sNaturalScience Establishment. 26333
Texas -.

Agriculture, Department of. 26239,26355,27002

Attwater,H.P.................. 26609,27012

Bourke,Capt. John G..IJ. S.Army. 25896,26024

Burrows, D. B....................... 26178

Cohen, Pev. Henry....... 26060,26095, 26430

Conner. Earl........................ 25913

Coues, Dr. Elliott, IT. S. Army..... 26633

Downs, A. C............. 26079,26082,26098

TEXAS--Continued.

Accession number.

Evermann, Prof. B. W................ 26789

Flanagan, A. H...................... 26970

Geological Survey of Texas. 26613, 26813, 26960

George, W. A.........................27139

Godbey, S. M.................. 26852, 26979

Harris, W. P.................. 25987, 26759

Interior Department. TJ. S. Geological

Survey............................. 26437

Lattin and Company.................. 27011

Mearns, Dr. E. A., U. S. Army. 26022, 26371
26499, 26608, 26689

Mitchell, J. D...... 26081, 26114, 26414, 26959

Munson, M. S...............1......... 26645

Neville, W. P....................... 26561

Potter, Pev. J. A., IJ. S. Army......27183

Pyus, Eloyd E........................26111

Smithsonian Institution. TJ. S. Nation-

al Museum..................... 26471,26528

Singley, J. A............. 26692, 26697, 26831

Thorpe, Dr. H. H................ 25883,25934

Vance, Dr. J.P........................ 26400

Vaughan, T. Wayland................... 26903

Von Streeruwitz, W. H............ 25999, 26080

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment,

Pochester, N. Y..................... 26333

Witcliell, S. B....................... 26001

Utah:

Agriculture, Department of.......... 26017

Burns, Frank........................ 26557

Deseret Museum, Salt Lake City. 26768, 27087

Forrester, Robert.......... 26000, 26096, 26511

26690,27054

Hubbard, Mrs. H. G.................. 26032

Montgomery, Prof. Henry............. 26927

Newton, William.....................27109

Schwarz, E. A...................... 26032

Stanton, T. W.......................26176

Talmage, J. E....................... 26 459

Taylor, William Tate.............   26585

Van Deman, H. E..................... 26924

Vermont:

Avery, W. C............

Crosby, Prof. W. O .

Miner, S. O.........

Virginia :

Allen, I. P.........

Ashby, Scott........

Beal, Xenneth E-----

Bean, Barton A......

Benedict, J. C.........

Bradley, Terrill....

Brady,’ Gen. T. J___

Bramblitt, Dr. W. H.

Brock, Dr. P. A........

Brown, E. J.........

Brown, P. W.........

Bullock, Edgar......

Cararcristi, C. E. Z ..
Clarke, Prof. E. W...

Close, A. J.........

Griffin, M. P.......

Gurley, Dr. P. P....

Hay, W. Perry..........

..... 26041

26296, 26300
26565,26668

..... 26904

..... 26549

..... 26354

..... 25957

..... 26784

..... 26000

..... 25927

..... 27866

..... 26919

.......26194

..... 27030

...... 26310

.... 26457

...... 26604

.... 25989

.... 26077

.....'26576

...... 26314INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST.

271

Accession numlber.

Yirgini A— Continued.

Interior Department. IT. S. Geological

Survev..........................  26119

Kuehling,J.H................. 26279,26691

Langdale, J. W..................... 26738

McConnell,-A. E...................  26782

Mason, Prof. 0. T.................. 26970

Palmer, Joseph........... 26326, 26329, 26331

Palmer, William.............. 26337,26433

Pelliam & Lloyd.................... 26033

Raynor, N.......................... 26393

Rumple, J. W....................... 26787

Skinner, 0. E...................... 25903

Smithsonian Institution............ 25928

Sprinkel, J. W..................... 26638

Stahling, E........................ 26085

The Grottoes Company............... 26481

Washington, Lawrence............... 25899

Wynant, W. P....................... 26706

Washington :

Carpenter, J. S., IT. S. Navy...... 26094

Daniels, W. H...................... 26052

English, E. H...................... 26031

Eisli Commission, TL S............. 26788

Hashrouck, E. M.................... 27090

Interior Department. U. S. Geological

Survey........................... 26204

In tram, Robert.................... 26648

Johnson, J. S. H................... 26158

Kalb, Dr. C.W...................... 27257

Kincaid, Trevor.................... 25967

Merrill, Dr. J. C., IT. S. Army.... 26666

Mosier, C. A....................... 26369

Washington Onyx Mining and Milling

Company, Pomeroy................. 26681

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment,

Rochester, N.Y................... 26333

Woodward, Albert................... 27132

West Yirgini a :

Bendire, Capt. C. E., IT. S, Army..26167

Ro ckliill, W. W............. 26505,26625

Worth, S. G.......................  26448

Wisconsin:

Daniel, Dr. Z. T................... 26470

Marsh, C. Dwight................... 27088

Wyoming :

Eisli Commission, IT. S............ 26449

Interior Department. D. S. Geological

Survey........................... 27094

Knight, E. C....................... 26844

Knight, W. C....................... 27055

Sherman, C. A...................... 26618

Smithsonian Institution. National Zoo-
logical Park....................... 26327

Stilwell, L. W..................... 26091

WEST INDIES.

Bendire, Capt. C. E., D. S. Army....... 26238

Blake, Lady Edith...................... 25976

Broadway, W. G......................... 26507

Brown, R.W............................. 26097

Caracciolo, H.......................... 27092

Cory, C. B............1................ 26624

Accession number.

Eox, W.J................................ 26274

Greegor, Isaiah......................... 26989

Gundlach, Dr. J..........................27148

Ingraham, D. P.......................... 26269

Montane, Dr. Luis....................... 26934

Ober, E. A.............................  26798

Richardson, Clifford...................  25923

Robinson, Lieut. Wirt, TJ. S. Army...... 26986

Saunders, H.R........................... 26814

Webb, W.E .............................  26278

CENTRAL AMERICA.

Cherrie, George K....................... 26382

Colson, E. H............................ 26997

Dow, Mrs. Elizabeth K................... 27125

Keith, John............................. 26734

National Museum of Costa Rica, San Jose.. 26937

26262

Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass......... 26025

Phillips, W. Hallett.................... 26695

Richmond, C. W.................... 26252,26460

26496, 26711,26726, 26738, 26809, 27128

Yon Pliul, Hon. Erank................... 26373

Wittkugel, Erich........................ 26322

SOUTH AMERICA.

Bartleeman, R. M.......................... 26213

Bureau of American Republics, Washing-
ton, D. C................................. 26783

English, G. L., & Co.....................  26540

Kerr, M. B.........................„•..... 26533

Robinson, Lieut. Wirt, TJ. S. Army ... 26592,26700

Safford, W. E., Ensign TJ. S. Navy........26 U5

Schmid, E. S.............................. 26649

Smithsonian Institution. National Zoolog-
ical Park................................. 26332

Tisdel, W. P.............................. 27067

University of Upsala, Upsala, Sweden......26148

Yon Ihering, Dr. H................. 26028. 26577

White, Dr. C. H., U. S. Navy.............. 28964

Wright, Berlin H.......................... 26780

ASIA.

Abbott, Dr. W. L............. 25997,26251,27085

Adler, Dr. Cyrus....................25962,26171

Andrews, Hon. Henry W.....................26124

Baar, Dr. H.............................. 26534

Barakkat, Mrs. Layyah.................... 25934

Bissinger, Hon. Erhard................... 25902

Brooks, A. C............................. 26909

Calcutta Botanic Garden............ 25983, 27112

Chamberlain, Dr. L. T. and Frances Lea... 27004

Culin, Stuart............................ 26003

Dresser, H. E............................ 25966

Egleston, Dr. T.......................... 26514

Ellis, Hon. C. C......................... 26703

Goward, G................................ 26341

Heard, Hon. Augustine.................... 26255

Hitchcock, Romyn......................... 26509

Indian Museum, Calcutta............ 26671,26887

Jennings, E. H........................... 26492272

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Accession number.

Lowdermilk, W. H., and Co., Washington,

D. C................................ 25889

Rockbill, W. W........ 26511, 26571, 2b712, 27007

- Schliemann, Madame................... 27023

Science College, Imperial University, Jap an. 25937

Shugio, Hieromich........... 25910, 26929, 27066

Smith, Dr. S. J........................ 26489

Smolinski, Joseph...................... 26836

Stearns, Dr. E. E. C................... 26932

Sternberg. Baron H. S.................. 27121

Takayanazi, Tozo....................... 26931

Taylor, Rev. G. W...................... 26136

Tegima, S...............................26145

Waggaman, T. E......................... 26930

Wright, Berlin H....................... 26780

Wyndham, W............................. 26267

EUROPE.

Adler, Dr. Cyrus........................ 25935

Appleton, Capt. Nathan.................. 26250

Balfour, Henry.......................... 26027

Boucard, A.............................. 26953

Brinton, Mrs. Emma G.................... 26983

Brunotti, E............................. 26996

Bryant,“H.G............................. 26841

• Byers, Hon. S. H. M................... 26757

Chambers, W. N......................... 27058

Christie, J. C........................... 27043

Columbian Historical Exposition, Madrid . 26990

Cossmann, M.............................. 26425

Crosby, F. W........... 26869, 26889, 27015, 27065

Crosby, Prof. W. O....................... 26626

Culin, Stuart...................... 25908,26928

Curtin, Hon. Jeremiah.....................27117

De Struve, Mr. Charles................... 26089

Dexter, Hon. Lewis........... 26026, 27016, 27129

Deyrolle, Emile.......................... 26664

Du Buysson, H............................ 26181

Durand, John............................. 26818

Emmett, Mrs. E. A.................. 26868, 27039

English, G. L., & Co............... 26540, 26586

Fea, Leonardo............................ 27003

Fish Commission, U. S.................... 26987

Fletcher, V S............................ 26427

Flu gel, Dr. Felix....................... 26242

Foote, Dr. A. E.......................... 26876

Franciolini, L........................... 26256

Fulton, Hugh............................. 27123

Gerrard, Edward.................... 25996, 26856

Giglioli,Prof. H. H...................... 25925

G code, Dr. G. Brown... 25906, 26532,26543,26647

Gurlitt, Fritz........................... 26944

Hewlett, S. G............................ 26537

Hook, Fridolf............................ 27089

Hough, Walter...................... 26981,26999

Hubbard, L. L............................ 26390

Igelstrom, L. J.......................... 26431

Imperial Austrian Museum, Vienna......... 27104

Interior Department. U. S. Geological

Survey...............................  26490

Jarvis, J. F...........................  26894

Johnston-Lavis, H. J.............. 26055,26132

Krantz, Dr.............................. 26921

Accession number.

Krusi, Graf............................. 27249

Kunz, G. F.............................. 26617

Lassimonne, S. E........................ 26208

Lovett, Edward.......................... 27077

McMurdy, Mrs. Helen..................... 25885

Messekommer, H.......................... 26428

Middleton, Prof. J. Henry............... 26164

Montandon, Prof. A. L................... 25994

Moss, William -......................... 26753

Munich Academy, Munich.................. 26726

Noah, John M............................ 26368

Nuttall,Mrs. Zelia.....................  26984

Ober, F. A............................   26799

Pavlow, Prof. A......................... 26069

Praetorius, Charles..................... 26851

Earn say. Allan......................... 26945

Royal Museum, Berlin, Germany........... 26943

Sandberg, C. P.......................... 26634

Schliiter, Wilhelm............... 26116,	27021

Seward, Miss Olive Eisley............... 25918

Shugio, Hieromich....................... 25910

Siemens, William........................ 260S6

Simonis, M. V Abbd Paul Muller.......... 26555

Smithsonian Institution...... 26266, 2G524, 26988

Smithsonian Institution. U. S. National

Museum................................ 26361

Smolinski, Joseph................ 26836,	27045

Snyder, Hon. B. T....................... 27093

Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard................. 26558

Sturge, Joseph...........................27119

Sudallah, Souhami & Co.................. 26942

The K. K. Hofmuseum, Vienna............. 26488

Ward, Rowland & Co., London....... 26898, 26922

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment,

Rochester, N. Y....................... 26895

Wesley, William, & Son....... 26059, 26084, 26241

Wilson, Thomas.................... 26538,26795

Wood, Miss E. M.............. 25816, 26234, 27038

Zoological Museum of Christiania, Norway. 26865
Zoological Station, Naples, Italy....... 27047

OCEANIC A.
AUSTRALASIA.
Australia.

Adams, C. F............................ 262124

Australian Museum, Sydney............... 26775

Bednall, W. T........................... 26620

Brown, E. J............................ 26370'

Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New

Zealand............................... 26947

Flood Bros.............................. 26191

Gregory, J. E........................... 27034

Peters, Mrs. S. D....................... 26417

Pilling, J. C........................... 26955

Tristram, Rev. H. B..................... 25982

Von Mueller, Baron Ferd...... 26034, 26120,26951

Malaysia.

Royal Museum, Florence, Italy.......... 25949'

Webb, Hon. Alexander E.................. 26320

Wyard.E.S............................... 25955INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST,

273

Polynesia.

Accession number.
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 26874

27074

Lyons, Prof. A. B................... 26356,26611

Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard................... 26497

Williams, I............................... 26131

Wilson, Scott B..................... 26201,26202

Islands in the Pacific Ocean.

Baur, Dr. G............................... 26622

INDEX B.—BY DEPARTMENTS IN
THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

DEPARTMENT I.

Arts and Industries.

Accession number.

Abbott, Dr. W. L......................... 26251

Adler,.Dr. Cyrus.............. 25935, 25947, 26171

Andrus, W. J ...................... 25635, 26607

Appleton, D., & Co....................... 25962

Appleton, Capt. Nathan............. 26250, 26374

Armstrong, T. J.......................... 26406

Association of Inventors and Manufactur-
ers, Washington, D. C.................... 26469

Avery, S. P.............................. 27069

Baar, Rev. Dr. H................... 26108, 26534

Baldwin, Gleason & Co., Limited.......... 26998

Beecher, M. W............................ 26859

Benjamin, W. E........................... 25390

Benguiat, Hadji.................... 26388,26946

Bishop, T.S.............................. 26962

Bissinger, Hon. Erhard................... 25902

Blaney, H. R............................. 26897

Boston Art Students’ Association......... 26605

Boswell, R. H............................ 26188

Brady, Gen. T. J......................... 25927

Braverman, M..........................    26407

Brock, Dr. R. A.......................... 26919

Broemer, William................... 26991,27134

Brothers, Dr. L. J............ 26187, 26358, 26391

Burnham, Williams & Co................... 25921

Byers, Hon. S. H. M...................... 26757

Cameron, John...................... 26203,26559

Cary, W. B............................... 26270

Central New York Veteran Association,

Amsterdam, N. Y....................... 26679

Clark, J.H............................... 26550

Chatelain, Heli.......................... 26803

Cohen, Rev. Henry........................ 26430

Cole, G. M............................... 25920

Columbian Historical Exposition, Madrid. 26990

Comstock, Cheney & Co.............. 26601,26602

Conge, B. M.............................. 26771

Cooper, W. B............................. 26261

Culin, Stuart...........................  26012

Daniel, Prof. E.......................... 27131

Deutsch, Prof. G......................... 26616

Ellis, Hon. C. C.......................   26703

Elson, A. W., & Co....................... 26717

Elvin, R. J.............................. 26413

H. Mis. 184, pt 2-----------18

Accession number.

Falconer, J.M........................... 26170

Fish Commission, U S.................... 26987

Flechter, V. S..................... 26427, 26484

Foote, Dr. A. E......................... 25946

Franciolini, L.......................... 25256

Francis, Joseph......................... 23760

Friedenwald, Dr. A.................---- 26731

Goode. Dr. G. Brown.......... 25906, 26037, 26410

26532, 26647

Go ward. G..............................26 HI

Grant, Hon. Louis B..................... 25998

Grimshaw, Mrs. James.................... 25915

Gunther, C. F........................... 26493

Gurlitt, Fritz.......................... 26944

Hales, Henry............................ 26534

Hallock, Charles........................ 26904

Hawkins, A. P........................... 26512

Haynes. J. E............................ 26971

Hazen. JohnMcL.......................... 26913

neard, Hon. Augustine................... 26255'

Heliotype Printing Company, Boston, Mass 26714

Hitchcock, Romyn........................ 26501

Hoffman, Dr. w! J...................... 26982:

Hough, Walter...................... 26981,26999

Illinois and Mississippi Canal Company,

Moline............................... 27150'

Jennings, F. H.......................... 26492

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. 27146

Kaldenberg,F. J. Co.......... 26772, 26773, 26862

Kaldenberg, F. R......................... 26770

Kellogg, W. A.......................... 26229'

Keppel, F., & Co................... 26729, 26896'

Keyer, W. D............................. 26231

Kinnncl & Voigt........................ 26952:

Kinney, Mrs. Louise Catlin.............. 27051

Koehler, S. R.............. 26721,20926,27070'

Kohl, Henry............................. 26719

Lamboru, Dr. R. H...................... 26935-

Lanthier, L. A......................... 28533-

Lattine, G. W.......................... 26230'

Lentz, W. M. S.......................... 26477

Levy, L.E.............................. 26612-

Lyon, Mrs. Eliza R..................... 27050-

Lyon, Mrs. Dr. Thomas................... 26974

Mager, Miss Ernestine....................20160

Mann, Miss M. E........................ 26595-

Mason, II. D.. & Sons.................. 26980-

Meder, Ferd...................... 20728,26838-

Melson, Henry........................... 26724

Merck & Co.............................. 27019

Middleton, Prof. J. Henry............... 26164

Miller, W...............\............... 26810

Miner, S. O............................. 26565

Minot, James............................ 26248

Moran, Peter............................ 26337

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass....... 26720

National Society of the Daughters of the

American Revolution................... 26 )93

Neograph Publishing Company, Boston,

Mass.................................. 20737

Newman & Son?........................... 26113

New York Coin and Stamp Company. 25954,26366

Noah, Judge J. J........................ 26672

Noah, J.M*.............................  26363

Northam, Caroline M..................... 26743274

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Accession number.

Ober, F. A.............................. 26799

Oppenbeimer, S., & Co................... 20774

Osborne, J. W...................... 26548, 26006

Owen, H. S.............................. 27018

Palmer, Dr. Edward...................... 26426

Pealc, Dr. A. C......................... 26871

Pelton, C, A............................ 26842

Pesoa, Miss...........................   26429

Poston, Mrs. B. F........................26199

Powell, C.P............................. 26405

Praetorius, Charles..................... 26851

Prang, L., & Co......................... 26715

Prentiss, Dr. W.W....................... 27022

Pabbitt, S. E........................... 26409

Pamsay, Allan........................... 26945

Beynolds, O. L. & O. A.................. 26232

Pobbins, Irvin.........................  26246

Pobinson, T. B.......................... 26249

Pommel, F. A............................ 26243

Posenthal, Albert.................. 26S00,26801

Powlands, Walter........................ 26272

Poyal Museum, Berlin, Germany........... 26943

Boyal Museum, Florence, Italy........... 25949

Sandberg, C.P........................... 26634

Schliemann, Madame...................... 27023

Schoff, S. A............................ 27107

Seer, A. S., Theatrical Printing Company,

New York............................... 26033

Sellers, John, &. Sons.................... 26850

Seward, Miss Olive Pisley................. 25918

' Sew all, H."F........................... 26718

Shugio, Hieromich............. 25910, 26929, 27066

Sibasio, Unger............................ 26185

Siemens, William...........................26086

Simonis, M. l’Abb6 Paul	Muller............ 26555

Smith, H. I............................... 26035

Smithsonian Institution. 26263, 26266, 26524, 26988
Smithsoniau Institution. U. S. National

Museum.......................... 25837, 26361

Snyder, lion. B. T...................... 27093

Souhami,'Sadullah &Co................... 26942

Starin, J. H............................ 26954

Stearns, Dr. P. E. C.................... 26932

Steckleman, Carl.......................  26257

Sulzberger, D....................  26398,26816

Sulzberger, Mayer................. 26121,26817

Taber, Charles, & Co.................... 26527

Takayanazi, Tozo........................ 26931

Taylor, Charles......................... 26227

The Art Publishing Company, Boston,

Mass..............................    26716

The Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing

Company, Boston, Mass................ 26421

The Scott Stamp and Coin Company. New

York............................ 25975, 25991

The Wyoming Historical and Geological

Society, Wilkesbarre, Pa............ 26254

Thompson, J. H. ,jr .................. 26521

Thompson, P. P........................ 26522

Tiffany & Go..................... 26347, 26764

Tinkham, A. W........................  26228

Tisdel, W. P........'....................... 27067

Tri-tsch, Albert............................  26747

Valentine, E. K.............................. 26830

Van Epps, Percy.............................. 27073

Accession number.

Wade, Mrs. Levi....................... 26042

Waggaman, T. E........................ 26930

Wamstall, William..................... 26317

Washington, Lawrence.................. 25899

Weaver, O. P.......................... 26247

Weems, D. G........................... 26406

Wesley, William, &, Son.......... 26084, 26241

Whitelaw, W. H........................' 26480

Whittier, J.H.......................   26451

Wilcox, Jones......................... 26628

Wilcox, Mrs. M. E. D...................26196

Wilson, F. E.......................... 26746

Wood, Nelson P........................ 26486

Wundeilich. H., & Co............. 26727, 26863

Wiirtele, F. C........................ 27036

Wyard, E. S........................... 25955

Yale University, New HaAmn, Conn...... 26705

DEPARTMENT II.

(A) Ethnology.

Abbott, Miss Gertrude............... 25936

Abbott, Dr. W. L..................  25997,27085

Adler, Dr. Cyrus............ 25950, 25962, 26106

Aiken, J. B ..............................26189

Allen, Dr. H. N.......................... 27062

Allen, J. S......................... 26632

Appleton, Capt. Nathan.............. 26245

Bache, Pen6 ............................. 26385

Balfour, Henry...................... 26027

Barakkat, Mrs. Lay yah.............. 25934

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Honolulu.	27074

Bissinger, Hon. Erhard.............. 25902

Bourke, Capt. John G., U. S. Army.. 25896, 26024

Bradley, Terrill.................... 26600

Brinton, Mrs. Emma G................ 26983

Bryant, n. G............................. 26841

Cadle, W. W.............................. 26416

Cameron, S. T...............*............26112

Chambers, W. N........................... 27058

Chanler, William Astor................... 26939

Chatelain, H61i.......................... 26802

Cleveland, Pev. E. F. X............ 27061, 27136

Cohen, Pev. Henry.................. 26095,26582

Colson, E. H............................. 26997

Cooke, A. C.............................. 25980

Copp, J. B............................... 27084

Covillc, F. V...........................  26195

Cox, W. V................................ 26063

Culin, Stuart'..... 25809, 25908, 26003, 26928, 27071

Cushing, F. H......................26513, 26963

Curtin, Hon. Jeremiah.....................27117

Dalsheimer, Simon.......'..........26054, 26165

Daniel, Dr. Z. T... 27142,26282,26349,26750,26797

27064, 27124

Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation

Company............................... 26342

Dilyard, Albert....................i..... 26019

Durand, John............................. 26818

Elliott, W. F............................ 26455

Ellis, Hon. C. C.........’............... 26703

Emerson, C. H............................ 26725	-

Emmons, Lieut. G. T., U. S. Navy......... 26453

26494, 27063INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST.

Accession number.

Fewkes, Dr. J. Walter................... 27102

Fliigel, J>r. Felix..................    26242

Freeland, J. J.......................... 26599

. Fry, Mrs. H. L. M..................... 26776

Gatschet, A. S.......................... 26323

Goode, Dr. G. Brown............... 26536, 26543

Greegor, Isaiah......................... 265 45

Greene, A. S., Ensign, U.-S. Navy....... 26222

Grider, IF A ..................... 26510, 26639

Halderman, Gen. John A.................. 26462

Hammerbacher and Norris................. 26478

Hodge, F. Webb.................... 26535,26631

Interior Department. H. S. Geological Sur-
vey .................................... 26204

Johnson, Prof. E. H..................... 26218

Johnston, Mrs. William Preston.... 26362, 26698

Keller, F............................... 25911

Knnz, G F............................... 25900

Lander, W. Tertsh....................... 26589

Lee, Thomas............................. 27106

Levy, R. J.............................. 25953

Lovett, Edward.......................... 27077

Lowdennilk, W H., & Co...................25889

McGuire, J. D........................... 26504

Meyer, Abraham.......................... 26778

Micheli Brothers........................ 26661*

Miles, H. E............................. 26572

Merriam, Dr. C. Hart.................... 26441

Morais, Rev. Dr. S...................... 26815

Montgomery, Prof. Henry................. 26927

Morgan, Dr. E. L........................ 26808

Nuttall, Mrs. Zeha...................... 26984

Palmer, Dr. Edward...................... 26324

Perry, H. W............................. 27078

Phillips, W. Hallett.................... 26680

Picher, Miss Annie B.................... 26627

Pilling, J. C........................... 20955

Randall, Mrs. Belinda L................. 26452

Randolph, Miss Cornelia................. 25968

Richmond, A. G.......................... 26958

Rock hi 11, W. W........................ 26505

26511,26571, 26625, 26712, 27007

Royal Museum, Florence, Italy........... 25949

Safford, W. E., Ensign, TJ. S. Navy_ 25958, 26315

Seaney, O. E............................ 26694

Seward, Miss Olive Risley............... 25988

Sherman, C. A.......................... 26618-

Shotwell, J. R.......................... 26593

Smith, Dr. S.J.......................... 26489

Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of Eth-
nology ........... 26105, 26286, 26404, 26475, 26525

26631, 26635, 26756, 26843, 26905, 27108
Smithsonian	Institution.	TJ.	S.	National

Museum............................. 25887,	26207

Spears, J. R.............................26109

Spicer, Capt. J. O...................... 26309

Steckleman, Carl..................1..... 26257

Stevenson, Mrs. Cornelius............... 25956

Taylor, Miss Elizabeth................-. 26519

The Alaska Indian Bazaar, Chicago....... 27101

The Knapp A Cowles Manufacturing Com-
pany, Bridgeport, Conn ................. 26283

The Massachusetts Arms Company, Chic-
opee Falls.............................. 26835

The Pasadena Loan Association........... 26474

275

Accession number.

Thompson, C. H......................... 26235

Thompson, William Nelies............... 26237

Thornton, H.R.......................... 26918

Turner, J. Henry....................... 26892

Tylor, Dr. E. B........................ 26491

Yoth, Rev. H. N........................ 26674

Wanamaker, Hon. John . _..............  25930

Webb, Hon. Alexander R................. 26320

Wesley, William, & Son..-.............. 26059

Williams Mrs. Talcott.................. 26053

Wittich, B............................. 26244

(B) Aboriginal American Pottery.

Abbott, Dr. W. L....................... 25261

Floyd, C.H.B........................... 27233

Hales, Henry........................... 26917

Maxwell, J. A.......................... 27060

Mearns, Dr. E. A., TJ. S. Army......... 26499

DEPARTMENT III.

Prehistoric anthropology-.

Abel, J. C.................. 26183, 26259, 26463

Angus, James........................... 26500

Biederman, C. R......................... 26781

Blake, Lady Edith....................... 25976

Bramblitt, Dr. W. H..................... 26866

Brown, G. S............................   26346

Bullock, Edgai.......................... 26310

Coyne, P. J............................. 26020

Cox, P. E............................... 26881

C uilom, W. E.......................... 26882

Daniel, I)r. Z. T.....................  26470

Davis Bros............................ 26621

Easterbrook, F. D.......................27100

Ford, T. C.............................   26779

Frazar, G. B........................... 26569

Hammitt, J. M..........................'26515

Haywood, Howard........................ 26653

Henshaw, H. W.......................... 27008

Hewlett, S. G.......................... 20537

Hill, Dr. W. Scott..................... 26076

Hook, Fridiof.......................... 27089

Johnson. H. L.......................... 26392

Johnson, L. C.......................... 26253

Jouy.P.L................................27143

Kershaw, C. E...................'...... 25898

Knight, F. C........................... 26844

Knight, W.C............................ 27055

Lartigue, Dr. G. B..................... 25984

Lovett, Edward......................... 27077

Mapel, H. B............................ 26765

Mearns, Dr. E. A., U. S. Army..... 26499, 26608

Mertz, F. C............................ 26696

Miller, H. D........................... 26943

Millis, S. B........................... 26751

Montane, Dr. Luis...................... 26934

Moore, C. B............................ 26520

Nye, Willard Jr........................ 28891

Ober, F. A............................  26798

Peiry, H. W............................ 27078

Rice, Mrs. Marie E............... 25914,26182

Royal Museum, Florence, Italy.......... 25949

mitlisonian Institution U. S. National

Museum............................... 26207

Spainhour, Dr. J. M ................... 27001276

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893,

Yormus, Albert...

Wilcox, A. C......

Williams, F. H----

Willis, Merritt---

Wilson. F. E......

Wilson, Thomas ..
W iltberger, J acob

Accession number.

............. 27096

............. 27097

....... 27082,27115

............. 26008

............. 26746

.. 26538,26795,26870
............. 26443

DEPARTMENT IY.

Mammals.

Abbott, Dr. W. L.............. 25997, 26251, 27085

Agriculture, Department of.......... 26526, 26910

Bailey, Maj.J.J........................... 26221

Bales, C. H............................... 2623G

Boyle, John............................... 26701

Briraley, H. H. &C.S...................... 26135

Burger, Peter............................. 26002

Canfield, M............................... 26334

Chanler, William Astor.............. 26908, 26939

Downs, A. C................... 26079, 26082, 26 ,98

Fea, Leonardo............................. 26703

Fish Commission, U. S .. - 20375, 26376, 26449, 26710

Ford, II. Clay........................... 26806

Gilbert, Prof. C. H...................... 20736

Goode, Dr. G. Brown...................... 27149

Grant, Don. L. B......................... 20723

Greene, F. W............................. 26790

Griffin, M. It........................... 26077

Hasbrouck, E. M........:................. 26925

Henshaw, H. W.............................27137

Holt, H. P. R............................ 26741

Indian Museum, Calcutta, India........... 26887

Neely, Thomas............................ 26022

Kuehling, J. H........................... 26384

McCormick, L. M.......................... 26449

MacFarlane, It........................... 26380

Marsh, Charles .... 25941, 25942, 25943, 26117, 26335
Marshall, George .. 25932, 26336, 26397, 26444; 26517
Me am s, Dr. E. A.,U.S. Army... 25823, 26022, 26371
26499, 26608, 26689

Montandon, Prof. A. L.................... 25994

Moore, H. C.............................. 26704

Palmer, Joseph......... 26072, 26326, 26329, 26331

Palmer, William ... 26330, 26337, 26541, 26911, 26923

Perry, H W......................... 26975,27078

Pettigrew, J. A.......................... 26442

Peters, Mrs. S. D................. 26417, 26630

Pollock, G.F............................. 26915

Pope, H.................................. 26021

Preble, E. A............................. 27145

Schmid, E. S............................. 26629

Smith, W. G

26445

Smithsonian Institution

25928

Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National

Museum........... 25887, 25901, 26207, 26471, 26528

26553. 26956,26967

Smithsonian Institution. National Zoo-
logical Park................... 25933, 26073, 26074

26139, 26325, 26327, 26328, 26332, 26338, 26396
26450, 26523, 26544, 26563, 26654, 26702, 26749
26762,26793, 26808, 26823, 26900, 27044, 27144

Stabler, Harold B. and James P............. 26210

Sternburg, Baron H. S...................... 27121

Accession number.

Sturge, Joseph..........................27119

Todd, E. It............................ 26137

Townsend, C. H......................... 27014

Traill, W. E........................... 25938

Treasury Department, H. S......... 26395, 26418

Turner, J. Henry....................... 26892

Walker, Dr. R. L....................... 26578

Ward, Rowland &	Co., London, England... 26Q98

26922

Wrard’s Natural Science Establishment,
Rochester, N. T..	26333, 26466, 26864, 26867, 27130

Warneke, C. W.......................... 25931

Whitney, C. A.......................... 26652

Wilcox, Dr. T. E., U. S. Army.......... 26403

Worthen, C. K.......................... 26763

DEPARTMENT Y.
(A) Birds.

Abbott, Dr. W. L.............. 25997, 26251, 27085

Andrews, Hon. Henry W.....................26124

Ashby, Scott............................. 26549

Attwater, H. P........................... 27012

Baker, L. L.............................. 26345

Barrows, Prof. W. B...................... 25981

Baskett, J. N..........................   26873

Benedict, J. E........................... 28784

Benson, Lieut. H. C., H. S. Army..........26153

Bernice Paualu Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 26874

Boucard, A............................... 26953

Breninger, G.F.................... 26752,	26936

Brooks, A. C...................... 26011,	26900

Brett, Walter.................'.... 26177, 26819

Brown, E. J........... 26194, 26370, 26880, 27133

Bureau of American Republics............. 26783

Burrows, I). B........................... 26178

Buttikofer, Dr. J........................ 27040

Cory, C.B...............................  26824

Coues, Dr. Elliott, IJ. S. Army.......... 26633

Crew, H. W............................... 25907

Dow, Mrs. Elizabeth	K..................27125

Dresser, H. E............................ 25966

Elrod, M. J.............................. 27126

Emmett, Mrs It. A........................ 27039

Fish Commission, U. S........ 26449,26739,26820

Gerrard, Edward.......................... 25996

Gundlacli, Dr. J.............................*.	27148

Harvey, Rev. M..................... 26901,26902

Hasbrouck, E. M.......................... 27090

Hitchcock, F. H.......................... 26832

Ingraham, D. P........................... 26269

Jones, J. T.............................. 26313

Jones, Dr. L. C.......................... 26341

' Lano, Albert........................... 2G554

Earner, John Q........................... 26389

Lattin & Co..-................:.......... 27011

McCormick, L. M.......................... 26878

Macfarland, Miss Alice................... 26318

Marshall, Henry.................... 25944,25901

Mearns, Dr. E. A., TJ.	S. Army........... 26022

26371,26499,26608, 26689

j Merrill, Dr. J. C., U.	S. Army......... 266C6

! Morris, William........................ 26440

! Mosier, C. A........................... 26369INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST.

277

Accession number.
National Museum of Costa Rica, San Jos6. 26087

26262

Nutt all, G. H.......................... 26877

Orth, G. S.............................. 26661

Palmer, William.................... 26433, 26911

Park, J.T..............................  26115

Teabody Museum, Cambridge,'Mass26025

Ralph, Dr. W. L......................    27066

Richmond, C. W......... 26252, 26496, 26738, 26809

Ridgway, Robert............... 26275, 26642, 26646

Robinson, Lieut. Wirt, TJ. S. Army.. 26592,26700

Schliiter, Wilhelm.......... 26010,26116,27021

Schmid, E. S....................... 25678,26590

Science College Imperial Museum, Tokio,

Japan......................--......... 25937

Sigourney, C. F......................... 26312

Singley, J. A...................... 26692,26697

Skinner, A............................... 26416

Skow, Lawrence.......................... 26677

Smithsonian Institution................. 25928

Smithsonian Institution. II. S. National

Museum......................... 25887,25901

26207, 26471, 26528, 26553, 26686, 26956,26967
Smithsonian Institution. National Zoolog-
ical Park... 26066, 26407, 26640, 26872, 26879, 27068

Southwick & Critchley.............. 26502, 26591

Stabler, H. B...................... 26268,26498

Stabler, J.P............................ 26408

Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard............ 26497, 26558

Taylor, Miss Elizabeth............ 26518,26519

Todd, E. R.............................. 26258

Tristram, Rev. H. B..................... 25982

Ward's Natural Science Establishment,

Rochester, N. Y.....'........... 25893,26643

Wicks, M.L., jr......................... 26650

Willson, G. A........................... 26050

Winton, B. B....................... 26614, 26893

Wynant, W. P............................ 26706

(B) Birds Eggs.

Abbott, Dr. W. L........................ 27085

Anthony, A. W........................... 26758

Anthony, W. A........................... 26174

Attwater, H. P..................... 26216, 26609

Barrows, Prof. W.	B.................... 26796

Bendire, Capt. C. E., U. S. Army .... 26167, 26238

Benson, Lieut. H.	C., U. S. Army........ 25904

26149, 26615

Bishop, Dr. L. B........................ 26663

Breninger, G. F................... 26752.26936

Brown, Jasper........................... 26610

Call, Dr. S. J.......................... 26150

Cherrie, G. X........................... 26382

Cooke, Dr. C. T......................... 26169

Cutler, H. D'B.......................... 26848

Dillo, F. M............................. 26761

Evermann, Prof. B.	W.................. 26658

• Flint, H. W..................... 26173,26273

Fisher, Dr. A. K........................ 26531

Fowler, F. Hall......................... 26219

H arris,GJrank..................... 26573, 26636

Henshaw, H.W............................ 27120

Herrera, Prof. A. L..................... 26542

Hitchcock, F. H................... 26166,27009

Littlejohn, Chase....................... 26352

Accession number.

Mcllhenny, E. A..............1.......... 26684

Mearns, Dr. E. A., TJ. S. Army......... 28371

Mengel, Levi............................ 26687

Miller, Thomas..........................27095

Pattee, F. B............................26151

Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass.........:. 26025

Ralph, Dr. W. L........:................ 27026

Richards. T. W......................... 26321

Richmond, C. W.......................... 26738

Rosebrook, J. W......................... 25979

Sage, J. H............................. 26755

-Smith, R. W. Xirby.................... 26581

Sprague, J. C.........................  26186

Steinbeck, William..................... 26122

Taylor, Miss Elizabeth................. 28519

Toby, F. H............................  26316

Webb, W . F ..........................  26278

Widmann, Otto.......................... 20839

Wilcox, G. P............................ 26168

DEPARTMENT VI.

Reptiles.

Abbott, Dr. W. L................. 25997,27085

Adams, C. F............................ 26212

Agriculture, Department of............. 26017

Baur, Dr. George....................... 26817

Belding, L........................ 26637, 27052

Benedict, J.E.......................... 27111

Blackburn, Dr.l.W................ 26197,26348

Blatchley, W. S......................... 26198

Boettcher, F. L. J......................26175

Brimley, C. S.......................... 27135

Brimley, H. H. and C. S........... 26439,26682

Brown, Herbert.......................... 26211

Brown, R. W............................. 27030

Caracciolo, H........................... 27092

Caulfield, W. L......................... 26240

Chanler, William Astor.................. 26939

Chatelain, H61i......................... 26803

Collins, H. F.......-•.................. 26685

Cram, Jacob............................. 25972

Daniel, Dr. Z. T........................ 26048

Eslick, J. A............................ 26597.

Figgins, J.D............................ 27031

Fish Commission, TJ. S........... 26669,26820

Gerrard, Edward.....-................... 26858

Godding, Dr. W.W........................ 25920

Harris, G. E.......................... 26045,	26090

Hasbrouck, E.M.......................... 26357

Hay, W. Perry........................... 26314

Henshaw, H. W.......... 26995, 27049, 27076, 271d7

Holm, Theodor........................... 26811

Hurter, Julius........................ 26049,	26394

Xoch, F. W..............................26163

Xuehling, J. H............... 25974, 26279, 26691

Xulle, Albert........................... 27032

McConnell, A. E......................... 26782

McCormick, L. M*........................ 26709

McMurdy, Mrs. Helen..................... 25885

Matthews. W............................. 26009

Mea> us, Dr. E. A., U. S. Army.. 26371, 26608, 26689

Merrill, G. P*............... 26176,26319, 26423

Montandon, Prof. A. L................... 25994

Mungen, Theodore........................ 2702£278

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Accession number.

Owsley, Dr. W. T........J...............26071

Palmer, William......................... 26911

Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass......... 26025

Perry, H. W............................. 26975

Phillips, W. Hallett.................... 26695

Pond, Lieut. C. A., U. S. Ravy.......... 25895

Potter, Rev. J. A., TI. S. Army......... 27138

Preble, E. A............................ 27059

Raynor, R............................... 26393

Richmond, C. W..................... 26252, 26738

Richmond, W. L.......................... 26732

Ridgway, Audubon........................ 26949

Roberts, W. F........................... 25940

Robinson, A. G.......................... 26068

Schmid, E. S..........................   26649

Schliiter, Wilhelm...................... 26506

Shufeldt, Dr. R. W., TJ. S. Army........ 25888

Smithsonian Institution................. 25928

Smithsonian Institution. TJ. S. Rational

Museum............... 25887, 2o207, 26956, 26967

Smithsonian Institution. Rational Zoolog-
ical Park............................... 27114

Sprinkel, J. W.......................... 26638

Stephens, F............................  25989

Test, F. C.............................. 25995

Townsend, C. H____'..................... 27014

Wilcox, Dr. T. E., U. S. Army........... 264u3

Wooster, A. F........................... 26777

Young, R. J -........................... 27033

DEPARTMERT YII,

Fishes.

Abbott, Dr. W. L................... 26251, 27085

Andrews, Dr. E. A....................... 26046

Bean, Barton A.......................... 25957

Chanler, William Astor.................. 26939

Chatelain, H61i ......................   26803

Cox, Philip................. 27080,27086,27127

Dug As, Prof. A......................... 26707

Edwards, Yinal R........................ 26351

Evermann, Prof. B. W.................... 26789

Fish Commission, U. S ... 25909, 26449, 26461, 26479
26552, 26574, 26745, 26792, 26840

G-anter, H. C........................... 26794

Giglioli, Prof. H. H i...............    25925

Gilchrist, F. C.........:............... 26972

Gurley, Dr. R. R........................ 26576

Harris, W. C............................ 27140

Indian Museum, Calcutta, India.......... 26671

Jordan, Dr. D. S................... 26379, 26985

Lewis, G. A............................  27035

Lonnberg, Dr. Einar..................... 26678

Mearns, Dr. E. A., IJ. S. Army.. 26371, 26608, 26689

Perry, H. W. ...................... 26975, 27078

Richmond, C. W..................... 26252, 26738

Ridler, J............................... 25912

Shufeldt, Dr. R. W., U. S. Army......... 25888

Smithsonian Institution. TJ. S. Rational

Museum...................... 25887, 26956, 26967

Smolinski, Joseph....................... 26836

The Woman’s College of Baltimore........ 26875

Townsend, C. H.......................... 27014

Traill, W. E ...................... 25938, 27103

.Zoological Museum, Christiana, Rorway... 26865

DEPARTMERT YIII.

Yertebrate Fossils.

Moore, Prof. Joseph................ 26420

DEPARTMERT IX.

Mollusks (including Cenozoic fossils.)

Accession number.

Abbott, Dr. W. L........... 25997,27085

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal... 26485

26688

Agriculture, Department pf____ 26339,26386,27113

Bednall, W. T............................... 26620

Blair, Thomas............................... 26039

Broadway, W. G..........................,... 26507

Brown, R W.............................. 26097

Chamberlain, Rev. L. T. and Mrs. Francis

Lea...................................... 27004

Chanler, William Astor...................... 26939

Chatelain, H61i............................. 26803

Colson, E. H................................ 26997

Cossmann. M................................. 26425

Daniel, Prof. E..............................27131

Dexter, Lewis............................... 27016

Fish Commission, U. S... 26376, 26788, 26822. 26961

Fulton, Hugh................................ 27123	■

Geological Survey of Texas____ 26613, 26813.26960

Godbey, S. M...................... 26852,	26979

Greegor, Isaiah................... 26994,	26989

Hamlin, Homer............................... 26013

Harris, William.R..................... 25987,26759

Hemphill, Henry............................. 28914

Hurter, Julius.............................. 26394

Keith, John................................. 26734

Langshaw, J. P.............................. 26825

Loomis, Rev. Henry.......................... 26708

Mearn-s, Dr. E. A.,	U. S.Army. 26371,	26499, 26G08

Mitchell, J. D..............$. 26081,	26114, 26959

Montandon, Prof. A. L....................... 25994

Moss, William............................... 28753

Palmer; Joseph.............................  26103

Perry, H. W ...;............................ 26975

Pilsbry, H. A............................... 26070

Richmond, C. W.............................. 26738

Robinson, Lieut. Wirt, TJ. S. Army.......... 26983

Shepard, Miss Ida M............... 25919,	26907

Sibley, M................................... 26023

Simpson, C. T............................... 26099

Singley, J. A............................... 20834

Smithsonian Institution. U. S. Rational

■ Museum.............................. 26123,26967

Smolinski, Joseph........................... 26836

Squyer, Homer......................... 26941,26973

Taylor, Rev. G. W........................... 26136

Yaughan, T. Wayland......................... 26903

Yon Ihenng, Dr. H..................... 26028.26577

Walker, Bryant............................   26849

White, E. H........'....................26340

Worth, S.G...........................•.. 26448

Wright, Berlin H............................ 26780

Wyard, E. S................................  25955INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST.

279

DEPARTMENT X.

Insects.

Accession number.

Abbott, Dr. W. L.................. 26251, 27085

Adams, W. H............................ 26912

Agriculture, Department of... 26239, 26422. 26562

Andrews, Hon. H.W...................... 26124

Avery,W.C.............................. 26041

JBartleman, It. M...................... 26213

Bassett, G.W........................... 26209

Baur, Dr. G............................ 26662

Bay, "W. L............................. 25922

Deal, K. E.............................  2635^

Brown, R.W........................ 26141,27147

Drunetti, E............................. 26996

Cbanler, William Astor........................	26939

Chatelain, Heli......................... 26803

Close, A. J.......,.................... 25969

Coleman, J. I............................26159

Conner, Earl............................ 25913

Cooke, A. C............................. 25980

Cox. W. V............................... 25916

Crawford, John B........................ 26976

Cunningham, B. L.........................26157

Daniel, E. M............................ 25971

Daniels, W. H........................... 26052

Dawes, Mrs W. C......................... 26125

Doming, X. L............................ 26190

Dexter, Hon. Lewis...................... 27016

Dismukes, G.W........................... 26226

Dodge, Mrs. E. T.,...................... 26152

Du Buysson, H............................26181

Edwards, B. M........................... 26156

Edwards, J........................-.... 26438

English, E. H........................... 26031

Evans, J. M............................. 26359

Eernald, Prof. C. H................ 26693

Fisher, John..........................   26110

Elood Brothers.......................... 26191

Fox, W. J........................ 25952,	26274

Fulton, H.............................   27020

Glenn, R.H.............................. 26890

Harris, G. A...........................  25892

Harris, G. E...........................  26161

Hartman, Joseph......................... 26100

Hay, W. P............................... 26447

Henshaw, H. W.......................... 26995,	27049

Hoase, H.P.............................. 26030

Hodge, H. G............................ 26065,	26142

Hopping, Ralph................ 26029, 26193, 27028

Hubbard, Mrs. H. G...................... 26032

Hunter, Mrs. Lida....................... 26140

Imperial Austrian Museum, Vienna.......27104

Johnson, H. L..........................  26285

Johnson, J. S. H........................ 26158

Kalb, Dr. C. W.......................... 27257

Kayser, William......................... 26377

Kempton, C. W........................... 26287

Kenyon, E. C............................ 27005

Kerr, M. B.............................. 26583

Kimber, J. F............................ 26006

Kincaid, Trevor......................... 25967

Krusi, Graf.......:.................... 27249

Lembert, J. B........................... 26051

Lane, Mert........................ 26308,26458

Accession number.

Lansinger, W. H._......................... 26005

Lightfoot, Jerome......................... 26225

Little, Dr. J.W........................... 26264

Marion Phosphate Co., Dunellon.Fla...... 26083

Marx, Dr. G............................... 26769

Mason, J. T............................... 26948

Mason, Prof. O. T........................ 25970,	26067

Mearns, Dr. E. A., TJ. S.	Army.... 26371. 26608

Merrill, G. P............................. 26319

Mohrman, J. H............................. 26224

Montandon, Prof. A. L..................... 25994

Neumoegen, B.............................. 26860

Northrup, Dr. D. B................*..... 26530

Parry, Maggie............................. 25890

Patton, W. H.............................. 27037

Perry, H. W.............................. 26975.	27078

Phillips, W. Hallett...................... 26695

Post-Office Department, IJ. S............. 27083

Potter, Rev. J. A., XL S. Army.............27L38

Quanitance, A. L.......................... 26675

Ransdell, Harry............................28184

Rice, Mrs. M. E.................... 26182,	26412

Richmond, C. W...........................  26738

Robinson, H. A............................ 26854

Romeyn, Capt. Henry, U. S. Army........... 26064

Rosebrook, J. W........................... 25979

Ryus, F. E................................ 26111

Schwarz, E. A.............. 26032,26424,27110

Sherman, J. D. jr.................. 27000,	27027

Skinner, O. E............................. 25903

Smith, H. S............................... 26223

Smith, Prof. J. B......................... 25977

Smithsonian Institution. U. S. National

Museum................................. 25887,	26967

Smithsonian Institution. National Zoolog.

ical Park................................26162

Stejneger, Dr. Leonhard................... 27081

Steuart, 11. B............................ 26277

Tate, Willie B.............-............26184

Taylor, Mrs. Dr. V. W..................... 25993

Townsend, C. H............................ 27014

Van Rensselaer, Mrs. W. King.............. 23454

VonPhul, Hon. Frank....................... 26373

Walton, Mrs. Ada U........................ 26399

Warren, S................................. 26365

Weber, F. C................................26180

Weed, C. M................................ 26978

White, Dr. C. H., U. S. Navy.............. 26964

Wilcox, Dr. T. E., TJ. S. Army.... 26403, 26579

Witchell, S.B............................. 26001

Wittkugel, Erich.......................... 26322

Wooster, A. F............................. 26777

DEPARTMENT XI.

Marine Invertebrates.

Abbott, Dr. W. L.......................... 27085

Agriculture, Department	of.............. 26355,	27002

Andrews, Dr. E. A......................... 26061

Beckwith, M. H............................ 23284

Berry, E. W............................... 25963

Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. New

Zealand................................. 26947

Canute, James............................. 26062

Chanler, William Astor.................... 26939280

IiEPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Accession number.

Dexter, Hon. Lewis.......... 26026, 27016, 27129

Duges, Prof. A......................... 27018

Pish Commission, IT. S...... 25924, 25973, 26567

Hay, TV. P............................. 26992

Intram, Pobert........._............... 26648

James, J. F............,............... 26381

Kerr, TV. C............................ 26949

Lacoe, R. D..........................   26965

Loomis, Rev. Henr>..................... 26708

-Marsh, C. Dwight...................... 27088

Mellichamp, Dr. J. H................... 25897

Mitchell, J.D.................... 26114,26414

Moore, TV. S.', ensign, D. S. "Navy.... 26767

Moreland, Walter....................... 26007

Munson. M. S........................... 26645

Seville, W.R........................... 26561

Palmer, Dr. Edward..................... 26372

Pattee, Orson.......................... 27075

Perry, H. W......................... 26975, 27078

Richmond, C. TV............. 26252, 26738, 27128

Saunders, H.R.......................... 26814

Smith, H. I -. 26L04, 26350, 26353, 26551, 26570, 26644
Smithsonian Institution. TJ. S. Rational

Museum..................... 25887, 26956, 26967

Smolinski, Joseph...................... 26836

Talmage, J, E.......................... 26459

The Woman’s College of Baltimore....... 26785

Thornton, M. E......................... 26419

Townsend, C. H......................... 27014

Wilcox, Dr. T. E., IT. S. Army......... 26403

Zoological Station, Naples, Italy...... 27047

DEPARTMENT XII.

,	Comparative Anatomy.

Abbott, Dr. W. L................. 25997,27085

Agriculture, Department of............. 26656

Baldwin, A. H.......................... 26360

Baur, Dr. G-........................... 26817

Blunck, A. E................ 26784, 26845, 26855

Boswell, Henry......................... 26657

Carpenter, J. S., IJ. S. Navy.......... 26094

Deyrolle, Emile........................ 26664

Emmett, Mrs. R. A...................... 26868

Eish Commission, D. S............... 26264, 28766

Elanagan, A. H......................... 26970

Heroux, A. A........................... 26847

Howell, E. E........................... 26265

Interior Department. D. S. Geological

Survey.................................26119

Ream, T. V............................. 27072

Xinsbury, C. H......................... 26107

Xirby & Smith.......................... 26676

Lattin, Lount.......................... 26667

Mason, H. D., & Sons................... 26846

Miner, S. O............................ 266Q8

Owsley, Mrs. W. T.....................  25948

Perry, H. W............................ 27078

Rhoades, S. N.......................... 26744

Richmond, C. W...................... 26460, 26711

Roberts, H............................. 26271

Schmid, E. S........................... 26472

Scollick, J. W......................... 26473

Smithsonian Institution................ 25928

Smithsonian Institution. IT. S. National
Museum...........................   26207

Accession number.

Smithsonian Institution. National Zoolog-
ical Park.................... 26179,26482,26957

Thompson, R. P............................ 27024

Turner. J. Henry.......................... 26892

Ward's Natural Science Establishment,

Rochester, N. Y............ 26138,26200,26202

26233,26401,26598,26665, 26812

Wallace, Samuel........................ 26483

Webber, H. J........................... 26906

Wilcox, Jones.......................... 26670

Wilcox, Dr. T. E., U. S. Army.......... 26403

Wilkinson, E........................... 26044

Williams, J. A......................... 26722

Wilson, S. B...................... 26201, 26202

Wood, Miss E. M............-_ 25816, 26234, 27038

Wyndham, W............................. 26267

DEPARTMENT XIII.

(A) Invertebrate Eossils (Paleozoic).
Australian Museum, Sydney, . New South

Wales .................................. 26775

Benedict, Dr. A. L.,..................   26038

Dickey, F. W............................ 26886

Grierson, A. R.......................... 26821

Interior Department................ 25891, 25945

- Newlon, Dr. TV. S..................... 25917

Root, Wallace &. Earl................... 26965

Smith, H. I............................. 25939

Dirich, E. 0 ........................... 26754

Squyer, Homer............................27122

Stuart, L. W............................ 25929

Yale College Museum, New Haven, Conn.. 26415

26977

(B) Invertebrate Fossils (Mesozoic).

Bissinger, Hon. Erhard.................. 25902

Emmons, S. E............................ 27051

Eish Commission, D. S................... 26375

Forrester, Robert........... 26000,26690,27054

George, TV. A........................... 27139

Interior Department. U. S. Geological Sur-
vey ................................... 27094

Mearns, Dr. E. A., D. S. Army...... 26499, 26608

Pavlow, Prof. A......................... 26069

Smith, E. Xirby......................... 26730

Squyer, Homer........................... 26933

S til well, L. W........................ 26091

Thorpe, Dr. H. H.................. 25886,25964

Whiteaves, J. F......................... 26623

DEPARTMENT XIV.

EossrL Plants.

Biederman, C. R.......................   26781

Calcutta Botanic Garden, India.......... 25983

Chanler, William Astor.................. 26939

Cole, E. H............................   27013

Daniels, L. E........................... 26966

Eish Commission, D. S................... 26375

Forrester, Robert....................... 26096

Henshaw, H. W........................... 27006

Illinois State Museum of Natural History.

Springfield....................^...... 26367

Lacoe, R. D............................. 26102

Mann, Rev. Albert....................... 26516

j Mead, C. H.... 26047,26075,26118,26192,26311INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST.

281

Accession number.

Miller, Charles, jr................... 27025

Rittenliouse, L. C.................... 26937

Spencer, Emmons....................... 27099

Stephens, F........................... 2GS05

University of Upsdale................  26148

Yon Mueller, Baron Ferd............... 26951

Woodward, Karl W...................... 26918

DEPARTMENT XV.

Recent Plants.

Bendire, Capt. C. E , U. S. Army.......27141

Daniel, Prof E........................ 27131

Devine, William.................-...... 26495

Fish Commission, U. S................. 26822

Johnson, P. J......................... 25978

Lassimonne, S. E...................... 26208

Mearns, Dr. E. A., U. S. Army.... 26499, 26608

Accession number.

Ray, G. D............................... 26959

Safford, Prof. J M...................... 26056

Shepard, Dr. C. U....................... 26547

Skinner, A.............................. 26465	.

Smithsonian Institution. U. S. National

Museum................................ 26464

Spratt, Capt. F. P...................... 26950

Story, J. L............................  26434

Taylor, William T....................... 26585

The K. K. Hofmuseum,Vienna, Austria... 26188
Washington Onyx Mining and Milling Com-
pany, Pomeroy, Wash..................... 26681

Weed, L. Walter.....................-... 26826

Willcox, Joseph......................... 26829

Wyandance Brick and Terra-Cotta Com-
pany New York............................ 26508	.

DEPARTMENT XVII.

Rambo, M. Elmer......................... 26742

Smithsonian Institution. U. S. National

Museum........................... 26207.26956

Smolmski, Joseph........................ 27045

Taylor, Miss Elizabeth.................. 26519

Von Mueller, Baron Ferd....... 26034,26120,26951

DEPARTMENT XVI
Minerals.

Allen, I. R............................  26904

American Turquoise Company, New York

■ City.................................. 26804

Bailey, G. E............................ 26014

Barnes, R. E............................ 26015

Be.ment, C. S........................... 26824

Bowman, D. A............................ 26281

Cardeza, Dr. J. M....................... 26503

Chanler, William Astor.................. 26939

Christie, J.C........................... 27043

Clarke, Prof. F. W...................... 26604

Crosby. Prof. W. O...................... 26626

Daniel, Prof. E........................  27131

De Struve, Mr. Charles.................. 26089

Egleston, Dr. T......................... 26514

English, G. L..-& Co................ 26540. 26586

Foote, Dr. A. E.... 26144, 26539, 26833, 26834, 26875

26876

Frazar, G. B............................ 26569

Gregory J . R.................-•........ 27034

Hourston, Joseph........................ 26057

Howell, E. E.......... 26529,26713,26827,26828

Hubbard, E. L........................... 263S0

Igelstrom, L J......................... 2643^-

Interior Department. U. S. Geological Sur-
vey ......... 25894,25986,26016, 26088, 26146, 26280

26435,26436, 26437, 26456, 26490, 26584, 26587

Jackm an, J. V.......................... 26432

Kloeber, C. E........................... 26575

Kunz, G F..............................  26143

Lamb, T.F................................26147

Lampard, Henry.........................  26363

Lesser & Sawyer..........................27105

Munich Academy, Bavaria................. 26267

Newlon, Dr W.S.......................... 25917

Newton, Prof. H. A...................... 26920

Penfield, Prof. S. L...................  26040

Powell, Maj J. W.........................25185

Geology.

Abbott, Dr. W. L.......................... 27085

Arizona Onyx Company, Chicago............ 26530

Audenreid, Mrs. M. C...................... 26566

Biedermau, C. R............................Y6781

Blau, H. E..............................   26216

Burns, Frank........................ 26214,26557

Cameron, J................................ 26559

Caracnsti, C. F. Z...............!....... 26457

Chanler, William Astor.................... 26939

Claliin, G. K............................. 25960

Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y........... 26659

Crosby, F.W............. 26869,26889,27015,27065

Crosby, Prof. W. O...... 26288, 26289, 28290, 26291

26292, 26293, 26294, 26295, 26296, 26297
26298, 26299,26300,26301,26302,26303
26304, 26305, 26596, 26603, 26650, 26884

Daniel, Prof. E........................... 27331

Deseret Museum, Salt Lake City,Utah.26768, 27087

DuBois, J. T............................. 27046

Durden, H. S.............................. 26588

English, G.L.. &Co ....................... 26861

Evans,W. H., &. Son....................... 25951

Farrington, O. C.................... 26660,27079

Fish Commission, U. S............... 26375,27376

Forrester, Robert......................... 26411

Frazar, G. B............................   26569

Fredd, J. P............................... 26317

Gabel, T. R............................... 26684

Ganter, H. C........................ 26154,26794

Grab ill Chicago Portrait and View Com-
pany..................................... 26155

Green, E. S............................... 26078

Guthrie, Ossian.................... 2CS56,	2G899

Haines, Benjamin.................... 26128,26300

Harris, G. E........................ 26857,26883

Hitchcock, Romyn.................   26509,	27118

Hollis, E.S............................... 26058

Howell, E. E....................... 26127,	26938

Interior Department. U. S; Geological Sur-
vey ..................................... 26916

Jarvis, J. F.............................. 26894

Johnston, F.B............................. 26130

Johnston-Lavis, H H...................... 26055,	26132

Jones, J J................................ 26568

Kemp, Prof. J. F.......................... 26378282

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Accession number.

Krantz, Dr..............................2G921

Kurtz, G.F............................. 26617

Lampard, Henry......................... 26363

Langdale, J. W............. 26383,26733,27116

Lincoln, J. M.......................... 26594

Lyons, Prof. A. B.................. 26356, 26611

McDonald, A. P......................... 26969

Mearns, Dr. E. A., IT. S. Army......... 26022	.

'Merrill, G. P......................... 26319

Merrill, H. C.......................... 26487

Merrill, L H........................... 26387

Miller, Charles, jr.................... 26791

• Messekommer, II..................*---- 26428

Munich Academy, Bavaria................ 26276

Newton, William........................ 27109

Ozark Onyx Company, St. Louis, Mo....... 26888

Palmer, Dr. E.......................... 26372

Pearson, C. E.......................... 26673

Pelham & Lloyd......................... 26033

Perry, 11. S........................... 26735

Powell, S. L........................... 27091

Putnam, J. Henry....................... 27053

Richardson, Clifford................... 25923

Richmond, C. W......................... 26460

Accession number.

Rothrock, D. M..................... 26172'

Rumple, J. W....................... 56787

Sal Mountain Asbestos Company, Chicago.	27042

Schulz, Dr. Auvel......................... 26546

Scott, W.W......................... 26968.

Smithsonian Institution. IT. S. National
Museum... 26101, 26133, 26134, 26215, 26260,	26344-

Stabling, F........................ 26085-

Stanton, T. W...................... 26476

Stoddard, S.R...................... 26129'

The Colorado Turkey Hone Stone Com-
pany, Denver....................... 26560'

The Grottoes Company............... 26481

Yan Deman, H. E.................... 26924

Yon Streeruwitz, W. H............. 25999,	26080’

Ward’s Natural Science	Establishment,

Rochester, N. Y............ 26853, 26885, 26895-

Washington Onyx Mining and Milling

Company, Pomeroy, Wash........... 26681

Williams, 1........................26131.

Williams, J. W..................... 26307

Woodward, Albert....................27132

Wright, Prof. G. F................ 26749,26786

Wunston, Carl...................... 2709S

NOTE A.

ACCESSIONS RECEIVED IN THE MUSEUM DURING 1890-1861, FOR EXHIBITION AT THE
WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

Beath, J.W. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Collection of gems and minerals. 24360. Fifteen
specimens of intaglios of bloodstone, agate, carnelian, sardonyx, and labradorite.

* 24363.

Brimley, H. H. &. C. S. (Raleigh, N. C.). Six mammal skins. 24271.

English, G. L., & Co. (New York City). Thirty-eight minerals. 24375.

Foote, Dr. A. E. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Thirty-one minerals. 24370. Twenty-eight
minerals. 24434.

Pennypacker, C. II. (West Chester, Pa.). Seven minerals. 24441.

Smith, Dr. Hugh M. (U. S. Fish Commission). Bat. 24284.

Tiffany & Co. (New York City). Collection of gems. 24359.

Wittkugel, Erich (Honduras), Twelve mammals from Honduras. 24394/

Worthen, C. K. (Warsaw, 111.). ■ Fourteen mammal skins. 24265.

NOTE B.

ACCESSIONS RECEIVED IN THE MUSEUM DURING 1891-1892, FOR EXHIBITION AT THE
WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

Armstrong, F. B. (Brownsville, Tex.). Two skms of chachalaca, Ortalis vetula
macoali. 25866.

Beath, J. W. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Twenty-two cut stones consisting of agatized
wood, smoky quartz, amethyst, garnet, sapphire, green and white onyx cameo,
moonstone, fowlente, sphalerite, and oligoclase, and a specimen of spinel in cal-
cito from Ogdensburg, N. J. 25089.

Boucard, A. (London, W. C., England). Eleven skins of birds of paradise, repre-
senting 11 species. 24946. Twenty-four specimens, representing 24 species of
humming-birds’ skins. 25047Three specimens, representing 3 species of birds
of paradise from New Guinea. 25458.INDEX TO ACCESSION LIST.

283

Deyrolle, Emile (Paris, France). Four mounted mammals. 24819.

Downs, A. C. (Realitos, Duval County, Tex.). Armadillo (Tatusia novemeincta)*
25549.

English, G. L., & Co. (New York City)..., Eleven specimens of axinite, inarcasite,.
fluorite, and calcite from various localities. 24975. Calcite ball from Japan
and a specimen of stibnite from the same locality. 25238. Malacbite slab from
Siberia. 25420. Minerals from various localities, consisting of smoky quartz,
chloropal, dolomite, pyrite, laumontite, inesite, titanite, azurite, native sulphur,,
rkodockrosite, minium, cassiterite, amber, ilvaite, and others. 25849.

Foote, Dr. A. E. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Specimen of matlockite and one of phosgenite
from Cromford, Derbyshire, England. 25204. Eight specimens of rocks and
other geological material. 25620. Minerals from various localities, consisting
of calcite, pyrite, psilomelane, and barite. 25850.

Foster Bros. (Boston, Mass ). Picture of Swiss glacier. . 25659.

Frazar, M. Abbott (Boston, Mass.). Skin of white ibis, Guar a alba from Browns-
ville, Tex. 24936.

Gerrard, E. (London, England). Ten skins and an alcoholic specimen of mammal
from Central and South America. 24669.

Golden, R. A. (Washington, D. C.). Specimen of greater snow goose, Chen hyper-
borea nwalis in the flesh. 25459. Two prairie-chickens, Tympanuehus ameri-
canus in the flesh. 25763.

Hamlin, Dr. A. C. (Bangor, Me.). Specimen of cut tourmaline from Paris, Me., and
2 cut zircons from Ceylon. 24926.

Harrison, Hon. Benjamin (Executive Mansion). Armadillo (Tatusia novemeincta),
from Breckenridge, Tex., collected by Mr. R. R. Skagg. 24887.

Hasbrouck, E. M. (Washington, D. C.). Skin of Carolina parrakeet, Cornurus car-
olinensis from Florida. 25109.

Howell, E. E. (Washington, D. C.). Three bird skins from Australia, consisting
of a lyre-bird, Menura superba (female), and male an 1 female specimens of satin
bower-bird, Ptilonorhynchusviolaceus. 25217. Nine specimens of minerals, con-
sisting of scheelite, willemite, tschermigite, hyalite, cryolite, rottisite, evansite,
and orpiment. 25262. Minerals from various localities, consisting of manganite,
labradorite, calcite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, tourmaline, and jasper. 25263. Two
specimens of agalmatolithe carving from China. 25467.

Knowlton, W. J. (Boston, Mass.). Ornamental stones. 24545. Four specimens of
tourmaline from Siberia and 2 cut specimens of zircon from Ceylon. 24929.

Lamb, T. F. (Portland, Me.). Ten cut specimens of tourmaline from Auburn, Me.,,
and a cut topaz from Chatham, N. H. 24927.

Morrison, Prof. J. H. (Luray, Va.). Cave materials from Luray Caverns. 25517.

Muller, Dr. August (Berlin, Germany). Skin of owl-monkey, Nyetipitheeus aza-
rce, skin of cavy (Diasprocta agutl), skin of Honduras hare, Lepus brazilien-
sis. 24780.

Nelson, E. W. (Bishop Creek, Cal.), through Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Ten skins of
* mountain sheep from the high desert mountains near Death Talley. 24706.

Palmer, William (U. S. Nationa IMuseum). Bat (Fespertilio gryphus lucifugus) in
the flesh. 2457L

Pratt, Capt. R. H., U. S. A. (Hampton institute, Hampton, Va.). Collection of
ethnological objects obtained from the North American Indians. 25516.

Richardson, Jenness (American Museum of Natural History, New lrork City).

. Four skins of passenger-pigeon, Eetopistes migratorius from Indian Territory.
24849. Eight specimens of Carolina parrakeet, Cornurus carolinensis from.
Florida. 24826.

Rudinger, Louis (D’Hanis, Tex.). Little striped skunk, Spilogale sp. from Texas-
24570.

Sansom and Martin (Uvalde, Tex.). Civet cat, Eassauscus astuta. 25548.'284

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Schluter, W. (Halle, Germany). Twelve mammal skins. 24655.

Schmid, Edward S. (Washington, D. C.). Two peafowls (Pavo cristatus) in the flesh.
25759. Seven prairie-chickens, Tympanuchus americanus in the flesh. 25762.

.Smith, William G. (Loveland, Colo.). Four mammal skins from Colorado. 25473.
Pouched-gopher, Geomys bar sarins, 25550. Beaver (Castor canadensis), prairie-
hare, Lepus campestris, Rocky Mountain chipmunk, Tamias quaclriuittatus, lit-
tle striped skunk, Spilogale yracilis. 25555. Striped spermophile, SpermopJnlus
tridicemlineatus. 25597. Two dusky grouse, Dendragapus obscarus. 25830.
White-tailed ptarmigan, Lagopus leucurus. 25867.

Smithsonian Institution, U. S. National Museum. Volcanic materials from the
vicinity of Flagstaff, Ariz., collected by Mr. G. P. Merrill. 25231. Collection
of volcanic rocks and stalactites from Organ Mountain a*nd Bennett Stevenson
Mine, New Mexico, collected by Mr. G. P. Merrill. 25384. Life-sized figure of a
girl belonging to one of the mountain tribes of northwest Africa, m native cos-
tume, obtained by Dr. G. Brown Goode. 25882. Also terra-cotta wreath.

Soule, George (Billings, Mont.). Male rocky-mountain sheep, Ovis canadensis.
25298.

Southwick & Critchley (Providence, R. I.). Fox-squinvl, Sciurus niger niger,
from Florida. 24606. Skin of Peale’s egret, Ardeapealei, from Andros Island,
Bahamas. 24937. Three specimens of North American game birds, represent-
ing 3 species. 25833.

Stuart, R. C. (Tampa, Fla.). Mounted ivory-billed woodpecker, Campephilus prin-
cipalis from Florida. 25429.

Tiffany & Co. (New York City). Carved amber for the gem exhibit. 25114.

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment (Rochester, N. Y.). Skin of Alces
machlis. 24654. Specimen of fluorite from Cumberland, England, and 8 cut
specimens of minerals from various localities. 24779.

Watrous, B. P. (Washington, D. C.). Four wild turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo in
the flesh from Virginia. 25026. Purchased. W. C. E.

Wayne, Arthur T. (Old Town, Fla.). Skin of swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides for-
ficatus. 25861.

Woodward, Charles,L. (New York City). Three cartoons of Indian chiefs painted
by George Catlin. 25777. Purchased. W. C. E.

Worthen, Charles K. (Warsaw, 111.). Lynx-skin from Kansas. 25509. Purchased.
W. C. E.APPENDIX VII.

Bibliography of the U. S. National Museum for the Fiscal
Year Ending June 30, 1893.

publications of the museum.

ANNUAL REPORT.

Annual Report | of the | Board of Regents | of the | Smithsonian In-
stitution, | showing | the Operations, Expenditures, and Condi-
tion | of the Institution | for the | year ending June 30, 1890.

| — | Report | of the | National Museum. | — | Washington :

| Government Printing Office. | 1891.

8vo., pp. xvm-f-811. Plates i-clxiii; figures 1-99.

PROCEEDINGS.

Smithsonian Institution. | United States National Museum. | — |
Proceedings | of the | United States National Museum. | — |
Volume xxv. | 1891. | — | Published under the direction of the
* Smithsonian Institution. | — | Washington: | Government Print-
ing Office. | 1892.

8vo., pp. vi-f-750. Plates i-xxxiv; figures 1-3.

The papers in this volume comprise Nos. 842-886, all of which were pub-
lished separately during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892.

The dates of publication are given on page vi of the volume.

The papers included between Nos. 889-915, in Volume xv, and between Nos.
919-926 (excepting No. 921), and also an advance edition of No. 944, of
Volume xvi, were published separately during the year, and distributed
to a limited number of specialists at home and abroad.

BULLETIN.

Smithsonian Institution. | United States National Museum. | — |
Directions for collecting and | preserving insects. | By | C. V.
Riley, m. a., ph. d., | Honorary Curator of the Department of
Insects, U. S. National Museum. | — | Part F of Bulletin of
the United States National Museum, No, 39 | (with one plate).

| — | Washington: | Government Printing Office. | 1892. |

8vo., pp. [1]—[147(3. Plate i, figures 1-139.

Smithsonian Institution. | United States National Museum. | — |
Instructions for collecting mollusks, | and other useful hints

285286

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

for | tlie conehologist. | By | William B. Dali, | Honorary Cu-
rator of tlie Department of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum. |

| — | Part G of Bulletin of the United States National Mu-
seum, No. 39. | — | Washington: | Government Printing Office. |
1892. |

8vo., pp. [1]—[56]. Figures 1-8.

Parts A-E, inclusive, of Bulletin 39, were published during the x>receding
fiscal year.

Smithsonian Institution, | United States National Museum. | — |
Bulletin | of the ( United States National Museum. | No. 40. |
Bibliographies of American Naturalists: | IV. The published
writings of George Newbold Lawrence, 1844-1891. | By | L. S.
Foster. | — | Washington: | Government Printing Office. |
1892. |

8vo., pp. xi-f-124. Frontispiece.

SPECIAL BIJLLETIIV.

Smithsonian Institution. | United States National Museum. | Special
Bulletin No. 1. | Life Histories | of | North American Birds | with
special reference to | their breeding habits and eggs, | with |
twelve lithographic plates. | By | Charles Bendire, Captain, U.
S. Army (Betired), | Honorary Curator of the Department of
Oology, U. S. National Museum, | Member of the American Orni-
thologists7 Union. | — | Washington: | Government Printing
Office, | 1892.

4vo., pp. vm-f-446. Twelve plates.	*

PAPERS BY OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM AND OTHER INVES-
TIGATORS WHOSE WRITINGS ARE BASED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY
ON THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MUSEUM.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NAMES.

Adler, Cyrus, Librarian, Smithsonian Institution; Assistant Curator, Oriental
Antiquities and Religious Ceremonial, U. S. National Museum.

Allen, Harrison, 1933 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Allen,'J. A., American Museum of Natural History, New York City.

Baur, G., University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.

Bean, Barton A., Assistant Curator, Department of Fishes, U. S.'National Museum.
Bean, Tarleton II., U. S. Fish Commission; Honorary Curator, Department of Fishes,
U. S. National Museum.

Beecher, Charles E., Yale College, New Haven, Conn.

Benedict, James E., Assistant Curator, Department of Marine -Invertebrates, U. S.
National Museum. *

Bendire, Charles, U. S. Army, Honorary Curator, Department of Birds’ Eggs, U. S.
National Museum.

Bigelow, R. P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.

Blatchley, W. S., Terre Ha^ute, Ind.

Bolles, T. Dix, U. S. Navy.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	2 8 7

Bollman, Clialies H., Indiana State University, Bloomington, Ind.

Canby, William, Wilmington, Del.

Carleton, M. A., Manhattan, Kans.

Clark, A. Howard, Curator of Historical Collections, U. S. National Museum.

Clark, J. A., U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Clarke, F. W., U. S. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator, Department of Minerals,
U. S. National Museum.

Cope, E. D., 2102 Pine street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Coulter, John M., Bloomington, Ind.

Coville, Frederick V., Botanist, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Dali, William Healey, U. S. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator, Department of
Mollusks, U. S. National Museum.

Dewey, L. H., Assistant Botarffst, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Eaton, D. C., Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

Eckfeldt, J. W.; 6320 Vine street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Eigenmann, Carl H., University of Indiana, Bloomington, Ind.

Eiliott, D. G., American Museum of Natural History, ISew York City.

Evans, A. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Evermann, Barton W.,U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.

Fernow, B. E., Chief, Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Hon-
orary Curator, Section of Forestry, U. S. National Museum.

Fisher, E. M., Lake Forest, 111.

Flint, James M., M. D., U. S. Navy. +

Goes, A., Linkaping, Sweden.

Goode, G. Brown, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U. S.
National Museum.

Harris, Gilbert Dennison, Russellville, Ark.

Hasbrouck, Edwin M., 1610 Fifteenth street N. W., Washington, D. C.

Haupt, Paul, Johns Hopkins University ; Honorary Curator, Oriental Antiquities
and Religious Ceremonial, U. S. National Museum.

Hay, O. P., Terre Haute, Ind.

Hill, Robert T., Washington, D. C.

Hitchcock, Romyn, 3858 Vincennes avenue, Chicago, 111.

Holm. Theodor, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Holmes, William PI., Bureau of Ethnology; Honorary Curator, Department of Amer-
ican Aboriginal Pottery, U. S. National Museum.

Holzinger, Y, M., U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Hough, Walter, U. S. National Museum.

Howard, Leland 0., Assistant Entomologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Jordan, David Starr, President, Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, Cal.
Keeler, Charles A., California Academy of Natural Sciences, San Francisco, Cal.
Kirscli, Philip H., Columbia City, Ind.

Knowltou, 1A IP., Assistant Curator, Department of P'ossil Plants, U. S. National
Museum.

Koehler, S. R., Curator, Section of Graphic Arts, U. S. National Museum.

Lmdgren, Waldeman, U. S, Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Lmton, Edwin, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pa.

Lucas, F. A., Assistant Curator, Department of Comparative Anatomy, U. S. National
Museum.

Ludwig, Hubert.

Marsh, O C., Yale College, New Haven, Conn.; Honorary Curator, Department of
Vertebrate P'ossils, U. S. National Museum.

Mason, Otis T., Curator, Department of Ethnology, U. S. National Museum.

Matthews, Dr. Washington, U. S. Army.

Mearns, Edgar A., U. S. Army, Fort Clark, Tex.288	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Meek, Seth E., Arkansas Industrial University, Fayetteville, Ark.

Merrill, George P., Curator, Department of Geology, U. S. National Museum.

Metcalf, Maynard M.

Montandon, A. L., Bucarest, Koumania.

Pilshry, Henry A., Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, Pa.

Pathbun, Mary J., Assistant, Department of Marine Invertebrates, U. S. National
Museum.

Pathbun, Bichard, U. S. Fish Commission; Honorary Curator, Department of Marine
Invertebrates, U. S. National Museum.

Ridgway, Robert, Curator, Department of Birds, U. S. National Museum.

Piley, Charles V., Entomologist, Department of Agriculture; Honorary Curator,
Department of Insects, U. S. National Museum.

Rose, J, N., U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Sclater, P. L., F. P. S., 6 Hanover Square, W., London, England.

Scollick,.J. W., U. S. National Museum.

Shufeldt, R. W., M. D., Takoma Park, D. C.

Simpson, Charles Torrey, U. S. National Museum.

Smith, Hugh M., U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.

Smith, John B., Orondo, Douglas County, Wash.

Stanton, T. W., U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Stearns, R. E. C., Adjunct Curator, Department of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum.

Stejneger, Leonhard, Curator, Department of Reptiles andBatrachians, U. S. National
Museum.

Suchetet, Andre, Paris, France.

Test, Frederick C., Aid, Department of Reptiles and Batrachians, U. S. National
Museum.

True, Frederick W., Curator, Department of Mammals, U. S. National Museum.

Vasey, George, Botanist, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Honorary Curator, Depart-
ment of Botany, U. S. National Museum.

Verrill, A. E., Yale College, New Haven, Conn.

Walcott, Charles Doolittle, U. S. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator, Department
of Paleozoic Fossils, U. S. National Museum.

Ward, Lester F., U. S. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator, Department of Fossil
Plants, U. S. National Museum.

Watkins, J. Elfreth, Curator, Section of Transportation and Engineering, U. S.
National Museum.

White, Charles Abiathar, U. S. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator, Department of
Mesozoic Fossils, U. S. National Museum.

Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton, University, Los Angeles County, Cal.

Wilson, Thomas, Curator, Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, U. S. National
Museum.

Woolman, A. J., Duluth, Minn.

Worth, John.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	2 8 9

LIST OF PAPERS.

-ADLER, Cyrus. Report on tlie Section
of Oriental Antiquities in the U. S.
National Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat.Mus.),1890
(1891), pp. 137-140.

----Note on William B. Hodgson.

Proc. Am. Oriental Soc., 1892, pp. ccix-ccx.

William B. Hodgson was the earliest Ameri*
can collector of Oriental manuscripts. A por-
tion ot his collection is now deposited in the
National Museum.

----Christopher Columbus in Oriental

literature, with special reference to
the Hadisi Nrev or Tarikk Hind GJiarby,

Proc. Am. Oriental Soc., 1892, pp. ccx-ccxi.

The manuscript is accompanied by a unique
map of America, and is apparently the first
description of the Hew World in the Turkish
language.

ALLEN, Harrison. (1) On a new sub-
family of Phyllostome bats; (2) descrip-
tion of a new genus of Phyllostome
bats; (3) on Temminckhs bat (Scoto-
philus Temminckii).

Proc. V. S. Nat. 21 us., xv, Nos. 912-914,
October 28, 1S92, pp. 437-444.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

----Introduction to a monograph of the

North American bats.

Proc. U. S. Nat. 21us., xvi, No. 919, June
13, 1893, pp. 1-28.

The monograph from which this paper was
extracted is based upon Museum material, and
has since been published as Bulletin 43, of the
National Museum.

----Notes on the genera of Vespertilio-

nid*e.

Proc. XT. S. Nat. Musxvi, No. 920, June 13,
1893, pp. 29-31.

ALLEN, Joel Asaph, On a collection
of birds from Chapada, Matto Grosso,
Brazil, made by Mr. H, H. Smith-
Part ii, TyrannidcB.

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, No. xvnr,
December, 1892, pp. 331-350.

(Part i, 0ernes, Ibid, hi, No. 2, September
29,1891, pp. 337-380.)

Forty-six species are treated, special atten-
tion being given to variation in size, and to
coloration as affected by seasonal molts, abra-
sion of the feathers by age, and through general
fading of the plumage. The relationships of the
widely-dispersed South American Myiarchus
tyrannulus, to certain closely-allied West
Indian, Central American, and Mexican forms,
is made the subject of a short resume, based on

ALLEN, Joel Asapi-i—continued.-
a much larger amount of material (over 300 speci-
mens) than had previously been brought
together. Critical notes and emendations of
a number of species are given, and many de-
scriptions of first plumages. This paper is
based upon Museum material.

----On a collection of birds from Chap- •

ada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, made -by
Mr. H. H. Smith. Part in, Pipridse to
Rheidae.

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Mist., v, No. 10, June
1893, pp. 107-128.

Seventy-five species are mentioned in this
paper, of which one, Pygmornis chapadensis,
is described as new. ' Metopia galeata is treated
at some length, a series of 127 specimens taken
in every month in the year showing in a very
thorough manner the different stages of plum-
age. Other species critically considered are
Synallaxis Azarce, Thamnophilus ambiguus,
Thamophilus radiatus, JDysithamnus mentalis,
Merpsilochmus longirostris, Nychtidromus albi-
collis Derbyanus, and Momoius momota subru-
fescens.

In regard to the development of the central
tail feathers in the last-named species and their
denudation by the bird for purposes of per-
sonal adornment, some interesting notes are
given, showing that in this species, at least,
the barbs are forcibly removed by the birds,
themselves, in an attempt to make the feathers
conform to a definite pattern. This paper is-
based upon Museum material.

----Keeler on the evolution of the colors-

of North American land birds.

Auk, x, No. 2, April, 1893, pp. 189-195.

A critical review of Keeler’s work, entitled
1 Evolution of the colors of North American
Land Birds,” crediting the author with origi-
nality and enthusiasm, hut charging him with
fallacious reasoning and arguing against pre-
mature conclusions.

BAUR, George. Bemerkungen iiher ver-
schiedene Arten von Sehildkrdton

Zoologischer Anzeiger, 1892, No. 389, pp.

155-159.

Remarks upon various species of chelomans,
based m part upon material m the National
Museum.

BEAN, Barton A. The New Hampshire
Fish Commission.

Forest and Stream, February 16, 1893, p. 142.

A review of the report of the fish and
game commissioners for the year ending
December 1, 1892.

BEAN, Tarletox Hoffman. Descrip-
tion of a new species of Star-gazer

H. Mis. 184, pt 2----19290

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

BEAN, Tarleton Hoffman-—continued, i BENDIRE, Charles—continued.

(Catheto stoma albigutta) from the Gulf
of Mexico.

Proc. N. S. Nat. Mus., xy., No. 89G, July
22, 1892, p 121-122.

----Notes on the fishes collected in Mex-
ico by Prof. A. Duges, with descrip-
tions of new species.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 903,
August 2,1892, pp. 283-287, pi. xliv.

----[Ichthyological notes in Forest and

Stream*] Whitefish and Grayling,
August 4, 1892, p. 95, with illustra-
tions. The Rainbow trout, August 11,
1892, p. 119, with illustrations. The
Red-throated trout, August 18, 1892,
p. 141, with illustrations. The Dolly
Varden trout, September 22, 1892, p.
248, with illustrations. The Channel
catfish, December 1, 1892, p. 471, with
illustrations. California fish culture
and protection, December 22, 1892, p.
538, with illustrations. Brook-trout
deformities, December 29, 1892, p. 562,
with illustrations. The Aquarium at
the World’s Fair (editorial), February
23, 1893, p. 155. The Lampreys, May
4, 1893, p. 387, with illustrations.

—— The Fishes of Pennsylvania.

Pep. Penna. Fish Com., 1889-90-91 (Harris-
burg, 1893). Appendix, pp. i-vn, 1-149,
pis. 1-35.

---- Report on the Department of Fishes

in the U. S. National Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 205-209.

BEECHER, Charles E. Revision of the
families of loop-bearing Brachiopoda.
The development of Terebratalvna obso-
leta, Dali.

Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., ix, May, 1893, pp.

376-399, pis. i-iii.

The material upon which these important
papers were partly based was supplied by the
National Museum from dredgings of the
steamer Albatross.

BENDIRE, Charles. Smithsonian Insti-
tution. | United States National Mu-
seum. J Special Bulletin No. 1. ] Life
Histories | of | North American Birds |
with special reference to | their breed-
ing habits and eggs, | with J twelve
lithographic plates. | By | Charles Ben-
dire, Captain, U. S. Army, (Retired), |
Honorary Curator of the Department
of Oology, U. S. National Museum, | |

Member of the American Ornitholo-
gists’ Union. | — | Washington: | Gov-,
ernment Printing Office, j 1892. 4to, pp.
i-viii, 1-446, pis. i-xii, containing 185
chromolithographed figures of eggs.

This book discusses of 146 of North American
species and subspecies. The mam portion of
the work is devoted to an exhaustive account of
the life histories of the species, mainly from
original and recent sources with reference to
breeding and migratory ranges, food, and time
of incubation, and, finally, the eggs of each spe-
cies, when known, are carefully described, and
in every case the measurements given are the
author’s own. The average measurements have
been obtained with great care from large series
of specimens, in some cases being the result of
over two hundred separate measurements. The
plates accompanying the volume are from draw-
ings by John L. Kidgway.

The following families are treated in the pres-
ent volume:

Family Tetraonidm, species and subspecies 38
Family Phasianidse, species and subspecies 2

Family Cracidm, subspecies............ 1

Family Columbidm, species and subspecies 15
Family Cathartidm, species and subspecies 3
Family Falconidm, species and subspecies. 51

Family Strigidse, species............. 1

Family Bubonkhe, species and subspecies. 35
Published also in the series of Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge (Yol. xxviii).

----Description of a new Prairie Hen.

Forest and Stream, XL, No. 20, May 18,1893,
p. 425.

Brief diagnosis and list of specimens of Tym-
panuchus Attivateri, Bendire (Southern Prairie
Hen) from Arkansas County, Texas.

----Report on the Department of Birds'

Eggs in the U. S. National Museum,
1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U, S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 199-200.

BENEDICT, James E. Corystoid,crabs
of the genera Telmessus and Erlmaerus.

Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 900, August
4, 1892, pp. 223-230, pis. xxv-xxvii.

Three species are described and figured, one
of which, T. Isenbeckii, is placed in auew^enus,
Erimacrus. .

BIGELOW, R. P, Preliminary notes on
the Stomatopoda of the Albatross col-
lections, and on other specimens in
the National Museum.

Johns Eopkins Univ. Circ., xir, No. 106, pp,
100-102.

The new species described are Gonodactylus
spinosits, G. lavanensis, Pseudosquilla mega-
lophthalma, Squilla quadridens, S. mantoridea.
S. acideata, S. intermedia, and rugosa.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	291

BLATCHLEY, ,W. S. Oil a collection of
batracliians and reptiles from Mount
Orizaba, Mexico, with descriptions of
two new species.

Proc. V, 8. Nat. Hus., xvi, No. 922, June 13,
1893, pp. 37-42.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

BOLLES, Thomas Dix. Chinese relics
in Alaska.

Proc. TT. 8. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 899, August
4, 1892, p. 221, pi, xxiv.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

BOLLMAN, Charles Harvey. A re-
view of the Centrarchkhe or fresh-
water sunfishes of North America.

Rep. TJ. 8. Fish Com., 1888, pp. 557-579. .

This paper is based upon Museum material.

CANBY, William.

(See under J. N. Rose.)

CARLTON; M. A. Observations on the
plants of Oklahoma Territory and
adjacent districts.

Gontrib. 77. 8. Nat. Herbarium, i, Decem-
ber. 1892, pp. 220-232.

• Some general observations -upon the flora of
Olclah om a and the adj acent region. This paper
is based partly on Museum material.

CLARK; A. Howard. Report on the his-
torical collections in the U. S. National
Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 141-145.

CLARK Josephine A. Systematic and
alphabetical index of new species of
North American phanerogams and
pteridopliytes published in 1891.

Gontrib. 77. 8. Nat. Herbarium, i, Septem-
ber, 1892, pp. 151-188.

CLARKE; Frank W. Note on the con-
stitution of Ptilolite and Mordenite.

Am. Journ. Sci., xliv, August, 1892, pp.
101-102.

----Letter on the name of the element

Columbium.

Journ. of Analyt. and Appl. Ghem., vi, Octo-
ber, 1892, p. 582,

----The constitution of the Lithia Micas.

Journ. Am. Ghem. 8oc., xv, No. 5, May, 1893,
pp. 245-250.

----Report of work done in the Division

of Chemistry and Physics mainly dur-
ing the fiscal year 1890-?91.

Bidl. 77. S. Geol. Surv., No. 90,1892, pp. 1-77.

CLARKE; F. W. Report on the Depart-
ment of Minerals in the U. S. National
Museum; 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 241-242.

COPE; Edward D. A synopsis of the
Tei'd genus Cnemidophorus.

Trans. Am. Philosoph. Soc., xvii, Pt. I, pp.
27-52, pis. vi-xiii.

Based chiefly on Museum material.

COULTER, John M.

(See under J. N. Rose.) .

COVILLE, Frederick Vernon. The
Panamint Indians of Caliiornia.

Am. Anthropologist, V, Oct., 1892, pp. 351-361.

Principally devoted to an account of the native
plants used by these Indians.

----The rediscovery of Juncus Cooperi.

Bull. Torrey Botan. Glub, xix, October, 1892,
pp. 309-311.

An account of the discovery of this plant in
the Death Yalley, after a i>eriod of more than
twenty years since the collection of the type
specimen.

DALL, William Healey. General
notes.

Nautilus, vi, No, 4, August, 1892, p. 48.

Calls attention to the continuity and con-
formability of theWallala and Chico beds at
La Jolla, San Diego, Cal., and adds several
notes on mollusks.

----Contributions to the Tertiary fauna

of Florida, with especial reference to
the Miocene silex beds of Tampa and
the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie
River. Pt. ii, Streptodont and other
Gastropods, concluded.

Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., Phila., in, Pt.

. ir, December, 1892, pp. 201-473, pis. xm-
xxn, and a geological map of Florida.

. This second part is prefaced by an introduc-
tory note on the marine Pliocene beds of the
Carolinas, in which it is shown that true Plio-
cene strata occur on the Waccamaw Liver,
South Carolina, and the Neuse Liver, North
Carolina, which are respectively named by the
author the Waccamaw and the Croatan beds.
In the descriptive text which follows the fol-
lowing now genera and species are described
and figured: Bulla attenuata, TJtriculusvagina-
tus, JDrillia myrmecoon, D. Jioplophorus, D.
aphanitoma, and var. oxia; P>. schismatica, I).
sigela, Glyphostoma Johnsoni, Daphnella elata,
Gancellaria rotunda, G. sericea, Marginella eu-
lima, H. onchidella, Yolutella daeria, Aurinia
duMa var. triplicata, Caricella podagHna,
Perplicaria perplexa, Fasciolaria acuta (Em-
mons),' F. elegans {Emmons), Glyptostyla, n.g.,
G. panamensis, Fusus quinquespinus, Gelatoco-292

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

DALL, William Healey—continued.
nus nux, Ilyanassa schizopyga, I. isogramma,
Xassa Johnsoni, Columbella styliola, Pteropur
pura (Jouss. em.) subg., Trophon engonatus
Papana tampaensis, Opalia De-Bouryi, Sc-ala
Stearnsii, Syrnola caloosaensis, Syinola attenu-
ata, Ondina fragilis, Turbonilla var. obsoleta,
T. chipolana, 3'. protracta, Cassis (Phalium)
globosum, C. Aldrichi, -Strombus chipolanus,

' Triforis mitella, Cerithiopsis floridana, (7. scari-
phus, Bittium chipolanum, and var. Burnsii, B.
permutabile, I?. Cossmanni, B. Annettce, B.po-
dagrinum, JB. priseum, B. boiplex, B. cerithi-
dioides, J3. Adjpwnn, Gerithium caloosaense, C.
ocalanum, C. Burnsii, 0. platyneura, C. fiori-
clanum, G. callisomu, 0. glaphyrea, and var.
litharium-, (7. coccodes, (7. chipolanum, Pota-
mides hillsboroensis (Hp.)< P. transecta, P. acu-
tus, Clava chipolana, (7. caloosaensis, Alaba,
chipolana, Modulus Willcoxii, M. compactus,
Gcecum compactum, C. coronellum, C. carolinia-
mm, (7. tortile, C. ibex, Meioceras cingulatum,
Serpulorbis tenera, S. ballistce, Turritella mar
tinensis, T. mixta, T. tripartita, T. megalobasis,
T. terebriformis, T. chipolana, T. Holmesii, T.
subgrundifera, T. var. tensa. Tuba acutissimct;
Solarium new sections, Solariaxis, Paiulaxis,
Stellaxis, Solarium; Solarium Cossmannii, S.
alabamense, S. periscelidum, S. Aldrichi, N.
Leanum, S. vidcsburgense, S. newtonense, S. am-
phitermum, S. Johnsoni, S. textilinum; Discohelix
new section Biscosolis; I). retifera, Hydrobia
amnicoloides (Pilsbry), H. umbiflicata (Pilsbry),
Jl.mobiliana Dali, Gnathodon Johnsoni, Amni-
cola var. convexa (Pillsbry), .4. omphalotropis
(Pilsbry); Bissoa lipeus Dali, JK. athymo
rhyssa, B. gercea and var. minor, P. callistro-
phia, P. microcharia} Pissoina Johnsoni, P.
chipolana-, Adeorbis strigillatus, A. Holmesii,
A. Ijeai, Crucibulum var. chipolanum, Amal-
the a Willcoxii, Xenophora textilina, X. lapi-
ferens (Whitfield), X. conica Da-11, Xatica alti-
callosa, X. floridana, Polynices internus (Say)
P. ru gif era, Ampullina Fischeri, A. solidula,
Amauropsis Burnsii, Sigaretus chipolanus, X
- multiplicatus, S. Conradii, S. carolinensis, Turbo
rhcctogrammicus, Astralium chipolanum, A.

■ precursor, Collonia elegantula, G. radiata, G.
chipolana, C. claibornensis, Chlorostoma lima*
tum, Gibbula americana, Calliostoma elimina-
farm, (7. basicum, G. Conradianum, (7. metrium,
G. Willcoxianum, C. permagnum, C. alumin-
ium, G. grammaticum, G. exile, G. Wagneri, C.
aphelium, G. erosum, G. Harrisii, G. cyclus, G.
limulum, G. ceramicum, Margarita tampaensis,
Solaridla louisiana, S. turritella, Liotia co-
ronata, L. milium, L. perarmata, L. agenea,
Teinostoma milium, T. caloosaense, T. chipo-
lanum, T. opsitelotus, F. microfarads, T. stei-ra-
tum, T. vortex, T. collinus,T. funiculus, T.pseud-
adeorbis, Gochliolepis striata (Stimpson Ms.),
Gyclostrema chipolanum, Molleria duplinensis,
M. minuscula; Xerita tampaensis, Xeritina
chipolana, N. edentula, Fissuridea nucula, F.
chipolana, F. caloosaensis, F. carditella, Fmar-
ginula caroliniana, F. Pilsbryi, Vaginella chipo-

DALL; William Healey—continued.

lana, Trachyodon, n.subg., T. eocenensis (Cour.),
Ischnochiion tampaensis, Hentalium FugeniiT
P>. oleacinum, P>. caloosaense, JD. prisma,
P>. caduloide, Gadulus floridanus, G. Burnsii.

----Note on Cy fixer ea convexa, Say.

Xautilus, vi, No. 5, September, 1892, pp. 52-
53.

This indicates the place of publication of
Brongniart’s prior species of the same name, and
concludes that Conrad’s name of <7. Say an a for
the American shell should be adopted.

----Grand Gulf formation.

Science, xx, No. 502, September 16, 1892, p„
164, and No. 513, December 2, 1892, p. 319.
These letters discuss the place and extent of
the Grand Gulf formation of Hilgard in the-
geology of the Gulf States.

----Determination of the date? of publi-
cation of Conrad's “ Fossils of the Ter-
tiary Formation” and f‘ Medial Ter-
tiary.”

Bull. Philosoph. Soc. Wash., xii, January,
1893, pp. 215-240.

In this paper the history and dates of pub- ?
lication of the two works referred to are dis-
cussed, and many hitherto doubtful points of
nomenclature conclusively settled.

----Additional shells from the coast of

southern Brazil.

Xautilus, vi, No. 10, February, 1893, pp. 109-

112.

This article enumerates shells received from
Dr. von Ihering and other collectors on the east-
coast of South America.

----Report on the Department of Mol-

lusks in the U. S. National Museum,

1890.

Pep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.)f
1890 (1891), pp. 211-217.

(See also under Mrs. M. Burton

Williamson. )

DALL, William Healey, and HARRIS;.
Gilbert Dennison. U. S. Geological
Survey correlation papers. Neocene.

Bull. TI. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, Washing-
ton, Government Printing Office, 1892,
pp. 1-349, 43 cuts, and 3 geological maps.
This work summarizes our knowledge (to
1890) of the Post Eocene Tertiary of tlieUnited
States, and contains a good deal of new mate-
rial relative to Alaska and Florida, and an
account of an hitherto, unrecognized division of
the Miocene in the Tertiary of the Gulf States.
It forms one of a series of essays covering the.
Geology of the United States, prepared for the
International Geological Congress of August,

1891,	at Washington, by members of the U. S.
Geological Survey.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U.

DE WEY, Lyster H. The Russian thistle
and other troublesome weeds in the
wheat region of Minnesota and North
and South Dakota.

Farmer's Bull. No. 10, 77. 8. Dept. Agric.,
1893, pp. 1-16.

Popular account of the introduction of the
Russian thistle into this country, and some
suggestions as to the best means of extermi-
nating it. Based on National Herbarium.

EATON, Daniel Cady. List of ferns
from southern Patagonia.

Oontrib. TJ. S. Nat. Herbarium, I, Sep tern-'
ber, 1892, p. 138.

A list of the ferns collected by the U. S. Pish
Commission Steamer Albatross, and now in the
National Museum.

----List of mosses from Fuegia and Pat-
agonia.

Gontrib. 77. 8. Nat. Herbarium, i, Septem-
ber, 1892, pp. 188-189.

Important notes on mosses collected by the
TJ. S. Pish Commission Steamer Albatross, and
now in the National Museum.

ECKFELDT, J. W. List of lichens from
southern Patagonia.

Gontrib. 77. S: Nat. Herbarium, I, Septem-
ber, 1892, p. 142.

A list of the lichens collected by the U. S.
Pish Commission Steamer Albatross, and now
in the National Museum.

EIGENMANN, Carl H. The Fishes of
San Diego.

Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 897, August
4, 1892, pp. 123-178, pis. X-xvm.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

----Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes

of Central America and southern Mex-
ico.

Proc. TJ. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 925, June
13, 1893, pp. 53-60.

ELLIOT, Daniel Giraud. VieilloEs
“Analyse” and Buffon’s “Breve.”

Auk, x, No. 2, April, 1893, pp. 184-188.'

Replying to Dr. Stejneger, in which, while
agreeing with him in regard to the proper
names to be borne by the Pittas, contends that
the evidence in regard to the other question as
to the priority of the first four volumes of the
“Nouveau Dictionaire” tends directly against
it and more strongly to confirm our belief that
the “ Analyse ” was a prior publication.

----On the genus Pitta, Yieillofc.

Auk, x, No. 1, January, 1893, pp.51-52.

Shows that Pitta of Vieillot is a composite
genus containing three short-tailed species.
Therefore, if they are to be divided into sep-
arate genera, we should have Anthocincla with

S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	293

ELLIOTT, D. G.—continued.

A.Phayrei as its type, Pitta with P. sordida
for its type, comprising all the birds with very
short, slightly rounded rectries, and FJucichla
with P.guaiana as its type, including the
species with rather elongated, pointed tails;
sufficient not being known at present to estab-
lish the relationships of Goracopitta.

EVANS, A. W. List of liverworts from
southern Patagonia.

Gontrib. TJ. 8. Nat. Herbarium, I, September,
1892, pp. 140-142.

Two new species are here described and
figured. This paper is based upon Museum
material.

EVERMANN, Barton W. Report on the
establishment of fish-cultural stations
in the Rocky Mountain region and the
Gulf States, consisting of (1) A recon-
noissance of the streams and lakes of
western Montana and northwestern
Wyoming, and (2) A report upon inves-
tigations made in Texas in 1891.

Senate Mis. Doc. No. 65, Fifty-second Con-
gress, first session, pp. 1-86, SkndBull. 77. 8.
Fish Com., 1891, pp. 1-90.

----Description of a new sucker, Pantos-

tens Jordani, from the Upper Missouri
Basin.

Bull. TJ. S. Fish Com., 1892, pp. 31-56.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

FERNOW, Bernhard Eduard. Report
on the Section of Forestry in the U. S.
National Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (IT. S. Nat. Mus).,
1890 (1891), pp. 163-164.

FISHER, E. M. Revision of North Amer-
ican species of JEtojfmanseggia.

Gontrib. TJ. 8. Nat Herbarium, i, Septem-
ber, 1892, pp. 143-150.

All the North American species of Hoffmans-
eggia are described. This paper is based partly
upon Museum material.

FLINT, James Monroe. Report on the
Section of Materia Medica in the U. S.
National Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (TJ. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 175-177.

GOES, Axel. Reports on the dredging
operations off the west coast of Central
America to the Galapagos, to the west
coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of
California, . in charge of Alexander
Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. Fish
Commission Steamer Albatross during294

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

GOES, Axel.—continued.

1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner,
U. S. Navy, commanding. III. On a
peculiar type of arenaceous Foraminifer
from the American tropical Pacific, JSfeu-
sina Agassizi.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxiii, No. 5,
December, 1892, pp. 195-198, pi. 1.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

GOODE, George Brown. Report upon
the condition and progress of the U. S.
National Museum during the year end-
ing June 30, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (TJ. S. Nat. Mus.),

. 1890 (1891), pp. 1-116.

HARRIS, Gilbert Dennison. The Ter-
tiary geology of Calvert Cliffs, Mary-
land.

Am. Journ. Sci., xiv, January, 1893, pp.
21-31, one map in tlie text.

In this article the author correlates the faunal
zones in the Miocene of the region, showing that
there are at least three fairly distinct faunae
represented, in ascending order, by the Plum
Point, Jones’Wharf, and St. Mary’s horizons.
These facts had hitherto been ignored, con-
fused, or their significance unrecognized. The
material by which these conclusions are justi-
fied now forms part of the national collection.

----Notes on Conrad’s “Fossil Shells of

the Tertiary Formation.”

Am. Geologist, xi, No. 4, Apri], 1893, pp.
279-281.

Refers to the dates of some of Conrad’s pub-
lications.

----Republicafcion of Conrad’s “Fossil

Shells of the Tertiary Formation of
North America.”

8vo., pp. 1-121, 20 plates and 1 map. Wash-
ington, May, 1893.

This is as nearly as possible an exact reprint
of Conrad’s Eocene volume, with an Albertype
reproduction of the original plates, and of two
unpublished plates, together with an introduc-
tion and index by the author. The work being
practically inaccessible and very necessary for
students of the American Eocene, was re-
printed under Mr. Harris's editorship.

(See also under William Healey

Dall.)

HASBROUCK, Edwin M. A presuma-
bly new fact relative to the Cedar
Wax-wing (Ampelis cedrorum), with
remarks upon the importance of .a
thorough knowledge of first plumages.

Science, xxi, No. 528, March 17,1893, pp. 144-
145.

HASBROUCK, Edwin M.—continued.

Proves that the sealing-wax-like appendages
to shafts of secondaries are, to some extent, at
least, independent of age. This paper is based
upon Museum material.

HAUPT, Paul, On a modern reproduc-
tion of the eleventh tablet of the Baby-
lonian Nimrod Epic and a new frag-
ment of the Chaldean account of the
Deluge.

Proc. Am. Oriental Soc., 1893, pp. ix-xii.

HAY, Oliver Perry. On the ejection of
blood from the eyes of horned toads.

Proc. 77. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 907,September
10, 1892, pp. 375-378.

The curious phenomenon recorded took place
in the lierpetological laboratory of the Museum.

----Some observations on the turtles of

the genus Malaclemijs.

Proc. 77. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 908, September
16,1892, pp. 379-383.

Critical notes, chiefly on Museum material.

----On the breeding habits, eggs, and

young of certain snakes.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 909, September
16, 1892, pp. 385-397.

The entire collection upon which these notes
were based was donated to the Museum by the
author.

----The | Batrachians and Reptiles | of

the | State of Indiana. | By Oliver Perry
Hay, Ph. D. | Indianapolis: | B. Bur-
ford, Printer and Binder | 1893.

8vo., pp 1-204, pis. i-iii.

Based in part upon material belonging to the
National Museum.

HITCHCOCK, Romyn. The ancient pit-
dwellers of Yezo, Japan.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 417-427, pis. lxxiii-lxxx,
figs. 64-67.	•

----The Ainos of Yezo, Japan.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (TJ. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 429-502., pis. Lxxxi-cxvir,
figs. 68-88.

----Report on the Sections of Foods and

Textiles in the U. S. National Museum,
1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891),pp. 165-174.

HOLM, Theodor. Notes on the flowers
of Anthoxanlhum ordoratitm L.

Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 910, October 3,
1892, pp. 399-403, pi. XLVin.

This paper is based upon Museum
material.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	2 95

HOLMES; William Henry. Gravel
man and paleolithic culture.

Science, xxi, No. 520, January 20, 1893, pp.
29-30.

----Distribution of stone implements in

the tide-water country.

Am. Anthropologist, vi, No. 1, January, 1893,
pp. 1-14, pis. I—ii, figs. 1-2.

----Are there traces of man in the Tren-
ton Gravels?

Jouvn. Geol., I, No. 1, January-February,
1893, pp. 15-37, figs. 1-6.

----Traces of glacial man in Ohio.

Jouvn. Geol., I, No. 2, Febmary-Marc]i,
1893, pp. 147-163, pi. n, figs. 1-2.

----Vestiges of early man in Minnesota.

Am. Geologist, xi, No. 4, April, 1893, pp.
219-240, figs. 1-7.

----Report on the Department of Ameri-
can Prehistoric Pottery in the U. S.
National Museum, 1890.

Hep. Smithsonian Just. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 135-136.

HOLZINGER; John M. On Amaranthus
crass ipes.

JBotan. Gaz., xvn, August, 1892, pp. 254-
256, pi. 1.

A. crassipes is shown to he distinct from A.
polygonoides.

----List of plants collected by C. S. Shel-
ton and M. A. Carlton in the Indian
Territory in 1891.

Contrib. 77. S. Nat. Herbarium, I, December,
1892, pp. 189-219.

Two new species are described and figured.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

----Poh)gomim persicarioicles, H. B. K.

Botan. Gaz., xvn, September, 1892, pp. 295-
296.

The discovery of Polygonum persicarioides in
the United States is recorded. This paper is
based upon Museum material.

----The systematic position of Entostho-

don Bolanderi.

Botan. Gaz., xvir, November, 3 892, pp. 380-
381.

Reasons are given why Entosthodon Bolanderi
should be referred to Funaria. This paper is
based upon Museum material.

HOUGH, Walter. Rare forms + of
polished stone implements and their
probable use.

Science, xxi, January 6, 1893, p. 5.

Describes certain prehistoric grooved stones
of unknown use, measuring about 3 by 2-J-
in ches, found in Mexico and southward, corre-

HOUGH; Walter—continued.

lates them with the Polynesian bark mallets,
and suggests their probable use for beating out
paper and cloth from bark. Corroborated by
Dr. D. Gr. Brinton in Science, March 10, 1893.

----Balances of the Peruvians and Mexi-
cans.

Science, xxi, January 20. 1893, p. 30.

Describes balances and balance-beams from
the huacos of Peru, in theRojml Archaeological
Museum in Madrid, and stone weights in the
Mexican collection at the Columbian Histor-
ical Exposition in Madrid.

----The Bernadon, Allen; and Jouy

Korean collections in theU. S. National
Museum.

Hep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.)
3891 (1893), pp. 429-488.pl. XXX.

A study based upon the large Korean collec-
tion in the U. S. National Museum, and infor-
mation gathered from native Koreans and trav-
elers through a period of six years.

----Time-keeping by light and fire.

Am. Anthropologist, iv, No. 2, April, 1893,
p.207.

Presentation of unnoticed methods of reckon-
ing time by combustible materials.

----The methods of fire-making.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 395-409, pi. Li, figs. 51-63.

HOWARD; Leland O. A new Icerya
parasite.

Insect Life, iv, Nos. 11-12, August, 1892, pp.
378-379.

Description of Gerchysius iceryce., n. s., reared
at Kingston, Jamaica, by T. D. A. Cockerell
from Icerya roses, R. & H. This paper is based
upon Museum material.

----An experiment against mosquitoes.

(Read before the Association of Eco-
nomic Entomologists at Rochester, N.
Y., August 16, 1892.)

Insect Life, v, No. 1, September, 1892, pp.
12-13.

Four ounces of coal oil destroyed an esti-
mated number of 7,400 insects (of which 370 were
female mosquitoes) in a pool of water con tain-
in 60 square feet of surface, and kept the pool
free from living insects of all kinds for ten
days.

----A new enemy to timothy grass.

(Read before the Association of Eco-
nomic Entomologists at Rochester, N.
Y., August, 18920

Insect Life, v, No. 2, November, 1892, pp.
90-92, figs. 8, 9.

- This species, Oncognatkus binotatus, family
Gapsidoe, was found on Onteora Mountain, New
York, and only at an elevation of 2.500 feet. It296

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

HOWARD, Leland 0.—continued,
was observed in extraordinary numbers in the
heads of the timothy, engaged in sucking the
juices of the plant. This paper is based upon
Museum material.

----The Hymenopterous parasites of spi-
ders.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, iso. 3, December,
1892, pp. 290-802, pi. n. •

Twenty-four American Hymenopterous para-
sites' of-spiders are recorded and twelve new
species are described. List of fifty-eight Euro-
pean Hymenopterous species parasitic upon spi-
ders. This paper is based upon Museum mate-
rial.

----Note on the hibernation of Carpen-
ter Bees.

Proc. Ent. Boc. Wash., n, No. 3, December,
1892, p. 331.

The author’s abstract of a paper recording
the finding of a living male of Xylocopa vir.
ginica in a burrow of a pine branch in March,
showing that the male of the species, as well as
the impregnated female, hibernates. This paper
is based upon Museum material.

----A note on the parasites of the Coc-

cidte.

Proc. Ent. Boc. Wash., ii, No. 3, December,
1892, pp. 351-352.

Contends that Aurivilliuss’ generalization in
Entomologisk TidsTcrift, ix, Nos. 3-4, 1888, to the
effect that Pteromalid parasites of the Coccids
belonging to the Encyrtince and Aphelinince do
not, when infesting female Coccids, kill their
host or diminish the number of eggs laid by
her, will not hold. In the majority of cases
in his experience the females are pierced by
their parasites at all stages of growth, and
when thus pierced growth is arrested. This
paper is based upon Museum material.

----The “Fly Weevil” (Gelechia cerea-

Jella). (An address beforethe Farm-
ers’ Institute of the Seventh Congres-
sional District of Virginia, at Manas-
sas, Va.; February 22, 1893.)

Pull. Dept. Agric., Virginia, May, 1893, pp.
12-16.

The early history and literature of the spe-
cies are discussed and its life history briefly
treated.- Early thrashing is recommended in
the case of wheat, but where the wheat must be
left in the field the individual farmer should
disinfect his granaries every year soon after
the wheat is pnt in. This is best done with
bisulphide of carbon, and the author gives the
proper quantities to be used in rooms of various
sizes. Against this insect as a corn pest the
practice has been adopted of growing only such
varieties of corn as have a close-fitting husk

HOWARD, Leland 0.—continued.

(thus preventing the insects from laying their
eggs upon the corn in the field), and of storing
in cribs without removing' the husk.

----Insects affecting the Musk-melon.

Am. Gardening, xiv, No. 4, April, 1893, pp.
200-216, 1 figure.

Discusses and suggests remedies for the
melon worm (PhaJcellura hyalinitalis), the so-
called pickle worm (P. nitidalis), the squash
stem-borer (Melittia ceto), the melon-plant louse
(Aphis citrulli), the cucumber-leaf beetle (Epi-
trix cucumeris), the 12-spotted and striped dia-
broticas (Diabrotica, 1%-punctata and D. vittata),
of the so-called pumpkin beetle (Epilachna bore-
alis), and the squash-bug (Anasa tristis).

----Insects of the subfamily Eneyrtinte

with branched antennae.

Proc. 77. B. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 905, Sep-
tember 16, 1892, lip. 361-369, pis. XLVI-

XLVII.

This paper is based upon Museum material.
(Seealso under Charles V. Riley.)

JORDAN, David Starr. Salmo kaloops.

Forestand Stream, xxxix, No. 19, November
10,1892, p. 405.

This paper is based in part upon Museum
material.

KEELER, Charles A. Evolution of the
colors of North American Land Birds.

Occasional Papers Gal: Acad. Bci. in, San
Erancisco, January, 1893, pp. i-xii, 1-361,

pi. I-XIX.

An important and highly original, treatise,
based to a large extent on the material of the
11. S. National Museum. The work consists of
two parts, and treats first of general questions:
I. Introduction. The inheritance of acquired
characters (pp. 2-50), Yariation and natural
selection (pp. 50-63), Laws conditioning evolu-
tion (pp. 64-80), Sexual selection (pp. 80-102).
The nature of species (pp. 103-109), and isolation
as a factor in the evolution of species (pp. 110-
132). Part II is devoted to “The colors'of
North American Birds ” (pp. 132-336), followed
by a bibliography, explanations of plates, and
an index.

KIRSCH, Philip H. Notes on the
streams and rivers of Clinton County,
Ivy., with a description of a new darter.

Bull. 77. B. Fish Com., 1890, pp. 289-292.

This paper is- based upon Museum material.

—:r Notes on a collection of fishes from
the southern tributaries of the Cum-
berland River in Kentucky and Ten-
nessee.

Bull. 77. S. Fish Com., 1891, pp. 259-268.

This paper is based upon Museum material.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	2 9 7

KNOWLTON, Frank Hall, Fossil flora
of the Bozeman coal held.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, pp. 153-154.

Gives a short summary of the flora of this
locality and draws conclusions as to the age of
the beds.

----Flora of the Dakota group. A post-
humous work by Leo Lesquereux.
Edited by F. H. Knowlton.

Monogr. 77. S. Geol. Sure., xvii, pp. 1-400,
pis. I-LXVI.

Gives a complete description of the flora of this
group. It embraces 460 species, of which num-
ber about one-fourth are new to science.

----Letter to I. C. Russell on fossil wood

from the Triassic of North Carolina and
review of the Triassic x>lants of Prince
Edward Island.

Bull. 77. S. Geol. Surv., No. 85, p. 29.

----Report on Inter-glacial earth from

Iowa* in W J McGee’s “ Geology of
Southwestern Iowa.”

11 Ann. Pep.TJ. S. Geol. Surv., p. 493.

----Bread-fruit trees in North America.

Science, xxi, p. 24.

Describes two species' of bread-fruit trees,
Avtocarpus Lessingidha (the Aralia pungens and
JJyrica Lessingii of Lesquereux), from the
Laramie of Colorado, and A. californica, a new
species from the auriferous gravels of California.

----The flora of the Dakota Group: A

reply.

Botan. Gaz., xvnr, pp. 37-39.

A reply to a criticism of the editorial work
on this mongraph.

----Description of a new fossil species

of Chara.

Botan. Gaz., xvm, pp. 141-142. figs. 1-3.
Describes a new species' (Ghara Stantoni)
from the Bear River formation at Cookville,
Wyo. '

----A simple point in nomenclature.

Bull. Torrey Botan. Club, xx, pp. 212-213.
Raises the question as to where the interro-
gation mark should be placed when it is desired
to question either of the members of a plant
name.

•---Note on a supposed new endogenous

tree from the Carboniferous.

Science, xxi, pp. 332-333.

Criticises the sivpposed finding of an endo-
genous Tree (Winchellina fascina). in the Car-
boniferous of Ohio, showing that it is a fern-
sbem of a well-known type (Psaronius).

KNOWLTON, Frank Hall. [Review
of] Cretaceous fossil plants from Min
nesota. By Leo Lesquereux.

Journ. Geol., I, pp. 302-303.

---- [Review of] On the organization

of the fossil plants of the coal-meas-
ures. By W. C. Williamson.

Journ. Geol., I, p. 303.

KOEHLER, 'Sylvester Rosa. The
photo-mechanical processes.

Technology Quarterly, v, No. 3, Boston,
October, 1892, pp, 161-204.

A series of papers on the processes named,
read before the Society of Arts, at the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology, Boston.

----Peter Lymen von Antwerpen (oder

Brussel!?).

Kunstchronik, Leipzig, June 30, 1892, cols.
523-524.

Concerning the identity of the portrait of
Peter Lymen, by Van Dyck, owned by Mr.
Prancis Bartlett, Boston.

----John Webber und die Erfirdung der

Lithographie.

Kunstchronik, Leipzig, December 1, 1892,
cols. 102-103.

Description of a print in the John Witt Ran-
dall collection, Harvard College, showing that
the so-called lithographs by John Webber are
soft-ground etchings.

----Der Tiefstich auf Holz.

ZeitschriftfurbilclendeKunst. New series,
iv, No. 6, illustrated. Leipzig, March,
1893.

On the invention and practice of intaglio
engraving on wood.-

----White-line engraving for relief print-
ing in the fifteenth and sixteenth cen-
turies.

Pep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 385-394, pis. xlvii-l, figs.
48-50.

—- Report on the Section of Graphic
Arts in the U. S. National Museum,
1890.

Pep. Smithsonian Inti* TJ. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 147-157.'

LINDGREN, Waldemar, A sodalite
syenite and other rocks from Montana.
Am. Journ. Sci., xlv, April, 1893. pp. 286-297.
Describes a peculiar series of rocks. The more
striking among them are the syenites which
were collected in the Moccasin and Bear Paw
mountains during the summer of 18 83 by Dr.
C. A. White and J. B. Marcou, and which have
been deposited in the IJ. S. National Museum.298

REPORT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

LINTON, Edwin. Notes on avian Ento-
zoa.

Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 893, August
8, 1892, pp. 87-113, pis. iv-vm.

Tills paper is based upon Museum,
material.

LUCAS, Frederic Augustus. On the
anatomical characters of Humming
Birds.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst (IT. S. Nat Mus.) 1890
(1892), pp. 290-294, pi. xv, figs. 1-4.

Published in the paper on Humming Birds
by Robert JEtidgway.

----On Carcharodon Mortoni Gibbes.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vn, July 27, 1892, pp.
151-152.

Notes that the species is probably founded
on an abnormal tooth.

----A welcome correction.

St Nicholas, October, 1892, p. 958.

Correcting an error in an article on snakes,
and giving some details regarding their anat-
omy.

----A neglected branch of Ornithology.

Auk, x, April, 1893, p. 210.

A letter indicating some reasons why the
study of the anal omy of birds is neglected.

----Articles on Alectorides, Anseres,

Apteryx, Apteryges, Auk, Aurochs.

Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia, r, pp. 107,
226, 264, 411, 413.

LUDWIG, Hubert. Vorliiufiger Bericht
liber die auf den Tiefsee-Fahrten des
Albatross (Fruhling, 1891), im ostlichen
Stillen Ocean erbeuteten Holothurien.

Zoologischer’. Anzeiger, No. 420, 1893, pp. 1-10.

----Reports on the dredging operations

off the west coast of Central America
to the Galapagos, to the west coast of
Mexico, and to the Gulf of California,
in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried
on by the U. S. Fish Commission
Steamer AIbatross during 1891, Lieut.
Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. Navy,
commanding. IV. Vorlaufiger Bericht
iiber die erbeuteten Holothurien.

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxiv, No. 4, June
1893, pp. 105-114.

-Preliminary descriptions are given of 1 new
family, Pelagothuriideo 8 new genera, Synal-
lactcs, Mesites, Meseres, Scotodeima, Lcetmo'
phasma, Capheira, Palagothuria, and Sphceroth-
uria; 30 new species, Poelopatides snspecta,'
Synallactes alexandri, S. cenigma, Mesites mul-
tipes, Meseres Macdonaldi, Eupheonides Tanneri,
E. vcrrusoca, Psychropotes raripes, P. dubiosa,
Benthodytes incerta, Deima pacificurn, Oneiro-
phanta affiinis, Lcetmogone Theeli, Scotodeima 1

LUDWIG, Hubert—continued.
setigerum, Lcetmophasma fecundum, Capheira-
sulcata, Peniagone intermedia, Scotoanassa-
gracilis, Pelagothuri natatrix, Phyllophorus
aculeatus, Psolus pauper, P. digitatus, P. diome-
dece, Psolidium panamense, P. gracile, Sphce-
rothuria bitentaculata, Caudina californica,.
Trochostoma granulatum, T. intermedium, Anky-
roderma spinosum; and 3 varieties, Pannychia
Moseleyi var. Henrici, Peniagone vitrea var.
setosa, and Synapta abyssicola var. pacifica.-
This paper is based upon Museum material.

MARSH, Othnikl Charles. Notes on.
Mesozoic vertebrate fossils.

Am. Journ. Set, xliv, August, 1892, pp..
171-176, pis. n-iv.

----Restorations of Claosaurus and Cera-

tosaurus. Restoration of Mastodon-
americanus.

Am. Journ. Sci., xltv, October, 1892, pp.
343-350, pis. VI-Vili.

----A new Cretaceous bird allied to Hes-

perornis. The' skull and brain of
Claosaurus.

Am. Journ. Sci., xlv, January, 1893, pp. 81—
86, pis. IV, v.

----Restoration of Anchisaurus.

Am. Journ. Sci., xlv, February, 1893, pp.
169-170, pi. vi.

MASON, Otis Tufton. The Eskimo-
throwing-stick.

Science, xix, New York, IS92, p. 322.

Calls attention to discoveries of new areas-
and gives a bibliography of recent papers on
the subject.

----The land problem.

Brooklyn Ethical Association, Evolution
Series, No. 22, New York 1892, pp. 109-145.

An address before the Brooklyn Ethical
Association, in which the history of land-own-
ing and land-treatment are traced among primi-
tive races of men, and the effects of each method
pointed out.

----Rexiort on the Department of Eth-
nology, in the U. S. National Museum,
1890. .

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (IT. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 119-134.

MATTHEWS, Washington. The Cat-
lin collection of Indian paintings.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (IJ. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 593-610, pis. cxxx-CL.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

MEARNS, Edgar A. A study of the
Sparrow Hawks (Subgenus Tlnnun-
i cuius) of America, with csxiecial refer-BIBLIOGRAPHY OP THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	2 99

MEARNS, Edgar A.—continued,
ence to the continental species (Falco
sparverius Linn.).

Auk, ix. No. 3, July, 1892, pp. 252-270.

A critical discussion of the geographical races
and incipient forms of the single continental
species, with a synopsis. New subspecies de-
scribed: Falco sparverius deserticolus, Mearns(p.
263), habitat, south western United States, north
to northern California and western Montana,
south to Mazatlan, in northern Mexico. Falco
sparverius peninsularis, Mearns(p. 267); habitat,
Lower California. Falco sparveriuscequatorialis,
Mearns (p. 269); habitat, Ecuador. This paper
is based chiefly on Museum material.

MEEK; Seth E. A report upon the
fishes of Iowa, based upon observations
and collections made during 1889, 1890,
and 1891.

Bull. 77, S. Fish Com., 1890, pp. 217-248.

MERRILL, George Perkins. Hand-
book of the Department of Geology in
the U. S. National Museum. Part i,
Geognosy: The materials of the earth’s
crust.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 503-591, pis. cxvm-cxxix,
10 figures in the text.

This forms the fourth of the series of hand-
books relating to the Department thus far issued,
and deals, as its_title denotes, with the materi-
als of the earth’s crust in the least-changed con-
ditions.

---- Discussion of the strength and

weathering qualities of roofing slate.

Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, xxvii,
December, 1892, iip. 685-687.

A discussion of Prof. Merriam’s paper on the
strength and weathering qualities of roofing
slates, which appeared in the same volume, p. 33.

----The architect and his materials.

Am. Architect and Building News, March 4,
1893, p. 134.

An article calling attention to what the writer
believes to be a serious defect in architectural
methods—that relating to the selection of
materials.

----A cheap form of box for microscopic

slides.

Science, November 25, 1892, p. 298.

Describes briefly a new form of box now in
use in the National Museum.

----A new source of Mexican onyx.

Science, April 21,1893, p. 221.

A brief note regarding a newly discovered
deposit of the so-called onyx in Lower California.

----A peculiar occurrence of beeswax.

Science, June 16, 1893, p. 331.

I MERRILL, George P.— continued.

j	A brief note calling attention to deposits of

supposed beeswax in the sands of the seashore-
near Portland, Oreg.

----The building-stone industry of the

United States.

Stone, July, 1892, pp. 131-139, pis. 2; August,

1892,	pp. 263-268, pis. 2,1 figure in the text;
September, 1892, pp. 369-374, pis.3,2 figures
in the text.

----[Brief papers in Stone], The marble

region of Knoxville, Tenn., November,
1892, pp. 591-599, 1 map and 5 figures
in the text. . Remarks on prevalent-
methods of testing building stone,
December, 1892, pp. 5-8. The strength
and weathering qualities of roofing
slates, January, 1893, pp. 135-139. The
onyx deposits of Cave Creek, Ariz.,.
February, 1893, pp. 204-205.

----Report on the Department of Geology

in the U. S. National Museum, 1890.

■Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 243-249.

MERRILL, George P., and PACKARD,
Robert L. On some basic eruptive
rocks in the vicinity of Lewiston and
Auburn, Androscoggin County, Me.

Am. Geologist, July, 1892, pp. 49-55, pi. i.

The paper describes the mode of occurrence,
and general chemical petrographic characters-
of some of the basic eruptives of the vicinity
noted, and which, on structural grounds, are
provisionally referred to the camptonites.

METCALF, Maynard M. Notes upon
an apparently new species of Octacne-
mus, a deep-sea Salpa-like Tunicate.

Johns Hopkins TJniv. Circ., xii, No. 106,
pp. 98-100, 6 figures.

Octacnemus patagoniensis, n. s. (?), dredged
by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Alba-
tross off Port Otway, Patagonia, in 1,050
fathoms. This specimen will eventually be
added to the Museum collection.

MONTANDON, A. L. Notes on Ameri-
can Hemiptera Heteroptera.

Proc. 77. S. Nat. Hus., xvi, No. 924, June 13,

1893,	pp. 45-52.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

PACKARD, Robert L.

(See under George P. Merrill.)

PILSBRY, Henry A. Monograph of the
recent Chitonkhe.

Manual of Conchology (Academy of NaturalREPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

300

PILSBRY, Henry A.—continned.

Sciences of Philadelphia), xiv, 1892, pp.
i-xxxiv, 1-350, pis. 1-68.	a

This work is based in part on material fur-
nished by the National Museum, and also
partly on the manuscripts prepared for the
Smithsonian Institution by the late Dr. Philip
Pearsall Carpenter, which were turned over to
Mr. Pilsbry by the Institution to facilitate
the preparation of the monograph.

RATH BUN, Mary J. Catalogue of the
crabs of the family Periceridae in the
U. S. National Museum.

Proc. V, S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 901, August
6, 1892, x>p. 231-277, pis. xxvm-XL.

Based on 48 species, chiefly American, of
which 15 are new: LibinicC mexicana, L. spini-
mana, L. Macdonaldi, Fencer a atlantica, P.
triangulata, P. contigua, Macrocoeloma tenuiros-
tra, Othonia rotunda, 0. Nicholsi, O.carolinensis,
Mittrax pilosus, M. sinensis, M. braziliensis,
M. Hemphilli, M. bahamensis.

RATHBUN, Richard. Report upon the
inquiry respecting Food-fishes and the
Fishing-grounds.

Pep. 77. N. Fish Com., 1889 to 1891 (1893),
pp. 97-171.

----Report on the Department of Marine

Invertebrates in the U. S. National
Museum, 1890.

Pep. Smihsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 223-229.

RIDGWAY, Robert. The Humming
Birds.

Pep. Smithsonian Inst. (TJ. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 253-383, pis. i-xlvi, 47
figures in the text.

The subject of this memoir is treated as fol-
lows: Introduction, Early history, Names and
their origin, Geographical distribution, Migra-
tions, Habits, Abundance of individuals, Ac-
tions and attitudes, Manner of flight, Dispo-
sition, Intelligence, Nests and eggs, Voice,
Eood, Characters and relationships (with a sum-
mary of osteological and anatomical characters,
prepared by Mr. E. A. Lucas), Variations, Head
ornaments, Colors of the plumage, Cause of
the changeable hues of humming birds, Brief
descriptions of some of the more brilliantly
colored kinds, and Humming Birds of the United
States, with a key to the genera of humming-
birds occurring in the United States, Mexico,
Cuba, and the Bahamas.

The first part of this treatise, as the titles
of the chapters indicate, is of a popular char-
acter, intended to interest the general reader,
and form an introduction to the study of this
most wonderful and beautiful family of Ameri-
•can birds. The second part is devoted to the
scientific discussion and description of the sev-
enteen species of humming birds Avhich have

RIDGWAY, Robert—continued,
been found within the borders of the United
States A key to all the genera of humming
birds found in North America and the West
Indies will enable the student to detect any
addition to our fauna which he is likely to meet.

----Zonolrichici albicollis in California.

Auk, ix, No. 3, July, 1892, p. 302.

Notes the capture of an adult specimen in
spring plumage by Mr. L. Belding, at Stock-
ton, Cal., April 22, 1892, being the third Pacific
coast record of the species.

----Spring arrivals at Washington, D. C,

Auk, ix, No. 3, July, 1892, pp. 307-308,

Records the date of first appearance in the
vicinity of Washington of 37 species of spring-
migrants during the season of April 3 to May
4, inclusive.

----Descriptions of two new forms of

JBasileuterus rujifrons, from Mexico.

Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 895, July,
1892, p. 119.

JBasileuterus rufifrons Jouyi and Basileuterus
rujifrons JDugesi are described.

----The systematic position of Humming-

Birds. A reply to Dr. Shufeldt’s “ Dis-
cussion.”

Pop. Pei. Neivs, xxvi, No. 11, November,

1892,	pp. 164-165.

----Shufeldt on the anatomy of Hum-
ming Birds and Swifts.

Am. Naturalist, December, 1892, pp. 1040-
1041.

Reply to a criticism of “The Humming
Birds ” by Dr. Shufeldt, in the American Agri-
culturist for October, 1892; pp. 869-870.

----Description of two supposed new

species of Swifts.

Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 923, June 13,

1893,	pp. 43-44.

Chaetura Laivrencei, p. 43, and Cypseloides
Cherriei, p. 44.

----Report on the Department of Birds

in the U. S. National Museum, 1890.

Pep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 195-198.

RILEY, Charles V. The number of
broods of the imported Elm-Leaf Beetle.

Science, xx, No. 492, July 8, 1892, p. 16.

A preliminary note recording the fact that
on June 30, 1892, eggs laid by the second brood
of beetles had been obtained at Washington.

----Recent advances in dealing with

insects affecting fruits.

Proc. Am. Pomological Soc., 23d Session,
September, 1891, pp. 32-42. (July, 1892.)BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U.

RILEY, Charles Y.—continued.

Discusses the use of the arsenites in the
orchard, with specific directions; the combina-
tion of insecticides with fungicides; the gas
treatment; the resin washes; the fluted scale,
Iccrya purchase Masked.; new injurious insects
of a year; the apple maggot; insects which
American porno! ogists would do wed to be on
their guard against; conclusions.

Partly reprinted in Insect Life, v, No. 1, pp.
16-19.

—:—The first larval or post-embryonic
stage of the Pea and Bean weevils.

Canadian Entomologist, V, xxiv, No. 7.
August, 1892, pp. 185-186. (Also separate.)

A short note upon the curious temporary
thoracic legs in JBruchus fabce (obtectus) and
B. pisi, which serve them in entering the bean
or pea and are then lost with the first molt.
The classificatory significance of these heredi-
tary post-embryonic structures is discussed.

----Some notes on the Margined Soldier-

beetle (Chauliognathus marginatus).

Canadian Entomologist, V, xxiv, No. 7,
August, 1892, pp. 186-187. (Alsoseparate,)

Records and describes the eggs of this species

■ hitherto unknown. As many as 300 are laid in
a single mass. The first larva stage is also
compared with the final stage.

----Some interrelations of plants and

insects.

Proc. Biol. Soc Wash., vii, May 28, 1892,
pp, 81-104.

Insect Life, iv, No. 11-12, August, 1892, pp.
358-378, figs. 57-75.

Also as a separate.

Discusses the pollination of Yucca filamen-
tosa by Pronuba yuccasella; the structural char-
acteristics of Pronuba; the acts of pollination
and oviposition, the development and trans-
formations of Pronuba; the bogus Yucca moth;
other species of Prodoxus-, caprification of the
figure. In generalizing from the facts, the
author indicates three principal lines along
which variation has xiroceeded; shows how
these Prodoxids exemplify what he originally
called “fortuitous variation,-” and discusses
the transmission of acquired characters through
heredity.

----Rose Saw-flies in tbe United States.

Insect Life, v, No. 1, September, 1892, pp.
6-11, figs. 1-2.

Observations upon the Bristly Rose-worm,
Cladius pectinicornis, Dourer.; the Banded
Emphytus, or Curled Rose-worm, Emphytus
cinctus, L.; and the American Rose-slug, Mon-
ostegia rosce, Harris. Life history of the three
species compared and original- observations
given. All are amenable to treatment with
hellebore.

—— New injurious insects of a year.
Extracted from a paper entitled

S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	301

RILEY, Charles V.— continued.

u Recent Advances in Dealing with
Insects Affecting Fruits,” read before
the American Pomological Society,
September, 1891.

Insect Life, v, Ho. 1, September, 1892, pp. 16-19.

Eorty-five hitherto unrecorded species, re-
ported to the Department of Agriculture during
one year as injuring various crops, are enumer
ated.

----Further notes on the new Herbarium

Pest.

Insect Life, v, No. 1, September, 1892 pp.
40-41.

The new herbarium pest, Carphoxera pte-
learia. described in Insect Life, iv, pp. 108-113,
was thought by Mr. R. McLachlan to be very
like Acidalia herbariata, Eab., long known to
injure herbarium specimens in Europe. By
comparison of the imagin of the two species,
however, the. author finds that the European
moth is twice as large as the American
species, more glossy, and differently marked
in detail. In structural characters Carphoxera
ptelearia is easily distinguished from Acidalia-
herbariata by the spatulate tubercles of the
larvas, by the lateral projection on the fifth
abdominal joint of the pupa, and by its much
smaller size, more pulverulent, less glossy
scaling, and different markings in the imago.

----Preservation of hard-wood, handles.

Scientific American, lxvii, Ho. 14, October 1,
1892, p. 216.

Report upon an insect damaging hard-wood,
handles; probably one of the powder-post bee-
tles of the genus Lyctus, species undetermined.
Soaking the infested handles in kerosene is.
recommended as a remedy.

:---California Beer Seed.

Scientific Americari, lxvii, No. 14, October R
1892, p. 217.

Report upon a specimen of a fermenting
principle, the action of which is due to a bacte-
rium and a fungus, the species of which have
not been definitely settled, though the former-
is probably Lisp or a caucasica and the latter
SaccharomyceG hefyr.

----An Australian Scymnus established

and described in California. Paper-
read before the Rochester meeting of
the Association of Economic Entomol-
ogists, August, 1892.

Scientific American, lxvii,- No. 18, October-
29, 1892, p, 275; Insect Life, V, No. 2,
November, 1892, pp. 127-128.

An Australian Coccid-feeding Coccinellid
brought over by Mr. Albert Koebele inlSSS-’SQ,
and subsequently lost sight of, has turned up
in southern California and been described by
Dr. E. E. Blaisdell under the name Scymnus
lophanthes. as an American species.302

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

RILEY, Ci-iakles Y.—continued.

---- Galeruca xanthomelwna polygoneutie

at Washington. Read before the
Entomological Club of the American
Association for the Advancement of
Science, at Rochester, N. Y., August,
1892.

Canadian Entomologist, v, xxiv, No. 10,
November, 1892, pp. 282-286.

Shows- that while Galeruca xanthomelcena,
according to Prof. John B. Smith’s experi-
ments, is single-brooded at New Brunswick,
N. J., it is normally double-brooded at Wash-
ington, and by exception produces a third and
even a fourth generation there. Discusses the
bearing of these facts in the light of climatic
influence in relatively short periods.

----An additional note, on the Bean

Weevil.

Canadian Entomologist, v, xxiv, No. 10,
November, 1892, pp. 291-299.

In a note in the August, 1892, number of the
Canadian Entomologist the author stated that
the eggs of the Bean Weevil “are preliminarily
laid upon the bean j)od in the field, but chiefly
if not entirely upon those which are already
matured and ripening.” The present note
records the fact that the eggs hitherto taken
for those of the common Bean Weevil are, with-
out much doubt, those of another Bruchus, either
Eruchus quadrimaculatus or E. scutellaris, and
that the eggs of the Bean Weevil are thrust
into an aperture made by the jaws of the par-
ent weevil along the ventral suture, or else laid
in clusters on the inside of the pod wherever
this is sufficiently ripe to cause a partial open-
ing.

■---Coleopterous larvte with so-called

dorsal prolegs.

Proc. Ent, kloc. Wash., ii, No. 3, December,
1892, pp. 319-324, flgs. 22-23. (Also sep-
arate.)

Shows that two kinds of larvrn with supposed
dorsal prolegs, referred to by Herbert Osborn
and others at the Indianapolis (1890) meeting
of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, belong to Mordellistena, and to
some Cerambycid, and that tho “prolegs*1 are
but abnormally developed tubercuies to facili-
tate motion within the hollow stems. Cites
authorities and records the larva of Mordellis-
tena pustulata in dry stalks of Xanthium struma-
Hum; of M, unicolor in stems of Ambrosia arte-
misifolia; of M. nubila from stems of Triodia
cwprcea; full transformation^ of M. floridensis in
stems of TJniola paniculaia; and of Oberea
schaumii in stems of cottonwood.

----What the Department of Agriculture

has done and can do for apiculture.

Proc. 23cl Ann. Meeting of the North Amer-
ican Eee-keepers' Association, December
27-29, 1892.

RILEY, Charles V.— continued.

Reprinted in the Canadian Eee Journal and
various other apicultural journals.

' A review of past work in apiculture, with
recommendations for the future. The address
signalizes the fact that the first introduction
of Italian bees into the United States was due
to the Department of Agriculture, and touches
upon the work of the apicultural stations at
Aurora, 111., in 1885, and at Michigan Agricul-
tural College in 1891, summarizing the results of
experiments upon foul brood, tho relation of bees
to fruit, spraying with the arsenites as affect-
ing bees, selection in breeding, etc. Recom-
mendations follow that the Department of
Agriculture secure theintroduction and domes-
tication of desirable foreign races of bees,
experiment in the crossing and mingling of
races already introduced, in artificial fertiliza-
tion, the true causes of disease, etc.

----New species of Prodoxidae.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, No. 3, December,
1892, pp. 312-319, figs. 15-21.

Includes technical descriptions of the follow-
ing new species: Pronuba synthetica (larva,
chrysalis, and imago); Prodoxus pulverulentus,
P.y-inversus, P. reticulatus, P. coloradensis, and
P. sordidus.

----On certain peculiar structures of

Lepidoptera.

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, No. 3, Decem-
ber, 1892, pp. 305-312, figs. 13-14. (Also
separate.)

The paper describes some of tho remarkable
structures of the species of Pronuba and Pro-
doxustimder the heads: ( 3) The radiate bodies in
the receptaculum seminis of Pronuba and Pro-
doxus; (2) Pseudo-cenchri; (3) The tegulm and
the patagia. The radiate bodies referred to, if
they occur at all in other insects, are never
found in anything like the remarkable develop-
ment in which they exist in the species of the
family Prodoxidae. Their function seems to be
to liberate tho spermatozoa from the spermato-
phores. In connection with two eenchri-like
spots on tho metathorax of Pronuba synthetica,
the author discusses the cenchri of Lepidoptera
and concludes that they are more likely organs
of sound than of any other sense. In discuss-
ing the teguhn and patagia it is shown that
much confusion on the part of authors in the
use of these terms has existed, and the original
definitions of Westwood and Kirby and Spence
are held to be the proper guides.

----Report of tlie Entomologist.

Pep. Sec. Agric. 1892, Washington, Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1893, pp. 153-180.

Contains the following titles: Introduction,
pp. 153,154; The work of the season, pp. 154-
167; Work of the field agents, pp, 167-170; The
Pea and Bean Weevils (Eruchus pisi, L. and
E.obtectus, Say), pp. 170-172; The Sugar-beet
Web-worm, Loxoslege sticticalis, Linn., pp. 172-BIBLIOGRAPHY OP THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	303

RILEY, Charles V.—continued.

175; The Shot-borer or Pin-borer of tlie Sugar
Cane (Xyleboms perforcins, TVoil), pp. 175-178;
The Insectary of the Division, 178-179.

Also printed as a separate under the title
“Report of the Entomologist for 1892,” "Wash-
ington, 1893, with table of contents, plates and
index.

-----Note on Loxostege maclwxv, n. s.

Insect Life, v, No. 3, January, 1893, pp. 157-
158.

A supplementary note to au article by Miss
Mary E. Murtfeldt on this insect, characteriz-
ing the species, hitherto undescribed.

----- Insect communities. A lecture de-
livered at the Brooklyn Institute, Feb-
ruary 3, 1893.

Brooklyn Daily Eagle, February 4, 1893.

' Habits of some social insects, and the polity
of the hive of the honey bee. Refers to instincts
of many social insects, and concludes that in-
stinctive and inevitable actions on the part of
insects are associated with others which result
from the possesion of intelligence, of conscious
reasoning and reflective powers.

“Just among the mammalia, the higher intel-
lectual development, as in man, is physiologic-
ally correlated with the longest period of de-
pendent infancy; that this helpless infancy has
been, in fact, a prime influence in the origin,
through family, clan, tribe, and. state, of organ-
ized civilization; so in the insect world we find
the same physiological correlation between the
highest intelligence and dependent infancy, and
are j nstified in concluding that the latter is in the
same way the cause of the high organization and
division of labor, the cause and explanation
which so baffled Darwin in the application of his
grand theory of evolution to social insects.”

-----Hickory wood carved by worms.

Scientific American, March 11, 1893, p. 148.

A popular account of Scolytus caryai, Riley
(4-spinosus, Say), with illustrations of a particu-
larly fine specimen of its work, and that of
Saperda discoidea, which is almost always asso-
ciated with it.

-----The genus Dendrotettix.

Insect Life, v, No. 4, April, 1893, pp. 254-256*

A characterization of Dendrotettix longipen-
nis, new genus and species. The paper was
read by title before the Entomological Society
.of "Washington, March 9, 1892.

-----Report on a small collection of in-
sects made during the Death Valley
Expedition.

North Am. Fauna, May, 1893, pp. 235-255.

Also separate, published by the Division of
Ornithology and Mammalogy of the U. S. De-
partment of Agr iculture.

RILEY, Charles V.—continued.

A list of the species of Coleoptera, Lepidop-
tera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, andNeuroptera,
collected' by Mr. Albert Koebele during the
expedition, with conclusions drawn from the
same. Also comprises reports with descrip-
tions of new species from P. R. Hhler on the
Hemiptera; and from S. W. Williston on the
Diptera.

----(Editor.) Reports of the United

States Commissioners to the Universal
• Exposition of 1889 at Paris. Vol. v.
Agriculture, 1891, pp. 1-935, pis. 1-78,
figs. 1-219.

Report as expert commissioner of the eighth
group, and as representative of the Department
of Agriculture. Part I contains: Report on agri-
culture, vine cultivation, etc., including a report
on field trials of machinery. Part II contains:
Report on the agricultural exhibit and agricul-
tural products of the United States. Besides
the introductory chapter, the following articles
by the editor are contained in Part i: Agronomy
and agricultural statistics; Organization,
methods, and appliances of agricultural instruc-
tion; Field trials of machines, and Vine cultiva-
tion. By 0. Y. Riiey and Amory Austin: Farm
improvements and agricultural work; Exhibi-
tions of live stock. Part II contains chapters
by the editor entitled: Brief history of the
exhibit; Injurious and beneficial insects in the
United States.

----Parasitism iu insects. Annual ad-
dress of the president.

Froc. Ent. Soc. Wash., ir, No. 4, June, 1893,
pp. 397-431. Also separate, pp. 1-35.

A general consideration of the subject of par-
asitism among arthropods. As a useful work-
ing system the author divides insect.parasites
into: I. Parasites proper, or those which can
not exist apart from the host; II. Fatal para-
sites, which as a rule involve the death of the

, host; and III. Inquilinous parasites, including
those insects which sponge on the labors of
other insects. These primary divisions permit
of subdivision, and the subject is dealt with in
detail under the following subheads: Animals
affected; the parasites among insects, dealt with
by orders; the derivative origin of imect para-
sitism; effects of the parasitic life; economic
bearing of parasitism; conclusions.

----Is Megastigmus pliytophagio?.

Froc. Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, No. 4, June, 1893,
pp. 359-363.

The author presents facts gathered from Her-
man Borries, of Denmark, the writings of Par-
fitt, Mayr and Wachtl, and his own observa-
tions, and concludes that while there is every
reason to believe that the genus is essentially
parasitic, some of its species may be phyto-
phagic.304

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

RILEY, Charles Y. Further notes on
Yucca insects and Yucca pollination.

Proc. Biol. Soc.Wash, vm, June 20,1893, pp.
41-54, pi. ix. Also separate, author’s edi-
tion.

Supplementary to the author’s previous paper
on “SomeInterrelations of Plants and Insects,”
in Volume vii of the same Proceedings.

Summarizes the observations of Prof. William
Trelease and D. W. Coquillet on the habits of
Pronub a maculata in pollinating Yucca Whipplei;
also the former’s observations on the habits of
Pronuba synthetica on Yucca brevifolia. Records
a black variety (aterrima Trelease) of Pronuba
maculata, confined to the graminifolia variety of
Y. Whipplei, and extends the range of Pronuba
yuccasella to the Pacific coast. Describes Pro-
doxus intricatus n. s. from Yucca guatemalensis
and characterizes the hitherto unknown male of
Prodoxus intermedius and thelarvie of P. colora-
densis and P. cinereus. Tk3 larva of P. cinereus
is remarkable in that it bears on its ventral plate
two stout, brown decurved horns, resembling
those of the larva of Trogosita. Mentions the
only other known instances of similar anal
hooks in Lepidopterous larvas, viz, in Alucita
Kellicottii, Pish, another Pterophorid, unde-
scribed, and the larvq of Hadena stipata, Morr.,
and argues that these structures, approaching
as they do, those which are common to many
boring Coleopterous larvee, are independent con-
sequences of habit and environment, and show
the relative valuelessness of larval characters
for taxonomic purposes.

----Reports of observations and experi-
ments in the practical work of the
division. '

Bull. Liv. Bnt., No. 30, TJ.S. Dept. Agric.,
Washington, June, 1893, pp. 1-67.

Contains the reports of the field agents of the
Division of Entomology, with letter of trans-
mittal and introductory summary by C. V. Riley.

----Report on the Department of Insects

in the U. S. National Museum, 1890. >

Rep. Smithsonian Past. (D. S. Rat. Mus), 1890
(1891), pp. 219-221.

RILEY, Charles V., and HOWARD, L.
O. The first larval stage of the Pea
Weevil.

Insect Life, iv, No. 11-12, August, 1892, p.
392.

The pea weevil, as well as the bean weevil,
passes through a post-embryonic stage, during
which it possesses false legs, which are after-
wards lost.

----On the nomenclature and oviposition

of the Bean Weevil.

Insect Life, v, No. 1, September, 1892, pp.
27-33.

In Dr. Horn’s revision of the Bruchidae,
the Bean weevil is given as Bruchus obsoletus,

RILEY, Charles V., and HOWARD
L. O.—continued.

Say, but the authors consider that the Bean
weevil is distinct from obsoletus. Say found
obsoletus on a species of Astragalus, from which
he also obtained Apion segnipes.

Mr. Schwarz has found a Bruchus in connec-
tion with this very Apion segnipes on Tephrosia
virginiana, near Washington, and this Bruchus.
agrees fully with Say’s description of B. obso-.
letus. All who have gone over the synonvmy-
carefully will admit that B. obtectus, Say, which
precedes B. obsoletus in the descriptions, is more,
plainly referable to our Bean weevil. The svn-.
onymy of tbe species from B. obtectus Say (1831).
to B. subarmatus Janson (1889) is given. Its,
habits of oviposition- in the field are discussed,
and it is found that the eggs are invariably-
placed in the pod.

----The Australian enemies of tbe red

and black scales.

Insect Life, V, No. 1, September, 1892, pp..
41-43.

Records the observations of Mr. D. W. Coquih
let on the condition of Orcus chalybeus and O.
australasice, introduced from Australia for the.
purpose of destroying Aspidiotus auraniii and
Lecanium olece.

----A curious Chrysalis.

Insect Life, v, No. 2, November, 1892, p,
131.

A brief note upon the remarkable Bombycid
chrysalis of Saturnia arnobia, Westwood, found
by Mr. Good in West Africa.

----The Glassy-winged S h a r j>shooter

(Homalodisca coagulata, Say).

Insect Life, v, No. 3, January, 1893, pp. 150-
154, fig. 10.

From the peculiar effect of its punctures on
young cotton bolls, and also from its pow&r-
of rapidly and forcibly ejecting minute drops
of liquid, this insect derives its name of “Sharp-
shooter ” in the South. A single application of
kerosene emulsion to young poplar growth
along the borders of cotton fields about the sec-
ond week in May is recommended. .

----Food-plants of North American

species of Bruclms.

Insect Life, v, No. 3, January, 1893, pp. 165-
166.

A table of the food-plants of various species
of Bruchus, compiled from Riley’s records, those
of the Division of Entomology, anti from other
sources.

----An interesting Water Bug (Rheuma

. tobates Rileiji, Bergroth.)

Insect Life, v, No. 3, January, 1893, pp. 189-.
193. figs. 18-20.

Detailed desorption of this curious Hydro-,
met rid, with figures by O. Heideman, who cap-.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U.

RILEY, Charles V., and HOWARD,
L. O.—continued.

tured specimens of both sexes near Washing-
ton. Two forms of male occur, those with
normal and those with abnormal and incrassated
hind legs.

----The Orange Aleyrodes (Aleyrodes citri,

n.s.).

Insect Life, v, No. 4, April, 1893, pp. 21.9-
226, figs. 23-24.

This is perhaps the most important of the
family Aleyrodidm. infesting oranges in Flor
ida and Louisiana and greenhouses further
north. It is described and figured in detail,
and its habits and life-history, natural enemies
and remedies, are discussed.

----The pear-tree Psylla.

Insect Life, v, No. 4, April, 1893, pp. 226-
230, figs. 25-29.

A careful and critical review of Bulletin 44,
Cornell University Experiment Station, by Mark
Y. Slingerland, some of the author’s figures
being reproduced by permission.

----Editorials and notes.-

Insect Life,, iv, Nos. 11-12, August, 1892; v,
Nos. 1-4, September, 1892, to April, 1893.

'See table of contents of each number of
Insect Life.

----Correspondence of the Division of

Entomology, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.

Insect Life, iv, No. 11-12, August, 1892; Nos.
1-4, September, 1892, to April, 1893.

Selected letters from correspondents,
with replies.

ROSE, Joseph Nelson. List of plants
collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in 1890
on Carmen Island.

Contrib. 77. S. Nat. Herbarium, I, Septern -

- her, 1892, pp. 129-134.

An account of Carmen' Island is given, with
a list of the species. "Five species and a variety
are described as new. This paper is based upon
Museum material.

----A new Tabebuia from Mexico and

Central America.

Botan. Gaz., xvii, December, 1892, pp. 418-
419.

Tabebuia Donnell-Smithii is described and
figured. This tree is the Primavera or white
mahogany of commerce, and for a number of
years has been extensively brought into the
eastern markets from Mexico. This paper is
based upon Museum material.

----Agave angustissima.

Garden and Forest, vi, January, 1893, pp.
5-6.

H. Mis. 184, pt 2---------20	.

S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	305

ROSE, J. N.—continued.

An account of the rediscovery of this little-
known plant, with a fuller description and
illustrations. This paper is based upon Mu-
seum material.

:---Undescribed species from Guate-

mala.

Botan. Gaz., xi, June, 1893, pp. 198, 206, 207.

Three new species are described from J.
Donnell Smith’s third distribution of Guate-
malan plants. This paper is based upon Mu-
seum material.

ROSE, J. N., and CANBY, William M.
George Vasey: A biographical sketch.

Botan. Gaz., xviu, May, 1892, pp. 170-183,
with portrait.

ROSE, J. N.,.and COULTER, John M.
Notes on North American Umbelliferse.

Botan. Gaz., xvm, February, 1892, pp. 54-56.

A list of the Umbelliferse in Mr. John Don-
nell Smith’s distribution is given, and one new
species and a new genus are described. The
latter is figured. This paper is based upon
Museum material.

----New and little-known plants col-
lected on Mount Orizaba in the sum-
mer of 1881,

Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., xxvmy
June, 1893, pp. 118-119.

Two new species of Mexican Umbelliferae
are described by Mr. Henry L. Seaton. Thia
paper is based upon Museum material.

ROSE, J. N. (and others). List of plants
collected by the U. S. Fish Commission
steamer Albatross in 1887-91 along the
western coast of America.

Contrib. 77. S. Nat. Herbarium, i, Septem-
ber, 1892, pp. 129-134.

A list of the plants of Cedros Island and
Galapagos Island, with a description of one*
new species. This paper "is based upon Mu-
seum material.

SCLATER, Philip Lutley. Lucas on
explorations in Labrador.

Ibis, IV, No. 15, p. 453.

Editorial review of paper in Pep. Smithsonian
Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.), 1889, p. 709.

----Ridgway on the genus Sittasomus.

Ibis, iv, No. 15, p, 457.	*

Editorial review and criticism of paper in
the Proc. 77. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, p 507.

*---Stejneger on the cubital coverts of

the Paradise Birds.

Ibis, IV, No. 15, p. 463.

Editorial notice of paper in the Proc. 77. S.
Nat. Mus., xiv, p. 499.306

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

SCLATER, Philip Lutley. Mr. P, L.
Jouy's collection.

Ibis, iv. !STo. 16, p. 577.

Editorial notice of the acquiring of tlie .col
lection of Korean and Tsushima birds by the
National Museum, with brief reference to the
more important species mentioned.

----Stejneger on Mr. Henson's collection

from Yezo, Japan,

Ibis, V, No. 18, pp. 272-273.

Editorial ndtice and commentary on paper in
Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., xv, p. 289.

SCOLLICK, J. W. On the making of
gelatin casts.	-

Proc. 77. S. Nat. Mus.,xvi, No. 926, June 13,
1893, pp. 61-62.

Describes a method of making casts of inver-
tebrates, combs of fowls, etc.

SHUFELDT, Robert W. More inspira-
tional archaeology.

Beligio-Philosophical Journ., 3, No. 11, Chi-
cago, August 6,1892, p. 166.

A study of the Indian pestles in the collec-
tion of the TT. S. National Museum, pointing out
the fraud of certain parties who claimed to
have discovered one, assisted by spirit influ-
ence, near Unadilla, N. Y. Written at the
request of a member of the Society of Psychical
Kesearch of London.

----A maid of Walpai.

Proc. 77. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 889, August4,

. pp. 29-31, pi. i.

A popular description of the life of one of the
young girls of the Wolpai Pueblo of Arizona.

----The evolution of house-building

among the Navajo Indians.

Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 902, August
2, 1892, pp. 279-282, pis. xli-xliii.

.An account which goes to show the progress-
ive changes which have taken place in the build-
ing of primitive Indian houses, due to the
advances of civilization. Plates give figures
of the original “ liogan ” and the modified
houses now built by the Navajoes, from plioto:
graphic views by the author.

------ Review of some recent publications

of the U. S. National Museum.

Science, xx, No. 498, New York, August 19,
3892, pp, 106-107.

----A discussion of Mr. Ridgway’s notions

in regard to the systematic position of
the Humming Birds.

Pop-. Sci Neivs, xxvi, No. 9, Poston, Septem
her, 1892. p. 131.

----Studying birds with an opera glass.

Observer, in, No. 9, Portland, Conn., Sep-
tember, 1892, pp. 283-284.

SHUFELDT, R. W. A comparative
study of some Indian homes.

Pop. Sci. Monthly, xli, No. 6. New York,
October, 1892, pp. 798-810, 5 figures.

Compares the houses built by the Moquis,
the A comas, the Apaches, the Navajoes, and
other pueblan and field Indians of Arizona and
New Mexico.

----Ridgway on the Humming Birds.

Nature, No. 1194, vol. 46, London, Septem-
ber 15,1892, p. 465.

A brief criticism of Mr. Pidgway’s work on
“TheHumming Birds. “

----Ridgway on the anatomy of Hum-
ming Birds and Swifts.

Am. Naturalist, Philadelphia, October, 1892, -
pp. 869-870.

---- Scientific Taxidermy.

Great Divide, vm, No. 4, Denver, Colo., De-
cember, 1892, pp. 197-198.

This article is illustrated by the reproduc-
tion of a photograph of the polar bear, one of
the mounted specimens in the collection of the
H. S. National Museum. The article comments
upon the progress being made in the science
of taxidermy at the National museums in
Washington.

----On the vernacular name of the genus

Flarporhynchus.

Science, xx, No. 54, New York, December 9,

1892,	p.333.

----The systematic position of the Hum-
ming Birds: A rejoinder to Mr. Ridg-
way.

Pop. Sci. News, xxvn, No. 1, Boston, Jan-
uary, 1893, pp. 3-4.

----Sitta canadensis appearing in num-
bers in the District of Columbia.

Aulc, No. 1, January, 1893, p. 88.

----Comparative notes on the Swifts and

Humming Birds.

Ibis, v, No. 17, Art. vn, London, January,

1893,	pp. 84-100, 6 figures in the text.
This paper is based upon Museum ma-
terial.

—-—Notes on Paleopathology.

Pop. Sci. Monthly, xlii, No. 5, New York,
March, 1893, pp. 679-684, .2 figures in the
text.

Paleopathology is a word coined by the
author to indicate the science which takes into
consideration the study of the evidences of
accidents and diseases in the fossil remains of
. animals, and comparing them with those affect-
ing the corresponding tissues in existing forms.
Eossil fractures are figured and described.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U.

SHUFELDT, Robert W. A chapter on
snakes.

Great Divide, Denver, Colo., March, 1893, pp.
16-17, 5 figures in the text.

A popular description of .harmless and poi-
sonous snakes of this country and elsewhere,
as well as characters hy which they may he
distinguished. Reference made to many speci-
mens collected hy the author and now in the
IJ. S. National Museum.

----On the classification of the Longi-

pennes.

Am. Naturalist, xxvn, No. 315, Philadel.
phia, March, 1893, pp. 233-237.

It proposes a suborder for the Longipennes,
to be divided into three families, viz, the Lari-
d®, the Stercorariid®, and the Rliyncopid®.
The Laridae to he divided into subfamilies,
viz, the Larin® and the Sternin®. The study
is based upon an examination of the osteologi-
cal material in the National Museum and in the
author’s own collection.

----The Chiouididae. . A review of the

opinions on the systematic position of
the family.

Auk., x, No. 2, New York, April, 1893, pp.
158-165.

Proposes the following classification: Subor-
der, Ghionides; family, Chionidid®; genera,
Ghionarchus, Ghionis; species, Ghionarchus
minor, Ghionis alba. Tshi paper is based upon
Museum material.

----Ridgway on the anatomy of the

Humming Birds and Swifts: A rejoin-
der.

Am. Naturalist, xxvn, No. 316, Philadel-
phia, April, 1893, pp. 367-371.

'— Comparative osteological notes on
the extinct "bird Ichthyomis.

Jburn. Anatomy and Physiology, xxvu, new
series, vii, Part in, Art. 2, London, April.
1893, pp. 336-342.

Critically compares Ichthyomis with Larus
Sterna and allied forms, and points out the fact
that there are a number of osteological resem-
blances between the skulls of Ichthyomis and
Rhynchops, and a great, many more than we
find between. Ichthyomis and Sterna, as was
supposed to.be the case by Marsh.

This paper is based upon Museum material.

—- Humming Birds and Swifts again.

Pop. Sci. Neios, xxvu, No. 5, Boston, May,
1893, p.75.

—^ Queer Beasts.

National Tribune, xii, No. 44, (whole No.
616), Washington, D. C., June 1,1893, p. 8.

A popular illustrated article describing a
number of the fossil remains of animals in the
collections of the U. S. National Museum and
elsewhere, and other matters pertaining thereto.

S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	30 7

SIMPSON; Charles Torrey. Collect-
ing notes..

Nautilus, vi, No. 4, August, 1892, pp. 37-40.

----Notes on the Unionidae of Florida

and the Southeastern States.

Proc. 77. S. Nat. Mus., xv., No. 911, October
28, 1892, pp. 405-436, pis. xlix-lxxiv.

The above paper attempts an outline of the
natural system of classification of the Union-
id® and of their distribution in North America.
The species of the region in question are com-
pared and arranged in groups, illustrated with
outline figures, and a large number are reduced
to synonymy. TJnio subluridus Simpson, 77.
singleyanus (Marsh. MS.), and 77. ferrisii
(Marsh. MS.), are described as new.

----On a revision of tho American Unio-

nidte.

Nautilus, vi, No. 7, November, 1892, pp.78-80.

----A new Anodonta.

Nautilus, vi, No. 12, April, 1893, pp. 134-
135.

Anodonta M earnsiana, from Arizona, de
scribed as new.

---- Unio coruscus, subluridus, etc.

Nautilus, vi, No. 12, April, 1893, pp. 143-
144.

----On the relationships and distribu-
tion of the North American Union ids©;
with notes on the west coast species.

Am. Naturalist, xxvii, No. 316, April, 1893,
pp. 353-358.

In this paper a more elaborate statement is
made of the distribution and relationship of
our North American naiades, and an attempt
is made to trace the origin of the Pacific Coast
forms.

----A review of von Ihering’s classifica-
tion of the Unionidie and Mutelidae.

Nautilus, vii, No. 2, June, 1893, pp. 17-21.

----A reply to Prof. Wheeler.

Nautilus, vii, No. 2, June, 1893, pp. 22-23.

SMITH, Hugh M. Report on a collec-
tion of fishes from the Albemarle

• region of North Carolina.

Bull. 77. S. Fish Gom., 1891, pp. 185-200.
This paper is based in part upon Museum
material.

SMITH, John B. Revision of the genus
Cmullia; revision of the Dicopinte;
revision, of Xylomiges and Morvisonia.

Proc. 77. S. Nat. Mus., xv, Nos. 890-892,
August 8, 1892, pp. 33-86, pis. ii-m. This
paper is based upon Museum material.308

REPORT OF NATIONAL 'MUSEUM, 1893.

STANTON, Timothy W. The faunas of
the Shasta and Chico formations.

Bull, Geol. 8oc. Am., iv, June, 1893, pp. 245-
256.

A brief discussion of the cretaceous fossils
of the Pacific Coast region, based mainly on
collections from the Sacramento Valley, in
northern California. It is shown that the
Shasta and Chico formations are closely related
faunally, having many species in common, and
they are therefore regarded as parts of one
continuous series. This paper is based upon
Museum material.

STEARNS, Robert E‘. C. Death Valley
Expedition, Part ii, No. 5. Report on
mollusks.

North Am. Fauna, No. 7, May, 1893, pp.
269-283, 2 figures in the text.

Fluminicola Merriami, Pilsbry and Beecher,
and Amnicola micrococcus, Pilsbry, are described
as new, and the existence in a living state Of
Tryonia clathrata, Stm., is announced.

—— Preliminary descriptions of new
molluscan forms from west American
regions, etc.

Nautilus, vi, No. 8, December, 1892, pp.
85-89.

Uvanilla regina, Ohlorostoma gallina,Yar. mul-
tifilosa, Bulimulus Habeli, Onchidium Lesliei,
Littorina (Tectarius) galapagiensis, Nitidella
incerta, and Littorina (Tectcwius) atyphus are
described as new.

-----Description of a new species of Xassa

from the Gulf of California.

Nautilus, vii, No. 1, May, 1893, pp. 10-11.
Nassa brunneostoma described as new.

STEJNEGER, Leoni-iard. Notes on a
collection of birds made by Harry V.
Henson in the Island of Yezo, Japan.

Proc. JJ. 8. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 904, August
6/1892, pp. 289-359, pi. XLV.

New species and subspecies described: Parus
Hensoni, p. 342, and ILypsi-pites amaurotis Hen-
soni, p. 347. Four additions to the Japanesefauna
are noted, viz: Hemichelido.n griseisticta, Oto-
corys alpestris, Fcclco rusticolus, and TJrinator
pad ficus. Species new to the Island of Y ezo are
Turdus obscurus, Cichloselys sibiricus, Tringa
canutus, Terekia cinerea, and Nettion formosa.
Sixty-five species are noted in the in-escnt
paper, twenty-eight of which are discussed
critically, and are accompanied by copious notes
and emendations of synonymy.

Changes in nomenclature are as follows:
Podicepsnigricans (Scop.) fortheLittle Grebe, in
place of P. auritusy (L), P.fiuviatilis, Tunstall,
minutus, Lath., orphilippensis,Bonaterre. Ceryle
lugubris (Temm.) is retained for the name of the
Japanese bird which is considered distinct from
the Himalayan, which it is proposed to call 0-.

STEJNEGER, Leoni-iard—continued.

guttulata, as C. guttata of Vigors is preoccupied.
The name Cichloselys is restricted to the Sibe-
rian thrush as being the only species of tlm
group requiring a separate name. Monticola
manilla (Bodd.) is provisionally adopted forthe-
eastern form of the Rocky Mountain thrush
which is distinguished from the European bird
by size, color, and wing-formula. Cyanoptila-
bella (Hay) for the Blue and Black Flycatcher,
C. yanomelcena and C. gularis being both unten-
able. Poliomyias ferruginea (Gmel.) in place of
P. luteola Pallas, or P. mugimaki of Temminck.
Uroplexis (new genus) is substituted for TJros-
phenci, preoccupied. Sturnia violacea (Bodd.)
takes precedence over pyrrhogenys of Temm. &
Schleg. Sturnus cineraceus, Temm. is placed in
the genus Acriclotheres. An exhaustive study
of the two forms of Pied wagtails of Japan is.
given; all the various stages of plumage are
described and further distinguished by a tabu-
lar synopsis, plate xlv illustrating the wing:
feathers of Motacilla lugens.

----Two additions to the Japanese Avi-
fauna, including description of a new
species.

Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 906, Septem-
ber 16, 1892, pp. 371-373.

Tringa Temminckii (Leisl.) and Acanthop-
neuste ijimce Stejn., the latter being now de-
' scribed for the first time.

----Supplementary remarks on the genus

Pit fa.

Alik, x, No. 2, April, 1893, pp. 181-184.

A critical review of Mr. Elliott's paper on the
genus Pitta, Vieillot, with a discussion as to the
dates of publication of Vieillot’s “Analyse”
and the fourth volume of the “Nouveau Die*
tionaire d’Histoire Naturelle.”

----Report on the Department of Rep-
tiles and Batrachians in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (H. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 201-203.

----Preliminary description of a new

genus and species of Blind Cave Sala-
mander from North America.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 894, August 4,
1892, pp. 115-117, pi. ix.

Described as a new genus, Typhlotriton; as a
new species, T. spelceus, from Bock House Cave.
Mo. Type, U. S. National Museum, No. 17903.

----Diagnosis of a new California lizard.

Proc. Th 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, No. 944, advance
sheet, May 27, 1893, p. 467.

Described as a new species, Xantusia Hen-
shawi, from Witch Creek, Cal. Type, U. S. Na-
tional Museum, No. 20339.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	309

8TEJNEGER, Leonhard. Skeletons of
Steller’s Sea-cow preserved in the
various museums.

Science, xxi, February .10, 1893, p. 81.
Correcting an article by Prof. B. W. Ever-
inann in a previous number of the same journal.

----Notes on the generic name Chirotes.

Science, xxi, March 24, 1893, pp. 157-158.
Shows that Bipes Latr. has priority over Chi-
rotes Cuv. Full synonymy of the genus.

----Annotated list of tlie reptiles and ba-

tracliians collected by tlie Death Valley
Expedition in 1891, with description of
new species.

North Am. Fauna, No. 7, pp. i59-228, pis.
i-iv.

A full report upon the herpetological collec
tions of the Death Valley Expedition, with ;
interpolated field- notes by Dr. C. Hart Mer- I
riam. One new genus name is proposed, viz,
Hemitheconyx, for F silo dactyl us Gray, preoc-
cupied. New species and subspecies described:
Coleonyx brevis, Sceloporus Boulengeri, Scelo-
porus Orcutti, Phrynosoma cerrceuse, Phryno-
soma Goodei, Gerrhonotus scincicauda Palmeri,
Hypsiglena texana, Bascanion flagellum fre-
natum, Pituophis catenifer deserticola, Bufo
boreas nelsoni, Pana Fisheri. All the types are
in the National Museum.

SUCHETET, Andre. Les Oiseaux
Hy brides rencontres' a ketat sauvage.
Troisieme partie. Les Passereaux.

Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, V, 1882, pp. 253-
525. (Reprint, with new title-page and
pagination, pp. 179-451.)

An elaborate treatise on wild hybrids, in which
many specimens in the IT. S. National Museum
are mentioned.

TEST, Frederick C. Fish-cultural in-
vestigations in Montana and Wyoming.
Annotated list of the reptiles and batra-
ehians collected.

Bull. XT. S. Fish Com., 1891, pp. 57-59.

Report upon a collection made by Prof. B.

' W. Evermann in Montana and Wyoming, while
investigating the rivers of those States.

TRUE, Frederick W. An annotated
catalogue of the mammals collected by
Dr. W. L. Abbott in the Kilima-Njaro
region, East Africa.

Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 915, October 26,
1892, pp. 445-480, pis. lxxv-lxxx.

----Report on the Department of Com-
parative Anatomy in the U. S. National
Museum, 1890.

Pep. Smithsonian Inst. (TT.'S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 231-232.'

TRUE, Frederick W. Report on the
Department of Mammals in the U. S.
National Museum, 1890,

Pep: Smithsonian Inst. (TJ. S. Nat Mus.), •
1890 (1891), pp. 189-193.

VASEY, George. Report of the Botanist
for 1892.	i

Pep. Sec. Agric., 1892, pp. 201-214.

Principally an account of the office work, pub-
lications, and experiments carried on by the
Division of Botany.

----Grasses of the Pacific Slope.

Bull. Div. Bot., No. 13, TJ. S. Dept. Agric.,
Part i, October, 1892; Part ii, June, 1893.
One hundred species of the principal grasses
of the Pacific slope are described and
figured.

----Report on the Department of Botany

in the U. S. National Museum, 1890.

Pep. Smithsonian Inst. (TJ. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 237-239.

VERRILL, A. E. The Marine Nemer-
teans of New England and adjacent
waters. Dinophilidte of New England.
Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vin., June and De-
cember, 1892, pi). 1-30, 411-458, pis. xxxm-
xxxix.

Based partly on material collected by the TJ.
S. Fish Commission between 1871 and 1887,
which will be added .to the Museum collection.
Two new genera are described, JVectonemertes
and Hyalonemertes. The new species are Am-
phiporus multisarus, A. lieterosorus, A. tetra-
sorus, A. frontalis, A. mesosorus, A. ccecus,
Tetrastemma roseum, Lineus bicolor, Micrura
Jtorsalis, M. rubra, Nectonemertes mirabilis,

■ Hyalonemertes atlantica. New varieties: Tetra-
stemma vermiculus var. catenulatum and T.
dor sale var. unicolor.

WALCOTT, Charles Doolittle. Notes
on the Cambrian rocks of Virginia and
the southern Appalachians.

Am. Journ. Sci., xliv, July, 1892, pp. 52-57.
This paper is an account of fieldwork on the
Cambrian rocks of Virginia in the vicinity of
Balcony Falls and of their south westward ex-
tension across Tennessee and into Georgia. It
records the study of a large Middle Cambrian
fauna in Tennessee and the identification of a
Lower Cambrian horizon in Virginia and Ten-
nessee.

----The North American Continent dur-
ing Cambrian time.

1% Ann. Pep. TJ. S. Geol. Surv., 1890-91 (1892),
* pp. 523-568, 3 maps, and' 1 page of sections
and figures.

This is a memoir on the condition and devel-
opment of the North American Continent dur-310

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

WALCOTT^ Charles D.—continued,
ing Middle Paleozoic time. It is accompanied
by three maps, one of which illustrates the
relative amount of sedimentation within the
typical geologic provinces of North America
during Cambrian time. The second is a hypo-
thetical map of the continent at the beginning
of Lower Cambrian time, and the third is one
of the same character, representing the conti-
nent at the beginning of Lower Silurian (Ordo-
vician) time. Several important conclusions
were arrived at. Among them are:

1.	The pre-Cambrian Algonkian continent
was formed of the crystalline rocks of the
Archean nuclei, and broad areas of superjacent
Algonkian rocks that were more or less dis-
turbed and extensively eroded in pre-Cambrian
time. Its area was larger than at any succeed-
ing epoch until Mesozoic time.

2.	At the beginning of Cambrian time three
principal areas of sedimentation existed: (a)
The Atlantic coast province, including various
seas between the several pre-Cambrian ridges;
(b) a narrow sea extending along the western
side of the Paleo-Appalachian range, from the
present site of Labrador to Alabama; (c) a
broader sea on the western side of the conti-
nent, west of the Paleo-Rocky Mountain
ranges, that extended from the southern por-
tion of the present site of Nevada northward
into British Columbia and probably toward the
Arctic Circle, and south to the Paleo-G-ulf of
Mexico, and thus connecting with the Paleo-
Appalachian Sea.

3.	The Cambrian age began to invade the
great interior continental area in late Cambrian
time, and extended far to the north toward the
close of the period, as indicated on PI. xlv.

4.	The depression of the continent in rela-
tion to sea level began in pre-Cambrian time
and continued with few interruptions until the
close of Paleozoic time.

5.	The relative positions of the continenta
area and the deep seas have not changed since
Algonkian time.

6.	The sediments of Cambrian time were
accumulated to a great extent in approximately
shallow seas, except in portions of the Paleo-
Rocky Mountain and Paleo-Appalachian seas-

7.	The lower Cambrian fauna lived in the
seas of the Atlantic coast province, the Paleo-
Appalachian and the Paleo-Rocky Mountain
seas.

8.	The Middle Cambrian fauna of the Atlan
tic basin is not known to have penetrated into
the Paleo-Appalachian or Paleo-Rocky Moun-
tain seas, except in the case of a few species
now found in Alabama and probably eastern
New York. The portion of the fauna occupy,
ing the same relative stratigraphic position in
the group is essentially the same as the Paleo.
Appalachian and Paleo-Rocky Mountain sec-'
tions.

9.	The Upper Cambrian fauna was distrib-
uted over the broad interior continental area
and in the Paleo-Appalachian and Paleo-Rocky j

WALCOTT; Charles D.—continued.
Mountain seas, but it has not been recognized
by the same genera and species in the Atlantic
coast province, the fauna of the latter being
more closely allied to that of the Upper Cam-
brian of the eastern side of the Atlantic basin.

----Notes on the Cambrian rocks of Penn-
sylvania and Maryland, from the Sus-
quehanna to the Potomac.

Am. Journ. Sci., xliv, 1892, pp. 469-482.

This paper is a continuation of the study of
the Cambrian rocks of the Appalachian range
north of Yirginia, between the Potomac and
the Susquehanna rivers. It records the dis-
covery of the Middle Cambrian fauna in a
series of quartzites that extend from Harpers
Ferry on the Potomac to South Mountain in
Pennsylvania, and Avhich also occur in York
County, Pa., on the Susquehanna. It was also
discovered that a series of limestone shales
severa. thousand feet in thickness belong to
the Lower Cambrian series.

----Report on the Department of Paleo-
zoic Fossils in the U. S'. National
Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 233-234.

WARD, Lester F. [Abstract of] The
plant-hearing deposits of the American
Trias.

Proe.Am. Assoc. Aclv. Sci., XL (Washington
meeting), 1891, pp. 287-288.

Abstract of paper of same title published in
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., hi, 1891, pp. 23-31.

----[Abstract of] Principles and methods

of geologic correlation by means of
fossil plants.

Proe.Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XL (Washington
meeting), 1891, pp. 288-289.

Abstract of paper of same title in Am. Geolo-
gist, ix, 1892, pp. 34-47.

----[Abstract of] The science and art of

Government.

Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XL (Washing-
ton meeting), 1891, pp. 420-421.

A paper read in abstract before Section I
(Economics and Statistics) of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, at
its Washington meeting, in August, 1891. Pub-
lished in. Science, xviii, November 20, 1891, p.
281.

----[Abstract of]oA national university;

its character and purpose.

Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XL (Washington
meeting), 1891, pp.421-422.

A paper read in abstract before Section I
(Economics and Statistics) of the American As-
sociation for the Advancement of Science, atBIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U,

WARD, Lester F.—continued.

its Washington meeting, in August, 1891. Pub-
lished in Science, xvm, November 20, 1891, p.
281.

—— Notice of “ The Paleontology of the
Cretaceous formation on Staten Island;
by Arthur Hollick, New York, 1892,”
in Trans-. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Yol. XI,
New York, 1892.

Am.Journ.Sci., 3d series, xltv, New Haven,
September, 1892, p. 259.

----Notice of “ Untersuchungen liber

fossile Holzer Sckwedens; von H. Con-
wentz;” in Kongl. svenslca Vetenslcaps-
Aicademiens, Baudot 24, No. 13.

Am.Journ.Sci., 3d series, xliv, New Haven,
September, 1892, p. 260.

----[Review of] Weismann’s new essajTS.

Public Opinion, xiii, Washington and New
York, September 10, 1892, p. 559.

Short review of Weismann’s essays upon
heredity and kindred'biological problems, Yol.
II. Authorized translation, Oxford, 1892. The
second essay is .criticized as embodying a re-
ductio ad absurdum. The concluding essay on
Amphimixis is highly commended.

----Notice of “Albirupean studies;” by

P. R. Uhler; in Trans. Md. Acad. Sci.,

. 1892, pp. 185-201.

Am. Journ. Sci., Sdseries, xliv, New Haven,
October, 1892, pp. 333-334.

----Notice of “The fossil flora of the

Bozeman coal field, by F. H. Knowl-
ton;” in Proc. Biol. Soc.} Washington,
vii, Washington, July, 1892, pp. 153-
154.

Am.Journ. Sci., 3d series, xliv, New Haven,
October, 1892, p. 834.

----Notice of u Paleontologie Ydgetale

(Ouvrages publids en 1890) par R. Zeil-
ler,” from TAnnuaire G6ologique Uni-
versel, vn, 1890, Paris, 1892, pp. 1115—
1157.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3d series, xliv, New Haven,
October, 1892, pp. 334-335.

----Notice of “ Sylloge Fungorum Fos-

silium hucusque cognitorum; auctore
A. Meschinelli. Patavii, 1892; ” from
Saceardo’s Sylloge Fungorum, x.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3d series, xliv, New Haven,
October, 1892, p. 335.

;---Notice of “ITronchi du Bennettitee

dei Musei Italiani. Notizie storiche,
geologiche, botaniche; dei Professori
Senatore G. Capellini e Conte E. Sol'ms-
Laubach; ” from serie v, tomo ii, della

S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	311

WARD, Lester F.—continued.

Mem. Real. Acad. Sci. 1st. di Bologna.
Bologna, 1892.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3d series, xliv, New Haven,
October, 1892, pp. 335-336.

----Notice of “ Ueber den gegenwartigen

Standpunkt unserer Kenntniss von
dem Yorkommen fossiler Glacialpflan-
zen; von A. G. Nathorst;” from the
Biliang till svenska Yet.-Akad. Hand-
lingar, Band 17, Afd. in, No. 5, Stock-
holm, 1892.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3dseries, xliv, New Haven,
October, 1892, p. 336.

----The psychologic basis of social eco-
nomics.

Ann. Am. Acad. Political and Social Science,
m, Philadelphia, January, 1893, pp. 72-90.

The distinction is pointed out between what
is described as animal or biologic and human
or psychologic economy. The former is care-
fully formulated, explained, and illustrated, and
it is shown that the current political economy
as well as the individualistic philosophy of
Herbert Spencer and his disciples is primarily-
founded upon it. Examples of the prodigality
of nature are given to show that it is not eco-_
nomical, and a sharp contrast is shown between
nature’s methods and those of rational man.
The fundamental defect of all systems of eco-
nomics is thus shown to be that they rest upon,
biology or the law of unregulated nature, in-
stead of upon psychology or the law of mind.
A true system of economics will be based upon
the latter, which is antithetical to the former
and is economical in the correct sense of the
word.

----Nomenclature of the Rock Creek re-
gion.

Am. Anthropologist, vi, Washington, Jan-
uary, 1893, p. 45.

A list of the names furnished to the commit-
tee of the Anthropological Society appointed to
suggest to the District Commissioners appro-
priate names for localities and objects in the
District of Columbia. These names were given
to the various streams, bluffs, ridges, and val-
leys on account' of the discovery at or near'
these places of rare or interesting plants during
many years of botanical exploration, which re-
sulted in the publication, of the Guide to the
Flora of Washington and Vicinity. (Ball. 77.-
S. Nat. Mus., No. 22, 1881.) Some of them were
either mentioned in the text of that work or
recorded in the map accompanying it, but the
greater part were taken from the author’s un-
published notes.

----The psychologic basis of social eco-
nomics.

Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., xli, 1892; Salem,
1892. pp. 301-321.312	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

WARD, Lester F.—continued.

. Address of the Vice-President of Section I,
.Economic Science and Statistics, delivered at
Rochester, August 17, 1892. This paper is the
same in substance as that published in the
Annals of the Academy of Political and Social
Science at Philadelphia, for January, 1893, ex-
crpt that in the latter certain paragraphs were
omitted to reduce its length.

----The new botany'.

Science, xxi, Hew York, January 27,. 1893,
pp. 43-44.

A plea for the establishment of post-graduate
chairs in the leading American universities for
the study of botany from all points of view,
■especially from the paleontological side, for the
working out of the phylogeny of plants in
America.

----Notice of “Additions to the. Paleo-
botany of the Cretaceous Formation
on Staten Island, by Arthur Rollick; ”
in Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., xm, New
York, 1892, pp. 1-12, pis. i-iv.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3d series, xlv, Yew Haven,
May, 1893, p. 437.

----Notice of “The organization of the

fossil plants of the coal measures,
Part xix, by W. C. Williamson;” in
Phil.Trans. Boy. Soc.,London,clxxxiv,
B, 1893, pp. 1-38, pis. i—ix.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3dseries, xlv, Hew Haven,
May, 1893, pp. 437-438.

----Notice of “Fossil plants as tests of

climate,” by A. C. Seward. London,
1892.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3d series, xlv, Hew Haven,
May, 1893, p. 438.

•---Notice of “ Flora Tertiaria Italiea;

auctoribus A. Mescliinelli et x. Squin-
abol.” Patavii, 1893.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3d series, xlv, Hew Haven,
May, 1893, pp. 438-439.

----Notice of “The correlation of early

Cretaceous floras in Canada, and the
United States,” by Sir William Daw-
son; in Trans.. Boy. Soc. Canada, x,
Section iv, pp. 79-93.

Am. Journ. Sci-., 3d series, xlv, Hew Haven,
May, 1893, p. 439.

■---Notice of “A new Tseniopteroid fern

and its allies,” by David White, in
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., iv, 1893, pp, 119-
132, pi. i.

Am. Journ. Sci., 3d series, xlv, Hew Haven,
May, 1893, pp. 439-440.

WARD, Lester F. Frost freaks of the
Dittany.

Botan. Gaz., xvii, Bloomington, Ind., May,
1893, pp. 183-186, pi. xix.

Describes remarkable forms of frost crystals
observed on plants of Cunila maHana, Decern-,
ber 5, 1892, near Accotink, Va., with illustra-
tions.

----Dr. Newberry’s work in Paleobotany.

Trans. JV. T. Acad. Sci., xxi, Hew York,
May, 1893, pp. 162-163

Abstracted from a letter to Prof. H. L. Fair-
child, dated 1893. Embodied in a memoir of
Prof. John Strong Hewberry, by Herman
LeRoy Fairchild.

----Note on fossil Cycads from South

Dakota.

Science, xxi, Hew York, June 30,1893, p. 355.

Brief account of a collection of six fossil cy-
cadean trunks, purchased by the TJ. S. Hational
Museum from owners near Hot Springs, S.
Dak., who found them on the surface of the
ground, overgrown with lichens. They were
very large, and exhibit certain peculiar and
remarkable features.

----Discussion of a paper by Dr. E. A,

Ross, entitled “A New Canon of Tax-
ation,” read, August 24,1892, at Chau-
tauqua, N. Y,

Publications of the American Economical
Association, viii, Ho. 1,1893, pp. 50-51. *

Part of report of the Proc. Am. Economic
Assoc. Fifth meeting.

Emphasizes the importance of considering
the social as 'well as the fiscal effect of a tax,
and of giving to laws an attractive character,
whereby the j>erson taxed will be induced
through interest to act for the good of society.

WATKINS, Joseph,Elfreth, The log
of the Savannah.

Bep. Smithsonian Inst. (H. S. Hat. Mus.), *
1890 (1891), pp. 611-639, pis. cli-clvi.

------ (Editor). Proceedings and Ad-
dresses. | Celebration | of the | Begin-
ning | of the | Second Century | of the

| American Patent System | at Wash-
ington City, D. C., | April 8, 9, and 10,
1891. | Published by the Executive
Committee [ Washington, D. C:—Press
of Gedney & Roberts Co. j 1892.

- 8 vo., pp. i-v (1) 1-554.

----Catalogue of the exhibit of the

Pennsylvania Railroad Company at the
World’s Columbian Exposition, pp.
1-158.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U.

WATKINS, J. Elfreth—continued.

----Report on tlie Section of Transpor-
tation and Engineering in the U. S.
National Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (U. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 159-162.

WHITE, Charles Abiathar. Report
on the Department of Mesozoic Fossils
in the U. S. National Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (1J. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp’. 235-236.

WILLIAMSON, Mrs. M. Burton. An
annotated list of the shells of San
Pedro Bay and vicinity, with a descrip-
tion of two new species by W. H. Dali.

Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., xv, No. 898, August
4, 1892, pp. 179-219, pis. xix-xxn.

This paper comprises a list prepared by Mrs.

/ Williamson, with notes on the species from
various collectors. Yitrinella Williamsoni,
Ovula barbarense, Amphissa bicolor are de-
scribed by Mr. Dali as new, and many species
of the region are figured for the first time.
Based partly upon Museum material.

WILSON, Thomas. [Anthropological,
notes iii the American Naturalist. ] Man
and the Mylodon. No. 407, July, 1892,
pp. 629-631. Importance of the science
and of the department of prehistoric
anthropology. No. 308, August, 1892,
lip. 681-690; No. 310, October, 1892, pp.
809-816. International Congress of
Americanists. No. 315, March, 1893,
pp. 300-305; No. 318, June, 1893, pp.
579-581. Language v. anatomy in de-

S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.	3 I 3

WILSON, Thomas—continued,
termining human races. No. 318, June,
1893, pp. 581-582. The Nephrite of New
Zealand. No. 318, June, 1893, pp. 582-
583. .

—— Ancient Etruria.

. Am. A ntiquarian, xv, No. 1, pp. 25-32.

----Anthropology at. the Paris Exposi-
tion in 1889.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (TJ. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891),pp. 641-680, pis. clvii-clxiii,
fig. 99.

----Report on the Department of Pre

historic Anthropology in the U. S. Na-
tional Museum, 1890.

Rep. Smithsonian Inst. (TJ. S. Nat. Mus.),
1890 (1891), pp. 179-187.	•

WOOLMAN, Albert J. Report of an
examination of the rivers of Kentucky,
with list of fishes obtained.

Bull. TJ. S. Fish. Com., 1890, pp. 249-288.
This paper is based in part upon Museum
material.

----A report upon the rivers of central

Florida, tributary to the Gulf of Mexico,
with list of the fishes inhabiting them.

Bull. V. S. Fish. Com:, 1890, pp. 293-302.

WORTH, John. The lives and loves of
North American birds.

Nineteenth Century, April, 1893, pp. 586-605.

A review of Special Bulletin No. 1, of the U.
S. National Museum, entitled “Life Histories
of North American Birds,’’ by Capt. Charles
Ben dire.	, .APPENDIX VIII.

Lectures and Meetings of Societies.

The course of Saturday lectures for the season of 1892-’93 was as fol-
lows :

March 25.—The Human Body. By Dr. D. S. Lamb.

April 1.—The Anthropology of the Brain. By Dr. D. Kerfoot Shiite.

April 8.—Status of the Mind Problem. By Prof. Lester F. Ward.

April 15.—The Elements of Psychology. By Maj. J. W. Powell.

April 22.—The Evolution of Inventions. By Prof. OtisT. Mason.

April 29.—The Races of Men. By Dr. Daniel G. Brinton.

May 6.—The Earth, the Home of Man. By W. J. McGee.

May 18.—Primitive Industries. By Dr. Thomas Wilson.

At the meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union, which was
held from November 15 to November 17, 1892, the following papers
were presented:

1.	Birds of Lewis and Clarke in 1892. By Dr. Elliott Coues.

2.	Summer Birds of Indiana and Clearfield Counties, Pennsylvania. By W. E.
Clyde Todd.

3.	The Geographical Distribution of the Genus Megascops in North America. By
E. M. Hasbrouck.

4.	Summer Birds of Prince Edward Island. By Jonathan Dwight, jr.

5.	A Partial List of the Birds of White Head Island, Maine. By Arthur H. Norton..

6.	The Origin and Geographical Distribution of North American Birds. By Dr..
J. A. Allen.

7.	The Life Areas of North America, considered especially in relation to their
Classification and Nomenclature. By Dr. J. A. Allen.

8.	The Fly-catchers of the Myiarchus mexicanus and M. cmerascens groups. By Dr,
J. A. Allen.

9.	Notes on Birds observed in Cuba. By Frank M: Chapman.

10.	Remarks on the origin of West Indian Bird-life. By Frank M. Chapman.

11.	A Review of the Faunal Literature of North America. By Frank M. Chapman.

12.	Some Eccentricities in Geographical Distribution. By D. G. Elliot.

13.	Habits of the Knot (Tringa canutus) in Massachusetts. By George H. Mackay.

14.	Migration of Charadrius dominicus in Massachusetts in 1892. By George H,

Mackay. „	■ .

15.	The Autumnal Plumage of the Hooded Warbler. By William Palmer.

. 16. Food-habits of the Common Crow. By Walter B. Barrows.

17.	A Preliminary investigation of the Food-habits of Ampelis cedrorum. By F. E.
L. Beal.

18.	Notes on Relminthophila ehrysoptera, pmas, leucobronchialis, and laivrencei in
Connecticut. By John H. Sage.

19.	Additions to the List of Manitoban Birds. By Ernest E. Thompson.

20.	Feeding and Breeding habits of the Manitoban Icteridae. By Ernest E. Thomp-
son.	.

314LECTURES AND MEETINGS OX!' SOCIETIES.	315

21.	Feeding-habits of the Pine wood Woodpeckers. By Ernest E. Thompson.

22.	The Distribution of the Genus Harporhynchns. By T. S. Palmer.

23.	Exhibition of specimens of the Imperial Woodpecker. By T. S. Palmer.

The papers read before the National Academy of Sciences, at its
annual meeting in April, 1893, are indicated below:

I.	On the Systematic Relations of the Ophidia. By Prof. E. D. Cope.

II.	Biographical Memoir of Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs. By H. L. Abbott.

III.	On the Nature of Certain Solutions, and on a new means of investigating them.
By M. C. Lea.

IV.	The Relations of Allied Branches of Biological Research to the Study of the
Development of the Individual, and the Evolution of Groups. By Prof. A. Hyatt.

V.	The Endosiphonoidea (Endoceras, etc.), considered as a new order of Cepha-
lopods. By Prof. A. Hyatt.

VI.	A New Type of Fossil Cephalopods. By Prof. A. Hyatt.

VII.	Results of Recent Researches upon Fossil Cephalopods of the Carboniferous.
By Prof. A. Hyatt.

VIII.	Biographical Memoir of Julius Erasmus Hilgard. By Prof. E. W. Hilgard.

IX.	Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of America, North of Mexico: Part I—
Notodontidse. By Dr. A. S. Packard.

X.	Intermediary Orbits. By G. W. Hill.

XI.	The. Relations between the Statistics of Immigration and the Census Returns
of the Foreign-born Population of the United States. By Richmond Mayo-Smith.

XII.	Statistical Data for the Study of the Assimilation of Races and Nationalities
in the United States. By Richmond Mayo-Smith.

XIII.	Telegraphic Gravity Determinations. By Dr. T. C. Mendenhall.

XIV.	Comparison of Latitude Determinations at Waikiki. By Dr. T. C. Menden-
hall.

XV.	A One-volt Standard Cell. By H. S. Carhart.

XVI.	Fundamental Standards of Length and Mass. By Dr. T. C. Mendenhall.

XVII.	Peptonization in Gastric Digestion. By R. A. Chittenden.APPENDIX IX. .

Documents Delating to ti-ie World's Columbian Exposition.

AN ACT to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by

Christopher Columbus by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures,

and the products of the soil, mine, and sea in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois.

/ Whereas, it is fit and appropriate that the four hundredth anniversary of the
discovery of America be commemorated by an exhibition of the resources of the
United States of America, their development, and of the progress of civilization in
th e Ne w W or 1 d ; an d

Whereas, Such an exhibition should be of a national and international character,
so that not only the people of our Union and this continent, but those of all nations
as well, can participate, and should therefore have the sanction of the Congress
of the United States: Therefore,

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That an exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and
products of the soil, mine, and sea shall be inaugurated in the year eighteen hun-
dred and ninety-two, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, as hereinafter
provided.

Sec. 2. That a commission, to consist of two commissioners from each State and
Territory of the United States and from the District of Columbia and eight commis-
sioners at large, is hereby constituted to be designated as the World’s Columbian
Commission.

Sec. 3. That said commissioners, two from each State and Territory, shall be
appointed within thirty days from the passage of this act by the President of the
United States, on the nomination of the governors of the States and Territories,
respectively, and by the President eight commissioners at large and two from the
District of Columbia; and in the same manner and within the same time there shall
be appointed two alternate commissioners from each State and Territory of the
United States and the District of Columbia and eight alternate commissioners at large,
who shall assume and perform the duties of such commissioner or commissioners as
may be unable to attend the meetings of the said commission; and in such nomina-
tions and appointments each of the two leading political parties shall be,equally
represented. Vacancies in the commission nominated by the governors of the
several States and Territories, respectively, and also vacancies in the commission at
large and from the District of Columbia may be filled in the same manner and under
the same conditions as provided herein for their original appointment.

Sec. 4. That the Secretary of State of the United States shall, immediately after
ijlie passage of this act, notify the governors of the several States and Territories,
respectively, thereof and request such nominations to be made. The commissioners
so appointed shall be called together by the Secretary of State of the United States
in the city of Chicago, by notice to the commissioners, as soon as convenient after
"the appointment of said commissioners, and within thirty days thereafter. The
said commissioners, at said first meeting, shall organize by The election of such
officers and the appointment of such committees as they may deem expedient, and
for this purpose the commissioners present at said meeting shall constitute a
quorum.	.	,

316DOCUMENTS RELATING TO WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 317

Sec. 5. That, said commission he empowered in its discretion to accept for the
purposes of the World’s Columbian Exposition such site as may be selected and
offered and such plans and specifications of buildings to be erected for such purpose
at the expense of and tendered by the corporation organized under the laws of the
State of Illinois, known as “The 'World’s Exposition of Eighteen hundred and
ninety-two:” Provided, That said site so tendered and the buildings proposed to
be erected thereon shall be deemed by said commission adequate to the purposes of
said exposition: And provided, That said commission shall be satisfied that the said
corporation has an actual bona fide and valid subscription to its capital stock which
will secure the payment of at least five millions of dollars, of which not less than
five hundred thousand dollars shall have been paid in, and that the further sum of
five million dollars, making in all ten million dollars, will be provided by said cor_
poration in ample time for its needful use during the prosecution of the work for
the complete preparation for said exposition.

Sec. 6. That the said commission shall allot space for exhibitors, prepare a clas-
sification of exhibits, determine the plan and scope of the exposition, and shall
appoint all judges and examiners for the exposition, award all premiums, if any,
and general!}7 have charge of all intercourse with the exhibitors and the represent-
atives of foreign nations. And said commission is authorized and required to appoint
a board of lady managers of such nunfber and to perform such duties as may be pre-
scribed by said commission. Said board may appoint one or more members of all
committees authorized to award prizes for exhibits, which may be j>roduced in
whole or in part by female labor.

Sec. 7. That after the i>lans for said exposition shall be prepared by said corpora-
tion and approved by said commission, the rules and regulations of said corpora-
tion governing rates for entrance and admission fees, or otherwise affecting the
rights, privileges, or interests of the exhibitors or of the public, shall be fixed or
established by said corporation, subject, however, to such modification, if any, as
may be imposed by a majority of said commissioners.

Sec. 8. That the President is hereby empowered and directed to hold a naval
review in New York Harbor, in April, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and to
extend to foreign nations an invitation to send ships of war to join the United
States Navy in rendezvous at Hampton Roads and proceed thence to said review.

Sec. 9. That said commission shall provide for the dedication of the buildings of
the World’s Columbian Exposition in said city of Chicago on the twelfth day of
October, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, with appropriate ceremonies, and said
exj)osition shall be open to visitors not later than the first day of May, eighteen hun-
dred and ninety-three, and shall be closed at such time as the commission may
determine, but not later than the thirtieth day of October thereafter.

Sec. 10. That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified by
the commission that provision has been made for grounds and buildings for the uses
herein provided for and there has also been filed with him by the said corporation,
known as “The World’s Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety-two,” satisfac-
tory x>roof that a sum not less than ten million dollars, to be used and expended for
the x}urposes of the exposition herein authorized, has in fact been raised or provided
for by subscription or other legally binding means, he shall be authorized, through
the Department of State, to make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time
at which the exposition will open and close, and the place at which it will be held;
and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations
copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the com-
mission, for publication in their respective countries, and he shall, in behalf of the.
Government and people, invite foreign nations to take part in the said exposition
and appoint representatives thereto.

Sec. 11. That all articles which shall be imported from foreign countries for the
sole purpose of exhibition at said exposition, upon which there shall be a tariff or318

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

customs duty, shall he admitted free of payment of duty, customs fees, or charges
under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but it shall
be lawful at any time during the exhibition to sell for delivery at the close of the
exposition any goods or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the
exposition buildings or on its grounds, subject to such regulations for the security
of the revenue and for the collection of the import duties as the Secretary of the
Treasury shall prescribe: Provided,‘That all such articles when sold or withdrawn
for consumption in the United States shall be subject to the duty, if. any, imposed
upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of importation, and all
penalties prescribed by law shall be applied and enforced against such articles, and
against the persons who may be guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal.

Sec. 12. That the sum of twenty thousand dollars, or as much thereof as may be
necessary, be, and the same is'hereby, appropriated, out of any moneys in the
Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the remainder of the present fiscal year
and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, to
be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury for purposes con-
nected with the admission of foreign goods to said exhibition.

Sec. 13. That it shall be the duty of the commission to make report from time to
time, to the President of the United States of the progress of the work, and, in a
final report, present a full exhibit of the results of the exposition.

Sec. 14. That the commission hereby authorized shall exist no longer than until
the first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight.

Sec. 15. That the United States shall not in any manner, nor under any circum-
stances, be liable for any of the acts, doings, proceedings or representations of the
said corporation organized under- the laws of the State of Illinois, its officers,
agents, servants, or employes, or any of them, or for the service, salaries, labor, or
wages of said officers, agents, servants, or employes, or any of them, or for any sub-
scriptions to the capital stock, or for any certificates of stock, bonds, mortgages, or
obligations of any kind issued by said corporation or for any debts, liabilities, or
expenses of any kind whatever attending such corporation or accruing by reason of
the same.

Sec. 16. That there shall be exhibited at said exposition by the Government of
the United States, from its Executive Departments, the Smithsonian Institution,
the United States .Fish Commission, and the National Museum, such articles and
materials as illustrate the function and administrative faculty of the Government
in time of peace and its resources as a war power, tending to demonstrate the
nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people; and to
secure a complete and harmonious arrangement of such a Government exhibit, a
board shall be created to be charged with the selection, preparation, arrangement,
safe-keeping, .and exhibition of such articles and materials as the heads of the sev-
eral Departments and the directors of the Smithsonian Institution and National
Museum may respectively decide shall be embraced in said Government exhibit.
The President may also designate additional articles for exhibition. Such board
shall be composed of one person to be named by the head of each Executive Depart-
ment, and one by the directors of the Smithsonian Institution^ and National
Museum, and one by the Fish Commission, such selections to be approved by the
President of the United States. The .President shall name the chairman of said
board, and the board itself shall select such other officers as it may deem necessary.

That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to place on
exhibition, upon such grounds as shall be allotted for the purpose, one of the life-
saving stations authorized to bo constructed on the coast of the United States by
existing law, and to cause the same to be fully equipped with all apparatus, furni-
ture, and appliances now in use in all life-saving stations in the United States, said
building and apparatus to be removed at the close of the exhibition and re-'erected
at the place now authorized by law.DOCUMENTS RELATING TO WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 319

Sec. 17. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause a suitable building or
buildings to be erected on the site selected for the World’s Columbian Exposition
for the Government exhibits, as provided in this act, and he is hereby authorized
and directed to contract therefor, in the same manner and under the same regula-
tions as for other public buildings of the United States; but the contracts for said
building or buildings shall not exceed the sum of four hundred thousand dollars,
and for the remainder of the fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth,
eighteen hundred and ninety one, there is hereby appropriated for said building
or buildings, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise approximated, the sum
of one hundred thousand dollars. The Secretary of the Treasury shall cause-the
said building or buildings to be constructed as far as possible, of iron, steel, and
glass, or of such other material as may be taken out and sold to the best advantage;
and he is authorized and required to dispose of such building or buildings, or the
material composing the same, at the close of the exposition, giving preference to
the city of Chicago, or to the said World’s Exposition of eighteen hundred and
ninety-two to purchase the same at an appraised value to be ascertained in such,
manner as he may determine.

Sec. 18. That for the purpose of paying the expenses of transportation, care, and.
custody of exhibits by the Government and the maintenance of the building or
buildings hereinbefore provided for, and the safe return of articles belonging.to the
said Government exhibit, and for. the expenses of the commission created by this
act, and other contingent expenses, to be approved by the Secretary of the Treas-
ury, upon itemized accounts and vouchers, there is hereby appropriated for the
remainder of this fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen
hundred and ninety-one, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropri-
ated, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be neces-
sary : Provided, That the United States shall not be liable, on account of the erec-
tion of buildings, expenses of the commission or any of its officers or employees, or
on account of any exx>enses incident to or growing out of said exposition for a sum
exceeding in the aggregate one million five hundred thousand dollars.

Sec. 19. That the commissioners and alternate commissioners appointed under
this act shall not be entitled to any compensation for their services out of the Treas-
ury of the United States, except their actual expenses for transportation and the
sum of six dollars per day for subsistence for each day they are necessarily absent
from their homes on the business of said commission. The officers of said commis-
sion shall receive such compensation as may be fixed by said commission, subject to
the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, which shall be paid out of the sums
appropriated by Congress in aid of such exposition.

Sec. 20. That nothing fin this act shall be so construed as to create any liability
of the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, nor for
any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury of the
United States in support or liquidation of any debts or obligations created by said
commission in excess of appropriations made by Congress therefor.

Sec. 21. That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to override or interfere
with the laws of any State, and all contracts made in any State for the purposes of
the exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof.

Sec. 22. That no member of said commission, whether an officer or otherwise,
shall be personally liable for any debt or obligation which may be created or
incurred by the said commission.

(Public—No. 81.1 Approved, April 25, 1890.320	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

JOINT RESOLUTION authorizing the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to send articles
illustrative of the life and development of the industries of women to the World’s Columbian Expo-
sition.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution he, and he
hereby is, authorized to prepare and send, for exhibition in the Woman’s Building
of the World’s Columbian Exposition, any article now in his custody, or oh exhibi-
tion in the National Museum, illustrative of the life and development of the indus-
tries of women.

(Public resolution—No. 17.) Approved, March 3, 1893.

WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

Government Exhibit : For the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation,
installation, care and custody, and return of such articles and materials as the heads
of the several Executive Departments, the Smithsonian Institution and National
Museum, and the United States Fish Commission may decide shall be embraced in
the Government exhibit, and such additional articles as the President may designate
for sard Exposition, and for the employment of projoer persons as officers and assist-
ants to the Board of Control and Management of the Government exhibit, appointed
by the President, of which not exceeding ten thousand dollars may be expended by
said Board for clerical services one hundred and fifty thousand seven hundred and
fifty dollars; of which sum fifty thousand dollars shall be immediately available,
Provided, That the sum of eight thousand dollars or so much thereof as may be
necessary, may be expended under the supervision of the board of Control of the
United States Government exhibit in the collection, preparation, packing, transpor-
tation, installation, and care while exhibited of articles loaned or donated by the
colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts in the several States for the display in the
agricultural building of the Exposition, of the means and methods of giving instruc-
tion in the so-called land-grant college of the United States, and for re-packing and
returning this property at the close of the Exposition, the same to be taken from the
sum apportioned to the Agricultural Department; and ten thousand dollars addi-
tional for special expenses attending the naval exhibit of the model of a battle ship.

World’s Columbian Commission: For the World’s Columbian Commission, two-
hundred and eleven thousand three hundred and seventy-five dollars, of which sum
ninety-three thousand one hundred and ninety dollars shall be used for the Board of
Lady Managers; and twenty-five thousand dollars of the last sum is hereby made
immediately available; and ten thousand dollars of the appropriation for the Board
of Lady Managers shall be paid in souvenir coins of the denomination of twenty-
five cents, and for that purpose there shall be coined at the mints of the. United
States silver quarter dollars of the legal weight and fineness, not to exceed forty
thousand pieces, the devices and designs upon which shall be prescribed by the
Director of the Mint, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury; and said
silver coins shall be manufactured from uncurrent subsidiary silver coins now in the
Treasury; and all provisions of law relative to the coinage, legal-tender quality,
and redemption of the present subsidiary silver coins shall be applicable to the coins
herein authorized to bo issued; and a sum not exceeding five thousand dollars may
be used by the Director-General in his discretion for incidental and contingent
expenses of his office.

To enable said Commission and the Board of Lady Managers to give effect to and
execute the provisions of section six of the act of Congress approved April twenty-
fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety, authorizing the World’s Columbian Exposition,
and appropriating money therefor, relating to committees, judges, and examiners
for the Exposition, and the granting of awards, five hundred and seventy thousandDOCUMENTS RELATING TO WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 321

eight hundred and eighty dollars, or so much thereof as in the judgment of the
Lady Managers may he necessary, of which sum twenty-five thousand dollars shall
he immediately available: Provided, "That of this sum one hundred thousand dollars
shall be devoted to the payment of judges, examiners, and members of committees
to be appointed by the Board of Lady Managers,, as authorized by said section. And
Provided further, That said sum of five hundred and seventy thousand eight hundred
and eighty dollars shall be a charge against the World’s Columbian Exposition, and
that of the moneys appropriated for the benefit of the World’s Columbian Exposi-
tion, amounting to two million five hundred thousand dollars, under the act of
August fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, five hundred and seventy thousand
eight hundred and eighty dollars shall be retained by the Secretary of the Treasury
until said World’s Columbian Exposition shall have furnished to the satisfaction of
the Secretary of the Treasury, full and adequate security for the return and repay-
ment, by said World’s Columbian Exposition to the Treasury, of the sum of five
hundred and seventy thousand eight hundred and eighty dollars, on or before October
first, eighteen hundred and ninety-three; and until such security shall have been
furnished by said World’s Columbian Exposition, this appropriation, or any portion
thereof, shall not be available.

That section three of the act in aid of the Columbian Exposition, approved August
fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, is hereby amended to read as follows:

“Sec. 3. That not to exceed fifty thousand bronze medals and the necessary dies
therefor, with appropriate devices, emblems and inscriptions commemorative of the
said Exposition celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of
America by Christopher Columbus, shall be prepared under the supervision of the
Secretary of the Treasury ; and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, under the
supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall prepare plates and make there-
from not to exceed fifty thousand impressions for diplomas at a total cost not to
exceed one hundred and three thousand dollars. Said medals and diplomas shall,
be delivered to the World’s Columbian Commission, to be awarded to exhibitors in
accordance with the provisions of said act of Congress approved April twenty-fifth,
eighteen hundred and ninety, and there is hereby appropriated from any moneys in
the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of one hundred and three thousand
dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to pay the expenditures authorized
by this section”

And every person who within the United States or any Territory thereof, without,
lawful authority, makes, or willingly aids or assists in making, or causes or procures-
to be made, any dies, hub, plate, or mold, either in steel or of plaster, or any other-
substance whatsoever, in the likeness or similitude as to the design, or inscription
thereon, of any die, hub, plate, or mold, designated for the striking of the medals
and diplomas of award for the World’s Columbian Exposition, as provided in section,
three of the act approved August fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety-two, or conceals*
or shall have in his possession', any such die, hub, plate, or mold hereinbefore men-
tioned, with intent to fraudulently or unlawfully use the same for counterfeiting-
the medals and diplomas hereinbefore mentioned, or who shall fraudulently or unlaw-
fully have in his possession or cause to be circulated any duplicate or counterfeit
medal or diploma not authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury, shall upon con-
viction thereof be punished by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars, and be
imprisoned at hard labor not more than ten years or both, at the discretion of the
court,

(Public—No. 124.) Sundry Civil Act. Approved March 3, 1893.

H. Mis. 184, pt. 2------21322	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM^ 1893.

WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

Government Exhibit : For the selection, purchase, preparation, and arrangement
of such articles and materials as the heads of the several Executive Departments,
the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, and the United States Fish Com-
mission may decide shall he embraced in the Government exhibit, and such addi-
tional articles as the President may designate for said Exposition, and for the
employment of proper persons as officers and assistants to the Board of Control and
Management of the Government exhibit, appointed by the President, of which not
exceeding five thousand dollars may be expended, by the said Board for clerical
services the sum of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated
for the service of the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-
two ; and any moneys heretofore appropriated in aid of said Government exhibit may
be used in like manner and for like purposes: Provided, That all expenditures made for
the purposes and from the appropriation specified herein shall be subject to the
aiiproval of the said Board of Control and Management, and of the Secretary of the
Treasury, as now provided by law.

World’s Columbian Commission: For the World’s Columbian Commission,
ninety-five thousand five hundred dollars, of which sum thirty-six thousand dollars
shall be used for the Board of Lady Managers.

For expenses connected writh the admission of foreign goods to the Exposition,
as set forth in section twelve of the act creating the Commission, approved April
twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety, twenty thousand dollars;

For contingent expenses of the World’s Congress Auxiliary of the World’s Colum-
bian Exposition, two thousand five hundred dollars.

And the several sums herein appropriated for the World’s Columbian Exposition
shall be deemed a part of the sum of one million five hundred thousand dollars, the
limit of liability of the United States on account thereof fixed by the act of April
twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and ninety, authorizing said Exposition.

(Public—No. 143.) From Sundry Civil Act. Approved March 3, 1891.

WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

Government Exhibit: For the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation,
installation, care and custody, and arrangement of such articles and materials as the
heads of the several Executive Departments, the Smithsonian Institution, and
National Museum, and the United States Fish Commission may decide shall be
embraced in the Government exhibit, and such additional articles as the President
may designate for said Exposition, and for the employment of proper persons as
officers and assistants to the Board of Control and Management of the Government
exhibit, appointed by the President, of which not exceeding five thousand dollars
may be expended by said Board for clerical services, four hundred and eight thou-
sand two hundred and fifty dollars: Provided, That all expenditures for the purposes
and from the appropriation specified herein shall be subject to the approval of the
said Board of Control and Management and of the Secretary of the Treasury, as now
provided by law.

World’s Columbian Commission: For the World’s Columbian Commission, two
hundred and thirty thousand dollars of which sum one hundred and ten thousand
dollars shall be used for the Board of Lady Managers: Provided, That all expense of
administration and installation in the Woman’s building shall be paid by the World’s
Columbian Exposition: Provided That the salaries of the Director-General and Sec-
retary of the Commission shall not exceed eight thousand dollars and three thou-
sand dollars respectively per annum, and a sum not exceeding five thousand dollars
may be used by the Director-General in his discretion for incidental and contingentDOCUMENTS RELATING TO WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 323

expenses of his office, and there shall not he more than two meetings of the World’s
Columbian Commission or of the Board of Lady Managers during the fiscal year eight-
een hundred and ninety.-three.

And the sums herein appropriated for the World’s Columbian .Exposition shall be
in full of the liability of the United States on. account thereof: Provided, That the
Government Exhibits at the World’s Columbian Exposition shall not be opened to
the public on Sundays.

That the Secretary of War be, and he hereby is, authorized at his discretion to
detail for special duty in connection with the World’s Columbian Exposition, such
officers of the Army as may be required, to report to the general commanding the
Department of the Missouri, and the officers thus detailed shall not be subject to
loss of pay or rank on account of such detail, nor shall any officer or employee of
the United States receive additional pay or compensation because of service con-
nected with said Exposition from the United States or from said Exposition.

(Public—No. 202.) From Sundry Civil Act. Approved August 5, 1892.APPENDIX X.

Documents in Delation to the Columbian Historical Exhi-
bition in Madrid, 1892.

No. 1.

ACT OF CONGRESS PROVIDING FOR THE REPRESENTATION OF THE
UNITED STATES AT THE COMMEMORATION OF THE FOURTH CENTURY
OF THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.

[Public—No. 62.]

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the following sums, or so much thereof as may he neces-
sary, he, and the same are hereby, appropriated, out of any money in the Treas-
ury not otherwise appropriated, for the objects hereinafter expressed, for the service
of the fiscal year eighteen hundred and ninety-two, namely:

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid : For the expense of representa-
tion of the United States at the Columbian Historical Exposition to be held in
Madrid in eighteen hundred and ninety-two in commemoration of the four hun-
dredth anniversary of the discovery of America, fifteen thousand dollars, or so much
thereof as may be necessary, to be expended under the direction and in the discretion
of the Secretary of State; and the President is hereby authorized to appoint a commis-
sioner-general andtwo assistant commissioners, who may, in his discretion, be selected
from the active or retired list of the Army or Navy, and shall serve without other com-
pensation than that to which they are now entitled by law, to represent the United
States at said exposition; that it shall be the duty of such commissioners to select from
the archives of the United States, from the National Museum, and from the various
Executive Departments of the Government such pictures, books, papers, documents,
and other articles as piay relate to the discovery and early settlement of America
and the aboriginal inhabitants thereof,- and they shall be authorized to secure the
loan of similar articles from other museums and private collections, and arrange,
classify, and install them as the exhibit of the United States at the said exposition;
that the President is authorized to cause the detail of officers from the active or
retired list of the Army and Navy, to serve without compensation other than that
to which they are now entitled by law, as assistants to said commissioners; and the
said commissioners shall be authorized to employ such clerical and’ other assistance
jas may be necessary, subject to the approval of the Secretary of State.

Approved May 13,1892.

In the Sundry Civil appropriation bill, approved August 5, 1892, an
appropriation was made in the following words:

Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid For expenses of representation
of the United States at said exposition, ten thousand dollars.

324COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION IN MADRID, 1892.	325

No. 2.

DECREE OF THE QUEEN REGENT OF SPAIN CONCERNING THE COM-
MEMORATION OF THE FOURTH CENTURY OF THE DISCOVERY OF

AMERICA.

Atendiendo b las razones quo Me lia expuesto el Presidente del Consejo de Minis-
tros;

En nonibre de Mi Augusto Hijo el Rey D. Alfonso XIII, y como Reina Regente
del Reino,

Vengo en deoretar lo siguiente:

Articulo 1. La Comisi6n nombrada por el segundo de los Reaies decretos de 28
de Febrero de 1888, con ocasion de los festejos acordados por el Gobierno para con-
memorar el cuarto Centenario del descubrimiento del Nuevo • Mundo, y de la cual
forman parte las mbs altas representaciones del Estado, continuarb funcionando
como basta aqul, y poniendo por obra las resoluciones que baya adoptado ya; b que
en lo sncesivo adopte.

Art. 2. Habra, porseparado, en adelante, nna Junta directiva del Centenario, com-
puesta de los tres individuos del Gobierno que mbs eficazmente puedan intervenir en
su celebracibn, de varios miembros de la Comisi6n referida, y de las personas que se
designaran despubs, la cual ba de atender, en primer termino, b la ejecueibn de los
proyectos que dieron especial materia al primero de los decretos antes citados, ejecu-
cibn encargada entonces b los Ministros de Estado, Guerra y Ultramar. Al propio
tiempo servirb de vinculo esta Junta entre el Gobierno en su coujunto, la Comisibn
ya existente, y cuantas Corporaciones b Sociedades coadyuven voluntariamente al
mayor lustre del Centenario.

Art. 3. La Exposicion de objetos americanos de que trata el art. 2° del referido
primer decreto, no se extendera ya b aquellos que en la actualidad caracterizan la
cultnra de los pueblos de America, ni b otros ningunos de la misma region que sean
de posterior fecba a la mitad del siglo xvi. Limitarbse, por tanto, abora b presentar
de la manera mils completa que sea posible, segun preceptuaba la priera parte de
dicbo art. 2°, el estado en que se ballaban por los dias del descubrimiento, y de las
prineipales eonquistas europeas, los pobladores de America, agrupando al efecto
cuantos objetos concurran b dar idea del origen y progreso de su relativa cultura.

Art. 4. Todo lo demas dispuesto por virtud del articulo que lleva este mismo
niimero en el primer decreto mencionado permanece en su vigor, con exclusion de la
mision maritima que el anterior articulo prevenia.

Art. 5. Juntamente con la Exposicion definida en el tercer articulo de este decreto,
se celebrarb otra, en Madrid tambien, la cual ba de comprender las manifestaciones
todas del trabajo y la cultura peninsular, desde principios de la restauraei6n visi-
goda basta la segunda mitad del siglo xvi.

Art. 6. El Gobierno adoptarb por si, y desde luego, cuantas disposiciones sean
necesarias para que una y otra Exposici6n cuenten con edificios publicos capaces y
bajo todos conceptos apropiados al caso.

Art. 7. Habiendose asimismo de celebrar el proximo Congreso de Americanistas
en Espana, el Gobibrno de S. M., a quien ba quedado confiada la designacibn de
ciudad y de edificio, acuerda que tenga aquel lugar en la provincia de Huelva y su
monasterio de Santa Marla de la Rbbida, inmediato b Palos de Moguer.

Art. 8. De conformidad con la precedente resolucibn, el Gobierno tomarb sin
demora tambibn las medidas indispensables para la consolidacibn, restauracibn,
apropiacibn y embellecimento posible del antecitado monasterio y sus alrededores,
baciendo por igual manera mbs accesible el embarcadero de Palos, b fin de facilitar
las visitas que ba de atraer la conmemoracibn del grande acontecimiento en aquellos
sitios comenzado.

Art. 9. La Junta directiva, como la Comisibn establecida tiempo Race, tendrb por
Presidente al del Consejo de Ministros, y su Vicepresidente serb asimismo miembro
de la ultima.326

REPOET OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Art. 10. Formardn parie cle esta Junta los Ministros de Estado, Fomento y Ultra-
mar? directamente obligados d ejecutar sns acuerdos, el Alcalde de Madrid y los dos
Secretarios de la Comision varias veces eitada, sin contar otros miembros de ella que
por distintos eonceptos sean llamados. Serdn particnlarmente invitados d compartir
los trabajos.de la Junta el Ministro Plenpotenciario de Portugal y una de las Repub-
licas bispano-americanas. De igual modo se invitard d los Presidentes de la Unidn
Ibero-americana, desde su fundacion, d los que actualmente lo sean del Ateneo
Cientffico, Literario y Artfstico de Madrid, del Fomento de las Artes, de la Camara
de Comercio, del Circulo de la Uni6n Mercantil y el de la Sociedad de Escritores y
Artistas. Con identico derecbo que los demds tomardn asimismo parte enlas delibe-
racidiies de dicba Junta, cuando lo soliciten, los Alcaldes de Granada, Valladolid,
Barcelona y Huelva, y el Presidents de la Sociedad Colombina Onubense. Cuando
no asuma su representaci6n correspondiente cualquiera de las personas antecitadas,
podra bacer sus veces la que legltimamente le- sustituya en sus funciones.

Art. 11. El Gobierno agregard d esta Junta en lo sucesivo d los representantes
autorizados de cualesquiera otras corporaciones que contribuyan d las fiestas del
Centenario.

Art. 12. Ten dr a la Junta dos Secretdrios y dos Vicesecretarios, escogidos fuera de
las mencionadas categorias, pero con voz y voto como los demds.

Art. 13. La Junta directiva se dividird en cuatro Secciones: una que el Ministro
de Estado presidird, y ba de tener d su cargo las necesarias .gestiones para que de
America y Europa se remita d Madrid el mayor niimero posible de los objetos que
requiere la Exposicion de Arqueologfa y de Historia americana, asi como todo lo
concerniente d su organizacion; otra, de que serd Presidente el Ministro de
Fomento, que d la preparaci6n de los lugares y edificios publicos consagrados d Expo-
si ciones y festejos, reunird el especial encargo de estimular y disponer la Exposicion
del trabajo peninsular, durante las dpocas ya determinadas; otra que, bajo la presi-
dencia del Ministro de Ultramar, entenderd en todo lo referente al Congreso de
Amerieanistas en Huelva y d los festejos oficiales que en aquella provincia se cele-
bren, preparando y ordenando ademas el transporte d la Peninsula de los objetos que
de America se destinen d las Exposiciones; otra, por ultimo, cuya presidencia
desempenard el Vicepresidente de la Junta directiva, y que ba de tomar d su cargo
cuanto tenga relacion con las Corporaciones no oficiales que bajo cualquier forma
tomen voluntaria parte en la conmemoracidn del Centenario.

Art. 14. Los' dos Secretarios y los dos Vicesecretarios se repartirdn entre estas
cuatro Secciones. Se distribuirdn asimismo los Vocales de la Junta directiva con
la proporcidn posible entre las dicbas Secciones, procurando que d cada cual per-
tenezcan los que representan elementos mds congruentes d su especial encargo.

Art. 15. A cada Seccion corresponde el nombramiento de Delegado general yDele-
gados especiales que liayan de estar al frente de las Exposiciones acordadas y de los
demds actos y festejos que para la conmemoracidn del Centenario dispongan. '

Art. 16. Las reuniones de la Junta directiva como la de la Comisidn existente, se
convocardn por su presidencia cornun, la cual deberd acordarlas siempre que los
Presidentes de Secciones lo deman den.

Art. 17. Las fiestas de Huelva podrdn dar principio el 3 de Agosto de 1892, al
amanecer, y dilatarse basta el 3 de Noviembre del mismo ano. Las Exposiciones y
festejos de Madrid empezardn con iluminacion de los edificios publicos y de los par-
ticulares que lo tengan d bien en la nocbe del 11 al 12 de Setiembre del ano citado.

Art. 18. La nueva Junta directiva, as! como sus Secciones, disfrutardn en sus
comunicaciones oficiales la franquicia postal y telegrdfica que, tratdndose de un
servicio publico, corresponde.

Art. 19. A la propia Junta queda especialmente sometida la reglamentacidn gene-
ral de las Exposiciones y de los festejos combinados, y desde luego ird prepardndola
para su oportuna publicacidn.COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION IN MADRID, 1892.	32 7

" Art. 20'. Queda derogado el primero de los decretos de 28 de Febrero de 1888, en
cuanto se oponga a las presentes disposiciones. Tambi&u se entenderd modificado
el segundo, si en algo se opone d elias.

Dado en Palacio d nneve de Enero de mil ocbocientos noventa y nno.

Maria Cristina.

El Presidente del Consejo de Ministros,

Antonio Canovas del Castillo.

No. 3.

REPORT OF THE MINISTRY OF SPAIN TO THE QUEEN REGENT, CON-
CERNING THE COMMEMORATION OF THE FOURTH CENTURY OF THE

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA.

[Translation.]

Senora: In deference to tbe glorious past of the country, your majesty's previous
ministry submitted for royal approval tbe two decrees of February 28, 1888, for an
exposition to commemorate, in a worthy manner, the fourth centenary of the discov-
ery of America. In order to carry out these plans, inspired by sincere sentiments,
with the efficacy and rapidity which such enterprises demand, we have clearly
traced, and indeed gone over, in great part, the road by which the desired end will
be reached. But in spite of the good will of all, and for reasons which it would be
idle to investigate at the present time, almost three years have gone by without any-
thing having been prepared or even considered.

Some very important rules have been adopted, notwithstanding, and are about
to be put into execution by the zealous commission appointed under the second of
the aforenamed royal decrees. It will publish, without delay, scholarly volumes
intended to illustrate minutely the history of the discovery and, in greater or lesser
degree, cause the creation of works of art to contribute to the commemoration of
that unparalleled exploit. But even though counting upon such efforts, and upon the
special poetic award recently offered by the Royal Spanish Academy, and upon other
interesting projects of private associations, there is still much to be done and the
time is very short. In order to facilitate the carrying out of the work, the present
decree is offered which, upon some points, alters the former provisions, but retains
the essential bases and elaborates them.

It is well known that though Columbus tore away the veil which hid the New
from the Old World, to our country belongs the honor. If the holy Christian religion
illumines to-day the consciences of the human race from Cape Horn to the heart of
Mexico it is due to the Spaniards. If Europeans enjoy.the wealth of the rich Amer-
ican soil, they owe a debt of gratitude to the untiring labor and to the unyielding
valor of our forefathers. For these reasons, though the event ma}^ be of international
and cosmopolitan interest, it concerns above all the Spanish people on both hemi-
spheres. So certain is this that foreign potentates repress the murmurings of their
amour propre, and taci tly or expressedly accord to Spain the right to take the initia-
tive in the commemoration of the event. And the peoples of the New World will
admit, with greater reason even, that Spanish soil is like the fatherland of the
Europeans in America, although they are not all descended from us, nor even speak
our native tongue. But whilst we cannot refuse, without dishonor, to undertake
the flattering task assigned us, it would, on the other hand, be presumptuous to try
to compete with the gigantic national demonstration of pride and enthusiasm
which have been displayed in other places than Spain. For many well known
reasons we are unable, for the present, to enter into such costly rivalries.

The modesty of the people who have lost what once they held within their grasp f
the destinies of the world, is suited to their dignity which might be compromised by
vain ostentation,328

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

Tliis must have been the conviction of your majesty's former ministry when it did
not think, as others did, that the fourth centenary of the discovery of America
should be celebrated in Madrid by an international exposition. But what is now
proposed goes still farther, and does not limit the exposition simply to an industrial
exhibit by the HiSpano-Americans, who recently proved, in their sumptuous struc-
tures at the Paris exhibition, their common and increasing prosperity. It is not
obligatory, for this reason, that such a display should be made at the approaching
•centenary. Fortunately, we of the Peninsula and of America possess other elements
which, together with those we may be able to borrow, for the purpose from foreigners,
would be sufficient to form a basis for a demonstration appropriate to the occasion.
No Hispano-American country can fail to possess, as does the mother country, in
museums, and in the hands of private individuals, pre-Columbian relics and those
contemporaneous with the discovery which, brought together, would excite their
common remembrances with no slight benefit both as to science and art. Hence the
Government of your majesty proposes to organize a simple exhibit of such articles,
renouncing, for lack of sufficient means and time, any more arduous enterprise.
From such an exposition might be gathered abundant fruits for the study of archae-
ology, anthropology, and above all of history, if, in view of the wishes of Spain and
still more of the occasion which inspires them, other nations should concur, as there
are many such possessing full collections of the desired objects.

The commission constituted in February, 1888, had begun to discuss another sort
of exposition, and the present ministry has hastened to put it into execution. The
plan is to collect the greatest number possible of the specimens of Iberian produc-
tions anterior to the discovery of America, from the time when the new nations of
the Peninsula were being formed until/when triumphant within themselves, they
sought and found vast territories beyond the seas in which to extend their power. By
this means it will not only be possible but easy to compare the respective conditions
of culture of conquered and conquerors at the time when they came together, without
discriminating among the latter, between Spaniards and Portuguese, although at
present they belong to separate and independent states. The fame of incomparable
discoverers belongs to us in common, and Spain has always included Portugal in its
present plans. No one is ignorant that the cathedrals, churches, museums and
private galleries of the nobility of the Peninsula contain precious works of Iberian
art collected during the long period referred to, and, perhaps, for the greater part
unknown; It may be hoped, therefore, that this second exposition, combined with
the first, will redound to the credit of both.

Meanwhile, it is an important fact that the present ministry does not forget that
these two enterprises are not restricted by their official character, but will rather
stimulate the zeal of private individuals, in general, and that of their several and
independent centers of action. Anyone who wishes to do so may bring to the com-
mon treasury his intelligence and abilities with all the enthusiasm and freedom he
possesses. But it cannot be denied that it is necessary that between the private
individuals and the officials there should be established sufficient union as to render
each other effectual assistance, and avoid, at least, disturbing each other in their
respective efforts, so that the free actions of each may not degenerate into anarchy.
And in fact it must be stated that this is not the least of the means, in virtue of
which, the ministry now proposes to your majesty to appoint a committee of direc-'
tion which shall concentrate, assist, and lend organic force to all the elements offered
to the enterprise.

As a matter of course your majesty's ministry will still have the supreme control,
because of its greater powers and its national character; but this will not interfere
with any private efforts which coincide with the endeavors to obtain a good result.

The expositions alluded to and many of the larger entertainments will, of course,
take place in Madrid; but the ministry also desires that the assistance of the com-
mittee of direction, as well as that of the existing commission, should be extendedCOLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION IN MADRID, 1892,	32 9

to the provinces and cities desiring it, and above all to such as possess the clearest
titles as prominent actors in the centenary celebration. Granada, Santa Fe, Valla-
dolid, Barcelona, Sevilla and certain places in Huelva, all of which are doubtless
included in the number, will to the best of their respective abilities join with Madrid
in this laudable and patriotic manifestation. But it is impossible not to recognize
that Huelva, with its never-to-be-forgotten though modest monastery of Santa Maria
de la Rabida, and its neighboring coast, rather than port, of Palos de Moguer, where
Columbus found asylum, resources and men to second and accompany him, and from
which sailed the ships that first reached the New World, deserves on the part of the
Government particular attention. It has been arranged that that place and that
arm of the sea will be traversed, during the first days of the centenary celebration,
by the members of the congress of Americanists who will celebrate in Huelva their
ninth anniversary.

On the other hand, the committee appointed under the second of the decrees of
1888, so frequently cited, had already thought of commencing operations in those
famous places on the occasion of the centenary. It is now the part of the Govern-
ment to see that those intentions are extended and fulfilled. And when all the
foregoing shall have been well considered, it will be clearly seen that there remains
so much to be done to carry out the intentions of the former and of the present
ministry, that assiduous and active work will be needed so as to combine all the
elements into a useful and complete entirety. This is the object to be attained by
the committee of direction which, in virtue of this decree, is to be appointed. In
particular the ministers, who form an important part of the committee, from hence-
forward have no time to lose, knowing that, of necessity, they will have a most diffi-
cult and complicated part to perform. In these special duties the whole ministry
will assist, whenever necessary, without extravagant expectations but without dis-
couragement, should your majesty give your approval to the accompanying project
of the royal decree.

Madrid, January 9,1891.

Senora: A. L. R. P. de V. M.,

Antonio Canovas del Castillo,

No. 4.

CLASSIFICATION FOR THE HISTORIC AMERICAN EXPOSITION, MADRID,

1892.

I.—Pre-Columbian Period'.

FIRST GROUP.

Caverns.—Models, reproductions, plans, drawings, etc., of ancient American caves
which may show indications of having served as habitations of Man.

Monuments, etc.—Models, reproductions, plans, drawings, etc., of the prehistoric
monuments of America, from the menhir, to the dolmens, tumuli, and other
megalithic monuments.

Lake-dtvellers.—Models, reproductions, etc., of remains of lacustrine dwellings. (The
representations of prehistoric monuments should be accompanied by the objects
found in or near them or by reproductions.)

Prehistoric arts, etc.,—Paleolithic and neolithic periods.—Arms and instruments of
stone; instruments of horn and bone; ceramics; adornments and utensils of
bone, ivory, marble, wood, stone, or any other substance; objects carved or
engraved with stone instruments; stone hammers and mortars; fossils or bones
of animals which serve to verify archaeological discoveries; copper and bronze
objects; objects belonging to other sciences, such as geology and paleontology,
which may serve to throw light upon the so-called prehistoric age of America.330

REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

SECOND GKOUP.

Historic times.

Monuments of architecture.—Models or reproductions of ancient American buildings,
military, civic, religious, funereal, etc. Remains of walls, busts, capitals, archi-
traves, friezes, cornices, etc. Polychromatic architecture. Architectonic monu-
ments restored in models or in drawings and plans.

Monuments of sculpture.—Statues, pieces or fragments of the same, busts, reliefs,,
etc., including intaglio work.

Monuments of painUng.—Paintings of all kinds.

Monuments of engraving.—Incised designs of all kinds.

THIRD GROUP.

Industrial and fine arts.

Dress.—Costumes and parts and accessories. Adornments.

Weapons and arms.—Offensive and defensive weapons of wood, copper, bronze, and-
iron.

Gold and silver work.—Gold and silver articles, necklaces, earrings, etc.

Carving.—Objects of bone, ivory, etc.

Ceramics.—Objects of clay of all kinds. Glass.

Copper and bronze work.—Copper and bronze objects of all kinds.

Ironwork.—Ironwork of all kinds.

■Woven goods.—Woven tissues and the textile products used in their manufacture.

Stone and marble work.—All kinds of objects made of stone.

Industrial and artistic materials.—Instruments, machinery, manufactures, and every-
thing relating to the production of industrial or artistic articles. Means of
locomotion by land, river, or sea.

EOURTI-I GROUP.

Literary productions.

Epigraphy.—Ancient inscriptions on different, materials.

Paleography.—Documents, manuscripts, etc.

Cartography.—Plans, charts, diagrams, and everything relating thereto.

FIFTH GROUP.

Appendix to the first section.

■ Naval architecture, etc.—Remains or models of vessels, objects, utensils, etc., used in
voyages toward America previous to the Columbian period, classified according”
to antiquity.

II.—Columbian and Post-Columbian Period.

sixth group.

Nautical adjuncts to the Discovery of Columbus.—Caravels,- models, and reproductions
or drawings of the same, parts, rigging, etc. Astrolabes and mathematical and
nautical instruments which may have been used in the vessels of discovery..
Sailing charts and maps.

SEVENTH GROUP.

Columbus relics.—Objects which might have belonged to Columbus.

EIGHTH GROUP.

Fine arts.

Monumenis of architecture in post-Columbian architecture, the product of American
art as well as that of the Spanish or other European nations.COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION IN MADRID, 1892.	331

Monuments of sculpture in America, of the. post-Colnmbian period* the product of
American, Spanish, or European art.

Monuments of painting of all kinds, American or Euroxiean.

Monuments of engraving of all kinds, American or European.

NINTH GROUP.

Industrial and artistic productions of this historic period either of purely American
art or of Spanish and European art, if the fruits thereof were realized in America,

. dividing this group into dress, armor, etc.

TENTH GROUP.

American numismatics.—Coins, paper money, and postage stamps, from earliest times
down to 1892.

ELEVENTH GROUP.

Scientific and literary productions.—Charts, plans, and works of all kinds, in manu-
script as well as printed, prepared since the discovery to the middle of the
seventeenth century, or relating to the period of discovery, exploration, conquest,,
and colonization, American, Spanish, or belonging to other European nations.

III.—Appendix.

TWELFTH GROUP.

American ethnography.-—Portraits, photographs, models, dress, etc., belonging to the
ancient American races still in existence; manikins, with the dress, arms, etc.;
models of habitations, etc. In this group American craniography will form a.
special division.

No. 5.

CLASSIFICATION FOE THE HISTOEIC EUEOPE AN EXPOSITION, MADEID,

1891.

I.—Fine Arts,
first group.

Sculpture.—Statues, figures and reliefs in metal, stone, wood, or marble. Medals,,
medallions, and seals. Cameos and glyphs.

Painting.—Diptyches, triptyches, and other paintings upon wood, canvas, parch-
ment, or copper. Miniatures, codexes, and parchments. Drawings with pencil
or pen. Mosaics, inlaid, or in crusted work.

Engraving.—Engravings and etchings.

I.—Industrial Arts,
second group.

Fine metal ivorh and- jewelry.— Eeliquaries, chalices, tablets, paxes, shrines, etc.
Crosses. Halos and coronas. Censers, candelabras, candlesticks, and lamps.
Crosiers, clasps, amulets, and crosses for the neck. Fine metal work,, repoussd,
filigree, niellos, and enamels. Jewels and jewelry. Enamels. Objects of rock-
crystal, and precious stone. Hilts of batons, swords, and poniards. Tobacco
boxes, etc. Eings, brooches, etc.332

REPORT OF NATIONAL - MUSEUM, 1893.

THIRD GROUP.

Metal ivorJc.—Figures, ornaments, etc., of iron work. Figures, ornaments, etc., of
bronze, copper, or other metals, chiseled, repouss^, or molded.

FOURTH GROUP.

JPanoply.—Defensive arms, armor, cuirasses, helmets, and pieces of armor, shields,
targets, bucklers, etc. Offensive arms, as swords, daggers, poniards, knives,
maces, lances, halberds, partizans, pikes, javelins, arrows, crossbows, arque-
buses, muskets, firelocks, pistols, pistolets, culverins, etc. Banners, flags, and
other insignia.

FIFTH GROUP.

Mpparel.—Miters and sacerdotal vestments. Masks and jewels, male and female
gala dresses. Badges and stars. Watches, fans, and lace. ' Toilet utensils and
needlework.

SIXTH GROUP.

Tapestry.—Altar ornaments, banners, and traveling cloaks,
ered or painted.

SEVENTH GROUP.

Woven cloths embroid-

Furniture.—Chests of metal, marble, and wood. Boxes, buffets, chests, secretaries, etc.

EIGHTH GROUP.

■Ceramics and Glassware.—Earthenware, porcelain, terra cotta, glass, etc.

NINTH GROUP.

Artistic and Industrial Implements.—Musical instruments. Instruments belonging to
the arts and sciences. Bookbindings. Coaches, litters, sledges, and other vehi-
cles.COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXHIBITION IN MADRID, 1892.	333

No. 6.

LIST OF MEDALS (DIPLOMAS) AWARDED TO THE UNITED STATES

EXHIBITORS.

GRAND DIPLOMA OF HONOR.

To the Government of the United States.

GOLD MEDAL WITH DIPLOMA.

U. S. National Museum.

Smithsonian Institution.

Bureau of Ethnology of the United
States, Washington, I). C.

Mrs. Mary Hemenway, of Boston, Mass.
Department of Archaeology and Paleon-
tology of the University of Pennsylva-
nia.

Dr. George Brown Goode.

Mr. William E. Curtis.

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes.

Geological Survey of the United States.
U. S. Mint.

Industrial School for adult Indians, Car-
lisle, Pa.

Rear Admiral S. B. Luce.

SILVER MEDAL WITH DIPLOMA.

U. S. Navy Department.

Military Medical Museum.

Prof. Thomas Wilson.

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Department of Public Instruction of the
United States.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia, Pa.

Peabody Museum of Archaeology.

Mrs. Zelia Nuttall.

Mr. Stewart Culin.

Prof. Otis T. Mason.

Mr. Walter Hough.

Mr. W. H. Holmes.

Mr. H. C. Mercer.

Mr. James W. Ellsworth.

U. S. Fish Commission.

TJ. S. Census Office.

Mrs. M. E. Stevenson.

Mrs. M. M. Hazen.

BRONZE MEDAL WITH DIPLOMA.

Society of the Sons of the American
Revolution.

Postal Department of the United States.
Meteorological Survey of the United
States.

BRONZE MEDAL WITH DIPLOMA—COnt’d.

Coast and Geodetic Survey of the United
States.

Warren K. Moorehead.

Dr. James C. Welling.

Dr. Cyrus Adler.

Department of Agriculture.

Forestry Division of the United States.
Dr. John E. Younglove,

Dr. W. J. Hoffman.

H H. Bancroft.

Edwin E. Howell.

HONORABLE MENTION.

S. Brownlow Gray.

Pilgrims’ Society (Plymouth).

F. S. Perkins.

Byron S. Dodge.

C. N. Crounse.

Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson.

Dr. T. H. Bean.

Walter C. Clephane.

Col. Gates F. Thruston.

Rev. Stephen G. Peet.

Capt. John G. Bourke.

Dr. Henry Carrington Bolton.

J. C. Pilling.

James Terry.

Dr. Joseph Jones.

Rev. J. Owen Dorsey.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas.

Prof. Edward S. Morse.

James Mooney.

H. W. Henshaw.

Col. F. A. Seely.

James Stevenson.

Dr. C. Plart Merriam.

Lieut. A. P. Niblack, U. S. Navy.

Joseph Sabin.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co.

Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Charles S. Reynolds.

Col. H. M. Flagler, U. S. Army.
Alexander Brown.

Dr. Franz Boas. .

7Eben Norton Horseford.

Dr. Frederick Starr.

Ellen Russell Emerson.

Dr. R. H. Lamborn.

Harper Brothers.

Total, 80.334	REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1893.

No. 7.

LIST OF EXHIBITORS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

U. S. National Museum, Washington,
D. C.

Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D. C.

U. S. Mint.

Society of the Sons of the American Rev-
olution.

Plymouth Pilgrim’s Society, Massachu-
setts.

U. S. Navy Department.

Bureau of Ethnology • of the United
States.

Department of Public. Instruction of
the United States.

Census Office'of the United States.

U. S, Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Military Medical Museum, Washington,
D. C.

U. S. Fish Commission.

U. S. Geological Survey <

U. S. Meteorological Survey.

U. Si. Post-Office Department. .
Department of Agriculture.

Forestry Division.

Mrs. Hazen, widoAV of Gen. Hazen.

Dr. G. Brown Goode.

S. Brownlow Gray, Bermuda.

School for Indian adults (industrial),
Carlisle, Pa.	.	-

F. S. Perkins.

Byron E. Dodge, Michigan.	. , , '

C. M. Crounse, New York.

Dr. HilbornT. Cresson.	vr~ r

Dr. John E. Younglove.	-

Prof. Thomas Wilson. --Jl
Mrs. Mary Hemenway, Boston, Mass.
Historical-American Association, Wash^i;
ington.

American Folk-lore Society.	1

Anthropological Society, Washington.
Virginia Historic Society, Richmond. f
Department of Archaeology and Paleon-
tology of the University of Pennsyl-
vania.

Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
Philadelphia.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia.

. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge.

Peabody Museum of Archaeology and
Ethnology, Cambridge, Mass.

Mrs. Zelia Nuttall.

Dr. T. H. Bean, Washington.

Walter C. Clephane, Washington, D. C.,
Col. Gates J. Thruston, Nashville, Tenn.
Stewart Culin, Philadelphia.

Rev. Stephen G. Peet, Avon, 111.

Dr. James C. Welling, Washington, D. C.
John G. Bourke, captain Seventh Regi-
ment, U. S. Army.--

Dr. Henry Carrington Bolton, New York.
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Washington, D. C.
J. C. Pilling, Geological Survey.

Prof. Otis T. Mason, U. S. National
Museum.

Walter Hough, U. S. National Museum.
W. H. Holmes, Bureau of Ethnology.
James Terry, New York.

Dr. Joseph Jones,"New Orleans, La.

Rev. J. Owen ^Dorsey, Bureau of Eth-
nology.

Dr. Cyrus Thomas, Bureau of Eth-
nology.

Prof. Edward S. Morse, Salem, Mass.
James Mooney, Bureau of Ethnology.

H. W. Henshaw, Bureau of Ethnology.
Col. F. A. Seely, Patent Office of the
United States.

Mrs. M. E. Stevenson, Bureau of Eth-
nology.

James Stevenson.

Lieut. A. P. Niblack, U. S. Army.
Warren K. Moorehead, Xenia, Ohio.
Joseph Sabin, New York.

Houghton, Mifflin & Co., New York.
Harper Brothers, New York
Charles B. Reynolds, New York.

Col. H. M. Flagler, U. S. Army.

Alexander Brown, Norwood, Va.

William E. Curtis, Chief of Latin-Ameri-
can Department, Worlcfcs Columbian
[ Exposition, Chicago, 111.

^Dr. Franz Boas, Worcester, Mass.

Eben Norton Horseford.

Frederick Starr.

Ellen Russell Emerson.

H. C. Mercer.

Dr. R. H. Lamborh.

Dr. Cyrus Adler.

Dr. W. J. Hoffman.

H. H. Bancroft.

Edwin E. Howell.

Charles Scribner’s Sons, publishers, New
' York.