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' SI3St®i mmû îlillïSiiliil ' . > "'•-' . *î - 11 *.Œbe Hlnivcr0tti2 ot Cbicaflo THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION THE LECTURE-STUDY DEPARTMENT No. 184.—Price 10 Cts. / CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SYLLABUS OF A COURSE OF SIX LECTURE-STUDIES BY GEORGE ELLIOTT HOWARD, PH.D., ■ PROFESSORIAL LECTURER IN HISTORY ?! t CHICAGO Œbe UlnivetsttB ot Chicago prees 1903EXERCISES Topics for exercises are given at the end of the outline of each lecture. Answers in writing, to not more than two questions each week, are invited from all persons attending the lecture. These should be written on one side of the paper only, a broad margin being reserved on the left. The name of the center, with some signature of the writer, should stand at the top of the first page. The exercises should be sent to George E. Howard, Ph.D., The University of Chicago, Chicago, so as to arrive at least two days before the following lecture. They will be re- turned at the Review, the following week, with such marginal and oral comments as they seem to require. If application is made to the lecturer, there will be an Exam- ination at the end of the course for students who are qualified and desire to take it. Any of the books referred to in these lectures may be obtained at special rates from The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111. Prices will be quoted on application. Readings in connection with each lecture are designated in the syllabus. The syllabus is provided with a perforated leaf which each student desiring University credit or recognition in any form should fill out immediately after the opening of the course, and mail to the Secretary of the Lecture-Study Department, Uni| versity Extension Division, University of Chicago. j The conditions on which University credit can be secured artf I given on the second page of the leaf. !Ubc ninivetettB of Chicago STUDENT'S APPLICATION THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIVISION rr>n Off ICTR ATlftN the lecture-study department ■ vil ItLvlu I 11/t I Ivl 1 University Extension Center at. Date of writing this application. Full name_ [e. g-., Henry Smith Jones] Address_ Date of Birth. Place of Birth. Occupation _ Do you wish University credit? _ Title of Lecture Course__ Date of delivery of Course__ Lecturer___i_ Lf previously registered in the University of Chicago give : /. Matriculation number_ 2. College or School_ Degree sought__ High Schools, Academies, etc., with periods and dates of attendance_ College or Colleges attended\ with periods and dates, degrees, etc._ State definitely what work has been done in the Department in which the subject to be taken occurs___ Remarks, Lnstructor notified_ .IQO. (over)UNIVERSITY RECOGNITION OF LECTURE-STUDY WORK. 1. Examinations are permitted on all courses of six lecture-studies and upwards. Students are qualified for the examination who (a) have attended not less than two-thirds of the total number of lectures and classes included in the course of instruction ; (b) have written, to the satisfaction of the lecturer, exercises upon topics assigned in connection with not less than two-thirds of the lectures of the course. 2. Credit for work done on University Extension Lecture-Study courses is given on the books of the University on the following conditions : a) No application for credit will be considered unless the applicant shall have submitted to the lecturer before the examination a minimum of eight written exer- cises, or the equivalent thereof in theses of greater length. b) Applicants for credit must consult the lecturer at the opening of the course, when he will designate subjects and topics upon which the work must be based. Formal registration must be made with the University before the second lecture, using the reverse page of this leaf. c) The applicant shall pass an examination on the course at such time as is most convenient to himself and his instructor either at the University or, if else- where, under supervision which has been approved by his Dean. d) No examination or other special fee is charged applicants for credit. e) To students satisfying these requirements credit for a Minor will be given by the University. /) If the lecturer or any other leader approved by the University conducts a supplementary class in connection with a course of twelve lecture-studies, a student doing satisfactory work therein in addition to the work above mentioned may upon recommendation of the lecturer become a candidate for credit for a Major. 3. A minimum of one year's residence is required of an applicant for a degree. Non-resident work is accepted for only one-third of the work required for a degree.ASSIGNED READINGS. LECTURE I. H. M. Stephens, History of the French Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1886), Vol. I, pp. 1-150. F.'A. Mignet, French Revolution (Bohn ed., London, 1878), chaps, iv, v. B. M. C. Gardiner, French Revolution (London, 1883), pp. 65-124. LECTURE II. H. M. Stephens, History of the French Revolution, pp. 151-253. H. Taine, French Revolution (3 vols., New York, 1878), Vol. II, Book IV, chaps, xi, xii, pp. 273-358. F. A. Mignet, French Revolution, chaps, vi, vii. B. M. C. Gardiner, French Revolution, pp. 123-41. LECTURE III. H. M. Stephens, History of the French Revolution, Vol. II, chaps, vii, viii, ix. Thomas Carlyle, French Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1867 or any edition), Vol. II, Books V, VI. H. Taine, French Revolution, Vol. Ill, pp. 222-89. LECTURE IV. W. M. Sloane, French Revolution and Religious Reform (New York, 1901), pp. 157-221. Iessica Peixotto, French Revolution and Modern French Socialism (New York, 1901), 129-88. F. A. Mignet, French Revolution, chap. viii. B. M. C. Gardiner, French Revolution, pp. 178-204. Hilaire Belloc, Danton (New York, 1899), chaps, vi, vii. LECTURE V. John Morley, "Robespierre," in his Critical Miscellanies (3 vols., London, 1886), Vol. I, pp. 1-133. H. Taine, French Revolution, Vol. Ill, pp. 121-68. Hilaire Belloc, Robespierre (New York, 1901), pp. 1-145, 233-367. F. A. Mignet, French Revolution, chap. ix. B. M. C. Gardiner, French Revolution, chap. ix. LECTURE VI. H. Taine, French Revolution, Vol. Ill, Book IX. Thomas Carlyle, French Revolution, Vol. II, Book IX. F. A. Mignet, French Revolution, chaps, x, xi. B. M. C. Gardiner, French Revolution, chaps, x, xi.LECTURE I. THE NEW CONSTITUTION AND THE FALL OF THE MONARCHY. A. The Constitution of 1789-1791. I. The Rights of Man : Character. Mirabeau's view (Fling, 34 ff.). II. The Executive. 1. Vested in a king with suspensive veto. 2. The ministry responsible to the assembly, but having no seat therein. Mirabeau's position (Fling, 48 ff.). 3. The civil list, 25,000,000 francs; 4,000,000 jointure to the queen. 4. Power to initiate war and peace. III. The Legislative. 1. One chamber of 745 deputies, distributed according to land, population, and taxation. 2. Legislature declared permanent. Mirabeau's position. 3. Elected every two years by a secondary assembly formed of delegates elected in the cantons of each department. Qualification for deputies ca. 50 shillings (Gardiner, 66 ; Allison, I, 143). 4. Assent to laws. IV. Citizenship. 1. Active: those paying taxes equal to three days' labor and upward—i8d. to 2s. (Sybel, I, 151). 2. Passive: all others—chief power as a part of the force of pikemen. V. Administrative and Elective Divisions. 1. The old provinces replaced by eighty-three departments, governed by — a) Council of thirty-six. b) Executive of five (Sybel, I, 132). 56 CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 2. Each department divided into arondissements or districts, each with council and directory. 3. Each district divided into cantons, being "precincts" or electoral divisions. 4. Each canton divided into several parishes or communes. Qualification for membership of council and directory ca. 6-8s. VI. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy. 1. August 4-11, 1789, tithes abolished. 2. Ecclesiastical property confiscated December 22; placed in part under the municipalities December 29. 3. Bishops and priests elected. 4. Salaries of higher clergy lowered and those of the priests raised (Allison, I, 145). 5. Ecclesiastical divisions made to coincide with the civil. . VII. The Judicial System. VIII. The Municipal System. IX. Other Features. B. The Legislative Assembly, October i, 1791-September 20, 1792. I. Character of the Legislative Assembly (Taine II, Book IV, chap. iv). 1. Influence of the Jacobins in the election of members (Taine, II; and future lecture). 2. Divisions of the Assembly (Stephens, II, chap, i ; Taine, Thiers, Gardiner). Leaders of each. II. Vetoes of the King. 1. Of the decree of November 9, 1791: against the émigrés. 2. Of the decree of November 25, 1791 : against non-jurors. III. Question of Foreign War. 1. Revolutionary doctrines dangerous to European abso- lutism. Isnard's speeches (Mignet, 123, 124; Carlyle, II, 45; Gardiner, 103). ? 2. The decision of the Diet of Ratisbon. 3. The demands of the Assembly (Mignet, 126).CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 7 4. March, 1792. a) Death of Leopold and succession of Francis II. Effect. Austria's ultimatum (Mignet, 129). b) Change in French ministry. Effects. 5. April 20, 1792, war declared. a) Policy of the Girondists ; of the king ; of Robespierre. b) Condition of France in respect of war. (1) The action of December, 1791 (Mignet, 125). (2) Later plans. IV. May and June, 1792. 1. Veto of decree banishing non-jurors, May 27. 2. Decree for a camp of 20,000, June 6; not sanctioned by king. 3. June 13, ministry dismissed. 4. Threat of Lafayette, June 18. He appears in the Assem- bly, June 28. 5. Insurrection of June 20. V. July, 1792. 1. Country declared in danger, July n. This proclaimed, July 22 (Carlyle II, 80, 75). Sections and administrative bodies permanent (Taine II, 166, 167; but see Carlyle, II, 81). 2. Brunswick's manifesto, July 25. 3. March of Marseillaise. They arrive, July 29. VI. August 8-10. 1. August 8, Lafayette sustained by the Assembly. 2. August 9, the "Improvised Commune." 3. August 10, the massacre of the Swiss; the monarchy sus- pended ; the convention called. VII. August 10 to September 2. 1. The Revolutionary Commune practically supersedes the Legislative Assembly. Marat, the " Conscience of Hôtel de Ville" (Carlyle, II, 119), but not a member. The committee of surveillance, or de salut public, to be distin- guished from that of the convention.8 CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 2. August 17, the new High Court, or a " Court of the Seven- teenth," with Danton as president. He was also minister of justice. The guillotine set up. 3. Form of address : citoyenne and citoyen. 4. August 29, rising in La Vendée. 5. Danton becomes the leading spirit. The decree for search and arrest. VIII. The September Massacre. 1. Preparation. Question of Danton's guilt. 2. Real causes. 3. Scenes in the prisons. 4. The results. STUDIES. 1. Danton and the September massacre. 2. Lafayette in the French Revolution. 3. The flight to Varennes. 4. Legal and juridical reforms by the Constituent Assembly. 5. The decrees of August 4, 1789. 6. Were the revolutionists responsible for the European war against France? 7. Thomas Paine and the French revolution. REFERENCES. Kaiser, Franzdsische Verfassungsgeschichte, 253-77 (discussion of constitution of 1789-91), appendix (text of constitution); Hélie, Les Constitutions de la France (Paris, 1875); Lockwood, Constitutional History of France (Chicago, 1890); Bûchez et Roux, XI, 404 £f. (text of constitution); Kitchin, in Encyclopœdia Britannica, IX, 600; Fling, Mirabeau and the French Constitution (Ithaca, 1891); Mignet, French Revolution, chaps, iv, v; Taine, French Revolution, I, 187 ff.; II, 70 ff., passim; Stephens, French Revolution, I, passim; II, 1-150; Allison, His- tory of Europe, I; Gardiner, French Revolution, 65 ff., 94-124; Mallet, French Revolution, 98-182; Carlyle, French Revolution, II, Books I—III ; McCarthy, French Revolution (London, 1890-97), III, IV; Sybel, French Revolution (London, 1867), I, 371—531 ; Van Laun, French Revolutionary Epoch (New York, 1879), I, 126-248; Mathews, French Revolution (New York, London, and Bombay, 1901), 182-215; Hoist, French Revolution, II; Thiers, French Revolution, I, II ; Lamartine, His- toire des constituants (4 vols., Paris, 1865); Belloc, Danton, 114-90; idem, Robes- pierre, 146-232; Beesly, Danton, 80-145; Aulard, Danton (2d éd., Paris, 1886); Sorel, L? Europe et la Révolution française (Paris, 1887), II, 231-566; Aulard, Histoire politique de la Révolution, 153 ff.; Durler, in English Historical Review,CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Q II (the Swiss at the Tuileries); Blanc, Révolution (Paris, 1872), I; -Lanfrey, Essai sur la Révolution (Paris, 1879), 120-207; Sloane, French Revolution and Religious Reform (New York, 1901), 67-176, 295-307 (text of civil constitution of the clergy); Clapham, Causes of the War of ijq2 (Cambridge, 1899). Sources for the entire period of the course are Archivesparlémentaires (Paris, 1879 ff.) ; Buchez et Rou ^Histoire parlementaire ^ 178Q-1815 (40 vols., Paris, 1834-38); Le Moniteur (21 vols., Paris, 1789-99); and the large Collection de Documents relatifs à VHistoire de Paris pendant la Révolution (Paris, 1888 ff.), edited by Challamel, Robinet, Chassin, Aulard, and others; Quinet, Révolution (Paris, 1869), I; Aulard, Etudes sur la Révolution, II, 39-106 (Danton and the September massacre); Sciout, His- toire de la Constitution civile du Clergé, ijço-i8oi (Paris, 1872-81; or abridged, 1887); Tuckerman, Lafayette (2 vols., New York, 1889); Sarrans, Memoirs of Lafayette (Boston, 1833); Memoirs of Lafayette (3 vols., London, 1837). LECTURE II. DANTON AND MARAT : THE REGICIDE AND THE STRUGGLE WITH THE GIRONDE. I. The Campaign of 1792 (see Carlyle and Gardner). The siege of Lille raised ; The French advance to Mayence and Frankfort ; Dumouriez in Paris. II. Elections to the Convention (Stephens, II, chaps, v, vi; Gardiner, 124 ff.; Carlyle, II, Book III, chap, vii ; and Book IV, chap, i ; Taine, II, chap. xi). Parties and leaders. Committee appointed to make the con- stitution (Carlyle, II, 179), Sièyes, Condorcet, Paine, Hérault de Séchelles. III. Origin of the Struggle between the Mountain and the Gironde. 1. Demand for a departmental guard for the convention ; object (Carlyle II, 184). Often decreed and then repealed. 2. Re-election of the Commune of Paris. 3. September 25, accusation of Marat and Septemberers. Hostility to Danton. 4. Accusation of Robespierre by Barbaroux, September 25 ; by Louvet, last of October (Carlyle, II, 196). 5. Estimate of the policy of Girondists. IV. The Executive and its Three Problems (Carlyle, Book IV, chap. ii). Foreign policy and its effects (Gardiner, chap. vi). Decrees of November 19 and December 15 (Gardiner, 131, 134).IO CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION V. The Trial of the King (Stephens, II, chap. vii). 1. Were French statesmen justified in condemning the king ? 2. November 6, preliminary report of committees declaring king guilty and "triable." November 6, victory of Jem - mapes. 3. Discovery of the Iron Press, November 20. 4. December 11, king summoned to answer fifty-seven ques- tions ; counsel granted him. 5. December 26, king's advocate pleads. 6. December 26 to January 15, discussion of mode of trial. 7. January 15-20, the four votings. 8. Execution, January 21, 1793. VI. War Declared against England, February 1, 1793; and against France by Spain, March 7, 1793. VII. The Fall of the Gironde, June 2, 1793. 1. Previous vacillating policy. 2. The violent attack on Danton by Lasource (April 1 : Car- lyle, II, 257) converts their protector into an enemy. 3. The accusation of Marat before the Revolutionary Tribu- nal (April 14, 1793). His triumphant acquittal, April 22. 4. Their suspected " Federalism." Gaudet's plans (Carlyle, II, 234; Stephens, II, 237, 240). 5. The Committee of Twelve (May 20) and arrest of Hébert (May 24). 6. Max Isnard's rash speech regarding Paris, May 25 (Car- lyle, II, 264; Stephens, II, 241). 7. Influence of military events and of the treason of Du- mouriez (April 2). 8. Çvents of May 31 and June 2. VIII. Social Life in Paris. IX. Murder of Marat, July 13,1793. STUDIES. 1. Was the execution of Louis XVI. just ? Was it expedient ? 2. Merits and defects of the Girondist policy.CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION II 3. Influence of the war on the Revolution. 4. Compare the trial of Charles I. with that of Louis XVI. 5. Rise and progress of the Jacobin clubs. REFERENCES. Stephens, II, 151-253; Gardiner, 123-41 ; Mathews, 207-33; Carlyle, II, Book III, chaps, vii, viii ; Book IV; Taine, II, chaps, xi, xii ; Mignet, chap, vi ; Rochtererie, Marie Antoinette, II, 284-315; Thiers, 11,76-241; Lamartine, Gi- rondists, II, 147 ff., 185 ££.; Michelet, French Rev., Ill, 599 ff., passim; Mallet, 182- 207 ; Hamel, Robespierre, II, 425 ff.; Van Laun, I, 249 ff.; Bûchez et Roux, Vols. XXII, XXIII (trial of king) ; Goncourt, La Société française pendant la Révolu- tion, (new ed., Paris, 1880) ; Fauget and others, L'Œuvre sociale de la Révolution française (Paris, 1902); Lanfrey, Essai sur la Révolution (Paris, 1879), 223-48 (ideal of Girondists); Vatel, Charlotte Corday et les Girondins (Paris, 1864-72); Sybel, II; Belloc, Robespierre, 220 ff.; idem, Danton, 199 ff.; Beesly, Danton\ 146-76; Sorel, III; Aulard, Histoire politique de la Révolution, 215 ff.; Wallon, La Révolution du 31 mai et le Fédéralisme en 1JQ3 (2 vols., Paris, 1886) ; Bax, Mar at, the People's Friend (London, 1900) ; Bougeart, Marat, VAmi du Peuple (2 vols., Paris, 1865) ; DeWitt, La Jeunesse de Marat (Paris, 1892); Bax, The French Revolution, 56 ff.; Gronlund, Ça Ira, 70 ff.; Gaudet, Les Girondins (new éd., Paris, 1889); Gamier de Cassagnac, Girondins (2 vols., Paris, i860); Biré, La Légende des Girondins (Paris, 188i) ; Nettement, Études critiques sur les Girondins (Paris, 1848); Blanc, Révolution, II; Quinet, Révolution, I. LECTURE III. THE JACOBINS AND THEIR INSTRUMENTS DURING THE TERROR. A. The Jacobin Clubs and Their Methods. I. The Construction of the Machine. 1. Origin: in Breton delegates to Versailles, 1788 (Carlyle, I, 102, 312). Called "Friends of Constitution," April 30, 1789. Removed to Rue St. Honoré, Paris, after October, 16, 1789 (Taine, II, 41). 2. The rapid progress, 1789-91 (Taine II, 32-34). 3. Strata of population. Whence they come: a) Lower-middle class. b) Upper-lower class. Three elements. 4. Structure of the machine in Paris. Organization and pro- cedure (Taine, II, 41, 42).12 CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 5. The Jacobins, however, constituted a small majority. a) In the Constituent and Legislative Assembly. b) In Paris. c) In France (Taine, II, 46). II. Psychology of the Jacobin (Taine III, 121-68). 1. Revolutionary doctrine : government the suspected servant of the sovereign people; the doctrine of lèse nation. Marat expresses the doctrine (Taine, II, 5). 2. His "self-conceit" and dogmatism. Examples of Clootz, Marat, and Madame Roland (Taine, II, 21-23). 3. His obedience to uformulae;" his "closet philosophy." The ideal man. III. The Operation of the Machine. 1. The frequency of the elections renders the new rights of voters burdensome ; hence the Jacobins manipulate the primary bodies (Taine, I, 203-9; 31)- 2. Vast numbers of offices produce a similar effect; the civil oath keeps hundreds of thousands of Catholics from the polls (Taine, II, 34, 35). 3. By instigating mobs against local officers, they render official duties distasteful to the best citizens. 4. On election day they compel the majority to renounce their candidates ; passive citizens allowed to vote (Taine, II, 67, 61 ft.). 5. By terrorism, free speech and free press were suppressed (Taine, II, 36-41). 6. By terrorism, clubs of Feuillants and public meetings were broken up. Orleans "hired patriots;" agency of Laclos (Taine, II, 45, 46, 57 S-)- 7. By instigating petitions from daughter-societies, they force the majority to enact laws dictated by the minority. IV. Causes of the Success of the Jacobins. Faith (Taine, II, 49 ff.); dogged perseverance, enthusiasm, fierce determination, and unflinching audacity, added to per- fect organization.CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 13 B. The Revolutionary Tribunal. I. The Extraordinary Tribunal of August 17, 1792. 1. Object of the creation. 2. Rules of procedure. II. The Revolutionary Tribunal, March 10, 1893. 1. Proposed by Danton. Object. 2. Rules of procedure. a) Jury : How chosen ; verdict, how rendered. Robes- pierre's proposition. b) Judges and prosecutor. c) Rules for witnesses. III. Victims of the Tribunal. 1. The procession of parties: Royalists and Feuillants; Girondists ; Hébertists ; Montagnards ; Robespierre and St. Just. 2. General grounds of accusation and conviction : the result of not defining crime. IV. Examples of Trials and Accusations. 1. Emigrants : disposition of their property. 2. Unsuccessful generals : examples, Blancheland and Custine. 3. Punishment for free speech : example Hippolyte de Raray. 4. Friends and correspondents of emigrants. 5. The "Twelve Armentiers." V. The Law was Violated in the Procedure (Stephens, II, 330). 1. No witnesses allowed in last days of .the Terror. 2. Falsifications of testimony: trial of the "Vierges de Verdun." 3. Abuse of the accused by the court. 4. Terrorism of the galleries. VI. Number of Victims. C. Other Instruments. I. The Two Convention Committees. 1. Committee of "General Security," composed legally of twelve members. Powers: "superintendence of measures" relating to political crimes. Ruled usually by salutpublic.14 CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 2. Committee for salut public (created April 6): number; term of service : question of renewal ; leading members. II. The " Revolutionary Committees " Established by Decree of Con- vention, March 21, 1793. 1. These consisted of twelve or more members chosen by universal suffrage. 2. They existed — a) In each section of Paris. b) In many smaller communes. 3. Paris had two central "Insurrectionary" Committees (Gardiner, 153). a) One composed of delegates from the Revolutionary Committees. b) One composed of delegates from the sections. 4. Powers, composition, and methods (Taine III, 242-79). a) Character of members (Taine, III, 243). b) Fraud and extortion. c) Numbers of committees, 21,500. Why not greater? (Taine, III, 245 ff.) Influence of the deputies in mission, of political "agents," of "select" sanscu- lottes, and itinerant Jacobins. d) Cartes de suretê; and the "law of the suspects" framed by Merlin of Douai (September 1, 1793). Denuncia- tions (Stephens, II, 324 ; Carlyle, II, 301). III. The " Deputies in Mission " (Gardiner, 147; Carlyle, II, 301, 346-48). IV. The "Maximum Price" (May 3, 1793). V. The Law Allowing Members of the Sections Forty Sous a Day. STUDIES. 1. The law of the "maximum." 2. Marie Antoinette and the Revolution; her execution. 3. Paper money of the Revolution. 4. The law of the suspects. 5. Political methods of the Jacobins. 6. Is Taine's view of the " psychology " of the Jacobins just?CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 15 REFERENCES. 1. The revolutionary tribunal.—Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal révolutionnaire (Paris, 1880-82); St. Prix, Justice révolutionnaire, introduction; Campardon, Le Tribunal révolutionnaire (2 vols., Paris, 1866); article in London Quarterly Review, January, 1882; Taine, French Revolution, index ; Gardiner, 143, 176; Carlyle, II, Book V, chap, v.; Stephens, II, 227 ff., 330 ff., 411 ; Lamartine, Girondists, II, 455, 460; III, 122,457; Thiers, French Revolution, index; Real French Revo- lution (London, 1899), 70-81. 2. General references.—Taine, III, 121 ff., 222-89 ; Stephens, II, chaps, vii-ix ; Carlyle, II, Book V ; Mignet, 195-216; Michelet, IV, chaps, x, xi ; Mathews, 234- 51; Mallet, 195-235; Lamartine, Girondists, index; Thiers, II, III ; Aulard, La Société des Jacobins (6 vols., Paris, 1889-98) ; idem, Histoire politique de la Révolu- tion, 314 ff.; Wallon, La Terreur (Paris, 1873); Tournier, Vadier sous la Terreur (Paris, 1896); Mortimer-Ternaux, La Terreur (8 vols., Paris, 1864-81); Gronlund, Ça Ira, 101 ff.; Blanc, Révolution, II; Quinet, Révolution, II; Aulard, Etudes sur la Révolution, I, 71 ff•; Biré, Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris pendant la Terreur (new ed., 5 vols., Paris, 1895-98) ; Aulard, Actes du Comité de Salut public (13 vols., Paris 1889-1900). LECTURE IV. FALL OF THE HEBERTISTS AND DANTONISTS. I. Character of the Revolutionary Civil Legislation. 1. Civil marriage instituted. 2. The divorce law. 3. Condorcet and " woman's rights." Children and the family. 4. Economic legislation. 5. Other measures. II. Socialism and the French Revolution. 1. Influence of Rousseau. 2. Influence of Hébert and Chaumette. 3. Robespierre's ideas. 4. Babeuf. The beginnings of modern French socialism. III. Religious Reform in the Revolution. 1. The civil constitution of the clergy and its effects. 2. Institution of worship of Reason. a) Doctrine of the Hébertists. b) Declaration of Priest Parens (November 7, 1793); and of Archbishop Gobel. Confiscation of church property.16 CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION c) In the convention : carmagnole complete (November 11). d) Goddess of Reason (November 10). IV. Fall of Hébertists, March 24, 1794. 1. Their struggle with the Dantonists. How the latter were sacrificed by Robespierre. 2. Their struggle with Robespierre and the Jacobins. 3. Their struggle with the Salut public. V. The Fall of the Dantonists, April 5,1794. 1. Camille Desmoulins and the Vieux Cordelier. 2. Principles and policy of the Dantonists. 3. Character of Danton (Taine, III, 133 ff., 120 ff.). 4. Causes and circumstances of the fall of Danton. 5. Last hours of Danton ; compare with Mirabeau. STUDIES. 1. Can the Terror be justified ? 2. Place of Camille Desmoulins in the Revolution. 3. An estimate of the place of Danton in the Revolution. 4. Causes of the anti-Catholic religious movement in the Revolution. 5. Character of the civil legislation of the Revolution. 6. Social life in Paris during the Terror. 7. The influence of Paris on the Revolution. 8. Madame Roland. REFERENCES. Lichtenberger, Le Socialisme et la Révolution (Paris, 1899); Peixotto, The French Revolution and Modern French Socialism (New York, 1901), 129-88; Sloane, The French Revolution and Religious Reform (New York, 1901), 157-221 ; Jervis, The Gallican Church and the Revolution (London, 1882); Lanfrey, L'Église et les Philosophes au dix-huitième Siècle (Paris, 1879); Quinet, Le Christianisme et la Révolution française ; Delarc, Z'Église de Paris pendant la Révolution (3 vols., Paris, 1895-98); Barruel, Histoire du Clergé ; Pressensé, The Church and the French Revolution (London, 1869); Robinet, Mouvement religieux à Paris, 178Q-1801 (2 vols., Paris, 1896), containing original documents ; Aulard, Le Culte de la Raison et le Culte de VÊtre suprhne, 1JÇ3-1JQ4 (Paris, 1892); Condorcet, Esquisse d"1 une Histoire des Progrès de VEsprit humain (Paris, 1795) ; Sagnac, La Législation civile de la Révolution (Paris, 1898); Volney, Œuvres (Brussels, 1822); Aulard, Danton (2d éd., Paris, 1886); Belloc, Danton (New York, 1899) » idem, Robespierre (New York, 1901); Beesly, Danton (London and New York, 1899); Gronlund, ÇaCHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 17 Ira; or, Danton in the French Revolution (Boston and New York, 1888); Hamel, Saint Just (2 vols., Brussels, i860); Madame Roland, Mémoires^ Paris, 1864); Jules Clarétie, Camille Desmoulins and His Wife (London, 1876); Tarbell, Madame Roland (New York, 1896) ; Bax, The French Revolution, 80 ff.; Aulard, Études sur fa Révolution, I, 137 ff., II, 39 ff.; Van Laun, I, 278 ff.; Thiers, III, 258 ff.; ("Wor- ship of Reason ") ; 326 ff. (" Struggle with Hébertists ") ; Carlyle, II, Book V, chaps, iii-vii; Mignet, 234 ff.; Mallet, 236 ff.; Gardiner, 178-204; Taine, III, 121 ff.; Mathews, 252 ff.; Michelet, V, chaps, xvi, xvii, pp. 193 ff.; Hamel's Robespierre, III, 333-490; Louis Blanc, II, 422-469; Lanfrey, Essai sur la Révolution (Paris, 1879), 249-92; Lewes, Robespierre. LECTURE V. ROBESPIERRE AND HIS PLACE IN THE REVOLUTION. I. Early Life and Character (Stephens, II, ,288 ff.). 1. Born at Arras, May 6, 1758. Father and grandfather were avocats. 2. Education. 3. Becomes avocat, 1781; and March, 1782, becomes crimi- nal judge of the diocese. 4. In 1783, argument on legality of lightning conductors; by this he wins advancement. II. In the Constituent Assembly. 1. Address à la nation artésienne, 1788, vs. the estates of Artois. 2. Resists influence of the corporation of Artois. 3. How he became fifth deputy to the Assembly for the tiers état of Artois (Stephens, II, 291). 4. Resists Le Chapeliers motion of February 28, 1790, for a committee of three to control emigration (Stephens, I, 424). 5. Position at death of Mirabeau (Stephens, I, 437 ; II, 291); and at the close of the constituent assembly (Stephens, I, 468). Crowned by the people of Paris, September 30, *79T- 6. Personal appearance: style of oratory (Stephens, II, 291).18 CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION III. fli the Legislative Assembly (Stephens, II, 161-63). 1. On the constitution of 1789-91. 2. Stands for a strong government ; suspects the bourgeois. 3. Suspects the king, nobles, and priests; but is just. 4. Rejects the red cap, March 19, 1792 (Stephens, II, 59). 5. Stands for terror. Law of suspects and the tribunal of August 17, 1792. IV. In the Convention. 1. Assailed as dictator. 2. Policy as to king's trial. 3. Policy as to the war. 4. InHhe Committee of Public Safety. + a) Was he the "tool" of the majority (Stephens, II, 292ff.)? b) For strong government. V. Estimate of his Character. 1. The problem stated. a) Was Robespierre a fanatic ? What is a fanatic ? Is fanaticism consistent with vanity, cowardice, and self- ' seeking ambition ? b) Was he a hypocrite ? c) Was he a statesman ? 2. Is Taine's arraignment just (French Revolution, III, 143- 68)? VI. Thermidor: The Fall of Robespierre. 1. Feast of the Être Supreme. 2. Causes of the rise against him. 3. The act of Prairial 22. 4. Tallien and the final struggle. Execution of Robespierre^ July 28, 1794 (10th Thermidor). STUDIES. 1. An estimate of the character of Robespierre. 2. Influence of Rousseau upon Robespierre. 3. Character and work of Tallien. 4. The place of St. Just in the Revolution. 5. The worship of the "Supreme Being." 6. Character of the constitution of 1793.CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 19 REFERENCES. Lewes, Robespierre (London, 1849); Morley, " Robespierre," in Critical Mis- cellanies (London, 1886), I, I—133; Belloc, Robespierre, (New York, 1901); Hamel, Robespierre (Paris, 1895); Hamel, Thermidor (2d éd., Paris, 1897); Aulard, Le Culte de la Raison et le Culte de VEtre suprême; idem, Les Orateurs de la Légis- lative ei de la Convention (2 vols., Paris, 1885-86); Stephens, French Revolution, I, II, as cited; idem, Orators of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1892); Crane and r JBrun, Tableaux de la Révolution, an Historical French Reader (New York, 1884); Mallet, 284 ff.; Lanfrey, Essai, 293 ff.; Sloane, The French Revolution and Religious Reform, 199 ff.; Bax, The French Revolution, 88 ff. ; D'Héricault, La Révolution de Thermidor (Paris, 1876); Dauban, Paris en 779^-/795 (Paris, 1869); Stephens, in Encyclopœdia Britannica ; Aulard, Etudes sur la Révolution, 1,268 ff.; Van Laun, I, 301 ff. LECTURE VI. THE RULE OF THE THERMIDORIANS. I. Reaction: The Rearrangement of Parties (Thiers, IV, 1 ff.). 1. Practical dissolution of the Commune; and reorganization of two committees. 2. The Mountain. a) Terrorists. b) Jacobin economists : Romme and Soubrany. c) Dantonists and Moderates. 3. Thermidorians : Tallien, Fréron, etc. 4. The Plain : readmission of the seventy-three (December 8); and of the deputies proscribed, June 2, 1793 (March 8> 1795). II. Destruction and Reorganization of the Machine. 1. Of the Commune and of the Revolutionary Committees. 2. Suspension of the Revolutionary Tribunal. 3. Jacobin Mother Society (November 12). 4. Proscriptions and confiscations cease and indemnity is demanded. 5. Of the Maximum (December 24), and the forced assignats ; of the requisitions. The new financial system.2O CHIEF ACTS AND ACTORS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION III. Revolt of Germinal 12 (April 1, 1795). Causes and results: the Terrorists proscribed (Thiers, IV, 169 £f.). IV. The Social Reaction. Reaction in the provinces. Regulation of religious worship by the state (February 22, 1795). The "White Terror." V. The Revolt of Prairial 1 (May 20); see Thiers, IV, 229 ff. VI. The Constitution of August 22, 1795. 1. The Directory. 2. The two houses of the legislature. 3. Its principles compared with those of the Constitutions of 1789-91 and 1793. VII. The Thirteenth Vendémiaire (October 5, 1795). STUDIES. 1. Trace the different stages of the Revolution. Why did it result in absolutism. 2. Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. His part on the 13th Vendé- miaire. 3. Currency and finance during the rule of the Thermidoriam 4. Madame Tallien. 5. Give an account of the "White Terror." 6. Explain the causes of the rising of 13th Vendémiaire. REFERENCES. Sybel, French Revolution, IV ; Thiers, French Revolution, IV; Louis Pîlanc. Révolution, II; Carlyle, II, Book IX; Taine, III, Book IX; Van Laun, I, 327 Mallet, 261-83; Lanfrey, Essai, 305 ff.; idem, Napoleon (2d ed., London and New- York, 1886), I, chap, ii ; Sloane, French Revolution and Religious Reform, 20 3-21 idem, Napoleon (New York, 1896), I, chap, xxi ; Gardiner, 221 ff.; Mignet, 273--. 312; Zivy, Letrewe Vendémiaire (Paris, 1898); Sorel, IV, 122 ff.; Hazlitt, Na/)ole;