i «gsn sCEREMONIAL DANCE OF THE iGOROT.
SCENE IN SUYOC SECTION OF IGOROT VILLAGE.
EDITED AND COMPILED BY
ALFRED C. NEWELL, Chief Department of Exploit*'''OVER THE BRIDGE OF SPAIN TO THE WALLED CITY.
ABOUT the time the World’s Fair City is waking at early morning, one hundred bare-limbed Igorot often sacrifice and eat a dog on the Philippine reservation. At the same hour, scarcely two hundred yards away, a bugle sounds reveille, and four hundred well-trained soldiers in the blue of the United States Army hustle from their tents. These are the Philippine Scouts. The yells of the dog-dance have scarcely ceased before the blue line is formed for roll call, and the Philippine soldiers stand at attention beneath an American flag, while a Philippine band plays an American air. All of these people live on the same island in the Philippines. The Igorot represent the wildest race of savages, the scouts stand for the results of American rule—extremes of the social order in the islands.
The Exposition is the first comprehensive display of the Filipinos, their work and habits, made in the United States. It covers forty-seven acres of rolling woodland in the
extreme western part of the World’s Fair grounds. The approach is picturesque. Bounding the reservation on the north is Arrowhead Lake, a wedge-shaped sheet of water, dotted on the shore with bamboo huts built over the water, after the manner of the Samal Moros, fierce river pirates, and skirted with the more ornate dwellings of the gentle Visayans, Multi-colored flags flutter over the villages, and bulky boats with gay painted sails sway at their moorings. Strange melody of Moro music mingles with the lively airs of the Visayan orchestra, and from over the hill comes the strident chant of the Igorot.
R»elics In the War Building,
Three bridges cross the lake. The main bridge is a massive stone reproduction of the Bridge of Spain that crosses the Pasig river at Manila. This curiously arched structure leads to the Walled City, an imitation of the fortificationsETHNOLOGICAL BUILDING.
EDUCATIONAL
BUILDING.
put' about Manila by the Spaniards three hundred years ago, which still stand as a monument to the old Castilian commanders, who would lock their troops in when the e n e in y came.
The reproduction of the walls is impressive. They inclose a spacious fort, where a mini her of queer cannon have been placed. Within the
walls are the war museum, the exhibits of the Philippines' Constabulary and the I'nited States Army. Here are displayed gigantic steel cannons, and all kinds of weapons and war implements captured and collected during the successive campaigns in the islands in nil the time of the original Spanish conquest. The Filipinos found that they could put bamboo to so many uses that they believed it would do tor guns ako, yi they rigged up cumbersome bamboo cannon oil big wooden wheels and went out to kill. A number of these contrivances are diown wrapped with coils of telegraph wire, and some covered with thin sheet iron. All kinds ot gnm, from the gaping blunderbuss and ilimlock to the modern Aiaux-r, are stacked along the walls, in these rooms can be seen the ugly head axe of the Igornl, spiked at one end for its murderous blow and. sharpened at the other for sudden decapitation.
Once across the Bridge of Spain and through the Walled City, you face the reservation. It is like a scene in Manila. The buildings are arranged in two groups. In the center of the first group is a tall shaft to Magellan, who discovered the Philippines only twenty-five years after Columbus put his feet on American soil.
The Fish and Game Building.
To the right is the Fish and Game Building, extending over Arrowhead Lake, supported by and built of great trunks of the graceful Palma Brava—thatched with nipa. Tortuous fishtraps of split bamboo, illustrating the native method of fishing, are spiked along the water’s edge. Within the building are mounted specimens of the strange birds of the Philippine forests, most of them brilliant in plumage and big of beak. As you enter, the wild water-buffalo, called by the natives “ the timarao,” that sleeps during the daytime in dense bogs, is about to spring upon you, and a python, thirty feet long, is coiled ready to strike. Small deer, wild hogs, monkeys, and all sorts of forest things of the Philippines, arc naturally mounted. There are hundreds of specimens of lish common to the. Philippines, giant nmllusks from the southern islands,with shells live feet wide, may be seen. These mol-hisks are death traps for the daring Mon» pearl divers, as they are irequently imbedded among the mother-of-pearl
■ -shells,-. ' ■ ■ ;	. ■	" ■
On the other side of the plaza, flanked '	* c	by tall steel towers, surmounted with
weatlier vanes and search lights, is the Observatory, patterned after the kind, used in Manila, from which timely warnings of the dreaded typhoons are sent to the Japanese and
C hinese shores. The steel towers are used in connection with a lightning register, and within the Observatory are various kinds
ADMINISTRATION
AND FINE ARTS BUILDING.
COMMERCE BUILDING.of instruments, used for registering, wind and.lightning. An interesting feature is a micro-seismograph, or register of earth tremors, made at the Manila Observatory by Filipino mechanics. North of the Observatory, encircled by a broad promenade, is a relief map of the Philippine Archipelago, no feet long and 75 feet wide. On this map are shown the 3,014 islands and islets of the Philippines. Mountain and volcanic formations, waterways and all the physical conditions of each island, are thoroughly depicted. It is like a glimpse of the islands from a balloon. Smaller relief maps, showing hot springs, the location of tribes and mines, are within the Observatory Building. All these maps were made by and under the direction of Father Jose Algue, Chief of the Meteorological Station and Director of the Manila Weather Bureau. Opposite the Observatory, on the other side of the plaza, is a building used for the display and sale of photographs of scenes and people in the islands, and within which a stereopticon show is conducted.
Here, by the way, were made the photographs used in this folder.


■
THE “MANILA HOUSE.’
Scene in Plaza Santa Cruz.
Crossing this space from the Walled City, you reach the Plaza Santa Cruz, the center of the reservation, a striking production of a corner of Manila.
In the center is an imposing statue of Don Juan Sebastian del Cano, who sailed from the Philippines for Seville in the sixteenth century, completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. On the north, facing the square, is an impres-
. sive reproduction of the Manila Cathedral, with its somber gray walls and ornate relief work. Opposite the cathedral is the Ayuntamiento, or Government Building. On the east is the long wooden Com-m e r c e Building, a w-	reproduction of a
structure in which a mining building, temporary exposition was held in Manila, and on the west, pink in the sunlight and topped with many-colored banners, is the Manila Building, a model of the residence of a wealthy Filipino. Seated in this plaza, among the brilliant flower beds, the visitor may scan the whole reservation, and encompass in the view the status of Filipino development. To the east, along the wooded hillside, are the grass-thatched huts of the savage Igorot. (It may be said just here that there is no plural to Igorot—no such word as “Igorotes” or “Ig-gorotte”—and that the man who would spell it any other way than I-g-o-r-o-t or who would pluralize it is guilty of a literal barbarism.) To the north, along the water’s edge, are the bamboo homes of the Moros. But here in the square are the products of Filipino looms and homes; pictures, for which native homes were temporarily robbed, sculpture from native studios, incomparable embroidery work by the hand of the industrious women of the islands, fabrics almost as fine as the butterfly’s wings, great tables of woods, that for polish and grain almost eclipse the most expensive rosewood and mahogany, and, best of all, compositions, drawings and handwork from the Americanized schools o: the islands. Back of the reservation, high over the huge constabulary cuartel and the camp of the Scouts, float the Stars and Stripes.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING.
FORESTRY BUILDING.SALiGAN, AN IGOROT BEAUTY.
Work of the Soldier=Teachers.
The first American army of occupation in the Philippines contained teachers as well as soldiers. Education followed the Flag wherever it was carried. The first people to teach English on the Islands were officers and enlisted men in General Merritt’s forces, and the work of the soldier-teacher was an important preliminary to the invasion of the organized force of teachers who came later. The result of the work of the American educators is summed up in the statement that more English is spoken today in the islands than was Spanish after the 400 years of regimd of Spain, The Spaniards encouraged a Babel of dialects. They believed that a common language would make the natives too dangerous. The whole significant story of what American teachers have done is told in the educational exhibit in the Manila cathedral on Plaza Santa Cruz. Here will be found exhibits ranging from crude blocks of wood turned in the Moro industrial school in Zamboanga, Mindanao, where little savages are taught their “A B Cs, ” to learned theses on sociological questions by students in the Manila Normal School, where Filipinos are taught how to teach. Hundreds of letters from Filipino pupils are part of the collection. These letters are to be distributed to teachers visiting the exhibit, and it is believed that a correspondence will
ensue of equal interest and value to the American and Filipino pupils. It is less than three years since the first transport with its cargo of American teachers arrived in Manila. Today there are 2,900 schools, with over 200,000 pupils in the primary schools alone. The force of 800 American teachers has been supplemented by thousands of intelligent native pedagogues, all teaching the young idea of the coming generation of Filipinos the wonders and the language of the United States.
Among the exhibits from private schools are those from “El Liceo” (the Lyceum) of Manila, “La Universidad de Santo Tomas/’ a church institution, “Colegio Filipino” (the Philippine College), and the Woman’s Institute of Manila. Specimens of work in the Government schools are shown in the display made by the four kindergarten schools of Manila—the Nautical School, the Moro Industrial School, the Insular Normal College, and the Manila Trades School. An attempt has been made to show as truly as possible the actual conditions of work, the possibilities of the future, and the amount of progress that has been made.
Probably the most effective educational exhibit is the model school conducted by Miss Pilar Zamora, an accomplished graduate of the highest institution in Manila and a practical teacher. Within a trim little nipa and bamboo cottage in the rear of the Manila building fifty little savages, recruited from the various villages, gather each day and are taught to fashion English letters on big blackboards mounted on bamboo poles. Some of the most advanced are taught composition, geography and arithmetic. Those who witness this remarkable scene are impressed with the eagerness of the tiny Filipinos to learn English, and the intelligence of their bright, brown faces.
DOG FEAST OF THE IGOROT.
Antaero is only one of thousands of quick-witted Igorot boys in the mountains of northern Luzon eager for education.
The educational display is only a part of the exhibition made in the Manila cathedral. As you enter the building, you are confronted by a splendid statue of Rizal, the Philippine leader, said to have been assassinated by agents of the Spanish government. It stands on a high pedestal, and is a noble figure—the work of Isabela Tampinco, a native sculptor. Flanking the statue are numerous busts, striking samples of wood-carving, all the work of native artists. In the rear, carved from woods of the islands, is a massive shrine, with a tall crucifix.
ETHNOLOGICAL BUILDiNG (REAR VIEW).
An English-Speaking Igorot«
There you will find Antaero, aged twelve, the only Igorot on the reservation who knows English. Antaero went to an American school in the mountains of Luzon for some months. In the village of his people Antaero joined in the spirit-dance with the vehemence of the oldest head hunter, and chants the raucous refrain of his tribe with apparent relish. Within the school house, lie is quiet, observant, tractable and courteous.
“Did you like to go to school in the Philippines ?'' some one asked him.
“Yes,” he replied.
“ Do you want to go to school back there ?”
“Yes.”
“What are you going to do when you are a man ?”
Antaero hesitated. The people of his tribe were then beating their brass instruments as they whirled about in their wild dance.
“Would you like to teach school ?” Antaero was asked.	A.;-'	. "
“Yes,” he said promptly.
“Would you wear American	#
clothes then?”
Antaero laughed. “I like string breech” he said.	'
The “string breech ” or “breech clout,” a piece of red cloth about as wide as your two hands, tied about his middle and allowed to fall to his knees, was Antaero’s only costume.
Warn
Philippine Art Wonders.
By far the most typical and comprehensive display of what Filipino artists can do in oil and with water colors is made in the Government Building in an art gallery of noble proportions. As you enter, the most striking painting is an allegorical piece, 20x15 feet, representing the
Philippines, a lonely, sorrow - stricken woman in black, beseechingly holding out the olive branch to Columbia, who is surrounded by plump,
i y	-||g
■n
^■U






SAMAL MOROS SERENADING THEIR DATTO.SAMAL MORO WARRIORS.
Cupid-like creatures, representing the arts and crafts. This painting was done by Resurreeion Hidalgo, now of Paris, a noted Filipino artist. For this painting, Hidalgo received from the Philippine Board 25,000 francs. It is to be hung permanently in one of the principal buildings in Manila. The art gallery will amaze the visitor who does not know that under the influence of the Spaniards some of the Filipinos cultivated their aptitude for art tc an extraordinary degree. Considering the limitations of the natives, these works of art are almost striking. Dr. Leon M. Guerrero, formerly a member of Aguinaldo’s cabinet, one of the most prominent Filipinos, and Chief of the Departments of Fine and Liberal Arts, has this to say about the Filipino artists: 4‘They tend to copy Nature with certain servitude which favors the preservation of many of the details of the original, always to be appreciated when the artistic work is not a mere creation of fancy. ”
Hidalgo is represented by other admirable paintings, most notable of which are “The Violinist,’’ a piece that stands out speakingly from the canvas, and a small painting showing a Filipino girl sitting at a window with the moonlight streaming in. It is very soft and dreamy, with a true Oriental flavor. One of the largest pictures in this gallery was done b}r Fabian al la Rosa. It represents the death of General Lawton. While not exactly correct, according to the description of those who were with General Lawton when he was shot, yet from an artistic standpoint the piece is praiseworthy. This artist has other paintings o? merit. Another Filipino artist, Luna, whose patriot brother was killed in the rebellion against the Spaniards,


is represented by numerous pictures. The best is that of a nude woman. Eusebio Santos is an-other native who has contributed I remarkable pictures, the most - notable showing an old friar during the Spanish regimé, with a carbine ■ - 5 C	to his shoulder ready to be fired.
;	It is full of force and action.
Paintings by Señora Maria Infante ' •’	del Rosario and the paintings of
Señorita Tambuntinz indicate a marked artistic disposition among the women of Manila. Naturally, the Spanish influence predominates in the art gallery, but at the same time you cannot fail to be impressed by the wonderful individuality of some of the artists. In the two large chambers on either side of the art gallery are collections made by native naturalists — hundreds of vari-colored butterflies from the island jungles and all manner of creeping things, put up in alcohol in small jars and test tubes. In one room is a piano manufactured in Manila and finished in native woods, remarkably rich in color. Within this building, on the second floor, are the offices of the members of the Philippine Exposition Board.
Datto fecundi and his favorite wife.'«feast.
Æ

Exhibits in the Commerce Building.
The Commerce Building, which faces the Plaza Santa Cruz, contains both imports and exports; the principal exports are cigars and straw hats, and, of course, hemp in all its forms; and the leading imports are cotton, cloth and canned goods. Perhaps one of the most interesting things in the collection of manufactures is sugar. The exportation of sugar during the year ending December, 1903, amounted to 181,000,000 pounds, valued at $3,320,000.
It is a noteworthy fact that drunkenness among the Filipinos is very rare. Few of them have the habit of indulging in intoxicants or stimulants. The exhibit of liquors, however, manufactured in the islands, compares favorably with those made in other tropical countries. Some of these liquors are quite similar to Jamaica rum. Because of the climate and on account of the bad roads, as a rule the Filipinos do not like to walk.
They go about in odd-shaped vehicles called ‘ ‘carronuittas. "
In the Commerce Building can be
seen samples	v
of their sad-
■WSÊÊÈÊÈÊSÊÊÊKnÊM
dlery and harness-ware. With the harness
exhibit are also shown trunks and traveling bags, which will serve to interest those who care to investigate the tastes of the people.
In the import exhibit there are shown samples of almost all of the principal imports, and probably the most magnificent display of textile samples which has ever been shown at any Exposition. This exhibit is note worthy, not so especially from the number of samples displayed, although they number somewhere in the neighborhood of twenty-seven or twenty-eight hundred, but the statistical data which accompanies them should be of the utmost service to American manufacturers, who claim superiority over all the world in the manufacture of textiles. The information which accompanies these samples consists of the common name of the articles, the term by which it is known in the Manila Customs House, its commercial name, the width of the goods, the length of the piece, the number of threads,
weight per square meter, invoice price, the place of production, name and address of manufacturer, name and address of importer, number of pieces per case, how wrapped and packed, brand, trade mark, and in many cases samples of the wrapping with the lithograph accompanying the piece. There are cotton sheetings, drills, prints, all kinds of dress goods, embroideries, laces, insertion, silk and woolen textiles, ribbons, and in fact a complete assortment of light-weight goods such as can be used appropriately in tropical countries.
Work of Native Women.
In sharp contrast with the almost primitive methods of farming and mining, is the work of the Filipino women, shown in the Manila Building on Plaza Santa Cruz. Built after the Spanish fashion, with bulging iron frame work in front of the windows and a large court yard, it is an inviting spot on the hottest days. Instead of glass, shells are used in the windows. These
shells are found in large numbers in the southern • islands. They keep out the heat of '*'V.	- .	the sun,
Hi?-
■WM
U
MOROS IN THEIR FIERCE “MORI-MORI DANCE. ’ *
but let in the light. In this building is displayed the woman’s work of embroidery, weaving, wood carving, and the light, fluffy cloths of jusi and pina, which make you almost want to move to Manila for the pleasure of wearing them. There is a large picture of a fire in Manila, painted by a fourteen-year-old school boy. It shows American fire-engines being drawn through the streets. When the Exposition wTas first proposed, clubs of native women were organized, and committees got together to make their best efforts at sewing and embroidery. In artistic finish, carefulness of design and thoroughness of execution, the work of the women of the islands makesinterpretation of tbe habits and life of the Philippine tribes. The lower iloor of this building is devoted to the Igorot, tinir various sub-tribes, the Morns, Bagobos and Negritos. The Igi>n>t and llie Morns are of Malayan cxiracli<>n, hut the Negritos, the aborigines of t!te islands, are a. pir/./le for students of anthropology. These people are true savages.
They wander through the dense* mountain forests in searrh of daily subsistence. The lowness of their culture is manifested in the simplicity ot the tilings they make and use. The Igorot exhibit, occupies the north wing of the building. The chief ambition of the
ENTRANCE TO VISAYAN VILLAGE.
the crude and primitive undertakings of the men in many lines of work look cheap. A group of Manila women shows a large American flag woven of many small pieces of colored cloth.
Matting of various designs is another example of their handiwork. In this building may be seen a round narra table, cut from one gigantic log. It measures nine feet five inches in diameter, and about it are placed fourteen finely carved dining r6om chairs of rough narra. An old-fashioned bed with four posts handsomely carved is the contribution for Exposition purposes of a wealthy Filipino woman. These women were eager and proud to make this showing of their work, and an inspection of the Manila Building will convince you that their endeavor was worth while.
The Ethnological Building,
West of the Government Building and overlooking the Bagobo Village is the Ethnological Building, a low edifice with cloisters like a convent. In the center of the court yard is a tail tree, and perched among the branches is a bamboo house, the home of a Eanao Moro.
These Moros frequently live in tree houses.
They are the lowest order of their
tribe. Originally the houses were	"
built in the trees to escape from wild
animals, and attacking parties of hos-
tile tribes, who could be more easily
resisted from this lofty eminence.
The Ethnological exhibit, collected and arranged by Dr. Albert Ernest Jenks, Chief of the Ethnological Survey of the Philippine Islands, is an
average i>< nm >c	u > j cceive irom uic
chief <»f his tribe a kind of bamboo crown, decorated with the crimson beak of a big bird. The Igumt qualities im* this adornment when
lie has taken twenty human heads. Except for their breechclouts, the Igorot wear no clothes. As a substitute for pockets, they wear a dinky little hat of straw, tied to the bushy shocks of their shining black
hair.
The work of the Moros shows decidedly Spanish influence. These Mohammedanized people include Lanao, Mangumda-nao, Yakan, Samal, Suluand Moros. Breastplates and armor made of the horns of the carabao, and linked with brass chains used by the Moro, are shown. The exhibit of weapons of this tribe includes the kriss, a shining curl of steel, very wicked looking; the straight kriss and the bolo, a short sword like the Cuban machette, and used for hacking rather than thrusting, is to be seen in numbers. In making hammered brass boxes, crude musical instruments and in weaving gay
A MID-DAY SAIL OFF THE VISAYAN VILLAGE“YBAG” OF THE NEGRITO VILLAGE AND HIS CHILDREN.
blankets and in making inlaid silver handles for their knives, the Moros show great skill. These Moros had the advantage over the milder people of the north, because they had gunpowder and firearms of a crude kind from the times of earliest historic record. For years the Samal Moros were the terror of the seaports of the entire archipelago. It should be understood, however, in visiting this building that the present culture of the people of the Philippines must not be read from the ethnological record of the wild races. They represent only about one-seventh of the entire population of the islands, and their culture is almost entirely of their own development.
Agriculture of the Islands.
Probably in no other building are the wonderful resources of the Philippines so forcibly demonstrated as that in which the agricultural display is made. This is a wide structure of bamboo and nipa, with artistic entrances on either side. From the center protrudes a conservatory, an immense bay-window, enclosed in glass, within which are hung the orchids of the islands, putting out their rare and royal blossoms with as much unconcern as if they were in the wild depths of their tropical homes. Hemp, the principal product of the Philippines, forms in all its stages of growth and treatment the chief exhibit in this building. Last year the crop was worth twenty million dollars. It is not generally known that this Manila hemp is one of the species of the wild banana plant.
From the rafters trail long white festoons of hemp almost as fine as unspun silk. When it is realized that so little machinery is used in the culture of Manila hemp a rope making from it, this exhibit is all the more
The heavy wooden combs used for refining the fiber are shown, and near by are the clumsy bull carts with heavy wooden wheels for transporting this material from the rural districts into the towns, where it is twisted into the unsurpassed ropes. Hemp, however, is not the only fiber used for cordage, for large exhibits of ropes are shown made from the fiber of the cocoanut, maguey, obtained from the leaf of the century plant, bamboo, and even rattan. The plows, of which there are a number of varieties, indicate that the Filipinos yet have the most primitive agricultural methods. These native plows have only one handle, and shares molded in stone molds are fastened to heavy timber. They are drawn generally by the water-buffalos, sometimes by the natives themselves, and make only narrow and shallow furrows. It is believed that modern agricultural methods will be rapidly promulgated in the islands by the agricultural experiment stations. There are three hundred different varieties of rice shown, hulled and unhulled. The rice exhibit is divided into two groups—that cultivated in the mountainous district without irrigation, and the valley rice
ANTONIO, CHIEF OF THE BONTOC I GO ROT.BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE EXPOSITION,THE HALL OF PHOTOGRAPHY.
cultivated in paddies by irrigation. The honey and beeswax exhibited is produced by wild bees and is gathered in the forests by the natives. Domesticated bees are not known in the Philippine islands, and the combs of the wild ones are built on the branches, not in hollow trees, as in America. The natives use this wax principally in the manufacture of church tapers.
Peculiar to the Philippines is the cotton tree, frequently sixty feet in height, from which a strange material called ‘Tree cotton” is gathered, used by the natives for filling pillows. It is believed that, with proper care, the tobacco of the islands may be produced equal in fragrance and superior in some features to the Cuban variety. By the great bamboo, rattan and palm-leaf receptacles along the rafters and on the sides of the walls, the visitor is impressed with the genius of the natives for basket weaving.
Key Showing Location of Buildings and Villages.
1.	Bridge of Spain.
2.	Walled City of Manila.
3.	Magellan Column.
4.	Educational and Fine Arts
Building.
5.	Commerce Building.
6.	Forestry Building.
7.	Government Building — Fine
and Liberal Arts.
8.	Sebastian Del Cano Monu-
ment.
o. Ethnological Building.
10.	Manila _ House —Woman’s
Building.
11.	Agricultural Building.
12.	Philippine Views — Stereopti-
con Display.
13.	Observatory and Relief Map.
14.	Band Stand.
15.	Cafe Luzon (Restaurant).
16.	Visayan Village.
17.	Power House.
18.	Negrito Village.
* fg. Philippine Midgets’ Concession.
20.	Michel’s Cafe.
21.	Igorot Village.
22.	Mess Halls.
23.	Model Camp — Philippine
Scouts.
24.	Scouts’ Pavilion.
25.	Constabulary Cuartel.
26.	Constabulary Parade
Grounds.
27.	Hospital.
28.	Service Building.
29.	Bagobo Village.
30.	Mining JBuilding.
31.	Model School,
32.	Public Comfort Station.
33 Lake Lanas, Moro Village.
34.	Samal, Moro Village.
35.	Restaurant.
36.	Fisheries and Game Building,mm
ì
mg
wM
A MAIDEN OF THE TAGALOGS.
ANTAERO, AN IGOROT BOY WHO SPEAKS ENGLISH.
Wealth in Luzon Mines.
To the rear of the Agricultural Building and across the road leading from the Moro villages is a bamboo house in which is the mines and metallurgy display. Illustrations are given here of the crude method employed by the natives of northern Luzon in extracting gold from river-bed rock by crushing the ore between large stones and washing out the gold deposit. The mineral resources of the islands are almost wholly undeveloped, but sufficient indication has been given to show that there are deposits of copper, lead, zinc and manganese in abundance. Just at the entrance of this building is a novel model of a native iron foundry, showing the Filipinos at work bringing in the crude ore, smelting it and delivering it to the molds. Illustrations are given of how the Igorot mine in copper.
Gold has been found in almost every island of importance in the group. It has been worked by the natives in placers and in stringer for hundreds of years. It has been estimated by a Spanish Governor of Manila of the seventeenth century that the annual output of one province alone was about $200,000. This was an indication of what was yielded according to native methods. In Benguet two American miners obtained twenty pounds of gold from rich stringers in seven days. There are vast deposits
of low-grade, free-milling and partially or wholly refractory ores in northern Luzon, which have not received investigation.
The kind of men who are wanted for these regions are not the fortune-hunters of the 4‘ get-rich-quick ’ ’ style, but the man more after the type of the Western miner, who is willing to work hard and develop the thing.
An important resource of the Philippines is the best grade of lignite coal. The black coal can be mined free from sulphur. A very large number of the best seams of black coal are from three to five feet thick, and sufficient has been done to indicate that a profitable industry awaits the colliery companies of the Philippines. With only a small amount of exertion enough coal can be secured there to make the Philippines a coaling station for the navies of the whole world.
50,000,000 Acres of Timberland.
of the greatest sources of wealth of the Philippines is in its forests, are in their natural condition. There is no forest culture. In the
islands are fifty million acres covered with forests -of .dense - growth. 'With-
wide verandahs, shaded and decorated by great coils of rattan, the Forestry Building makes an attractive picture. Within the collection are at least fifteen hundred species of trees, represented, with over two thousand different names. Leading all the rest of the woods in richness of color, fineness of finish, and-beauty, of grain is narra, the king of the Philippine forests. Logs of this, almost as large as

READY FOR ANOTHER SWIM IN THE LAKE.
SING WA, THE BABY OF THE IGOROT VILLAGE.the California redwood tree, may be seen. Glistening slabs, columns of dark red, tremendous trunks, all of narra, may be examined along the aisles of this building. Those who have examined the wonderful tables made from this wood believe that it exceeds mahogany and rosewood in richness of tint and fineness of finish. Notable woods are banugo, similar to walnut; malave, yellow and hard ; lanete, white and delicately grained; ebony, black and heavy; guyo, corresponding to our oak; palms, onyx-like when varnished; camagon, zebra striped and rich.
One section is given to gutta-percha and rubber, of which an annual importation to the value of more than $20,000,000 has been made since 1892. Interesting collections of resins and gutta-percha, the trade of which is controlled principally by Chinese, are displayed. Big piles of copra, the dried fruit of the cocoa-palm, are shown.
This in its rough form is shipped over to France, where it is made into oil, used _ * in the finest French soaps.	_
The system of lumbering in the Philippines is still primitive, and the price of timber is relatively
high. The hauling is done by	‘	£
water buffaloes, mostly on mud	y.
sleds, for which reason transportation is most difficult. Those posted in the forestry of the	v \
islands claim that not more than	S|||g
thirty-five per cent of the cut timber is taken from the forests and brought to the market.
Other large buildings on the reservation are the Cuartel, in which the Philippines Constabulary are housed, and the Hospital and Service Building, in which a force of physicians are engaged to look after those who are sick on the reservation, with trained nurses in attendance.
If any of these features excite your interest, the Visayan village is the place. Picturesque houses of this bamboo village are enclosed by an ornamental fence. It is just to the east of the Walled City. Here you may find the high and more intelligent class of natives—bright-eyed, laughing Visayan maidens and well dressed, courteous young men, all trained in politeness according to the effusive Spanish standard. Within the village is a theater, market and church—the only church, by the way, on the World’s Fair grounds. It was recently dedicated by Cardinal Satolli. These people have a natural aptitude for music. They can pick up almost any air, and members of the Visayan orchestra who stroll about the Fair Grounds during the day frequently come back, take up their instruments and render some air heard at one of the band concert stands, with wonderful skill.

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Arts of the Visayans.
Far more impressive than the display of the weapons of the Filipinos or their implements in the Ethnological Building, are the natives themselves. They are grouped in tribes about the reservation.
Would,you see how the famous hats of the Philippines are made? Do you care to watch the natives carving wood? Have you any desire to see the women combing out long strands of pineapple fiber, and making the most beautiful cloth on hand looms?
Have you any interest in the musical ability of the natives? Do you care to see how they can conduct a vaudeville entertainment?
is no uncommon sight to see a young cavalier surrounded by a coterie of pretty girls, picturesquely costumed, thumping away £ on his guitar and singing some romantic ballad, while the crowd joins in the lusty chorus. On the stage of the little theater the group of actors gives evidence of decided histrionic caliber.
Some weeks ago a romance, which developed on the transport coming over from Manila, culminated in a marriage at the Visa-van church. This was a most ostentatious affair. The bride received fifteen pieces of silver as presents. The excitement was too much for her, however, and at the end of the ceremony she promptly fainted into the arms of the triumphant bridegroom, who bore her away amidst the applause of the onlooking natives. Exhibitions are given here of how the natives make the finest hats by splitting up into fine fibers the coils of bamboo and weaving it into the desired shape. It takes one woman, piaffing steadily all day, generally two weeks to make one of these hats. The market in this village is filled with all sorts of fancy dress stuff, canes, swagger sticks, mats, baskets, embroidered goods and hats.
Methods of the Sam&l Moros.
In disposition, habits and dress, the Moros present a strange contrast to the artistic Visayans. Two tribes of Moros are represented, the Samal Moros and the Lanao
TREE DWELLING OF A LANAO MORO.Moros, deadly enemies, and for a time an armed guard was stationed between the villages occupied by them to prevent a clash. The Samals are located on the shores of Arrowhead Lake, west of the bridge of Spain. They are probably the most intelligent inhabitants of Mindanao, and were the river rovers and famous pirates so much dreaded by the rest of the inhabitants of the archipelago.
Unlike the inland Moros, they have no Sultan.
These coast people are ruled by Rajah Munda Mand, whose brother, Datto Fecundi, Prime Minister in his Province rules over the village. He is stately, bronze hued and courteous, invariably wearing a big turhan, in accordance with his Mohammedan custom. He receives visitors on the porch of his bamboo house with cordial greeting, although he does not speak English, and touches his turban politely when they depart. Like all of the Samals, he has become a staunch ally of the Luiled Stales. On the porch of his house is a row of what looks like a number of brass kellies inverted. These are the musical instruments—really the Mom piano. The Mom girls heal on these brass instruments with heavy slicks, producing a crude, weird melody. Near the house of the datto ilie.-* his private tlag, two blue bars on a white held. His brother, the Rajah, has traveled in Europe, with a retinue, and was .entertained by (Juecn Isabella of Spain, i'eeundi's tribesmen give a frenzied exhibition of dancing. This is called the “mon-mori" dance, it is executed by two half-naked warriors, who stand about ten yards from each other, brandishing heavy spears and going through all kinds of ferocious gyrations. They
With the Lanao Moros.
The Lanao Moros, who come in an the lake and mountain regions of Mindanao, are not so pacific in their nature. No attempt was made to interfere with their customs or to subdue them until the United States Army appeared on the island. They are timid and rarely go outside their huts. The teeth oi all the Moros are badly discolored from the use of the betel nut. This is gathered from a queer plant found only in the Philippines. It is cut up, coated with lime, and chewed like tobacco.
The most intelligent representative of the Lanao Moros is Mandae, who was an interpreter in Ilocano. He knows ai most every dialect of the island, and has picked up enough English to go about the grounds unattended. Mandae dresses in a light-cheeked suit of American make, and Haunts his friendship for the. white man very effusively. Most of the Moros wear skin-tight tmu.-wrs of the gaudiest hues. There are a number of sultans and dattos among this Lanao aggregation, and each has his private tlag in front of his lnu, surmounted with sonn-rhim*


charge at each other suddenly, Hash their spears against big breaMplares, and stand back ready for another attack. The children of this tribe spend most of their lime in swimming about and diving in the lake.
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ViSAYAN WOOD CARVERS AT WORK.that is intended to represent a fighting cock. The Moros, being Mohammedans, think it a violation of their faith to have their pictures taken, and this sign has been posted:
41 Persons Photographing the Moros Do So at Their Peril.”
Many Moro boats are on the lake. Some of them have red and white sails like craft on the Nile, and the Moros show great dexterity in handling them.
The Spectacular Bagobos.
To the south of the Mining Building and just a little beyond the Lanao Moro village are quartered the spectacular Bagobos from the southeast coast of Mindanao. Unlike the other tribes of Mindanao people, they are pagan and have no Mohammedan inclination, although all their headmen are called “dattos” and they have other nomenclature identical with that of some of the Moros. They are the handsomest people of the islands. The men are tall, sinewy and sav-
SQUAD OF PHILIPPINE SCOUTS.
age; the women are well formed, graceful, and frequently very pretty. Head hunting is a cult among the Bagobos, and a man’s rating among his tribe depends upon the number of heads be has taken. These Bagobos excel in bead work, and their bead-bedecked costumes are strikingly artistic. Although the Bagobos was the last tribe to arrive on the reservation, they were given one of the choicest locations. Within the village is an immense nipa sheltered structure, where they give an exhibition of their stirring dances. There are thirty-eight of the most striking specimens of this race. Exhibitions are given of how they make their strange garments from beads. To shape these minute beads requires the greatest skill. Large shells of
mollusks are cut up into small bits. These bits are cut up into smaller bits, and each one perforated for stringing. The color effect of the garments is harmonious and peculiarly appropriate to the savage beauty of the women and the athletic figures of the men. In temperament, -these people are not so sullen as the Moros. They show great animation when talking or walking, and their laughter is almost contagious.
The Squat Negritos*
Near the eastern edge of the reservation is the Negrito village, separated from the main road by a high bamboo fence. Here are forty-one of the island aborigines. They are the smallest people in the world. They are low in intellect and represent the primitive man as nearly as any other people in the world. They have no permanent abiding place in the island, wandering about from place to place, gypsy-like, sleeping sometimes in trees and living for the most part on roots, herbs and what game they can bring down with their bows and arrows. They have no trouble in doing this, for the average Negrito boyxan get more game with his bow and arrow during the day than an American boy could get with a rifle. One of the favorite pastimes in the village is the bow and arrow contest among the five little Negritos, of shooting at pennies at a distance of about twenty-five yards.
The older men have a target contest, with bows seven or eight feet high, requiring great strength. The most expert marksmen plump the bull’s-eye,
“A FOUR” FROM THE CONSTABULARY
painted on a bamboo target, three times out of five from half the distance across the village.
These Negritos give what they call a honey-hunting exhibition. Two features make them remarkable, that of making fire by rubbing together two pieces of bamboo and that of skinning up a tall tree with a torch for the purpose of smoking out the supposed bees. Monkey-like, these peopleSAMAL MOROS ON ARROWHEAD LAKE.
can use their feet with as much alacrity as their hands in climbing. The women scarify their arms and breasts with needles made of a peculiar kind of bamboo, and these white scars look like a fringe of lace with a black background. There are less than 23,000 Negritos left on the island and it is believed that they will eventually become extinct.
The Picturesque Igorot.
Across the road from the Negrito village, occupying six acres in the most picturesque part of the reservation, is the Igorot village, perhaps the greatest point of interest on the World’s Fair Grounds, because of the extensively advertised proclivities of these people for dog-eating and disregard of clothes. It is located over a stretch of rolling woodland, and the people live in nipa huts, built by their own hands, grouped into neighborhoods of the different tribes. The Igorot is one of the most conspicuous races of Northern
Luzon. Scientists have declared that with the proper training they are susceptible of a high stage of development, and, unlike the American Indian, will accept rather than defy the advance of American civilization. They are true barbarians, have a kind of spirit worship, and all tribes give ceremonial dances. They are copper colored, have high cheek bones, flat noses and thick lips. Probably no tribe in the archipelago can produce such splendid specimens physically. Their skin is soft, hairless and so beautifully copper tinted that it is the admiration of all who visit the village.
Three tribes of the Igorot are represented—the Bontoc, Suyoc and Tinguianese. T. K. Hunt, formerly Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Lepanto-Bontoc, has charge of the one hundred and fourteen natives. These were selected as the most representative specimens of their race— hardy, athletic, lithe-limbed, sun-browned men and women, whose physical development is ideal.The Head=Hunting Bontocs.
Kmirnc eoun-< in mi the must northern diMriVt of Lii/tm. He is an arch head hunter. ami this head-hunting is imt only a, means ni self-defense, hui in a measure has become a pastime, for after a member of the pueblo or township lias brought In mu* a Iniman head a month is given tn happy celebration and is the occasion tor all work to slop. The Igorot men cat do*;1, killing it in accordance with certain ccn-nionial regulation*, after which it is singed, then cut up and boiled; but, as the dog flesh is supposed to nerve them up for fighting, no woiiu n—in fad, none but the warriors -are permitted to partake of this canine relish, '[attuning is common among the Igomt.
A man’s war record is tattooed upon his breuM. Antonin, tlie lithe cbiet of tin- Iionioes. who is a \ery and an ¡¡aide savage, has live credited to him on hi*breast in marks of blue, in the center of the Ilontoe ■village is a some enclosure, tin- tribunal of the tribe, where (hey prostrate themselves to the sun every morning', and later on. frequently, boil a dog. Near by is a rail within which the offend inti Igorot. is incarcerated without guard. if he violates the sentence imposed by Ins fellow tribesmen Antonio sees that lie gets a good 'whipping. ( hi the island the punishment for such offence is much more severe. Those who break jail are not infrequently beheaded.
The homes of the Suyoc are larger than the ilontoe hut. Tlie Suy<>c women are great weavers. They like to sit in the sun, with their feet pressed against a pile of stones, their backs supported by a curved piece of tin, with pipes in their mouths, weaving patiently away with gay striped yarn, with which they make clothing for the lower part of their bodies.
The Suyocs are great miners and blacksmiths.
Big Misayan, Presidente of the Suyoc tribe and an extensive miner in his country, is at the head of this tribe. The Tinguianese are a milder type of Igorot. Ysigan, Presidente of the Manabon Province, in Northern Luzon, is the most conspicuous representative of the Igorot in the village. He has extensive mining interests in the country, and is worth about $200,000 Mexican, but he pre-
fers a breechclout to a suit of clothes, and considers shoes Too troublesome to be bothered with. The homes of the Tinguianese are nipa thatched, model bungalows. Two things mark the Tingnian people distinct from their neighbors. i )ne is a personal ornamentation worn by the women, consisting of many bracelets and armlets of beads, which generally encircle both forearms from the wrist to the elbow, in spite of the fact’-that the arms of mature women are usually so tightly bound by these beads, which
VSSAYANS WEAVING JUS! CLOTH.
HAT MAKING IN THE VISAYAN VILLAGE.II
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ADMINISTRATION BUILDING (FRONT VIEW),
were first put on in girlhood, that the hands and arms immediately below and above are puffed and swollen, yet so strong is the influence of custom that no woman would think of removing her beads because of pain. The other feature is very remarkable. It consists of g, unique firemaking apparatus, commonly called “fire-syringe.” A small section of wood or horn is perforated with a small tubular opening, into which is suddenly thrust a piston, bearing on its lower end a tiny bit of tree cotton; the piston is suddenly jerked out of the syringe, and, in the hands of an expert, brings with it a tiny spark of fire on the speck of cotton adhering to the base. The injection and ejection of the piston must be instantaneous—so as to allow no oxygen to get in, and one end of the piston rod must be charred.
pendent military display was considered. Four companies out of the fifty companies making up the Philippine Scouts were selected: the Fourth Macabebes, Twenty-fourth Ilocanos, Thirtieth Tagalos and Forty-seventh Visayans. In each company some of the iriginal scouts still serve. Most of them have been _inder fire, and a few carry scars of former campaigns. One of the novel Exposition sights, viewed by thou-
I^ands every afternoon, is the daily dress parade and hill of the Scouts. In field movements, manual of irms, and general soldierly deportment, they are unexcelled by any military force that has been on the rround, except, perhaps, the West Point Cadets. The men as a rule make neat, trim-looking soldiers, full of fight.
The Philippines* Constabulary.
Housed in the immense cuartel is another military organization of two hundred soldiers and eighty-five musicians, known as the Philippines’ Constabulary, commanded by Captain Ira Kiethly. All of the Christian tribes in the islands are represented in this battalion, and in addition there are nine Moros. These Moros do not wear the regulation campaign cap, as it was originally agreed not to interfere in any way with the religious affairs of the people, and these men are permitted to wear the red fezes, in accordance with their Mohammedan custom. The Philippines’ Constabulary of the islands, to which this battalion belongs, was organized in 1901 when Secretary Taft was Governor of the Philippines. Governor Taft saw, when the responsibilities of the government were turned over to him, that to maintain order in the islands a military force
Model Camp of the Scouts.
High on the hill overlooking the whole reservation, within a grove of ■sheltering oak trees, is the Model Camp occupied by the Philippine Scouts. They represent the Philippine contingent of the regular army of the United States, and are commanded by Major Win. H. Johnston. Tlie basis of this organization was originally 'Matson's Scouts, several companies of Macabebes organized in 1899 by General Eawtnn. Their work in the Elands is valuable. A special Act of Congress was passed authorizing the etiiHiusent of u,ouo men as uatise scouts. At the suggestion of Major Johnston, before the ext ensi ve exhibit of the Philippim-s was outlined, the plan of bringing out some of the>e scouts as an inde-must at all times be available and at the immediate command of the Insular Government. In this way the Constabulary was started, and is now numbered at about eight thousand men. While this organization is supposed to correspond to the police system of other countries, it is intended to use it as a basis for the Philippine Army. The Filipinos represented in the battalion are trim, orderly and soldierlike in appearance, though noticeably small in stature, like the Japanese. While the Scouts are commanded entirely by American officers, several companies of the Constabulary have native officers, who take great pride in training the men under them. The commands to both these military organizations are given in English.
The bands play American airs. The musical feature of the drills, by the way, is striking, showing in a very impressive way, the real musical nature of the Filipinos. It is a sight that will be remembered—the formation of these native organizations stretching down the green parade ground at sunset. It has a significance of the real work accomplished in the Philippines—the bringing of law and order and discipline out of insurrection and ignorance, of real organization and of teaching the lesson of good government.
How the Exposition Was Made.
This great exhibit, covering as it does, more than forty-seven acres, and representing an outlay of a million and a half dollars, all except $200,000 of which was appropriated by the Insular Government, was planned originally by Secretary of War William H. Taft when he was Civil Governor of the Islands. He realized that the real opportunity had come to display to the people of the United States the wonderful resources of the archipelago. He called a meeting of the governors of the provinces, some of them American, some were Filipinos, but they all joined heartily in the plan, and the Philippine Exposition Board was appointed. At its head was Doctor William P. Wilson, Director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museums. Doctor Wilson made a trip to the islands for the purpose of getting in shape the displays to be
brought out to St. Louis. He is in full charge of the affairs of the reservation. Associated with him are Doctor Gustavo Neiderlien, who has had large experience with colonial exhibits; Pedro A. Paterno, President of the Senate under Aguinaldo, and Doctor Guerrero, members of the Exposition Board. As chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department, Colonel Clarence R. Edwards has given the Philippine Exposition his personal attention since its inception, and has been largely responsible for many of its most successful features. Dr. Neiderlien was put in charge as Director of Exhibits, and to him fell the arduous task of whipping in shape the multitude of displays
OFFICERS OF THE PHILIPPINE SCOUTS.
OFFICERS OF THE PHILIPPINES* CONSTABULARY.IN THE CAMP OF THE SCOUTS.
from all parts of the islands. Collecting an exhibit from over a thousand islands, populated by more than a hundred different tribes, all speaking different dialects, was no easy matter. Scientists who came over from the United States classified native woods and the mineral products. Competition was started among native architects for designs in native buildings. Business men joined in the movement to make a display that would give to the western world a new impression of the Philippines. And all the while agents of the Exposition Board were out among the leading Christian and non-Christian tribes, arranging for representatives at the Fair. Some of these agents penetrated mountain fastnesses, accompanied only by guides and interpreters.
The result was a spontaneous and patriotic response to the call to the natives to show the work*of their country. The Philippine Exposition as a whole is generally conceded to be the most unique, comprehensive and interesting feature of the Fair., In March, this year, Edmund A. Felder, a practical exposition man at the Chicago World's Fair and other expositions, was appointed executive officer of the Philippine Board. To him has been given the task of looking after all the details of the various departments.
BAGO BO WARRIORS IN FULL DRESS.CARDINAL SATOLLI AT TH E DEDICA’H-'-N OF THE VISAYAN CHURCH.40 DIFFERENT TRIBE 6 PHILIPPINE VILLAGE 70,000 EXHIBITS 130 BUILDINGS 725 NATIVE SOLDIER
“SECOND ONLY TO THE WORLD’S FAIR ITSELF
“THE OVER-SHADOWING FEATURE OF THE WORLDS FAIR. '
“BETTER THAN A TRIP THROUGH THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS’’	JThis book is a preservation facsimile.
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