ZYMOTIC DISEASES IN CHICAGO. SANITARY EXHIBIT OF THE World’s Columbian Exposition. 1893. SPRINGFIELD, ILL.: H. W. Rokkee, State Peinteb and Bindee. 1893.ILLINOIS STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. Members and Officers, 1892: W. A. Haskell, M. D., Alton, President. R. Ludlam, M. D., Chicago. A. L. Clark, M. D., Elgin, Treasurer. B. M. Griffith, M. D., Springfield. W. R. Mackenzie, M. D.,^Chester. D. H. Williams, M. D., Chicago. E. W. Reilly, M. D., Chicago, Secretary. Members and Officers, 1893: William E. Quine, M. D., Chicago, President. John A. Vincent, M. D., Springfield, George Thilo, M. D., Chicago. B. M. Griffith, M. D., Springfield, Treasurer. Sarah Hackett Stevenson, M. D., Chicago. James B. McFatrich, M. D., Chicago. Julius Kohl, M. D., Belleville. J. W. Scott, M. D., Chicago, Secretary. 5 ZYMOTIC DISEASES IN CHICAGO. The maps, charts and diagrams which form the Sanitary Exhibit of the Illinois State Board of Health at the World’s Columbian Exposition are intended to illustrate the prevalence and some of the causes of zymotic or preventable diseases in Chicago during the years 1890, 1891-, 1892. They are the results of an investigation begun by the Secretary during the winter of 1891-92, into the epidemic prevalence of typhoid or enteric fever. This epidemic prevalence had attracted the attention of sanitarians* and health authorities elsewhere* and had finally formed the subject of a paper read before the American Statistical Association and entitled* “Statistics of Typhoid Fever in Chicago,” by Professors William T. Sedgwick and Allen Hazen, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The substance of the paper had been widely published and commented on, not only in Chicago but throughout the United States and in Great Britain and Europe. The opening sentences of Messrs. Sedgwick and Hazen are as follows: “It does not appear to have been generally recognized that within the last two years, [1890-91] and especially within the last nine months, typhoid fever has been unusually prevalent in the city of Chicago. The fact, however, is that an epidemic of really alarming proportions has prevailed in Chicago within the last year, and the latest returns indicate that the city is still suffering very severely from this formidable disease. Inasmuch as a World’s Fair is soon to be opened in Chicago, this unfortunate condition becomes of more than local consequence, and should excite grave apprehension. If any remedy exists it ought to be found and applied without delay. It is especially important that the sanitary condition of Chicago in 1893 should be above reproach, because that of Philadelphia in !8!766 was not. At the time of the Centennial Exhibition there was muchi complaint of the sanitary condition of Philadelphia. Physicians can testify that numerous cases of typhoid fever which came under their observation in 1876 appeared to be plainly traceable to infection received in Philadelphia.77 The gist of the paper consists of sundry tables and extracts from the official reports of the health departments of Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, New York and London, between 1870 and 1891, showing the relative prevalence of typhoid fever in those cities as indicated by the official returns of deaths from that disease. Based upon these official data the following conclusion is arrived at by the writers: “In the city of Chicago there has been for many years a large amount of typhoid fever, it was abundant, for example, in 1872, in 1881, in 1885 and in 1886. Between 1886 and 1890, however, it was less common; but in 1890, the death-rate from typhoid fever suddenly arose to a height almost exactly the same as that reached by Philadelphia in 1876, namely, to 9.16 deaths per 10,000 of inhabitants and 4.16 per cent, of all deaths which occurred in that year. In other words, typhoid fever prevailed as extensively In Chicago in 1890 as in Philadelphia in 1876. The actual number of deaths in Chicago in 1890 from typhoid fever was 1,008. Bemarkable as these figures were they proved to be only the prelude to others still more remarkable in 1891. During the year just ended Chicago has reported! 1,997 deaths from typhoid fever, giving the prodigious death-rate for this> disease of 16.64 pgr 10,000 of population and a percentage of all deaths of 7.19. In the month of May alone there were in Chicago 408 deaths from typhoid fever, or very nearly one-half as many as in the whole state of Massachusetts during the entire twelve months of 1890, and very nearly two-thirds as many as in London, with more than 4,000,000 people, during the whole of the previous year. In the single month of May, 1891, there were more deaths from this disease in the city of Chicago than in the city of Hew York during the whole twelve months of 1888, or 1889, or 1890, or 1891. In 1891 there were 385 more deaths from typhoid fever in Chicago than are reported by the State Board of Health for the previous year in the whole State of Hew York, with five times the population; and nearly 1,400 more deaths, than in London, with three and a half times the population of Chicago. ” The writers add: “It does not seem probable that these extraordinary figures can be surpassed or even maintained in 1892 or 1893, but as an indication of the sanitary condition of Chicago they must be a source of anxiety to its citizens, as they certainly are a menance to the sanitary success of the World’s Pair.’77 At a conference* called by the Secretary, February 10, 1892, the foregoing facts were presented, and in commenting upon Sedgwick and Hazen’s diagram—which is here reprodueed—Di\ Keilly briefly traced the connection between the variations of typhoid-fever incidence and the drainage of the Chicago river into the Illinois and Michigan canal. The first marked ascent of the Chicago black line, as shown on the diagram, is in 1872, the year following the great fire, with its consequent overcrowding from the destruction of homes and the access of thousands engaged in rebuilding. Typhoid fever was brought into the city by these thousands and found favorable conditions for its spread. These conditions, however, were only temporary, and the effect of the deepening of the Illinois and Michigan canal-completed in 1871, and by which the sewage contents of the river for a time flowed by gravity down the Illinois valley—was manifested in a general reduction of the death-rate and markedly of that from typhoid fever, as shown by the descending line, which reached its lowest point in 1880. From this lowest point rhe line again abruptly rises in 1881, and this ascent is due to^ the character of the precipitation in the winter of 1880-81, when it was unusually light, and during the year 1881, when it was unusually heavy. In November and December, 1880, and in January, 1881, there was only about one-third the usual precipitation, but February, 1881, was very wet, there being more than double the average amount of snowr and rain, and a sudden thaw flushed the sewage out into the lake. The flushings of the river into the lake were repeated in June, September, October and November of this year. Up to this time the flow from the Chicago river into the canal *At this conference, which was held on Tuesday, February 16th, 1892, in the Mayor’s office, City Hall, Chicago, there were present— Municipal Authorities: Hempstead Washburne, Mayor; Dr. John D. Ware, Commissioner of Health; J. Frank Aldrich, Commissioner of Public Works; H. N. May, City Comptroller; J. C. Clarke, City Engineer; Prof. Walter S. Haines, City Chemist. Sanitary District Officials: J. J. Altpeter, L. E. Cooley, B. A. Eckhardt, A. P. Gilmore and Frank Wenter, Trustees, and A. A. Goodrich, Attorney of the District. Illinois and Michigan Canal: John C. Ames, Louis Hutt and C. E. Snively, Commissioners, and Superintendent Layton. Newspaper Representatives: William Penn Nixon, Inter Ocean; Carter H. Harrison, Times; C. A. Dennis, Daily News; Washington Hesing, Staats Zeitung; Elias Colbert, Tribune; J. R. Dunlop, Mail; H. Wilkinson, Globe; R. Michaelis, Freie Presse. Dr. John H. Rauch, Sanitary Counsel, and D". F. W. Reilly, Secretary, represented the State Board op Health.8 had been entirely by gravity and the cutting of the Ogden- Wentworth ditch had turned into the canal the waters of the / Des Plaines, impeded only for a short time by a dam, which soon became useless. The heavy rains absorbed the entire capacity of the canal and the Chicago river flowed out into the lake during most of the year. The rise, culminating in 1885, was due to similar causes—a two-thirds rainfall in July was followed by nearly four times the usual quantity in August. Almost six inches fell August 2, and the contents of the South Fork and of both branches of the river were whirled out into the lake, while the canal was carrying off the surface drainage. Since 1888 there has been a constantly diminishing removal of the sewage by way of the canal and this, added to the phenomenally low lake level of 1890-91, which has tended to drain the river into the lake, has produced frequent pollution of the water supply. It hardly needs the test tube or the microscope to demonstrate this pollution, the evidence of the senses is sufficient. In concluding his remarks, Dr. Reilly said: “Such remedy as is feasible pending the completion of the work of the Sanitary District has been repeatedly pointed out by City Engineer Ches-brough, by committees of the Citizens’ Association, by the Health Department of the city and by my predecessor in the Secretary’s office of the State Board of Hearth, Dr. John H. Bauch. In his latest official communication on the subject, addressed to the mayor and city council of Chicago, November 21, 1889, Dr. Bauch said: “‘Owing to the increased quantity of sewage that empties into the Chicago river, and the small amount removed by the Bridgeport pumps, the river during the last season was as offensive as at any time before the deep cut in the canal was made and, in fact, as at any time in the history of the city. Not only is the river a nuisance in its present condition, but it is a positive source of danger to the health of the citizens of Chicago, which will increase with its growth in population. The sanitary interests of Chicago and the communities in the Des Plaines and Illinois valleys imperatively demand that the sewage of Chicago, pumped into the canal, shall be diluted on the minimum scale of 14,000 cubic feet per minute for every 100,000 people who drain into the Chicago river. In winter, when oxidation is retarded by ice formations, shutting out light and air, by low temperature and by impeded motion, a greater rather than a less quantity should be pumped. This is not surmise. It is absolute certainty, fully proved by careful investigations and recent analyses. As a matter of fact, the average quantity pumped during the period covered by the analyses referred to did not exceed 45,000 cubic feet9 a minute during the summer of 1888, nor was it more than 38,000 cubic feet a minute during the winter of 1888-89. The larger quantity is less than one-half the minimum dilution now necessary to prevent nuisance in the river and at Joliet. The sanitary interests of Chicago require the increase of pumping to at least 120,000 cubic feet a minute at this time. With comparatively small outlay the canal can be made to carry 100,000 cubic feet a minute, though probably one or two bridges would have to be raised. “With the sewage of more than 800,000 people already discharging into the Chicago river, the minimum dilution above specified, 14,000 cubic feet a minute to the 100,000 of people, requires at the present time that at least 120,000 cubic feet a minute be pumped. The heavy rainfall of July 27th and 28th, 1889, of over four inches, carried the accumulated sewage beyond the crib and polluted the water supply. Had it not been for the notice given to boil the water before using, and the remarkably low and equable temperature for more than a month after this heavy rainfall, the influence of this pollution of the water would have been much more marked upon health and life than it was. Under certain circumstances two inches of rainfall in twenty-four hours in this city is a menace to its water supply, Spring freshets or a rainfall in one day of three inches with the present pumping capacity always pollute the water. As compared with the benefits to be derived from this work of dilution and removal of the sewage, the cost of this temporary underbaking should cause no hesitation. It is then a matter of the most vital importance and an absolute sanitary necessity that provision be made for pumping the amount of water mentioned, and this provision should be made without delay. The conditions that obtain are a constant menace to the health of the people. Delay in this matter by those in authority, so far as the people of Chicago are concerned, is simply criminal and, as regards the adjoining communities that are imposed upon by this nuisance, it is an outrage.” Dr. Reilly added that this communication—almost prophetic in view of the developments since it was written in November, 1889—was endorsed by the State Board of Health and its transmission to the mayor and city council was authorized by tihe Board. “It expresses the views of the Board at the present time as to what should be done, and, while recognizing the unusual demands upon the present city administration, the Board urges that the remedy of the insanitary conditions which threaten the lives of the citizens and the success of the World’s Fair is an Imperative necessity.” Nothing of practical value resulted from this conference, and the further investigation of typhoid-fever prevalence was resumed in an attempt to distribute on a map of the city the deaths from this disease during the previous year, with the object of10 securing a graphic presentation of the relations between locality, population, water supply, sewerage, etc., and the greater or lesser prevalence of the disease. Through the influence of the Hon. L. E. Cooley, one of the trustees of the Sanitary District, this work was undertaken by the Engineering Department of the District, under the personal supervision of Mr. Thos. T. Johnston, First Principal Assistant Engineer. To the intelligent interest of Messrs. Cooley and Johnston, the single map, originally projected by the Secretary, has been developed into a suite of eleven (11) maps and twenty (20) diagrams, forming an exhaustive sanitary exhibit of. Chicago with reference to the prevalence and causation not only of typhoid fever, but of the zymotic or preventable diseases generally. Except the map or chart of the Chicago watershed, these maps are of uniform size, measuring 44 by 76 inches, on a scale of three inches to the mile, and show the boundaries of the wards and of each city block. In addition to the usual ward boundaries, the area of the city is divided on these maps into sixteen assumed sections or districts, indicated by red! boundary lines and numbers. These districts are based, in a general way, upon conditions of population, occupancy, etc.* and may be thus described: District No. 1. Mainly a thickly settled residence district of the wealthier classes; generally high ground, well drained and long settled. Boundaries: North, Fullerton; south, Chestnut, Division, 3 Centre, the river; east, the lake; west, State, Wells, Sedgwick, Larrabee. Dist. iNo. 2. Mainly working people of mixed classes; thickly settled;, long occupied; well drained; ground medium height. Boundaries: North,. Fullerton, Centre, Division, Chestnut; south, the river; east, State, Wells,. Sedgwick, Larrabee; west, the river. Dist. No. 3. Mainly working people of factory class; thinly settled, new population, high ground, partly drained. Boundaries: North, Graceland; south, Fullerton, the river; east, Clark; west, Western, the river. Dist. No. 4. Mainly a thinly settled residence district, of the wealthier classes and of semi-suburban character. Newly settled; ground rolling-high and low—drainage partly developed, but good. Boundaries: North,. Church road; south, Graceland, Clark, Fullerton; east, the lake; west,, Clark, Western. . * Dist. No. 5. Nainly' working people of mixed classes; thickly settled; long populated but of rapid growth in last decade; high ground, well, drained generally. Boundaries: North, Belmont, the river; south, Lake,. Kinzie, Division; east, the river; west, May, Robey, Kedzie.11 Dist. No. 6. A mixed population, largely male. Boarding houses, slumsr wholesale houses. Ground medium height, long settled, drainage complete» Boundaries: North, Lake; south, Yan Buren; east, the river; west. Centre,. Ann. Dist. No. 7. Mainly residence district, of middle or wealthier classes. Neither thickly nor thinly settled. Ground high; newly settled in the main; drainage partly complete. Boundaries: North, Division, Kinzie; south, C., B. & Q. R. R., Taylor; east, Robey, May, Ann,, Centre, Ashland; west, Fortieth. Dist. No. 8. Mainly working people, in large part connected with lumber industry. Thickly settled; ground low or filled up in recent years; drainage mainly complete. Rapid growth in recent years. Boundaries: North, CL, B. & Q. R. R., Taylor, Yan Buren; south, I. & M. canal, the river; east, I. & M. canal, the river; west, Centre, Ashland, C., B. & Q. R. R., Fortieth. Dist. No. 9. Business district; hotels, large buildings; long settled, but of some growth in recent years; ground level and drainage complete. Boundaries: North, the river; south, Twelfth; east, the lake; west, the river. Dist. No. 10. Mainly boarding houses of the better class, railroad yards; ground medium height, well drained. Boundaries: North, twelfth; south, Sixteenth, Twenty-sixth; east, the lake; west, Clark, the river. Dist. No. 11. Somewhat mixed, thickly settled residence district, but mainly of the wealthier classes; high ground, well drained; north end long settled, south end recently. Boundaries: North, Twenty-sixth, the lake; south, Fifty-fifth, Thirty-ninth; east, the lake; west, Clark, State. Dist. No. 12. Mainly working people of mixed classes; thickly settled; ground medium height; long settled and well drained. Boundaries: North,, Sixteenth, the river, I. & M. canal; south, Thirty-third; east, Clark; west,, the river. Dist. No. 13. Working people, mainly occupied about stock yards and1, packing houses, also about railroad yards. The Union Stock Yards and! the large meat packing houses are central in this district; ground tends, to be low, partially drained; settled comparatively recently and of rapid growth. Boundaries: North, Thirty-ninth, Thirty-third; south, Fifty-fifth;/ south, Eighty-seventh; east, Stony Island avenue; west, Western avenue. Dist. No. 14. Scattered and mixed population, probably half of the-wealthier classes; ground generally low and drainage imperfect. Boundaries: North, 55th; south, 87th; east, Stony Island Avenue; west, Western Avenue.. Dist. No. 15. Mainly working people employed in the iron and other industries at South Chicago; ground low; newly settled;: partly drained. Boundaries: North, 67th, the lake; south, C. & W. I. Ry., 114th; east, the lake, State line; west, Stony Island Avenue, C. & W. I. Ry. Dist. No. 16. Pullman district, mainly of the better class of working people, largely interested in Pullman car works; ground high; well drained in a notable degree; rapid growth, comparatively recent settlement. Boundaries: North, 95th; south, Lake Calumet, 119th; east,. Stony Island; Avenue, Lake Calumet; west, State Street.12 Districts Nos. 8, 12 and 13, embracing the region about the Stock Yards, the South Fork and Bridgeport, are subdivided by yellow lines and numbers into nine sub-districts, as follows: District No. 8 into Sub-Districts Nos. 17 and 25. District No. 12 into Sub-District No. 18 and parts of Nos. 19 and 20. District No. 13 into Sub-Districts Nos. 21, 22, 23 and 24, and parts of Nos. 19 and 20. , These Sub-Districts have been made for the further study of variations in zymotic death-rates as affected by the special in-sanitai^ conditions of the regions above specified. In the margin of each of the six mortality maps, are explanatory notes and tables of the typhoid and other zymotic death-rates per 1,000 in each District and Sub-District. Mortality Map No. Is, shows the locality of each death from typhoid fever, during the year 1890, by a red dot on the city block where it occurred. The data were obtained from the records of the City Health Department, the County Hospital and other institutions—the street and number at which each fatal case occurred or from which a fatal case was removed to / the County Hospital or other institution being noted. Maps Nos. 2 and 3 set forth similar information as to typhoid fever mortality during the years 1891 and 1892 respectively. Other zymotic or preventable diseases have been grouped into three classes— 1. Miasmatic, embracing diphtheria, cerebrospinal fever, scarlet fever, measles. 2. Diarrhceal, embracing diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera morbus, cholera infantum. 3. Malarial, embracing intermittent, remittent, pernicious and other fevers of malaria. The number and locality of deaths from each of these groups of diseases and for each of the years, 1890, 1891 and 1892, are indicated on Mortality Maps Nos. 4, 5 and 6, in a manner similar to that of the typhoid-fever maps—a red dot indicating a death from one of the miasmatic group, a green dot, a death from one of the diarrhceal group, and a blue dot, a death from one of the malarial group. Map No. 7 is a triplicate population map, showing the population and its distribution in 1880, its growth and distribution, in 1886 and in 1892 respectively. For obvious reasons this is one of the most useful and important maps of the series and a corresponding amount of painstaking labor has been bestowed thereon.13 In order to determine death rates, the population of the community, or parts of the community in which any set of deaths has occurred, must be known. In the case of Chicago it happens, fortunately, that census returns in minute detail are available, and, therefore, it has been practicable to make somewhat novel death-rate determinations in various parts of the city and according to different classes of population—these latter the bases of the “ Assumed Districts.” The census returns, National and school, for the three periods selected, have been the basis of compilation. A map on a large scale was taken for each period and the boundaries of, and number of people in, each enumeration district were marked thereon. The population in each district was then represented on Map No. 7 by a dot, as shown. Each dot represents 500 people. It is, of course, possible that an error of 250 may be shown in any particular enumeration district, the error being thrown into an adjoining district. Any area, however, that it may be useful to consider in the investigation contains a number of enumeration districts, so that the error becomes quite small: Moreover, it cannot exceed 250 in any area that it would be profitable to investigate. On this map the black dots show the population of Chicago and its distribution in 1880. The green dots show the increase and the distribution of the increase between 1880 and 1886, and the black and green dots together show the aggregate population in 1886. Similarly the red dots show the increase and its distribution between 1886 and 1892, and,the aggregate of all the dots shows the aggregate population in 1892. For the purpose of computing death-rates from the zymotic diseases in 1890 and in 1891 similar data were used, but these are not charted on No. 7. The death rate data thus graphically presented on Maps Nos. 1-7, show conclusively that the manner in which people live or have to live is the most potent élément governing mortality among them due to the diseases under consideration. It is only by comparing the death rates among similar classes that special causes for the virulence of the diseases may be determined. Perhaps the best measure in this case of the manner in which people live is derived from the density of population. During his connection with the Chicago Drainage and Water Supply14 Commission, Mr. Johnston made some study of population densities and incidentally compiled the following table showing the relation between the character of populations and the areas upon which they live. Normal Densities of population for Chicago, according to occupation. Per acre and per square mile; also thousands oi people per quaiter of square mile. Density per acre. Thousands per quarter section. Population per square mile. Character of population. 0.04 160 Farming, lumber yards, dock region and similar character 1 0.16 640 Gardening 2 4 0.32 0.48 1,280 1,920 j- Village suburb 4 5 0.64 0.80 2,560 : 3,200 J- Village 10 1.60 6,400 Suburban—thinly settled 15 2.40 9,600 Suburban—average 20 3.20 12,800 Dense city suburban—first-class residences— central business sections 30 4.80 19,200 Manufacturing district—agricultural works—car shops, planing mills—thinly settled residence of first-class order 40 6.40 25,600 Densely settled fine residence quarter—second- 50 <60 8.00 9.60 class suburban population 32,000 38,400 j- Besidence district—middle-class people 70 11.20 44,800 Densely settled residence district 70 12.80 51,200 1 90 14.40 57,600 (Boarding house district—semi-business streets 100 16.00 64,000 f like Halsted no 17.60 70,400 J 120 19.20 76,800 130 140 20.80 22.40 83,200 89,600 ^Laboring class city population, densely settled. 150 24.00 96,000 j 25 4.00 16,000 Manufacturing—as at Pullman—population needs as much ground to work on as to five on Using this table in connection with the Population Map (No. 7) some conclusion may be drawn as to the character of people in any particular neighborhood. Studied in connection with death rate, population density will readily be seen to be a measure of mortality. People should not be allowed to live so thickly settled as in some quarters, if there be any way to prevent it. In 1884 Chicago had 153 acres in the 18th ward which had a population of 22,164—a density of 144 per acre. This area is now in the 23d ward. See District No. 2 on maps and diagrams.15 Map No. 8 illustrates the water-supply system of Chicago. It has been compiled from the city records and shows the main distributing pipes, the pumping stations, the points in Lake Michigan at which water is taken find the location and dimensions of the water intakes. Diagram No. 1 is a detail of this map and shows the arrangement of the water-tunnel intakes at the North Side pumping station. Maps Nos. 9 a,nd 10 depict the sewer system and contours of the site of Chicago, respectively, and are essentially self-explanatory, as is also the chart of the Chicago wrater-shed. The most interesting and significant feature of the Contour Map pertains to the central part of the city, where the original level of the ground is below the 15-ft. contour. By far the larger part of this area is what may be called made ground— much of it being “made” of garbage. The filling or making of it has extended over a long series of years and has progressed in a direction radial from the heart of the city. The larger area of recent filling probably lies in a direction northeast from the Bridgeport pumping station, though much of it is found in the vicinity of Milwaukee avenue. Death-rate diagrams 2 to 18, inclusive, represent graphically the manner in which death-rates vary in different parts of the city and among different classes of the population. These diagrams have been projected from the mortality maps to which they refer and their data are embodied in the appended tables (Nos. 2,. 3 and 4). Two general conclusions may be drawn from a comparative study of these diagrams and their related maps: 1. That there is a persistent excess of typhoid-fever deaths north of the main river in all three years, 1890, 1891, 1892—comparing similar classes of population north and south of the river. It is the section mainly supplied during these years with water from the North Shore inlet. 2. That there is a persistent excess of diarrhoeal and miasmatic deaths in the region to which the South fork of the Chicago river and the Bridgeport pumping station are central. This is the region of densest fifth. Diagrams 19 and 20 shqw two typical instances of lake pollution on the dates given in each, when the disgusting contents of the river cesspool went directly into the water-supply intakes. The first (No. 19) in February, 1887, shows the boundaries of16 the fluid filth off the mouth of the river on several days and shows how and where it entered at the two-mile crib. It also shows the disposition and movement of the sewage with reference to the currents existing on those days. The second (No. 20) in May, 1892, shows the disposition and movement of the black fluid under the influence of a different set of currents— the Hyde Park, tunnel this time taking the radical pollution. During this latter period, May and June, 1892, there was an almost incessant flow of storm-water sewage into the lake, swashed back and forth in front of the city by varying currents, and menacing, if not actually polluting, the whole water supply of Chicago. Although the data set forth in these maps and diagrams have been studied only in the most general way, certain fundamental tabula:p statements have been prepared which form the basis of the propositions and deductions with which this pamphlet closes. The more important of the tabular statements are here given: Table No. 1 .—Distiibution of Population drained in and about Chicago and location of Drainage—1886, 1890, 1892. Population draining into— 1886. 1890. 1892. (Above Fullerton Avenue 20,500 56,500 72,000 North Branch.. ■< (Below Fullerton Avenue 202,000 289,000 345,500 (North Side 62,000 79,500 86,000- Main Branch... ■< (South Side 4,500 ' 7,500 5,500" (West Side] 265,000 353,000 401,500 South Branch.. •< j South Side 67,500 76,500 84,500 Biver north of Bridgeport 621,500 862,000 995,000 1North of 39th Street 32,500 51,500 61,000 South Fork •< (' S outh of 39th Street 43,000 93,500 138,500 Main Bive r and Branches 697,000 1,007,000 1,194,500 f North of Biver 5,000 9,500 13,500 Laike Michigan, i Biver to 39th Street 67,500 90,500 103,500' l;39tit Streeet to S^th Street 27,000 51,000 68,500 Population in Sanitary District drained 796,500 1,158,000 1,380,000 City population outside Sanitary District, including 58,000 South Chicago 46,500 Total city population 704,000 1,204,500 1,438,00017 Table No 2—Population, Number of Deaths and Death Bates per 1,000 by Wards for 1890, 1891, 1892. 1890. Wabd. Typhoid. Miasmatic.* DlARRHCEAL.f Malarial, t No. Population. No. Bate. Per 1000. No. Rate Per 1000. No. Rate Per 1000. No. Rate Per 1000* 1 44,897 8 0.18 12 0.27 21 0.47 1 0.02 2 39,562 7 0.23 16 0.52 17 0.56 2 0.07 3 39,511 11 0.36 28 0.92 14 0.46 2 0.07 4 31,345 12 0.38 19 0.61 19 0.61 3 0.10 5 40,642 31 '0.76 62 1.53 69 1.79 3 0.07 6 45,199 27 0.60 70 1.55 131 2.90 6 0.13 7 45,669 22 0.48 44 0.96 58 1.27 2 0.04 •8 36,539 21 0.58 42 1.15 67 1.83 2 0.05 9 41,441 39 0.72 49 0.96 89 2.15 1 0.02 10 42,925 •26 0.61 54 1.26 96 2.24 4 0.09 11 37,182 15 ' -0.49 19 0.51 22 0.59 3 0.08 12 52,127 17 0.33 41 0.79 40 0.77 2 * 0.04 13 37,501 26 0.69 28 0.75 35 0.63 4 0.11 14 40.724 56 1.38 78 1.92 61 1.50 5 0.12 15 42,342 39 0.92 55 1.39 86 2.03 4 0.09 16 58,699 70 1.19 65 1,11 123 2.10 4 0,07 17 28,333 35 1.24 18 0.64 46 1.62 9 0.32 18 35,126 12 0.34 17 0.48 32 0.91 1 0.03 18 48,590 13 0.27 54 1.11 90 1.85 0 0.00 20 27,126 27 1.00 24 0.89 33 ' 1.22 1 0.04 21 35,335 31 0.88 38 1.08 33 0.93 3 0.08 22 36,505 36 0.99 44 1.21 25 0.63 3 0.08 23 41,519 47 1.13 70 1.69 52 1.25 7 0.17 24 35,120 19v 0.54 20 0.57 21 0.69 2 0.06 25 23,788 32 1.35 35 1.47 14 0.59 7 0.29 26 28,003 37 1.32 46 1.64 56 2.00 7 0.25 27 11,368 5 0.44 9 0.79 12 1.06 1 0.09 28 9,085 5 0.55 10 1.10 15 1.65 1 O.U 29 81,139 22 0.71 40 1.29 53 1.70 2 0.06 30 49,718 26 0.52 76 1.53 105 2.12 6 0.12 31 20,237 12 0.59 23 1.14 28 1.38 2 0.10 32 29,312 ! 6 0.20 30 1.02 27 0.92 2 0.07 33 29,239 21 0.72 32 1.10 43 1.47 2 0.07 34 29,611 21 0.71 27 0.91 49 1.65 10 0.34 [Deaths from typhoid fever in public institutions, 283.] * Includes diphtheria, cerebro-spinal fever, scarlet fever, measles, t Includes diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera morbus, cholera infantum t Includes intermittent, remittent, pernicious malarial fevers. —218 Table No. ¿?—Continued. 1891. Wabd. Typhoid. Miasmatic.* DlABBHŒAL.t MALABIAL.Î No. Population. No. Rate per 1000. No. Rate per 1000. No. Rate per 1000. No. Rate per 1000. 1 V 36,827. 16 0.34 19 0.41 25 0.53 2 0.04 2 32,756 15 1.68 24 0.73 19 0.58 2 0.06. 3 32,724 22 1.67 25 0.76 26 0.79 5 0.15 4 33,053 17 0.51 31 0.94 28 0.85 2 0.05 5 42,954 64 1.49 83 1.93 80 1.86 4 0.09* 6 48,853 71 1.46 72 1.48 128 2.62 4 0.08 7 47,466 35 0.74 57 1.11 87 1.84 2 0.03: 8 38,222 39 1.02 55 1.44 56 1.47 1 0.03 9 43,236 56 1.29 83 1.92 80 1.85 1 0.02 10 49,701 57 1.19 U6 2.33 90 1.81 3 0.06 11 39,883 34 0.85 44 1.10 43 1.08 6 0.15 12 56,457 57 1.01 79 1.40 45 0.80 10 0.18' 13 40,036 42 1.00 79 1.96 59 1.47 2 0.05 14 45,017 105 2.33‘ 107 2.38 65 1.44 7 0.15 15 49,562 108 2.18 95 1,92 107 2.16 8 0.16 16 61,519 167 2.72 145 2.36 127 2.17 6 0.16 17 29,889 76 2.55 54 1.80 45 1.51 8 0.27 18 37,617 20 0.53 18 0.48 33 0.88 1 0.03: 19 51,381 47 0.90 79 1.74 75 1.46 2 0.66 20 ' 28,711 62 2.06 35 1*22 47 1.64 ( 3 0.10 21 36,999 56 1.53 32 0.87 37 1.01 2 0.06 22 38,105 55 1.45 54 1.42 65 1.71 23 43,694 91 2.08 69 1.58 65 1.49 6 0.14 24 37,797 30 0.79 29 0.77 17 0.45 5 0.13 25 27,060 38 1.40 48 1.78 24 0.89 4 0.15 26 32,402 35 1.08 49 1.51 63 1.95 4 0.12 37 13,035 16 1.23 32 2.46 22 1.69 2 0.15 28 10,865 4 0.37 21 1.93 16 1.47 1 0.09 29 34,673 28 0.81 44 1.27 88 2.,54 4 0.12 30 59,483 53 0.89 81 1.36 138 2.32 6 0.10 31 27,390 18 0.66 42 1.54 40 1.46 6 0.12 32 33,898 32 0.94 26 1.77 23 0.68 2 0.06 33 33,712 36 1.07 53 1.57 52 1.54 6 0.18 34 37,795 32 0.85 98 2.60 53 1.40 10 0.26 [Deaths from typhoid fever in public institutions, 363.] * Includes diphtheria, cerebro-spinal fever, scarlet fever, measles. + Includes diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera morbus, cholera infantum. Î Includes intermittent, remittent, pernicious malarial fevers.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 19 Table No. J?—Concluded, 1892. Ward, Typhoid. Miasmatic.* DlARRHCEAL.t Malarial. X Population. No. Rate per 1000. No. Rate per 1000. No. Rate per 1000. No. Rate per 1000. 48,757 5 0.10 10 0.20 16 0.33 1 0.02 34,951 17 0.49 32 0.92 24 0.69 , 1 0.03 34,938 31 0^89 35 1.02 15 0.43 1 0.03 , 34,762 20 0.57 26 0.75 15 0.43 3 0.09 45,267 63 1.39 85 1.88 60 1.35 2 0.04 52,503 57 1.09 76 1.45 123 2.34 3 0.06 49,264 42 0.85 39 0.79 60 1.22 0 o:oo 39,905 33 0.83 53 1.33 61 1.53 1 0.02 45,032 44 0.96 52 1.13 76 1.66 1 0.02 56,477 57 1.01 73 1.29 64 1.13 1 0.02 42,585 35 0.82 36 0.85 28 0.66 5 0.12 60,788 50 0.82 53 0.87 43 0.71 9 0.15 42,572 52 1.22 67 1.57 38 0.89 1 0.02 49,310 47 0.95 64 1.30 48 0.97 4 0.08 56,783 65 1.14 81 1.43 72 1.27 1 0.02 64,340 66 1.03 72 1.12 113 1.76 1 0.02 31,446 24 0.76 39 1.24 29 0.92 2 0.06 40,109 19 0.47 17 0.42 32 0.80 4 0.10 54,172 33 0.61 55 1.02 74 1.37 2 0.C4 30,296 40 1.32 36 1.19 23 0.76 2 , 0.06 38,663 40 1.03 44 1.14 36 0.93 1 0.03 39,706 33 0.83 43 1.08 28 0.71 0 0.00 45,870 51 1.11 66 1.44 67 1.46 2 0.04 40,474 16 0.40 13 0.32 23 0.57 0 0.00 30,333 24 0.79 36 1.19 10 0.33 1 0.03 36,802 36 0.98 48 1.30 41 1.11 4 0.11 14,702 11 0.75 12 0.82 14 0.95 1 0.07 12,645 7 0.55 23 1.82 26 2.06 1 0.08 38,207 17 0.45 45 1.18 80 2.10 2 0.05 69,249 44 0.64 114 1.65 136 1.97 8 0.12 34,543 14 0.41 44 1.27 28 0.81 2 0.06 38,385 21 0.55 48 1.25 19 0.50 1 0.03 38,194 27 0.71 74 1.94 35 0.92 8 0.21 45,980 38 7 0.83 59 1.28 39 0.85 5 0.11 )eaths from typhoid fever in public institutions, 310.] Includes diphtheria, eerebro-spinal fever, scarlet fever, measles. Includes diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera morbus, cholera infantum. Includes intermittent, remittent, pernicious malarial fevers.20 'Table No. 3—Population, Deaths and Rates per 1,000 ot Population, by Assumed Districts, for 1890, 1891, 1892. BOUNDARIES OP ASSUMED DISTRICTS. Dist. North. South. East. West. 1 Fullerton T River ..... Lake State Chestnut Wells Division Sedgwick Center Larrabee .. 2 Fullerton River State River : Center Wells Division Sedgwick Ohesinut Larrabee 3 Grac eland River Clark , River . Fullerton Western , 4 Ohnroh road r1T Grac el and Lake Clark Clark ; Western Fullerton 5 River Lake st River Mav Belmont Kinzie Robey. Division Kedzie 6 Lake st Van Buien River ...... Center Ann „ 7 Division C., B. & Q. Ry.. Robey 40ih Kinzie *. Taylor May Ann Center Ashland 8 C., B. & Q. By I. & M. canal I. & M. canal Center Taylor River River Ashland... Van Buren C., B. & Q. Ry., 40th.. 9 River 12th Lake. River 10 12th 16th Lake.. River 26th Clark .21 Table No. 3—/Continued. Dist. North, South East. West. 11 26th 55th Lake Clark Lake 39th • Stale 12 16th 33d Clark River T River T. M. canal I, & M. canal .. IB 39th 55th . Clark. Western.. 33d State 14 55th 87th Stony Island Western 15 67th C. & W. I. Ry Lake Stony Island Lake 114th Stale line C, Ar. W. T. Ry , 16 95th Lake Calumet :... Stonv Island State st 119th Lake Calumet BOUNDARIES OF SUB-DISTRICTS. 17 16th St River: River. Crawford C. B.&Q. R. R C., B. & Q. R. R 18 River 33d and 26th W entworth Halsted . „ Clark 19 River & 33d 39th St Halsted South Fork Stewart Ave. 20 River., 39th St South Fork Western. 21 39th St., 47th St State Western 22 47th St 55th St State Western 23 89th At 47th 55th St Ashland W estern Halsted 24 39th St. 55th St State Halsted 25 Van Rnren - , ... 16th St River Centre Taylor Ashland, 22 Table No. 3—Continued. Population, Deaths and Rates per 1000 during 1890. Dist. Population. Typhoid. Miasmatic. Diarrhceal. Malarial. Deaths Rates per 1000. Deaths Rates per 1000. Deaths Rates per 1000. Deaths Rates per 1000, 1 45,500 34 .75 33 .73 23 .51 3 .07 2 122,000 122 1.00 175 1.44 109 .89 8 .06 3 38,000 58 1.53 58 1.52 41 1.08 8 .21 4 11,500 7 .63 14 1.22 5 .43 2 .17 5 174,500 196 1.13 215 1.23 268 1.53 16 .009 6 18,000 11 .61 16 .88 28 1.55 1 .05 7 148,000 46 .28 137 .92 100 .68 11 .07 8 163,500 92 .57 208 1.27 294 1.80 3 .02 9 44,500 10 .22 14 .31 18 .40 10 30,500 7 .23 20 .65 19 .62 3 •10 11 71,500 25 .35 56 .78 37 .52 5 .07 12 66,500 37 .56 101 1.52 127 1.91 5 .07* 13 91,000 49 .54 132 1.45 160 1.76 9 .099 14 55,500 27 .49 50 .90 59 1.06 6 .11 15 27,500 18 .66 29 1.06 34 1.23 3 .11 16 16,000 9 .56 7 .44 9 .56 17 95,000 58 .61 92 .97 160 1.68 1 .01 18 40,500 23 .56 56 1.38 54 1.33 3 .07 19 35,000 27 .77 41 1.17 90 2.58 4 .11 20 10,500 1 .09 30 2.86 19 1.81 1 .09 21 28,500 12 .42 33 1.16 45 1.58 2 .07 \ 22 29,000 18 .62 50 1.72 77 2.36 5 .17 23 ' 18,500 9 .48 41 2.22 58 3.14 2 .11 24 39,000 21 .54 42 1.08 33 .85 5 .13 25 • 90,000 35 .39 105 1.17 135 1.50 2 .0223 Table No. 3—Continued. Population, Deaths and Rates per 1000 daring 1891. Dist. Population. Typhoid. Miasmatic. Diarrhceal. Malarial. Deaths Rates per 1000. Deaths Rates per 1000. Deaths Rates per 1000, Deaths Rates per 1000. 1 53,200 36 .68 57 1.07 25 .47 5 .09 2 128,000 222 1.75 178 1.39 121 .94 12 .09 3 42,500 43 1.00 83 1.95 30 .85 8 .18 4 12,200 13 1.07 20 1.64 8 .65 2 .16 5 191,200 349 1.83 425 2.22 201 l.bs 21 .11 6 29,500 20 .68 19 .64 24 .81 1 .03 7 158,700 123 .78 234 1.47 129 .81 17 .11 8 188,700 176 .93 368 1.95 266 1.41 6 .03 9 46,500 15 .32 16 .33 15 .32 2 .04 10 31,200 18 .58 39 1.25 22 .71 1 .03 11 83,700 47 .57 92 .86 47 .57 7 .08 12 70,500 89 1.27 105 1.49 85 1.21 7 .10 13 100,500 81 .81 191 1.90 243 2.42 9 .09 14 65,700 51 .77 51 .78 73 1.11 9 .14 15 31,700 26 .81 51 1.61 41 1.29 8 ( .25 16 20,000 8 .40 29 1.45’ 6 .30 5 .25 17 106,000 86 .81 201 1.90 161 1.52 1 .01 18 42,700 55 1.29 91 2.13 58 1.36 2 .05 19 37,500 46 1.23 58 1.53 67 1.79 3 .08 20 12,000 16 1.33 22 1.83 13 1.08 -21 32,500 15 .46 42 1.29 75 2.31 5 .15 ' 22 35,700 24 .67 75 2.10 98 2.75 3 .08 23 23,500 13 .55 46 1.95 89 3i80 3 .13 24 44,200 26 .59 69 1.56 80 1.81 5 .11 25 93,500 91 .97 1.67 1.78 1.15 1.23 5 ,0524 Table No. 5—Continued. Population, Deaths and Rates per 1000 during 1892. Bist, Population. Typhoid. Miasmatic. Diarrhoea. Malarial. Deaths Rates per 1000'. Deaths Rates per 1000. Deaths Rates per 1000. Deaths Rates per 1000 u 1 61,000 34 0.56 26 0.43 21 0.34 2 134,000 146 1.09 176 1.31 156 1.16 5 0.04 3 47,000 45 0.96 71 1.51 46 0.98 4 0.09 4 13,000 15 1.15 13 1.00 5 0.38 1 0.08' , 5 208,000 227 1.09 272 1.31 273 1.31 9 0.04 6 40,000 19 0.48 17 0.43 32 0.80 4 0.10- 7 170,500 142 0.83 184 1.08 113 0.66 15 9.09- 8 214,000 179 0.84 228 1.07 321 1.50 4 0.02 9 48,500 5 0.10 10 0.21 16 0.33 1 0.02' 10 32,000 17 0.53 32 1.00 24 0.75 1 0.03- 11 96,000 68 0.71 92 0.96 39 0.41 4 0.04 12 74,500 92 1.24 129 1.73 137 1.84 3 0.04 13 110,000 72 0.66 162 1.47 237 2.16 10 0.09 14 76,000 59 0.78 115 1.51 69 0.91 6 0.08- 15 36,000 25 0.69 72 2.00 35 0.97 8 0.22 16 24,000 9 0.37 12 0.50 10 0.79 2 0.08» 17 117,000 101 0,86 116 0.99 168 1.43 1 0.01 13 45,000 63 1.40 85 1.89 59 1.31 2 0.04 19 40,000 45 1.12 57 1.42 106 2.65 2 0.05- 20 13,500 12 0.89 / 19 1.41 17 1.26 1 o.or 21 36,500 17 0.47 42 1.15 77 2.11 2 0.06- 22 42,500 23 0,54 71 1.67 105 2.47 5 0.12 23 28,500 16 0.56 44 1.54 100 3.50 *4 0.14 24 49,500 24 0.48 68 1.37 78 1.58 3 0.06: 25 97,000 78 0.80 112 1.15 149 1,54 8 0.0325 Table No. 4—Zymotic Diseases.—Death Kates per 1000 of Population per annum—1890, 1891, 1892. Year, Population. Typhoid. Miasmatic Diarrhoeal Malarial. 1890 1,208,000 1.00 1.06 1.19 0.10 1891 1,322,000 1.51 1.53 * 1.25 0.11 1892 1,438,000 1.04 1.26 1.07 0.10 Zymotic Diseases: Deaths and Death Rates per 1000, by Months—1890. Months. Typhoid. Miasmatic. Diabbhgsad. Malabiad. Deaths. Bate. Deaths. Bate. Deaths. Bate. Deaths Bate. January 53 0.53 140 1.39 38 0.38 8 0.18 February 136 1.35 131 1.30 41 0.41 11 0.11 March 103 1.02 155 1.53 21 0.21 12 0.12 April 45 0.45 107 1.06 21 0.21 9 0.09 May 82 0.81 93 0.92 22 0.22 15 0.15. June... 107 1.06 81 0.80 85 0.84 9 0.09 July., 86 0.85 70 0.70 571 5.66 7 0.07 August 115 1.14 75 0.74 398 3.95 16 0.16 September 95 0.94 92 0.91 165 1.64 9 0.09 October 72 0.71 83 0.83- 54 0.54 10 0.10 November 67 0,66 110 1.09 14 0.14 7 0.07 December 47 0.47 146 1.45 7 0.07 8 v 0.08 Totals 1,008 1,283 1.06 . 1,437 121 Annual death-rates 1.00 1.19 0,10 26 Table No. 4—Concluded. Zymotic Diseases: Deaths and Death Rates per 1000, by Months—1891. Months. Typhoid. Miasmatic. DlARRHCEAL. Malarial. Deaths. Rate. Deaths. Rate. Deaths. Rate. Deaths Rate. January 67 0.61 176 1.60 18 0.15 7 0.06 February 61 0.55 195 1.77 26 0.23 9 0.08 March 71 0.64 216 1.96 45 0.41 16 0.15 April 136 1.23 171 1.55 136 1.23 18 0.16 May 408 3.71 170 1.55 66 0.60 22 0.20 •June 167 1.52 135 1.23 68 0.62 7 0.06 July 200 1.82 106 0.96 476 4.32 10 0.09 August 182 1.65 128 1.16 416 3.78 14 0.13 September 198 1.80 132 1.20 238 2.16 8 0.07 October 171 1.55 185 1.68 95 0.86 12 0.11 November 150 1.36 205 1.86 28 0.25 10 0.09 December '. 186 1.69 204 1.86 38 0.34 10 0.09 Totals 1,997 2,023 1 „650 143 Annual death-rates. 1.51 1.53 1.25 0.11 Zymotic Diseases: Deaths and Death Rates per 1000, by Months—1892. , Months. . Typhoid. Miasmatic. a Diarrhceal. Malarial. Deaths. Rate. Deaths. Rate. Deaths. Rate. Deaths Rate. January 311 2.59 218 1.82 51 0.42 9 0.07 February 187 1.56 150 1.25 20 0.17 8 0.07 March 76 0.63 174 1.45 14 0.12 9 0.07 April 56 0.47 138 1.15 36 0.30 5 0.04 May 70 0.58 137 1.15 40 0.33 10 0.08 June 55 0.46 98 0.82 114 0.95 16 0.13 July 211 1.76 100 0.83 516 4.30 21 0.17 August 179 1.49 97 0.80 435 3.62 27 0.22 September 138 1.15 93 0.77 204 1.70 13 0.11 October 92 0.77 164 1.37 69 0.57 8 0.07 November 67 0.56 192 1.60 25 0.21 6 0.05 December 47 0.39 243 2.02 17 0.14 7 0.06 Totals 1,489 1,804 1,541 139 Annual death-rates. 1.04 1.26 1.07 0.10 Table No. 5.—Precipitation Data, Chicago, 1871-1892, inclusive. 1871—Month. Total rainfall in inches. Number of days. Maximum Stobms.* daily amount in inches. Date. Amount of fall in inches. duration hours and minutes. Rate inches per hour. January -j 4.13 10 1 1.20 13 14 1.20 1.10 24- 24- February 1.45 6 0.78 March 2.66 15 0.71 April......' 3.70 15 2.41 10 2.41 24- May 3.90 9 1.03 25 1.05 24- Jnne -j 5.56 12 2.57 22 23 2.57 2.13 24-0 U-60 2.13 .Tuiy t.„. 2.52 9 1.57 3 1.57 24- August 2.01 8 0.73 September 0.74 3 0.53 Record October 1.88 broken by 1.41 31 1.41 24- lire. November 3.62 11 1.24 10 1.24 24- December 3.44 10 2.50 23 2.50 24- Totals 35.61 jL 1872—Month. Total rainfall in inches. Number of days. [Maximum Stobms.* daily amount in inches. Date. Amount of fall in inches. Duration hours and minutes. Rate inches per hour. January ^ 0.68 7 0.26 Fehrnary, 0.84 6 0.42 March.... j- 3.19 9 1.88 7 30 1.15 1.29, 24- 24- y^pril .... 3.03 11 0.71 May - - t - -1 - t - - - t 3.24 9 <• 0.96 June, t 3.45 10 1.21 .Tnly T T 3.09 11 1.14 August 2.59 11 0.89 September... 6.43 12 2.70 28 2.70 24- October J 0.65 4 0.43 November ... 1.06 11 0.77 December 0.22 10 0.04 Totals 29.07 111 / * These columns include all storms whose rate of fall was greater than one inch per hour, and those also the amount of whose fall was greater than one inch in the recorded day, viz. : 11P. M. to 11P. M.28 Table No. 5—Continued. 1873—Month. January......... February........ March........... April........ | May......... | June............ July............ August.......... September ........ October.......,. November........ December.......| Totals........ Total rainfall in, inches. 2.56 0,47 0.89 6.22 7.20 1.44 4.04 1.58 3.53 2.43 1.61 4.44 36.41 Number of days. 14 5 13 17 16 6 15 10 10 10 11 12 139 Maximum daily amount in inches. 0.81 0.23 0.26 1.66 2.82 0.57 1.35 0.58 1.94 1.73 0.54 1.21 Storms.* Date. 28 Amount of fall in inches. 1.03 1.06 2.35 1.90 1.44 1.12 .99 1.11 Duration hours and minutes. 24- 24- 24- 24- 24- 24- 24- 24- 24- Rate' inches per hour. 1874—Month. Total rainfall in inches. Number of days. Maximum Storms.* daily amount in inches. Da'e. Amount of fall in inches. Duration hours and minutes. Rate inches per hour. January 3.47 14 1.04 February 1.51 14 0.57 March 2.15 9 1.20 3 1.19 24- \ April T T 2.67 9 1.45 May , 2.08 11 0.64 June 3.25 10 1.45 8 1.45 24- July 0.58 7 0.43 August 3.15 8 2.19 21 2.00 24- September 3.76 9 1.28 4 1.02 24- Oetoher 2.55 10 1.56 28 1.53 24- November 2.83 14 0.79 T)eeemher 0.63 10 0.31 Totals , 28.63 1.25 * These columns include all storms whose rate of fall was greater than one inch per hour, and also those the amount of whose f til was greater than one inch in the recorded day, viz.: 11 P. M. to it P. M.29 Table No. 5—Continued. 1875—Month. . Total rainfall in inches. Number of days. Maximum daily amount in inches. January 0.96 14 0.58 February 1.99 12 0.65 March 1.43 16 0.36 April 2.32 12 1.03 May 3.64 16 1.10 June -j 5.17 15 1.70 July | 7.18 16 2.29 August. 3.29 11 1.23 September 4.39 11 3.44 October 4.32 13 1.49 November 0.75 ' 10 0.35 December 2.62 13 0.66 Totals .... 38.06 159 Storms.* Date. Amount of fall in inches. Duration, hours and minutes. Bate incher per hour. 1 21 6 27 15 9 29 1.11 1.58 1.40 2.22 1.22 3.44 1.19 24- 24- 24- 24- 24- 24- 24- 1876—Month. January.... February.. March..... April...__ May........ June..... July...... August.... September. October..., November., December.. Totals.. Storms.* Total rainfall in inches. Number of days. Maximum daily amount in inches. 3.22 3.90 4.04 2.07 1.85 5.96 3.11 3.66 12 1.53 11 1.94 16 1.67 10 1.51 15 0.79 17 1.87 11 1.91 8 1.82 3.74 1,2Q 3.25 0.48 36.48 12 9 16 16 153 1.72 0.44 0.93 0.14 Date. Amonnt of fall in inches. Duration hours and minutes. Bate inches per hour. 18 9 16 13 1.51 1.56 1.64 1.24 24-24-24-. 24- 16 1.87 24- 24 30 13 0.88 1.51 1.72 0-35 24-0 24- 1.50 * These columns include all storms whose rate of fall was greater than one inch per hour, and also those the amount of whose fall was greater than one inch in the recorded day, viz.: 11 P.M. to 11 i . M. -30 Table No. '5— Continued. 1877—Month. Total rainfall in inches. Number of days. Maximum daily amount in inches. Storms.* Date. Amount of fall in inches. Duration , hours and minutes. Rate inches per hour. January 1.91 9 1.02 pAhruary T T.. 0,06 3 0.06 March... T , .... 5.37 20 0.91 April.... T, 2.42 13 0.68 May , ,, 1.81 6 0.73 •Tune 6.04 20 2.65 25 2.63 24- July 2.98 10 1.47 2 0.84 0-50 1.01 August -j 3.06 12 1.26 2 14 1.47 1.14 1 1