ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2013.COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION In Public Domain. Published prior to 1923. This digital copy was made from the printed version held by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was made in compliance with copyright law. Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2013 ^ V s OF THE U N I VER.S ITY OF ILLINOIS T. W. BALDWIN ELIZABETHAN LIBRARY CLASSICSA LATIN GRAMMAR, FOR THE USE OF WESTMINSTER SCHOOL. &1AM LONDON: G. W. GINGER, COLLEGE STREET, WESTMINSTER. MDCCCXXXII.4-75" 13^ A LATIN GRAMMAR. Grammar is the science of speaking correctly. There are four Parts of Grammar; Letters, Sylla- bles, Words, and Sentences. A Letter is the first Principle, that is, the least part or Element of a Word. A Syllable is a distinct part of a word, consisting of one or more letters. A Word is the Sign of a Thought, and part of a Sentence or Speech. A Sentence is a number of Words properly put to- gether. LETTERS. There are twenty-jive LatinLetters, both great and small— A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F, f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L 1, Mm, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, X x, Y y, Z z. Six are Vowels, which sound alone; a, e, i, o9 u, y. The rest are Consonants, which do not sound alone. But I, m, ?i, r> s, x, and seem to make an obscure sound, when it is attempted to pronounce them with- out a vowcj, and are therefore called Semivowels. The rest make none at all, and are therefore called Mutes. Of the Semivowels, I, w, n, r, are Liquids; and x, £, Double Consonants. H is merely a note of breathing hard ; and has no power in verse. B2 A Diphthong is a mixed Sound made of two Vowels ; ce, at, ay, ei, eu, ce. C before ce, e, z, 0?; also £ before i and another Vowel is pronounced like s. G before e and i is pronounced as in the English Words, Gender, Giant. Great Letters are used only in the beginning of Proper Names }Emp hatic Words^Sentences, and Verses. SYLLABLES. A Syllable is made of a Vowel, or a Diphthong, alone; or of one or more Consonants joined with either of them. A Syllable ends in a Vowel, unless two Conso- nants follow it; whereof the former is a Liquid, a dou- ble Consonant, or the same as^ the latter; or whereof the latter be m or n. The last Syllable ends either in a Vowel or a Consonant. A compounded Word in pronunciation is divided into the Parts of which it is made. A crooked line ( w) over & vowel signifies that the syllable is pronounced short; a straight one ( - ) that it is pronounced long. WORDS. A Word is made of one or more Syllables. ' There are eight Sorts #of Words, called Parts of Speech; Article, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle; Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction. The five first are declined; that is, change some of their last Letters, as occasion requires. The three last zfre not declined\ The Article, Noun, Pronoun, and Participle, are declined with Number, Case, and Gender. The Verb is declined with Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person. There are two Numbers : the Singular, signifying one; the Plural, more than one. There are six Cases, known in English by theirs Place, or Sign : the Nominative is placed before the Verb ; the Genitive follows the sign of; the Dative, to or for ; the Accusative is placed after the Verb ; the Vocative follows the sign O ; the Ablative, by or with. There are four Genders; the Masculine, He; the Feminine, She; the Neuter, It; the Common, both He and She. There are two Voices; Active and Passive. There are four Moods: the Indicative shews, or affirms; the Imperative bids ; the Potential implies Possibility ; the Infinitive is without Number and Person. There are six Tenses: the Present, of which the ;sign is am or do ; the Preter-lmperfqct, was or did; the First Future, shall or will; the Preter-Perfect, have; the Preter-Pluperfect, had; the Second Fu- ture, shall have. There are three Persons : Sing, the first, I; the second, Thou; the third, He, She, It: Plur. the first, We ; the second, Ye; the third, They. A Word, if made up of two or more words, is called compounded; otherwise, it is called simple. ARTICLE. There are two Articles: Demonstrative, Hie, hcec, hoc, this; and Relative, Qui, quce, which. The Articles are declined thus: N. - G. D. Ac. V. Abl. Singular. M. F. N. Hie, hcec, hoc, this. Hvjus, of this. Htfic, to (or for) this. Hunc, hanc, Aoc, this. Wanting. Z/oc, by (or with) this. N. G. D. Ac. V. Abl. Plural. M. F. N. Hi, hce, hcec, these. Horum, harum, Ao- of these, to (or for) these. Hos,lias% hcec, these Wanting. by (or with) these. b24 Singular. Plural. N. Qui, quce, quad. N. Qui, quce, quce. G. Cujus. G. Quorum, quarum, quorum. D. Cui. D. Quibus or queis. Ac. Quem, quam, quod. Wanting. Ac. QuoSy quas, quce. V. V. Wanting. Abl. Quo, qua9 quo, or qui. Abl. Quibus or queis. NOUN. A Noun is the Name of a thing. There are two sorts of Nouns; Substantive and Adjective. A Substantive can stand alone, and has generally the Sign a or the before it; as, a Boy, the Boy*puer. An Adjective cannot stand alone, as good; but must be joined to a Substantive: as a good Boy, bo* nus puer. , (a) SUBSTANTIVE. The Gender of a Noun Substantive is known two ways ; by Signification, and Termination. A Noun signifying a Male, is of the Masculine Gender; as hie pater, this father. N A Noun signifying a Female, is of the Feminine Gender; as, Jicec mater, this mother. A Noun signifying both Male and Female, is of the Common Gender; as, hie and hcec Parens, this Parent, Father or Mother. The Gender of a Noun, that signifies neither Male nor Female, is known by its Declension, and Termi- nation^ that is, the Ending of the Nominative Case. There are five Declensions known by the Ending of the Genitive Case. The first Declension makes the Genitive end in -<#, the second in the third in -is, the fourth in -us, th6fifth in -ei. A Noun of the first Declension ending in -a, is of the Feminine Gender; as, hcec via.5 A Noun of the second Declension ending in -us> or in -r, is of the Masculine Gender; in -urn, of the Neuter ; as hie calamus, hie liber, hoc verbum. In the third Declension there are four Masculine Endings ; -er, -or, -os, -o; as, hie venter, honor, mos, sermo: nine Feminine Endings; -as, -is, -aus, -es, -x; -s after a Consonant; -do, -go, above two Syllables; -io made from a Verb; as hcec pietas, navis, laus, nubes, pa&, mens, arundo, imago, Zectfio .• also nine Neuter Endings 5 -ar, -w, -t, -c, -us, -e, -I, -ma ; as, Aoc carmen, calcar, guttur, caput, lac, corpus, mare, animal, poema. In the fourth Declension, -w$ is Masculine, is Neuter; as, Aic casus, hoc cornu. In the Declension, is Feminine; as, res. The five Declensions. IS. as. 3 S. 4 S. 5 S. N. Via Puer Honor Casus Res G> vi-ce puer-i honor-is cas-us r-ei P. vi-a puer-o honor-i cas-ui r-ei Ac. vi-am puer-um honor-em cas-um r-em V. vi-a puer honor cas-us r-es Abl. vi-a puer-o honor-e cas-u r-e PI. PI. PI. PI. PI. N. ti-ce puer-i honor-es casus r-es G. vi-arum puer-orum honor-um cas-uum r-erufn D. vi-is puer-is honor-ibus cas-ibus r-ebus Ac. vi-as puer-os honor-es cas-us r-es V. vi-ce puer-i honor-es cas-us r-es Abl. vi-is puer-is honor-ibus cas-ibus r-ebus The five Declensions. The Vocative is the same as the Nominative; but Nouns in -us of the second Declension, make -e, as, Dominu*, Domine; except Deus, which is not The Vocative is the same as the Nominative; but Nouns in -us of the second Declension, make -e, as, Dominu*, Domine; except Deus, which is not6 changed ; and jftlius, which, as well as Proper Names of Persons in -ius, makes the Vocative by throwing away -vs ; as Julius, Juli. The Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative of Neuters are the same, and in the Plural end in -a ; as N. Ac. V. Reg nam, regna; caput, capita; cornu, cornua. Nouns ending in -es or -is, not having more sylla- bles in the Genitive than in the Nominative case, and in -s after a Consonant, make the Genitive Plural in -ium; as nubes, nubis, nubium; navis, navis, navium ; mens, mentis, mentium. Neuters, in -e, -a I, -ar, except sal, far, hepat, jubar, nectar, make the Ablative Singular in -i, the Nominative Plural in -ia, the Genitive in-i«/?/2; as Rete, retiy retia, retiurn ; animal, animali, animalia, ammalium ; calcar, calcari, c ale aria, calcarium. Nouns in -M of the fourth Declension have no Dative, seldom any Genitive, in the Singular Number. Nouns of the fifth Declension have usually no Plural number : but acies, effigies, facies, progenies, species, and spes, have the Nominative, Accusa- tive, and Vocative: only dies and res have all the cases. (b) ADJECTIVE. Adjectives have three Declensions; the first of three Endings; as bonus, bona, bonum : the second, of two Endings; as, tristis, triste; the third, of one Ending ; as felix. Adjectives of three Endings are declined like Substantives of the first and second Declensions; as for example:7 Sing.^ Plur. . 2 i 2 2 1 -2 N. Bonus, bona, bonum. N. jBowi, 6ow<#, fiowa. G. ftowi, iowi. G. Bonorum, bonarum, bonorum. D. Bono, bona, iowo. D. Bonis. Ac. Bonum, bonam, £0- Ac. Bonos, bonas, bona. num. V. Bone, bona, bonum. V. Z?owi, Jowa. Abl. Bono, bona, bono. Abl. Bonis. Other adjectives are declined like substantives of the third Declension. Adjectives of two Endings make the Ablative Singular in -i, only ; as Abl. hoc hac hoc tristi. Adjectives of one Ending make the Ablative in -e, or -i; as Abl. hoc hac hoc felice or felici. Both make the Neuter Plural N. Ac. and V. in -ia, the G. in *ium; as tristia, tristium ; felicia,fe- liciurn. N. G. D. Ac. V. Abl. Sing. Hie hcec tristis, hoc triste. Hujus tristis. Huic tristi. Hunc heme tristem, hoc triste. O tristis, O triste. Hoc hac hoc tristi. N. G. D. Ac. V. Abl. Plur. Hi ha tristes, hac tristia. Horum harum ho~ rum tristium. His tristibus. Hos has tristes, hcec tristia. O tristes, O tristia. i/is tristibus. Several Adjectives in -is, -0, have also for the Masculine another form in -er, besides -is, which is Masculine and Feminine ; as acer, acm ; celeber, Celebris ; celef, ceteris; but the Nominative in -is seldom occurs in prose.8 N. G. D. Ac. V. Abl. Sing. Hie hac hoc felix. Hujus felicis. Hmc felici. Hunc hanc felicem, ~ hoc felix. O felix. Hoc hdc hoc felice or feUbi. N. G* D. Ac. V. Abl. Plur. Hi hce feliceSy hcec felicia. Horum harum /to- rumfelicium. His felicibus. Hos hasfelices, hoc felicia. O felices, O felicia. His felicibus. These Adjectives of three.Endings make the G. in -lus; the D. in -i; Unus, solus, totus; ullus, nullus, after, neuter; and a/ms, which makes the Neuter aliud, G. alius, D. afe'i. All but the three first want the Vocative. Duo, dtiCBy duo, and ambo, ambee, ambo, make the D. and AH. in -obus, -abus, -obus. Tres is declined thus: PL N. Tres9tria. G.triwm. D. tribus. Ac. £res, V. tfras, /ria. Abl. tribus. Other Adjectives of Number, quatuor, quinque, &c. up to centum, are not declined. There are three Degrees of Comparison ; the P0- sitive, Comparative, and Superlative. The Positive is the Adjective uncompared. The Comparative and Superlative are made of the Positive, by adding -or, and -ssimus, to the first Case ending in -i; as, durus hard, duri-or harder, duri-ssimus hardest; tristis sad, tristi-or sadder, tristissimus saddest; felix happy, felici-or happier, felici-ssimus happiest. Some Adjectives are compared otherwise; bonus, meUor9 optimus ; malus, pejor, pessimus; parvus, minor, minimus ; ma gnus > major, maximus ; multus has plus, plurimus. Plus is thus declined: Sing. N. plus ; G. pluris; Ac. plus ; PI. N. p lures plur a ; G. plur turn; D.plu- ribus; Ac. plures plura; Abl. pluribus. In the9 Sing, it is only Neuter and a Substantive: in the Plur. an Adjective of all three genders. Adjectives in -er, take -rimus in the Superlative; as, asper, asperior, aeperrimus. Fetus has veterrimus, as if from the old form veter. Facilis, humilis, similis, turn -His into -illimus; as, facilis, facilior9faciUimus. Adjectives in -us after a Vowel, are compared by tnag%8 and maxime; as, pius, magis pins, mawime plus i except when qu precedes -us, as iniquior, an- tiqvior. The Comparative is declined like honor and corpus; as tnelior, melius; but makes the Ablative in -e or -i, as meliore, meliori. Some Participles, when used as Adjectives, admit of comparison; and a few compounded Adjectives -derived from the Verbs dico, facio, volo> form their comparative in entior, superlative entissimus; as ma- letoleniior, munificentior, &c. B 310 PRONOUN. A Pronoun is a Word that stands for a Noun. There are fifteen Pronouns; whereof three are Substantives Primitive; Ego, Tu, Sui, declined thus: s. Plur. s. Plur. S.&P. N. Ego Nos ^ Tu Vos wanting. G. met nostrum or no&ri tui vestrum or vestri sui D. mihi nobis tibi vobis sibi Ac. me nos te vos se V. wanting wanting tu vos wanting. Abl. me nobis te vobis se A Pronoun is a Word that stands for a Noun. There are fifteen Pronouns; whereof three are Substantives Primitive; Ego, Tu, Sui, declined thus: T welve are Adjectives; whereof four are Primitives, I lie, ipse, is, iste: the rest are Derivatives ; whereof five are Possess Ives, Mens, tuns, suus, noster, vester; three Nationals, nostras<, vestras, and cujas. II'e, ipse, iste, are declined like unus ; but Me and iste irtake the Neuter in -d. Ipse is used of all three persons. Is is declined thus : N. G. D. Ac^ V. Abl. s. Is ea id ejus ei eum earn id want- ing. eo A ea eo P it ece ea eorum earum eorum eis or Us eos eas ea want- ! ing-' j eis or Us Idem, eadem, idem, the compound of is, turns m before d into n ; as, Ac. eundm, eandem, idem. G. eorv,ndem,earundem,eorundem. Quidam dojes the same. The Possessives are declined like bonus: but meus makes mi instead of mee in the Vocative. The Nationals are declined likefelix. AH Pronouns want the Vocative, but tu, meus, noster, and nostras. Sui and suus are called Reciprocals, referring to the principal Noun or Nominative Case in the same Sentence.11 With the Pronoun Adjectives may be reckoned the Interrogatives qui, qutz, quod, and quis, quae, quid; quails and quant us. By composition are produced the following: 1. By prefixed syllables; ecquis, nequis, siquis, numquis, aliquis. 2. By affixed syllables; quidam, quivis, quicunque, quilibet, quis que, quisquam, quispiam, quisnam; ec- quisnam, numquisnam. 3. By reduplication, quisquis. 4. By combination, Qttis and its compounds are declined like 57«; the compounds make as well as gwod in the Neuter Singular, except quicunque: they also make the Feminine Singular and Neuter Plural, ?qua. Quisquam and quisquis make quicquam and quic- quid. To the cases of the Pronoun Substantives -we* may be added to express the English self; egomet, mihimet, &c., with or without ipse; mihimet ipsi, temet ipsum. The Genitives Plural and tile Nomi- native tu do not admit this affix; for tumet, tute is said. The Accusative and Ablative Singular admit a reduplication in the same sense, meme, tete, sese. The preposition cum is affixed to the Ablatives, me, te, **, nobis, and vobis; as mecum, this is also usual with gwa, and quibus; but cum quo, -&c. may also be said.12 VERB. A Verb is a word that signifies being or doing. A Verb ends in -o9 or in -or; except sum, I am, which is called a Verb Substantive, and its com- pounds. Sum is also called the Auxiliary Verb, because it assists in completing the conjugation of the passive voice. A Verb in -o is either Active, that requires a Sub- stantive after it; as, lego librum, I read a Book; or Neuter, that does not require a Substantive after it; as, curro, I run. The Active Verb is also called Transitive, because the action passes from the Nominative Case, or Sub- ject, to the Accusative Case, or Object. The Neuter Verb is sometimes called Intransitive. A Verb in -or, is either Passive, that is made from the Active; as, amor, I am loved; or Deponent, that is not made from an Active, and signifies doing; as, loquor, I speak. A Verb is declined three ways; First, through the Principal Tenses, Present and Perfect, with the Participles, and Infinitive Mood; Secondly, through the Moods and Tenses; Thirdly, through the Num- bers and Persons. The declining of a Verb is called Conjugation. The following Tables shew the different Conju- gations. -Present. Sum, es Perfect fui The Conjugation of the Verb Sum, to be. TUe Principal Tenses. Participle. Infinitive. Present. Perfect. | futurus j_esse_j I am, thou art | I have been Participle. about to be Infinitive. to be The JVloods and Tenses. Indie. Imp. Potential. Infinitive. Indie* Imper. Potential. Infinitive. Pres. Sum es sim esse I am be thou I may be to be Imperf. eram essem or Jbrem I was I might be 1 Fut. ero I shall or will be Perfect. fui fuerim fuisse I have been I may have been to have been Pluperf. fueram fuissem I had been I might have been 2 Fut. fuero fore I shall have been to be about to be The JVloods and Tenses. * The Numbers and Persons. Sing. Plural. Sing. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. S. 1. 2. 3. Su?n, es, est, | Sumus, estis, sunt. | I am, thou art, he is. Pres. Ind. * The Numbers and Persons. Sing. Plural. Sing. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. S. 1. 2. 3. Su?n, es, est, | Sumus, estis, sunt. | I am, thou art, he is. Plural. 1. 2. 8. We are, ye are, they are. Imper. (es, esto,) esto. j (este, estote,) sunto. \ be thou, let him be. \ be ye, let them be. The other Tenses end in -m, -i, -o, and are declined thus: Sing, -m, -s, -t; Plur. -mus, -tis, -nt. -i, -isti, -it; -imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere. -o, -is, -it; -imus, -itis, -unt in the first Future; -int in the second. Two Compounds of Sum, viz. absum and jrr&sum, have the Present Participle, absens, preesens. The Conjpounds insum and subsum want the Perfect and Tenses formed from it. In the Compound prosum a d is inter- posed when a vowel follows pro; prodes, prodesse.14 The Conjugation of the Verb in -o. 1st, Uncontracted; as Lego, I read. C Amo, I Love. 2d, Contracted; as? Moneo, I Advise. t Audio, I Hear. The Principal Tenses. Participles. _A__ Pres. Perf. Perf. P. F. A. Pres. A. F. Pas. Infin. Leg-o, -is; Am~o, -as; Mon-eo, -es; Aud-io, -is; Leg-i; Am-avi j Mon-ui; Audivi ; Lectus^ Am-atus, Mon-ttus, Aud-itus, -turus; -turus ; -iturus ; -turus; Legens, Amans, Mortens, Aud-iens, -endus; -andus; -endus ; -iendusj Leg-Sre. Am-dre. Mon-ere. Aud-ire. Participles. A The Moods and Tenses. Indie. Imper. Potential. Infinit. Pres. Leg-o, Am-o, Mon-eo, Aud-io, Leg-2, Am-a, Mon-e, Aud-i, Leg-am, Am-em, Mon-eam, Aud-iam, Leg-gre. Am-are. Mon-ere, Aud-ire. Impf. Leg-ebam, Am-abam, Mon-ebam, Aud-iebam, Leg-grem. Anv-arem. Mon-erem. Aud-irem. 1 Fut. Leg-am. Am-abo. Mon~ebo. Aud-iam. Perf. Leg-i, Am-avi, Mon-ui, Aud-ivi, Leg-grim, Am-avgrim, Mon+u%rim, Aud-iv&rim, Leg-isse. Am-avisse. Mon-uisse. Aud-ivisse. Plup. Leg-eram, Ant-aver am, Mon-ueram, Aud-iveram, Leg-issem. Am-avissem. Mon-uissem. Aud-ivissem. 2 Fut. Leg-gro. Am-avHro. Mon-uSro. Audiv-gro. Indie. Imper. Potential. Infinit.15 The Principal Tenses. Participles. Pres. Perf. | Perf.P. ! I F. A. | Pres. A. | F.Pas.| Infin. I read, thou readest. I have read. read. about to read. reading. to be J , , , to read. read. \ The Moods and Tenses. Indie. | Imper. |- Potential. Infinitive. Pres^ I read Read thou | I may read To read Impf. J "I did read \ I might read 1 Fut.- I shall or will read Perf. j I have read I may have read | To have read Plupf. F had read | | I might have read 2 Fut. I | I shall have read | The Numbers and Persons. Sing. Pres. Indie. Plur. 2 3 1 2 Leg-o, leg-is, leg-it. Leg-imus, leg-ids, . leg-unt. Am-o, am-as am-at. Am-amuSy am-atis, am-ant. Mon-eo, mon-es7 mon-et. Mon-emus, mon-etis, mon-ent. Aud-io, aud-is, aud-it. Aud-imus, aud-itis, aud-iunt. The Numbers and Persons. Sing. Pres. Indie. Plur. 2 3 1 2 Imperative. 2, Sing. Imperative. 2 Plur. Leg-2, leg-ito± leg-it o. Leg-ite, leg-itote; leg-unto. Am-dy ama-to; am-ato. Am-dte, am-atote; am-anto. Mon-e, mon-et o ; mon-eto. Moji-ete, mon-etote; m&n-ento. Aud-iy aud-lto; aud-ito. Aud-ite, aud-ltote; aud-iunto. 2, Sing. 2 Plur. The Numbers and Persons. Pres. Indie. — Sing. Plur.* 1 2 3 II 1 2 3 I read, J thou readest, J he readeth.|| We read, | ye ready | they read. , Imperative. I Read thou, I let him ]| | Read ye, I let them I read. (| | | read. The rest change -m. -i, -o, as before. Sing. Plur. -m, -5, ~tj -mm. -tiSy -nt. • -isti, -it; -imuSy -istisy -erunt or -ere. -0, -is, -it; -imuSy -itis, -unt in 1st Fut. The rest change -m. -i, -o, as before. -int in 2nd. -int in 2nd. But -am in the 1st Fut. is declined thus: -am, -cs, -et; | -emus, -elis, -ent.16 The Conjugation of the Verb in -or. The Principal Tenses. Present Leg-or, leg-2ris pr leg-2re, Am-or, amdr-is or am-dre, Mon-eor, mon-eris or mon-ere, Aud-ior, aud-iris or aud-ire, Perfect. Infin. lectus sum or fui, leg-u amdtus sum or fui, am-ari. monUus sum or fui, mon-eru auditus sum or fui, aud-iri. The Moods and Tenses. Indie. Imper. Potential. Infinit. Pres. Leg-or, Am-or, Mon-eort Aud-ior, Leg-2re, Am-are, Mon-ere, Aud-tre, Leg-ar, Am-er, Mori-ear, Aud-iar, Leg-i. Am-ari. Mon-erL Aud-iri. Impf* Leg-ebar, Am-dbar, Mon-ebar, Aud-iebar, Leg-^rer. Am-arer. Mon-erer. Aud-irer, 1 Fut. Leg-ar. Am-dbor. Mon-ebor. Aud-ior» Perf. sim or fuerim, esse or fuisse. Plup. Lectus, ] A eram Amarus, MonUus, j /• AudUu>,j-fUeram' essem or fuissem. 2 Fut. Lectus, 1 Amdtus, I Monttus, f £ Auditus,' Indie. Imper. Potential. Infinit.!7 The Principal Tense#. Present. Perfect Infinitive. I am read, thou art read. | I have been read. to be read. ^The Moods and Tenses. Indie. ~ Imper. Potential. Infinitive» 'Pres. I am read be thou read { I may be read | to be read. Impf. I was read / might be read iFnfc. I shall or will be read Perf. I have been read I may have been read to have been read. Pfup. I had been read I might have been read t Fut. I shall have been read ^The Moods and Tenses. Indie. ~ Imper. Potential. Infinitive» The Numbers and Persons. Present Indicative. Sing. Plural. 1 ft S 1 2 & legj&ris or ItgZre, kgitur. Legtmur, legimini, leguntur. Amor, amaris or amare, amatur. Amdmur, amamini, amantur. Moneor, morieris or moriere, monetur. Monemur, monemini, monentur. Audior, audlris or aucfire, auditur. Audimur, audintini, audiuntur. ' t 8 Imperative. 2 3 leg-tier, am-ator. mon-etar. aud-itor. Leg+tmini, leg-iminar; Am-dmini, am-aminor; Mon-emini, mon-eminor ; Aud-iminit aud-iminor; leg-untor. anuantor. mon-entor. aud-ivntor. Am-tire, am-ator ; Jbfon-ere, monitor; AucLire, aud-ttor; leg-tier, am-ator. mon-etar. aud-itor. Leg+tmini, leg-iminar; Am-dmini, am-aminor; Mon-emini, mon-eminor ; Aud-iminit aud-iminor; leg-untor. anuantor. mon-entor. aud-ivntor. Sing. 1 2 I am read, | thou art, Numbers and Persons. Pres. Indie. Phir. 3 1 2 3 | he is._|| We are, \ ye are, | they are. Imperative. Be thou read, let him be read. Be ye read. let them be read. The other Tenses that end in -r, or in -or, are declined thus: Sing, -r, 'ris, or -re, -tur. I Plur. -inur, -mini, -ntur. -or, -bis, or -ttur. | ' -tmur, -imini, -untur. A in the 1st Fut. changed into e; as before in the Active. Sing, -or, eris or -ere, -etur. | Plur. -emur, emtni, -entur. Sing. Leetus sum or fui. ' Lectus es or Juisti. Lectus est or fuit. Perfect Indie. Plur. Lecti sumus or fuXmus. Lectiestis or fuistis. Lecti sunt, fuerunt or Juere.18 The Active Voice may also be rendered in English by the Auxiliary Verb, joined to the Participle Pre- sent Active: as, lego, I am reading; legis, thou art reading, &c. In the Moods and Tenses may also be used the Signs following: Pres. Indie. Lego, I do read; legis, thou dost read, &c. Potential: Leg am, let me read; leg at, let him read, &c. Imperf. Pot. Legerem, I would or should read, &c. Perf. Indie. Legi, / read; legisti, tf/fow readst, &c. Pluperf. Pot. Le- gis s em, I would or should have read, &c. The Potential Mood, when it signifies wishing, is called Optative: when it follows a Conjunction, it is called Subjunctive, and may generally be rendered in English by the Signs of the Indicative: as, si legam, if I read. The Present Infinitive may be used for the Im- perfect; arid the Perfect Infinitive for the Pluper- fect. Future Infinitives may be made by using the In- finitives of the Verb sum with the Participle in -rus : as, lecturus esse, for the 1st Future; lecturus Juisse, for the 2d. Some Verbs have only the third Person singular, and are called Impersonal. Neuter Verbs are only used in the Passive Voice as Impersonals; as, curritur, cursum est, &c.19 PARTICIPLE. A Participle has Number, Case, and Gender, like a Noun ; Tense, like-a Verb. There are four Participles : The Present Active, and Future Passive; made of the Present Tense of the Verb in-o, by turning -o, -is, C -ens, -endus; as leg-o, -is, -ens, -endus, -o, -as, f . J -ans, -andus; as am-o, -as, -r Participle, to limit or qualify their Signification. There are several Sorts of Adverbs: of Quality; as beni, well, male, illr of Quantity; as multtlm, much, parUm, little: of Time; as nunc, now: of Place; as hie, here : of Exclamation; as heu, alas, &c. The last sort are also called Interjections* Adverbs are compared like Adjectives: as certe, certainly; certills, more certainly; certissime, most certainly: feliciter, feliciUs, felicissime; male, pejus, pessimt; sccpe, scepitls, scepissimb. PREPOSITION. A Preposition is a Word put before a Sub- stantive or Pronoun to connect it with the Sentence. —For the Government of the Prepositions, see Syntax.21 CONJUNCTION. A Conjunction is a Word, that joins two like Parts of Speech, or two parts of a Sentence to- gether. The English Conjunctions are chiefly these; And, as, although, but, also, therefore, Unless* if, lest, for, till, or, either, Whereas, when, whether, while, why, wherefore. Because, than, that, yet, since, raor, neither. Since and till, before a Noun, without a Verb fol- lowing, are Prepositions. A Conjunction, between two Nouns, couples like Cases;.between two Verbs, like Moods and Tenses. Autem,enim, quidem, quoque, and verb, never begin a sentence, nor are construed alone, and without another word before them. The Particles -ne, -que, -ve, are always joined to the end of the latter of the two words which they couple : as, Pater Mater que, Father and Mother. SENTENCES. A long Sentence, for the ease of the breath, is divided into Parts, or Clauses, by these Stops: a Comma, a Semicolon ; a Colon : a Full Stop or Period . a Note of Interrogation ? a Note of Ad- miration ! a .Parenthesis ( ) a Parathesis [ ]. Every Sentence must have a Verb, and every Personal Verb a Nominative Case, either expressed or understood. A Word is said to be understood when, though it is left out of the Sentence to which it belongs, yet the sense immediately shews what word is wanting.22 A Rule for translating English into Latin, and Latin into English. First, find out the Verb by the Signification or Signs of being or doing. Secondly, the Nominative Case, by asking the Question Who ? or What ? with the Verb. Thirdly, the Case following the Verb, by asking the Question Whom ? or What ? with the Nominative Case and the Verb. Fourthly, the Adjective or Participle agreeing with the Case before or after the Verb. Fifthly, the Indeclinables, and the Cases following them. Lastly, the Ablative Absolute.23 THE METHOD OF PARSING, OR GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF WORDS. •Quest. What Part of Speech is it ? 1.' Answ. The Article Demonstrative. Q. Of what Number, Case, and Gender ? with what does it agree ? 2. A. The Article Relative. Q. Of what Gender, Number, and Person ? with what does it agree ? Of what Case ? Why ? 3. A. A Noun Substantive. SQ. Of what Declension, Gender, Number, and Case ? Why ? - 4. A. A Noun Adjective. Q. Of how many Terminations; Of what Degree, Number, Case, and Gender ? with what does it agree ? 5. A.v A Pronoun Substantive. Q. 0/ w/m/ Person, Number, and Case ? why ? 6. A. A Pronoun Adjective. Q. Of what kind, Primitive, or Derivative ? Of what Number, Case, and Gender ? with what does it agree ? 7. A. A Verb. Q. In -o or h\ -or ? simple or compound ? Of what Voice, Tense, Mood, Number, and Person? with what does it agree ? 8. A.% A Participle. Q. Of what Verb, Voice, Tense, Number, Case, Gender ? with what does it agree ? 9. -4. An Adverb. ' Q. Of what Sort ? what Case does it govern ? 10. A. A Preposition. Q. What Case does it govern ? 11. A. A Conjunction. Q. What does it couple ?24 APPENDIX, The Conjugation of the Irregular Verbs. The Principal Tenses. Pres. Perf. Participles. Infin. Possum, potes, Volo, vis, Malo, mavis, Nolo, nonvis, Fero, fers, Fio, fit, Eo, is, potui, volui, malui, nolui, tulif ivi, potens, volens, malens, nolens, latus, -turns, fevens, -endus, iturus, iens, posse. velle. malle. nolle. ferre. J%rL ire. The Moods and Tenses. Ind. Imp. » Pot. Infin. Possum, possim, jwsse. Volo, velim, velle. Malo, malim, malle. Pres. Nolo, noli. nolim, nolle. Fero, fir, feram, ferre. Fio, fiam, fieri. Eo, ii earn, ire. Poteram, •possem. Volebam, vellem. Malebam, malUm. Impf. Nolebam, nollem. Ferebam, Fiebam, Ibam, ferr em. Jierem. irem. Potero. Volam. Malam. 1 Fut. Nolam. Feram. Fiam. Ibo. Ind. Imp. » Pot. Infin. The rest are regular. The rest are regular.25 The Numbers and Persons. S. . Pres. Indie. PL. Possum, potes, potest: possumus, potestis, possunt. Volo, vis, , wit: volvimus, vultis, volunt. Malo, . mavis, mavult: malumus, mavultis, malunt. Noloi nonvis, nonvult : nolumus, nonvultis, noluni. Feroy fers, fert: ferimus, fertis, ferunt. Fio, fa fa-' Jimus, Jitis, Jiunt. FjO, is, it: imus, itis, eunt. Imperative. Imperative. Noli, notUo, Fer, ferlo, JFi, /to, I, i*o, notito: ferto: JUo: ito: notite, nolitote, nolunto, ferte, fertote, ferunto. Jite, jitote, jiunto. ite, itote, eunto. The rest of the Numbers and Persons are regular. JFfcro alone has the Passive Voice, which is regular throughout, except the 2d and 3d Persons S. of the Pres. Indie, ferris or ferre, fertur: the 2d and 3d Persons S. of the Pres. Imperat. ferrey fertor; fer- tor: the Infinitive ferri: and the Imperfect Poten- tial, ferrer, ferreris, &c; jBo makes its Gerunds, eundi, -do, -dum, and has the Participle Perfect Passive in the Neuter Gender itum. Its Compounds make the Passive Parti- ciples, -itus, and -eundus. lens, its Participle, makes euntis in the Genitive. Edo, I eat, is regular, except in the following in- stances : Pres. Ind. S. 2. es. 3. est. Infin. esse. Impf. Pot. S. essem, &c. Pass. Pres. Indie. S. 3. estur. It sometimes also has edirn, &c. in the Pres. Potential. Dico, duco, anda/bcio, make e&c, due, and fac, for cKctf, duce,face. Butyizce is met with in old Authors. Queo is conjugated like eo; but wants the Impe- rative, Infinitive, and the Pluperfect; and is seldom met with in the Passive Voice, except in the Perf. quitus sum. Quiensr is met with in the Nom. Sin- gular. Do sometimes has danunt for dant, and duim, See. for dem, &c. cm VERBS DEFECTIVE, WHICH HAVE ONLY THE TENSES, &C. FOLLOWING# Ccepi has the Perf., Pluperf., and 2d Fut. in both Vpices. Participle Perf. Pass, cceptus. Mermni and odi have only the Perf., Plupf., and 2nd Flit. Active. But osus sum is sometimes met with. Memini makes memento in the Imperative S., mementote in the Plur. Pres. Indie. S. Inquio, -is, -it. PI. imus, -tunt. Imperat. S. -inque, -ito. Pot. S. inquiat. Impf. Indie, inquam. PI. -iebant. 1 Fut. S. inquies, -let. Perf. Ind. S. inqutsti. Pres. Indie. S. Aio, -is, -it. PL aiunt. Imperat. S. ai. Pot. S. aias, -at. PL -amus, -ant. Part. aiens. Impf. Indie. S. aiebam, -as, -at. PL -amus, -etote- r iSalve, J lniin. -ere. 1 Fut. Indie, salvebis. Pres. Pot. S. Ausim, -is, -it. PL -int. S. Facaim, or fawo, -is, -it. PL -int. The Passive Voice of Do, and the Deponent Verb Faris, have no 1st Person S. in the Present Tense. The latter wants the whole Present Potential.27 SYNTAX. The right way of putting words together in a sen- tence is called Syntax. There are two parts of Syntax—Concord, the agreement of words with one another; and Govern- ment, which determines the case, mood, or tense of the word governed. CONCORD. 1st Concord. 1. The Verb must be of the same number and person as the Substantive which is its Nom. Case, As, Ego amo.—Tu am as.—Sol ardet.—Nos legimus.—Vos legi- . , tis.—Homines opprimnntur. * a. Ego and Nos are of the first person; Tu and Vos, of the second; all other Nouns of the third. b. The first and second persons are often under- stood ; ,the third also, if the sense shews the Nom. case to the Verb. 2. An Adjective*, an Infinitive moodt, a clause of a sentence^, or an indeclinable word, sometimes supplies the place of the Nom. case. * See page 28. (2.) f See page 49. (2.) t Ibid, (c.) c 228 3. The Verb sum is often understood, As, Qoot homines, tot sententiae. 4. A Verb referring to several Nouns in the Sin- gular may always be Plural, As, Benejicium et gratia homines coryungunt. a. The Verb should be Plural, if the Nouns denote living beings, As, Antonius et Octavianus vicerunt, 5. A Noun of multitude, as turba, exercitus, &c. may be the Nom. case to a Plural Verb, As, Turba minabantur. 6. A Verb joined with two or more Nom, cases vof different persons agrees with the first person rather than the second, the second rather than the third, As, Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. 7. Some Verbs are Impersonads, and have no Nom. case, As, Pcenitet me. 2d Concord. 1. The Adjective must be of the same number, case, and gender, as the Substantive with which it is joined, As, Mundus globosus. Servus tuus. 2. An Adjective may be used alone, if the sense will readily supply the Substantive understood, As, Jam defecisset calda ministris.—Mortalis (sc. homo).— Superiy Inferi (sc. Dii.) Dextra, Sinistra (sc. manus). a. The Neuter Adjective, particularly, is thus used, \ As, Triste lopus stabulis. Commune animantium est.29 Grammarians suppose an Ellipsis of negotium. The word thing, in English, may generally be sup- plied. 3. An Adjective joined with two or more Sub- stantives of different genders, and signifying things with life, is Masculine rather than Feminine, As, Pater mibi et mater quam urbem statuo. S. With Antecedents of different genders the same rules apply as for Adjectives. 4. When the Relat. is followed by sum, or a Verb of calling, it frequently agrees in gender with the Noun immediately after the Verb, As, Animal quem vocamus hommem. 5. The Relat. may be used alone, a Substantive being understood, < As, bene qui latnit bene vixit. 6. Sic and ille are generally used to denote the latter and the former. As, Agricohe contrarinm est pastoris propositus», ille fruetum e terri sperat, hie e pecore. GOVERNMENT OF CASK 1. When two Substantives come together, signi- fying the same thing or person, they are put in the same case, which is called Apposition : As, Praebe te hominem. 2L The word that answers a question is in the sam$ case as the word that asks it,SI A8, Quis haec fecit? Rex.—Ciyus oper& haec facta sunt? Regis. P. Other rules-of Syntax sometimes require the case to be varied, As, Qncnti stetit? Mult is minis*. 3. Passive and Neuter Verbs, if they require a case after them, usually have the same as beforej As, Ego salutor poeta.— Ego, quae Divum incedo regina. P. Quibus licet esse fortunatissimos—here se is understood be- fore «Me; sometimes the Greek construction is used, As, Nobis licet esse disertis. 4. When Substantives are compared by quam, they are in the same case, As, Nulli flebilior quam tibi, Virgili. (A.) THE ACCUSATIVE CASE. 1. Active Verbs, and Deponents with an Active sense, usually have an Accus. case after them, As, Pater amat Jilium.—Spes sola in miseriis hominem conso- latur. a. And it is only this Accus. which can become a Nom. to the Passive Verb, As, Amat jilium, Amatur filius; but Credit fiHo, and therefore, Creditur jUio} not filrus. 2. Neuter Verbs have an Accus. of words allied to them in sense, As, Vitam jucimdam vivere.—Olet unguenta. 3+ Celo, doceo, induo, and Verbs of asking9 have two Accus. cases; one of the Person, the other of the Thing, As, Celo te hanc rem.—Doceo te literas,—Induit se eaUeos.— posce Deos veniam. * See page 41« (2. b.)32 а. Their Passives have an Accus. of the Thing, As, Rogatur sententiam.—Motus doceri gaudet Ionicos, 6* This Acc. is used with the Participle, as, Ro- gatus sententiam: with which we may compare the% Accus. of the part*, Redimitus tempora; and'hence the Accus. with the Adjective, Nuda pedem. >. The Accus. of the Person becomes the Norn, to the Passive Verb. P. Induo mihi vestem, may also be said; and Induo me veste, where veste may be considered the Ablat. of the Instrument: see P. 37.(1.) 4 4. Juro has an Accus. of the Deity by whom the oath is taken, As, Juro Deos. 5. The Neuter Verb lateo has an Acc. of the person, As, Res latuit patrem. б. These Prepositions have an Accus., Ad, circa, circum, prope, pone, Cis, clanculum, adversus, Ob, erga,juxta, secus, ante, Secundum, usque, versus, Ultra, extra, apud, inter, Trans, penes, infra, intra, JPer, prater, propter, circiter, Post, citra, supra, contra. Versus is used after its case, As, jEgyptum versus. (B.) THE DATIVE CASE. 1* Adjectives and Adverbs of ease, equality, like- ness, neighbourhood, pleasantness, suitableness, and utility, and their contraries, have a Dat., As, Nec pecori opportuna seges, nec commoda Baccho.—For* tana impar animo.—Falsa veris finitima. • S«e page 37. (5. a.)Verbal Adjectives in -bilis have a Dat., As, Nulli flebilior quam tibi, Virgili. As most transitive Verbs are followed by an Acc. of the immediate object, so all Verbs which admit a Preference to any remoter object may be followed by that object in the Dat. P. This is called the Dativus lucri vel damni, or commodi vel in- vommodif and marks the object to or for -which the thing is done, or which is injured or benefited, or at all interested or concerned in the matter, as Rete accipitri tendunt. Here rete is 'the object immediately acted on by tendunt, and accipitri the more remote ob- ject, to it hose iryury the thing is done; so also, sibi vixit, sibi snmptnm fecit, he lived for himself; (Dat. commodi) opto tibi omnia bona, I wish every good to you; imperavit hoc militibus, he gave this order to the soldiers. Ad ilia mihi intendat animum, /or me, i. e. I would have him attend to those things—I am inter- ested that he should attend.—Hence, 3. Verbs of giving, taking away, profiting, in- juring, pleasing, displeasing, trusting, distrusting, commanding, serving, obeying, resisting, promising, paying, shewing, telling, threatening, being angry\ have a Dat,; if Transitives, with an Accus.; if In- transitives, without*it; As, Deme mihi studium,—Erranti monstrat viam.—Opituiari reipublicce.—Tu ne cede malis.—Irascitur tibi. Except a few, as guberno,juvo, Ice do, offendo> rego, which have an Acc., As. Numina laesit.—Audentes fortuna juvat.—Regere populos. 4. Most Verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, contra, in, inter, ob, post, prise, sub, super, have a Dat.; if Transitives, with an Accus.; if Intransitives, without it; As, Fastigium operi imponere.—Contraire sententice. Digito compesce labellum. If the action be performed by a living agent, a with the Ablat. is used, As, Dente a lupo petimur. a. The Dat. however must be used with the Participle in -dus, instead of a with the Ablat., As, Diligentia pracipue mihi est colenda—(not a me.) 3. The Dat. is used frequently in Poetry, and sometimes in Prose with Passive Verbs, instead of a with the Ablat., As, Neque cernitur ulli.^-Cui non sunt anditse Demos- thenis vigiliae. 4. The Ablat. is used to express the Manner" in which an action is performed, As, Maximh discessit glorib, a. Where, however, the Substantive in the Ablat* should have an Adjective joined with it. b. Also cum may be used, as, maxima cum gloria. c. CwwjsAottWbeusedif there be no Adjective, As, Liters cum fide scriptae. 5. The Ablat. fixes and limits the sense of > Nouns, Verbs, and Participles with which it is joined, As, Insignis facie. a. The Poets put these limiting expressions in the' Accus. in imitation of the Greeks, As, Nuda pedem. b. The Gen. is sometimes found with Verbs denoting anxiety, As, Diserncior animi. * ->88 ' 6. A Substantive with a Participle joined with it, if it be neither the Nora, case to a Verb, nor governed by another word, is put in the Ablat., which is called the Ablative Absolute, As, Saepe, premente Deo, fert Deus alter opem. a. There being no Participle of sum, a Sub- J stantive and an Adjective, or two Substantives, -frequently form an Ablat. Absolute, As, Diis propitiis—Magis auctoribus, Xerxes inflamm&sse templa Graeciae dicitur. 7. The Ablat. Absolute is used to specify time, as Tarquinio regnante, and supplies the jplaceof the particles when, since, while, although. " 8. Comparatives maybe followed by an Ablat. instead of quam with a Nom., As, Pretiosior are. Where quam as might be said. a. Comparatives may be followed by an Ablat. instead of quam, with an Accus. in the construc- tion of the Accus. with the Infin.*, As, Neminem Romanorum Cicerone eloquentiorem fuisse veteres judic&runt. J. Otherwise quam should always be used, As, Facilius ediscimus Versus qudm prosarn orationem, ra- ther than prosa oratione. c. Qu&m is sometimes omitted with Numerals, As, Amplins ducenti homines. d. When two qualities are compared, both are in the Comparative, Ad, Sapiestior quam eloquentior. e. Grandis, grandior; magnus, major, maxi- mus; minor, minimus, are joined with natu, k As, Colere enm ccepi, non admodum grandem natu. « * See page 49. (2. b.)SB unto hoc, multo, midtis paftibus, nihilo, paulo, quanto, 9. Aliquanto, altero tanto (twice as much) £ 2 tanto, are used in comparing one thing with another, As, Quanto doctior, tanto submission 0 o 05 10. Captus, contentus, extorris, fretus, profugus, prccditus, have an Ablat., As, Malitict fretus su& 11. Dignor, fruor, fung or, glorior, Ice tor, nit or, utor, vescor, and the Compounds abutor, defungor, perfungor, perfruor, have an Ablat., As, Me dignor honore.—Munere fungi. a. Fruor, fungor, utor, vescor, are found with an Accus. according to the ancient usage of almost all Verbs, As, Vesci lauros. 12. Verbs of enriching, impoverishing, depriving> and the like, have an Ablat., As, Donat Galios cicitate. P. Where Gallia civitatem might be said*, a«d many other Verbs in like manner admit a double construction, as Rationem veritatis ab hoc ordine abjudico. Ipse sibi Hbertatem abjudicavit. 13. Opws and wsws have an Ablat., As, Opus e6titt& maliUA atqne Nunc viribus usus. P. In prose usus is seldom found with a case after it. 14. Verbs of delivering, keeping at a distance, removing, and the like, have an Ablat either with or without the Prepositions a, de, e. As, Liberat eum metu.—lla.Ua Teucrorum avertere regem. 15. Nascor, ortus, and the like, have an'Ablate either with or without the Preposition, See page S3. (3.)40 As, PcUre certo nasci.-^Edita de magno flufnine Nympha fui* The Ablat. alone is used in Poetry to express nu- merous relations which in Prose are denoted by Pre- positions. 16. These Prepositions have an Ablat., Ay aby abSy absque, sine, ex, e, de. Cum, coram, palam, procul, pro, and prce. 17. Tefius may have an Ablat. in each Number or a Gen. in the Plural. It is put after its case. The Gen. is Poetic. GOVERNMENT OF CASE. VARIOUS CASES. (a.) genitive or dative. 1. Similis and dissimilis have a Dat.; less fre- quently a Gen., As, Nod lac lacti similius, quam hie tui, tuque htyus.—Suo ge- neri dissimilis. 2 Communis, contrarius, peculiaris, proprius, have a Gen. or Dat., As, Yitia virtutum pontraria.—Mare commune omnibus. (b.) genitive or accusative. Verbs of remembering and forgetting have a Gen. or an Accus., As, Dnlce est meminisse laborum.—Oblitns sum meu—Cinnam memini.—Obliviscere Graios. (c.) genitive or ablative. 1. The Gen. or Ablat. is used to shew that one thiiig is the property or quality of another, As, Lentulum eximid. spe, summce virtutis adolescentem. a. Where, however, the Substantive must have an41 Adjective joined with it: thus, spe adolescentem, vir- tues adolescentem could not be said. 2. Verbs of buying, selling, valuing, hiring, and the like, have a Gen. of the Adjectives magni, pluris, parvi, &c. As, dos ; a talis quoque taUo nata; caro; arbor. (c) Neutra alienae terminationis. Suber, sHer, uker, iter, junge cadaver, Tuber, item cicer, et piper, et siser, atque papaver; JEtqu&r, itemmarmor, cor; et &s; atque o«f et os ... rKis: - QqMjS etiam nomen casu invariable ^ ceu fas. » (rf) Communia. Otnnfbus his commune genus: plerumque flikic fylasciila, adepsrJini$, torquis, pulvis, cinis, anguis, Funis, linter, mar go, rudens, scrubs, pampirws, otex, Index, et cortex, pumex, vepresqus leguntor ; Illinc grando, silex, colus, alvus, carbasus, imbrex, Et stirj)#, et corbis, potius muliebria dicas* (e) Generum variorum. <2ttm sensu sunt pauca Genus variantia: vox Mascula in -i, sed foeminea -us, et neutra -eris. At - pas Mascula -dis, neutra -is. Calx, unto foemineae inde, time sunt communes: sed et hfnc est unio raro Fceminea. Hinc ficus vox mascula in -i, simul inde ,&ui}attinis vel in -r, vel in sed rarius inde Mascula in -i. Duo praeterea, penusy et specus, uno Nomina sub sensu triplici geuere usa leguutur*62 Cf) Genera Adjectivorum. Sunt, quae deficiunt, generum Adjectiva duorum: Qualia in ~es sunt; ut locuples: neutralia raro. (B.) DECLINATIO NOMINUM. Die primum, Rectum; casus reliquos, Ohliquos. Non crescit casu Parisyllabon in genitivo; QuoWcrescit nomen, contra Imparisyllabon audit. (a) Declinationes Contracts. Quarta potest et Quinta fere Contracta vocarit Quarta per u, Quinta e, casus prope contrahit omnes. Inde etenim domuis legimiis, currtimqiie, meluque; Inde diesque, diiqxxe, diSqne ; fide que dativum. Hinc facile efficitur Contracti formula flexfis. 4. S. N. V. -as. G. -ui's, -lis. D. -fti, -ft. Ac. -uem, -om. Ab. -ue, -u. PL N. Ac. V. -ues, -us. G. *uum, -dm. D. Ab. -uibus, -ubus ttti-ibus. 5. S. N, V, -es. G. -eis, -£s; -ei, -t vel -£. D. -ei, Ac. -«em, -em. Ab. -ee, -e. Pi. N. Ac. V. -ees, -es. G. -erum. D. Ab. eibus, -ebus. (£) Declinationes Graeco-latinae. Mascula in -as aut -es, et in -e muliebria, Primae: Mascula in -os finita, et in -on sunt neutra Secundae: Mascula in -an,-eis, -en, -er, -es, -ens, Tertia, -or, -in, -on, -Os, -us; mascula habet/vel fceminea haec, -as, -is, ysque: Mas vel foemina in -os est fdrmae, -o fcemina, Quartae. i ' 1. iEneas, Anchises; Thisbe. 2. Sisyphos; Ilion. 3. Titan, Pyroeis, splen, aer, Dares, Orpheus, Hector, delphin, daemon, Mioos, tripos; adamas, Pallas, Paris, Phyllis, Capys, Tethys. 4. Androgeos, Eos: Sappho.63 Fines obliquorum ignotos quosque Latinis Formula tironem poterit subnexa docere. 1. G. -es. D. -e. Ac. -an, -en. V. -e. Ab. -e. 2. Ac. -on. P. -on. 3. S. G. -os. £>. -I. Ac. -a, -n. V. -an, -in, -on. et ab- jicit -s Nominativi. PI. iV. F. -es. -e, -a. G. -on. D. -sin. Ac. -is, -e, -a. 4. G. As, -o" D. Ac. V. Ab. -o. -Um quartum, -u reliquos obliquos flectit Iesus. (C.) HETEROSTGECHIA NOMINUM. {Simplex composito vocalem in Nomine mutat: Ars AdXiners; caput, occiput: hujus mille farinae. Adjectivum -er, e perdit; ut ater flectitur atra: Deme miser, prosper, tener, asper, adulter, et alter, Et liber, lacer; et quae in x-fer composta, vel in 2-ger. 1 opifer. • belliger. (D.) HETEROSTCECHIA CASUUM. (a) .Casus Singulares. Priipae vulgo Musa effert prisca per -at. Ex ~er non puro deponit e forma secunda: Lucifer•, et Liber, gener, et socer excipiuntur. Tertia dat varios Genitivi inflexio fines. * -Is Recti manet: -es vel -e sic parisyllabon -is fit.% Vox capit -is, quam -c, 4, -n, -r, litera claudit: Impurum -s, -tis; glans, -dis; frons inde -tis, hinc -dis. Graecum in -a -tis capit; ut problema-tis: adjice lac-tis. Purum -s non pauca solent inflectere per -tis; Qualia in -as, pietas: lis; cos, dos: nomen et in -pos,, Queis jungas et in -es, abies, «risque, quiesque, Interpres, pariesque, segesque, tegesque; lebesqxxe, Adde, tapesque: hacc Adjectiva, teres que, vegesque, Pr&pes, hebes, locuplesque: his insuper adde salus- o . Servi-que-tus, virtusque, juventus, atque senectus•64 Pes, fiierces, hceres ; cassis, cuspie, lapis, in -dis; Prces itidem; custos; fraus, laus; pecus adde, sed unum Tan turn animal, non plura notans; incusque, palusqu*. Malta sed -es per -itis variant; velut ales, et amew, Cespes, cocles, eques, fomeb, cum gurgite, limes, Et merges, miles, palmes, poplesque, pedesque, Et stipes, termes, frames, tudes, atque satelles, Veles: Item comes, hospes, dives, sospes: et in -stes A iSto: -ses, -sidis a sedeo : sic -cors -dis, uti etor. -S post b, m, p, facit (ut trabs, stirps, et hiems) -is. -X in rcis plerumque migrat, dux ut duels: at -gis Pauca volunt, grex, lex, rex, slrix, cum remige, con- jux; Graeca phalanx, harpax, et in -yx quamplurima, ki -inx que. -Ebs, simul *eps, fere et -ex, si vox monosyllaba non sit, ,E facit i; ccelebs, princeps, ut et auspicis auspex. Excipe sed vervex vervecis; et aucupis auceps. Nomen in -ut sibi format -itis; caput ut capitis dat. Orta sed a capite, ut prceceps, -cipitis dare malunt. -S per -ris variant Jlos, mas, os, rosque, Ceresque, JEs, gUs, mas, telhis, mus, - us monosyllaba neutra. Vertuint -us per -oris neutra haee; eorjfassqtfc, ! decusque, Fortius, item Jacinus, frigus, littusque, wemustpit. Eit pigmts, pectus, pecus, et, cum stercore, tempits. Robwr, ebur, femur: una lepvs vox mascula tantfim. Flecte omne Adjectivum in -or, -us, quod comparat, -oris. Non pauca inflectunt -us -eris: ceu fcedus, acus- que, ]*unus, onus, genus, et mtmus, p&ndm, tains, ulcti&9 Ru$Us, olus, cum sidere, opus, cum riscere, vettus, Et wdnus, scehis: adde Venus; pulmsque, cinisqtife; Y$vte -ter in -iris; \lt aecipiter: -bei* et in -brfc; ut imber. Graeca duo, mater, pater, in -tris; caetera in -eris*m jAccipit -lerti*iqiie Quiris, Samnis, fornaxquc? pahtsque. Pdfoify hyems, pates, juvenis, strigifisque, canisque^ ^ finep tre^ a-ebs, -eps9 -ops, -urn flectere malunt. Daut -ubus k$ec Quart®; locus, et specus, aarens, et artus, Partus, acus,portusque, tribysque, genuque, veruqpe* 1 Coeticol&m, De&m. • Ccelebs, princeps, Cyclops. * COMPARATIO ADJECTIVORUM. JPeficit interduro vocum Gradus, Haep Positivo Pauca carent, nimirum alieno fonte petita:66 Odor a Grteco; atque a Praepositis quoque quaedam; *Arite semel; prope, prce, citra, intra auges bis, et ultra: x Suntque a detero, deterior deterrimus orta. Nequam -ior, -issimus; at multus, plus, plurimus eflfert. Adj^ctiva, Gradu qui comparat orba, fere sunt Inclytus,'invictuSy meritus, consultus, apricus, Diversus, bellus, falsus9 sacer, invitusque, Nuperus, invisus,Jidus, novus, et persuasus. Manca Superlativo, adolescens, injinitus, Suntque senex, dives, juvenisque, supinus et ingens. Adjectiva -bilis, vulgo verbalia dicta. Plura utroque carent: 2Possessi, 8 Temporis index, AMateri balbtis, claudus, mediocris, egenus, Pary dispar, vetulus, memor, unicus, atque canorus. Plura quidem docti, sed quorum rarior usus, Alterutrd defecta gradu fortasse notabunt. Elleipsin sunt quae patiuntur; ceu juvenis fit Junior; et nonnulla in 13-imus breviata, vel 14,-emus: Atque SMW/wwsque, ex infimus atque supremus: Atque gradum cumulare gradu quoque 15pauca videbis. 1 Ante, anterior, prope, propior, proximus. prae, prior, primus, citra, citerior, citimns. intra, interior, intimus. ultra, ulterior, ultimas. 'patrius. Caesareus. #hesternus. 4aureus. 5Romanus. *secnndus, dno. 'frugifer. ■armiger. • duplex. 10legitimn8. "fugitivus. "legendus, lecturus; 15 dexter, sinister, ultra, prope, intra, citra, infra; dextimus, &c. pro dexterrimus, &c. 14 extra, supra, posterns; extremus, &c. pro exterrimus, &c. 15proximus, proximior, postremus, postremissimns. NOMEN. HETEROCLISIS NOMINUM Tripla est: fine Redundat vox Heteroclita; casu Deficit aut numero; Variat flexumve genusve.67 (A.) REDUfrDANTIA, (a) In Nominativo. Multiplices recti fines opulentia linguae Parturit; ut lanio,laniu$; sic vesper a, vesper; Segnitia, -es; honor,-os; rubor, -edo; senecta, se~ nectus; Et quos Grammatica monstrabit plenius usus. Graeca sibi fines geminant mutata Latinis; X>elphin delphinus, crater crateraque gignit. Substantia suis geminant finem Adjectivis; Qualia parturiunt vel in -is vel -us, 1arma, bacillum, FiYenum, animus, nervus, somnus, clivusquejt/gumque. Sunt quae praeterea geminantur in 2-osus, -eusque. 1 Inermis et ioermus, imb?cillis et imbecillas, &c. * Spamosas et spumeiis. (jb) In Obliquis. Nomina sunt etiam obliquos geminantia casus. Vox domu8 est formae quartae, pariterque secundae. ( Quercti8 in raro -i: sic Jicus (in arbore) fiexa est; Laurus in -i, raro -us; sic pinus flexa, cupressus, Et colus, et cornus. Cucumis dat et -is, dat erisqne; Cancer -eris, vel -ri; -beris et -bris, Midciber, et -bri: Atque penus per et -i, per et -us, per -orisque redun- dat: , JTicinoris, jecorisque, jecur, Propria edita Graecis, Graecoflexa eadem ad libitum, vel more Latino, Multimodis variantur; Ulyssis, Ulyssei, Ulyssi; Est vox JEneas, quae quarto aut -am facit aut -an: Vultque Chremes -is et -etis, quinto Comicus -es -e: Dat J Paris et Parin et Paridem; Dido -onis et -us dat; Nereis et dat Nereides, dat Nereidasque. Tertiae idem requies nomen Quintaeque videtur. Festa fere in 1-lia flecte -Hum, quandoque -liorum. -Abus, et -is, anima, et Dea, Jilia, nata, equa, mula. flecte 2-matis -matibus Neutrum polysyllabon in -ma. Vox Dens 4 vel -ei, -is vel -&s, Pluraliter effert. 1 Bacchanalia. G. Bacchanalium, Bacchanaliorum. * Epi- gramma. D, PL epigrammatis, epigrammatibus.68 (B.) DEFKJIENTIA.. (a) Flexu. (1) Aptota. Aptoton Casus manet uno fine per omnes; Pondo9 opus, et nequam: vox Barbara, Technica vel vox: Toty quot; et a tribus ad centum Nunieralia cuneta. (£) Casu. (1) Monoptota. {Jotttentum casu Monoptoton flectitur uno; Ut nauci; inficias eo, ad inci-que-tas redigo; sic lngratiis9 eocspee: duo Grseea, etgoque, dicisque. Macte simul primo numero, macaque sec undo. Multa per 1-ui vel -wi dat declinatio quarta. 1 noctu, permissu, despicatui, See. (S) Diptota. Nomina sunt Diptota duos referenda casus; XJt tabi, tabo: spontis, sponte; impetis et vult Impete; jugeris et sibi jugere, verberis et vult Vefbere; sed numero haec duo sunt perfecta secundo. Quartum suppetice recto, dica9 nil, nihil addunt. Astus et -u primo numero, -us bis flecte secundo: JEt verbalia m -urn^ -w^quse vulgo dieta Supiita. (3) Triptota. Tres casus Triptota ferant: haec fine sub m*0 { fmsj ador9 et wlupe9 instar, c inde et bal- neum, et illinc Delicium, poscunt -cz; vox sed balnea in usu est. 1 Dindymus, Ismarus, Msenalus, Pangaeus, Taenarus, Tartarus. VERBUM. Dicitfir -o flexum per -is Tncontraciile verbum; -O per et -as, per et -es9 contractum; in -soque quod exit. * Primk per a, atque secunda per e se contrahit, atque Tertia forma per i: nimirum la Prima sequentem e, /que absorbet, et u; 2 sic has quoque forma Se- cunda e; 8 Tertia at i, similem, nudamque e, aut quam sequi- tur re. -O Thematis Primae ex -ao contracta videtur; Possibile ex -aam fieri mirabere posse -em. Prima secundaque in -abo dant atque -ebo Futurum; Tertia, ut Incontracta; sed haec antiques *-ibo; Formabatque etiam Imperfectum antiquiiis *-ibam, Flectere quod mavult usus communis -iebam. 8 Ante -i Perfecti formae omnes u sibi sumun*; Absorbet quae, sed 7non semper, e praecedentem. lAm-ae, -a; -ais, as,; -aunt, -ant. 8mon-ee, -e; -ei's, -es; -eiint,-ent. Saud-iis, is; -ie, -i; -iere, ire. 4scibo pro sciam. 'scibam pro sciebam. 6 amari; moneui, monwi; aodiri: 7fleo, fieri; Deo, neti, &c.73 (a) Exceptiones. Verba in -io occurrunt tribracha incontracta bis octo Haec; capio, cupio, facio, fodio, fugiovpie, JLtjacio, pario, quatio, rapio, sapioque; Atque orior, morior, gradior, patior; quibus addas Tantiim in compositis lacio, specioque vetusta. Fit tamen ex orior modus Infinitus oriri: Sic et contractum invenies compostum adoritur. Contractum flexum ex pario composta resumunt. Non raro potior legitur sub simplice forma; Utpote Mars potitur; Nos te poteremur, Achtlle. -As pauca ex l-eo, plura sed ex 2-io, flectere gau- dent. 1 Beo, calceo, creo, cuneo, enucleo, galeo, laqneo, linco, nanseo, screo, &c. * Allevio, aniplio, ascio, brevio, concilio, crucio, frio, furio, hio, initio, lanio, luxurio, nuncio, pio, pro- pitio, radio, repudio, satio, saucio, socio, somnio, spolio, tri- pndio, vario, vitio; ferior, inficior, insidior, praemior, spatior, suavior, &c. (A) HETEROSTCECHIA IN PERFECTO. (a) Verbi Incontracti. Consona mutatur; -go, -cto, vel -ho, vertitur in -xi; Junge quibus coquo, dico, duco,Jluo, struo, vivo. Haec tria sed, mergo, spar go, tergo: insuper octo, Claudo, Ice do, ludo, plaudo, divido, rado, Rodo, trudo, solent -go, vel -do, reddere per -si : Mitto, mist: uro, gero,,cedo, premo, geminant s. ~Po fit -psi; sic -bo de nubo, et scribo duobus. -Sco, -no, -vi faciunt; nosco ut novi; sino sivi; Sterno stram; sperno, sprevi; cerno ita crevi. Como, demo, promo, sumo, -si sibi flee tun t. -O fit -ui post I simplex; pariter fremo, pinso, Sterto, gemoy strepo, texo, tremo, vomo, -ui sibi for- mant: Pono vult posui, genui a geno poscere gigno. £74 A rapio, sapio, rapui, sapuique creantur. Scit fodio, fodi,fugio scit reddere fugu Vult -ivi arcesso aut accerso, capes so, lacesso, Et cupio, peto: qucero qucesivi; tero trivi. Consona de medio abjicitur; m rumpo ita perdit; Findo,fundo, tin quo, scindo, vinco, suum n. Vocalis princeps mutatur; ago velut egi; Fit capio, cepi; facio, jacioque, per -eci. Dat frango,fregi, normaeque inservit utrique. Multa nic verba duas gaudent geminare priores ; Curro, posco, pendo, tendo: fallo fefetti, Et par to peperi format, petto pepuliqxie; Datque cano cecini, cecidi cado, ccedo cecidi. Disco sibi didici sumit, tetigi sibi tango. Pungo simul pupugi format; fit sisto stitique. \ (b) Verbi Contracti. Plurima contractae formae uti simplice gaudent. Ex -o contracto,juvo vult sibi flectere juvL At crepo, -ui, cubo, -ui, domo, -ui, frico, -ws, wwco, wique, Vult plico, -tti, -wi, sowo, -wi, tfowo, -wi, veto, -wique: Consona in his, do, sto, repetita, dediqae, stetiqae, est. Ex -eo contracto, fleo dat flem, et neo nevi. Fit -veo -vi. Sedeo, video, cum prandeo, dant di; Pendeo habere pependi, mordeo vultque momordi; Spondeo habere spopondi, tondeo vultque totondi. Consona se mutat; geo ut impurum cadit in si: Augeo, frigeo, lugeo, per -oci, et luceo flectas. Ardeo, video, suadeo, amant -deo vertere per -si: Hcereo et hcesi, mulceo mulsi, et torqueo torsi; Vult maneo mansi; jubeo vult fleetere jussi. Ex -io contracto, venio format sibi veni. Impurum -do fit -si, sed post n -cio fit -oci; Sarcio ceu sarsi format, ceu vincio vinoci. Haurio item hausi; sentio sensi; sepio sepsi: Postremo amicio verbum dmicui sibi format.75 (B) HETEROSTCECHIA INITIALIS. (a) Verbi Compositi. Haec mutant composta a per e; pasco, parioque, Fallo, etiam scando, spargo, carpo, patro, capto, Arceo,jactoy sacro, lactoque, et farcio; damno, Tracto: prcedamno deme, et pertracto, retracto. Partior et gradior; prisca et duo, cando,fatiscor. Juro, dejero, pejero: sic halo dare anhelo; Mando -as, commendo; patior dare perpetior vult. . Haec at in i Thematis mutant primam; cestimo, apiscor, Ccedo, Ice do, queero; cado, rapio, cano, tango, Et sapio, siatuo; atque egeo, lateo, maneoque, Et taceo, leneo; et salio lacioqxxe; liabeo, sed Excipe posthabeo; placeo dat displiceo unum. Haec ago, emo, capio, frango, jacio, premo, partgo, Atque rego, sedeo; priscum specio; fateorque\ Et cum praeposito tantum facio: omnia primam Vocalem Thematis, non perfecti, per i mutant. Adde lego, si non praeeat per, re, ad, trans. Aufer ab his composta: super sedeo, coemoqxxe; Circumago, cogo, dego, perago, satagoque; Oppango, circumpango, depango, rep an go. Syllabicum abjiciunt per go, surgo, Thenjatis -re; Sic etiam notum antiquis pro porrigo porgo; Quod tamen in perfecto iterum sibi quaeque resu- munt. A calco, salto, composta per u variant a. Excludunt a Sed ex causor, quatio, lavo, claudo : Facta ex plaudo per o diphthongum reddere malunt: At relavo, applaudo, retinent sibi Simplicis usum. (C) HETEROSTGECHIA IN PERFECTO. (0) Verbi Compositi, Composita perit in forma geminatio Verbi Simplicis; exceptis, quae a disco, posco, creantur: Sic circumdo, pessundo, venundo, satisdo, e 276 Contractis ex -do; ferme incontracta -didi dant: Abseondo facit abscondi: a sto nata -stitiqxie. A cano compositum per -ui se, ut concino, ffectit: Sic compssco in -ui, et dispesco, a simplice pasco. A pungo composta solent adsciscere -punxi: A lego sic intelligo, diligo, negiigo, -lexi. Dant -perui apario composta; sed excipe cowi-, -re; (D) HETEROSTCECHIA PERFECTI. (0) In Compositis quibusdam specialibus. Perfecto -cussi a quatio* composta fruuntur; - Vasi a trado, -temsi a temno, a -tundo -tfwcfe'que. Haec Thema priscum edit variis utentia formis; A speeio -specei; k lacio -leoci; elicio dat uique; A -cumbo -cubui ; -lea dat -levi, et -pleo -plevi; Cello -cellui habet; solum per cello -culi dat. (E) HETEROCLISIS YERBL (a) Verba Redimdantia. (1) In Prcesentl V^rba eadem, non fine uno; ut sunt strideo, strido► Uno fine, lavo, sed flexu duplice, in -as, -is. Literuiis isdem, sed sensu duplice, -is atque -as Dant colo, fundo, mando, lego, educo, (2) 7/2 Perfecto. ^ Plura uno visa ex verbo Perfecta creari; A lino, Imi, livh levi; a pango paciscor, Fit pepigi; pro figo, pegi; pro cano, panxu Flecte sero pono, serui; sero semino, sevi. Non renuit necui, sed amat neco rite necavi. A salio, salto, veniunt salui atque salivi; Villi et vulsi a vello; a necto -#ique -xuiqiie. Sancio habet sanxi, sancivi et noverat olim. Forma vetus parsi, sed in usu a parco peperci est.77 (3) In Infinitivo. Dat morior plerumque mori, quandoque moriru (J) Composita Redundantia. (1) In Per fee to. Compositum k plico, quod neque sub-, -re, praeit, neque nomen, Flectit -ui aut -avi; sic increpo, discrepo, dimico, Ew-, de-, prce-curro dat -curri, datque -cucurri. swfr-, iw-, ex-oleo dat -wi, simul -evi± At parce per-, in-, ex-, dat -ui: parce ob-, re-, sub-, -evi. ' Per -nivi et -nixi geminat eonniveo formam: Quin absorbui et absorpsi unum absorbeo sumit. (c) Verba Deficientia. (1) Perfecto. Sunt ferio, temnoque,ferocio, tollo, meioque, Et quatio, tundo; sisto, jungas, hebeoque, Denseo, jlaveo, lacteo, et haec aveo, scateoque, Ambigo, vetdo,furo, vergo, meioque, laboque; Atque renideo, ntoereo, polleo: glisco fatisco : Inque -urio verba; esurio nisi parlurioque: Sic liquor, medeor, ringor, vescor, reminiscor: Nempe his Part'cipii Perfecti deficit usus. (d) Verba Variantia. {1) Perfectum. Perfectum haec sumunt aliena ab origine Neutra: Mcereo mcestus mm; gavisus gaudeo; et ausu^ Audeo; dat solitus soleo; Jido quoque jisus• Passivum nec liabent, nec Perfectum, unde cfeentur, Activum; neque enim Jidor,Jidique leguntur.78 Passivam Activae visa haec adjungere formam; Juro juravi, juratus; prandeo prandi, Pransus sum: voci sed Mispar sensus utrique. Nupsi, nuptaqwe sum nubo: placui, placitus sum Dat placeo; libet at libuit, libitum ^s/que; licetcpie Dat licuit, licitum estque; piget piguit, pigitum est- que; Atquepudet puduit, puditum est; quibus adjice tcedet Tceduit, et pertcesum est; vox unum utraque sensum. ^Juravi, temeri; juratus sum, in judicio. Prandi, jam nunc; pransus sum, jamdudum. Fere Heteroclita Specialia. Sunt quoqiie praeterea specialia Anomala quaedam, More suo variata, modisque Heteroclita niultis, In certas quae difficile est disponere classes: Sed quae jampridem puerum didicisse putaridum est, Singula commodiore loco descripta tabellis, Perpetuoque usu et pensis tractata diurnis. Possum, volo, Sic. Vide Appendicem, p. 23. FORMATIO PARTICIPII IN -TUS. -/fit -tits; perk u servilis; -ui sed -itus dat; Id ictus; scivi scitus; monui monitusque. Praesentis redit a: geminatio tollitur omnis : Ceu feci/actus, peperi vult reddere partus; G, qu9 a? prope -tus migrat in c; lectus uti dat Legi; sic -liqui -lictus; texi quoque tectus. (a) HETEROSTGECHIA. Participii. Fin go y mingo, pin go > stringo rejiciunt n. Figo, fluo -anis; sic nata ex -cto, -oci, omnia dant -CGUS.79 -De, -Zi, -W, formant sibi -sus; nonnulla duplant s; Nempe fidi, fodi geminant, sedique, scidique: Pulsus item format pepuli, ctesusque cecidi. -Si fit sus; misl quin missus: m tamen autp Prcecedente, -tus effertur ; -tus ab uro, geroque, Atque indulge o> tor que o, fulcio, farcio, sarcio. Part'cipii haec variant sibi verba sequentia for- mam: Verto vult versus; meto messus; censeo census; Torreo tostus; emo emptus; do datus; et sibi sevi Vult satus; activum sisto status, et colo cultus; Pas tus et a pavi; a sepelivi verte sepultus; -Cello ab -ui -celsus; sed ab -i vult flectere -culsus. Deponentia item mutanturi reddere lapsus Vult labor, passus patior, fqssus fat eor que; Vult etiam gressus gradior,fessusque fatiscor; Metior et mensus sibi postulat, utor et usus: Vultque paciscor pactus, nanciscor dare nactus; Obliviscorque ulciscorque, oblitus et ultus. Junge, queror questus, proficiscor junge profectus: A loquor adde locutus, et a sequor adde secutus; A reor et ratus, expergiscor et experrectus, Experiorque ewpertus, mtsereorque misertus; Et comminiscor commentus: apiscor et aptus Vox vetus, unde frequens compostum adipiscor adeptus. Ortus vult orior; morior sed mortuus optat. Vult tueor tuitus; solum obtueor dare -tutus. (1) In Futuro. . E fugio, pario; eque luo, ruo, et arguo, -iturus, Vult oriturus habere orior; morior moriturus. Dant nascor, nosco, specie Praesentis, -iturus. Haurio at hausurus sibi vult adsciscere ab haustus.80 (&) HETEROSTCECHIA INITIALIS. Participii Compositi. 7 Vocalem primam Thematis composta reponunt Simplicis haec -tineo, -fringo, -pingo, atque -igo, -tingo. E composta legunt -fiteor, -ripioqxie, -cmoque: At -silio, -sultus sibi vult; adolesco et adulius. Part'cipium per -itus flectunt nata ex do, sero, sto: Cognosco, agnosfro, sic cognitus, agnitus edunt. (c) PARTICIPIUM HETEROCLITUM. (1) Redundans. Part'cipium venit a Perfecto simplice duplex: Tendo, tensus, tentus; pando, pansus, passus; Sic lavo lautus, lotus; mistus misceo, miwtus; Vult poto potiis, potatus; alo alt us, -itusque; Dat -tusus -tunsuscpie retundo; vult sibi nitor Et nioms, mswsque; fruor fructus, fruitusque; Pro texo, orditus; proque incipio, ordior orsus. Pinso triplex, pistus, pinsusque, et pinsitus effert. (2) Redundans in Futuro. A sto compositum -aturus, raro edit -iiturus. (3) Deficiens. Part'cipium de Perfectis fit pluribus unutrt; De Uvi, pegi, punwi, vulsique, profectum.PROSODIA. TEMPUS, ^sive quantitas vocalium. Syllabici est in voce soni duratio Tempus. Unica longa breves exaequat syllaba binas. Linea curva, brevis (v/); longi nota, recta recum- bens (- ). Vocalis brevis esse solet; nisi triplice causa, Natura nisi sit producta, Situve, vel Usu. (A) NATURA. Longa est Natura Dipbthongus; item dupla in unam Syllaba ^ontracta, ajt/venis ceu jumox exstat. Longus contracti flexfts est quisque character; U quartae Substantivorum, atque e nota quintae : Tres quoque, contracti Verbi quae signa videntur, Vocales; nisi -1 quando finalis adhaeret. (B) SITUS. Longa Situ est, sequitur quain consona bina du- plexve. At brevis efficfcur communis, muta liquensque Si junctim incipiant quae syllaba deinde sequatur. Producta ex brevibus tribus una, licentia vatum, Libertas nimia, et cauto est fugienda poet®. Vocalis claudens vocem, incipiente sequentem iff,-cum Ih tjjisi correpta probatur. e 382 (C) usus. Longae Usu, veteres quas produxere Poetse, Infra quaeque sua dispostae classe sequuntur. (a) MONOSYLLABA. Longa Usu vox est Monosyllaba; at excipe fac, cor, Bis, quis, is, es, fel, rnel, vel, fer, per, ter, vir, in, an, nec: Et que, ne, ve encliticas, voci quae semper adhae- rent: Et quam vocalem b, d, t, consona claudit. (ft) SYLLABLE. (1) Ultimas Longae. ^ Hae septem; -en nisi neutra, -as, -es, -os, simul -u, -a ~A^sextus casus: sextus, vel tertius, -is, -o: -Us etiam quae crescit in -udis, et -uris, et -utis: -A non flexilis; aut -d particulae ex -us, -er ortae. (1*) Exceptiones. -As sed -adis brevis est; -est -itis: seges adde, tegesque, Interpresque, teresque, vegesque, etprcepes, hebesque; Atque penes: tibicen item, pectenque, tamenque, Truncalumque viden\- donee: cum compos et impos: Eia, ita, particulas, puta item, et quia; queis cito recte Et moddr queis bene, vel male, queis nisi, vel quasi> jungas: Et flexfis -as, -es, atque -os, fines Graeco-latini.83 (c) Ultimae Communes. Sunt ibi, ubi; rrnhi^ veltibi, vel sibi; hie Articu- lusque: Adde tria hsec contracta, cave que, vale que, vide que; Perfectique Potentis ~i$, alteriusve Futuri. -G recti et quinti finis productior usu est; -© Verbi quoque; sed duo, ego, $cio, corripe et ambo; Porro9 ergo, sero, quando producta leguntur. {d) Ante-Ultimae Longae. (1) Radicales. Quaevis* vocalis sita fines ante sequentes; Da-ma, cloa-ea, loque-Ia, state-ra, auri-g-&, culi-tia, Vi-tf«, rube-do, pena-fes, v\-tis, aga-so, lupa-war, Do-wwiw, querce-£wm, fi-lum9 manti-fe, cana-Zis, ha-bes, ccjmpa-ges, se-des, sarta-go, legu-men, Fi-wes, re-ntus, ahe-nws, ava-rus9 nasus, avi-tits? Stella-ris, cochlea-re, sena-^or, junge viri-tim. (1*) Exceptiones. Deme superlativa 1 in -imus polysyllaba: signa Ordinis et 2 NumeraUa: vocem in -inusr nota si sit 3Materice9 aut ex adverbio nota 4 Temporis: aut ex Verbo in -itus, quam gignit 5mque, 6didique, 7 -stiti- que, Et *sevi; citus kcleo9 litus adde, ratusc^ae, Et satus* et status^ et -rutus, et quitus; ex eo itumque: Inque *-itus adde adverbia; et a verbo 10omne -Ms ortum; tl-Lum> -ia^ minutiva^ et tabulae dant plura sequentes. 1 Optimns, * deefmus, 3 faginus, 4 pristimts, 5 genitus, * traditus, * praestitus, * consttus, * penitus, 10 flebili.c. 51 pallidum, togula.84 (2) Catalogus Brevium Irregularium. -ma. -ca. -la. -ga. -na. ta. -do. -tis. -num. -turn• -lum. -lis. •bes. Coma, cucuma. Fabrica, fulica, manica, mantica, pedica, pertica, plica, tunica, vomica. Copjula, crapula, fabula, fibula, gula, infula, insula, macula, mola, regula, sca- pula, simila, tabula, tegula, tragula, ulula. Anchora, camera, cumera, hara, hedera, litera, mora, opera, patera, purpura, sera, vespera, vipera. Caliga, fuga. Buccina, fiscina, foemina, fuscina, gena, machina, pagina, patina, sarcina, trutina, apinae, minae. Amita, cucurbita, navita, nota, orbita, rota, semita. Cado, divido, edo. Cutis, ratis, satis, sitis. Laganum, nyndinum. Fretum, kitum. Crepusculum, nihilum, po- culum, solium, solum, sta- bulunr, stragulum, secu- lum, speculum. Gracilis, humilis, parilis, similis, steriKs. Hebes. ' -go. -nts. •mus. -sus. -til*. -ris. -re. -tim. -tor, -des. Ago, ego, lego, -is, ligo, nego, rego, rigo, rogo, tego. Columen, regimen, speci- men, tegimen, tamen. Canis, cinis, juvenis. Animus, calamus, domus, fimus, finitimus, humus, legitimus, maritimus, ne- mus. Acinus, anus, asinus, bo- nus, circinus, cophinus, dominus, facinus, fraxinus, galbanus, geminus, genus, bebenus, manus, onus, pampinus, pen us, platanus, sinus, sonus, terminus, Barbarus, creperus, ferus, herus, humerus, numerus, nurus, posterus, streperus, torus, uterus. Carbasus. Agnitus, arbutus, catus, cognitus, halitus, impetus, latus, metus, spiritus, vetus. Hilaris. Mare. Affatim. Janitor, olitor, portitor, vindemitor, vinitor. Fides, -vum*85 ■^3i) In Flexu. . -Onis ab -o; -oris ab -or; sic -alis, et aris, et et, Ex -al, -ar, -es; sic -arum, -orum; sic -alms, et -obus. E longum Verbi faciunt -ebam, -ere vel -erunt. (3*) Exceptiones. Propria -al> -ar, crescunt breve, et -or; lar9 par, jubar•, arbor, Sal, memory atque cequor, marmor; res, spesque, Jidesqxxe. (e) Ante-Ultimae Communes, Communis Genitivi in -ius penultima habetur; Deme utrwsque, atque alterius; contractual et alius: Communisque in fortuitus penultima, et ohe est (/) SPECIALES. Vocales inter binas, v consona ssepe, J primam extendit tantum non consona semper. (1) Catalogus brevium irregularium. V inter duas vocales. Avena, aveo, avis, avus, bovis, breeis, caveo, cams, exuvice, fateo, favilla, favvs, foveo, Jluvius, gravis, Jovis, juveitis, juvo, lavo9 levity moveo, novem9.noverca, novus, ovis, ovo, paveo, pluvia, severus, voteo. J inter duas vocales. Byugus, quadrijugus, fyc. Prima bisyllabici Perfecti est longa: bibique Deme, dedique, fidique, scidique, stetique, tulique. Verbi jwy nisi -er sequitur, Ji- syllaba longa est. Verbi do, a brevis est contracta; sed excipe da, das. Neutra ut {dem brevis est, vox mascula dicitur idem.86 Syllaba composita aut derivativa tuetur Vocis, qua manat, tempus: nec flexio mutat; Consona de binis nisi ubi una amota recedat: Quippe amota brevem facit; ut trabs. Excipe sed plebs. Atqui w vocalem longam resoluta manentem Conservat; pax ut pads. Sin flexio mutat, Corripit; a remex ut remigis, obicis obex. Corripias quoque fax, nex, grex^ nix, cum pice, f&rnix, Strixque, calixque, /arisque, «afeque, varivque, Jilixque, Appendix, histrix, coxendix, cum duce, conjux, Crux, cum Cappadoce, atque Allobroge, prcecox. Composita est di- brevis tantum in dirimo atque disertus. Nonnunquam Diana legis, plernmque Diana. De, pr<£, pro, brevis est, si vocalem anteit, aut A. Nec raro, sequitur quam consona, compositam pro Corripias; nec nunquam etiam communis habenda est. (2) JVo brevis in Compositis. PrvCella, prof anus, profari, profectd, pvofestus, proficiscor, profiteor, profugio, profundus, pronepos, protervus. (3) Pro communis in Compositis. Protumbo, procure, pof undo, propagof propello, propino. (4) Irregulares Derivative. Breves a Longis. Ace in m; nren*, arista; dejero, j^jero: dicax, maledicus, et id. genus multa a dico; fides; hodie; innuba, pronuha; lucerna; molestus; nuto; nefas, nefandus, ncque, nequeo; nota; posui; sagax; siquidem; sopor; utinum, utique; vadum; vitiurn; sic. genitivvts in et ex -as; item «mcrtes ab ««as, wiaris a mas, pedis £87 (5) Longae a Brevibus. Fetalis; fomes, fomentum; humanus; humidus, humor; im- beeillu8; jucundus; regula; tegula; staturus a status; ambitus a supino itum} &c. Denique, praemissas fallunt quae plurima nofmas, Catalogi numerant specialia longa sequentes. (6) Extensio Particularium. A. Janua. vagio secius fastigium Acer Labor, verb. vapulo. sedulus festino alea lamentor semi- prte- fibula ales lamina E. positivum. ficus amaracus laterna. semita fidus amentum Malus, subst. sepes sepia fill us. area mane Abstemius Hibernus. ater manes Celo sepio seria ico Areo materia cepe ilex Balo maturus cerussa serius id us Balena matuta clemens strenuus. ilia. balista meracus creber Teda Lacinia basium mano cupedise. temetum liber, adj. brachium. macero. Debilis temo libo Caduceus Omasum demum teter. liquor, verb. oaligo opacus. denique Veles liberi calo Pagina dicterium velo libum carex pagus demo. velox licium carica ~ palo Eheu veneo lilium caseus pareo eruca. venor linea cicada placo Fame, ablat. veredus litera. coagulum papilio prosapia. felix vesica Mendicu8 contagium fere vindemia meridies crapula Qualus. feriae. volemum. miles crates Radix Gleba. I. miror clamo ramex Lego, -as multicia. contamino. rapum. leno. Amicus Nideo Fabula Sagio Nequam. apricus nidor fkigito saperda Pene anticus nidus facundus scapus pen ula antiquus. novitius fagus spadix penuria Biduum'. mtella." flagitium suadeo. pero. Clitellae Obliquus fragum Tabi Repo crattcula obstipus frater. talio resina convicium. omnino Ganea talus rete Desidero opinor. glarea. trames rheda. dico, -is Pediculus Halec tragula. Sebum divisi, perf. ptcus halo. Vagina seculum Fastidium pileum88 posticus vtpera loligo Robur. Judex pudicus umbilicus lodix Scbpa jugera Ki'pa. vulpinor lorica scrof» jugis. Sagtno vito. lorum. solers Ligurio scrzbo Moles. sol or lwgeo stbilus 0. Nodus. sopio - muto. sidus Obex solus Nubo simia Adorea *lim sorex. nugae stipes alioqui oro Vadimonium nuper «ttpo / Boletus. otium. vomer. nuto. spiculum Codex Ploro Prurio susptcio,£u6. colo, -as poculum U, pugillares Tibia comis podex pugio tiro como pomum Aculeus punio , triduum conor pone adulor. pupilhs trucido. copia pono Bubo pusio Vectigal ' vacct'nium copula populus, ar- bufo. puteo. coram. bor. Cunae Scaturiu vibex Dolium poto. curia. stupa viburnum donee. procerus Duco. suber vicies Gobio proles Fwligo. sumo. vicus glorior. promo Glwbo Tuber. viginti Ignoro. - prosa. gluten ETber vinea Locusta Querimonia. glutio. - uligo. Omnibus his plura adjungent fortasse periti; Praesertim, quorum seges est uberrima, Graecis Quae derivantur nimirum fontibus, et quae Non nisi Sermonis Graeci plene indicet usus. (D) PES et VERSUS. Pes, versiis mensura, dupla est vel syllaba tripla. Longa duplex pes est Spondteus; longa sed una Ante breves geminas, pes Dactylus. Hi duo carmen, Si seni, longum; si quini sunt, breve panguat. A sex id metris titulum, hoc a quinque capessit; Illud enim Hewametrum est, hoc Pentametrumqne vocatur. (E) HEXAMETER et PENTAMETER. Principio quater Hexametri pes sefvit utervis; Dactylus in quinto est, Spondaeus in ordine sexto, , Spondaicum est carmen, cui quintus pes Spondaeus,89 Ni vocis suprema pedis qui tertius inst^t Syllaba sit, vel sit quarti simul atque secundi Prima pedis, perraro est carminis ordo canorus. Quam mediam hinc pausam quartus pes dimidiatus, Tertius inde facit, versfis Ccesura vocatur. Peatametri sunt membra duo; in primoque lo- cantur Pes utriusvis bis mensurae, et syllaba longa, Ultima quam Rhythmus jubet ut sit syllaba vocis: Dactylus inde duplex, et syllaba longa sequuntur. Ultima nil refert qualis sit syllaba versus. Hsec duo legitime mensura ut scandere possis, Syllaba sumatur junctim tripla; sed dupla tantum, Longa ex postremis si nota sit una duabus. Syllaba ne superet, vocis cuj usque supremam Vocalem elides, h vocalive sequente: M cum vocali pariter prseeunte peribit. Heu intercipitur nunquam monosyllabon, aut O. Hexametrum vox, cui dupla vel tripla syllaba, claudit; Cui dupla, Pentametrum: vati lex danda pusillo. Pentametrique fere et sermonis terminus idem est.FIGURE. Vocum Schema novum et speciale Idioma Figara est, Communem ornat&s causa quod respuit usum. (A) FIGURE GRAMMATICS. Grammatical triplex tantum est genus omne Fi- gure : Deficit Elleipsis quibus, et Pleonasmus abundat, Mutat literulas et mutat Enallage voces. (a) Elleipsis et Pleonasmus. 1 Demit lAphceresis initio, quod 2Prothesis addit: 3Syncope et e medio tollit, quod 4Epenthesis infert: Detrahit * Apocope fini, quod dat 6Paragoge. Saepius et Mefectus, et* excrescentia dicti est. Copulam 9Asyndeton aufert, quam 10Polysyndeton auget* Nominis in Genitivo Elleipsis crebra relati est: Hector is Andromache; uxor: sic adCastoris; aedem. Deficit ante Infinitum 11 vox praevia rectrix. Propositi prope perpetuo est Elleipsis in usu. 1 'st pro est. Plaut. 8 Tetuli pro tali. 8 Dixti pro dixisti. Ter. 4 Induperator pro Iiuperator. Juren. 5 Viden' pro videsne. 6 Claudier pro claudi. Ter. 7 Caetera laetus. Hor. • Oportuit praescisse me ante. Ter. 9 Grammaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes. Juven. 10 Alcandrmnqne, Halium- qqe, Noemonaque, Prytanimque. Ovid. 11 Omnes fortunas meas landare. i. e. cueperunt. Ter. (b) Enallage. Verba aut Acljectiva rei aptat significatae 1 Synthesis; ut tardi subeunt Tegecea juventus.91 Sed numerum atque genus cum proximiore remo- tum, 2Zeugma, quod est difformius, ad conforme reducit. Literulam 3Antithesis mutare, 4 Metathesis optat Transferre, et5 Tmesis vocem in duo membra secare. Alternos in se submutat 6 Hypallage casus* TransformatT Metaplasmns, abutitur 8 Antiptosis. Praeponit postponendam 9 Hysterologia vocem. Prisca 10Archaismus, Graeea utitur11 Hellenismus Syntaxi; perturbatur per 12Synchysin ordo. Verbi vel Vocem, vel Tempus Enallage mutate 18Passivum Activo innuitur sine voce reflexa; 14Nec quod praecedit conservat copula Tempus. 1 Aperite aliquis ostium, i. e. tu vel iu. Ter. * Utinam aut hie surdu8, ant haec muta facta sit. Ter. 8 Volt pro vuTt. Ter. 4 £vandre> pro Evander. Virg. 5 Cum qui bus eratcunqne una. i.' e. quibuscunque. Ter. 6 Nonarum tutela Deo caret, i.. e. Nona carent tut eld Dei. Ovid. T Cum seryili scheni&. pro schemate. Plant. 8 Ipsnm, ut vivat, optant. Ter. 9 Mo- riamur, -et in media arma ruamus. Virg. 10 Vivimus aevum vitalem. Plant. 11 Abstineto irarum. Hor. Retulit Ajaec Esse Jovis pronepos. Ovid. 18 Pastor ab*excelso, per devia rnra juvencos, Rottmle, praedones, eripe, dixit, agunt. Ovid. 18 Prora avertit. pro avertitur, vel avertit se. Virg. 14 Animus memi* nisse horret, luctuque refugit. Virg. (B) FIGURM POETIC®. Deinde Poesis habet proprio de jure figuras. Tempus 1 Systole corripit; atque 2Diastole tendit; Praesertim si rite brevem 3 Caesura sequatur. Vocalem 4Synaloepha solet truncare, sequatur Si socia, aut h. 5Vult Ecthlipsis demere m9 6si Non correpta manet: pariter s Tsustulit olim. Vocalis 8 non rite elisa vocatur Hiatus. Par aliquando 9 pari variatur Tempore Tempus* 1 —sterilisque diu palus, aptaque remis. Hor. 8 Pectoribus inhians. Virg. 8 Omnia vincit amor, et nos cedaraus amori. 4 l^lle ego. 5 Monstrum horrendum. Virg. 8 Cocto num adest honor idem ? Hor. 7 Volito vivn* per ora virftm. Enn. - 8 Stant et jnniperi, et castanese hirsutae. 9 Fluviorum rex Eridanos. Intexnnt abiete costas. Virg.92 (C) FIGURE RHETORICS. Rhetoricam imprimis multus Tropus adjuvat artetn, A proprio in sensum improprium conversio vocis. {a) Tropus Quadruplex. Apponit simili pi?o voce 1Met&phora vocem. Affini variat Metonymia nomine nomen; Pro 2 causa effectum; 3 pro subjecto quod adhaeret, Vel eontrd; *tempus pro re gesta; 'locus et pro Contenta; et pro signata datur utile *signutn; 7Abstractum vice concreti; et 'pretium vice mercis. Pro specie 9 genus; et pro parte Synecdoche 10to- tum; et 11 Pluralem ob numerum primum; contraque reponit. Ironia tegit sensum sub voce jocantem: Laudando irridere solet12 Sarcasmns amare. ♦ Quadrupla saepe Tropo comes est Affectio cuivis. Majores vero audet13Hyperbole fundere voces: Depravat vocem 14 Catachresis: claudere multos Una ia voce Tropos 15 Metalepsis: nectere multos In sermone Tropos vult ieAllegoria eodem. 1 Ridet ager, jEtas aurea. 8 Poenas dedit illud opus, i. e. OvidiuSy auctor operis. Ovid. Bacchus in auro ponitur. i. e. Vinum, Bacchi inventum. Virg, 3 Ternos, Amarylli, colores Necte.. i. e. tria licia diversoium colorum. Virg.- Hircus ha bet cor. i. e. sapientiam in corde. Mart. 4 Secnla mitescent. i. e. homines seculorum. Virg. Exspectate cicadas, i. e.cestatom, in quit cantant cicada. Suven. 5 Effudistis in me carcerem. i. e. incarceratos. ,Cic. Vina coronare. i e. auterem. Virg. 6 Cedant arma togae. i. e. helium pac>. Cic. Crepat ingens Sejanus. i.e. statua Sejarii. Juv. 7 Ubi illic scelusest? r.e. sceleslus. * Hie snnt tres minae. i. e. ancilla empta iribus minis. Ter. 9 Perniciosum animal, vel hominem, perdidimus. i. e. Catilinanu Cic. Mala mnlta precatus, i. e. omnia. Hor. •* Fbntem ferebant. i. e. aquam 2 fonte. Virg. O lepidum caput! i. e. lepide homo. Ter. 11 Obtnlimus qui nos ad prima pericula. i. e. obtuli me. Otia miles agit. i. e. milites agunt. Ovid. 19 Salve, bone vir, eur&sti probe. Ter. 9 Ocior Euro. Qdi cane pejus. Hor. 14 Vir gregis. i. e. aries. Virg. 25 Post aliquot aristas. Arista bic pro messibus, messes pro annis capiuntur. Virg. w O navis, referent in mare te novi Fluctas, &c. Hor.93 (ib) Figura Duplex. Aut repetii Verba: aut dictum corifirmat Elencho. (1) Repetitionis. Principium et finis voce 1 Epanalepsis in una est. Ingeminat sibi vocem 2 Epixeums. ^Anaphora vo- / cem in Principio bis ponit; 4Epistrophei fine bis addit. 5Symploce et incij>it et finit; sed clausula bina est. Finit et incipit 6Anadiplo$is; et hoec dupla: prorsum, 7 Climax dicitur: inversim 8 Epanodosqxie vocatur. 1 iEqne pauperibus prodest, locupletibus aeque. Hor• VO Corydon, Corydon. Virg. 9 Pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, cruore; Pascere, ait. Ovid. 4 Quis legem tulit ? Rnllus. Quis popnlum suffrages privavit? Rnllus. Quis tribus, qnas voluit, vocavit ? Rullus, &c. Cic. * Quam bene, Caune, too poteram nuras esse parenti! Quam bene, Caune, meo poteras gener esse parenti! Ovid. * Hie temen vivit. Vivit? immo in Senatum venit. Cic. * Si illis, quod libet, licet; et quod licet, possunt: et quod pos- sunt, audent; et quod audent, faciunt; et quod faciunt, nobis non molestum est. Cic. 8 Demophoon, ventis et verba et vela dedisti; Vela queror reditu, verba carere fide. Ovid. (2) Cgnfirmationis. Schemata vim verbis addunt: vocat1 Ecphonema; *Pusma rogat; simili illustratque 3Parabola sensum. 1 O terra, O maria Neptuni! Ter. 2 —non tu in triviis, indocte, solebas Strident* miserum stipule disperdere carmen ? Virg• 9 —ego apis Matinae More modoque Grata carpentis thyma per laborem Plurimum, circa nemns uvidique Tiburis ripas, operosa parvus Carmina fingo. Hor.94 ilem positam ante oculos digito notat 4 Hypotyposis; Qu&que 5Prosopopoeia, Personam efficit ex re. 6 Aposiopesis silet; haeret7Diaphoresis: "Epimone ingeminans auget; 9Paralipsis omittit. Arguit anticipans 10Prolepsis; 11 Epitrope cedit. Scite 12 Oocymoron secuin pugnantia dicit. 4 Sic sedit, sic culta fuit, sic stamina nevit; Neglect® colio sic jacu£re com®. Ovid. 5 Tecum» Catilina, patria sic agit, et quodammodo tacita loqui- tur; nullum jam tot annos facinus exstitit, nisi per Te, &c. Cic. infamiam judicii corrupti; negem, &c. ? • Facinus est vincire Civem Romanum; scelus verberare; parricidium necare ; quid dicam in crucem tollere? Cic. * Non queror diminutionem vectigalium; flagitiuni hujus damni; praetermitto ilia, praetermitto omnem orationem, &c4 Cic. 10 An hoc dicet mihi? invitus feci, lex coegit; audio, fateor; verum soientem, taciturn, causam tradere adversariis, etiamne id lex coegit? Ter. 11 Habes, Tubero, quod est accusatori maxime optandum, confitentem reum; sed tamen hoc ita confitentem, se in ek parte fuisse, qu& te, Tubero; qua virnm laude dignum, patrem tuum. Cic. 18 Tu, pot, si sapis, quod scis, nescis. Ter. Vis dicam, .male cur sit tibi, Tucca? bene est. Mart. Non bene semper olet, qui bene semper olet. Mart, T Equidem, quo me vertam, nescio.THE TRANSLATION or THE LATIN VERSE GRAMMAR. FOR THE USE OF THE LOWER FORMS IN WESTMINSTER SCHOOL.THE TRANSLATION OF THE WESTMINSTER LATIN GRAMMAR. ORTHOEPEIA, Rules for correct Pronun- ciation or Writing. Apostrophus an Apostrophe index the mark elisae vocalis of a vowel cut off]\ haeret- is annexed rarius less frequently initio to the beginning [of a word,] bene fini often to the end, comma supernum being a comma placed above it Dialysis a Dialysis, picta represented duobus punetis by two points in vertice on the top [of a let- ter,] separat parts vocalem i the vowel i a at u or u resolutam being disunited a socia from the vowel neoct to it. Copula Hyphen the link [called] Hyphen nectit connects voces words, aut or fragmina parts vocum of words. Cuspis the Angle, quae which vocatur is called Circumflexa a Circumflex, ssepe solet is often used distinguere to mark contractam vocalem a contracted vowel, et and sextum the Ablative in a in a. f98 ETYMOLOGIA: Rules concerning the Declining or Derivation of Words. Litera a letter vocatur is called pura pure, si if vocalis a vowel praeeat goes before it; ceu as [the letter u in the word] reus guilty: est it is inipura impure, si if consona a consonant praeeat goes before it, ceu as [the letter u in the word] rus the country. Litera radicalis a radical letter inest ab origine vocis is originally in a word; qualiter as [the letters of ] As a pound weight: flexus the Declining gignit produces, servilem [that which is called] servile: ut as [the syllable sis in the Genitive] assis. Omnis inflexilis vox every declinable word est is vel either Analoga Regular, consona agreeing with normae the common way of declining: vel or vox Anomala an Irregular word, dissona disagreeing with normae the common way of declining: porro more- over, vox a word est is [called] Heterostcecha He- terostoich, si if litera one of its letters differt is differ- ent a norma from the regular form : sin but if genus the gender, aut or numerus the number, casusve or the case [be irregular], dicta est it is called Hetero- clita Heteroclite. Vox quoque a word also est is [called] contr&eta contracted, cui bina syllaba two of whose syllables ligatur are joined in unam in one; seu whether sit it be Crasis [the Contraction called] Crasis, sive or Synaeresis [that called] Synceresis: ilia the former mutat changes vocales the vowels et and unit unites them; haec the latter servat keeps et and unit unites them.99 NOMEN Noun. Genera The Genders Substantivorum of Substantives. Accipe learn genus the gender a sexu from the sew; sin but if absit nota there be no distinction sexfts of sew, sua Declinatio their Declension mon- strat shews genus the gender vocum of words a fine by their termination. SuvX there are [some Nouns'] quae which capessunt take generale genus a general gender, proprio neg- lecto their own specific one being set aside; urbs [the name of ] a city, aut or insula an island, gemma a jewel, vel or arbor a tfree, capit takes fcemineum the feminine gender; monsque and [the name of] a mountain, fluviusve or a river, cooptat sibi adopts masculeum the masculine. Tiro the learner melius tenebit will better retain [in his memory] plurima a great number [of Nouns] praeterea besides fallentia which violate leges the rules generum of the genders, disposta when ranged ordinibus in classes: quos which tamen however fortasse perhaps stilus usus his own practice augeat fnay enlarge cuivis far any one. Masculine Masculines alienae 'terarinationis that by their termination should be qf another Gender. Mascula masculines, Neutro fine with a neuter ending; Hen the milt, cum pec tine with pec ten a comb, ren the kidney; sol the sun; furfur bran, item qlw turtur a turtle dwe, vitltur a vulture; salar a sqlmon; etand lepus a hare, et and mus a mouse. Mascula masculines, Fcemineo with a feminine [ending]; fons a spring, mons a mountain, pons a bridge; densque and dens a tooth, tridensque and tridens a trident, et q,nd torrens a torrent: cespes f 2100 turf\ fomes fuel, gurges a gulf \ tucles a mallet, ames a fork, pes a foot, paries a wall9 palmes a vine- branchy poplesque and poples the ham or knee, le- besque and lebes a caldron, tapesque and tapes tapestry9 trames a cross-way, limes a limit9 stipes a log9 termes an olive-branchy meridiesque and meri- dies mid day. Callis a path, caulis a s£aZ&, collis a AzJZ, follis a ^air o/* bellows9 mensis a month, et and ensis a sword9 fascis a faggot x fustis a club9 piscis a postis a posf, sentis a thorn9 et and unguis the nail of a man's hand9 et and torris a firebrand, vec- tis a 6ar, vermis a worm, simul afoo orbis any round thing9 et and axis an axle-tree; in -nis [a word] in -nis, ut as ignis fire; item a/50 cucumis a cucumber9 sanguis' 6/ood, lapis a stone, et and glis a dormouse. Vomisque et vomer, vomis as well as vomer a^ylough- share9 mugilque et mugilis, fto£A mugil and mugilis a mullet; atque and as a pound weight cum omnibus compositis with all its compounds in -is [ending] in -is; ut as centussis a hundred weight. Sic so pars part assis of a pound weight in -ans \ending~\ in -ans, vel in -ens or in -ens, vel in -unx or in -unx; itidem in like manner bes the weight of eight ounces. Adde add frutex a-shrub9 caudex a stump of a tree, codex a book9 cimexque and cimex a bug9 la- texque and latex liquor, grex a fiock9 murex a kind of shellfish, polfex a thumb9 pulex afiea9 sorexque and so rex a field mouse, culexque and culex a gnat9 ramex a ruptUre, et and vertex a head, or a pivot9 et and apex the pointed top of any thing9 fornixque and fornix an arch, calixque and calix a cup. Adde etiam add also thorax the chest: hydropsque and hydrops dropsy; cometa a comet9 planeta a planet. Foeminin^ Feminines alien® terminationis that by their termination should be of another Gender. Haec these foeminea [are] feminines; vannus. a winnowing fan9 methodus a method9 diphthongus a101 diphthong, humusque and humus the ground; adde add manus a hand; sic likewise adde add tribus a tribe, sic likewise porticus a porch, idus the ides; atque and domus a house, tellusque and tellus earth, incusque and incus an anvil', palusque and pains a marsh, sahisque and salus welfare; servitusque and servitus slavery, virtusque and virtus virtue, juventus youth, atque and senectus old age: atque and pecus the word pecus, non notans Hot that which signifies plura aninialia a number of animals, [or, cattle col- lectively,} at but unum a single one. Cos a whet- stone, dos a gift; talio quoque also talio retaliation nata derived a talis from [the Adjective] talis such; caro, jlesh; arbor, a tree. Neutra Neuters alienae terminationis that by their termination should be of another Gender. Suber a corky acer a maple tree, siler a small osier, uber an udder, iter a journey, ver the spring: junge add cadaver a carcass, tuber an excrescence, item also cicer ah Italian pea, et and piper pepper, et and siser a parsnip, atque and papaver a poppy; ,j3Squor an even surface, item also marmor marble, cor the hearty et and aes copper, atque and os ossis a et awrf os oris a mouth. Etiam a/so omne nomen wozm invariable casu is indeclin- able; ceu as, fas Communia Nouns Common. Omnibus his all these [have~\ commune genus the common gender; sed but ilfinc on the one hand, adeps fat, finis an end, torquis a wreath, pulvis dusty cinis ashes, anguis a snake, funis a rope, lihter a small boat9 margo a margin, rudens a cable, scrobs a trench, pampinus a vine-shoot, obex a bolt, index which points to any thing, et and cortex barky pumex pumice-stone, vepresque and vepres a 6riar, plerumque leguntur are generally met with mascula102 in the Masculine Gender: illinc on the other hand potius dicas you may more properly call grando hail, fcilexflint, colus a distaff, alvus a paunch, carbasus Hnen, imbrex a gutter-tile, et and stirps a stock, et tmd corbis a basket, muliebria/emmwes. Generum variorum [Wow/w] of various Genders. Sunt there are pauca a few [Nouns] variantia that vary Genus their Gender cjum sensu together with their signification; acus vox the word acus in -i in the second Declension, signifying a kind of fish, mascula [is] masculine; sed -(is but in the fourth Declension, signifying a needle, foeminea feminine; et and -eris in the third Declension, signifying chaff, neutra neuter. At but \the word] vas, -dis making vadis in the Genitive, and signifying a surety, mas- cula [is] masculine; -is when it makes vasis, and signifies a vessel, neutra [i* is] neuter. Calx [the word] Calx, signifying either lime, or the heel, unio \aridl the word unio, signifying either unity or a pearl, inde in the first senses sunt are fcemineae fe- minine, hinc in the last communes common; sed et hinc but in its last sense however unio [the word] unio est is raro seldom foeminea feminine. Ficus vox the word ficus, signifying either a fig, or a kind of disease, hinc in the latter sense mascula [is] mascu- line in -i \_and] of the second Declension, simul also ihde in the former sense communis common vel in -i land is] eitJier of the second Declension, vel in -us or of the fourth: sed but inde in the former sense in -i when of the second Declension rarius mascula [it is] very rarely masculine. Duo nomina two nouns prseterea besides these penus household stores et and sp6cus a cavern leguntur are met with usa having criplici genere all three genders sub uno sensu with only one signification.103 Genera The Genders Adjectivorum of Adjectives. Sunt there are Adjectiva Adjectives, quae which deficiunt are defective, duorum generum having only two genders, qualia such as sunt are in -es those ending in -es; ut as locuples wealthy; raro [which are] seldom neutralia neuters. Declinatio Nominum The Declining of Nouns. Die priraum Rectum, the first or Nominative case is called in Latin Rectus upright: reliquos casus the other cages, Obliquos oblique. Nomen Parisyllabon a noun called Parisyllabic non crescit does not increase [as to the number of its syllables] in Genitivo casu in the Genitive case; contrA on the other hand, quod crescit a noun which does increase audit is called Imparisyllabon ImparU syllabic. Declinationes Contract® The Contracted Declensions• Quarta the fourth et and Quinta the fifth [Z>e- clensions] potest may fere vocari be almost called Contracta Contracted ones: Quarta the fourth con- trahit contracts prope omnes casus almost all its cases per -u in -u, Quinta the fifth -e in -e: Inde etenim, for in the former legimus %we meet with do- muis [as well as domus] as the Genitive of domus a house, cun umque and currum [as well as curruum] as the Genitive plural of currus a chariot, metuque tmd metu [as well as metui] as the Dative singular of metus fear: Inde in the latter diesque both dies, diique and dii, dieque and die [as well as die'i] as Genitive cases of dies a day: Dativumque fide and fidfe [as well as fide'i] a$ the Dative of fides faith. Hinc from these examples formula a form tfontracti, flekus of the Contracted way of Declining facile effi- ckur is easily made out.104 Declinationes Graeco-latinae The Declensions of Greek Nouns made Latin. In -as aut -es [Nouns ending] in -as or -es Primae of the first [[Declension] Mascula [are] Masculine: et and in -e those ending in -e muliebria [are] femi- nine; finita in -os Nouns ending in -os Secundae of the Second sunt are mascula masculine, et and in -on those ending in -on neutra neuter; Tertia the Third habet has mascula masculines in -an ending in -an, -eis, -en, -er, -es, -eus, -or, -in, -on, -os, -us; ha3C these mascula [either] masculine vel or fceminea feminine, namely, -as, -is, -ysque and ys: in ds a Noun ending in os quartae formas of the fourth De- clension est is mas masculine vel or foemina feminine, -o a noun ending in -o fcemina [is] feminine. Subnexa formula the subjoined form poterit will be able clocere to teach tironem the learner quosque fines the several endings obliquorum of the oblique cases ignotos Latinis which are different from the Latin ones. Iesus the word Iesus flectit declines Quartum its Accusative -um in -um, reliquos obliquos the other oblique cases -u in -u. Heterostcechia The Variation of Letters Nominum of Nouns. Simplex the simple [or uncompounded Nouns] mutat changes vocafem a vowel in eomposito Nomine when it becomes a compounded one: Ars the word arS art dat makes iners inert; caput the head [makes] occiput the hinder part of the head: mille [there is] an infinite number hujus farinse of this sort. Adjectivum -er an Adjective ending in -er perdit loses e the vowel e in the declining, ut as ater black flectitur atra makes its feminine atra: Deme except miser miserable, prosper prosperous, tener tender, asper rough, adulter adulterous, et" and alter the105 other, et and liber free, lacer torn, et and quae those which composta [are] compounded in -fer in -fer, vel or in -ger in -ger. Heterostoechia The Variation of Letters Casuum in the Cases. Casus Sihguiares The Cases of the Singular Number. Prisca Musa ancient Poets vulgo commonly effert form -ae Primae the Genitive of the first Declension .per -ai in aV. Forma secunda the second Declension deponit e drops the vowel e ex -er non puro of a word in -er after a consonant Lucifer the Morning Star, et and Liber a name of Bacchus, gener a son-in- law, et and socer a father-in-law, excipiuntur are excepted. Tertia inflexio the third declension dat gives varios fines various endings genitivi of the genitive. -Is recti the termination -is of the Nominative manet is kept; sic so -es vel -e -es or -e parisyllabon not increasing in the Genitive case, fit is made -is. Vox a word quam litera -c, -1/ -n, claudit which ends in the letters -c, -1, -n, -r, capit takes -is: -s impurum -s after a consonant [is changed into~\ -lis, glans an acorn takes -dis, frons a forehead, and a leaf inde -tis in the first instance makes frontis, hii?c -dis in the second frondis. Graecum a Greek noun in -a ending in -a, capit takes -tis; ut as problema a problem -tis [makes] problematis: adjice add lac milky -tis which makes lactis. ♦ Non pauca not a few solent are wont inflectere to decline -s purum -s after a vowel per -tis by -tis: qualia such as are in -as those ending in -as, pietas piety: lis strife; cos a whetstone, dos a gift: et and nomen a noun in -pos ending in -pos ; queis to which jungas you may add et in -es nouns ending in -es alpo, [as] abies a fir tree, ariesque and aries a ram,106 quiesque and quies rest, interpres an interpreter, pariesque and paries a wall, segesque and seges a crop of corn} tegesque and teges a mat; addeque add also lebes a caldron, tapesque and tapes tapes- try ; haec Ac^jectiva these Adjectives teresque both teres taper/ Vegesque and veges lively, praepes swift of flight, hebes dull, locuplesque and locuples wealthy; adde add insuper moreover his to these sal usque both salus welfare, servitusque and servitus slavery, virtusque and virtus virtue, juventus youth, afcque and senectus old age. Pes afoot, merces a reward, haeres an heir; cassis a helmet, cuspis a point, lapis a stone, in -dis [make the Genitive] in -dis; itidem in like manner, praes a surety ; custos a keeper ; fraus deceit, laus praise ; adde add pecus the word pec as, sed but notans that Uohich signifies tan turn unum animal only a single beast, non plura not cattle collectively ; incusque and incus an anvil palusque and palus a marsh. Sed but multa many variant turn -es per -itis -es into -itis; velut as ales a bird, et ames a fork, eespes turf codes one-eyed, eques a horseman, fomes fuel) cum gurgite with gurges a gulf limes a limit, et and merges a bundle of corn, miles a soldier; palmes a vine-branch, poplesque and poples the ham or the knee, pedesque and pedes a footman, et and stipes a log, termes an olive-branch, trames a cross* way, tudes a mallet, atque and satelles a guard, veles a light-armed soldier: Item also comes a companion, iiospes a stranger, dives rich, sospes safe: et and in -stes [a word ending] in -stes, a sto \derived\from sto to stand: -ses a sedeo a, word ending in -ses from sedeo to sit -sidis [makes the Genitive in\ -sidis: sic so [a word ending in] -cors, -dis [makes] -dis, uti as [does its primitive] cor the heart. S post b, m, p, - s after b, m, p, facit -is makes -is ; ut as trabs a beam, stirps a stock, et and hiems winter. X plerumque migrat X is generally changed in -cis107 into -cis, tit a® dux a leader ducis [makes] ducis; at but pauca a few volunt prefer -gis; grex a flock, lex a law, rex a king, strix a screech-owl, cum remige with remex a rower, conjux a yoke-fellow; Graeca the Noum of Greek extraction, phalanx a compact body of soldiers, harpax an instrument made of amber, et and quamplurima a very great number in -yx ii} yx, inque -inx and in -inx. ' -Ebs, simul also -eps, et and fere commonly -ex, si if vox the word non sit nionosyllaba be of more than one syllable, facit e i turn e into i; ccelebs a bachelor, priitceps a prince, ut et auspex auspicis as does like- wise auspex auspicis a soothsayer. Sed but excipe except vervex vervecis a wether, et and auceps au- cupis a fowler. Nomen a noun in -ut ending in -ut format sibi forms -itis; ut as caput the head dat makes capitis. Sed but orta nouns derived a capite from caput the head, ut as praeceps headlong, malunt •dare make -cipitis. Flos a flower, mos a custom, os a mouth, rosque and ros dew, Ceresque and Ceres the Goddess of com, ass copper, glis a dormouse; mas a male, tellus the earth; mus a mouse; -us monosyllaba neutra and neuters in -us of one syllable variant change -s per *ris -s into -ris. Haec neutra these neuters vertunt turn -us per -oris -us into oris; corpusque both corpus a body, decus- que and decus honour, fcenus usury, item also facinus a deed, frigus cold, littusque and littus a shore, ne- musque and nemus a wood, et and pignus a pledge, pectus the breast, pecus cattle, et and tenipus time, cum stercore with stercus dung. Robur strength, ebur ivory, femur a thigh [do the same]: una vox mascula tantum [and] one word only [in -us] of the masculine gender lepus a hare. Flecte decline omne Adjectivum every adjective in -or -us, quod com- parat of the comparative degree, -oris [with the Ge- nitive in] -oris. Non pauca -us not a few ending in -us infleetunt108 -eris make -eris; ceu as fcedus a covenant, ac\isque and acus chaff, funus a funeral, onus a burden, genus a kind, et and munus a gift, pond us a weight, latus a side, ulcus an ulcer, rudus rubbish, olus pot-herbs, cum sidere with sidus a constellation, opus a work, cum viscere with viscus a bowel, vefllus a fleece, et and vulnus a wound, scelus icickedness: adde add Venus the Goddess of beauty; pulvisque and pulvis dust, cinisque and cinis ashes. Verte -ter turn -ter in -tris into -tris; ut as ac- cipiter a hawk: et -ber in -bris and -ber, into -bris ; ut as imber a shower. Duo Graeca two nouns of Greek extraction, mater a mother, pater a father, in -tris into -tris; caetera all others in -eris into -eris, -O accipit takes -nis, as bubo an owl; at post d, g, but after d or g fit it is made -inis; ceu as ordo order, margo a margin; et and turbo a whirlwind,. homo a man, nemo no one, et and Apollo the God of tvisdom: -men et -cen the terminations -men and -cen, sic in like1 manner -inis \make~\ -inis; atque and inguen the groin; gluten, glu&, cum pectine with pecten a comb, pollen fine flour, et and sanguis blood; caroque and caro flesh [makes] carnis ; his of these, far corn, fel gall, mel honey, et and as a pound weight, os a bone, consona the consonant fit duplex is doubled; ceu as farris, et and assis, et and ossis, fellis, mellis; at but hasc these grus a crane, sus a hog, dant make gruis atque and suis. Flecte quoque decline also haec quincjue these five nouns, [thus] ; senex an old man senis, nox night noctis, nix snow nivis, et and Jupiter Jupiter Jovis, et and bos an ox bovis: adde add his to these iter a journey itineris, quod which fit is made ex desueto iti- ner from the obsolete worditiner. Adde quoque add also his to these supellex household furniture quod which vult fleeti -ectilis makes its Genitive supel- lectilis. Veteres the ancients solebant were used variare to vary \the declining of ] multa many [nouns]109 Quartse#/ the fourth Declension per i by making the Genitive in -i, as well as us: ornati ornatusque or- nati and ornatus are both genitives of ornatus, tu- multus atque and tumulti are both genitives of tumuU tus* Flumina [names of] Rivers in -is ending in -is variant i change the i nec neither Quarto in the Accu- sative neque nor Sexto in the Ablative: adde add [to these] sitis thirst, ravis hoarseness, buris a plough, handle, vis violence, tussis a cough, amussis a car- penters line, atque and securis a hatchet: item also strigili Sextum the Ablative of strigilis a flesh-brushy atque and canali of canalis a canal. Casus Plural es The Cases of the Plural Number. Vetustas ancient authors saepe gaudet formare very frequently form [the Plural] -eis -is in -eis or -is, non -es instead of -es. Dissyliaba the two syllables -arum, -orum, migrant are contracted in monosyllabon -um into the one syl- lable -um. X, s impurum -x [or] -s after a conr parisyilabon -es, -is, -es, -is not increasing in the Genitive case, flectit -ium make -ium" in the Ge- nitive Plural: sic so do also -al -ar nouns ending in -al -ar, atque and^e; velut as merx any kind of mer- chandise, mons a mountain, nubesque and nubes a cloudy ratisque and ratis a raft; rete a net, animal an animal, calcar a spur. Sic so imber a shower, vas [vadis] a surety, as a pound weight, bes the weight of eight ounces, cos a whetstone, dos a gift, os a bone or a mouth, glis a dormouse, lis strife, vis violence, nix snow, nox might, cor the heart, caro flesh, mus a mouse, plus more: et and plerumque generally Quiris a Roman, Samnis a Samnite, fornax- que and fornax a furnace, palusque and palus a marsh. Panis bread, hiems winter, vates a poet or prophet, juvenis young, strigilisque and strigilis a110 flesh-hrmh, canisque and canis a dog, et and tres fines [A/gw»s having] these three endings -ebs, -eps, -ops, malunt flectere -um make -urn, Hsec these nouns Quartae of the fourth Declension dant make ubus [in the Dative and Ablative:] lacus a lake, et and, specus a cavern, arcus a bow, et and artus the limbs, partus a birth, acus a needle, portus- que and portus a port, tribusque and tribus a tribe, genuque and genu a knee, veruque and veru a spit. Comparatio The Degrees of Comparison Adjectivorum of Adjectives. Gradus one or other Degree of Comparison vocum of frorAinterdutn sometimes deficit is wanting. Haec pauca these few carent want Positivo the Positive; nimirum p.etita inasmuch as they are derived alieno fottte from another kind of word. - Ocior swifter a Greece from a Greek word: atque and quaedam quoque some also a. Praepositis from Prepositions ; auges semel you form one degree of comparison from ante before; bis two degrees from prope near, prae before, citra beyond, intra within, et and ultra beyond: deteriorque and deterior worse deterrimus worst orta sunt are derived a detero from the Verb detero to deteriorate. Nequam the indeclinable word nequam naught eflert makes ~ior -issimus the Comparative tiequior, and the Superlative nequissimus: at but ttiultqs much [makes] plus more plurimus most. Adjectiva the Adjectives orba which want Gradu qui comparat the Comparative Degree sunt are fere kearly [these]: Inclytus renowned, invictus uncon- meritus worthy, consultus consulted', apricus tunny, diversus different, bellus fine, falsus false, thcet sacred, invitusque and invitus unwilling, nu- perus of late date, invisus hateful, fidus faithful, Yiovus new, et and persuasus persuaded. Manca those which want Superlativo the Superla- tive sunt are, adolescens growing up, infinitus bound-Ill l*s$t sertexque and senex old, dives rich, juvenisque and juvenis young, supinus supine, et (uid ingens great. Ad jectiva -bilis and Adjectives ending in 4>ilis vulgo dicta commonly called verbalia verbal Adjec- tives. Plura more carent want utroque both [Comparative and Superlative:] index Possessi, a Possessive Ad- jective; temporis [an Adjective] signifying time; ma- teriae any bind of material; patriae one's country; nu- meri number; composta -fer compounded words in -fer et and -ger: -plex [Adjectives in] -plex, dempto simplex ecccept simplex; -imus [words ending in] -itnus [and iri] -ivus; Part'cipia in -dus Participles in -dus et and -rus; [a/so] caecus blind mirus wonder- ful, canus white, degener degenerate, almus bountiful\ magnanimus High-minded, balbus stammering, clau- dus lame, mediocris moderate, egenus needy, par equal, dispar different, vetulus old, memor mindful, unicus only one, atque and canorus tuneful. Docti the learned fortasse perhaps notabunt will observe plura quid em even more Adjectives defecta wanting alterutfo gradu one or other degree, sed but quorum of which Usus the use rarior [is] not very frequent. Sunt there are some quae which patiuntur suffer Eileipsin abbreviation, ceu as juvenis young fit be- comes junior, [instead of juvenior:] et and nonnulla some breviata are shortened in -imus in -imus vel or -emus [instead of -errimus, &c.J Atque and imus lowest summusque and summus highest ex infimus [are contracted ] from infimus atque and supremus. Atque and videbis you wiU see pauca quoque a few also cumUlare gradum gradu add one degree to an- other. Heteroclisis The Irregularity Nominum of Nouns Est is tripk of three sorts: Vox Heteroclita an htteroclite word redundat is [either] redundant fine112 in termination; deficit [or] is deficient casu in case aut or numero number; variat [or] varies fiexurnve either its declining genusve or gender. Redundantia Nouns Redundant. In Nominativo In the Nominative. Opulentia the copiousness linguae of the language parturitproduces multiplicesfines^aw^tfwe/iwgs Recti of the Nominative case ; ut as lanio lanius a butcher ; sic so vespera vesper the evening; segnitia scgnities sloth; honor honos honour; rubor rubedo redness; senecta senectus old age; et and quos [others] which 'usus practice, monstrabit will shew plenius more fully Grammatica than a Grammar. Graeca Greek itfouns mutata being changed Latinis into Latin ones geminant sibi fines double their end- ings ; Delphin a Dolphin gignit makes delphinus; cratej;que and crater a bowl [makes] cratera. Substantiva substantives geminant double finem the ending suis adjectivis of adjectives derivedfrom them; qualia of which kind [the words] arma arms, bacillum a staff, fraenum a bridle, animus the mind, nervus a sinew, somnug sleep, clivusque and clivus a declivity, jugumque and jugum a yoke, parturiunt produce [adjectives ending] vel in -is either in -is vel or -us. Sunt there are praeterea besides quae [Adjectives] which geminantur have two endings in -osus in -osus -tusque and in -eiis. In Obliquis In the other Cases. Sunt etiam there are also nomina wowwsgeminantia that double obliquos casus the oblique cases. Vox the word,domus a house est is quartae formae of the fourth declension, pariterque and also secundae of the second. Quercus an oak in us makes -(is [in the genitive] raro -i seldom [makes] -i: ficus (in arbore) ficus sig-113 nifying the fig sic flexa est is declined in the same manner,: Laurus the bay in -i [makes'] -i in the Ge- nitive, raro seldom [makes] -us; pinus a pine-tree, cupressus the cypress, et and colas a distaff\ et and cornus the wild cherry, sic flexa are declined in the same manner. Cucumis a cucumber et dat both makes -is, datque and makes -eris: Cancer a crab -eris [makes] Canceris, vel -ri or Cancri; Mulciber a name of Vulcan [makes] -beris, et and -bris, et and -bri: atque and penus household provisions redundat is redundant, per et -i in making both -i, per et -us and -us, per -orisque and -oris: Jecur the liver jeei- noris jecorisque, makes jecinoris and jecoris. Pro- pria proper names [also] edita derived Graecis from the Greeks, eadem flexa being alike declined Graeco more in the Greek form vel or Latino the Latin one ad libitum at pleasure, variantur multimodis are declined in many various ways: Ulyssis, Ulysse'i, Ulysst, are all Genitives of Ulysses; Est there is vox the word iEneas, quae which facit makes aut either -am aut or -an Quarto in the Accusative. Chremes- que and Chremes vult will have -is et -etis -is and -etis [in the Genitive;] Comicus the comic author [Terence] -es -e Quinto [makes] the Vocative both in -es and -e. Paris dat makes et both Parin et and Paridem [in the Accusative:] Dido dat makes- onis, et and -us [in the Genitive;] Nereis a sea Nymph et dat both makes Nereides [in the Accusative] Plural dat Nereidasque and Nereidas: idem nomen the same noun requies rest videtur seems to be tertiae of the third declension quintasque and of the fifth. Flecte fer& decline commonly festa in -lia the fes- tivals of the Gods ending in -lia by -liurn in the Ge- nitive^ quandoque and sometimes by -liorum. Anima the soul> eland Dea a goddess, filia a daughter, nata, a daughter, equa a mare, mula a she-mule, -abus et •is make -abus and -is [in the Dative and Ablative plural7]. Flecte decline Neutrum polysyllabon a noun of the neuter gender of many syllables in -ma114 [ending] in -ma, -matis, -matibus, by -matis and -ma- tibus. Vox the word Deus God effert makes plu- raliter in the plural number -1 vel -ei, 1 or -e'i3 ts vel -eis, is or -eis. Deficientia Nouns Defective. Flexu in the Declining. Aptota Nouns not varying their Ending. Aptoton an Aptote manet uno fine has but one ending per omnes casus through all the cases ; [such are,] pondo a pound weight, opus need, et and nequatn naught; barbara vox, a barbarous word; vel or technica vox a technical word; Tot so many, quot how many; et and numeralia cuncta all nouns of number a tribusfrom three ad centum to a hundred, Casu in Case. Monoptota Nouns having but one Case. Monoptoton a Monoptote flectitur contentum is confined to uno casu only one case; ut as nauci a nut- shell ; inficias eo I deny it, redigoque and I reduce ad incitas to need: sic so ingratiis in spite of all one can do, exspes hopeless; duoque Graeca and two Greek words, ergo for one's sake, dicisque and dicis for forms sake. Simul also macte an expression of applause primo numero in the singular number, mac- tique and macti secundo in the plural. Quarta De- clinatio the fourth Declension dat gives multa many nouns [that are used] per -u only in the Ablative singular, vel -ui or only in the Dative singular. ^ Diptota Nouns having but two Cases. Diptota Diptotes sunt are nomina nouns referenda that have duos casus only two cases; ut as tabi tabo corruption, spontis sponte of one's own accord9 et and115 impetis force vult will have impete, et and jugeris an acre vult sibi will have jugere, et and verberis a stripe verbere: sed but haec duo these two sunt are pertecta entire secundo numero in the plural num- ber. Suppetiae aid, dica a process at law, nil, nihil nothing, addunt add Quartum an Accusative case Recto to the Nominative: et flecte decline also astus craft -u in the Ablative primo numero in the singular number, bis -us in the Nominative and Ac- cusative secundo in the plural: et and verbalia the nouns derived from verbs, quae which vulgo dicta are commonly called supina supines, in -um -u in the Accusative and Ablative singular. Triptota Nouns having but three Cases. Triptota Triptotes ferunt tres casus have three cases: Haec these sub uno fine with the same ending [that is, the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative;] las right, adorfine wheat; et and volupe a pleasant thingi instar likeness; caepe an onion? necesse, ne- oessum need. Grates thanks, et and cete whales, et and Tempe a valley in Thessaly, tahtum pluralia [which three last] are only used in the Plural num* ber. Bis die tantundem decline tantundem so much in the Nominative and Accusative, flecte tantidem decline tantidem Secundo in the Genitive. Tetraptota Nouns having but four Cases. Haec these Tetraptota are Tetraptotes carentia wanting Recto casu the Nominative case et. and Quinto the Vocative: nempe namely dapis delicate meat, ditionis subjection, opis help, frugisque and frugis fruit, precisque and precis prayer: et and sotQis Jilthine'ss, vicis change; tamen yet haec these Sana are entire secundo ordine in the plural number. Et a/nd vox a word in -u ending in -u est orba whnts casu dandi the Dative case; et and sola flexa in -As116 is only used in the Genitive case poetis by the poets; sed butdeme excepting gelu frost, pluralis the plural est is in usu in use. Mille a thousand eget wants Sec undo tfie Genitive et and Tertio the Dative; sarnim [but is] entire per castera through the other cases. Pentaptota Nouns having butJive Cases. Vocabula some words traduntur are given defecta wanting Quinto casu the Vocative case; quod negat a negative, ut as nullus none; quod percohtatur an interrogative, ut as ecquis who; infinitum an indefi- nite, aliquis some one; signum generalius an univer- sal term, omnis all: Pronomen a Pronoun; excipe" ewcejpt noster ours, nostras of our country, meus mine, tuque and tu thou; tamen yet forsan perhaps exem- pla examples, sed but rara not many9 refeilent will contradict hoc this. Sunt etiam there are also [other nouns'] queis de- ficit which want unus et alter casus one or two cases, sed but quae which Grammatici Grammarians ne- queunt are unable adsci ibere to range justis ordini- bus in their proper classes, parum explorata, not being sufficiently ascertained ratione by reason vel or usu usage. Numero in Number. Singularia Singulars. Propria nomina proper names -signa individuae naturae denoting an individual vix transcendunt rarely go beyond primum numerura the singular 'number: ut as Apollo the God of Wisdom, Diana the Goddess of the woods. Item also nomen vitii a noun signifying 'any bad quality aut or virtutis good qua- lity, polysyllabon that is of many syllables; sic such are fere commonlyi in -as -ia those ending in -as or 'ut as improbitas villainy, prudentia wisdom: in Hesque and [nouns which end in] -es quintae flexuras117 of the fifth declension: ut as rabies rage; sed but resque both res a>thing, diesque and dies a day, sunt are integra nomina perfect nouns; nec paucula and not a few flectunt decline tres similes casus the three like cases [the Nominative, Accusative, and Voca- tive] secundo numero in the plural number; ut as facies a face, aciesque and acies an edge. Signa quoque nouns also expressing human© aetatis [different periods o/] man's age, as juventa youth, senectus old age: etiam also quicquid edule whatever eatable vel or quicquid fossile whatever mi- neral tellus the %earth, quos succos whatever juices laticesque and liquors ars art aut or natura nature ministrat furnishes: qualia sunt such as are cicer an Italian pea, argentum silver, resina resin, oleum oil9 lac milk: sed but usus practice docebit will shew multa excipienda esse that many must be excepted his from these: multa quidem many indeed integra which are perfect; multa many, praesertim especially neutra neuters, est quibus which have unus et alter casus one or two cases in secundo numero in the plural number. Pluralia Plurals. Festa the Festivals Dctim of the Gods sunt are contenta confined to tan turn secundo numero only the plural number; ut as Floralia the festival of Flora: etiam also multa loca many [names of] places; ut as Athenae Athens. Sed but sequentes catalogi the following cata- logues numerant enumerate singula nomina particu- lar nouns collecta collected together, quae which leguntur are met with manca defective utrovis nu- mero in either number: quos tamen which however forsan perhaps usus experience augebit will enlarge vel ax corriget correct.118 Variantia Nouns varying. Flexum The Declining. Sunt there are Heteroclita Heteroclites, quae which duntaxat only variant vary flexum their declining. Po'etae the poets gaudent love variare -i vel -e to use either -i or -e [in the Accusative or Ablative case~\ pro Ubitu at their pleasure; sicut as in his in these, clatis a key, navis a ship, febrisque and febris a fever, cu- tbque and cutis the skin, atque and aliis others; sic $o legis you meet with Sextos the Ablative cases oc- cipiti for occipite, et and mare for mAri. Dives rich, pauper poor9 puber full grown, sospes safe, vult Claudere end sextum the Ablative in -e solo in -e only; memor mindful in -i in -i; his est these [Ad- jectives] have genitivus pluralis the genitive plural in -•una in -um; sed but pluribus quoque more [nouns'] also [have the genitive plural] in -um in -um; apis a bee et and volucris winged saepe dant often make •um; verbale -ens the Participle in -ens eaepius still more often [makes] -entum. Vas a vessel aliquando sometimes vult flectere makes vasorum pro vasum instead of vasum [in the genitive plural.] Bos an ox format sibi forms contracta boum the contracted word boum [instead of bovium] for the Genitive plural, bobus bubus, [instead of bovibus] for the Dative. Vis violence parit makes vires in the plural; et and vix inventa est is rarely found Dativo primo in the dative singular. - Genus The Gender. Paucula a few variant vary genus their gender cum numero with their number; altera others duplant double it. Vox the word dies a day nota communis is known to be common primo numero in the singular number, ubique mascula entirely masculine secundo in the plural. Sal salt dicitur is accounted mascula mascu-119 line: halec a herring fceminea feminine: et and utraque vox both words integra being perfect fruitur have utroque numero both numbers: seel but pro condimento [when they signify] a seasoning utraque both words est neutra are neuter. Haec these words pelagus the sea, virus poison, - vulgus the common people, mascula when masculine, integra are perfect primo numero in the singular number: neutra when neuter triptota are triptotes: et and utrobique manca defective in both genders secundo in the plural. Ut &8 carbasus linen dat makes carbasa [in the plural number\ sic so do urbs Pergamus the city Troy, et and mons Taygetus the mountain Taygetus: et and plura loca anomala many other irregular names of places Graecae gentis in Greece make -a [in the plural number,] Neutrum Argos Graecum the Greek word Argos of the neuter gender facit makes -i plurale Latinum the Latin word Argi in the plural number and of the masculine gender. Coalum heaven postulat -i requires -i, [that is, is masculine,] si if vox sit' plurima the word be of the plural, number. Rastrum a rake, fraenum a bridle, sibilus a hiss, et and jocus a jest, et and locus a place, praebent -i vel -a are both masculine and neu- ter in the plural. Hsee neutra these neuters nun- dinum a fair, et and bine besides epulum a banquet, et and inde likewise balneum a bath, et and illinc moreover delirium delight, poscunt -ae require [in the plural;] sed but vox the word balnea est is in ujsu in use. VERBUM Verb. * Yerbum* -o a Verb in -o flexum per -is which forms its second person in -is dicitur is called incon- tractile an zmcontracted Verb: -o per et -as both that which forms its second person in -as# per et *es and120 in -es, contractual are contracted; quodque exit And that which ends in -io in -io. Prima forma the first tcontracted] conjugation contrahit se per "-a contracts its vowels into -a, atque and secunda the second per -e into -e, atque and ter- tia the third per -i into -i: nimirum that is to say a prima a of the first conjugation absorbet absorbs se- quentem e the vowel e following it, ique and i, et and u; sic in like manner secunda forma e quoque e of the second conjugation also [absorbsJ has the same vowels; at but tertia i i of the third [absorbs] similem another i, eque nudam and e when nothing follows it, aut or quam sequitur re when it is followed by.re. -O Thematis -O the ending of the Present tense Primae of the first conjugation videtur seems con- tracta contracted ex -ao from ao; mirabere you will wonder Possibile -em that the Potential termination -em posse can fieri be made ex -aam from -aam. Prima secundaque the first and second dant make Futurum the Future in -abo in -abo a*que and -ebo: tertia the third [forms if] ut incontracta as the un- contracted verb does: sed but haec this [also] anti- quius anciently [made] -ibo: formabatque etiam and it also formed antiquius anciently Imperfectum the Imperfect -ibam in -ibam: quod which usus commu- nis the common form of conjugating mavult flectere -iebam makes -iebam. Omnes formae all t\e [con- tracted] conjugations sumunt sibi assume -u [or -v] ante -i before the termination -i Perfecti of the Per- fect; quae which absorbet absorbs e praecedentem e preceding it, sed but non semper not always, Exceptiones Exceptions to the foregoing Rules. Haec bis octo verba these sixteen verbs in -io end- ing in -io tribrach a of three short syllabled occur runt are met with incontracta uncontracted: capio to take, cupio to desire, facio to make, fodio to dig, fugioque and fxigio to fly, et and jacio to cast, pario to bring121 forth, quatio to shake, rapio sapioque and sapio io be wise; atque and orior to spring, morior to die, gradior to walk, patior to suffer; quibus to which addas you may add lacio specioque vetusta the obso- lete verbs lacio and specio in compositis tantum in the compounds only. Tamen nevertheless modus infinitus oriri the infini- tive mood oriri fit is formed ex orior from orior; sic et so also invenies you will find compostum adoritur adoritur from the compound ad orior contractum in the contracted form. Composta ex pario the compounds of pario resu- munt resume contractum flexum the contracted way of declining. Potior to obtain non raro legitur is frequently met twMsub simplice forma in the uncontractedform, ut- pote as, Mars potitur Mars enjoys; nos we poteremur should enjoy te thee, Achille o Achilles. Pauca a few verbs ex -eo ending in -eo, sed but plura more ex -io ending in -io, gaudent flectere -as are declined like amo. HETEROSTCECHIA The Variation of Letters IN PERFECTO tri' the Perfect Tense. Verbi Incontracti of the Uncontracted Verb. Consona the consonant mutatur is changed; -go, -cto, vel -ho, -go, -cto, or -bo, vertitur is turned in -xi into -xi; quibus to which junge add coquo to cook, dico to speak, duco to lead, fluo to flow, struo to build\ vivo to live. Sed bi{t haec tria these three verbs [ending in -go,] mergo to sink, spargo to sprinkle, tergo to wipe: insuper moreover octo eight ['verbs, ending in -do,] claudo to shut, laedo to hurt9 ludo to play, plaudo to clap hands, divido to divide9 rado to shave, rodo to gnaw, trudo to thrust, solent are used reddere to change, -go vel -do -go or -do per -si into -si. Mitto to send [makes] misi. Uro a122 to burn, gero to bear, cedo to yield, premo to press, geminant s double the s. -Po fit -psi -po is made -psi: sic so -bo de duobus of the two verbs nubo to marry et and scribo to write. -Sco -no faciunt -vi, -sco -no make vi; ut as nosco to know [:makes] novi, sino to permit sivi. Sterno to lay flat [makes] stravi, sperno to despise sprevi; ita also cerno to discern crevi. Como to comb, demo to take away, promo to draw forth, sumo to take, flectunt sibi -si form their perfect tense by turning -o into -si. -O fit -ui -o is made -ui post simplex 1 after a single 1; pariter in the same manner fremo to roar, pinso to bake, sterto to snort, gemo to groan, strepo to make a noise, texo to weave, tremo to tremble, vomo to vomit, formant sibi form -ui. Pono to put vult poscere requires posui, gigno to beget genui a geno from [the old verb] geno. A rapio from rapio to seize, sapio to be wise, creantur are formed rapui sapuique and sapui, Fodio to dig scit reddere gives fodi, fugio to flee scit fugi gives fugi. Arcesso aut or accerso to fetch any one, capesso to take, lacesso to provoke, et and cupio to desire, peto to ask, vult -ivi will have -ivi instead of -i: quaero to seek quaesivi, tero to wear trivi. Consona a consonant abjicitur is cast out de medio from the middle; ita thus rumpo to break perdit m loses m ; findo to cleave, fundo to pour out9 linquo to leave, scindo to cut, vinco to conquer, [lose] suum n their n. Yocalis princeps the jirst vowel mutatur is changed; velut as ago to drive fit is made egi, capio to take cepi; facio to make, jacioque and jacio to cast, per -eci have their perfect tenses ending in -eci. Frango to break dat gives fregi, inservitque and is subservient utrique norm® to both theforegoing rules. Hie here multa verba many verbs gaudent gemi- nare double duas priores their two first letters: curro to run, posco to require} pendo to weigh, tendo to123 stretch: fallo to deceive format makes fefelli, et and pario to bring forth peperi, pelloque and pello to drive away pepuli; canoque and cano to sing dat gives cecini, cado to fall cecidi, caedo to cut cecidi. Disco to learn sumit takes sibi to itself didici, tango to touch sibr[£afte*] to itself tetigi. Simul also pungo to prick format forms pupugi; sistoque and sisto to stop fit stiti is made stiti. Verbi Contracti of the Contracted Verb. Plurima very many verbs contracts formae of a contracted conjugation gaudent love uti simplice to form their perfect tense as the uncontracted one does; [by turning -o into -i]. Ex -o contracto of the first contracted conjugation juvo to assist vult flectere sibi juvi makes its perfect juvi [instead of juvavi]. At but crepo to crack vult will have -ui, cubo to lie down, domo to tame, frico to rub, mi- coque and mico to shine, plico to fold, seco to cut, sono to sound, tono to thunder, vetoque and veto to forbid. Consona the consonant repetita est is re- peated in his in these verbs, do to give, sto to stand, [making] dedique [the one\ dedi, stetique and [the other] steti. Ex *eo contracto of the second contracted conju- gation fleo to weep dat gives flevi, et and neo to spin nevi. -Veo the termination -veo, fit \i is made -vi [in the perfect tense;] sedeo to sit, video to see, cum prandeo with prandeo to dine, dant -di turn -deo into -di; pendeo to hang vult will habere have pe- pendi, mordeoque and mordeo to bite momordi, spondeo to promise vult will habere have spopondi, tondeoque and tondeo to shave totondi. Consona the consonant mutat se is changed: ut as -geo impurum -geo after a consonant cadit in -si is turned into -si. Flectas decline augeo to increase, frigeo to be cold, lugeo to mourn, et and luceo to shine per -xi by -xi. Ardeo to burn, rideo to laugh, suadeo to persuade, amant vertere turn -deo per -si g 2124 -deo into -si. Et and baereo to stick [makes] haesi, mulceo to assuage mulsi, et and torqueo to twist torsi; maneo to remain vult flectere makes mansi: jubeo to command vult makes jussi. Ex -io contracto of the third contracted conju- gation venio to come format sibi forms veni. Impu- rum -cio-cio after a consonant fit -si is made -si, sed but post n after the consonant n -cio fit -xi -cio is made -xi; ceu as sarcio to patch format forms sarsi, ceu as vincio to bind vinxi. Item also haurio to draw hausi; sentio to feel sensi; sepio to enclose sepsi; postremo lastly verbum the verb amicio to clothe format sibi forms amicui, HETEROSTCECHIA INlTlALIS The Variation of the Initial Vowels, Verbi Compositi of the Compounded Verb. JSaec these [verbs'] composta when compounded mutant change a per e a into e; pasco to feed, pa- rioque and pario to bring forth, fallo to deceive, etiam also scando to climb, spargo to scatter, carpo to crop, patro to perpetrate3 capto to catch at, arceo to drive away, jacto to boast, sacro to consecrate, lactoque and lacto to give suck, et and farcio to stuff; damno to condemn, tracto to handle: deme except prasdamno to condemn before judgment, et and pertracto to handle much, retracto to draw back. Potior to divide, et and gradior to step, et and prisca duo the two old verbs, cando to burn, fatiscor to be weary. Juro to swear vult dare gives dejero to take a solemn oath, pejero to forswear: sic so halo to breathe anhelo to breathe short; mando -as the contracted verb mando to command, commendo to commend, patior to suffer dare gives perpetior to endure. but heec these mutant change primam the Jirst125 vowel Thematis of the simple verb in -i into -i; [the compounds o/] aestimo to esteem, apiscor to get, caedo to cut, laedo £o hurt, quaero to seek, cado to fall, rapio to seize, cano to sing, tango tfo touch, et awd sapio £0 wise, statuo to appoint; atque and egeo to want, lateo £o Zie Aid, maneoque and maneo to remain^ et and taceo to be silent, teneo to hold; et and salio to leap; lacioque and lacio to entice; habeo to have, sed but excipe except posthabeo to value less; plafceo to please dat gives unum one [pom- pouncf] displiceo to displease. ' Omnia haec [the compounds of] all these verbs, ago to act9 emo to buy, capio to take, frango to bfeak, jacio to Cast, premo to press, pango to frame, atque Aufer except ab his from these composta the com- pounds, supersedeo to supersede, coemoque and coemo to buy up; circumago to drive round, cogo to compel, dego to live, perago to perform, satagoque and satago to have enough to do; oppango to fasten9 circumpango to plant round, depango to set in the ground, reparigo to plant or graft. Pergo to go on, surgo to ri$e \both compounds of rego] abjiciunt cast away syllabicum re- the syllable re- Thematis of the simple Verb; sic etiam so does also porgo to stretch out notum antiquis a verb used by old authors pro porrigo instead of porrigo: quod tamen which [syl- lable re-] however quaeque iterum resumunt sibi they resume each of them m perfecto in the perfect. Composta the compounds a calco of calco to tread, ssjto to dance, variant a per u turn a into u. Sed'&ft#126 ex causor those compounded of causor to cause, qua- tio to shake, lavo to wash, claudo to shut excludunt a throw out a: Facta those compounded ex plaudo of plaudo to clap hands malunt reddere turn dipb- thoqgum the diphthong [au] per o into o: At but relavo to wash again, applaudo to applaud retinent sibi retain usum the form simplicis of the simple verb. HETEROSTCECHIA The Variation of Letters IN PERFECTO in the Perfect Tense. Verbi Compositi qf the Compounded Verb. Geminatio the doubling [of the two first Utters] simplicis verbi of the simple verb perit is lost in com- posite forma in the compound: exceptis those com- pounds excepted, quae which creantur are formed a disco from disco to learn, posco to require; sic so circumdo to surround, pessundo to destroy, venundo to sell, s^tisdo to give sufficient surety, ex do con- tractus compounds of do to give of the contracted form; incontracta the u/ncontracted ones ferme gene- rally dant give -didi: abscondo to hide facit makes abscondi: nataque and verbs formed a sto from sto to stand [make] -stiti. Compositum a cano the com- pounds p/cano to sing flee tit se per -ui are declined by -ui, ut as .concino to sing in concert [makes con- cinui:] Sic so compesco to pasture together, et and dispesco to drive beasts from pasture, a simplice from the simple verb pasco to feed, in -ui [make their perfect] in -ui. Comp&sta the compounds a pungo of pungo to prick solent are wont adsciscere to take -punxi. Sic so a lego these compou/nds of lego to choose, intelligo to understand, diligo to love, negligo to neglect, -lexi [make] -lexi. Composta a pario the compounds of pario to bring forth dant give -pertii; sea but excipe except com- perio, reperio.127 HETEROSTCECHIA The Variation of Letters PERFECTI qf the Perfect Tense In Compositis quibusdam specialibus In some particular Compound Verbs. Composta the compounds a quatio of quatio to shake fruuntur have perfecto -cussi their perfect in •cussi; a vado those of vado to go -vasi in -vasi, a temno those of temno to despise -temsi in -temsi, a tundoque and those of tundo to beat -tudi in -tudi. Priscum thema the obsolete simple verb edit sup- plies haec these perfect tenses variis utentia formis under various formations; a -specio from -specio to behold fit -spexi is made in the compounds -spexi; a •lacio from -lacio to entice -lexi; elicioque and elicio to draw out dat -ui gives elicui; a -cumbo from -cumbo to lie down -cubui; -leo to anoint dat gives -levi, -et and -pleo to Jill -plevi: -cello to strike habet has -cellui; solum percello percello to strike through alone dat gives -culi. HETEROCLISIS VERBI The Irregular declining of the Verb. Verba Redundantia Verbs Redundant x In Praesenti ih the Present* Verba eadem Verbs of the same signification non tino fine with different endings: ut sunt such as are strideo, strido, to make a harsh noise. Uno fine of one termination sed but duplice flexu two conjuga- tions) \such as] lavo to ,wash> in -as -is which is of both the first contracted conjugation, and of the un- contracted one. Literulis isdem [some] with the same letters sed duplice sensu of different significations, d&nt-«is atque -as are severally of the uncontracted128 conjugation^ and of the first contracted one, [as] colo to cultivate or to strain9 fundo to pour or to found, mando to chew or to command, lego to choose or to delegate educo to educate or educo to lead out, dico to say or to dedicate. In Perfecto in the Perfect. Plura perfecta more perfect tenses than one visa creari are formed ex uno verbo from one Verb; lini, livi, levi [are made] a lino from lino to daub; pepigi fit pepigi is made a pango from pango [when it sig- nifies the same as~\ paciscor to make a bargain; pro figo when it signifies to fix [it makes] pegi; pro cano when it signifies to sing [it makes] panxi. Flecte decline sero pono sero to put, by serui [in the perfect tense i] sero semino to sow9 by sevi. Neco to kill non renuit does not reject necui, sed but rite amat regularly uses necavi. A salio salto/rom salio to dance veniunt are made salui atque and salivi; velli et and vulsi & vello from vello to pluck; -xique -xuique both nexi and nexui a necto from necto to bind. Santfo to sanction habet usually has sanxi, et and noverat olim formerly admitted sancivi. Parsi forma vetus parsi is the old perfect tense & parco from parco to spare, sed but peperci in usu est the common way of declining is peperci. - In Infinitivo in the Infinitive. Morior to die dat gives pier unique generally mori, quandoque sometimes moriri. Composita Redundantia RedimdantCompounds In Perfecto in the Perfect. Compositum a plico a compound of plico to fold quod neque sub-, re-, praeit that is compounded neU129 ther o/*sub-, re-, neque nomen nor a noun, flectit -ui aut -avi makes -ui or -avi; sic so do increpo to chide, discrepo to disagree, dimico to Jight. Curro to run, ex-, de-, prae- compounded of] ex, de, prae, dat -curri both -curri datque -cucurri and -cu- curri. Oleo to smell, ad-, re-, sub-, ob^, per-, in-, ex-, [when compounded of] ad, re, sub, ob, per, in, ex, dat -ui, gives -ui, simul -evi and also -evi; at but per-, in-, ex-, [when compounded of ] per, in, ex, parce dat -ui seldom gives -ui: ob-, re-, sub-, [when com- pounded of7] ob, re, sub, parce seldom [gives] -evi. Conniveo to wink geminat formam has a double form of the perfect tense per -nivi et -nixi .in -nivi and -nixi: quin moreover unum absorbeo one [compound of sorbeo to suck up] absorbeo to absorb sumit takes &bsorbui et and absorpsi* Verba Deficientia Verbs Defective Perfecto In the Perfect Sunt are these: ferio to strike, temnoque and temno to despise9 ferocio to be fierce, tollo to raise > metoque and meto to mow, et and quatio' to shake tundo to beat, jungas you may add sisto to stop, hebeoque and hebeo to be dull, denseo to thicken, flaveo to be yellow, lacteo to have milk, et and haec these aveo to desire9 scateoque and scateo to burst out, ambigo to doubt, vado to go, furo to raget vergo to incline, meio- que and meio to make water, laboque and labo to totter; atque and renideo to shine, moereo to grieve, polleo to be able: glisco to'grow, fatisco to give way: verbaque and verbs in -urio ending in -urio; nisi except esurio to be hungry, parturioque and parturio to be in labour : sic so do [these deponent verbs] liquor td melt$ medeor to heal, ringor to grin, vescor to feed, reminiscor to remember; nempe for usus deficit his thesto have not the use Part'cipii Perfect! of the Par- ticiple Perfect.130 Verba Variantia Verbs varying Perfectum the Perfect. Haec neutra these neuter verbs sumunt take peiv fectum their perfect ab aliena origine from a different voice: Mcereo to be sorry [takes] moestus sum; gau- deo to rejoice gayisus sum; et and audeo to dare ausus sum; soleo to be accustomed dat gives solitus sum; fido quoque fido to trust also fisus sum. Nec habent they have neither Passivum a [present] Pas- sive9 nec nor perfectum Activum a perfect Active, unde from whence creentur they may be formed; neque enim for neither fidor fidique leguntur is fidor nor fidi met with. Haec these visa are found adjungere to add pas- sivam formaip the passive form activae to the active; juro to sibear [makes] juravi, juratus sum ; prandeo to dine prandi, pransus [sum]: sed but utrique voci [est] each word has dispar sensus a different sense. Nubo to marry dat gives nupsi, nuptaque sum and liupta sum; placeo to please placui, placitus sum and placitus sum: at but libet it pleaseth libuit libitumque est and libitum est; licetque and licet it is allowed dat gives licuit licitumque est and licitum est; piget it irketh piguit pigitumque est and pigitum est; atque and pudet it shameth puduit puditum est and puditum est: quibus to which adjice add taedet it wearieth [which gives] taeduit et and pertaesum est: Vox utraque each perfect of these verbs [^as] unum sensum the same signification. FERE HETEROCLITA SPECIALIA Particular Irregular Verbs. Sunt quoque there are also praeterea besides quae- dam specialia anomala some particular anomalous131 verbs, variata variously declined suo more according to forms of their own, heteroclitaque and irregular multis modis in many ways, quae which est it is diffi- cile difficult disponere to arrange in certas classes in regular classes: sed but quae which putandum qst it must be supposed puerum that a boy jampridem di- dic;isse has already learnt singula descripta having been separately exhibited at length tabellis in tables commodiore loco in a more convenient place, tracfca- taque and having been frequently used perpetuo usu in their constant practice et and pensis diurnis daily iessons. FORMATIO The Formation Participii in -tus Of the Participle in -tus. -I of the perfect tense fit is made -tus; u servilis u servile perit is lost; sed but -ui dat gives -itus; (as) ici I have struck ictus stricken ; scivi I have known scitus known; monuique and monui I have advised monitus advised. A the a praesentis of the present tense [which was lost in the perfect] redit is re- stored; omnis geminatio all doubling of the Jirst two letters tollitur is taken away; ceu as feci I have made, vult reddere gives factus made, peperi I have brought forth partus brought forth. G, qu, x prope ^tus, G, qu, or x before -tus migrat in c is turned into c 5 uti as legi I have read dat makes lectus read: !$ic so -liqui I have left -lictus left, texi quoque also lexi / have covered tec tus covered. HETEROSTCECHIA The Variation of Letters Participii of the Participle. Fingo to feign, mingo to make water, pingo to paint, stringo to strain, rejiciunt n reject n. Eigo to132 jiQOy fluo to jlow, -xus [turn -xi into] -xus; sic so omnia all [Participles] nata ex -cto -xi, made from [Verbs ending iri\ -cto [which have the perfect in] -xi, dant -xus give -xus. -Di, -li, -ri, formant sibi form -sus; nonnulla some [Participles] duplant s double s, netnpe namely fidi I have cleft; fodi I have dug, sedique and sedi I have sat, scidique and scidi I have cut geminant double the s. Pepuli item also pepuli I have driven format/oms pulsus, cecidique and cecidi I have cut caesus cut. -Si fit is made -sus; quin moreover misi I have sent [makes] missus sent [with a double s]: tamen however m aut p praecedente when m or p comes be- fore [the termination -si], -tus effertur -tus is pro- duced; -tus [is made also] ah uro from uro to burn, g€roque and gero to bear; atque and [from] in- dulgeo to indulge* torqueo to twisty fulcio to prop, farclo to stuff, sarcio to patch. Hsec verba sequentia these verbs following variant vary formam the formation Part'cipii sibi of their participles; verto to turn vult will have versus tu/rned; meto to mow messus mown: censeo to reckon census reckoned; torreo to roast tostus roasU ed; emo to buy emptus bought; do to give datus given; et and sevi I have sown vult sibi will have satus sown; activum sisto the active verb sisto to place status Jiwed, et and colo to cultivate cultus cul- tivated ; verte et change also pas tus fed a pavi from pavi I have fed; sepultus buried a sepelivi from se- pelivi I have buried ; -cello the compounds of cello to strike vult iBectere decline -celsus ab -uifrom the per- fect in -ui, sed but pulsus ab -i from the perfect in -i. Deponentia item the participles of these deponent verbs also mutantur undergo a change of letters; labor to slip vult reddere makes lapsus, patior to suffer passus, fateorque and fateor to confess fassus; gradior etiam gradior to walk also vult will have gressus, fatiscorque and fatiscor to be weary fessus:133 et and metior to measure postulat sibi requires mensus, et and utor to use usus: paciscorque and paciscor to make a bargain vult dare gives pactus, nanciscor to get nactus; obliviscorque and obliviscor to forget ulciscorque and ulciscor to avenge [make respectively] oblitus et and ultus. Junge add queror to complain questus* junge add proficiscor to go pro- fectus: Adde add locutus a loquor from loquor to speak, et and adde adeL^ecutus & sequor from sequor to follow: et and ratus having thought & reor from reor to think, et and experrectus [from] expergiscor to awake, expertusque and expertus [from] experior to try, misertusque and misertus [/row] rhisereor to pity; et and commentus [from] comminiscor to de- vise: et and aptils vox vetus is the participle of the obsolete verb apiscor, unde compostum the compound of which adipiscor to get, [which makes] adeptus, frequens [is] in common use. Orior to rise vult will have ortus; sed but morior to die optat chooses mor- tuus. Tueor to watch vult dare gives tuitus; solum obtueor obtueor to behold stedfastly alone [gives'] -tutus. In Futuro in the Future. E fugio from fugio to jlee, pario to bring forth; eque luo and from luo to pay, ruo to rush, et and arguo to convict, -iturus the participle future ends in -iturus.. Orior to arise vult habere will have ori- turus; morior to die moriturus. Nascor to be born* nosco to know dant -iturus give the participle future in -iturus, specie praesentis formed as it were from the present tense, at but haurio to draw vult adscis- cere takes sibi to itself hausurus ab haustus from the participle perfect haustus-134 HETEROSTCECHIA INITIALIS The Variation qf the Initial Vowels Participii Compositi Of the Compound Participle* Haec copiposta the compound verbs -tineo ending in -tineo [from teneo to hold,] -fringo in -fringo [from frango to break,] -pingo in -pingo [from pango to foe,] atque and -igo in -igo [ from ago to drive,] -tingo in -tingo [from tango to touch^\ re- ponunt restore [in their Participles] primam vocalem the first vowel thematis simplici» of the present tense of the simple verb. Compdsta the compounds -fiteor which end in -fiteor [from fateor to confess,] -ripioque and in -ripio [from rapio to seize,] -cinoque and in -cino [from cano to sing,] legunt choose e in the Parti- ciple [instead of ij: at but -silio those ending in -silio [ from salio to leap] vult sibi will have <-sultus : ado- lesco et adolesco to grow ripe also [makes] adultus» Nata the compounds ex do of do to give, sero to sow, sto to stand, flectunt decline Part'cipium their participle perfect per -itus by -itus; sic so cognosco to learn, agnosco to recognise edunt give cognitus, [and] agnitug. PARTICIPIUM HETEROCLITUM The Heteroclite Participle. Redundans that which is redundant \ Part'cipium duplex two Participles venit are de- rived & simplice perfecto from one perfect tense; tendo to stretch [makes'] tensus [and] tentus; pando to expand pansus [and] passus: sic so lavo to wash [makes] lautus [and] lotus; misceo to mix mistus [arai]mixtus; poto to drink vult will have potus135 [and] potatus; alo to feed altus -itusque altus and alitus; retundo to blunt dat gives -tusus tunsusque -tusus and -tunsus, Nitor to strive vult sibi will have et nixus both nixus, nisusque and nisus ; fruor to enjoy fructus fruitusque and fruitus; ordior pro texo when it signifies to weave orditus, proque in- cipio and when it signifies to begin orsus. Pinso to bake effert makes triplex three Participles pistus, pinsusque and pinsus, et and pinsitus. Redundans that which is redundant in futuro in the future• Coropositum a sto a Compound of sto to stand edit makes -aturus in the future Participlev raro rarely -iturus, Deflciens that which is defective. > Unum Patt'cipium one Participle fit is made de pluribus perfectis out of many perfect tenses of the same Verb ; i. e. from one perfect only ; profectum [such as w] made de livi from livi 1 have daubed, pegi / have joined, punxi I have pricked, vulsique arid vulsi I have pulled.PROSODIA THE RULES OF VERSES. iTEMPUS, SIVE or QUANTITAS the Quantity YOC ALTUM of Voxels. Tempus Quantity est is duratio the continuance syl- labic! soni of the sound of a syllable in voce in a word: unica longa Syllaba one long Syllable exaequat equals [in quantity] binas breves two short ones. Linea curva a crooked line nota is the mark brevis of a short Quan- tity ; recta a straight line recumbens lying along ho- rizontally longi of a long one. Vocalis a Vowel solet esse is usually brevis short; nisi unless triplice causafor one of three reasons [that is] nisi unless producta sit it be made long Natura by Nature, Situve or by Position, vel or Usu by Use. Natura [Syllables long by] Nature. Diphthongus a Diphthong est is longa long Natura by Nature; item also dupla Syllaba two Syllables contracta contracted in unam into one, ceu as junior [the first syllable of] junior younger exstat is formed a juvenis from, juvenis young, [instead of juvenior*] Quisqfte character every vowel which is characteristic contracti flexus of a contracted form of declining est is longus long; [as] u nota u the characteristic vowel quartae of the fourth atque and e quintae e of the fifth Declension Substantivorum of Substantives: tres vo- cales quoque the three vowels also [a, e, r\ quae which videntur appear to be signa the characteristics Con-137 tractf Verbi of [the three conjugations of] Contracted Verbs: nisi except quando when -t finalis -tfinal ad- haeret immediately follows them. Situs [Syllables long by\ Position. Longa est the vowel is long situ by position quam which consona bina two consonants duplexve or a dou- ble one sequitur follow• At but brevis a Vowel other- wise short efficitur is made communis common [that is, either long or short at pleasure,] si i/muta liquens- que a mute and a liquid junctim together incipiant begin quae syllaba the syllable which deinde s^quatur immediately follows it. Una one ex tribu$ brevibus of three short syllables producta made long, licentia a licence vatum of the poets, est is libertas nimia too great a liberty, et and fjigienda to be avoided cauto poetae by a careful poet: Vocalis a vowel claudens ending vocem a word s cum c> P* incipiente when sc, sp, sq, or st begins se- quentem the word which follows, vix probatur is hardly allowed [to be used] correpta short, Usus Syllables long by~] Use. Longae [the syllables] long Usu by Use, quas [thai is, those] which veteres poetae the old poets produxere have made long, sequuntur follow dispostae ranged infra below quaeque each sua classe in its own class. MONOSYLLABA Monosyllables. Vox Monosyllaba a word of one syllable est is longa long Usu by Use; at excipe except however fac do thou, cor the hearty bis twice, quis who, is that, es thou art, fel gall, mel honey, vel or, fer bring thou, per through* ter thrice, vir a man, in in, an whether, nec nor; et and Encliticas the Enclitics que and, ne whe- ther, ve or, quae which semper adhaerent are always138 joined to the end voci of another word; et and voca- lem a vowel quam which consona b, d, t claudit the final consonant b, d, or t follows. SX^LABiE Syllables. Ultimas Longae Last [Syllables] Long. Hae septem these seven; -en nisi neutra, -en un* less it be of the neuter gender, -as, -es, -os, -i, simul also -ai, -c; -a Sextus casus, -a the ending of the Ab* lative case: -is, -o Sextus, -is, -o [the endings'] of the Ablative vel or Tertius of the Dative; -us etiam also a Nominative in -us, quae crescit which makes its Ge* native in -udis, et and -uris, et and *utis: -a non flexilis -a of a wcrd not declined; -e aut -6 particulse -e or o of indeclinable words ortae derived ex -us «-er from Nouns in -us or -er. Exception^ Exceptions [to the preceding Rule]. Sed but -as, -adis -as that makes -adis [in the Ge- nitive,] -es -itis [or] -es that makes -itis, est is brevis short. Adde add [the last syllable of] seges a crop, tegesque and teges a mat; interpresque and inter- x pres an interpreter, teresque and teres taper, veges- que and teges lively, et and praepes swift, hebesque and hebes dull; atque and penes in the power of: item also of tibicen a piper, pectenque and pecten a comb, tamenque and tamen yet, viden' que and viden truncatum shortened [from videsnQ dost thou see,?] donee Until; cum compos and of compos in possession of, et and impos unable; particulas item also qf the particles eia a word of exclamation^ ita #o, puta that is to say, et and quia because: queis to which rectd jungas you may properly add [the last syllables of] cito quickly et and modo only; queis to which [you may add also those of] bene well vel or male •#, queis to which [you may add also those of]139 nisi unless vel or quasi as it were: et and -as, -es, atque and -os, -i, fines the terminations Grseco-latini flexus of the declining of Greek words made Latin. Ultimas Communes Last Syllables common. Ibi there, ubi where; mihi, vel or tibi, vel or sibi; articulusque hie and the demonstrative article hie sunt are [common in the last syllable]; adde add haec tria contracta these three Imperatives of contracted Verbs, caveque both cave take care, valeque and vale fare- well, videque and vide see; -isque and -is the second person singular Perfecti Potentis of the Perfect tense Potential, alteriusve Futuri or of the second Future. O finis O the ending Recti of the Nominative et and Quinti Vocative est is productior usu most commonly used long; O verbi quoque also O [the termination] of a verb; sed but corripe use short [the last syllable of ] duo two, ego /, scio I know, et and ambo both: Porro farther, ergo therefore, sero late, quando when, le~ guntur are [more properly used] producta long. Ante-Ultimae Longae Last Syllables but one long. Radicales Which are Radicals. Quaevis voealis any vowel sita placed ante fines sequentes before thefollowing endings [is long f] Da- ma a deerM cloa-ea a common sewer, loqueJa speech, state-ra a balance, auri-ga a charioteer, culi-na a kit- chen, vMa life, rube-do redness, pena-tes the household godsf vi-tis a vine, aga-so a horse-keeper^ lupa-nar a brothel, do-num a gtft, querce-tum a forest, fi-lum a thread, manti-le a tablecloth> cana-lis a canal, la-bes a spot, compa-ges a joints sedes a seat, sarta-go a frying-pan, legu-men pulse, fi-nis an end> re-mus an oar, ahe-nus brazen, ava-rus covetous, na-sus a nose, avi-tus ancient, stella-ris starry, cochlea-re a spoon, sena-tor a senator, junge add viri-tim man by man.140 Exceptiones Exceptions ['to the preceding Rule]. Deme except polysyllaba superlativa in -imus su- perlatives of more than two syllables ending in -imus; et and Signa Numeralia Adjectives of Number Or- dinis which are Ordinals: Vocem in -inus a word in -inus, si if sit nota it expresses materiae any kind of material: Aut or ex adverbio [if it be made] of an adverb, nota [and be] a noun Temporis of Time: Aut or in .-itus a word in -itus ex verbo made from a verb quam which -uique -didique [perfect tenses ending both i»]v-ui anrf didi, stitique et -sevi, and -stiti and -sevi gignit produce; adde add citus roused a cieo [the Participle perfect] of the Verb cieo to rouse, litus daubed, xatusque and ratus having supposed> et and satus planted, et and status fixed9 et and ru- tu&overthrown, et and quitus the Participle perfect of queo to be able ; itumque and itum the supine ex eo of the Verb eo to go : Addeque add also Adverbia Adverbs in -itus ending ih -itus; et and omne -ilis every word in -ilis ortum derived a verbo from a verb; rtiirilitiva -lum -la diminutives in -lum or -la; et and tabulae sequentes the following tables dant give plura more. In Flexu In the Declining. -Onis ab -6 -onis the Genitive case of -o \ -oris ab iox -oris of -or; sic so -alis et aris et ei -alis and aris and ei, ex -al ^ar *es from -al -ar and -es; sic so ~arum ^orum, -arum and -orum; sic so -abus et -obuSj -abus and obusi -Ebam the imperfect tense in -ebam Verbi of a Verb, -ere vel -erunt [and] the third person plural of the Perfect Indicative, faciunt make e longum e long.141 Exceptiones Exceptions [to the preceding Rule]. Propria -al, -ar, et -or, Proper names ending in -al, -ar, and -or, crescunt breve have the last syllable but oye of the Genitive case short; lar as has also lar one of the household Gods, par equal, jubar a sunbeam, arbor a tree, sal salt, memor mindful\ atque and aequor an even surface, marmor marble; res a thing, spesque and spes hope, fidesque and fides faith. Ante-ultimae Communes Last Syllables but one Common. Penultima the last syllable but one Genitivi in -ius of the Genitive ending in -ius habetur is esteemed com- munis common [that is, long or short;] Deme except utriusque the Genitive of uterque, atque and alterius the Genitive of alter, [which are short], et and con- tractual alius the contracted Genitive of alius, [which is long] .* Penultimaque and the last syllable but one in fortuitus in the word fortuitus casual et and ohe a word of exclamation est is communis common, Speciales Syllables of particular Quantities. V consona the consonant v inter binas vocales be- tween two vowels saepe often, j consona the conso- nant j tantum non semper almost always, extendit pritnam makes the first of them long. Prima the first [syllable] bisyllabici perfect! of a perfect tense of two syllables est is longa long ; deme except bibique both bibi I have drunk, dedique and dedi I have given, fidique and fidi I have cleaved, scidique and scidi I have cut, stetique and, steti / have stood, tulique and tuli I have borne. Syllaba 6-the syllable fx- verbi fio of the verb fio to become est is longa long, nisi unless ~er sequitur -er follows it* Contracta a the contracted vowel a Verbi do of the14« verb do to give est is brevis short, sed but excipe except da give thou, das thou givest [which are long], Ut as lieutra vox idem the neuter word idem est brevis has the first syllable short, mascula the mascu- line word dicitur idem has the first syllable long. Gomposita aut derivativa syllaba a compounded or derived syllable tuetur preserves tempus the quan- tity vocis of the word qui from which maqat it is derived, nec nor flexio doth the declining mutat change if, nisi unless ubi when de binis of two [consonants in the primitive] una consona one consonant amota re- qedat is separated from the other [in the derivative]. Quippe for amota the removal of [a consonant] facit makes [the preceding vowel] brevem short; ut as [in the genitive of ] trabs a beam: sed excipe except however [the genitive of] plebs the common people. Atqui but x the double consonant x resoluta being re- solved [into c and s, or g and s] conservat keeps vocalem the vowel [preceding it in the nominative] manentem if it remains unchanged longam long [in the genitive]; ut as pax peace pacis makes the last syllable but one of the genitive pacis long. Sin but if nexio the declining mutat changes [the vowel] corripit it [also] makes it short; ut as remigis a remex the genitive of remex a rower, obicis obex the genitive of obex a bolt [have the last syllable but one short]. Corripias quoque you must also use short [the last syllable but one of the genitive of] fax a torch, nex death) grex a flock, nix snow, cum pice and of pix pitch, fornix an arch, strixque and of strixa screech- oiql, calixque and calix a cup, larixque and larix a larch, salixque and salix a willow, varixque and varix a swollen vein, filixque and filix fern, appendix an ad- dition, histrixaj0wcwpiwe,coxendix the hip, cum duce and of dux a leader, conjux a yoke-fellow, crux a cross, nux a nut, trux fierce, cum Cappadoce awc/o/'Cappa- dox a Cappadocian, atque AHobroge and of Allobrox a Savoyard, praecox [and] of praecox soon rige. Composita di- the particle di- in a compounded ward est is brevis short tantum only in dirimo in the143 verb dirimo to break off, atque and disertus the par- ticiple of dissero to argue. Nopnunquam legis you sometimes meet with Diana [with the first syllable long] plerumque but generally Diana [with the first syllable short], De, prae, pro, the propositions de, prae, pro, bre- vis est are short [in a compounded wor(t] si if anteit they precede vocalem a vowel aut h or h. Nec raro and not seldom corripias you may use short pro com- positam pro in a compounded word quam consona sequitur when it is followed by a consonant; nec nun- quam etiam and sometimes also habenda est it is to be accounted communis common. Denique lastly, Catalogi sequentes the following Catalogues numerant enumerate plurima specialia longa many particular long syllables quae which fal- lunt are not comprehended in praemissas normas the preceding rules* Periti the learned fortasse perhaps adjungent will add plura more omnibus his to all these: praesertim especially quorum [syllables] of which est there is uberrima seges a very large class, nimirum namely ?uae those [of words] which derivantur are derived rraecis fontibus from Greek sources, et and quas which non nisi usus nothing but acquaintance Graeci sermonis with the Greek language plene indicet can fully teach» PES et VERSUS Foot and Verse. Pes a Foot, mensura the measure Versus of a Verse, est consists of dupla syllaba two syllables vel or tripla three. Duplex longa est two long syllables make pes Spondaeus a foot called a Spondee; sed but una longa one long syllable ante breves geminas before two short ones pes Dactylus [make] a foot called a Dactyl. Hi duo these two feet, si seni sunt if there be six of them, pangunt make longum carmen a long verse, si quini if Ethere be] five, breve a short one. Id the former144 capessit takes titulum its name a sex metris from six measures, hoc the latter a quinque from five; illud enim for the former est is Hexametrum an Hexa- meter, hocque and the latter vocatur is called Penta- metriim a Pentameter. Hexameter et Pentameter Hexameter and Pentameter. Pes utervis either a Spondee or a Dactyl servit may be used quater four times principio, in the beginning Hexametri of an Hexameter; Dactylus a Dactyl est is [used] in quinto or dine in the fifth place, Spondaeus a Spondee in sexto in the sixth. Carmen the verse, cui quintus pes whose fifth foot [is] Spondaeus. a Spondee, est is Spondaicum a Spondaic verse. Ni unless suprema syllaba the last syllable vocis » of a word sit be prima the first syllable pedis of the foot qui which instat tertius stands the third \in the verse], vel or else sit be [the first] simul both quarti pedis of the fourth foot atque and secundi of the se- cond, ordo the rhythm or flow carminis of the verse est sYperraro very seldom canorus harmonious. Quam mediam pausam the pause in the middle [of the verse] which quartus pes dimidiatus the division of the fourth foot hinc in the latter case, inde in the former case tertius [the division of] the third [foot] facit makes, vocatur is called Caesura the Caesura [or cutting} versus of the verse. Sunt there are duo membra two parts Pentametri of a Pentameter; locanturque and there are placed in primo in the first [part] pes utriusvis bis mensurae two feet of either measure, et and [then] syllaba longa a long syllable, quam which rhythmus the rhythm [or flow of the verse] jubet requires ut sit to be ultima syllaba the last syllable vocis of a word: inde in the second part sequuntur follow Dactylus duplex two Dactyls et and syllaba longa a long syllable. Nil refert it matters not qualis of what quantity145 ultima syllaba. the last syllable versus of a verse sit be. Ut possis that you may scandere scan haec duo these two Verses legitima mensura by the right mea- sure^ tripla syllaba let three syllables junctim sumatur be taken together for forming a foot]; sed but si if una one ex duabus postremis of the two last [of these three] nota sit be known [to be] longa long, tantum dupla let two only [be taken]. Elides you must cut off supremam vocalem the final vowel cujusque vocis of any word, h vocalive when [a word beginning with] h or a vowel secjuente follows it, ne syllaba superet that there may not be a syllable too much. Pariter in like manner m peribit m must be cut off cum vocali praeeunte together with the vowel preceding it. Monosyllabon the monosyllable Heu alas! aut or O the adverb O nunquam interci- pitur is never cut off. Vox a word cui dupla vel tripla syllaba of two or three syllables,claudit ends Hexametrum an Hexa- meter: cui dupla a word of two syllables [ends] Pen- tametrum a Pentameter: lex a rule danda to be given pusillo vati to a young poet. Est there is fere gene- rally idem terminus one and the same end Pentame- trique both of the Pentameter et and sermonis of the sentence.FIGURiE THE FIGURES. Figura a figure of Speech est is novum Schema a new form et and speciale Idioma a peculiar use vo- cum of words, quod which respuit rejects communem usum the common usage causa for the sake ornatus of ornament. FIGURE GRAMMATICS The Grammatical Figures. Omne genus all the sorts Grammatical Figurae of grammatical Figures est tantum triplex may be re- duced to three only: Enallage mutat Enallage changes literulas letters et and mutat changes voces words, quibus in which Elleipsis deficit Elleipsis is defective, et and Pleonasmus abundat Pleonasmus is redundant. * Elleipsis et and Pleonasmus. Aphaeresis demit Aphceresis takes initio from the beginning [of a word ] quod that which Prothesis addit Prvthesis adds [to if\. Syncope et tollit Syn- cope also takes e medio out of the middle quod that which Epenthesis infert Epenthesis puts in. Apocope detrahit Apocope takes fini from the end quod that which Paragoge dat Paragoge adds [to it]. Saepius et very often also est there is defectus a deficiency dicti of words, et and [very often] excre- scentia a superfluity.147 Asyndeton aufert Asyndeton takes away copulam the conjunction copulative, quam which Polysynde- ton. auget Polysyndeton multiplies. Est there is crebra Elleipsis a frequent omission nominis relati of a noun of relation [implied] in Ge- nitivo in the Genitive case [of the person to whom the relation is borne;] Hectoris Andromache [as] Hec- tor's Andromache, [that is] uxor his wife; sic so, ad Castoris to Castor's, [that is] aedem his temple. Ante Infinitum before an Infinitive mood vox praevia rectrix the word by which it is governed de- ficit is [sometimes] omitted. Elleipsis the omission Praepositi of a Preposition est is in prope perpetuo usu of almost perpetual occurrence. Enallage. Synthesis aptat Verba aut Adjectiva Synthesis makes Adjectives or Verbs agree rei significatae with the thing meant in sense: ut as Tegeaea juventus the Tegecean youth, [that is, Tegeaei juvenes] subeunt come up tardi slowly. Sed but Zeugma reducit Zeugma changes nume- rum atque genus remotum the number and gender of the more remote [of two nouns,] quod which [number and gender] est difFormius differ [ from those of the nearer of the two,] ad conforme cum proximiore into those of the nearer. Antithesis op tat Antithesis loves mutare to change iiterulam a letter, Metathesis Metathesis transferre to change its place, et and Tmesis Tmesis secare to divide vocem a word in duo membra into two parts. Hypallage submutat Hypallage changes casus alter- nos the alternate cases in se into one another: Meta- plasmus transformat Metaplasmus alters [the declin- ing of the cases,] Antiptosis abutitur Antiptosis uses [one case] for another. Hysterologia praeponit Hy- sterologia places first vocem postponendam the word that should be placed last. Archaismus utitur Ar- il 2148 chaismus makes use of prisca Syntaxi the old Syntax, Hellenismus Graeca Hellenismus [makes use o/] the Greek one. Ordo the order [of words] pefturbatur is confused per Synchysin by Synchysis. Enallage mutat Enallage changes vel either vocem the voice, vel or tempus the tense Verbi of a Verb: Passivum the Passive innuitur is implied Activo in the Active sine voce reflexa without the reciprocal Pronoun, [or a case, following it:] nec nor copula does the con- junction copulative conservat keep tempus the tense, quod which praecedit goes before. FIGURES POETICiE The Poetical Figures. Deinde newt Poesis Poetry habet has Figuras Figures de proprio jure of its own. Systole corripit Systole shortens tempus the quantity [of a long syl- lable,] atque and Diastole tendit Diastole makes [a short one\ long: prassertim especially si if Caesura the Caesura of a Verse sequatur follow rite brevem a syllable regularly short. Synaloepha solet Synalcepha is used truncare to cut offvocalem a vowel, si if socia another vowel aut h or anh sequatur follow it. Ecthlipsis Ecthlipsis vult demere m cuts off m, si if non manet it is not left correpta used short; sustulit pariter s it likewise cut olim formerly. Vocalis a Vowel non rite elisa not cut off in the usual manner vocatur is called Hiatus an Hiatus: Aliquando sometimes par tem- pus variatur pari tempore one foot is substituted for another of equal length. FIGURiE RHETORICS The Rhetorical Figures. Multus Tropus many a Trope [which is] conversio the turning vocis of a word a proprio from its own signification in sensum improprium to one that is not149 its own? imprimis adjuvat greatly aids artem Rheto- ricam the art of Rhetoric. Tropus Quadruplex The Four Tropes. Metaphora a Metaphor apponit puts vocem one word pro simili voce for another of a corresponding signification. Metonymia a Metonymy variat changes nomen one noun affini nomine for another that bears a relation to it; effectum [it puts] the effect pro causa for the cause; quod adhaeret the adjunct, [or what belongs to a thing or person,pro subjecto for the subject, [that is, the thing or person to which it belongs;] vel con- tra or contrariwise [the cause for the effect, and the subject for the adjunct;] tempus the time datur is put pro re gesta for the thing done; et and locus the place pro contenta/or the thing contained in it; et and utile signum the thing used pro signata/or the occasion on which it is used; abstractum a word expressing the abstract idea, or that which is used without reference to a particular subject vice instead concreti of a word expressing the concrete idea, or that which is used with reference to a particular subject: et and pretium the price vice instead mercis of the goods bought. Synecdoche reponit Synecdoche uses genus a ge- neral word pro specie for a special one: et and totum the whole pro parte for the part; et and primum the singular ob pluralem numerum for the plural num- ber; contraque and contrariwise [a special word for a general one, the part for the whole, and the plural number for the singular]. Ironia Irony tegit conceals jocantem sensum a jesting sense sub voce under a word; Sarcasmus a Sarcasm solet is used ir rid ere amare to insult with bitterness laudando by words of commendation. ■ Est there is quadrupla affectio a fourfold modifi- cation saepe conies often accompanying cuivis Tropo each of these Tropes.150 Hyperbole audet Hyperbole ventures fundere to use voces words majores vero which exceed the truth. Catachresis depravat vocem Catachresis misapplies a word to a mean use. Metalepsis vult claudere Meta- lepsis comprises multos Tropos many Tropes in una voce in one word; Allegoria an Allegory nectere combines multos Tropos many Tropes in eodem ser- mone in the same sentence, or discourse. Figura Duplex The Two Figures. Aut repetitmone repeats verba single words; aut confirmat the other confirms [or adds force to] dictum a sentence elencho by a convincing mode of statement. Repetitionis [' The Figure] of Repetition. Epanalepsis est principium Epanalepsis begins et and finis ends [a sentence] in una voce with the same word. Epizeuxis ingeminat sibi Epizeuxis doubles vocem a word. Anaphora bis ponit Anaphora twice uses vocem a word in principio in the beginning [that is, begins two or more clauses with the same word;] Epistrophe bis addit Epistrophe uses it twice fine in the end; [that is, ends two or more clauses with the same word.] Symploce Symploce et incipit both begins et and finit ends [with the same word;] sed but [then] est there are bina clausula two clauses. Ana- diplosis Anadiplosis finit ends one clause et awdincipit begins another [with the same word;] et and haec this [Figure is] dupla twofold; prorsum when it goes on directly forward, dicitur Climax it is called a Climax; vocaturque Epanodos and it is called Epatiodos, in- rersim when inverted, or taken backward. Confirmationis [The Figure] of Confirmation. Schemata particular forms of sentences addunt add vim force verbis to words: Ecphonema vocat Ecpho- nema does so by invocation or exclamation; Pusma151 rogat Pusma, by interrogation; Parabolaque and a Parable illustrat illustrates sensum the sense simili by a similitude. Hypotyposis notat Hypotyposis points to digito as if with the finger rem a thing positam placed ante oculos before one^s eyes; Prosopopoeia ef- ficitProsopopoeia makes personam a person ex quaque re of any thing whatsoever. Aposiopesis silet Aposio- pesis breaks off in the midst of a sentence; Diapho- resis haeret Diaphoresis expresses doubt; Epimone auget Epimone aggravates a thing ingeminans by dwelling on it; Paralipsis omittit Paralipsis does so by omitting others of less importance. Prolepsis ar- guit Prolepsis strengthens an argument antieipans by stating objections beforehand; Epitrope cedit Epitrope does so by allowing them. Oxymoron scite dicit Oxymoron makes a skilful use of pugnantia se- cum words seemingly contradictory to each other. G. Woodfall, Printer, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.A LIST OF BOOKS IN THE ORDER AS READ IX THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF WESTMINSTER SCHOOL- AND SOLD BY G. W. GINGER, SCHOOL BOOKSELLER, COLLEGE STREET, WESTMINSTER. LATIN GRAMMAR. CLARKE'S INTRODUCTION to the Making of LATIN. DELECTUS SENTENTIARUM et HISTORIARUM. FABULARUM iESOPEARLM DELECTUS. OVIDII FASTI. EXCERPTA ex OVIDII METAMORPHOSEON. CORNELIUS NEPOS. SACRED EXERCISES, compiled for the Use of Places of Education. EXPOSITION of the CHURCH CATECHISM. BONNYCASTLE'S ARITHMETIC. VIRGILII OPERA. COxon.) 8vo. C/ES ARIS COMMENTARII Delph. 8vo. KEN RICK'S EXERCISKS to Zumpt's Latin Grammar. GREEK GRAMMAR. DELECTUS SENTENTIARUM GRjECARUM. NOVUM TESTAMENTUM, Gracum. ANGOAOriA. Sive Epigrammatum Gra^corum Delectus. BROWN'S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY. 8vo. EKAEKTA. OMHPOT IAIA2. Heyne. <2 vols. 8vo. HORATIl OPERA. Dofrixg. 8vo. DIATESSARON, sive integra Historia Domini Nostri Jesu Christi. Gizece. Edidit J.-White, S.T.P. BISHOP of WINCHESTER on the Study of the Bible. WOOD'S ALGEBRA. A PRAXIS on the LATIN PREPOSITIONS. By S. Butler, D.D., F.R.S., &c. CICERO de OFFICIIS, libri tres : Dialogi de Senectute et de Amicitia, cum Paradoxic et Somnio Scipionis ; recensuit et ac- curavit Joannes Carey, LL.D. BUTLER'S ANCIENT and MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 8vo. ---ATLAS. 8vo. HISTORY of ROME. 8vo.-HISTORY of GREECE. 8vo. ADAMS' ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. ROBERTSON'S GRECIAN Ditto. GROTIUS de VERITATE RELIGIONIS CHRISTIANS. CON CI ONES et O RATIO NES. JLatime. HISTORIA GR.ECA, or Selections from Herodotus, Thucy- dides, Xenophon, and Demosthenes. HUNTINGFORD'S INTRODUCTION to the Writing of GRERK. ELEMENTS of EUCLID, symb. Arranged by E. M. Wil- liams, B.A. OLIVANT'S ANALYSIS of the HISTORY of JOSEPH, upon the Principles of Professor Lee's Hebrew Grammar. BUXTORFII MANUALE HEBRAICL M et CHALD AICUM.This book is a preservation facsimile produced for the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. It is made in compliance with copyright law and produced on acid-free archival 60# book weight paper which meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper). Preservation facsimile printing and binding by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2013