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o	^fcdba!i=rffc^i=!a=sa=^t=^==0=i0=QBOOK STACK AND SHELVING
LIBRARIES
UNITED STATES PATENTS:
No. 436,704 No. 466,033 No. 516,734 No. 520,191
No. 11,401 RE-ISSUE.
Also Patented in Foreign Countries.
MANUFACTURED BY
THE SNEAD & CO. IRON WORKS,
(INCORPORATED.)
Office and Works: Foot of Pine Street,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.1 b
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The Function of a Library Book Stack.
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VERY active library containing any considerable number of volumes requires an arrangement of shelving embodying all of the following features^ namely :
1.	Accommodating books of every variety, size and kind of binding.
2.	Therefore the shelves must be easily and quickly adjustable and interchangeable at will by any library attendant and readily
and compactly put out of the way close at hand when temporarily displaced or not required.
3.	Permitting every desirable classification and arrangement of books of all sizes and kinds and ready modification thereof at will at
any time.
4.	Affording free and instant access to every volume at all times.
5.	Having not only certain fixed main corridors, stairs and lifts for access to the books and free communication both laterally and
vertically throughout the stack in several tiers, but readily furnishing any additional intermediate passages anywhere on any deck.
6.	Proper supports for books on partially filled shelves.
7.	Maximum capacity and compactness and capability of indefinite extension, especially upward.
8.	All surfaces and parts permanently smooth and rounded to prevent injury to books or papers and protected from corrosion.
9.	Fire-proof throughout.
10.	Thoroughly but simply illuminated by day and by night.
11.	Naturally and permanently clean and free from accumulated dust.
12.	Furnishing no lodgment or comfort to book pests or dust.
13.	Immunity from injury from leaky roof or ceiling.
14.	Moderate and even temperature and ventilation not only throughout the stack in general but through the individual shelves and their
supports, so that practically the only obstruction to free circulation of air and light is offered by the books themselves.
15.	Free, easy and direct communication at will in any direction throughout the stack for the convenience of attendants, not only by the
originally established main corridors, but through the shelving anywhere by removing the shelves.
16.	Convenience for all sorts of appropriate work anywhere and everywhere in the stack, including the direct handling of books by
readers when desirable as in “open shelf” room, and the placing at convenient points of a desk, cabinet, set of drawers, etc.
17.	The fewest separate parts or pieces combined in the lighest and simplest construction consistent with all proper strength and rigidity.
18.	Located in close communication with reading, cataloguing and delivery rooms, and offering every facility for free access therefrom.
3
4609(5Original Design.
Formerly no complete system in existence.
Librarians dissatisfied.
Old systems very incomplete.
Problem solved in this system.
All modern requirements provided for.
This system the original design for modern shelving.
All other systems are inferior.
Most economical and best method of shelving books.
Until the construction of the great building for the Library of Congress was taken in hand twelve years ago for the shelving of millions of volumes of books, and the then rapidly increasing variety and bulk of library collections of all kinds, no system of shelving on a large, complete and thoroughly economical scale had been devised. Some small stacks had been built of combinations of iron and wood, but- all were ill ventilated, very unequally warmed, dusty, close and overheated in their upper parts, inconvenient of access and poorly lighted.
Librarians were correspondingly dissatisfied and unhappy and the theory of stack shelving consequently disapproved.
Of the eighteen requisites of a complete and satisfactory stack or system of shelving above enumerated, hardly a single one was to be found in any existing library.
The problem was consequently new in almost all its elements. To solve it the needs of library administration were carefully studied and the results finally embodied in the system of shelving and stack construction which the Library of Congress now contains and which has met the unqualified approval of all librarians.
It is this system of shelving devised by Mr. Green, the engineer in charge, which, with modifications and improvements up to date, adapting it to all modern requirements of libraries, large or small, public or private, that is herein described and illustrated, as manufactured by THE SNEAD & CO. IRON WORKS.
As stated, this system was the original design, on a comprehensive scale, of modern shelving for libraries. All other systems competing with it are but make-shifts based on it but modified in minor details for the purpose of avoiding the patents and gaining the market.
None of them is an improvement, and all are, on the whole, inferior, because to reduce cost, certain details of the complete original have been omitted.
General Principles.
Books are most economically shelved in double-faced parallel ranges, so disposed as to avoid all dead angles, each interspace or passage being lighted by a separate window or part of a window at one or both ends, or by skylight.Rough plate glass or illuminating tile decks will answer to transmit strong sky light down through two or perhaps three tiers, but not more. In lofty stacks, therefore, side lights are indispensable and should be amply provided, opening to the street or to a wide court faced with very light colored or white walls. Enameled brick is best for such walls because non-absorbent, and thus reflecting light equally well whether wet or dry.
Book stacks exceeding two or three tiers in height cannot be economically lighted throughout from above, and consequently must depend upon side light through the walls.
When circumstances positively preclude daylight and artificial light must be resorted to, the arrangement of shelving to be described is equally well adapted for ceiling lights under the decks with or without reflectors, giving perfect illumination in every part of the stack. For this purpose the incandescent electric light is at once perfectly adapted, and the only system of artificial illumination that should be allowed among books.
Construction of the Book Stack.
After describing .the construction of the stack and the manner in which the several requisites of a perfect system of compact shelvjng for a large library have been secured, the adaptation of the same to the needs of a small library will be shown.
As shown^ in figures i, 2, 3, and 3a, pages 17 and 18, the shelving is placed in parallel double ranges, at right angles to the walls, which admit the daylight directly into the passages between the ranges. The ranges rise, tier on tier, to any desired height, at intervals of seven feet from deck to deck.
The shelf is of uniform size throughout the stack, and adjustable to any height. Its length and width may be made to suit the preference of librarians, three feet being the standard length, and eight or ten inches the width.
The double book range is therefore two shelves wide—sixteen or twenty inches. The interspace or passage between the ranges should be from three to three and a half feet, and the total center to center interval of ranges is therefore from four feet four inches to five feet two inches.
The stack, as shown in the figures, is lighted equally through both side walls, being arranged symmetrically on both sides of a central corridor. To secure good light at all times at the corridor ends of the ranges the latter should not extend more than twenty to twenty-five feet from the window, assuming the latter to receive daylight but little diminished by narrow streets or courts, or by dark and dingy opposite walls.
5
Light.
High stacks must have side light.
Only incandescent electric for artificial light.
Large and small libraries.
Ranges should be at right angles to daylight ana in tiers of any number in height.
Book shelves of uniform size.
Width of book range and passage between ranges.
Light from side walls and corridor ends.Lighting upper tiers by skylights.
General construction.
Uprights braced by decks horizontally in all directions.
Decks solid and white.
Slit in front of book ranges.
Flange along slit.
Diaphragm at each deck to prevent dust sifting down |and fire running up.
Construction requires no diagonal obstructing braces.
All tiers are thus precisely alike in every detail, except that the upper or attic tier may be lighted by small attic windows in the side walls, fully supplemented by skylights along the corridor.
The construction consists simply of the cast iron skeleton shelf supports or uprights, spaced the shelf length between centers, resting on the foundation with suitable footing, extending from deck to deck. These partitions are steadied by attachment at top and bottom to the deck bars or carriages, but are not supported thereby, forming in fact the supports for the decks.
The deck bars are of steel bolted to the uprights at each deck level, thus connecting the rows of uprights. The latter are also connected to each other in their own lines at the same levels by flanged bars at right angles to the deck bars. These horizontal deck members are connected continuously through the stack, both laterally and longitudinally, from wall to wall, into which they are anchored, thus bracing the uprights at every story and preventing buckling in the lower stories from the weight of books and decks carried above.
The covering of the decks may be thin slabs of any fire-proof material, preferably white marble, rubbed above and polished underneath to better reflect light. This covering is solid—without perforations or grating—to prevent dust and litter from sifting through, but an open slit three to five inches wide is left along each front of each book range for passage of air and light, and for conversation and the handing through, between decks, of books, papers, or other articles.
A low flange is raised on the angle-iron deck bar along this slit to prevent anything lying on the deck from being pushed off. (Fig. 4, page 19.)
A sheet-iron diaphragm is placed in each range at each deck level to prevent dust from one story sifting down to the next, to prevent fire from running up, and to serve as a stepping plate for persons passing through any range from side to side when shelves are removed, and so avoid, when desirable, going around the range. It also serves as the bottom shelf when desired, and as a stiffening web to the construction.
The stiff skeleton upright described requires no obstructing braces or diagonals between the uprights between decks, so that, on removing the shelves from any section, a through passage is made, which may be continued in the same line through all the ranges if desired, and from a new corridor. When the latter is to be much used for a length of time, short pieces of board or other material may be laid across the deck slits to make the floor quite level and continuous.
6A spacious seat is placed in every window recess on every deck, where a person may sit to work or read. Seats at windows. (See figure 4, page 19.)
Lighting.
Bach window consists of a single pane of polished plate glass as wide as the passage between ranges, and nearly the full height of the story or tier, permanently set air-tight into the opening at the head of each passage. Those exposed to direct sunlight may be provided with blinds of translucent glass or other material operated in gangs from one or several points. The exterior surfaces of the glass may be washed from skeleton galleries permanently provided on the walls.
As before stated, lighting at night should be by electricity only, with incandescent lamps. These may be of the “door-knob” or other pattern, snugly placed in the deck ceilings out of harm’s way, diffusing the light throughout each range or corridor.
Windows fixed airtight.
Blinds.
Washing outside of windows.
Electric light only at night.
Shelf Supports and Shelves.
Any adjustment of shelves permissible.
The shelf partitions or supports, above described, are provided with a continuous row of teeth on the front edge, Partitions have teeth
and horns for support
and a corresponding row of horns on each side at the back near the projecting centre flange, to carry the shelves, which of shelves-in turn are provided with lugs on their front corners and claw notches near their back corners to engage the teeth and horns of the partitions for support, as shown in figures 6 and 7, page 20. This arrangement permits quick adjustment of shelves throughout the entire height of the tier, and also the placing of opposite shelves of the same range at any one level, making a through shelf of double width, also the placing of shelves close together if desired for use of one large volume.
There are no loose or movable pins, brackets, screws or other parts whatever—the standing partition and the No loose parts, movable shelf comprising the whole combination.
The shelf itself is preferably an open grating of parallel bars of steel or wrought iron, the top surfaces being Shelf an °Pen grating about one-half inch wide, spaced about one-quarter of an inch apart in the clear, and made perfectly smooth. These are
7Shelves and partitions ground smooth and given a dull, hard finish.
Metal, wood, slate or glass shelves may be used.
Braces for partially filled shelves.
Brace can not slide.
Can not injure books.
Brace simple and reliable.
No separate parts.
Brace applicable to solid shelf.
connected across at the ends by a bar containing the lugs and claw notches for support, and they are also “bridged” at one or two intervals between the ends by a smaller cross bar, as shown in figure 7, page 20. The most perfect shelf of this kind made, or ever likely to be made, is illustrated and described on page 22. (Figure 10.)
All parts of the shelf, diaphragm and partition, with which books may come in contact, are ground smooth, and the whole filled, rubbed and finished a dull hard coating that will not rub off or injure the bindings of the books.
It is evident that a shelf may be made of sheet metal or wood, even of slate or glass if desired, that will take the place of the iron bar shelf here described, by simply providing the claw notch and the metal lugs on the front corners. The somewhat less expensive wooden shelf may therefore be used in this system of shelving as well as in any other, and may even be made with parallel longitudinal slits if desired, so as to possess nearly all of the merits of the metal shelf except incombustibility.
Book Braces or Supports.
Taking advantage of the longitudinal spaces between the parallel bars of the shelf, a locking toggle, passing between and hooking under the bars, is placed on a foot flange of a vertical metallic plate, which, while movable up to the last book on the end of the shelf, may be locked in position at any point and become an immovable partition.
This device is shown in figure 8, page 20. Even without being locked it is a substantial support, because it can not slide while pressure is being exerted by the books against its face.
The plate is well rounded and flanged at the edges to prevent injury to books by the accidental striking of them upon it when placing them upon the shelves.
It is quite simple and inexpensive, and yet the most convenient and reliable book brace yet devised.
It has no loose or separate parts, may be used anywhere in the shelving, and may be instantly removed and stowed away when not needed.
This brace is as readily applicable to a solid shelf, either of wood or metal, as to the grated shelf, if a slit be sawed or cut in the former three or four inches from the front edge to receive the toggle.Elevator and Stairs.
Kach stack is provided with one or more stairways, and with an elevator capable of lifting one or more persons with a truck load of books, and of being controlled and managed by the passenger.
Book Carrier.
At a suitable point, say the side of the elevator shaft, is another shaft extending down to the basement, along which may run a closed box to a point under the delivery desk in the main reading room, then upward to that room. A pair, of light endless chains run in this shaft and passage, over suitable wheels, carrying hanging trays which discharge automatically at the reading room and at the several decks in the book stack. The carrier is driven by power taken from the local steam, electric, or hydraulic plant, and, running continually and quietly,* transports with dispatch, books or other light matter both ways between the reading room and the stack without dependence' on foot messengers.
This apparatus, combined with the telephone, pneumatic and speaking tube, or electric signal of any desired kind, does away with much of the fatigue and waste of time hitherto inseparable from the administration of large libraries.
Heating and Ventilation.
The stack is warmed by radiators preferably of warm water, located underneath in the cellar, which constitutes an air chamber. Sufficient fresh out-door air is admitted into this chamber through cotton filters, whence it passes through registers in the basement floor and circulates upward and downward in the stacks through the deck slits above described. Discharge outlets are provided at 1 the roof, controlled by hand and by thermostats. Fans may be used in the cellar when needed in some localities and seasons.
Stairways and elevator in many storied stack.
Automatic book carrier.
Fatigue and waste of time avoided.
Warm water radiators preferable.
9General Considerations.
Construction compact and simple and of any height.
Low shelving constructed on same plan.
Uniformity and adjustability.
Shelves all precisely alike.
No part to loosen or drop when shifting.
The peculiar compactness and simplicity of the construction and arrangement of this book stack renders it entirely feasible to carry it up an indefinite number of stories and thus utilize space and light generally unattainable on or near the ground. With proper foundation and supports the stack may be put on top of the building where light is plentiful, leaving the lower stories available for other purposes, even many of those of the library itself. The new stacks of the Congressional Library, which are nine stories or tiers in height, might as well have been nineteen if required. The quick and handy modern elevator, the automatic book carrier, the electric telephone, and pneumatic tube, etc., render the lofty book stack, as well as the lofty modern office building, equally useful and convenient in every part.
It is hardly necessary to mention that the low shelving of but one or two tiers in height, which is sufficient for the needs of small libraries, such as those of city districts, towns, smaller colleges, etc., is readily constructed on the same plan as the stack above described. (See figures n, 12, and 13, page 23.)
HOW ALL THE REQUISITES OF THE PERFECT BOOK STACK AND SHELVING ARE EMBODIED IN THIS DESIGN.
1.	The uniformity in size of shelves, the ready doubling of their width at will, and their close adjustment to any desired height admit the shelving of books of any size or mixture of sizes whatever, either standing on edge or lying flat, equally accessible and easily handled. If any shelf prove too wide, so that the books are liable to be pushed back out of sight, a wire or cord stretched behind and attached to the openwork partitions will hold them in place.
2.	The shelves are all precisely alike, made from one and the same pattern, and may be removed or dropped into place almost as quickly as a book can be. Any one or any number of the shelves may be removed, even while full of books, readjusted or interchanged, at any moment without the slightest interference with any other shelf or its contents.
This is rendered feasible, expeditious and convenient by the absence of any thing to be adjusted to receive the shelf or any catches, pins, or other movable supports to be searched or felt for. All annoyance of dropping movable pieces on the floor or down among the books is entirely avoided; and no shelf can slip off or tilt on its bearings. It may even be shifted with one hand while the other is otherwise occupied. Moreover, no shelf can be dislodgedby any force from below or lifted off its bearings more than about three-eights of an inch, because it is then stopped by the next tooth and horn above on the support.
3.	The shelves, once arranged for any particular classification of books, may be quickly and easily rearranged and shifted for any other classification desired.
4.	Every book can be reached or its title read, without climbing or stepping above the floor or deck.
5.	The main corridors of the stack room, the stairways and lifts, afford access to the books and free com. munication throughout the several tiers, and additional passages can be secured through the ranges themselves by removing the shelves.
6.	As before described, the best book support or brace ever devised is perfectly applicable to this system of shelving. It depends solely upon its own shelf for attachment, is entirely independent of the spaces between shelves or the sizes of books, and is quickly and universally adjustable on any part of the shelf, as may be seen in the illustration (figure 8, page 20). It may face either way, and a pair of them may be so placed as to isolate a few books in the middle of the shelf. It may also be attached to the shelf above, hanging downward if desired, to secure the top of the books. As above explained, it is equally applicable and useful on wooden shelves.
7.	It is evident from the illustrations that a maximum of capacity and feasibility of indefinite vertical extension of the stack are secured by the general system described.
8.	The simplicity of shape and surface of the shelves and shelf supports, the only parts of the construction with which the books come in contact, makes it a very simple matter to polish them. This done, the parts are brought to a hard finish or electro-plated, thus permanently avoiding all injury to bindings. The; shelves may be bower-barffed.
9.	It is also evident that this construction entirely and economically avoids the use of any combustible material whatever, and also any and every connection with anything to cause or admit fire, either through the warming or the artificial lighting apparatus.
It is to be presumed that the administration of the Library will guard against the storage or careless accumulation of loose paper or combustible rubbish in the stack, especially its lower parts, where, if ignited, it would burn rapidly. With such a precaution there is practically no danger from fire in a book stack—first, because almost impossible
Easily arranged and shifted.
No climbing.
Free communication throughout the several tiers.
Book brace the best in use.
Indefinite extension.
No injury to bindings.
No combustible material used.
Library administration should guard against accumulation of rubbish.Daylight to all parts of shelving.
Dust excluded.
No dust or vermin on shelves.
Top capping.
Ample circulation of air.
Passages may be made anywhere.
to start, and second, quite impossible to continue if started, amongst ordinary shelved books. A small vertical fire pipe, with hose at every second deck, is easily and securely inserted if deemed advisable.
10.	It is evident from the accompanying illustrations that the location and sizes of the windows, in connection with- the spacing and arrangement of the ranges and shelving, are such as to admit ample daylight to all parts of the shelving, even when filled solidly with books. As it seldom occurs, however, that some unfilled spaces do not exist on or between the shelves, the open skeleton construction of this system of shelving adds materially to the penetration and diffusion of light. The same is greatly enhanced also by the deck slits through which a great deal of light conies obliquely down directly from the sky through every upper window in the same range on both sides to the top of the stack. White marble or painted decks and ceilings still further increase the illumination ,by reflection, and the stacks may be well lighted at night by incandescent lamps in the aisles.
11.	Dust is excluded by sealed windows, and by filters for the air admitted for ventilation. That which may be brought in with the books or otherwise, or which is produced by handling of the books, is of small amount. The permanently sealed windows are an absolute security against damage from thunder showers, and from winds or gusts laden with dust or moisture.
12.	The open grating of the shelves prevents the deposit of dust upon them, and therefore its accumulation at the back of the shelf, where it is pushed by the books, as occurs with all solid shelves. Roaches and other pests find on such a shelf but poor lodgment and much more light and air than they enjoy, while the books themselves, especially those much used, are benefited by the superior ventilation afforded.
13.	The top tier of each shelf range is capped with a sheet-iron roof, which will shed any water that may leak through the roof or floor above, and thus secure the books at all times from such a source of injury.
14.	By means of the deck slits, so evenly and liberally distributed throughout the stack, the open spaces through the decks at the window recesses, the extensive surface of window glass, and proper adjustable openings in the ceiling and lower floor, an ample circulation of air is secured in every part of the stack, and a nearly uniform temperature in all stories. In very lofty stacks a small fan placed in the basement, in connection with the heating radiators, may be needed in some situations, especially in very mild and sometimes in summer weather.
15.	By removing the shelves from any range section a free and direct passage is made through from range to range, even extending the entire length of the stack if needed. If such passage or corridor is required to be permanent, a thin board fitted across the narrow slits will cover them perfectly and make a continuous walk.
12The deck slits or slots in front of the ranges, being about four inches wide, are most convenient for attendants to talk through to each other, even through several stories, and to pass books or other small articles through from deck to deck either above or below, thus avoiding much use of the stairs.
Books may be shelved as low down as the floor or deck level without danger of inj ury to the bindings from sweeping or washing the deck or of abrasion from passing trucks, because effectually guarded by the raised curb and intervening slot in the deck.
This great convenience is entirely wanting in the continuous deck, whether solid or perforated, and the slits are unobjectionable as proved in practice. Articles are very rarely, if ever, dropped through, and then can never fall more than one story.
Chutes, or dumb waiters, for sending single volumes, memoranda, etc., up and down the stack, may be easily placed in any one or more of these slits, which are usually vertically over each other throughout the stack.
16.	The open arrangement of the main frame work of the stack permits the use of any range section or any number of them at any time for a closet, case of drawers, small desk or table, etc., all well lighted and equally convenient. The simple removal of the shelves renders these spaces thus available.
Every window in the range passages contains a spacious permanent seat, in the full light, suited for the accommodation of the attendants or of special students or searchers who may be admitted to the stack.
A ledge of six inches or more in width may readily be hung on the front of any book range, to rest books or other articles on if desired, and be quickly removed at will. The front teeth of the shelf supports furnish convenient and adjustable attachments for this purpose. (Fig- 6, page 20.)
A movable table may also be used in the corridor, running on casters.
17.	It is believed to be impossible to devise a construction simpler in every sense of the word, or more economically manufactured and erected, than that here described, fulfilling the essential requisites of either a large book stack or a small system of shelving in one tier.
The cost in any case can not exceed that of any other design for a given quality of workmanship and materials. At the same time the design lends itself to any degree of ornamental and elegant treatment that may be desirable for conspicuous or special locations.
18.	The automatic book carrier, elevator, pneumatic tube, and telephone furnish quick and direct communication between the stack and the reading or cataloguing rooms.
13
Slits for passing books between tiers.
Lower shelf books guarded from injury.
Slits unobjectionable.
Dumb waiters.
Framework admits of closets or desks.
Window seat.
Ledge may be applied to book range.
Movable table.
Simplicity and economy.
Cost and ornamentation.
Quick communication.Shelving for Small Libraries and Book Cases.
The system suited to small libraries.
Framework can be removed and easily packed.
Shelving for small book cases.
Thought and experience.
Designs and estimates will be submitted.
Correspondence
solicited.
Reference to figure 12, page 23, figure 14, page 24, figure 15, page 25, and figure 16, page 26, will show how perfectly the shelves and supports, used for the large library or book stack, are suited to any desired arrangement of shelving 011 a smaller scale, without loss of any of the advantages possessed by the stack shelving.
The framework may be bolted together so as to be knocked down for removal, and the several parts, being chiefly bars and flat castings of but few shapes and sizes, snugly packed into the smallest compass.
Book shelving must always be pretty much the same thing whether in the form of a small book case, a small one-story library, or a book stack of any, extent. Most of the parts, therefore, will be of standard shapes and sizes.
Mr. Green has given the designing and superintending of libraries much care and exhaustive consideration, and his system, the result of nearly ten years’ thought and practice, is as perfect as human work can be.
The undersigned are fully prepared to manufacture the book stacks, shelving, and book braces above, described, and to submit designs and estimates for adapting them to any situation where fire-proof, or even semi-flre-proof construction (iron framework and supports with wooden shelves) is required.
Correspondence is solicited from architects, trustees of libraries, or librarians, contemplating the erection of new libraries, or the modification or enlargement of existing shelving or book stacks.
THE SNEAD & CO. IRON WORKS,
INCORPORATED,
Jersey City, N. J..ILLUSTRATIONS.
Fig.	i.	Page 17.	Plan of stack.	Fig.	16.
Fig.	2.	Page 17.	Longitudinal section of stack.		
Fig.	3-	Page 18.	Cross section of stack.	Fig.	I7-
Fig.	3a-	Page 18.	Cross section of stack.		
Fig.	4-	Page 19.	Perspective of interior.	Figs	18
Fig.	5-	Page 20.	Enlarged end elevation of range front.		
Fig.	6.	Page 20.	Enlarged elevation of partition.	Fig.	20.
Fig.	7-	Page 20.	Plan of book shelf and book support.		
Fig.	8.	Page 20. port.	Plan side and rear views of book sup-	Fig.	21.
Fig.	9-	Page 21.	Enlarged plan showing portion of deck.	Fig.	22.
Fig.	10.	Page 22.	Skeleton steel book shelf.		
Figs.	11	and 12.	Page 23. Range front and intermediate		
		shelf support, with stiffening ribs cast on for sup-		Fig.	23-
		port of additional stories.			
Fig.	I3-	Page 23.	Book range, with front and intermediate '	Fig.	24.
		support of patterns. Figs. 11 and 12.			
Fig.	14-	Page 24.	Perspective of exhibit at World’s Colum-	Fig.	25-
Fig- 15-
bian Hxposition, Chicago, in which were shelved
the books of the American Library Association’s Fig. 26.
selected library.
Page 25. Book range for small libraries, lawyers’ Fig. 27. offices and private offices.
Page 26. Wall case for small libraries, lawyers’ offices and private libraries.
Page 27. Interior of Masonic Library, Boston, Mass.
and 19. Page 28. Interiors of Kansas State Agricultural College Library, Manhattan, Kans.
Page 29. Interior of Blackstone Memorial Library, Branford, Conn.
Page 30. Interior of Stack Room, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
Page 31. Interior of Library of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, New York City.
Page 32. Interior of New Hampshire State Library, Concord, N. H.
Page 33' Interior of Stack Room of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University, Palo Alto, Cal.
Page 34. Interior of Stack Room of the Hyde Park Public Library, Hyde Park, Mass.
Page 35. Interior of Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind.
Page 36. Interior of Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind.
15Partial List of Libraries Using the Green Jystem of Book /tack and /helving.
Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
Public Library, Wheeling, W. Va.
Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans. Public Library, Bxeter, N. H.
New Hampshire State Library, Concord, N. H.
Public Library, Littleton, Mass.
Virginia State Library, Richmond, Va.
Blackstone Memorial Library, Branford, Conn. Western Female Seminary, Oxford, Ohio.
State Normal School, Terre Haute, Ind.
Fletcher Library, Westford, Mass.
Y. M. C. A. Library, New York City.
U. S. Naval Home, Philadelphia, Pa.
Converse Memorial Library, Malden, Mass.
Public Library, Portland, Maine.
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine.
N. Y. Genealogical and Biographical Society, New York City.
Law Library for U. S. Post Office Building, New York City.
American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, .New York City.
Public Library, Fall River, Mass.
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York City. Masonic Library, Boston, Mass.
Hyde Park] Library, Hyde Park, Mass.
Leland Stanford, Jr., University Library, Palo Alto, Cal. Public Library, New South Wales.
Parliamentary Library, Wellington, New Zealand.
Addition to Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
16LoN6! TUD/N/IL SECTION OF Figure 2
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%	Green’s Patent Book Stack and Shelving for Libraries.
The Snead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated,
Jersey City, N. J.wm
	
	
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Green’s Patent Book Stack, and Shelving for Libraries. The Snead <& Co. Iron Works, Incorporated, Jersey City, N. J.
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DODO*'lan of frooK Shelf, GooH 5upport an a Portable. Ledge..
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5/OE Yiew 'A-A. Views of dooK 3 upport a Full Size. .
FtG-URE. s.
Green’s Patent Book Stack and Shelving for Libraries. The Jnead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated, Jersey City, N. J.
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Green’s Patent Book Stack and Shelving for Libraries. The Snead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated, Jersey City, N. J.
21ONE of the most important features of this system is the skeleton steel book shelf which is illustrated on this page. The shelf is, however, adapted for use not only in the Green Stack, but in any other stack or book case. The construction is of very thin cold rolled steel, the bars being of inverted U section and the end pieces of L, section, so connected as to be absolutely rigid and capable of the roughest handling without loosening in any part.
All surfaces, especially the top which receives the books, are as smooth as polished wood, and the tops of the bars are broad and rounded, so that books slide or rest on them without the least injury. Every part is absolutely free from sharp edges or points. After the shelf is made it is colored black and covered with a lacquer that protects it from rust or corrosion in contact with the books.
All shelves should be of the standard length of three feet and are eight or ten inches wide; they are thus adjustable and interchangeable throughout the stack. The shelf here illustrated is the standard ten inch by three feet shelf and weighs but five and one-half pounds. This
FIGURE 10.
Skeleton Steel Shelf.
3 Feet Long, io Inches Wide. Weight, 5 1-2 Lbs. Jupports 100 Lbs. Without Practical Deflection.
weight hardly exceeds that of the lightest pine wood of equal size and thickness, and is much less than that of oak, while in strength and stiffness the steel shelf is superior.
The bar spaces furnish admirable attachment for the book supports, and prevent accumulation of dust on the shelf; they add materially to the penetration and diffusion of light and to proper ventilation through the individual ranges. The forms and connections of the several parts leave no lodgment or cavities whatever for dust or insects.
Being simply thin, flat structures, without flange or projection of any sort, these shelves may be packed away into the smallest compass when not needed, and this may even be done at the top, bottom or any intermediate point of the book case itself.
Each shelf is complete in itself and there are no catches, pins or other movable supports to be searched or felt for, and no screw drive or spirit level to be carried about in moving or adjusting the shelf.
Green’s Patent Book /tack and /helving for Libraries.
The Snead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated,
Jersey City, N. J.
22	
	
	
	RANGE FRONT—with supporting rib	BOOK RANGE—for small libraries, capable of receiving additional stories.	INTERMEDIATE SHELF SUPPORT
for carrying additional stories.	Showing shelves and book stops.	with supporting ribs for carrying
additional stories.
Green’s Patent Book Stack and Shelving for Libraries. The Snead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated, Jersey City, N. J.
FIGURE 11.
FIGURE 13.
23Perspective of exhibit at World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893, in which was shelved the books of the American Library Association selected
library. This exhibit received Medal and Diploma.
I
FIGURE 14.
Green’s Patent Book Slack and Shelving for Libraries. The Snead <& Co. Iron Works, Incorporated, Jersey City, N. J.
24
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i
iFIGURE 17.
Interior of Masonic Library, Boston, Mass.
Green’s Patent Book /tack and /helving.
The Snead St Co. Iron Works, Incorporated, Jersey City, N. J.
27FIGURE 20.
Interior of Blackstone Memorial Library, Branford, Conn.
Green’s Patent Book Stack and Shelving.
The Snead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated,
Jersey City, N. J.
29FIGURE 21.
Interior of Stack Room, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.
Green's Patent Book Stack and Shelving.
The J"nead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated,
Jersey City, N. J.
30FIGURE 22.
Interior of Library of the American Jociety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, New York City.
Green's Patent Book Stack and Shelving.
The Jnead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated,
Jersey City, N. J.
31
~—:-------~~~ :FIGURE 23.
Interior of the New Hampshire State Library, Concord, N. H.
Book /tacks in Alcoves.
Green’s Patent Book Stack and Shelving.
The Snead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated,
Jersey City, N. J.
muFIGURE 24.
Interior of Stack Room of Leland Stanford, Jr. University, Palo Alto, Cal.
Stacks prepared to receive additional tier and floor.
Green's Patent Book. Stack and /helving.
The Snead St Co. Iron Works, Incorporated,
Jersey City, N. J.s&Sr	■ •FIGURE 25.
Interior of Stack Room of Hyde Park Public Library, Hyde Park, Mass.
/tacks prepared to receive additional tier and floor.
Green’s Patent Book Stack, and Shelving.
The Snead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated,
Jersey City, N. J.FIGURE 27.
Interior of Indiana State Normal School Library, Terre Haute, Indiana.
Green’s Patent Book Stack, and Shelving.
The Snead & Co. Iron Works, Incorporated,
Jersey City, N. J.STAIRWAYS
ELEVATOR
SCREENS
ELEVATOR CABS
STORE ERONTS
GRILLES
GATES
LANTERNS
RAILINGS
MARQUEES
The SNEAD & CO. IRON WORKS
INCO RPORATED.
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
Structural ^ Ornamental IronWork
FOR BUILDINGS.
HIGH CLASS HAND TORGED PINE OUSTINGS IN	AND HAMMERED ....
Ipon, Brass, Bronze Wrought Iron Work and Aluminum____ ELECTRO-PLATING IN ALL METALS
Heavy Castings and Riveted Work
contracts Taken tor the entire iron work or buildings, large or Small, in any part or the country.
columns
BEAMS '
GIRDERS
ROOES
TOWERS
SKYLIGHTS
SIDEWALK
LIGHTS
VERANDAS
ELOOR PLATES